サービスロボットにおける安全設計の妥当性判断基準 （クリティカル
Contents
1. DN 2 312. PL ISO9000 defecD 3 6 3 1 requirement
3. 1 4 2 30 CE C
4. a benefits 1 Torts v PL
5. i A
6. Reasonable Altemative Design Standard RAD RAD RAD
7. 05 9 2 2000 6 3 16 state of the art
8. UCC mil 1 Kabe T Tanaka K Someya M Sug
9. 2 1 2 1 2000 11 11 180 155 04 2 16 8
10. RAD senerally implied obligatory 6 expectaton need Ql A 3 1 2 1 UCC 2 3 5 Gmplied warranty of fimess for particular purpose ISO90047 3 2
11. product Qnavoidably dangerous E PL
12. absolute safety intolerable nsk Rt Gesidual nsk tolerable risk Rr gt Rt 3 Ra Rt ALARP Rt Rr Rt 9 Rt gt Rt gt Rr gt Ra 3 Ra
13. 1965 Restatement of the Law Second Torts 402A punitive damages 2 1998 3
14. 2 ISO IEC GuideS1 feedom from unacceptable risk A ISO12100 1 B ISO13849 1 Adequate risk reduction A 9
15. B A QSO12100 ISO14121 C FN CE NN
16. PL RAD 4 2005 RAD PL state of the art
17. 1 2 Negligence 3 Deviation from the norm test PL
18. 82 E 14 4 NN state of the art 1 dy
19. PL sate of the art good engineering practice Accountability 3 3 2000 1 12 0 6109 2 2 RAD
20. C Vol7ss Ne22007 Criterion for the Validity of Safety Design of Service Robot Critical Hazard CH and Reasonable Alternative Design Standard RAD Takashi KABE Susumu HIRANO Kohichi TANAKA Shigeo UMEZAKI Noboru SUGIMOTO NPO The Safety Engineering Laboratory 3 39 8 Shoan Suginami ku Tokyo 160 0054 Japan Service robots as a new technology while very useful in some respects are by nature dangerous in others because of intimate contact with human being Once a fatal accident occurs service robots may be branded as unreasonably dangerous products having generic risks Thus the criterion of ther safety validity and the treatment of the associated residual risk should be critically appreciated This paper examines both the safety test procedures taken in the ISO IEC safety standards as an ex ante measure and the tort litigation including products habihity in USA as an ex post measure Taking into account the characterrstics of both the measures We propose a udgment test procedure for certifying the safety of service robots as follows 1 Risk reducton by safety design according to a priori safety principles ISO I
21. 3 2 E EU 1985 PL 1995 Consumer Guarantees PL 1990 PL
22. EC61508 5 ALARP ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable HSE ALARP Rr 3 1 Rr Broadly acceptable rsk Ra Ra gt Rr J 2 Rr
23. 3 4 PL PL PL 1995 PL 1997 1 10 4 13 7 5 2 339
24. 1995 PL PL PL 3 1 PL common law conracts UCC Uniform Commercial Code Uniform Sales Act lt breach of warranty
25. privity implied waranty 1932 Baxter 1960 Henningen strictliability 1962 Greenman SM AA
26. developmentrisk defense 4 ISO9000 1 4 1 Eu
27. 1 PL category liability
28. crisis management sanctions Gaccident E accident feedom from sanctons 2 AND
29. JISB 0187 2005 SN AM 2 PL PL PL
30. Rt Rc F Rc F Hazard control to achieve Rt PREVENTION Risk Management by safety design COMPENSATION Crisis Management Certification Social conditions insurance safety regulations legal judgement Human performance Freedom from sanctions Fig 2 Necessary and sufficient conditions for the certification of safety of service robots
31. 2008 5 9 No 08 0413 A a PA NPO 167 0054 3 39 92 0393 742 1 PL 2040024 5 14 6 940 2188 1603 1 E mail kabe safetylabo com
32. RAD ex pos0 ex ane E 1 state of the art PL good engineering practice RAD H 6 c Critical Hazard CHD CH RAD
33. Critical Hazard CH d CH Nm CH CH RAD state of the art good engineering practice 4 4 a i 0 E
34. CostBenefit Analysis CBA norm for conduct ALARP the reasonable expectations of the user ALARP 1947 H Hand Fo
35. nN E ALARP E ALARP v Se 0 5
36. 700 good engineering practice Sr FL ro Nx N state of the art EU 1989 MM
37. Fig 1 Iterative process to certify the validity of risk assessment and risk reduction 4 3 A B 1 ALARP 52 c deterministic significant
38. 28 2 06 4 07 7 A 0 28 2 2 ISO IEC GuideS1 Riskassessment isk reduction 1 Designer Manufacturer Certificer NPO a2 is broadly acceptable c 1 riskachieved td b is tolerable risk achieved in ALARP region c js the hazard 0 a ng the Jipniteant 9 The hazard is denoted by Critical Hazard CH d js reasonably alternative design RAD available for risk reduction in the CH
39. 1 3 PL PL 10 100 100 3 RAD PL
40. Rt GuideS1 Be C C gt Be gt Rt Ra EC 61308 B ALARP 2 1 2 3 PL Consumer expectadons test Risk utility tesD
41. Carroll Towmg Co 159 F 2d 169 2nd Cir 1947 Hand J 14 Owen D G Montgomery J E Davis ML Product Liabihty and Safety Foundaton Press 2004 15 Baxter v Ford Motor Co 168 Wash 456 12p 2d 409 Wash 1932 16 Henninsen v Bloomfield Modors Inc 32 N J 358 161 A 2d 69 NJ 1900 17 Greenman v Yuba Power Products Inc 59 Cal 2d 57 27 Cal Rptr 697 377 p 2d 897 Cal 1963 18 Morishima A Yamaguchi M Translation of Restatement of the third Torts Products Liabihty The Amencan law Institute 1998 Bokutakusha 2001 19 Hirano S Anew phase of the American law products liabihty law The death of stmct liabihty Seibundo 1995 20 Masuda E Development of the responsibihty theory of civil code in Germany I Ritsumeikan Juristic No 237 1995 21 Koetz H Ist die Produkthaftung eme vom Verschulden unabhaengige Haftung Festschrift W Lorenz S 109 113ff 1991 22 Directve 2006 42 EC on Machinery 23 Schindler press release of 08 06 2006 available from lt http www schindler comz gt accessed 2008 05 01 24 Justce System Reform Council Documents 25 Kawashima T Japanese consciousness of the low Iwanami shinsyo 1967 26 Sato N Ethical problems concernmg the responsibihty of human control products Kyoto Umversity Prospectus No 6 2003 27 ISO 14121 1999 Safety of machinery Principles of risk assessment 1999 28 Matsumoto T Process
42. EC standards for safety of machinery 2 Risk judgment test according to the ALARP As Low As Reasonable Practcable principle or risk utility test 3 Specification of hazards causing the residual risks in the ALARPregion as Critical Hazards CHs when they are so significant as to cause a fatal accident 4 Test of validity of the risk reducton measures for CHs according to the Reasonable Alternative Design RAD standard in the tort litigation ey Words Risk Based Design Safety Engineering Risk Assesment ISO12100 RAD ALARP 1 cxante ex posp 2 BU
43. imoto N Safety Design of Machinery a priori prevention JSME C Vo 73 734 2007 pp 2796 2804 2 Kabe T Hiura R Ikeda H Sugimoto N Safety Certficaton of Service Robot Proceedings of 4th Internatonal Conference Safety of Industmal Automated Systems Chicago 2005 3 Kabe T Safety certification of service robot Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 25 2007 4 Hirano S American torts Multi disciplinary theories Chuo university publishment department 2006 5 ISO IEC Guide 51 1999 Safety aspects Guidelines for their inclusion in standards 1999 6 ISO 12100 1 2 2003 Safety of machinery Basic concepts of general principles for design 2003 7 ISO13849 1 Safety of machinery Safety related parts of control systems 2006 8 ISO61508 5 Functional Safety of electrical electronic programmable electronic safety related systemsOPart5 1999 9 Principles and guidelines to assist HSE in its judgments that duty holders Rave reduced risk as low as reasonable practicable Health and Safety Executions HSE U K internal draft 10 Mukaidono M Inoue Y Kawaike N Hirao Y Futsuhara K Safety of control system ISO 13849 1 IEC 60204 1 TEC 61508 Japanese Standards Association 2007 11 ISO14971 2000 Medical devices Apphcaton of risk management to medical devices 2000 12 Nagase F Explanation of product liability hitotsubashi shuppan co Ltd 2004 13 United States v
44. rmula 2 P L gt B 5 P Probability L Loss P L R GuideS1 B Burden R R B C R RtRa
45. safety of plant Japan Institute for Plant Maintenance 2004 29 ISO9004 2000 Quahty managament systems Guidehnes for performance Improvements 2000
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