J.D. Rhoades, P.A. Raats and R.J. Prather 著
Contents
1. Bhabani S D Wraith J M and Inskeep W P 1999 INitrate concentrations In the root Zone estimated using time domain reflectometry Soil Sci Soc Am J 63 1561 1570 Bolt G H and Bruggenwert M G M 1989 pp 191 212 Dalton FN Herkelrath W N Rawlins D S and Rhoades J D 1984 T1me domain reflectometry Simultaneous measure ment of water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe Science 224 989 990 Dehghanisan H Yamamoto 1 and Inoue M 2004 Practucal aspects of TDR for simultaneous measurements of water and solute in a dune sand field 98 21 30 De Neve S Van De Steene J Hartmann R and Hofman G 2000 Using tme domain reflectometry for monitoring min eralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter Eur J Soil Sci 1 295 304 Gupta S C and Hanks R J 1972 Influence of Water Con tent on Blectrical Conductvity of the Soil Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 36 835 857 Heimovaara T J Focke A G Bouten W and Verstraten J M 1995 Assessing tem2. 39 Table1 Determined surface conductivities transmission coefficient parameters and threshold water contents of soils studied Rhoades et al 1976 Table 3 Soll type EC A b Ot R dS m Pachappafsl 0 18 1 382 0 093 0 07 0 96 Indio vfsl 0 25 1 287 0 116 0 09 0 98 Waukena 1 0 4 1 403 0 064 0 05 0 97 Domnno cl 0 45 _ 2 134 0 245 0 12 0 92 0 6 INDIO V F S L Code ECw 10 5 IB 7 S6 2 0 5 x 0 3 0 2 0 I Transmission Coefficient T a8 b 0 oi O 2 0 O 4 0 5 0 5 Volumeitric Water Content 8 emy em Fig 6 Indio vfsl 9 7 Fig 3 4 12 15 Relation of the transmnrssion coefficient T and Volumetric water content 9 determined for Indio vfsl from the data of Fig 3 and 4 and Eq 15 Rhoades et al 1976 Hig 6 BC EC EC
3. Gupta and Hanks 1972 Rhoades et al 1976 BC 6 EC Rhoades et al 1976 2 Rhoades et al 1976 EC BC BC EC EC EC
4. 0 Ows ECwsECs EC 1 EC 9 EC 9 BC 15 6 9 3 BC 4dSm BC BC EC BC Rhoades 1999 FAO Manual Rhoades et al 1999 BC BC 14 EC 4 Rhoades Rhoades 1992 Dalton et al 1984 TDR EC
5. Rhoades EC 9 7 Rhoades 4 4 BC 9 TDR Rhoades 4 Time Domain Reflectometry
6. EC Rhoades et al 1976 Table 2 CEC Table 3 BC EC 40 0 25 dS m EC 9 BC 1994 De hshanisanij et al 2004 Miyamoto et al 2010 2012 EC 9 EC Rhoades
7. TDR TDR EC TDR BC EC BC TDR EC 9 BC Ward et al 1994 Heimovaara et al 1995 Mallants et al 1996 Risler et al 1996 Rhoades Bhabani et al 1999 De Neve et al 2000 Muioz Carpena et al 2005 Rhoades et al 1976 6 1992 2003 Rhoades
8. 4 EC BC Rhoades TDR 9 EC Rhoades Rhoades et al 1976 a EC EC BC 0 25 dS m Rhoades EC
9. EC 9 EC 7 5 cm 3 9 cm 4 45 8 4 1 8 EC Rhoades et al 1977 4 EC SAR 4 sodium adsorption ratio Na SAR 2 NaT SAR SAR lt 7 Bolt and Bruggenwert 1989 SAR 4 Na Fig 2
10. 9 BC EC Fig 3 y EC Plot of bulK soil electrical conductivity EC vs hquid phase electrical conductivity ECw for various fixed volumetric water contents as Interpolated from Hig 3 Indio vfsl showing the extrapolated value of surface conductivity EC Rhoades et al 1976 Fig 4 29 INDI O V F S L EC EC 9 o6 b EC 35 Cade ECw 2 5 i 10 5 18 7 lt a 56 2 i 0 O5 al I5 e5 3 35 4 45 5 55 Volumetric Water Content 9 ecm cm Fig 5 Indio vfsl 9 EC EC EC Fig 6 a 2 3 6 Plot of bulk soil electrical conductivity surface conductivity liquid phase electrical conductivity EC EC BC Versus Volumetric water content 9 for data of Fig 3 and 4 compared to the curve calculated from Eq 5 and 6 with the values of a and b determined from Fig 6 Rhoades et al 1976 Fig 6 EC BC BC EC
11. BC EC EC EC Gupta and Hanks 1972 Rhoades et al 1976 Porter et al 1960 3 Fig 1 4 7 9 _ le 4 9 Re l Ze Rp py 6 2 ECwy py 1 BC 6 5 EC UP NU IO A TA m 904 1 7 7 7 7 4 G
12. TDR EC EC EC 9 EC EC EC EC 9 EC EC Rhoades 9 BC Rhoades Rhoades 9 4 EC EC INARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science 3 1 1 Kan nondal Tsu kuba 305 8666 Japan Corresponding author NARO Institute for Rural Engineering 2 1 6 Kan nondai Tsukuba 305 8609 Japan 3Graduate School of Bioresources Mie University 1577 Kurima Machiya Tsu 514 8507 Japan 2013 10 22 2013 11 23
13. 93 57 65 Porter L K Kemper W D Jackson R D and Stewart B A 1960 Chloride diffusion in soils as influenced by moisture content So1l Sci Soc Am Proc 24 460 463 Richards L A 1966 A soil salinity sensor of improved design Soll Sci Soc Am Proc 30 333 337 Rhoades J D 1992 Instrumental field methods of salinity ap praisal In Topp G C Reynolds W D and Green R E ed Advances in measurement of soil physical properties Bring ing theory into practice pp 231 248 SSSA Special Publica tion No 30 Madison Rhoades J D 1999 Soil salinity assessment Methods and in terpretation of electrical conductvity measurements D 150 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome Rhoades J D and Ingvalson R D 1971 Determnning salinity in field soils with soil resistance measurements Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 35 54_ 60 Rhoades J D Raats PA and Prather R J 1976 Effects of liquid phase electrical conductivity water content and sur face conductivity on bulk soil electrical conductivity Soil Sci Soc Am J 40 651 655 Rhoades J D Kaddah M T Halvorson A D and Prather R J 1977 Establishing soil electrical conductivity salinity cali brations using four electrode cells containing undisturbed soil cores Soil Sci 123 137 141 Rhoades J D Manteghi N A Shouse P J and Alves W J 1989 Soil electrical conductivity and soil sali
14. TDR 9 BC Rhoades Rhoades Jim Rhoades U S Salinity laboratory soil salinity 4 EC BC 1 cm EC Richards 1966 EC 4
15. Hig 5 Hig 3 EC Hig 5 EC 7 EC EC EC 9 9 Fig 6 7 9 1 4 4 ga 5 123 2013 Rhoades Rhoades Table 1 4 9 g 7 0 Rhoades 4 threshold water content
16. 1971 Rhoades and Ingvalson 1971 Gupta and Hanks 1972 4 BC saturation extract EC EC 1 5 EC EC EC EC 6 1 EC EC1 2 a 5b 36 Fig 1 Schematic of soil pore system in conductivity cell Rhoades et al 1976 Hig 1 EC 9 EC EC EC Rhoades Gupta and Hanks 1972 1 2 EC EC BCi s 3 EC
17. Jpn Soc Soil Phys Ef No 125 p 35 41 2013 Di Lectures J D Rhoades PA Raats and R J Prather Reviewing classical studies In soll physics Effects of liquid phase electrical conductivity water content and surface conductiVity on bulK soil electrical conductivity by J D Rhoades PA Raats and R J Prather Soil Sci Soc Am J 40 651 655 1976 Yosuke YANAI Teruhito MIYAMOTO lt and Nobuo TORIDE 1 9 EC Time Domain Reflectometry TDR TDR EC TDR 9 EC Decagon STE Delta T WBT
18. ECp EC ECp EC BC 7 2 io EC EC 97 EC 3 7 1 123 2013 7 og0 4 a 5 1 3 EC Gupta and Hanks 1972 Rhoades 3 EC 9 2 BC 3 EC 0 EC EC
19. 0 1 Rhoades and Ingvalson 1971 5 Rhoades et al 1976 4 aq 6 BC BC aq 6 Fig 6 4 a BC EC EC Rhoades et al 1976 2 5 56 dS m EC EC EC 4 dS m EC EC EC Shainbere et al 1980 Nad
20. EC BC 4 96 EC Table 2 4 Rhoades 3 EC EC EC TQ 13 EC EC 0 BC BC Fig 3 13 1 Gupta and Hanks 1972 9 0 EC EC Hig 3 4 9 BC EC Fig 4 EC 0 9 EC 6 6 Rhoades EC Table 3 38 INDIO V F S L 9 45 x EC 0 25 O 35 a 25 i5 Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity EC mmho cm mm Oo 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 I8 20 Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Phase ECw mmho cm Fig 4
21. 8 TR 37 Fig 2 4 Soil filled four electrode cells positioned in pressure plate appa ratus for adjustment of water content Rhoades et al 1976 Hig 2 INDIO V F S L EC EC Bulk Soil Electricol Conductivity Electrical Conductivity of Liqguid Phase Q 05 15 25 3 35 4 45 5 55 Volumetric Water Content 8 cm cm Fig 3 Indio vfsl 9 EC EC Plot of bulk soil electrical conductivity liquid phase electrical conductivity BC EC Vs volumetric water content 6 for In dio vfsl Rhoades et al 1976 Hig 3 1 1 1 RR Rs 0 R 10 EC
22. A ECLAL G 11 9 11 2 EC EC 97 EC 12 Rhoades 2 Peter Raats 1970 Rhoades Raats Raats 3 Rhoades 12 3 3 4 EC EC BC Rhoades
23. ler and Frenkel 1980 EC Shainberg et al 1980 Rhoades et al 1989 3 1 2 3 Os 8 9 EC BC EPC 0 OECws OwsECs a OcECs 9 OcECwc 14 ys 9 9 9
24. nity New for mulations and calibrations Soil Sci Soc Am J 53 433 439 Risler PD Wrath J M and Gaber H M 1996 Solute trans port under transient flow conditions estimated using time do main reflectometry Soll Sci Soc Am J 60 1297 1305 Shinberg 1 Rhoades J D and Prather R J 1980 Effect of ex changeable sodium percentage cation exchange capacity and soll solution concentration on soil electrical conductivity Soil SC1 SOc Am J 44 469 473 2012 2011 64 71 Ward A L Kachanoski R G and Elrick D E 1994 Labora tory measurements of solute transport using time domain re flectometry Soil Sci Soc Am J 58 1031 1039 MM 41 TDR 9 EC EC EC 9 4 EC EC 9 EC Rhoades et al 1976
25. poral Variations in soll water composi tion with tme domain reflectometry Soil Sci Soc Am J 59 689 698 1992 TDR 65 55 61 1994 4 70 23 28 Mallants D Vanclooster M Toride N Vanderborght J van Genuchten M Ih and Feyen J 1996 Comparison of three methods to calibrate TDR for monitoring solute movement In unsaturated soil Soil Sci Soc Am J 60 747 754 Miyamoto T Kameyama K and Shinogi Y 2010 Electr cal conductivity and nitrate concentrations In an Andisol field 123 2013 using time domain reflectometry Proceedings of 19th World Congress Of Soil Science 54 57 Munoz Carpena R Regalado C M Ritter A Alvarez Benedhi J and Socorro A R 2005 TDR estimation of electrical con ductivity and saline solute concentration in a volcanic soil Geoderma 124 399 413 Nadler A and Frenkel H 1980 Determnation of soil solution electrical conductivity from bulk soil electrical conductvity measurements by four electrode method Soil Sci Soc Am J 44 1216 1221 2003 TDR
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