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SC100 Assembly Language Tools User's Manual

1. A constant may be written without a leading radix indicator if the input radix is changed using the RADIX directive For example a hexadecimal constant may be written without the leading dollar sign if the input radix is set to 16 assuming an initial radix of 10 The default radix is 10 See Section 5 2 Assembler Directives for more information on the RADIX directive 3 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Operators 3 4 2 String Constants String constants that are used in expressions are converted to a concatenated sequence of ASCII bytes that are right aligned Strings used in expressions are limited to the long word size of the target processor subsequent characters in the string are ignored Null strings have a value of 0 For example ABCD 41424344 111791 00273739 A 00000041 m 00000000 lt null string abcdef 61626364 abc de 61626364 String constants greater than the maximum number of characters can be used in expressions but the assembler truncates the value and uses only those characters that fit in a DSP long word In this case a warning is printed This restriction also applies to string constants using the string concatenation operator Handling of string constants by the DC and DCB directives is an exception to this rule see Section 5 2 Assembler Directives for details 3 5 Operators Most assembler operators can be used with both floating point and integer values
2. ABCDEF SC100 Assembly Language Tools Substring Delimiter Syntax string offset length Description Brackets delimit a substring operation which consists of the following string The source string This may be any legal string combination including another substring offset The substring starting position within the source string beginning at 0 An error is issued if the offset exceeds the length of the source string length The length of the desired substring An error is issued if this length exceeds the length of the source string Example 5 13 Substring Delimiter DEFINE ID abcdefg 1 3 ID bed 5 14 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Instruction Grouping Operator Syntax instruction Description Brackets are also used to denote instruction groups The opening bracket cannot appear in the label field The intervening instructions may appear on the same line separated by white space or they may appear on subsequent lines Example 5 14 Instruction Grouping Operator mov 1 D0 add DO D1 D2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 15 lt Short Addressing Mode Force Operator Description Many DSP instructions allow a short form of addressing If the assembler knows the absolute address on pass one then the assembler picks the shortest form of addressing consistent with the instruction format If the assembler does not know the ab
3. CHK CNT COH expr COS expr Returns the arc tangent of expr1 expr2 as a floating point value in the range pi to pi Expr1 and expr2 must be separated by a comma The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example ATAN EQU AT2 1 0 1 0 ATAN 0 7853982 Returns the arc tangent of expr as a floating point value in the range pi 2 to pi 2 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example MOVE ATN 1 0 D0 S Load arc tangent Returns the cumulative cycle count as an integer Useful in conjunction with the CC NOCC and CONTCC assembler options see the OPT directive on page 5 57 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF CCC gt 200 Check if cycle count gt 200 Returns a floating point value which represents the smallest integer greater than or equal to expr The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example CEIL SET CEL 1 05 CEIL 1 0 Returns the current instruction data checksum value as an integer Useful in conjunction with the CK NOCK and CONTCK assembler options see the OPT directive on page 5 57 Note that assignment of the checksum value with directives other than SET could cause phasing errors due to different generated instruction values between passes The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example CHKSUM SET CHK Reserve checksum value Returns the count of the current ma
4. If present label is assigned the value of the location counter after a valid base address has been established Only one byte of object code will be shown on the listing regardless of how large the first expression is However the location counter will be advanced by the number of bytes generated See also BSC DC Example 5 22 BSB Directive BUFFER BSB BUFSIZ Initialize buffer to zeros SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 23 BSC BSC Block Storage of Constant Syntax label BSC expression expression Description The BSC directive causes the assembler to allocate and initialize a block of bytes The number of bytes in the block is given by the first expression which must evaluate to an absolute integer Each byte is assigned the initial value of the second expression If there is no second expression an initial value of zero is assumed If the first expression contains symbols that are not yet defined forward references or if the expression has a value of less than or equal to zero an error will be generated Both expressions can have any memory space attribute If present label is assigned the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Only one byte of object code will be shown on the listing regardless of how large the first expression is However the location counter will be advanced by the number of bytes generated See also BSB DC Example 5 23 BSC Directive UNUSED
5. The memory counter designation supplied in the ORG directive was not one of H high L low or a positive integer expression in parentheses Ilegal memory map character The memory map character supplied in the ORG directive was not one of I internal E external R ROM A port A or B port B Illegal memory space specified The memory space given is either invalid or inappropriate for the desired operation Illegal move field destination specified Illegal move field destination register specified The destination operand in a data memory move is invalid for the type of instruction specified Illegal move field source specified The source operand in a data memory move is invalid for the type of instruction specified Illegal operator for floating point element Bitwise operators are invalid for floating point values Illegal option An argument to the OPT directive is invalid Immediate addressing mode not allowed Immediate operands are not allowed with some instructions in particular program memory moves MOVEM Immediate operand not allowed Immediate operands are not allowed with some instructions in particular program memory moves MOVEM SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 15 Assembler Messages Immediate value too large The immediate operand value is too large for the space allotted in the instruction Immediate value too large to use short The immediate value being forced short is too lar
6. V Prints the current version of the Name utility 8 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Name Utility 8 4 2 Name Utility Example Figure 8 3 shows an example of the default output of the name utility File Name hello eld _SR_Setting A e4000c 0 _StackStart A 40000 O _TopOfStack A 7fff0 O __ receive T 56 0 send T 54 0 buffer b 66 O msg d 58 0 msgend d 66 O OA Symbol Symbol Reserved Type Value Figure 8 3 Name Utility Output The symbol type may be one of the following Where a letter is shown as either uppercase or lowercase uppercase indicates a global symbol and lowercase indicates a local symbol U Undefined reference Aora Absolute symbol B orb BSS symbol Tort Text code symbol Dord Data symbol Rorr Read only data symbol N Debug symbol Unknown symbol type or binding SC100 Assembly Language Tools 8 7 C100 Utilities 8 5 Size Utility The size utility outputs the sizes of sections in bytes for each object file specified on the command line By default the size utility lists the totals of all text rodata data and bss sections for each object file specified on the command line Size information for individual sections and loadable segments can be obtained using command line options as described in Table 8 5 8 5 1 Invoking the Size Utility The command line to invoke the size utility is as follows scl00 size option file where option On
7. Macros and DEFINE symbols defined in a section can never be accessed globally If global accessibility is desired the macros and DEFINE symbols should be defined outside of any section 4 2 Sections and Relocation Sections provide the basic grouping for relocation of code and data blocks Any code or data inside a section is considered an indivisible block with respect to relocation and is independently relocatable within the memory space to which it is bound For every section defined in the source a set of location counters is allocated for the P memory space These counters are used to maintain offsets of data and instructions relative to the beginning of the section At link time sections can be relocated to an absolute address loaded in a particular order or linked contiguously as specified by the programmer Sections which are split into parts or among files are logically recombined so that each section can be relocated as a unit 4 3 Address Assignment The SC100 Assembler can support absolute address assignment at assembly time or generation of relocatable program addresses which are resolved during the linking phase The ORG directive is used to specify absolute address assignment The ORG directive may also be used to specify which counter the H L default or numbered counter associated with that section will be the location counter and to assign it initial values The names of the counters H L and default are symbolic o
8. Segment seg_name section_pattern section_pattern Description The segment directive specifies which sections to link at the current location counter The linker combines all sections matching the listed pattern s into the named segment Sections are added in the order specified by the pattern arguments Patterns may include asterisks for specifying an arbitrary character sequence Each pattern must be enclosed in double quotes Multiple patterns must be separated by commas The segment directive is used in combination with the org directive which specifies where to begin placing segments in memory For example the segment and org directives shown in Example 7 4 instruct the linker to do the following e Construct a segment named TEXT and place in it all sections named text followed by all sections named rodata e Construct a segment named DATA Place the following sections into the DATA segment in the order listed all sections named data all sections whose names begin with mydata and all sections named bss e Place both segments consecutively in memory beginning at address 0 Example 7 7 segment Directive sorg 0 segment TEXT text rodata segment DATA data mydata bss The placement of these sections are shown in Figure 7 2 For purposes of this example assume that filel eln was linked before file2 eln Relocatable Files Sections Executable File Seg
9. Substitution strings may also be defined directly in the source file using the DEFINE directive See page 5 30 in Chapter 5 Assembler Directives and Significant Characters for details 2 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Command Line Options 2 2 9 Using OPT Options on the Command Line Any of the options available with the OPT directive may be used on the command line when prefixed with o Multiple options must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces Example 2 9 illustrates two ways of specifying the MD and MEX options which instruct the assembler to print macro definitions and macro expansions in the source listing Example 2 9 Two Ways of Specifying Assembler Options a On the command line with o asmsc100 b 1 omd mex corr asm b In the assembly source file as an argument to the OPT directive OPT MD MEX For a list of all available OPT options see Table 5 3 on page 5 57 2 2 10 Specifying Big Endian Mode The following options control whether the assembler operates in little endian mode or big endian mode le Generates little endian object files in which the least significant byte of a word occupies the lower address This is the default be Generates big endian object files in which the most significant byte of a word occupies the lower address The endian mode can be specified in two ways e Asan argument to the o option on the command line e Asan argument to t
10. The CRE option must be activated before any labels are encountered so that the assembler can append cross reference data to all applicable symbol table entries SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 9 Assembler Messages D1 Illegal instruction in delay slot D2 Instruction which uses the SR is not allowed in RTED delay slot D3 RTE D and instruction which uses SR not permitted in same group D4 Instruction is not allowed in RTSD RTED RTSTKD delay slot D5 Instruction is not allowed in JSRD delay slot D5 JSR D and moves to SR are not permitted in the same group Data allocation exceeds buffer size Data allocated between a BUFFER ENDBUF sequence exceeded the size specified in the BUFFER directive Decimal constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 through 9 either followed the decimal constant delimiter or appeared in an expression where a decimal value was expected by default DEFINE symbol must be a global symbol name A local label a symbol beginning with the underscore character may not be used as a DEFINE directive symbol Displacement address mode not allowed Long displacement addressing is not allowed with some instructions in particular parallel XY data memory moves Divide by zero The expression evaluator detected a divide by zero DO loop address must be in current section The loop address of a DO loop cannot fall outside the bounds of its enclosing section This is particularly important in r
11. sh_name text sh_type SHT_PROGBITS sh_flags 0x6 SHF_ALLOC SHF_EXECINSTR sh_addr 0 sh_offset 0x100 sh_size 88 sh_link 0 sh_info 0 sh_addralign 16 sh_entsize 0 Sc Figure 8 2 ELF File Dump Output SC100 Assembly Language Tools 8 5 SC100 Utilities 8 4 Name Utility The name utility displays the symbolic information for each object file or object file library specified on the command line If no symbolic information is available for a valid input file the name utility reports that fact and exits without returning an error 8 4 1 Invoking the Name Utility The command line to invoke the name utility is as follows sc100 nm option file where option One or more of the options listed in Table 8 4 Options are case sensitive file One or more ELF object files or object file libraries Table 8 4 Name Utility Options Option Description A Writes the full pathname or library name of an object on each line g Writes only external global symbol information This option cannot be combined with the u option P Writes the information in the POSIX 2 portable output format t d o x Writes each numeric value in the specified format where d is the offset written in decimal o is the offset written in octal x is the offset written in hexadecimal the default u Writes only undefined symbols This option cannot be combined with the g option v Sorts the output by value instead of by name
12. with the EQU directive Instruction encoding may be incomplete after the first pass due to forward referencing causing the checksum value to change between passes Because of this the SET directive must be used to assign the checksum value to a symbol Possible invalid white space between operands or arguments The assembler verifies that fields which should not contain operands or values are empty If these fields are not empty the assembler produces this error Post decrement addressing mode not allowed The post decrement addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions Post decrement by offset addressing mode not allowed The post decrement by offset addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions Post increment addressing mode not allowed The post increment addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions Post increment by offset addressing mode not allowed The post increment by offset addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions Pre decrement addressing mode not allowed The pre decrement address
13. BSC Block storage of constant BUFFER Start buffer DC Define constant DCB Define constant byte DCL Define constant long DCW Define constant word DS Define storage DSR Define reverse carry storage ENDBUF End buffer Listing Control LIST and Options NOLIST OPT PAGE PRCTL STITLE TITLE List the assembly Stop assembly listing Set assembler options Top of page size page Send control string to printer Initialize program subtitle Initialize program title Macros and DUP Conditional DUPA Assembly DUPC DUPF ENDIF ENDM EXITM IF MACLIB MACRO PMACRO Duplicate sequence of source lines Duplicate sequence with arguments Duplicate sequence with characters Duplicate sequence in loop End of conditional assembly End of macro definition Exit macro Conditional assembly directive Macro library Macro definition Purge macro definition 5 3 Descriptions This section describes the assembler special characters and directives Each description includes usage guidelines and examples Some directives require a label field while in other cases a label is optional If the description of an assembler directive does not indicate a mandatory or optional label field then a label is not allowed on the same line as the directive Note The assembler directives in this chapter are shown in upper case to highlight them However the assembler recognizes both upper and lower case for directives SC100 Assembly La
14. Collect section symbol and external reference information from each input file If the input file is an archive check if any external references are outstanding If no skip the archive lfyes search each module in the archive until all external references are resolved or until no more references can be satisfied within that archive Read command file to determine placement of segments in memory PASS 2 Place segments in proper location in executable file Adjust segment addresses and symbol references Figure 7 1 Linker Operation 7 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Linker Command File 7 3 Linker Command File The linker command file contains a list of linker directives that allow a programmer to define a memory layout allocate segments and specify the program s entry point A command file is shown in Example 7 1 The directives shown in this example are explained in Section 7 4 Linker Directives Example 7 1 Linker Command File provide DataSize 0x8000 provide CodeStart 0x8000 provide StackStart 0x20000 provide TopOfMemory O0x7FFFO provide SR_Setting 0xE40008 memory 0 OxFFFEF reserve StackStart TopOfMemory reserve OxFFFFO000 OxFFFFFFFF entry IntVec org 0 segment intvec crtsc4 org 0x100 Ssegment data data bss org CodeStart segment text text 7 4 Linker Directives The linker supports the directives listed in Table 7 2 These dire
15. Expression value representation internal to the assembler is dependent on the word size of the target processor The assembler supports a word and a double word integer format internally The actual storage size of an expression value is dependent upon the magnitude of the result but the assembler is capable of representing signed integers up to 64 bits in length Internal floating point representation is almost entirely dependent upon the host environment but in general floating point values are stored in double precision format This means that there are ordinarily 64 bits of storage allotted for a floating point number by the assembler with 11 bits of exponent 53 bits of mantissa and an implied binary point 3 4 Constants Constants represent quantities of data that do not vary in value during the execution of a program 3 4 1 Numeric Constants Numeric constants can be in one of the bases described in Table 3 1 Table 3 1 Numeric Constants Base Description Example Binary Consists of a percent sign followed by a string of binary 11010 digits 0 1 Hexadecimal Consists of a dollar sign followed by a string of hexadecimal 12FF digits 0 9 A F a f 1 2ff Decimal Consists of a string of decimal digits 0 9 optionally preceded by 12345 integer a grave accent Decimal Includes a decimal point or an upper or lower case E followed 6E10 floating point by the exponent 6 2 7e2
16. O taa a ai Rew Geass 5 11 Location Counter Substitution 20 naasa ccc eee eee 5 12 String Concatenation Operator 0 0 0 0 eee eee eee eee 5 13 Substring Delimitar Se ee i he athe e led 5 14 Instruction Grouping Operator 1 0 0 eee eee 5 15 Short Addressing Mode Force Operator lt 0 0 e ee eee eee 5 16 Long Addressing Mode Force Operator gt 0 0 0 0 eee eee eee 5 17 Immediate Addressing Mode 0 e cece ee eee eee eens 5 18 SC100 Assembly Language Tools xi 5 18 Immediate Short Addressing Mode Force Operator H lt 5 19 5 19 Immediate Long Addressing Mode Force Operator gt 4 5 20 5 20 AEIGN Directives nne lt Baas aye a ae Bene ee eee eee 5 21 5 21 BADDR DISCS sex SAS ws See Se eS aw Gem Oe 5 22 5 22 BSB DI EUN ah AS DAA AAA ADS RE eae Pea 5 23 5 23 BSC Difectivesi sacs cacew aa a ba 5 24 5 24 BUFFER Dir ctiy s Da eR cet at Ce eee a Rees 5 25 5 25 COMMENT rada et ad we ea ras 5 26 5 26 DEW Directive M ca tse e dt eds e ra Ge ed da 5 27 5 27 DCB Directive 10 oes eo A a E de Ee ee ee 5 28 5 28 DCE DES CAE SS AA ne ek oe E Bee 5 29 5 29 DEFINE Direc cto ai e4 oaths a BEES o 5 30 5 30 DS DIESE cee ce A TE nyo Goh ee E ae renee Lae ok ed ae 5 31 5 31 DSR DITECUYS ssoi dni RRS Uae SAR EAGS APOC AS ro RHE A s 5 32 5 32 DUP DIT Coss ssa ge Ree 4a See wee erie tae Sen A 5 33 5 33 DUPA Directive piede Dee s spen te ee fh pag Ha is 5 34 5 34 DUPE D
17. See also DEFINE Example 5 70 UNDEF Directive UNDEF DEBUG Undefine the debug substitution string SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 77 WARN WARN Programmer Generated Warning Syntax WARN str expr str lexpr Description The WARN directive causes the assembler to output a warning message and increment the total warning count as with any other warning The WARN directive is normally used in conjunction with conditional assembly directives for exceptional condition checking Assembly proceeds normally after the warning has been printed An arbitrary number of strings and expressions in any order but separated by commas with no intervening white space can be optionally specified to describe the nature of the generated warning The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also FAIL MSG Example 5 71 WARN Directive WARN parameter too large 5 78 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 6 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly Macros provide a shorthand method for handling a repeated pattern of code or group of instructions Programmers can define the pattern as a macro and then call the macro at the points in the program where the pattern would repeat Some patterns contain variable entries which change for each repetition of the pattern Others are subject to conditional assembly for a given occurrence of the instruction group Macros accommodate either case by allowi
18. Stripping Symbol Information from the Object File 2 4 Redirecting the Source Listing toa File 0 0 0 0 0 e eee eee 2 5 Redirecting the Source Listing to a File o ooooomooomo o 2 5 Adding Directories to the Search Paths ooooooooooommmmom oo 2 6 Defining Substitution Strings Using the d Option 0 2 6 Two Ways of Specifying Assembler Options 020 2008 2 7 Invoking the Assembler in Big Endian Mode 0 00005 2 7 Single Line Instruction Group 0 0 eee eee eee nee 2 13 Multiple Line SC140 Instruction Group 0 0 c eee eee eee 2 13 Section SIMULA bees ak E eke aay bse ee bee as 4 10 AS Piles 7 a E eee ape et AAA eee eee ie 4 4 projectasmi Piles is Sua PAGS Sue a Gee aw ONG Gas Oe as 4 4 Comment Delimiter Character o anonn nasaan ce eee eens 5 4 Unreported Comment Delimiter Character 3 3 o o oooooooooomoomo 5 5 Line Continuation Character Y 0 000 ene eens 5 6 Macro Argument Concatenation Character 00 0 0 ee eee eee 5 6 Return Value of Symbol Character cu oces 22s A ae oes 5 7 Return Hex Value of Symbol Character 0 0 eee eee eee 5 8 Macro Local Label Override 0 000 eee eens 5 9 Macro String Delimiter Character U oooooooooomonmommomm om 5 10 Quoted String DEFINE Expansion 0 0 0 0 eee eee eee 5 10 Function Delimiter
19. The results are determined as follows e If one operand of the operator has a floating point value and the other operand has an integer value the integer is converted to a floating point value before the operator is applied and the result is a floating point value e If both operands are integers the result is an integer value e If both operands are floating point the result is a floating point value The assembler operators are described in Table 3 2 All operators can be used with both floating point and integer values except where otherwise noted Table 3 2 Assembler Operators Type Operator Name Description Unary plus Returns the value of its operand a minus Returns the negative of its operand one s complement Integer only Returns the one s complement of its operand It cannot be used with a floating point operand logical negate Returns an integer 1 if the value of its operand is 0 otherwise it returns a 0 The memory space attribute of the result will be N For example if the symbol BUF has a value of 0 then BUF would have a value of 1 If BUF has a value of 1000 BUF would have a value of 0 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 3 Expressions Table 3 2 Assembler Operators Continued Type Operator Name Description Arithmetic addition Yields the sum of its operands z subtraction Yields the difference of its operands z multiplicati
20. relocates their data adjusts the symbol references and generates an executable object file The linker allows programmers to break up a large program into more manageable modules that can be assembled separately This is useful when troubleshooting an application Only the module with a problem needs to be edited and reassembled The updated object module can then be relinked with the other object modules to produce a new executable object file For a complete description of the linker and its use refer to Chapter 7 SC100 Linker SC100 Assembly Language Tools 1 1 Introduction 1 3 Utilities Included with the StarCore software development tools are several utilities that process or interpret ELF object files These utilities are listed in Table 1 1 and are described in Chapter 8 SC100 Utilities Table 1 1 SC100 Utilities Utility Name Function arsc100 Archiver Groups separate object files together into a single file for linking or archival storage sc100 dis Disassembler Disassembles executable instructions contained in object files sc100 elfdump ELF File Dump Outputs a formatted display of the contents of object files sc100 nm Name Lists the symbolic information for object files sc100 size Size Lists the size of sections and segments contained in object files 1 4 Software Development Flow Figure 1 1 illustrates the software development flow and shows the inputs an
21. 0x00000230 __ exit_function_registry 0x000002b4 256 Section bss 0x000002b4 256 Section bss scl00 lib crtscl100 eln 0x000002b4 argv 0x000003b4 O Section default 0x000003b4 0 Section default sc100 1ib crtsc100 eln 0x000003b4 0 Section default foo eln 0x000003b4 0 Section default sc100 lib stdlib elb rominit eln 0x000003b4 0 Section default sc100 lib stdlib elb cpp eln 0x000003b4 0 Section default sc100 1ib stdlib elb exit eln 0x00010000 360 Section text 0x00010000 272 Section text scl00 lib crtscl100 eln 0x00010000 _ start 0x00010028 _ Frame0 0x00010034 __ crt0_end 0x0001003c crt0_send 0x000100c8 __dhalt 0x000100ca _ main 0x000100ca _ main 0x000100cc _ init_c vars 0x00010104 _ send 0x00010106 _ receive 0x00010108 dummy_call 0x00010110 4 Section text foo eln 0x00010110 _main 0x00010114 4 Section text sc100 1lib stdlib cpp eln 0x00010114 __do_cppini 0x00010116 __do_cppfin 0x00010118 80 Section text scl00 lib stdlib exit eln 0x00010118 _exit 0x00010168 _exit_end Figure 7 3 Linker Map File SC100 Assembly Language Tools SC100 Linker 7 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 8 C100 Utilities The SC100 tools set includes several utilities that process or interpret ELF executable and linking format object files This chapter describes the SC100 utilities which include the following e Archiver e Disassembler ELF File Dump Utility Name Ut
22. 3 5 56 OPT 5 3 5 57 ORG 5 2 5 62 PAGE 5 3 5 63 PMACRO 5 3 5 64 PRCTL 5 3 5 65 RADIX 5 2 5 66 SECFLAGS 5 67 SECTION 5 2 SECTYPE 5 71 SET 5 2 5 72 SIZE 5 73 STITLE 5 3 5 74 TITLE 5 3 5 75 TYPE 5 76 UNDEF 5 2 5 77 WARN 5 2 5 78 Directives linker entry 7 4 memory 7 5 org 7 6 provide 7 7 reserve 7 8 segment 7 9 Disassembler 8 2 DSPASMOPT variable 2 3 E ea ew assembler options 2 2 ELF file dump utility 8 3 Environment variable assembler 2 3 Error output standard 2 2 Expressions 3 1 F absolute 3 1 address 5 58 constants 3 2 functions built in 3 5 internal representation 3 2 memory space attributes 3 1 operators 3 3 radix 5 66 relative 3 1 f assembler option 2 2 Function 3 5 ABS 3 6 3 7 ACS 3 6 3 7 ARG 3 6 3 7 ASN 3 6 3 7 AT2 3 6 3 8 ATN 3 6 3 8 CCC 3 7 3 8 G g assembler option 2 2 i assembler option 2 2 CEL 3 6 3 8 CHK 3 7 CNT 3 6 3 8 COH 3 6 3 8 COS 3 6 3 8 CTR 3 7 3 9 CVF 3 6 3 9 CVI 3 6 3 9 CVS 3 6 3 9 DEF 3 7 3 9 delimiter 5 11 EXP 3 7 3 9 FLD 3 6 3 9 FLR 3 6 3 10 FRC 3 6 3 10 INT 3 7 3 10 L10 3 6 3 10 LCV 3 7 3 10 LEN 3 6 3 10 LFR 3 6 3 11 LNG 3 6 3 11 LOG 3 6 3 11 LST 3 7 3 11 LUN 3 6 3 11 MAC 3 6 3 11 MAX 3 6 3 11 MIN 3 6 3 11 MSP 3 7 3 12 MXP 3 6 3 12 POS 3 6 3 12 POW 3 6 3 12 REL 3 7 3 12 RND 3 6 3 12 RVB 3 6 3 12 SCP 3 6 3 13 SGN 3 6 3 13 SIN 3 6 3 13 SNH 3 6 3 13 SQT 3 6 3 13 TAN
23. 3 6 3 13 TNH 3 6 3 13 UNF 3 6 3 13 XPN 3 6 3 13 INCLUDE file 5 50 Instruction groups 2 13 Index L l assembler option 2 2 L linker option 7 1 l linker option 7 1 Labels 2 12 5 69 Linker 7 1 command file 7 3 command line 7 1 directives 7 3 map file 7 10 options 7 1 processing 7 2 Listing file command line option 2 2 comments in 5 26 contents 2 15 directives that control 5 3 format 5 63 options that control format 5 57 Local label macro 2 14 Location counter 5 12 5 62 m assembler option 2 2 M linker option 7 1 Macro 6 1 argument concatenation character 5 6 definition 5 54 6 1 directives 5 54 6 4 exit 5 43 expansion 6 2 invocation 6 2 library 5 53 6 3 local label override operator 5 9 purge 5 64 return hex value operator 5 8 return value operator 5 7 use in sections 4 3 Map file 7 10 Map linker option 7 1 Memory limit 5 48 5 52 space 5 62 N Name utility 8 6 O o assembler option 2 2 o linker option 7 1 Object file 2 2 2 4 Operand field 2 12 Operation field 2 12 Operators 3 3 addition 3 4 AND 3 4 arithmetic 3 4 division 3 4 equal 3 4 exclusive OR 3 4 greater than 3 4 greater than or equal 3 4 less than 3 4 less than or equal 3 4 logical AND 3 4 logical negate 3 3 logical OR 3 4 minus 3 3 mod 3 4 multiplication 3 4 not equal 3 4 one s complement 3 3 OR 3 4 plus 3 3 precedence 3 5 subtraction 3 4 Options assembler 2 1 P Program counter 5 12 5 62 Q q ass
24. 72 SC100 Assembly Language Tools SIZE SIZE Set Symbol Size Syntax SIZE symbol expression Description The SIZE directive sets the size of the specified symbol to the value represented by expression The SIZE directive may occur anywhere in the source file unless the specified symbol is a function In this case the SIZE directive must occur after the function has been defined This is illustrated in Example 5 66 See also TYPE Example 5 66 SIZE Directive _main RTS SIZE _main _main SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 73 STITLE STITLE Initialize Program Sub Title Syntax STITLE string Description The STITLE directive initializes the program subtitle to the string specified in the operand field The subtitle will be printed on the top of all succeeding pages of the source listing following the title if one is present until another STITLE directive is encountered An STITLE directive with no string argument causes the current subtitle to be blank The subtitle is initially blank The STITLE directive will not be printed in the source listing The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also TITLE Example 5 67 STITLE Directive STITLE COLLECT SAMPLES 5 74 SC100 Assembly Language Tools TITLE Syntax TITLE Description string TITLE Initialize Program Title The TITLE directive initializes the program title to the string specified
25. Assembly Language Tools 25 SC100 Assembler 2 2 7 Adding Directories to the Search Path The options in this section add directories to the standard search paths used by the assembler ipathname Adds the specified directory to the path used by the assembler to search for INCLUDE files mpathname Adds the specified directory to the path used by the assembler to search for macro definitions This option is equivalent to the MACLIB directive Both the i option and the m option may be repeated as many times as desired The directories will be searched in the order specified on the command line Example 2 7 Adding Directories to the Search Paths a In a UNIX environment asmsc100 m sctools fftlib trans asm b In a Windows environment asmsc100 ic sctools fftlib filter asm 2 2 8 Defining Substitution Strings Substitution strings may be defined on the command line using the ad option as follows d symbol string Causes the assembler to replace every occurrence of symbo1 in the source file with the specified string The string must be preceded by a space and enclosed in single quotes if it contains embedded spaces The d symbol string sequence can be repeated as often as needed on the command line In Example 2 8 all occurrences of BIG_ENDIAN in the source file vit asm are replaced with the string a Example 2 8 Defining Substitution Strings Using the d Option asmsc100 b d BIG_ENDIAN 1 obe vit asm
26. BSC 2FFF LCV R FFFFFFFF Fill unused EPROM 5 24 SC100 Assembly Language Tools BUFFER BUFFER Start Buffer Syntax BUFFER R expression Description The BUFFER directive indicates the beginning of a reverse carry buffer This directive requires the following argument expression This specifies the buffer size in bytes The result of expression must be an absolute integer greater than zero and cannot contain any forward references symbols that have not yet been defined If the expression is not a power of two a warning is issued Data is allocated for the buffer until an ENDBUF directive is encountered If less data is allocated than the size of the buffer the remaining buffer locations are uninitialized If more data is allocated than the specified size of the buffer an error is issued Instructions and most data definition directives may appear between the BUFFER and ENDBUF pair However BUFFER directives may not be nested and the following directives may not be used e MODE e ORG e SECTION e Other buffer allocation directives The BUFFER directive sets the location counter to the address of a buffer of the given type the length of which in bytes is equal to the value of the specified expression If the location counter is not zero this directive first advances the runtime location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt expression An error is issued if there is insufficie
27. Hex ASCII Decimal Hex ASCII 0 00 NUL 43 2B 86 56 V 1 01 SOH 44 2C k 87 57 W 2 02 STX 45 2D 88 58 Xx 3 03 ETX 46 2E 89 59 Y 4 04 EOT 47 2F 90 5A Z 5 05 ENQ 48 30 0 91 5B 6 06 ACK 49 31 1 92 5C 7 07 BEL 50 32 2 93 5D 8 08 BS 51 33 3 94 5E A 9 09 HT 52 34 4 95 5F 10 OA LF 53 35 5 96 60 11 0B VT 54 36 6 97 61 a 12 0c FF 55 37 7 98 62 b 13 0D CR 56 38 8 99 63 c 14 0E So 57 39 9 100 64 d 15 OF S1 58 3A 101 65 e 16 10 DLW 59 3B 102 66 f 17 11 DC1 60 3C lt 103 67 g 18 12 DC2 61 3D 104 68 h 19 13 DC3 62 3E gt 105 69 i 20 14 DC4 63 3F 2 106 6A j 21 15 NAK 64 40 107 6B k 22 16 SYN 65 41 A 108 6C l 23 17 ETB 66 42 B 109 6D m 24 18 CAN 67 43 C 110 6E n 25 19 EM 68 44 D 111 6F o 26 1A SUB 69 45 E 112 70 p 27 1B ESC 70 46 F 113 71 q 28 1C FS 71 47 G 114 72 r 29 1D GS 72 48 H 115 73 s 30 1E RS 73 49 116 74 t 31 1F US 74 4A J 117 75 u 32 20 SP 75 4B K 118 76 v 33 21 76 4C L 119 77 w 34 22 77 4D M 120 78 x 35 23 78 4E N 121 79 y 36 24 79 4F O 122 7A z 37 25 80 50 P 123 7B 38 26 amp 81 51 Q 124 7C 39 27 82 52 R 125 7D 40 28 83 53 S 126 7E 41 29 84 54 T 127 7F DEL 42 2A 7 85 55 U SC100 Assembly Language Tools A 1 ASCII Character Codes A 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Appendix B Assembler Messages Assembler messages are grouped into four categories e Command Line Errors These errors indicate invalid command line options missing filenames
28. WAIT Debug directives ignored use command line debug option A source level debug directive was encountered but the assembler command line g option was not given Destination operand assumed I O short Neither operand in a MOVEP instruction is explicitly declared I O short however the source operand does not qualify so the destination operand is assumed to be the I O short operand Directive not allowed in command line absolute mode The MODE directive is ignored when the assembler command line a option is active Duplicate listing file specified ignored Duplicate object file specified ignored The b or 1 command line options were given more than once Explicit bottom margin ignored with page length of zero Explicit top margin ignored with page length of zero The top or bottom margin parameters to a PAGE directive are ignored because the page length parameter was zero Expression value outside fractional domain The expected fractional value was not within the range 1 0 lt m lt 1 Immediate value too large to use short long substituted An immediate data value being forced short is too large to fit in the space allocated for a short immediate value The assembler substitutes long immediate addressing SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 3 Assembler Messages Improper nesting of DO loops The end address of a subordinate nested DO loop is greater than or equal to the end address of the loop enclosing i
29. absolute is substituted Short absolute address cannot be forced long substituted Short absolute addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes long absolute addressing B 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Short immediate cannot be forced Short immediate data is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes an appropriate size Short PC relative address cannot be forced Short PC relative addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes an appropriate addressing mode long PC relative Source operand assumed I O short Neither operand in a MOVEP instruction is explicitly declared I O short however the destination operand does not qualify so the source operand is assumed to be the I O short operand SR2 Instruction may be affected by previous SR change Storage block size not a power of 2 The expression in a DSR directive did not evaluate to a power of 2 Since the DSR directive is generally used to allocate FFT buffers for reverse carry operations the size of the buffer may be in error String truncated in expression evaluation Only the first four characters of a string constant are used during expression evaluation except for arguments to the DC directive Strip not valid in relocatable mode ignored The z option is valid only when the a option is also given Unresolved external reference Ordinarily the assembler does not flag unr
30. an assembler instruction or directive Expressions may contain user defined labels and their associated integer or floating point values and or any combination of integers floating point numbers or ASCII literal strings In general white space a blank or tab is not allowed between the terms and operators of an assembler expression Expressions otherwise follow the conventional rules of algebra and boolean arithmetic 3 1 Absolute and Relative Expressions An expression may be either relative or absolute An absolute expression is one which consists only of absolute terms or is the result of two relative terms with opposing signs A relative expression consists of a relative term by itself or only in combination with absolute terms When the assembler operates in relative mode all address expressions must adhere to the above definitions for absolute or relative expressions This is because only these types of expressions retain a meaningful value after program relocation For example when relative terms are paired with opposing signs the result is the difference between the two relative terms which is an absolute value However if two positive relative terms are added together the result is unpredictable based on the computed values of the terms at relocation time 3 2 Expression Memory Space Attributes A symbol is associated with either an integer or a floating point value which is used in place of the symbol during the expression evalu
31. assembler during Pass 1 This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Immediate mode select error The mode indicator passed to the immediate addressing mode selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Input mode stack out of sequence The stack for recording whether input is from a file or a macro expansion has been corrupted This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Invalid DO loop range check The value passed to the end of DO loop verification logic is bad This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Invalid instruction class The saved MAC type instruction class has been corrupted This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Invalid tag storage class The saved tag storage class has been corrupted This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore VO error writing data word to object file An I O error occurred which prevented the assembler from writing data to the output object file Location bounds selection failure The logic for selecting the appropriate bounds array based on the current memory space has returned a bad value This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Option select error The option indicator passed to the option selection logic OPT directive was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Out of
32. belongs A symbol is placed on the second indent of the Symbol field and applies to the most previous fragment listed The partial map file shown in Figure 7 3 lists five sections intvec data bss default and text Notice that the text section has an address of 10000 after relocation and is 360 bytes This size represents the total of all the text section fragments assimilated from separate input files The text section consists of four fragments which break down as follows Table 7 3 Composition of text Section Symbols Fragment Size Originating Input File Referenced Within Fragment 1 272 sc100 lib crtscl100 eln start Frame0 crt0_end foo eln _main cpp eln module of the library __do cppini sc100 lib stdlib elb __do_cppfin 4 80 exit eln module of the library _exit sc100 1lib stdlib elb _exit_end 7 10 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Linker Map File Section Fragment Symbol 7 Value Size emp 0x00000000 512 SectUllon intvec 0x00000000 512 Sectllon intvec sc100 1lib crtscl00 eln 0x00000000 IntVec 0x00000200 180 Section data 0x00000200 20 Section data scl00 lib crtscl100 eln 0x00000200 _ size 0x00000204 __ break 0x00000208 __ stack_safety 0x0000020c _ mem limit 0x00000210 timer_count 0x00000218 20 Section data foo eln 0x0000022c 136 Section data sc100 1ib stdlib elb exit eln 0x0000022c __ functions_registered
33. buffer base address The result of expression must be an absolute integer greater than zero and cannot contain any forward references symbols that have not yet been defined If a reverse carry buffer is designated and the specified expression is not a power of two a warning will be issued The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also BSB BUFFER DSR Example 5 21 BADDR Directive ORG P 100 BADDR R 24 Reverse buffer 24 5 22 SC100 Assembly Language Tools BSB BSB Block Storage Bit Reverse Syntax label BSB expression expression Description The BSB directive causes the assembler to allocate and initialize a block of bytes for a reverse carry buffer The number of bytes in the block is given by the first expression which must evaluate to an absolute integer Each byte is assigned the initial value of the second expression If there is no second expression an initial value of zero is assumed If the location counter is not zero this directive first advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 is greater than or equal to the value of the first expression An error will occur if the first expression contains symbols that are not yet defined forward references or if the expression has a value of less than or equal to zero Also if the first expression is not a power of two a warning will be generated Both expressions can have any memory space attribute
34. command line Only the first occurrence of each option is used The assembler continues processing SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 1 Assembler Messages Illegal command line D option argument The symbol name given in a d command line option is invalid possibly too long or does not begin with an alphabetic character or the substitution string is not enclosed in single quotes Illegal command line I option argument A problem occurred when attempting to save the include file path string Illegal command line M option argument A problem occurred when attempting to save the MACLIB file path string Illegal command line option The option specified on the command line was not recognized by the assembler Interrupted The assembler was interrupted by a keyboard break Control C LDB option with no listing file specified using source file The LDB option was given on the command line without a corresponding 1 to generate a listing file If a listing file is not produced debugging packages cannot use it for source tracking Therefore the assembler uses the default assembly language file as input for source tracking Missing command line option argument The expected arguments following a command line option specifier were missing Missing source filename There must be at least one source filename specified on the command line Source file name same as listing file name Source file name same as object file name
35. does not allow a label with this directive See also IF Example 5 38 ENDIF Directive IF CR SAVEPC SET ENDIF EL Save current program counter SC100 Assembly Language Tools ENDM ENDM End of Macro Definition Syntax ENDM Description The ENDM directive terminates the MACRO DUP DUPA DUPC and DUPF directives The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF MACRO Example 5 39 ENDM Directive SWAP_SYM MACRO REG1 REG Swap REG1 REG2 using D4 L as temp OVE R REG1 D4 L MOVE R REG2 R REG1 OVE D4 L R REG2 END 5 40 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ENDSEC ENDSEC End Section Syntax ENDSEC Description The ENDSEC directive is paired with the SECTION directive and signifies the end of a section The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also SECTION Example 5 40 ENDSEC Directive SECTION data VALUES BSC 100 Initialize to zero ENDSEC SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 41 EQU EQU Equate Symbol to a Value Syntax label EQU P expression Description The EQU directive assigns the value of expression to the symbol specified by label If expression has a memory space attribute of None then it can optionally be preceded by any of the indicated memory space qualifiers to force a memory space attribute An error will occur if the expre
36. file open errors or other invocation errors Command line errors generally cause the assembler to stop processing e Warnings Warnings notify the programmer of suspect constructs but do not otherwise affect the object file output e Errors These errors indicate problems with syntax addressing modes or usage In these cases the resulting object code is generally not valid e Fatal Errors Fatal errors signify serious problems encountered during the assembly process such as lack of memory file not found or other internal errors The assembler halts immediately The assembler also provides information on the source field location of the error if it can be ascertained If a listing file is produced messages ordinarily appear immediately before the line containing the error One exception is when the relationship between the first and last instructions in a DO loop produces an error In this case the error text appears after the last instruction at the end of the loop Messages are always routed to standard output B 1 Assembler Command Line Errors Cannot open command file Cannot open listing file Cannot open object file The file associated with a f 1 or b command line option was not found Cannot open source file The assembly source input file was not found Duplicate listing file specified ignored Duplicate object file specified ignored The 1 and b command line options were encountered more than once on the
37. for LAB then replaces VAL with the character A since A is the hexadecimal representation for the decimal integer 10 The macro processor applies the concatenation operator The macro processes substitutes the string NOP for the STMT argument The resulting expansion as it would appear in the source listing would be that shown in c Note The percent sign is also the character used to indicate a binary constant If a binary constant is required inside a macro it may be necessary to enclose the constant in parentheses or escape the constant by following the percent sign by a backslash Example 5 6 Return Hex Value of Symbol Character a Macro definition GEN_LAB ACRO LAB VAL STMT LABASVAL STMT ENDM b Macro call NUM SET 10 GEN_LAB HEX NUM NOP c Macro expansion HEXA NOP 5 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools A Macro Local Label Override Description The circumflex when used as a unary expression operator in a macro expansion causes any local labels in its associated term to be evaluated at normal scope rather than macro scope This means that any labels in the expression term following the circumflex will not be searched for in the macro local label list The operator has no effect on normal labels or outside of a macro expansion The circumflex operator is useful for passing local labels as macro arguments to be used as referents in the macro Note that the circumflex is al
38. group Double push may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE Double pop may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE Only one change of flow permitted in group SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 2 Restriction Error Messages Continued Tag Error Message gg5 DALU register may only be used four times per set gpl Too many extension words in paired grouping gp3 Only one di or ei permitted in group Only one stop or wait permitted in group Only one debug instruction permitted in group Only one mark instruction permitted in group gp3a DOEN type instruction may not be grouped with break gp4 RTE D and AGU or IFT F A combination not permitted in same group gp5 N or M used as source register more than once in a group gs Pairing of non pairable instructions cl Branch to last two execution sets in a loop not allowed c2 Change of flow not allowed between LA and LA 2 c3 No conditional branch is allowed in the execution set before the start address of a short loop c5 No conditional branches allowed in the last four execution sets of a long loop c7 Destination address of SKIP BREAK CONT cannot be in the same loop c9 SKIPS BREAK CONT target cannot be followed by consecutive loop addresses 1c10 JSR BSR to LA 2 of long loop or SA of short loop 1d1 SKIPLS instruction not allowed immediatel
39. in an UNDEF directive was not previously defined in a DEFINE directive Symbol redefined The symbol has already been used as a label in a previous context SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 27 Assembler Messages Symbol tag mismatch A matching tag reference could not be found for a tagged symbol table entry Symbol undefined on pass 2 The symbol used as an operand or directive argument was never defined in the source program Symbols must start with alphabetic character Symbol names must begin with an upper or lower case alphabetic character the percent character or the underscore character _ SYMOBJ symbol must be a global symbol name Arguments to the SYMOBJ directive cannot be preceded by an underscore Syntax error expected In an ORG directive using numeric counter designations the parenthesis colon pair separating the load or runtime address from the memory space counter or mapping characters was not found Syntax error expected In an ORG directive the colon separating the load or runtime address from the memory space counter or mapping characters was not found Syntax error expected gt The closing angle bracket in a non local INCLUDE directive argument was not found Syntax error expected comma The comma separating operands in an instruction or directive was not found Syntax error expected quote The assembler expected the start of a quoted string Syntax error extra chara
40. long as the instruction group is surrounded by brackets e A source statement first line and any continuation lines can be a maximum of 4000 characters long e Upper and lower case letters are equivalent for assembler mnemonics and directives but are distinct for labels symbols directive arguments and literal strings Ifthe source file contains horizontal tabs ASCII 09 the assembler expands these to the next fixed tab stop located at eight character intervals column 1 9 17 unless they are reset using the TAB directive This is only significant if tab characters are embedded within literal strings SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 11 SC100 Assembler 2 4 1 Label Field Labels begin in the first column of a source statement A space or tab in the first column ordinarily indicates that the label field is empty Labels are subject to the following rules e Labels may be indented if the label symbol is immediately followed by a colon with no intervening spaces In this case all characters preceding the label on the line must be spaces or tabs e A line consisting only of a label is valid and has the effect of assigning the value of the location counter to the label With the exception of some directives a label is assigned the value of the location counter of the first word of the instruction or data being assembled e The first character of a label must be an alphabetic character e A label may occur onl
41. memory assembly aborted There is not enough internal memory to perform dynamic storage allocation Since the assembler keeps all working information in memory including the symbol table and macro definitions there is the possibility that memory will be exhausted if many symbols or macros are defined in a single assembly run SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 33 Assembler Messages PC relative mode select failure The mode indicator passed to the PC relative addressing mode selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Register selection failure The register number passed to the multiply mask selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Section counter sequence failure The ordering of location counter structures has been corrupted This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Section stack mode error The assembler expected to restore a nested section but found the section list empty This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Too many lines in source file An individual source file contained more than 2 31 lines of code Too many sections in module There is a limit of 255 discrete sections in a given source file B 34 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Index A a assembler option 2 2 Address assignment 4 3 Addressing immediate 5 18 long 5 17 long immediate 5
42. the assembler source listing and are never saved as part of macro definitions Example 5 2 Unreported Comment Delimiter Character 7 These lines will not be reproduced 7 in the source listing SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 5 Line Continuation Character or Macro Argument Concatenation Character Line Continuation Character The backslash character if used as the last character on a line tells the assembler that the source statement is continued on the following line The continuation line is concatenated to the previous line of the source statement and the result is processed by the assembler as if it were a single line source statement The maximum length of the source statement the first line and any continuation lines is 4000 characters Example 5 3 Line Continuation Character This comment extends over three lines Macro Argument Concatenation The backslash is also used to concatenate a macro dummy argument with other adjacent alphanumeric characters Dummy arguments that are to be concatenated with other characters must be preceded by the backslash to separate them from the rest of the characters The argument may precede or follow the adjoining text but there must be no intervening blanks between the backslash and the rest of the characters To position an argument between two alphanumeric characters place a backslash both before and after the argument name In Example 5 4 th
43. with arguments it sets the size and margins of the source listing In this case the PAGE directive is printed in the listing The arguments of the PAGE directive are described below The arguments may be any positive absolute integer expression and must be separated by commas Any argument can be left as the default or last set value by omitting the argument and using two adjacent commas pagewidth pagelength blanktop blankbtm blankleft Number of columns per line The default is 80 the minimum is 1 and the maximum is 255 Total number of lines per page The default is 66 the minimum is 10 and the maximum is 255 As a special case a page length of 0 turns off all headers titles subtitles and page breaks Number of blank lines at the top of the page The default is 0 the minimum is 0 and the maximum must maintain the relationship blanktop blankbtm lt pagelength 10 Number of blank lines at the bottom of the page The default is 0 the minimum is 0 and the maximum must maintain the relationship blanktop blankbtm lt pagelength 10 Number of blank columns at the left of the page The default is 0 the minimum is 0 and the maximum must maintain the relationship blankleft lt pagewidth The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 58 PAGI PAGI PAGE Directive EY 1382 379 Set width to 132 columns lines to default and top and bottom margins to 3 lines
44. 00 Assembly Language Tools 5 57 OPT Table 5 3 Summary of OPT Options Continued Type Option Description Message AE Check address expressions Control MSW Warn on memory space incompatibilities UR Flag unresolved references WwW Display warning messages Symbol DEX Expand DEFINE symbols within quoted strings IC Ignore case in symbol names SO Write symbols to object file Assembler AEC Allow escape characters in DC directive Operation BE Enable big endian mode CC Enable cycle counts CK Enable checksumming CM Preserve comment lines within macros CONTCK Continue checksumming DLD Do not restrict directives in loops GL Make all section symbols global INTR Perform interrupt location checks LDB Enable source listing debug LE Enable little endian mode LPA Enable hardware loop alignment MI Scan MACLIB directories for include files PS Pack strings PSM Enable programmable short addressing mode RSV Check reserve data memory locations SVO Preserve object file on errors Option Descriptions All options have a default condition and some are reset to their default condition at the end of pass one In the descriptions that follow a parenthetical insert specifies default if the option represents the default condition and reset if the option is reset to its default state at the end of pass one Many options have a corresponding negative version in which the option is prefixed with no and its meaning is reverse
45. 20 short 5 16 short immediate 5 19 Archiver 8 1 ASCII character codes A 1 Assembler command line 2 1 directives 5 2 listing file 2 2 2 15 messages B 1 modes 2 2 object file 2 2 2 4 options 5 57 5 58 processing 2 10 restriction checking 2 2 significant characters 5 1 source statement 2 11 Assembly conditional 5 49 6 4 directives that control 5 2 three pass 2 10 b assembler option 2 2 Buffer address 5 22 C c linker option 7 1 Command file linker 7 3 Command line archiver 8 1 assembler 2 1 disassembler 8 2 ELF file dump utility 8 3 linker 7 1 name utility 8 6 8 8 Comment delimiter 5 4 unreported 5 5 Comment field 2 13 Conditional assembly 6 4 directives that control 5 3 5 49 6 4 Constants 3 2 binary 3 2 decimal 3 2 define 5 27 5 28 hexadecimal 3 2 storage 5 24 string 3 3 D d assembler option 2 2 Directives assembler ALIGN 5 3 BADDR 5 3 5 22 BSB 5 3 5 23 BSC 5 3 5 24 BUFFER 5 3 5 25 COMMENT 5 2 5 26 DC 5 3 5 27 DCB 5 3 5 28 DCL 5 3 DCW 5 3 DEFINE 5 2 5 30 DS 5 3 5 31 DSR 5 3 5 32 DUP 5 3 5 33 DUPA 5 3 5 34 DUPC 5 3 5 35 DUPF 5 3 5 36 END 5 2 5 37 ENDBUF 5 3 5 38 ENDIF 5 3 5 39 ENDM 5 3 5 40 6 1 ENDSEC 5 2 5 41 EQU 5 2 5 42 EXITM 5 3 5 43 FAIL 5 2 5 44 GLOBAL 5 2 5 46 GSET 5 2 5 47 HIMEM 5 2 5 48 IF 5 3 5 49 6 5 INCLUDE 5 2 5 50 LIST 5 3 5 51 LOMEM 5 2 5 52 MACLIB 5 3 5 53 6 3 MACRO 5 3 5 54 6 1 MSG 5 2 5 55 Index NOLIST 5
46. 3 assembles two assembly files main asmand fft asm into an executable object file named filter eld Example 2 3 Generating an Executable Object File asmsc100 a bfilter eld main asm fft asm 2 2 4 Modifying the Contents of the Object File The options in this section control whether certain types of information are included in the object file g Adds the following debugging sections to the object file debug_abbrev debug_aranges debug_info and debug_line The g option is valid only when used with the b option z Strips symbol information from the executable object file This option is valid only when used with both the a and b options The command in Example 2 4 strips symbol information from the executable object file filter eld Example 2 4 Stripping Symbol Information from the Object File asmsc100 a bfilter eld z filter asm 2 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Command Line Options 2 2 5 Redirecting the Source Listing By default the assembler sends a source listing to the standard output The source listing can be saved to a file using the 1 option l file Redirects the source listing to the specified file The file name may include an optional pathname A space is not allowed between 1 and the file name Any file with the same name is overwritten If no name is specified the listing is given the same name as the first source file encountered on the command line and an ex
47. C100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Invalid function name The name following the function invocation character was not recognized Invalid label field width specified The argument given to the LSTCOL directive does not allow enough room on the listing line for the remaining fields to be output Invalid macro name Macro names cannot be local symbols e g they cannot begin with the percent character Invalid memory space attribute The memory space attribute given is not the letter P Invalid mode The mode specified in a MODE directive was not RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE Invalid opcode field width specified Invalid operand field width specified The argument given to the LSTCOL directive does not allow enough room on the listing line for the remaining fields to be output Invalid page length specified The minimum page length allowed by the PAGE directive is 10 lines per page The maximum is 255 Invalid page width specified The minimum page width allowed by the PAGE directive is 1 column per line The maximum is 255 Invalid radix expression The expression in the RADIX directive does not evaluate to one of the supported constant bases 2 8 10 or 16 Invalid register combination The source operand registers in a FMPY instruction cannot be used together Invalid register specified The direct register operand is incorrect for this instruction Invalid relative expression The terms of a
48. Define Substitution String Syntax DEFINE symbol string Description The DEFINE directive defines substitution strings that will be used on all following source lines The assembler searches all succeeding lines for an occurrence of symbol and replaces it with string The symbol must adhere to the restrictions for non local labels DEFINE symbols that are defined within a section are considered local symbols DEFINE symbols that are defined outside a section are considered global Macros represent a special case DEFINE directive translations will be applied to the macro definition as it is encountered When the macro is expanded any active DEFINE directive translations will again be applied The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also GSET SET UNDEF Example 5 29 DEFINE Directive DEFINE ARRAYSIZ 16 SAMPLSIZ SAMPLSIZ EQU 16 DS ARRAYSIZ This line transformed to DS 16 SAMPLSIZ 5 30 SC100 Assembly Language Tools DS DS Define Storage Syntax label DS expression Description The DS directive reserves a block of bytes in memory The reserved block of memory is not initialized to any value The components of the DS directive are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the location counter at the start of directive processing expression This specifies the number of bytes to be reserved and how much the location counter wil
49. E Eject the page SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 63 PMACRO PMACRO Purge Macro Definition Syntax PMACRO symbol symbol Description The PMACRO directive purges the named macro definition from the macro table reclaiming the macro table space The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also MACRO Example 5 59 PMACRO Directive PMACRO MAC1 MAC2 5 64 SC100 Assembly Language Tools PRCTL PRCTL Send Control String to Printer Syntax PRCTL exp string Description The PRCTL directive concatenates its arguments and sends them to the source listing the directive line itself is not printed unless there is an error The arguments accepted by PRCTL consist of the following exp A byte expression which may be used to encode non printing control characters such as ESC string Anassembler string which may be of arbitrary length up to the maximum assembler defined limits PRCTL may appear anywhere in the source file the control string will be output at the corresponding place in the source listing However if a PRCTL directive is the last line in the last input file to be processed the assembler insures that all error summaries symbol tables and cross references have been printed before sending out the control string In this manner a PRCTL directive can be used to restore a printer to a previous mode after printing is done Similarly if the PRCTL directive appears as the f
50. ECTION directive Sections may also be split into separate parts That is the section name can be used multiple times with SECTION and ENDSEC directive pairs The reuse of the section name is allowed to permit the program source to be arranged in an arbitrary manner for example all statements that reserve P space storage locations grouped together 4 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Sections and Relocation 4 1 3 Sections and Symbols Symbols defined outside a section are considered global They can satisfy an outstanding reference in the current file at assembly time or in any file at link time Global symbols may be referenced freely from inside or outside any section as long as the global symbol name does not conflict with another symbol of the same name Symbols defined within a section are considered local by default Any reference to a local symbol can be satisfied in the file in which it is defined Local symbols within sections may be declared global as follows e An individual symbol may be declared global by using the GLOBAL directive see page 5 46 e All symbols within a section up to the next ENDSEC directive may be declared global by using the GLOBAL qualifier to the SECTION directive see page 5 68 4 1 4 Macros and DEFINE Symbols within Sections Macros and DEFINE directive symbols that are defined within a section are considered local When defined outside of any section these symbols are globally applied
51. Flags Syntax SECFLAGS flag flag Description The SECFLAGS directive sets the flag bits for the current section Each flag describes an attribute of the section and may be any of the following write The section contains data that is writable when loaded alloc The section occupies space in memory when loaded execinstr The section contains executable instructions nowrite The section contains data that is not writable when loaded noalloc The section does not occupy space in memory when loaded noexecinstr The section does not contain executable instructions Multiple flag arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces Sections named text data rodata or bss have predefined types and flags as shown in Table 5 4 on page 5 69 A section with any other name is assumed to be a code section and its type and flags default to those associated with a text section These default flags may be redefined as necessary using the SECFLAGS directive The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also SECTYPE SECTION Example 5 62 SECFLAGS Directive Begin a data section Is seen as text section by assembler with default flags of nowrite alloc execinstr SECTION data_input2 SECFLAGS write alloc noexecinstr Set flags for a data section ENDSEC SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 67 SECTION SECTION Start Section Syntax SECTION symbol GLOBAL EEES sou
52. IL Macro parameter value out of range EXITM Exit macro ENDIF ENDM SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 43 FAIL FAIL Programmer Generated Error Syntax FAIL strl exp str lexp Description The FAIL directive causes the assembler to output an error message The total error count will be incremented as with any other error The FAIL directive is normally used in conjunction with conditional assembly directives for exceptional condition checking The assembly proceeds normally after the error has been printed An arbitrary number of strings and expressions in any order but separated by commas with no intervening white space can be optionally specified to describe the nature of the generated error The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also MSG WARN Example 5 43 FAIL Directive FAIL Parameter out of range 5 44 SC100 Assembly Language Tools FALIGN FALIGN Align Hardware Loop Syntax FALIGN Description The FALIGN directive aligns the address of the first instruction in a hardware loop or the address of the target of a jump instruction with the fetch set The fetch set boundary is 16 bytes for the SC140 core The FALIGN directive may be applied on a per loop basis Alignment is performed when the size of the execution set overlaps the fetch set boundary If the execution set starts at a nonaligned address but fits into the current fetch set alignment is not pe
53. MI option is used the assembler will also look for included files in any designated MACLIB directories SW default reset Issue a warning on memory space incompatibilities U Include a memory utilization report in the source listing This option must appear before any code or data generation NL Display conditional assembly IF ELSE ENDIFP and section nesting levels on listing NOAE Do not check address expressions NOAEC default Do not allow escape characters in DC directives NOCC default reset Disable cycle counts Does not clear total cycle count NOCEX default reset Do not print DC expansions NOCK default reset Disable checksumming of instruction and data values NOCL Do not print the conditional assembly directives NOC Do not preserve comment lines of macros when they are defined NODEX default reset Do not expand DEFINE symbols within quoted strings NODLD default reset Restrict use of certain directives in DO loop NODXL Do not expand DEFINE directive strings in listing NOFC default reset Inhibit folded comments NOFF default reset Use multiple line feeds for page ejects in the source listing NOF default reset Do not format assembler messages NOHDR Do not generate listing header This also turns off titles and subtitles NOINTR default reset in relative mode Do not perform interrupt location checks NOLPA default Disable hardware loop alignment NOMC Do not print macro calls NOMD Do no
54. MNSC100ALT D Rev 1 5 8 2000 STA A CORE microelectronics group ale aa Dig ital DNA Lucent Technologies O from Motorola Bell Labs Innovations MNSC100ALT D Rev 1 5 8 2000 SC100 Assembly Language Tools User s Manual STA R CORE BRIGHTER DSP TECHNOLOGY icr n e e O ra Digital DNA Lucent Technologies from Motorola Bell Labs Innovations Y This document contains information on a new product Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice Copyright Lucent Technologies Inc 2000 All rights reserved Copyright Motorola Inc 2000 All rights reserved LICENSOR is defined as either Motorola Inc or Lucent Technologies Inc whichever company distributed this document to LICENSEE LICENSOR reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products included and covered hereby LICENSOR makes no warranty representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose nor does LICENSOR assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit and specifically disclaims any and all liability including without limitation incidental consequential reliance exemplary or any other similar such damages by way of illustration but not limitation such as loss of profits and loss of business opportunity Typical parameters which may be provided in LICENSOR data sheets and or specifications can and do vary i
55. No filename was provided as an argument to the INCLUDE directive Missing macro name A MACRO directive was encountered without a label or the macro name was omitted from a PMACRO directive Missing option The OPT directive was specified without an argument SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 21 Assembler Messages Missing or mismatched quote A single or double quote character was expected by the string parsing routines Missing pathname No pathname was provided as an argument to the MACLIB directive Missing quote Missing quote in string A single or double quote character was expected by the string parsing routines Missing section name No section name was given as an argument to the SECTION directive Missing string after concatenation operator The string concatenation operator must be followed by another quoted string Mode not specified The MODE directive was not followed by either RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE MU option must be used before any code or data generation The MU option must be given before any data allocation directive BSC DC DS DSR or instruction appears in the source file Negative immediate value not allowed The immediate count value for a DO or REP instruction cannot be less than zero Negative or empty DO loop not allowed The loop address given in a DO instruction must specify an address at least one greater than the current program counter value No instructions in enclosing blocks N
56. O DISCS its gud aie an py hese ow Renamed A i 5 64 5 60 PRCT Directive trar bara MAAR ore hada Reh A 5 65 5 61 RADIX Directiv ta A aD ees 5 66 5 62 SECELAGS DH ideados 5 67 5 63 BEC HON Diciendo tA N 5 70 5 64 SECT Y PE Difectye as ise Pes SAA A A ee ee eS 5 71 5 65 TITS CUE sty bt cua Boek fa leet Bist alta AEE ens Senda cede lena ht ade 5 72 5 66 SIZE DIECIVE Ss cust chs eyo ts os Ra 5 73 5 67 STE Emre Cyt ra ir ep awe Pi ISA dasa saw es Gwe Ae 5 74 5 68 TITLE Directive cuidao 3 avd ha te oA SAGS APOC ASA Olsen naw Behe Ry 5 75 5 69 TYPE Direchyescsy e wee eee he es ee eee 5 76 5 70 UNDEF Dir ctiye ao Pega fey ala ener grag 4d ak gsi arg Ne ee wee Gee ets 5 77 5 71 WARN Direc ve aux tet ore Ss Te ed oe e ld ea Bam alee 5 78 7 1 Linker Command File 4 5 54 sion 44 Gy ba Ga A vba ee 7 3 7 2 Entry DECIS a Alicia 7 4 7 3 EMOL Directive g s AS AA A AS a RR BS 7 5 7 4 DESIDIA TA DAA A AAA A E IEW e 7 6 7 5 provide Directives 62k bh os a at de da dad cd 7 7 7 6 TESIS Directive sire Het ae ea awe ee a eee Newel hae ee 7 8 7 7 Segment DITECUVG ia inc 7 9 SC100 Assembly Language Tools xiii xiv SC100 Assembly Language Tools About This Book This manual describes how to use the SC100 assembly language tools which consist of an assembler linker archiver and various utilities Audience This manual is intended for systems software developers applications programmers and microprocessor designers Organization This m
57. O absolute address too large Short I O absolute address too small The flagged operand value is outside the I O address range of the target DSP Short or I O short address expected A short or I O short address was expected as the second operand Short PC relative address too large The flagged operand value is greater than the maximum PC relative address of the target DSP SR2 Instruction not allowed within two execution sets of an SR change SR3 Instruction not allowed after SR change Start argument greater than machine word size The start parameter of a FLD function has a value larger than can fit in the target machine word Start position greater than source string size The start parameter in a POS function is larger than the total length of the source string argument Storage block size must be greater than zero The size of a buffer allocated with the DSM DSR BSM BSB and other buffer directives was too small B 26 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Storage block size out of range The size of the buffer in a DSM DSR BSM BSB or other buffer directive is too large to be allocated Storage block too large The runtime location counter overflowed while the assembler was attempting to allocate storage through a DSR directive The assembler automatically advances the program counter to the next valid base address given the size of the modulo or reverse carry buffer This error occurs when the sum of t
58. One of the source files appeared to the assembler to have the same name as the specified listing or object file The assembler aborts rather than potentially writing over a source input file B 2 Assembler Warnings A2 AGU register contents may be affected by register write in previous cycle Absolute address too large to use I O short long substituted The absolute address is not within the range specifying an I O short address even though the I O short forcing operator has been used The assembler substitutes long absolute addressing B 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Warnings Absolute address too large to use short long substituted The absolute address value being forced short will not fit in the storage allocated for a short address The assembler substitutes long absolute addressing Absolute address too small to use I O short long substituted The absolute address is not within the range specifying an I O short address even though the I O short forcing operator has been used The assembler substitutes long absolute addressing Automatic loop alignment occurred x nops added prior to loop The x is a number representing the number of nop padding added Cannot force short addressing for source and destination In a MOVEP or MOVES instruction an attempt was made to force both operands to short or I O short The second operand defaults to long CL2 At least 7 cycles required between PCTL writes or STOP
59. Sl 8 6 Size Utility Options script ati i 8 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools vii viii SC100 Assembly Language Tools 1 1 2 2 2 3 6 1 7 1 7 2 7 3 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 List of Figures StarCore Development Tools 0 00 eee eee ene ee 1 3 Assembler Operation A tod aaa a oe panes ob ee E ee 2 10 Basic Source AA Soweto ev gag hod ead t8 2 11 Assembler Source Listing lt lt ay AA A ans A aee 2 17 Optional Source Listing Information 0 0 0 0 e eee eee ee 2 18 Mact Definition 2 yo e9 tad vee eed poe pee ee cee autres ee een 6 1 Tinker Operation a ete ae oh es og BN A te ae hi Me A 7 2 Placement of Sections Using segment Directive 004 7 9 Pinker Map Fue e id A id BR os 7 11 Disassembly Output with Instruction Encoding8 oooooooocoooomomo 8 3 ELF File Dump Output sa bo ba oe eed eae Me eae ee 0 8 5 Name Utility OU conte cre ek ae eene eet es Seta ees aera ad ees 8 7 Size Utility Output iw ESE Se aon secs 8 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ix SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 1 2 2 03 2 4 2 5 2 6 23 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 5 12 5 13 5 14 5 15 5 16 5 17 List of Examples Basic Command to Invoke Assembler 0 0 0 0 ce eee eee eee 2 1 Specifying an Argument File 4232 y2 5 gene hese ee een tee 2 3 Generating an Executable Object File s 000 44 eh bed eee wean ea need 2 4
60. The second occurrence of the delimiter character in a COMMENT directive was never found Unexpected end of file missing ENDBUF A BUFFER directive was encountered without a closing ENDBUF directive Unexpected end of file missing ENDIF An IF directive was encountered without a closing ENDIF directive Unexpected end of file missing ENDM A macro definition was started using the MACRO directive but the end of the source file was encountered before a closing ENDM directive was found Unexpected end of file missing ENDSEC A SECTION directive was found without a closing ENDSEC directive SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 29 Assembler Messages Unknown math error A transcendental math function returned an error that could not be classified as out of range or outside the function domain Unrecognized mnemonic A symbol in the assembler opcode field was not a defined macro an instruction mnemonic or a directive Unrecognized secondary mnemonic A symbol in the assembler secondary opcode field was not one of the instructions FADD FSUB or FADDSUB V1 Offset Width gt 40 bits V2 Offset Width gt 40 bits V3 SP must be a multiple of eight Value argument larger than machine word size The value parameter of a FLD function has a value larger than can fit in the target machine word Width argument greater than machine word size The width parameter of a FLD function has a value larger than can fit in
61. UP DUPA DUPF ENDM MACRO Example 5 34 DUPC Directive a Source input statements b Resulting source listing assumes the MD and MEX options are enabled DUPC VALUE 123 DUPC VALUE 123 DC VALUE DC 1 ENDM DC 2 DC 3 ENDM SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 35 DUPF DUPF Duplicate Sequence in Loop Syntax label DUPF dummy start end increment ENDM Description The block of source statements defined by the DUPF and ENDM directives will be repeated in general end start 1 times when increment is 1 The operands of this directive are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the runtime location counter at the start of the DUPF directive processing dummy A parameter that holds the loop index value may be used within the body of instructions start The starting value for the loop index defaults to 1 if omitted end The final value increment The increment for the loop index defaults to 1 if omitted See also DUP DUPA DUPC ENDM MACRO Example 5 35 DUPF Directive a Source input statements DUPF NUM 0 7 MOVE 0 R NUM END b Resulting source listing assumes the MD and MEX options are enabled DUPF NUM 0 7 OVE 0 RO MOVE 0 R1 MOVE 0 R2 MOVE 0 R3 MOVE 0 R4 MOVE 0 R5 OVE 0 R6 OVE 0 R7 END 5 36 SC100 Assembly Language Tools END END End of Source Prog
62. anual is organized as follows Chapter 1 Introduction provides an overview of the SC100 assembly language tools Chapter 2 SC100 Assembler describes the SC100 Assembler and how to invoke it This chapter also discusses various components of assembler source statements and the source listing file Chapter 3 Expressions describes the expressions accepted as operands in assembler instructions or directives This chapter also describes the built in functions supported by the assembler and provides examples of their use Chapter 4 Software Project Management discusses the assembler directives designed to assist in the development of large software projects Chapter 5 Assembler Directives and Significant Characters describes the directives which direct the behavior of the assembler and the special characters that are significant to it Each description includes an example Chapter 6 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly discusses assembler macros and conditional assembly Chapter 7 SC100 Linker describes the SC100 Linker and how to invoke it Chapter 8 SC100 Utilities describes the SC100 utilities and how to invoke them Appendix A ASCII Character Codes lists ASCII character codes and their decimal and hexadecimal equivalents Appendix B Assembler Messages describes the assembler error and warning messages Preface XV References e C100 Applicat
63. any code or data in order for the assembler to establish the debug source file appropriately Left margin exceeds page width The blank left margin value in the PAGE directive exceeds the default or specified page width parameter SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 19 Assembler Messages Length value greater than string size The length parameter in a substring construct is larger than the composite length of the input string argument Line too long Source statements including continuation lines cannot exceed 512 characters in length LG3 Less than three sets between MOVE PUSH SR and end of loop LG4 Short loop SA follows MOVE PUSH SR LL1 Illegal delay slot instruction in last two execution sets of a loop LL2 DOEN SH or write to LC not allowed in last three execution sets of a loop LL3 Illegal delay slot instruction in short loop LN1 Nested loops cannot end in same address LN2 A loop may only be nested inside a loop of a smaller DOEN number LN4 Nested short loopend cannot occur in last two execution sets of outer loop LOC option must be used before any local label The LOC option must appear before any local label so that the assembler can keep the local label lists synchronized Local symbol names cannot be used with GLOBAL Percent labels are not allowed with this directive Long absolute address cannot be used An operand was forced long where only a short or I O short address was valid Long absolute cannot
64. ard references symbols that have not yet been defined A warning is generated if expression is not a power of two See also DS Example 5 31 DSR Directive ORG P 100 Set address to P 100 R_BUF DSR 8 Reserve 8 bytes for R_BUF 5 32 SC100 Assembly Language Tools DUP DUP Duplicate Sequence of Source Lines Syntax label DUP expression ENDM Description The sequence of source lines between the DUP and ENDM directives will be duplicated by the number specified by the integer expression which can have any memory space attribute If the expression evaluates to a number less than or equal to 0 the sequence of lines will not be included in the assembler output The expression result must be an absolute integer and cannot contain any forward references symbols that have not already been defined The DUP directive may be nested to any level If present label is assigned the value of the runtime location counter at the start of the DUP directive processing See also DUPA DUPC DUPF DUPA MACRO Example 5 32 DUP Directive a Source input statements b Resulting source listing assumes the MD and MEX options are enabled COUNT SET 3 COUNT SET 3 DUP COUNT ASR BY COUNT DUP COUNT ASR BY COUNT ASR DO ASR DO ENDM ASR DO ASR DO ENDM SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 33 DUPA DUPA Duplicate Sequence With Arguments Syntax label DUPA dummy arg arg ENDM Descriptio
65. as existing assembler mnemonic The name of the macro being defined conflicts with the name of an assembler directive or mnemonic Either use a different macro name or use the RDIRECT directive to remove the directive or mnemonic name from the assembler lookup tables No control registers accessed using MOVE encoding A MOVEC type instruction was given but no control registers were used as operands The assembler substitutes a valid encoding for the operands in question Number of macro expansion arguments is greater than definition Number of macro expansion arguments is less than definition A discrepancy exists between the number of arguments specified in a macro definition and the number of arguments provided in the macro call Options for both debug and strip specified strip ignored Both the g and z options were given on the command line The g option takes precedence SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 5 Assembler Messages P space not accessed using MOVE encoding A MOVEP type instruction was given but a P memory reference was not used as an operand The assembler substitutes a valid encoding for the operands in question Page directive with no arguments ignored with page length of zero A PAGE directive with no arguments which ordinarily produces a form feed in the listing output is ignored because a previous PAGE directive specified a page length of zero PC relative address too large to use short long substit
66. assembly is written to the standard output 8 2 1 Invoking the Disassembler The command line to invoke the disassembler is as follows Options are case sensitive scl00 dis x i file where file One or more ELF object files Table 8 2 Disassembler Utility Options Option Description i Interactive mode Reads hexadecimal instruction words entered from the standard input and disassembles to the standard output as usual V Prints the current version of the Disassembler x After disassembling an instruction or execution set outputs its instruction words in hexadecimal to the standard output 8 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ELF File Dump Utility 8 2 2 Disassembler Example Figure 8 1 shows an example of disassembly output using the x option which adds instruction encoding information to the default output File Name 3 corr eld Section 4 text 00008000 dosetup0 36 2803 8024 Address Offset gt 00008004 Me Some jouevesic alos A ee es move w gt 1024 xr7 prefix serial nop move w gt 512 r1 Instruction Encoding 9ACO 2F00 8400 90C0 2900 8200 x option 00008010 l word prefix doen0 lt 3 soies dosetupl to lt T Statements 96C0 9043 2903 8030 Figure 8 1 Disassembly Output with Instruction Encoding 8 3 ELF File Dump Utility The ELF file dump utility outputs the formatted contents of header structures for each ELF object file s
67. ation Each symbol carries a memory space attribute of either P program or N none The result of an expression always has a memory space attribute associated with it Labels constants and floating point expressions associated with the SET directive always have a memory space attribute of N The unary logical negate operator relational operators logical operators and some functions return values that have a memory space attribute of N The result of an expression that has only one operand and possibly the unary negate or unary minus operator always has the memory attribute of that operand Expressions involving operands with different memory space attributes generate a result where the memory space attribute is P The memory space attribute is regarded by the assembler as a type in the same sense that high level languages use type for variables Symbols that are assigned memory space attributes of P are assumed to be addresses and therefore can only have values between zero and the maximum address value of the DSP inclusive Only symbols that have a memory space attribute of N can have values greater than the maximum address of the target processor SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 1 Expressions The memory space is implicitly P when an address is used as the operand of a LOOP branch or jump type instruction Expressions used for immediate addressing can have any memory space attribute 3 3 Internal Expression Representation
68. be used force short or I O short A forward reference was forced long where only a short or I O short address was valid loopstart loopend mismatch Macro cannot be redefined A macro name cannot be used as the label for a second macro definition in the same source file unless the macro is defined and used within a declared section Macro not defined The macro name was not found in the macro lookup table B 20 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Macro value substitution failed The evaluation of a macro argument expression failed Memory bounds greater than maximum address The bounds argument in a LOMEM or HIMEM directive is invalid Memory counter designator value too large The integer counter designator in an ORG directive is greater than 65535 Memory space must be P or NONE An END directive was encountered while the runtime memory space was not P or N Missing for function All assembler built in functions require at least one argument which must be enclosed in parentheses Missing in expression Parentheses are not balanced in an expression Missing argument The argument to a DUPA or DUPC directive was not found Missing definition string The substitution string for a DEFINE directive is missing Missing delimiter in substring A substring construct was missing the closing square bracket Missing expression An expression was expected by the expression evaluator Missing filename
69. best in class development tools for StarCore based SoC products The result is an unusually high level of support for a new architecture that includes multiple compilers development environments and real time operating system software products Specifically StarCore is developing baseline tools such as an assembler linker C compiler and simulator These common SC100 baseline tools will be featured in visually integrated development environments IDEs that will be provided by Lucent Technologies and Motorola in support of their respective SC100 chip products The IDEs will include real time source level debugging and profiling tools This manual describes the SC100 assembly language tools which include an assembler a linker and several utilities For information on the C compiler and simulator refer to the SC100 C Compiler User s Manual and SC100 Simulator Reference Manual respectively 1 1 Assembler The SC100 Assembler converts handwritten or compiler generated SC100 assembly code into ELF object files Key features of the assembler include the following e Expression evaluation using numeric and string constants operators and built in functions e Modular programming using sections e Macros that allow variable arguments e Conditional assembly A complete description of the assembler is provided in Chapters 2 through 6 of this manual 1 2 Linker The SC100 Linker combines multiple relocatable object files and archive files
70. bol type indicator passed to the debug selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Directive select error The directive indicator passed to the directive selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore DO stack out of sequence The assembler maintains an internal stack representing DO loop nesting levels The internal stack pointers have been corrupted Error in mnemonic table The indicator passed to the instruction processing logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Expression operator failure Expression operator lookup has failed This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Expression stack underflow An attempt has been made to free an expression when there are none to be freed This is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Fatal segmentation or protection fault Contact StarCore DSP Operation A program error has caused the assembler to access an invalid host system address This generally indicates a bug in the assembler software File info out of sequence File debug information is scrambled This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore B 32 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Fatal Errors File not encountered on pass 1 The file in the source input list was never processed by the
71. ce listing This option allows the comment field to float on a line containing only a label and opcode the comment would begin in the operand field Write symbol information to object file Preserve object file on errors Normally any object file produced by the assembler is deleted if errors occur during assembly This option must be given before any code or data is generated Print the unassembled lines skipped due to failure to satisfy the condition of a conditional assembly directive Generate a warning at assembly time for each unresolved external reference This option works only in relocatable mode default reset Print all warning messages The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 56 OPT Directive OPT CEX MEX Enable DC and macro expansions OPT CRE MU Print cross reference memory utilization SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 61 ORG ORG Initialize Memory Space and Location Counters Syntax ORG P Ic exp ORG P ce exp Description The ORG directive is used in absolute mode It has multiple functions as follows e Sets absolute addresses e Sets the memory space this is always P for the SC140 DSP core e Designates which counter to use as the location counter and assigns it an initial value The arguments for this directive are as follows P The P memory space lc The location counter associated with the P memory space Valid values ar
72. cent com micro dsp Email docmaster micro lucent com U S Canada Lucent Technologies Microelectronics Group 1 800 372 2447 FAX 610 712 4106 In CANADA 1 800 553 2448 FAX 610 712 4106 Asia Pacific Microelectronics Group Lucent Technologies Singapore Pte Ltd Singapore Tel 65 778 8833 FAX 65 777 7495 China Microelectronics Group Lucent Technologies China Co Ltd Shanghai Tel 86 21 6440 0468 ext 316 Fax 86 21 6440 0652 Japan Microelectronics Group Lucent Technologies Japan Ltd Shinagawa ku Japan Tel 81 3 5421 1600 FAX 81 3 5421 1700 Europe Microelectronics Group Dataline Tel 44 1189 324 299 FAX 44 1189 328 148 microelectronics group p7 Lucent Technologies Bell Labs Innovations x
73. cifying s all on the command line as follows asmsc100 b s all myprog asm Table 2 2 lists the SC140 restriction error messages Table 2 2 Restriction Error Messages Tag Error Message al At least two cycles are required between MCTL modification and address pointer usage MCTL register write and R register usage not permitted within a group a2 AGU register contents are not available for an additional cycle AGU register contents may be affected by register write in previous cycle a3 A valid group must follow a group containing JT JF or TRAP cll Parallel PCTL access not allowed in a group c12 At least 7 cycles required between PCTL writes or STOP WAIT c13 PCTL write in a group with STOP WAIT not allowed d1 Illegal instruction in delay slot d2 Instruction which uses the SR is not allowed in RTED delay slot d3 RTE D and instruction which uses SR not permitted in same group d4 Instruction is not allowed in RTSD RTED RTSTKD delay slot d5 Instruction is not allowed in JSRD delay slot JSR D and moves to SR are not permitted in the same group gg1 Too many total instructions gg2 Total instruction length cannot exceed eight words including prefix gg3 Too many total DALU ops plus BFU ops Only one bit mask instruction permitted in group gg4 Only one T bit update instruction permitted in group Only one SP update instruction permitted in group Only one address register update permitted in
74. cription c commandfile Specifies the name and location of the linker command file larchive Links against the specified archive located in the standard search paths Lsearchdir Adds the specified directory to the standard search paths M Outputs a map file to the standard output Map mapfile Outputs a map file to the specified file o outfile Assigns the specified file name exactly as entered to the executable object file The default file name is a eld S Strips debug information from the executable object file s Strips all symbol information from the executable object file V Prints the current version of the linker W Suppresses warnings x Removes all local symbols from the symbol table SC100 Assembly Language Tools 7 1 SC100 Linker 7 2 Linker Processing The input to the linker is a set of relocatable object files produced by the SC100 Assembler The term relocatable means that the data in the module has not yet been assigned to absolute addresses in memory Instead each different section is assembled as though it started at relative address 0 During relocation the linker assigns each segment to an absolute memory address places the code and data from each segment into the proper location in the executable file adjusts the segment addresses and resolves symbol references The linker makes three partial passes over the input data Figure 7 1 highlights the linker operations in each pass PASS 1
75. cro expansion arguments as an integer A warning is issued if this function is used when no macro expansion is active The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example ARGCNT SET CNT Reserve arg count Returns the hyperbolic cosine of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example HYCOS EQU COH VAL Compute hyperbolic cosine Returns the cosine of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example DC COS CVF COUNT FREQ Compute cosine value 3 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Functions CTR L R If Lis specified as the argument returns the counter number of the load location counter If R is specified returns the counter number of the runtime location counter The counter number is returned as an integer value with a memory space of N Example CNUM CTR R Runtime counter number CVF expr Converts the result of expr to a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example FLOAT SET CVF 5 FLOAT 5 0 CVI expr Converts the result of expr to an integer value This function should be used with caution since the conversions can be inexact e g floating point values are truncated The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example INT SET CVI 1 05 INT 1 CvS P N expr Converts the memory space attribute of ex
76. cters Extra characters were found after an instruction or directive operand Syntax error missing address mode specifier An instruction operand was not specified Syntax error in dummy argument list A character other than a comma was found separating the dummy arguments in a macro definition MACRO directive or a dummy argument began with the percent character 9 Syntax error in macro argument list A character other than a comma was found separating the arguments in a macro call B 28 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Syntax error in macro name list A character other than a comma was found separating the arguments ina PMACRO directive name list Syntax error in symbol name list A character other than a comma was found separating the arguments in an XDEF or XREF directive name list T1 IF c is not allowed to follow a group containing a T bit modification Tag name not found A matching tag name could not be found for the current source level debug structure or union declaration Too many fields specified for instruction An instruction field that was expected to be empty contained data other than a comment Too many paired MOVE ops Two dummy arguments are the same Two dummy arguments in a macro definition MACRO directive have the same name UNDEF symbol must be a global symbol name The argument to an UNDEF directive cannot be a local label Unexpected end of file missing COMMENT delimiter
77. ctives are described in the following sections Table 7 2 Summary of Linker Directives Directive Description entry Defines the program s entry point memory Specifies a region in memory available for linking org Specifies a starting address to begin linking segments provide Inserts a symbol into the symbol table of the executable file reserve Specifies a region in memory that is not available for linking segment Specifies which sections to link at the current location counter SC100 Assembly Language Tools 7 3 SC100 Linker entry Set Program Entry Point Syntax entry expression Description The entry directive assigns the address at which to begin executing the program The beginning address is specified by expression Example 7 2 entry Directive entry 0x8000 7 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Linker Directives memory Define Available Region Syntax memory lo_addr hi_addr Description The memory directive defines a region in memory that is available for linking The arguments lo_addr and hi_addr are expressions that set the region s low address and high address respectively Example 7 3 memory Directive memory 0 OXFFFFF SC100 Assembly Language Tools 7 5 SC100 Linker org Set Linking Address Syntax Org expression Description The org directive specifies a starting address for linking segments This directive is used in combinati
78. d The OPT options are shown here in upper case however these options are not case sensitive AE default reset Check address expressions for appropriate arithmetic operations For example this will check that only valid add or subtract operations are performed on address terms AEC Allow the standard set of C language escape characters within DC directives This is not allowed with the DC directive by default BE Generate output for a big endian target configuration The default is a little endian configuration CE Enable cycle counts and clear total cycle count Cycle counts are shown on the output listing for each instruction Cycle counts assume a full instruction fetch pipeline and no wait states 5 58 SC100 Assembly Language Tools OPT CONTCK DEX DLD DXL EC EE FM GL HDR IC IL INTR LDB MC Print DC expansions Enable checksumming of instruction and data values and clear cumulative checksum The checksum value can be obtained using the CHK function See Section 3 7 Functions default reset Print the conditional assembly directives default reset Preserve comment lines of macros when they are defined Note that any comment line within a macro definition that starts with two consecutive semicolons is never preserved in the macro definition Re enable checksumming of instructions and data Does not clear cumulative checksum value Expand DEFINE s
79. d the flag is decremented Example DUP CVI ABS LST List unconditionally LUN expr Converts the double word expr to a floating point value The expr should represent a binary fraction The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example DBLFRC EQU LUN 3FE0000000000000 DBLFRC 0 5 MAC symbol Returns an integer 1 if symbol has been defined as a macro name 0 otherwise The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF MAC DOMUL Expand macro MAX expr1 exprN Returns the greatest of expr1 exprWN as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example MAX DC MAX 1 0 5 5 3 25 MAX 5 5 MIN expri exprN Returns the least of expr1 exprN as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example MIN DC MIN 1 0 5 5 3 25 MIN 3 25 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 11 Expressions MSP expr Returns the memory space attribute of expr as an integer value where N equals 0 and P space equals 4 The expr may be relative or absolute Example MEM SET MSP ORIGIN Save memory space MXP Returns an integer 1 if the assembler is expanding a macro otherwise returns a 0 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF MXP Macro expansion active POS stri str2 start Returns the position of string str2 in st r1 as an integer sta
80. d as is but must be byte values for example within the range 0 255 floating point numbers are not allowed Single and multiple character strings are handled in the following manner e Single character strings are stored in a byte whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII value of the character for example R 52 e Multiple character strings are stored in consecutive byte addresses in the order in which they appear as shown below The standard C language escape characters are permitted if the AEC option is present AB CD 41 S42 00 43 44 See also DC DCL Example 5 27 DCB Directive TABLE DCB two 0 strings 0 CHARS DCB SA B C ED 5 28 SC100 Assembly Language Tools DCL DCL Define Constant Long Syntax label DCL argl arg Description The DCL directive allocates and initializes four bytes of memory for each argument The components of this directive are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the runtime location counter at the start of the directive processing arg An argument which may be an integer constant fractional constant symbol or expression Multiple arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces See also DC DCB Example 5 28 DCL Directive DCL 12345678 Assuming little endian mode 12345678 78 56 34 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 29 DEFINE DEFINE
81. d outputs of each stage C source files are submitted to the compiler By default the compiler shell automatically advances the source files through the compilation assembly and linking stages and produces an executable program Compiler options allow the programmer to select which development tools and processing stages are invoked and to define any processing options or settings that are needed Hand coded assembly language files are submitted to the assembler which transforms the assembly code into ELF object code The object code and any object modules are then submitted to the linker which combines them into a single executable program Finally the executable program may be loaded into the simulator where it can be executed and evaluated 1 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Software Development Flow C Source Files Oj 0 SC100 C Compiler Optimized Assembly Source I External SC100 Assembler Assembly Source asm sl Relocatable ELF Object Files eln Library Object Modules elb Executable ELF Object File eld Figure 1 1 StarCore Development Tools SC100 Assembly Language Tools 1 3 Introduction 1 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 2 SC100 Assembler The SC100 Assembler translates hand written or compiler generated SC140 assembly language programs into machine language using the executable and linking format ELF for object files The assembler supports the following
82. e amp AND Integer only Yields the bitwise AND function of its operand OR Integer only Yields the bitwise OR function of its operand g exclusive OR Integer only Yields the bitwise exclusive OR function of its operands Logical amp amp Logical AND Returns an integer 1 if both of its operands are nonzero otherwise it returns an integer 0 Logical OR Returns an integer 1 if either of its operands is nonzero otherwise it returns an integer 0 1 These operators are intended primarily for use with the conditional assembly IF directive but can be used in any expression 3 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Operator Precedence 3 6 Operator Precedence Expressions are evaluated with the following operator precedence E eS SAA eS DP Parenthetical expression innermost first Unary plus unary minus one s complement logical negation Multiplication division mod Addition subtraction Shift Relational operators less less or equal greater greater or equal Relational operators equal not equal Bitwise AND OR EOR Logical AND OR Operators of the same precedence are evaluated left to right Valid operands include numeric constants literal ASCII strings and symbols The one s complement shift and bitwise operators cannot be applied to floating point operands That is if the evaluation of an expression after operator precedence has been applied results in a floating point number on eithe
83. e L counter 1 or H counter 2 If neither L or H are specified the default counter counter 0 is used Counters are useful for providing mnemonic links among individual memory blocks The names of the H L and default counters are symbolic only the assembler does not perform checks to insure that the value assigned to the H counter is greater than that of the L counter ce A non negative absolute integer expression representing the counter number Must be enclosed in parentheses and should not exceed the value 65535 exp The initial value to assign to the location counter If exp is not specified then the last value of the counter will be used The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 57 ORG Directive ORG P 1000 Sets the memory space to P Selects the default counter counter 0 associated with P space and initializes it to 1000 Sets the memory space to P Selects the H location counter counter 2 associated with P space The H counter is not initialized so its last value will be used ORG PH Ne So Ne Ne 5 62 SC100 Assembly Language Tools PAGE Syntax PAGE Top of Page Size Page PAGE pagewidth pagelength blanktop blankbtm blankleft Description The PAGE directive serves two functions e Used with no arguments it advances the source listing to the top of the next page When used in this manner the PAGE directive is not printed in the listing e Used
84. e assembler can insure that all section symbols are global GLOBAL without preceding SECTION directive A GLOBAL directive was encountered outside any previously defined section SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 13 Assembler Messages GP1 Too many extension words in paired grouping GP3 Only one change of flow permitted in group GP3 Only one di or ei permitted in group GP3 Only one stop or wait permitted in group GP3 Only one debug instruction permitted in group GP3 Only one mark instruction permitted in group GP3A DOEN type instruction may not be grouped with break GP4 RTE D and AGU or IFT F A combination not permitted in same group GP5 N or M used as source reg more than once in a group GS option must be used before any section The GS option must be activated before any explicit sections are encountered so that the assembler can use the appropriate counters for section relocation GS Pairing of non pairable instructions Hex constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 through 9 a through f or A through F either followed the hexadecimal constant delimiter or appeared in an expression where a hexadecimal value was expected by default IC option must be used before any symbol section or macro definition The IC option must be activated before any symbols sections or macros are defined so that the assembler can remain consistent when storing label names in the symbol table IDENT directive must c
85. e backslash in the macro definition shown in a tells the macro processor that the substitution characters for the dummy arguments are to be concatenated in both cases with the character R The macro call is shown in b and the resulting expansion is shown in c Example 5 4 Macro Argument Concatenation Character a Macro definition SWAP_REG MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 using D4 as temp OVE R REG1 D4 OVE R REG2 R REG1 OVE D4 R REG2 END b Macro call SWAP_REG 0 1 c Macro expansion MOVE RO D4 MOVE R1 RO MOVE D4 R1 5 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Return Value of Symbol Character Description When used in macro definitions the symbo1 sequence is converted to an ASCII string representing the decimal value of symbol The value of symbol must be an integer not floating point The question mark operator may be used in association with the backslash operator In Example 5 5 consider the macro definition shown in a If the source file contained the SET statements and macro call shown in b the sequence of events would be as follows 1 The macro processor substitutes the characters AREG for each occurrence of REG1 and BREG for each occurrence of REG2 For discussion purposes this would not appear on the source listing the intermediate macro expansion would be MOVE R AREG D4 MOVE R BREG R AREG MOVE D4 R BREG 2 The macr
86. e current file at assembly time or in any file at link time Global symbols may be referenced freely from inside or outside any section as long as the global symbol name does not conflict with another symbol of the same name Symbols defined within a section are considered local by default Any reference to a local symbol can be satisfied in the file in which it is defined Local symbols within sections may be declared global as follows e An individual symbol may be declared global by using the GLOBAL directive see page 5 46 e All symbols within a section up to the next ENDSEC directive may be declared global by using the GLOBAL qualifier with the SECTION directive see Example 5 63 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 69 SECTION The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also ORG GLOBAL Example 5 63 SECTION Directive SECTION TABLES GLOBAL TABLES is the section name All symbols in TABLES are declared global 5 70 SC100 Assembly Language Tools SECTYPE SECTYPE Set ELF Section Type Syntax SECTYPE progbits nobits Description The SECTYPE directive defines a section s type Valid types for this directive are as follows progbits Indicates that the section contains program contents including code and data nobits Indicates that the section has no contents and does not occupy space in the file The assembler discards anything contained in sections identified as
87. e names of several default ELF sections whose types and attributes are predefined see Table 4 1 When these section names are used the assembler defaults to the predefined type and flags associated with the name The assembler assumes that sections with other names are code text sections and sets the type and flags accordingly If the section is not a code section then the programmer must override the type and flags settings using the SECTYPE and SECFLAGS directives respectively Table 4 1 Default ELF Sections Section Contents Type Attributes text Program code PROGBITS ALLOC EXECINSTR data Initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC WRITE rodata Read only initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC bss Uninitialized data NOBITS ALLOC WRITE Names of certain specialized ELF sections are reserved and should not be used These section names are listed in Table 4 2 Table 4 2 Reserved Section Names debug_abbrev debug_pubname rel line debug_info default rel text debug_aranges hash shstrtab debug_line line strtab debug_macro note symtab 4 1 2 Nested and Fragmented Sections Sections can be nested to any level When the assembler encounters a nested section the current section is stacked and the new section is used When the ENDSEC directive of the nested section is encountered the assembler restores the old section and uses it The ENDSEC directive always applies to the most recent S
88. e optional symbolic names that upon execution of the macro call are replaced by the arguments defined by the macro call Each dummy argument must obey the same rules as global symbol names Dummy argument names that are preceded by a percent sign are not allowed Multiple dummy arguments must be separated by commas comment An optional comment An important feature in defining a macro is the use of macro calls within the macro definition The assembler processes such nested macro calls at expansion time only The nested macro definition is not be processed until the primary macro is expanded The macro must be defined before its appearance in a source statement operation field 6 2 Macro Call A macro is invoked with a macro call The effect of the macro call is to produce in line code to perform a predefined function The code is inserted in the normal flow of the program so that the generated source statements are executed with the rest of the program each time the macro is called To invoke a macro construct a source statement with the following format label macro arg arg comment where label An optional label that corresponds to the value of the location counter at the start of the macro expansion macro The name of the macro This must be in the operation field arg One or more optional substitutable arguments Multiple arguments must be separated by commas comment An optional comment The following a
89. e or more of the options listed in Table 8 5 Options are case sensitive file One or more ELF object files Table 8 5 Size Utility Options Option Description 1 Outputs detailed information listing the names and sizes of individual sections n Outputs the size of executable sections which do not get loaded p Outputs the size of all loadable segments program view V Prints the current version of the Size utility 8 5 2 Size Utility Example Figure 8 4 shows two examples of size utility output Case a shows the default output which lists the totals of all text rodata data and bss sections in the object file Case b shows the long listing format which is generated using the 1 option This format lists the details of the individual sections that make up the totals shown in the default output For example in Case a notice that the total of all data sections in the corr eln object file is 72 bytes The sections that contribute to this total are listed in Case b They are data_inputl 48 bytes and data_input2 24 bytes text rodata data bss total 0 244 corr eln 44 Total corr eln 0 default 48 data_input1 a E data_input2 24 gt data_output 4148 etext a Default Output 244 Total b Long Listing I option Figure 8 4 Size Utility Output 8 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Appendix A ASCII Character Codes Decimal Hex ASCII Decimal
90. ective An ENDM directive was encountered without a preceding MACRO directive ENDSEC without associated SECTION directive An ENDSEC directive was encountered without a preceding SECTION directive EQU requires label The EQU directive must have a label to associate with the equated expression Error in mnemonic table EXITM without associated MACRO directive An EXITM directive was encountered without a preceding MACRO directive Expression cannot have a negative value Some directives do not allow negative expression arguments as for example in the PAGE directive controls Expression contains forward references Some directives do not allow expression arguments which have not yet been defined in the source as for example in the IF EQU or SET directives SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 11 Assembler Messages Expression must be greater than zero Some directives require a nonzero argument as for example in the BSC directive Expression result must be absolute Certain directives and some assembler usage require absolute values as arguments or operands Expression result must be integer Certain directives and some assembler usage require integer values as arguments or operands Expression result too large The expression evaluated to a value greater than the acceptable range This error can occur when an expression result exceeds the native word size of the target DSP External reference not allowed in expression Re
91. efore all local labels within a macro must be unique This mechanism allows the programmer to freely use local labels within a macro definition without regard to the number of times that the macro is expanded Non local labels within a macro expansion are considered to be normal labels and therefore cannot occur more than once unless used with the SET directive See Section 5 2 Assembler Directives 2 4 8 Strings One or more ASCII characters enclosed by single quotes constitute a literal ASCII string In order to specify an apostrophe within a literal string two consecutive apostrophes must appear where the single apostrophe is intended Strings are used as operands for some assembler directives and can also be used to a limited extent in expressions A string may also be enclosed in double quotes in which case any DEFINE directive symbols contained in the string would be expanded The double quote should be used with care inside macros since it is used as a dummy argument string operator In that case the macro concatenation operator can be used to escape the double quoted string 1f desired Two strings separated by the string concatenation operator are recognized by the assembler as equivalent to the concatenation of the two strings For example these two strings are equivalent ABC DEF ABCDEF The assembler has a substring extraction capability using brackets For example abcdefg 1 3 bed Sub
92. elative mode as the loop address is calculated based on the starting address of the section Dummy argument not found The dummy argument name given as an argument to the ARG function was not found in the macro dummy argument list Duplicate destination register not allowed If the opcode operand portion of an instruction specifies a destination register the same register or portion of that register may not be specified as a destination in the parallel data bus move operation B 10 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Duplicate destinations in paired instructions Duplicate source and destination register not allowed If the opcode operand portion of an instruction specifies a source register the same register or portion of that register may not be specified as a destination in the parallel data bus move operation ELSE without associated IF directive An ELSE directive was encountered without a preceding IF conditional assembly directive Empty bit mask field The first operand of a BFxxx type instruction was zero ENDBUF without associated BUFFER directive An ENDBUF directive was encountered without a preceding BUFFER directive ENDEF without associated DEF directive A source level debug ENDEF directive was encountered without a preceding DEF directive ENDIF without associated IF directive An ENDIF directive was encountered without a preceding IF conditional assembly directive ENDM without associated MACRO dir
93. embler option 2 2 R Relocation 7 2 Restriction checking 2 2 2 7 S s assembler option 2 2 2 7 S linker option 7 1 s linker option 7 1 Section 4 1 directive 5 68 flags 5 67 fragmented 4 2 global 5 46 macros defined within 4 3 names 4 2 ELF sections default 5 69 nested 4 2 relocation 4 3 symbols 4 3 symbols defined in 5 69 type 5 71 Index Size utility 8 8 Source listing example 2 15 explanation of fields 2 15 Source statement 2 11 instruction groups 2 13 String 2 14 concatenation 2 14 5 14 concatenation operator 5 13 DEFINE expansion character 5 10 delimiter 5 10 position 3 12 substring 2 14 Symbol 2 14 directives that define 5 2 equate 5 42 options that affect 5 58 removing from symbol table 7 1 set 5 47 5 72 size 5 73 strip 2 2 V v assembler option 2 2 Xx X linker option 7 1 Index STAR CORE BRIGHTER DSP TECHNOLOGY How to reach us Motorola Literature Distribution P O Box 5405 Denver Colorado 80217 1 800 441 2447 Asia Pacific Motorola Semiconductors H K Ltd Hong Kong 852 26629298 Japan Motorola Japan Ltd Shinagawa ku Japan 81 3 5487 8488 Motorola Fax Back System Mfax 1 800 774 1848 RMFAX0 email sps mot com DSP Helpline dsphelp dsp sps mot com Technical Resource Center 1 800 521 6274 Internet http www motorola dsp com ade Digital DNA from Motorola Lucent Technologies Microelectronics Group Internet http www lu
94. ents ENDM Description The required label is the symbol by which the macro will be called If the macro has the same name as an existing assembler directive or mnemonic a warning is issued The definition of a macro consists of three parts e Header which assigns a name to the macro and defines the dummy arguments This is the MACRO directive its label and list of dummy arguments e Body which contains the pattern of standard source statements Terminator which is the ENDM directive The dummy arguments are symbolic names that the macro processor replaces with arguments when the macro is called The following applies to dummy arguments e Each dummy argument must obey the same rules as symbol names Dummy argument names that are preceded by a percent sign are not allowed e Multiple dummy arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces Macro definitions may be nested but the nested macro will not be defined until the primary macro is expanded See Chapter 6 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly for more information on macros See also DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF ENDM Example 5 53 MACRO Directive SWAP_SYM MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 using DO as temp OVE R REG1 DO MOVE R REG2 R REGL OVE DO R REG2 END 5 54 SC100 Assembly Language Tools MSG MSG Programmer Generated Message Syntax MSG str lexp str exp De
95. er asmsc100 b corr asm SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 1 SC100 Assembler 2 2 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 1 summarizes the options available with the assembler These options are discussed in further detail in the sections that follow Table 2 1 SC100 Assembler Options Option Description Section Page a Directs the assembler to operate in absolute mode instead of the 2 2 3 2 4 default relative mode This option generates an executable object file when used with the b option b objfile Generates an object file and assigns the specified name to it No 2 2 3 2 4 space is allowed between b and the file name d symbol string Defines substitution strings to be used on all source lines This option 2 2 8 2 6 is equivalent to the DEFINE directive ea errfil Appends the standard error output stream to the specified file A 2 2 6 2 5 space is required between ea and the file name ew errfil Writes the standard error output stream to the specified file 2 2 6 2 5 overwriting the file if it already exists A space is required between ew and the file name fargfil Reads options and file names from the specified file and appends 2 2 2 2 3 them to the command line g Adds debug information to the object file This option is valid only 2 2 4 2 4 when used with the b option ipathname Adds the specified directory to the standard search paths The i 2 2 7 2 6 option may be repeated as many times a
96. er 7 SC100 Linker Invoking the Linker 220 445 s2cee80e1alesaub aden ba tha ds hee 7 1 LIMker Proce ssim ii tes Wiehe SoS AY WIS ES we 7 2 Linker Command Piles sw he teen ees ia Poe 7 3 Linker A tyres eine ewWe Seesaw sheave tea eae fee 7 3 Tinken Map Ue ty od Guth Les ahh dee bo al cl o aS LA 7 10 Chapter 8 SC100 Utilities A Ga oe Oe Se BAG Ae nee eee Ae Bee ieee 8 1 Invoking the Arras eeeet 8 1 Disassemblers 6 so 2n etc hrighe a add et A tica le 8 2 Invoking the Disassembler 4 56 seg vert 2 aoe ad A Ghee 8 2 Disassembler Example sy 2262s on A ie ee eee oe 8 8 3 EEF File Dump UI std axed dave nade aed sete hae eae aes 8 3 Invoking the ELF File Dump Utility o ooooooocoocoocooooooooo 8 3 ELF File Dump Examiple 3 25 02 cid o44046 4 fap 4a ee eddy een eee e4 8 4 Name Ulty os eo tas age cued gy a hws share es he wg Rada epee ah eens 8 6 Invoking the Name Utility i pea eine Se lio e 8 6 Name Utility Example 2s icc oseigui ed londres 8 7 Size WEI i e 4 ere ha eis ee Ge WG See ok Die aes 8 8 Invoking the Size Uthty 62d2e sauewoieeaeedhebes sed Hawa Geeks 8 8 Size Utility Example is SS eee Os 8 8 Appendix A ASCII Character Codes ASCII Character Codes cinco ra paa e ad A 1 Appendix B Assembler Messages Assembler Command Line Errors 0 0 0 0 0000 cc ccc eee eens B 1 Assembler Vy armas tig cy hud es aro GoM es A fh tl oe wed e dd Ls a B 2 AssembleriErroEs arrada eren eee ack See A ohana Be RI ay ti B 7 Assemble
97. escription The MACLIB directive specifies the pathname of a directory that contains macro definitions Each macro definition must be in a separate file and the file name must be the same as the macro with a asm extension For example blockmv asm would be a file containing the definition of the macro blockmv If the assembler encounters a directive in the operation field that is not contained in the directive or mnemonic tables it searches the directory specified by pathname for a file of the unknown name with the asm extension added If it finds such a file the assembler saves the current source line and opens the file for input as an INCLUDE file When the end of the file is encountered the source line is restored and processing resumes Because the source line is restored the processed file must have a macro definition of the unknown directive name or else an error will result when the source line is restored and processed However the processed file is not limited to macro definitions and can include any legal source code statements Multiple MACLIB directives may be used in which case the assembler searches each directory in the order in which it is encountered The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also INCLUDE Example 5 52 MACLIB Directive MACLIB macros mymacs SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 53 MACRO MACRO Macro Definition Syntax label MACRO dumarg dumarg tE statem
98. esolved references in relative mode assuming they will be resolved at link time If the UR option is specified the assembler will generate this warning if any symbols are undefined during the second pass B 3 Assembler Errors Al At least two cycles are required between MCTL modification and address pointer usage Al MCTL register write and R register usage not permitted within a group A2 AGU register contents are not available for an additional cycle A3 A valid group must follow a group containing JT JF or TRAP Absolute address contains forward reference force short or I O short address The assembler attempted a default to short addressing which failed Either the absolute address is too large or it needs to be forced I O short SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 7 Assembler Messages Absolute address must be either short or I O short The absolute address is too large for a short address and outside the range of valid I O short addresses Absolute address too large to use I O short Absolute address too small to use I O short The absolute address being forced short is outside the range of valid I O short addresses This usually means that the I O short address has not been ones extended Absolute address too large to use short The absolute address value is too large to be forced short Absolute addressing mode not allowed Absolute operands are not allowed with some instructions in particular parallel XY data memo
99. features e Expression evaluation using numeric and string constants operators and built in functions e Modular programming using sections e Macros that allow variable arguments e Conditional assembly 2 1 Invoking the Assembler The command line to invoke the assembler is as follows asmsc100 option file where option One or more of the options listed in Table 2 1 on page 2 2 Assembler options are not case sensitive file One or more assembly source files Multiple file names must be separated by spaces The files are processed in the order listed and are assembled into a single object file If no extension is supplied with the file name the assembler first attempts to open the file using the name as entered If that is not successful the assembler appends asm to the name and attempts to open the file again If invoked with no options the assembler processes the source file and outputs a source listing to the standard output An object file is not generated by default one must be specifically requested using the b option See Section 2 2 3 Generating an Object File for details Example 2 1 shows a basic command that invokes the assembler using all default settings except that of generating an object file This command assembles the source file corr asm outputs a source listing to the standard output and generates a relocatable object file named corr eln Example 2 1 Basic Command to Invoke Assembl
100. ferences to external symbols e g symbols not defined in the current assembly source input are not allowed in some types of byte or integer expressions External reference not allowed in function References to external symbols e g symbols not defined in the current assembly source input are not allowed as direct or indirect arguments to any built in function Extra characters beyond expression The expression evaluator found extra characters after the end of a valid expression Unbalanced parentheses can cause this error Extra characters following string An end of string delimiter was followed by unexpected characters on the source line Extra characters following symbol name A non alphanumeric character other than the underscore _ was encountered in a symbol name Extra characters in function argument or missing for function Mismatched parentheses or wrong number of parameters in a function invocation Extra characters in operand field The PAGE directive contains too many operands Extra fields ignored There were extra fields specified in an assembler directive First data move destination accumulator same as operand destination accumulator The destination of the data move field is the same as the Data ALU destination B 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors First data move source accumulator same as operand destination accumulator The source of the data move field is the same as the Data ALU desti
101. ge to fit into the instruction word Increment value cannot be zero The increment parameter to a DUPF directive must be greater than zero Initial debug directive must be FILE In a source file containing debug directives being assembled with the G option the FILE directive must be the first source level debug directive in the input stream Instruction cannot appear immediately after control register access Some instructions must not appear immediately after certain control registers have been accessed Instruction cannot have ift iff ifa in one packet Instruction could not be reordered for mux Instruction does not allow data movement specified The desired operation may only be done with a MOVE instruction Invalid address expression An attempt was made to evaluate an expression consisting of two relative terms with the same sign Invalid addressing mode The addressing mode of one of the operands in the instruction was not recognized Invalid buffer type The buffer type specified ina BADDR or BUFFER directive was not one of M modulo or R reverse carry Invalid conditional register transfer syntax The syntax for an Fcc or FFcc conditional address register move was incorrect Invalid destination register The first data move destination register in a double memory read operation was not valid Invalid dummy argument name Macro argument names cannot be local symbols e g they cannot begin with the percent character B 16 S
102. gram at any point where the secondary file is to be included in the source input stream The file name specified in the string argument must be compatible with the operating system and can include a pathname If no extension is given for the file name a default extension of asm is assumed The assembler s search path for the secondary file differs depending on whether the string or lt string gt syntax is used string If this syntax is used the assembler searches for the secondary file in the following order 1 The current directory if only a file name is given or the specified directory if both a file name and a pathname are given 2 All directories named with the i command line option lt string gt If this syntax is used the assembler searches only the directories named with the i command line option It does not search the current directory The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also MACLIB Example 5 49 INCLUDE Directive INCLUDE headers io asm Include the file io asm located in the headers directory Do not look in the current directory INCLUDE lt data asm gt Ne Se Ne Ne Se 5 50 SC100 Assembly Language Tools LIST LIST List the Assembly Syntax LIST Description The LIST directive prints the source listing beginning at the point at which the LIST directive is encountered The LIST directive is not printed but the source lines following it is ou
103. he OPT directive placed at the beginning of the source file Example 2 10 illustrates how to invoke the assembler in big endian mode using the obe command line option Example 2 10 Invoking the Assembler in Big Endian Mode asmsc100 b 1 obe vit asm 2 2 11 Enabling Restriction Checking Error messages associated with SC100 assembly programming restrictions are listed in Table 2 2 Each message is identified by a tag number which corresponds to a restriction with a similar identifier in the SC140 DSP Core Reference Manual For example the a1 and gg4 tags listed in Table 2 2 correspond to Restriction A 1 and Restriction G G 4 respectively in the Core Reference Manual SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 7 SC100 Assembler Currently the assembler does not perform error checks for these restrictions unless specifically instructed to do so Restriction checking can be requested using the s option as follows s tagl tag Enable error checking for one or more individual restrictions by listing the tag number s all associated with the restriction A space must separate the s option and the first tag argument Multiple tags must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces The tag arguments are not case sensitive The following command instructs the assembler to check myprog asm for violations of the A 1 A 2 and G G 1 restrictions asmsc100 b s al a2 ggl myprog asm Enable error checking for all restrictions by spe
104. he expression in the DSR directive and the runtime location counter value exceed available memory in the current memory space SVO option must be used before any code or data generation The SVO option must be given before any data allocation directive BSC DC DS DSM DSR or any instruction appears in the source file Symbol already defined as GLOBAL The symbol used in an GLOBAL directive has already been defined in a previous directive of the same type Symbol already used as SET symbol The label has already been used in a SET directive A symbol defined with SET cannot be redefined except through another SET directive Symbol cannot be set to new value The label has been defined previously other than with the SET directive Only symbols defined using the SET directive may be redefined Symbol defined in current section before GLOBAL directive The GLOBAL directive must appear within a section prior to the definition of any symbols in its argument list Any symbols within a section which must be accessible outside the section should be declared in a GLOBAL directive immediately following the SECTION directive Symbol name too long Symbols are limited to 512 characters The first character must be alphabetic the percent character or the underscore character A Z a z _ The remaining characters must be alphanumeric including the underscore character A Z a z 0 9 _ Symbol not previously defined The symbol specified
105. he interrupt vector locations in program memory This option enables the assembler to check for these instructions when the program counter is within the interrupt vector bounds Use the source listing as the debug source file rather than the assembly language file The 1 command line option to generate a source listing must be specified for this option to take effect default Enable little endian mode Enable hardware loop alignment for all subsequent hardware loops in the source file The loop address must be aligned on a fetch set boundary in order to prevent an additional pipeline stall cycle from occurring each time the loop is executed The LPA option allows the assembler to automatically pad the execution set prior to the loop start address with enough words implemented as NOPs to align the loop start address with a fetch set boundary This prevents the additional pipeline stall cycle at each loop execution The LPA option assumes that LOOPSTART notation is used automatic alignment applies only to hardware loops with this notation default reset Print macro calls SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 59 OPT MD default reset Print macro definitions MEX Print macro expansions MI Scan the MACLIB directory paths for include files The assembler ordinarily looks for included files only in the directory specified in the INCLUDE directory or in the paths given by the i command line option If the
106. his is an internal error that should be reported to StarCore Cannot seek to start of line number entries Cannot seek to start of object data Cannot seek to start of object file Cannot seek to start of relocation entries Cannot seek to start of section headers Cannot seek to start of string table Cannot seek to start of symbol table An I O error occurred which prevented the assembler from positioning correctly in the output object file Cannot write file header to object file Cannot write line number entries to object file Cannot write optional header to object file Cannot write relocation entries to object file Cannot write section headers to object file Cannot write string table to object file Cannot write symbols to object file An I O error occurred which prevented the assembler from writing data to the output object file Cannot write control string to listing file Cannot write left margin to listing file Cannot write new line to listing file SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 31 Assembler Messages Cannot write new page to listing file Cannot write page header to listing file Cannot write string to listing file An I O error occurred which prevented the assembler from writing data to the output listing file Compare select error The comparison indicator passed to the evaluator selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Debug symbol type failure The sym
107. icc dl Ee A dea ah ham ath Td 5 35 5 35 DUPE Directive sh vs A AR AA ee eS 5 36 5 36 END DATES dr AS aaa Od ep aR ea dine df eed oe 5 37 5 37 ENDBUF DIT VE 2544 8 va ee waves Sa eet Cake Saw wile 5 38 5 38 ENDIE DIS UV 19 Secu AE AA oe eee SW eee RA eee 5 39 5 39 ENDM Directivess ncGnne bn tid ony he ada ado ia hie end 5 40 5 40 ENDSEC Directive da O idl tae ns Oe ds 5 41 5 41 EQU Directe sd rare ad eee 5 42 5 42 EXITM Directives 2h ig SU Ae so OSU na da AH SA OS Fk AS te 5 43 5 43 BAIL DDireCuve reste saa Le dewey AG aa oe a Ap ee Se a Ge Se eS 5 44 5 44 PALIN De Cy 0 ds ds Sot den Aer aves Ope ar ao ase can lo 5 45 5 45 GLOBAL Directives Star aie Saree EE eae Bore 5 46 5 46 COSTS T ADIT CCUG 2 AA a PS eB tad lial Set es oe LGN eB SEE SB 5 47 5 47 HIMEM Direcuve cis any dira A os Eka Oh 5 48 5 48 IF Directives eng Oe eur eh Chea yet eee eat ag See ey oh es 5 49 5 49 INCEUDE Direc ven tala 5 50 5 50 LISE Direc 2 oe he Oe ad Bor et Id ae tal e goth Thad 5 51 5 51 LOMEM Directive sua vy hay Ha i be a ee ea eee oe es 5 52 5 52 NACLIB Birceuye 29 ccc a tia 5 53 5 53 MACRO DISENO Wed we cae wee ah ects AS we he Be 5 54 5 54 MSG Directive sti say Pye aie AA AS amet oa A 5 55 xii SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 55 NOTCIS E Directivet sta o el ited er e ela id foes e 5 56 5 56 OPT Directive si e ap A Mi bl eee ve a 5 61 5 57 ORG DiC COVE at irs sane ta 5 62 5 58 PAGE DitectiYe Give SG nah ewe ea aw eee ws Beg Saas a Gee 5 63 5 59 PMACR
108. ility e Size Utility 8 1 Archiver The archiver groups separate object files into a single file for linking or archival storage Once an archive is created new files may be added and existing files may be extracted deleted or replaced 8 1 1 Invoking the Archiver The archiver can be invoked using one of the following command lines Options are case sensitive and are described in Table 8 1 arscl100 arscl100 arsc100 arscl100 arsc100 where d P r t x v v c v v archive file archive file u v archive file archive file archive file archive Name of the archive to create or access file One or more archive files Multiple file names must be separated by blanks The files are processed in the order listed Table 8 1 Archiver Options Option Description c Suppresses the diagnostic message that is written to standard error by default when the archive is created This option is used only with the r command line d Deletes the listed file s from archive p Writes the contents of file s from archive to the standard output If no files are listed the contents of all files in the archive are written in the order that they occur SC100 Assembly Language Tools 8 1 SC100 Utilities Table 8 1 Archiver Options Continued Option Description r Replaces or adds file s to archive If the archive does not exist a new archive i
109. in the operand field The program title will be printed after the banner at the top of all succeeding pages of the source listing until another TITLE directive is encountered A TITLE directive with no string argument causes the current title to be blank The title is initially blank The TITLE directive will not be printed in the source listing The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also STITLE Example 5 68 TITLE Directive TITLE FIR FILTI ER SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 75 TYPE TYPE Set Symbol Type Syntax Label TYPE typeid Description The TYPE directive sets a symbol s type to the specified value in the ELF symbol table Valid symbol types are as follows FUNC The symbol is associated with a function or other executable code OBJECT The symbol is associated with an object such as a variable an array or a structure FILE The symbol name represents the file name of the compilation unit See also SIZE Example 5 69 TYPE Directive Afunc TYPE FUNC The symbol Afunc is of type STT_FUNC 5 76 SC100 Assembly Language Tools UNDEF UNDEF Undefine DEFINE Symbol Syntax UNDEF symbol Description The UNDEF directive releases the substitution string associated with symbol and symbol will no longer represent a valid DEFINE substitution See the DEFINE directive for more information The assembler does not allow a label with this directive
110. indirect addressing allowed The instruction allows only register direct and indirect addressing Only register indirect addressing allowed The instruction allows only register indirect addressing Operation not allowed with address term Only addition and subtraction are allowed in expressions involving addresses or relative terms Page length too small for specified top and bottom margins The sum of the top and bottom margins specified in the PAGE directive is greater than the page length 10 Page length too small to allow default bottom margin The bottom margin exceeds the page length specified in the PAGE directive SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 23 Assembler Messages PC relative address too large to use short The PC relative offset being forced short is too large to fit into the instruction word PC relative addressing mode not allowed The PC relative addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions Phasing error The value associated with a symbol has changed between Pass 1 of the assembly and Pass 2 This error can occur spontaneously in conjunction with other errors The assembler is designed to avoid phasing errors in general If a phasing error occurs without any other errors this may represent an internal error which should be reported to StarCore One exception is the use of the checksumming function CHK
111. ing Big Endian Mode 0 eee eee eens 2 7 2 2 11 Enabling Restriction Checking 3 5 4 2 3 ee ya ae oe A AE es ee 2 7 23 Assembler Processing 1 A as 2 10 2 4 OMICS I AleMIeMIs A A O OO eg O Sedan 2 11 2 4 1 Label Field sist dics eae ee SA A EE RRA AG eS 2 12 2 4 2 Operator Pica bar Adan 2 12 2 4 3 Operand Field iocs iietradad tae ddr ds 2 12 2 4 4 Comment Fielder tas eee ee tie uee ca ht Re ce a tdt de 2 13 2 4 5 Tost ctr n GTOUPS 4c dy tee os es eee Renee ii ee oY 2 13 2 4 6 Sybo NAMES Zax Mure S ag Ory a wee Cer ae AO 2 14 2 4 7 Symbols Used as Labelsccasise etwas ao 2 14 2 4 8 UIT eds ps sak ee gc ead Ad A a de a oa dean A 3 eager 4 2 14 SC100 Assembly Language Tools iii 2 5 Source stos il el a id E a da 2 15 Zed source Listing Example cod A eee ws 2 15 ps pe Memory Utilization Report 0 0 0 eee eee eee eee eee 2 18 Chapter 3 Expressions 3 1 Absolute and Relative Expressions 0 00 ec eee eeee eens 3 1 3 2 Expression Memory Space Attributes 0 0 cece eee eee 3 1 3 3 Internal Expression Representation 0 0 cece eee eee eens 3 2 JA CONSTA ri hand eae Skee we Races se Dene tea mele eee 3 2 3 4 1 Numeric Constants 65 aay sd e ll Ete oe E Le Dto dd 3 2 3 4 2 Strange Constants sais re A Se eee ey oa eG es A 3 3 3 5 Operators ena aa a ee or eg E E E E alts 3 3 3 6 Operator Precedente vrs ed E ERE DEER E a 3 5 3 7 PUNCUONS2 estada a da a oa a aa aa NE i 3 5 3 7 1 F n ti
112. ing mode is not allowed for this instruction The restriction applies for example to instructions which include parallel XY memory data transfers R2 Cannot compare a register to itself B 24 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors RDIRECT directive not allowed in section Since the effect of the RDIRECT directive is global it cannot be used within a section which has been declared using the SECTION directive Move the RDIRECT directive outside the declared section to avoid this error Redefinition would overflow line A substitution string declared using the DEFINE directive will cause the current source line to overflow if substitution occurs Reference outside of current buffer block Reference outside of current overlay block Reference was made to an underscore local label which fell outside the current buffer or overlay definition Register direct addressing not allowed Register direct addressing mode is not allowed for this instruction Register displacement valid only with address register R2 Only address register R2 is valid as a displacement register Relative equate must be in same section An EQU directive with a relative expression operand must be defined in the same section as the section associated with the operand expression Relative expression must be integer A relative expression must evaluate to an integer value Relative expression not allowed Relative expressions are not allowed a
113. ings Figure 2 3 Assembler Source Listing SC100 Assembler 2 5 2 Memory Utilization Report When requested the assembler generates a memory utilization report This is a memory map showing data allocation code generation and unused memory areas along with associated label and section information if available The memory utilization report is requested using the mu option and is printed at the end of the source listing An example of a memory utilization report is shown in Figure 2 4 For each reported block the starting and ending addresses length type and any label or section data are output The blocks are defined in the source file by a data allocation directive BSC DC DS DSR or by an ORG directive See Section 5 2 Assembler Directives for a description of these directives StarCore 100 Assembler Version 6 3 60 spec 0 63 00 08 09 15 31 59 vittbak asm Page 7 Viterbi Traceback Memory Utilization Report P Memory Start End Length Type Label Section Overlay Address 00000000 0000014F 336 UNUSED 00000150 0000019F 80 CONST DEC_STOR 000001A0 00000203 100 DATA 00000204 00000231 46 CODE 00000232 FFFFFFFF 4294966734 UNUSED Figure 2 4 Optional Source Listing Information 2 18 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 3 Expressions An expression is a combination of symbols constants operators and parentheses which represent a value that is used as an operand of
114. ion Binary Interface Reference Manual MNSC100ABI D e C100 C Compiler User s Manual MNSC100CC D e C140 DSP Core Reference Manual MNSC140CORE D e C100 Simulator Reference Manual MNSC100SIM D Conventions The following notational conventions are used in this document e Courier monospaced type indicates commands command parameters and code examples Bold type indicates the elements of command lines that must be entered exactly as shown Italic type indicates replaceable command parameters that the user must provide e Command syntax elements used in this document include the following Braces contain a list of choices from which the user must choose one Each choice is separated by a vertical bar For example R L indicates that either R or L must be selected Square brackets contain one or more optional items If more than one optional item is shown the required element separators are indicated For example the syntactical element number requires the comma to be specified if number is selected An ellipsis indicates that an argument can be repeated several times in a command line e All assembler command line options mnemonics and directives are shown in upper case to highlight them However the assembler recognizes both upper and lower case for these elements xvi Preface Chapter 1 Introduction From the outset the StarCore Technology Center has focused on ensuring a wide selection of
115. ion field The operand field if present must follow the operation field and must be preceded by at least one space or tab The operand field may contain a symbol an expression or a combination of symbols and expressions separated by commas with no intervening spaces The operand field of machine instructions specifies the addressing mode of the instruction as well as its operand Addressing modes for SC140 instructions are defined in the SC140 DSP Core Reference Manual The operand field for each assembler directive is defined in Section 5 2 Assembler Directives 2 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Source Statements 2 4 4 Comment Field Comments are ignored by the assembler but can be included in the source file for documentation purposes A comment field is composed of any characters not part of a literal string preceded by a semicolon A comment starting in the first column of the source file will be aligned with the label field in the source listing Otherwise the comment will be shifted right and aligned with the comment field in the source listing by default Comments preceded by two consecutive semicolons are not reproduced on the source listing and are not saved as part of a macro definition 2 4 5 Instruction Groups Instruction groupings called execution sets allow multiple instructions to be executed in parallel Following are general restrictions that apply to instruction groups For a complete disc
116. irst line in the first input file the control string will be output before page headings or titles The 1 command line option must be specified in order for the PRCTL directive to work otherwise it is ignored See Section 2 1 Invoking the Assembler for more information on the 1 option The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 60 PRCTL Directive PRCTL 1B E Reset HP LaserJet printer SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 65 RADIX RADIX Change Input Radix for Constants Syntax RADIX expression Description The RADIX directive changes the input base of constants to the result of the specified expression The absolute integer expression must evaluate to one of the legal constant bases 2 10 or 16 The default radix is 10 The RADIX directive allows the programmer to specify constants in a preferred radix without a leading radix indicator The radix prefix for base 10 numbers is the grave accent Note that if a constant is used to alter the radix it must be in the appropriate input base at the time the RADIX directive is encountered The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 61 RADIX Directive _RAD10 DC 10 Evaluates to hex A RADIX 2 _RAD2 DC 10 Evaluates to hex 2 RADIX 16 _RAD16 DC 10 Evaluates to hex 10 RADIX 3 Bad radix expression 5 66 SC100 Assembly Language Tools SECFLAGS SECFLAGS Set ELF Section
117. ives and Significant Characters 5 2 Assembler Directives Assembler directives can be grouped by function into the following types Table 5 2 summarizes the directives within each type e Assembly control e Symbol definition e Data definition storage allocation e Listing control and options e Macros and conditional assembly Table 5 2 Summary of Assembler Directives Type Directive Description Assembly COMMENT Start comment lines Control DEFINE Define substitution string END End of source program FAIL Programmer generated error message HIMEM Set high memory bounds INCLUDE Include secondary file LOMEM Set low memory bounds MSG Programmer generated message ORG Initialize memory space and location counters RADIX Change input radix for constants UNDEF Undefine the DEFINE symbol WARN Programmer generated warning Symbol ENDSEC End section Definition Equ Equate symbol to a value GLOBAL Global section symbol declaration GSET Set global symbol to a value SECFLAGS Set ELF section flags SECTION Start section SECTYPE Set ELF section type SET Set symbol to a value SIZE Set size of symbol in the ELF symbol table TYPE Set symbol type in the ELF symbol table 5 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Descriptions Table 5 2 Summary of Assembler Directives Continued Type Directive Description Data ALIGN Align location counter Definition and BADDR Set buffer address te a BSB Block storage bit reverse
118. k cannot span more than eight bits If the first operand of a BFxxx type instruction was shifted one bit to the right until the low order bit was a 1 the resulting value must not exceed FF hexadecimal Cannot conditionally repeat write to memory A move to memory cannot be preceded by a REPcc type instruction Cannot nest section inside itself A section of a given name may not have another SECTION directive with the same name declared inside it Cannot nest symbol definitions A source level debug DEF directive was encountered inside another DEF ENDEF pair Cannot open include file The specified INCLUDE file cannot be found or the operating system limit on open files has been exceeded CL1 Parallel PCTL access not allowed in a group CL2 At least 7 cycles required between PCTL writes or STOP WAIT CL3 PCTL write in a group with STOP WAIT not allowed CONST option must be used before any label This option which prevents EQU symbols from being exported to the object file must be given before any label is encountered in the source file Contents of assigned register in previous instruction not available Due to pipelining if an address register Rn or Nn is changed in the previous instruction the new contents are not available for use as a pointer until the next instruction Count must be an integer value The argument to a DUP directive did not evaluate as an integer expression CRE option must be used before any label
119. l advance The expression must evaluate to an integer greater than zero and cannot contain any forward references symbols that have not yet been defined See also DSR Example 5 30 DS Directive Assume the current loader address is S 9e es align 16 Align on next 16 byte boundary b4 UE R_BUF DS 8 Reserve 8 bytes for R_BUF a8 S_BUF DS 12 Reserve 12 bytes for S_BUF a0 R_BUF 9e SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 31 DSR DSR Define Reverse Carry Storage Syntax label DSR expression Description The DSR directive reserves a block of bytes in memory for a reverse carry buffer The reserved block of memory is not initialized to any value The DSR directive advances the location counter as described below 1 If the location counter is not zero it is first advanced to a base address that is a multiple of 2 and where 2 gt expression An error is issued if there is insufficient memory remaining to establish a valid base address 2 Once a valid base address has been established the location counter is advanced a second time by the value of expression The components of the DSR directive are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the location counter after a valid base address has been established expression This specifies the number of bytes to be reserved The expression must evaluate to an absolute integer greater than zero and cannot contain any forw
120. label DCW argl arg Description The DC and DCW directives allocate and initialize two bytes of memory for each argument The components of these directives are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing arg An argument which may be an integer constant fractional constant symbol or expression Multiple arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces See also DCB DCL Example 5 26 DCW Directive Assuming little endian mode DC 1234 1234 34 12 pc 15 15 33 i 13 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 27 DCB DCB Define Constant Byte Syntax label DCB argl arg Description The DCB directive allocates and initializes a byte of memory for each argument The components of this directive are as follows label An optional label which if present is assigned the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing arg An argument which may be a byte integer constant a single or multiple character string constant a symbol or a byte expression Multiple arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces Multiple arguments are stored in successive byte locations One or more multiple arguments can be null indicated by two adjacent commas in which case the corresponding byte location will be filled with Zeros Integer arguments are store
121. le section i_o secflags alloc write noexecinstr global I_PORT I_PORT source statements endsec In the following discussion assume that similar program structures exist for the filter and main sections and are named filter asm and main asm respectively The three source files can be combined either by invoking a final assembly step to assign absolute addresses or by assembling the modules separately and then linking 4 4 1 Absolute Mode Implementation To assemble the entire project source code a fourth file called project asm is created as shown in Example 4 3 Example 4 3 project asm File initialize entry point for program 7 counter ORG PL 1000 E main asm E io asm E filter asm NTRY INCLU INCLU INCLU END 7000 4 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Multi Programmer Environment Example The file is assembled in absolute mode a option to generate an executable ELF object file called project eld asmsc100 a bproject eld project asm When the end of the main asm file is encountered the assembler returns to the next sequential statement in the project asm file which directs the assembler to start taking input from the io asm file The ORG statement in the project asm file directs the assembler to set the current memory space to P rogram and initialize the L ow location counter to 1000 The IO source program statements shown previously will be asse
122. llow text substitution of arguments during macro expansion These operators listed in Table 6 1 can be used for text concatenation numeric conversion and string handling For more information see Section 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters Table 6 1 Macro Dummy Argument Operators Operator Name Description Macro Argument Concatenates a macro dummy argument with adjacent alphanumeric Concatenation Character characters 2 Return Value of Symbol Substitutes the symbo sequence with a character string representing the decimal value of the symbol Return Hex Value Converts the symbol sequence to a character string representing the hexadecimal value of the symbol Macro String Delimiter Allows the use of macro arguments as literal strings A Macro Local Label Override Causes local labels in its term to be evaluated at normal scope rather than at macro scope 6 6 Macro Directives The DUP DUPA DUPC and DUPF directives are specialized macro forms which can be thought of as a simultaneous definition and call of an unnamed macro The source statements defined with any of these directives follow the same rules as macro definitions including in the case of DUPA DUPC and DUPF the dummy operator characters described previously For a detailed description of these directives refer to Section 5 2 Assembler Directives 6 7 Conditional Assembly Conditional assembly facilitates the
123. logically recombined so that each section can be relocated as a unit 5 68 SC100 Assembly Language Tools SECTION Section Names A section may be given any name However the assembler recognizes the names of several default ELF sections whose types and attributes are predefined see Table 5 4 When these section names are used the assembler defaults to the predefined type and flags associated with the name The assembler assumes that sections with other names are code text sections and sets the type and flags accordingly If the section is not a code section then the programmer must override the type and flag settings as appropriate using the SECTYPE and SECFLAGS directives respectively Table 5 4 Predefined ELF Sections Section Contents Type Attributes text Program code PROGBITS ALLOC EXECINSTR data Initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC WRITE rodata Read only initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC bss Uninitialized data NOBITS ALLOC WRITE Names of certain specialized ELF sections are reserved and should not be used These section names are listed in Table 5 5 Table 5 5 Reserved Section Names debug_abbrev debug_pubname rel line debug_info default rel text debug_aranges hash shstrtab debug_line line strtab debug_macro note symtab Symbol Binding Symbols defined outside a section are considered global They can satisfy an outstanding reference in th
124. mark of Motorola Inc It is used by Lucent Technologies with the authorization of Motorola All other tradenames trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners Table of Contents About This Book AUGICNCE 4 bivcctnee dived a di id a Reed ai teow ned XV Organization e eee e a a0 aia e et e XV Conventions io chose ceed ce Coser GD ee dale eae ew Se eB een ete ane deer SN Bg xvi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 PASSCMBDICD fine eau den T E E a E gf E E E A 1 1 12 Emnker Soot osk A Os ak ks ou eehis ween E E 1 1 L3 INS a eh waned ed AN wegen pod age ia eee eg aaa 1 2 1 4 software Development Flow 2 4 402944 awn pees coeds be dew ever iw dees 1 2 Chapter 2 SC100 Assembler 2t Invoking the Assembler an ai eis ed ados A es E a ES 2 1 2 2 Assembler Command Line Options nsss sesanan eee 2 2 2 2 1 Using an Environment Variable 20 0 eee eee eee 2 3 2 22 Reading Input from an Argument File 0 0 0 0 eee eee 2 3 2 2 3 Generatine an Object Files 0 si SAAS ae Oe N 2 4 2 2 4 Modifying the Contents of the Object Flle oo ooooooomoomo 2 4 2 2 Redirecting the Source Listings ovocitos 2 5 2 2 6 Controlling Output Messages a eae 2 5 2 21 Adding Directories to the Search Path 0 0 0 0 cece eee eee 2 6 2 2 8 Defining Substitution Strings 0 2 0 2 eee eee eee eee 2 6 2 2 9 Using OPT Options on the Command Line 00000 2 7 2 2 10 Specify
125. mbled at the next available Low Program memory space The file ilter asm will be assembled in a similar manner The last statement of the project asm file informs the assembler that this is the last logical source statement and the starting address for the object module will be a label called ENTRY which for purposes of this example is assumed to have been a label declared as a global in the section main 4 4 2 Relative Mode Implementation Using the assembler default mode each of the source files is assembled separately as follows asmsc100 bmain eln main asm asmsc100 bio eln io asm asmsc100 bfilter eln filter asm For each section defined in the input files a separate set of location counters is maintained such that all memory spaces for each section begin at relative address zero The linker is invoked to combine the files reading the address for each section and the program s entry point from a linker command file called link cmd scl00 ld M c link cmd o project eld main eln io eln filter eln The linker processes the main io and filter files in the order listed on the command line and outputs an executable file called project eld SC100 Assembly Language Tools 4 5 Software Project Management 4 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 5 Assembler Directives and Significant Characters This chapter describes the special characters that are significant to the assembler as well as the directi
126. ments filel eln prog eld a ELF Header fens TEXT Segment data text file1 eln text file2 eln rodata file1 eln file2 eln text Linker p DATA Segment mydata1 data file1 eln PA mydatal1 file2 eln mydata2 file2 eln bss file2 eln mydata2 bss Figure 7 2 Placement of Sections Using segment Directive SC100 Assembly Language Tools 7 9 SC100 Linker 7 5 Linker Map File A linker map file may be requested with the M or Map options The map file lists all sections encountered in the linker input stream and provides the following information for each Total size of the section Address of the section after relocation Details of all section fragments that comprise the section This includes for each fragment its size its address after relocation the input file or library module in which it was found and a listing of any symbols that it referenced Sections section fragments and symbols can be identified in the map file based on their placement in the Symbol field A section always begins in column 1 The section name is preceded by the label Section A section fragment is placed on the first indent of the Symbol field The fragment name is preceded by the label Section and is followed by the name in parenthesis of the input file or library module in which it was found Each fragment has the same name as the section to which it
127. message notes the source file name and the source line number where the error occurred a severity level warning error or fatal and the message text Additional information indicating erroneous symbols or the field Label Opcode Operand where the error occurred may also be included Message Counts The source listing ends with a count of the assembler errors and warnings encountered during assembly 2 16 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Banner Title gt Subtitle StarCore 100 Assembler Version 6 3 60 spec 0 63 00 08 09 15 31 59 vittbak asm Page 1 Viterbi Traceback 1 2 4 5 6 m o m 8 m 17 m 18 m 19 25 26 P 00000150 27 d P 00000150 d d d d d d d 28 d P 00000158 d opt cex mex mu svo set assembler options page 132 42 0 0 0 set listing dimensions SIMSETUP macro args org p args DEC_STOR dcb 00 01 02 03 04 5 05 06 07 dcb 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e SOF ds 100 ENDM SIMSETUP 150 org p 150 00 DEC_STOR dcb 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 dcb 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e S0f 1 Line 2 Indicator 3 Address 4 Location 5 Statement _ gt Counter 51 P 00000212 6D deceq do adjust value for loop 64 Error 3 52 vittbak asm 40 ERROR Duplicate destinations in paired instructions 52 P 00000214 63 asrr 3 d0 amp tfr d0 dl move w 5 d0 3C DO Message 1 Errors Counts 0 Warn
128. n The block of source statements defined by the DUPA and ENDM directives will be repeated for each argument For each repetition every occurrence of the dummy parameter within the block is replaced with each succeeding argument string If the argument string is a null then the block is repeated with each occurrence of the dummy parameter removed If an argument includes an embedded blank or other assembler significant character it must be enclosed with single quotes If present label is assigned the value of the runtime location counter at the start of the DUPA directive processing See also DUP DUPC DUPF ENDM MACRO Example 5 33 DUPA Directive a Source input statements b Resulting source listing assumes the MD and MEX options are enabled DUPA VALUE 12 32 34 se Seas DUPA VALUE 12 32 34 ENDM DC 12 DC 32 DC 34 ENDM 5 34 SC100 Assembly Language Tools DUPC DUPC Duplicate Sequence With Characters Syntax label DUPC dummy string ENDM Description The block of source statements defined by the DUPC and ENDM directives will be repeated for each character of string For each repetition every occurrence of the dummy parameter within the block is replaced with each succeeding character in the string If the string is null then the block is skipped If present label is assigned the value of the runtime location counter at the start of the DUPC directive processing See also D
129. n different applications and actual performance may vary over time All operating parameters including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customer s technical experts LICENSOR does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others LICENSOR products are not designed intended or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body or other applications intended to support life or for any other application in which the failure of the LICENSOR product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur Should Buyer purchase or use LICENSOR products for any such unintended or unauthorized application Buyer shall indemnify and hold LICENSOR and its officers employees subsidiaries affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims costs damages and expenses and reasonable attorney fees arising out of directly or indirectly any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use even if such claim alleges that LICENSOR was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part Motorola and M are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc Motorola Inc is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer Lucent Lucent Technologies and the Lucent Technologies insignia are trademarks of Lucent Technologies Inc Lucent Technologies Inc is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer StarCore is a trade
130. n the execution set before the start address of a short loop LC4 Illegal sequence T bit modification followed by conditional jump followed by loop start address LCS No conditional branches allowed in the last four execution sets of a long loop LC6 No conditional jump at loop address 3 if T bit modification precedes the jump instruction LC7 Destination address of SKIP BREAK CONT cannot be in the same loop LC8 No change of flow instruction allowed in short loops LC9 SKIPS BREAK CONT target cannot be followed by consecutive loop addresses LC10 JSR BSR to LA 2 of a long loop or SA of a short loop LD1 SKIPLS instruction not allowed immediately after DOEN SH or move to LC LD2 Three four or more execution sets are required between DOEN or write to LC and loop end LD3 Two three or more execution sets are required between DOENSH or write to LC and the first execution set LD4 Write to SR is not allowed before DOEN SH LD5 One two or more execution sets required between LC update and CONT D instruction LD6 At least three execution sets required between DOSETUP and last execution set LD7 At least one execution set required between CONT D and modification of SA LD8 At least three execution sets required between read of LC and last set of loop LD9 At least one execution set required between read of LC and first set of short loop LDB option must be used before any code or data generation The LDB option must be specified before
131. nation Floating point constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 through 9 e or E or appeared in an expression where a floating point value was expected by default Floating point not allowed in relative expression Relative expressions are generally used for address computation therefore a floating point value would not be appropriate Floating point value not allowed An immediate value expressed in floating point notation is only valid in a MOVE type instruction Forcing not specified The type of forcing operand was not given in a FORCE directive Function result out of range The result computed by a transcendental function was too large to be represented on the host machine GG1 Too many total instructions GG2 Total instruction length cannot exceed 8 words including prefix GG3 Too many total DALU ops plus BFU ops GG3 Only one bit mask instruction permitted in group GG4 Only one t bit update instruction permitted in group GG4 Only one SP update instruction permitted in group GG4 Only one address register update permitted in group GG4 Double push may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE GG4 Double pop may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE GG4 Only one change of flow permitted in group GG5 DALU register may only be used four times per set GL option must be used before any section The GL option must be activated before any explicit sections are encountered so that th
132. ned to the environment variable DSPASMOPT The assembler adds the text associated with this variable to the existing command line prior to processing any options To define DSPASMOPT add the command line below that is appropriate for your operating system to the env environment file located in the tools installation directory Re execute the env file when finished Operating System Command line Environment File UNIX DSPASMOPT option env sh Bourne shell sh ksh bash export DSPASMOPT UNIX setenv DSPASMOPT option env csh C shell csh tesh Windows set DSPASMOPT option env bat where optionis any option listed in Table 2 1 Multiple options must be separated by a space and each option must be preceded by a hyphen For example assume DSPASMOPT is defined as follows in the env sh file DSPASMOPT b 1 export DSPASMOPT Each time the assembler is invoked it will add the b and 1 options to the command line Therefore the command asmsc100 corr asm will be transformed by the assembler into asmsc100 1 b corr asm 2 2 2 Reading Input from an Argument File Command line input from an argument file can be passed to the assembler using the f option as follows fargfile Instructs the assembler to read command line input from the named argument file The file name can include an optional pathname The argument file is a text file containing a list of options argument
133. ng In all other respects use of double quotes is equivalent to that of single quotes Example 5 9 Quoted String DEFINE Expansion a Macro definition DEFINE LONG short STR_MAC ACRO STRING SG This is a LONG STRING SG This is a LONG STRING ENDM b Macro call STR_MAC sentence c Macro expansion MSG This is a LONG STRING MSG This is a short sentence 5 10 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Function Delimiter Description All assembler built in functions start with the symbol See Section 3 7 Functions for descriptions of the functions supported by the assembler Example 5 10 Function Delimiter SVAL EQU SOT FVAL Obtain square root SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 11 Location Counter Substitution Description When used as an operand in an expression the asterisk represents the current integer value of the location counter Example 5 11 Location Counter Substitution ORG P 100 PBASE EQU 20 PBASE 120 5 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools String Concatenation Operator Description The string concatenation operator concatenates any two strings The two strings must each be enclosed by single or double quotes and there must be no intervening blanks between the string concatenation operator and the two strings Example 5 12 String Concatenation Operator ABC DEF
134. ng point value which represents the largest integer less than or equal to expr The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example FLOOR SET FLR 2 5 FLOOR 2 0 FRC expr This function performs scaling and convergent rounding to obtain the fractional representation of the floating point expr as an integer The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example FRAC EQU FRC FLT 1 Compute saturation INT expr Returns an integer 1 if expr has an integer result otherwise it returns a 0 The expr may be relative or absolute The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF INT TERM Insure integer value L10 expr Returns the base 10 logarithm of expr as a floating point value expr must be greater than zero The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example LOG EQU L10 100 0 LOG 2 QLCV L R L H expr If L is specified as the first argument returns the memory space attribute and value of the load location counter If R is specified returns the memory space attribute and value of the runtime location counter The optional second argument indicates the Low High or numbered counter and must be separated from the first argument by a comma If no second argument is present the default counter counter 0 is assumed The LCV function will not work correctly if used to specify the runtime counter value of a relocatable overlay This is because the
135. ng programmers to designate selected fields of any statement within a macro as variable Thereafter simply by invoking the macro the programmer can use the entire pattern as many times as needed substituting different parameters for the designated variable portions of the statements 6 1 Macro Definition The first step in using a macro is to define it either in the source file or in a macro library macro libraries are discussed in Section 6 4 A macro definition illustrated in Figure 6 1 consists of three parts e Header which assigns a name to the macro and optionally defines the dummy arguments The header consists of the MACRO directive e Body which contains the code or instructions to be substituted when the macro is invoked e Terminator which signifies the end of the macro definition This consists of the ENDM directive Header gt label MACRO dumarg dumarg comment Body source statements Terminator gt ENDM Figure 6 1 Macro Definition SC100 Assembly Language Tools 6 1 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly The header or MACRO directive consists of the following label The name by which the macro will be invoked If the macro name is the same as an existing assembler directive or mnemonic opcode the assembler replaces the directive or mnemonic opcode with the macro and issues a warning This replacement does not occur for definitions from macro libraries dumarg One or mor
136. ngent CEL Ceiling function COH Hyperbolic cosine COS Cosine FLR Floor function L10 Log base 10 LOG Natural logarithm MAX Maximum value MIN Minimum value POW Raise to a power RND Random value SGN Return sign SIN Sine SNH Hyperbolic sine SQT Square root TAN Tangent TNH Hyperbolic tangent XPN Exponential function Conversion CVF Convert integer to floating point CVI Convert floating point to integer CVS Convert memory space FLD Shift and mask operation FRC Convert floating point to fractional LFR Convert floating point to long fractional LNG Concatenate to double word LUN Convert long fractional to floating point RVB Reverse bits in field UNF Convert fractional to floating point String LEN Length of string POS Position of substring in string SCP Compare strings Macro ARG Macro argument function CNT Macro argument count MAC Macro definition function MXP Macro expansion function 3 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Functions Table 3 3 Summary of Assembler Functions Continued Type Function Description Assembler Mode CCC Cumulative cycle count CHK Current instruction data checksum CTR Location counter type DEF Symbol definition function EXP Expression check INT Integer check LCV Location counter value LST LIST directive flag value MSP Memory space REL Relative mode function 3 7 1 Function Descriptions Descriptions of the assembler functions follow each containing usage information and an e
137. nguage Tools 5 3 Description Comment Delimiter Character A comment is any number of characters preceded by a semicolon but not part of a literal string Comments are not significant to the assembler but can be used to document the source program Comments are reproduced in the assembler source listing Comments are normally preserved in macro definitions but this option can be turned off using the NOCM option Comments can occupy an entire line or can be placed after the last assembler significant field in a source statement A comment beginning in the first column of the source file is aligned with the label field in the source listing Otherwise the comment is shifted right and aligned with the comment field in the source listing Example 5 1 Comment Delimiter Character This comment begins in column 1 of PUT E LOOP JSR CO r r F the source file This is a trailing comment these two comments are preceded by a tab in the source file 5 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 33 Unreported Comment Delimiter Characters Description Unreported comments are any number of characters preceded by two consecutive semicolons that are not part of a literal string Unreported comments are not considered significant by the assembler and can be included in the source statement following the same rules as normal comments However unreported comments are never reproduced on
138. nly the assembler does not perform checks to insure that the value assigned to the H counter is greater than the L counter Moreover there is no inherent relationship among numbered counters except that counters 0 1 and 2 correspond to the default L and H counters respectively SC100 Assembly Language Tools 4 3 Software Project Management Counters are useful for providing mnemonic links among individual memory blocks Separate counters can be used to obtain blocks within a common section which are mapped to separate physical memories The ORG directive is useful in multi programmer projects because it provides a means for the individual programmer to specify in which segment of memory the code being written will be located without specifying an absolute address Absolute address assignment can be deferred until the various components of the program are brought together For more information about the ORG directive see page 5 62 of Chapter 5 Assembler Directives and Significant Characters 4 4 Multi Programmer Environment Example Typical multi programmer projects are often split into tasks representing functional units For discussion purposes suppose a project has been divided into three tasks i o filter and main Each task will be written by a separate programmer as a separate section For example when the I O task has been written there will be a file called io asm as shown in Example 4 2 Example 4 2 io asm Fi
139. nobits Sections named text data rodata or bss have predefined types and flags as shown in Table 5 4 on page 5 69 A section with any other name is assumed to be a code section and its type and flags default to those associated with a text section If this default type is not appropriate it may be redefined using the SECTYPE directive The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also SECFLAGS SECTION Example 5 64 SECTYPE Directive 7 Begin an uninitialized data section Is viewed as text section by 7 assembler with default type of progbits SECTION data_output SECFLAGS write alloc noexecinstr Set flags for a data section SECTYPE nobits Set type for a bss section ENDSEC SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 71 SET SET Set Symbol to a Value Syntax label SET expression SET label expression Description The SET directive assigns the value of the expression to the label The values of labels defined with the SET directive may be redefined in another part of the program through the use of another SET directive The SET directive is useful in establishing temporary or reusable counters within macros The expression in the operand field of a SET directive must be absolute and cannot include a symbol that is not yet defined that is no forward references are allowed See also DEFINE EQU GSET Example 5 65 SET Directive COUNT SET 0 Initialize count 5
140. nt memory remaining to establish a valid base address Unlike other buffer allocation directives the runtime location counter is not advanced by the value of the integer expression in the operand field the location counter remains at the buffer base address The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also BADDR BSB DSR ENDBUF Example 5 24 BUFFER Directive ORG P 100 BUFFER R 28 Reverse buffer 28 R_BUF DE 0 5 0 57 0 970 5 DS 20 Remainder uninitialized ENDBUF SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 25 COMMENT COMMENT Start Comment Lines SYNTAX COMMENT delimiter delimiter DESCRIPTION The COMMENT directive defines one or more lines as comments The first non blank character after the COMMENT directive is the comment delimiter The two delimiters are used to define the comment text The line containing the second comment delimiter is considered the last line of the comment The comment text can include any printable characters and the comment text will be reproduced in the source listing as it appears in the source file The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 25 COMMENT COMMEN his is a one line comment 4 COMMEN x his is a multiple line comment Any number of lines can be placed between the two delimiters 5 26 SC100 Assembly Language Tools DC DCW DC DCW Define Constant Syntax label DC argl arg
141. o processor then replaces AREG with the character 0 and BREG with the character 1 Again for discussion purposes the resulting intermediate expansion would be MOVE R O D4 MOVE R 1 R 0 MOVE D4 R 1 3 Next the macro processor applies the concatenation operator The resulting expansion as it would appear in the source listing is shown in c Example 5 5 Return Value of Symbol Character a Macro definition SWAP_SYM ACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 using D4 as temp OVE R REG1 D4 OVE R REG2 R REGL OVE D4 R REG2 END b Macro call AREG SET 0 BREG SET 1 SWAP_SYM AREG BREG c Macro expansion MOV MOV MOV RO D4 R1 RO D4 R1 0 Fl Fl SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 7 Return Hex Value of Symbol Character Description When used in macro definitions the symbo1 sequence is converted to an ASCII string representing the hexadecimal value of symbol The value of symbol must be an integer not floating point The percent operator may be used in association with the backslash operator In Example 5 6 the macro definition shown in a generates a label consisting of the concatenation of the label prefix argument and a value that is interpreted as hexadecimal If the macro were called as shown in b the sequence of events would be as follows 1 The macro processor substitutes the characters HEX
142. on DestriptionS sesia ei e Pee a E EEE di a E 3 7 Chapter 4 Software Project Management 4 1 SEI AS Sad RAG ANA la eee 4 1 4 1 1 Section NAMES ro tes a ona 4 2 4 1 2 Nested and Fragmented Sections cooooooomosrrrronrrrrrrso 4 2 4 1 3 Sections and Symbols oda dial 4 3 4 1 4 Macros and DEFINE Symbols within Sections 000 4 3 4 2 Sections and Relocation 4uisstacseed eee keeieus ii da rd ee eee 4 3 4 3 Address ASSTSMENICIL 5 foe eosin 64s Wire ged Ge Se E E T ekg Be 4 3 4 4 Multi Programmer Environment Example 0 00 00 e eee ee eee 4 4 4 4 1 Absolute Mode Implementation 0 0 00 cece eee ee eee 4 4 4 4 2 Relative Mode Implementation 0 0 cee eee eee ee eee 4 5 Chapter 5 Assembler Directives and Significant Characters 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters cda bas Pow hated ee as 28 5 1 5 2 lt ASSembler DISCUSS fe ae AS Aa Bes 5 2 5 3 DESCAPUOAS 3 A A A NaS A Se A 5 3 Chapter 6 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly 6 1 Macro DEMI a A A ais 6 1 6 2 Macro El E eet ah be 6 2 6 3 Dacro Expansions ta da EE 6 3 6 4 Macro DTS O e a O O e O oe S 6 3 iv SC100 Assembly Language Tools 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 1 71 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 8 1 8 1 1 8 2 8 2 1 8 2 2 8 3 8 3 1 8 3 2 8 4 8 4 1 8 4 2 8 5 8 5 1 8 5 2 A l B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 Dummy Argument Operates dd a eet a Ses 6 4 Macro Direc ves culpa A A ees 6 4 Conditional Assembly ai 6 4 Chapt
143. on Yields the product of its operand division Yields the quotient of the division of the first operand by the second For integer operands the divide operation produces a truncated integer result mod Used with integers this operator yields the remainder from the division of the first operand by the second Used with floating point operands this operator applies the following rules Y LZ Y ifZ 0 X ifZ lt gt 0 where X has the same sign as Y is less than Z and satisfies the relationship Y integer Z X Shift lt lt shift left Integer only Causes the left operand to be shifted to the left and zero filled by the number of bits specified by the right operand gt gt shift right Integer only Causes the left operand to be shifted to the right by the number of bits specified by the right operand The sign bit will be extended Relational lt Less than If the indicated condition is True the result of the expression is an integer 1 lt Less than or equal res e False the result of the expression is an integer 0 gt Greater than In either case the memory space attribute of the result is N For example if D has a value of 3 and E has a value of 5 then Es Greater than or equal the result of the expression D lt E is 1 and the result of the Be Equal expression D gt E is 0 Use tests for equality involving floating point values with caution l Not equal since rounding errors could cause unexpected results Bitwis
144. on with the segment directive All segment directives occurring after this directive but before the next org are placed consecutively in memory beginning at the address specified by expression In Example 7 4 the org directive instructs the linker to begin linking the text segment at the value represented by the CodeStart variable Example 7 4 org Directive org CodeStart segment text text 7 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Linker Directives provide Insert ELF Symbol Syntax provide symbol expression Description The provide directive creates a global absolute symbol in the symbol table of the executable file The arguments to this directive are as follows symbol Name of the symbol to be inserted into the symbol table expression Value of the specified symbol Example 7 5 provide Directive provide StackStart 0x20000 provide ROMStart Ox7FFFO provide SR_Setting 0xE40008 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 7 7 SC100 Linker reserve Define Unavailable Region Syntax reserve lo_addr hi_addr Description The reserve directive defines a region in memory that is not available for linking The arguments lo_addr and hi_addr are expressions that set the region s low address and high address respectively Example 7 6 reserve Directive reserve StackStart TopOfMemory 7 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Linker Directives segment Define Segment Syntax
145. on zero IF and ELSE are included for assembly ELSE and ENDIF are ignored False zero IF and ELSE are ignored ELSE and ENDIF are included for assembly SC100 Assembly Language Tools 6 5 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly 6 6 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 7 SC100 Linker The SC100 Linker combines object files and archive files relocates their data adjusts the symbol references and generates an absolute executable file The linker allows the programmer to break up a large program into more manageable modules which may be assembled or compiled separately These modules can then be link edited to produce an absolute module of the complete program If a problem arises only the module with the problem need be edited and reassembled The programmer can then relink the updated relocatable object module and the other previously created object modules to produce a new executable file 7 1 Invoking the Linker The command line to invoke the linker is as follows sc100 ld option file where option One or more of the options listed in Table 7 1 Options and their arguments are case sensitive Spacing must be maintained as shown for example a space is required between the c option and its argument but is not allowed with the 1 option file One or more relocatable object files The files are processed in the order listed Table 7 1 SC100 Linker Options Option Des
146. ontain revision number IDENT directive must contain version number The version and revision numbers are both required arguments for the IDENT directive Illegal directive in buffer declaration A directive was encountered between a BUFFER ENDBUF pair that is not allowed in that context Some invalid directives include any other buffer type directive DSM DSR etc section directives or any directive which alters the current location counter designation MODE ORG Illegal directive inside DEF ENDEF declaration Illegal directive outside DEF ENDEF declaration Some source level debug directives such as FILE make no sense and are not allowed inside DEF ENDEF declarations Conversely other directives such as VAL are not allowed outside of a DEF ENDEF declaration B 14 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Illegal directive inside DO loop A directive was encountered inside a DO loop that is not allowed in that context Some invalid directives include any buffer type directive DSM DSR etc section directives or any directive which alters the current location counter designation MODE ORG Illegal function argument An invalid argument was passed to one of the assembler built in functions in particular the ELCVO function Illegal instruction in single instruction DO loop A conditional break instruction BRKcc cannot be used as the only instruction in a DO loop Illegal memory counter specified
147. ort immediate addressing form chosen for the MOVE instruction CNST EQU 5 OVE CNST DO b Forcing the long immediate addressing form using gt CNST EQU 5 OVE gt CNST DO 5 20 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ALIGN ALIGN Align Location Counter Syntax ALIGN arg Description The ALIGN directive advances the location counter so that it is aligned on an address boundary set by arg The argument must be a power of two If the location counter is already aligned on the specified boundary it remains unchanged Example 5 20 ALIGN Directive ALIGN 4 Align location counter to next long word boundary SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 21 BADDR BADDR Set Buffer Address Syntax BADDR R expression Description The BADDR directive sets the location counter to the address of a reverse carry buffer the length of which in bytes is equal to the value specified in expression The block of memory intended for the buffer is not initialized to any value If the location counter is not zero this directive first advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt expression An error is issued if there is insufficient memory remaining to establish a valid base address Unlike other buffer allocation directives the location counter is not advanced by the value of the integer expression in the operand field the location counter remains at the
148. ot enough fields specified for instruction There were no operands specified fora MOVE MOVEC MOVEM or MOVEP instruction Offset value greater than string size The offset parameter in a substring construct is larger than the composite length of the input string argument Only absolute addressing allowed The instruction allows only absolute addressing B 22 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Only absolute and register direct addressing allowed The instruction allows only absolute and register direct addressing Only immediate addressing allowed The instruction allows an immediate source operand only Only immediate and register direct addressing allowed The instruction allows only immediate and register direct addressing modes Only immediate and register direct and indirect addressing allowed The instruction allows only immediate register direct and register indirect addressing modes Only one P memory move instruction permitted in group Only PC relative addressing allowed The instruction allows only PC relative addressing Only PC relative and register direct addressing allowed The instruction allows only PC relative and register direct addressing Only post increment or post increment by offset addressing allowed Moves to P memory allow only post increment or post increment by offset addressing Only register direct addressing allowed The instruction allows only register direct addressing Only register direct and
149. oup mac d0 dl d2 mac d3 d4 d5 multiply operands add d0 d1 d3 add d3 d4 d6 add operands move f r0 d0 move w r1 dl load new operands SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 13 SC100 Assembler 2 4 6 Symbol Names Symbol names can be from one to 4000 characters long The first character of a symbol must be alphabetic either upper or lower case any remaining characters can be either alphanumeric A Z a z 0 9 or the underscore character _ Upper and lower case letters in symbols are considered distinct unless the o1C option is used a Valid Symbol Names b Invalid Symbol Names loop_1 1_loop ENTRY loop e aB_c Symbol names and other identifiers beginning with a period are legal but are reserved for the system Names of SC140 DSP core processor registers are also reserved by the assembler and cannot be used 2 4 7 Symbols Used as Labels Symbols may be used as labels Labels preceded by a percent character are viewed as local labels and have a limited scope bounded by any two non local labels The local label can be referred to or defined only in source statements that are between two source lines containing non local labels Use of local labels in macros represents a special case By default all local labels within a macro are considered distinct for the currently active level of macro expansion These local labels are valid for the entire macro expansion and are not considered bounded by non local labels Ther
150. pecified on the command line The default output is as follows e For an executable object file the ELF header all program headers and all section headers e Fora relocatable object file the ELF header and all section headers Additional information may be added to the default output using command line options as described in Table 8 3 8 3 1 Invoking the ELF File Dump Utility The command line to invoke the ELF file dump utility is as follows sc100 elfdump option file where option One or more of the options listed in Table 8 3 Options are case sensitive file One or more ELF object files SC100 Assembly Language Tools 8 3 SC100 Utilities Table 8 3 ELF File Dump Utility Options Option Description A Writes the contents of all segments D Writes the contents of all PT_DYNAMIC segments I Writes the contents of all PT_INTERP segments L Writes the contents of all PT_LOAD segments N Writes the contents of all PT_NOTE segments P Writes the contents of all PT_PHDR segments s Writes the contents of all PT_SHLIB segments U Writes the contents of all segments of unknown type as hex dumps X Dumps the section raw data from the specified file a Writes the contents of all sections b Writes the contents of all SHT_PROGBITS sections d Writes the contents of all SHT_DYNAMIC sections h Writes the contents of all SHT_HASH sections n Writes the contents of all SHT_NOTE sections r Write
151. pplies to macro arguments e Each argument must correspond one to one with the dummy arguments of the macro definition If the macro call does not contain the same number of arguments as the macro definition the assembler issues a warning e Macro arguments can be specified as quoted strings although the assembler does not require the use of single quotes around macro argument strings However if an argument has an embedded comma or space that argument must be surrounded by single quotes 6 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Macro Expansions e A macro call argument can be declared null but must be done so explicitly by Entering delimiting commas in succession with no intervening spaces Terminating the argument list with a comma and omitting the rest of the argument list Declaring the argument as a null string e No character is substituted in the generated statements that reference a null argument 6 3 Macro Expansions Macro expansions or the source statements generated by the macro call may contain substitutable arguments and are relatively unrestricted as to type They can be any processor instruction most any assembler directive or any previously defined macro Source statements resulting from a macro call are subject to the same conditions and restrictions that are applied to statements written by the programmer 6 4 Macro Libraries Macro libraries contain macro definitions Each definition must be in a
152. pr to that specified by the first argument returns expr The expr may be relative or absolute Example LOADDR EQU CVS P TARGI Fl T 7 Set LOADDR to P TARG El H QDEF symbol Returns an integer 1 if symbo1 has been defined otherwise it returns a 0 The memory space attribute of the result is N The symbo1 may be any label not associated with a MACRO or SECTION directive If symbo1 is quoted it is looked up as a DEFINE symbol if it is not quoted it is looked up as an ordinary label Example IF DEF ANGLE Assemble if ANGLE is defined QEXP expr Returns an integer 1 if the evaluation of expr would result in errors Returns 0 if the evaluation of expr would cause an error The memory space attribute of the result is N No error will be output by the assembler if expr contains an error No test is made by the assembler for warnings The expr may be relative or absolute Example IF EXP FRC VAL Skip on error FLD base value width start Shift and mask value into base for width bits beginning at bit start If start is omitted zero least significant bit is assumed All arguments must be positive integers and none may be greater than the target word size Returns the shifted and masked value with a memory space attribute of N Example SWITCH EQU FLD TOG 1 1 7 Turn eighth bit on SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 9 Expressions FLR expr Returns a floati
153. r Fatal Errors ooo B 31 SC100 Assembly Language Tools vi SC100 Assembly Language Tools 1 1 2 1 oy 3 1 ay 3 3 4 1 4 2 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 5 6 1 7 1 7 2 7 3 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 List of Tables SCIOQ UUES 9000 rat dos Meee bay hens 1 2 SC100 Assembler Opuons 200 A RA eee 2 2 Restriction Error Messages ia Ad 2 8 Numero Constants 1 fess A AAA alee ye A 3 2 Assembler Operators A A AA ee eS 3 3 Summary of Assembler Functions 0 00 c cece ee eee eee eee 3 6 Deraul Bib Sections o A Bia ath ees aa heh Be Ph dare il ra ada SU 4 2 Reserved Section Names evisos ca a ate dee ewes 4 2 Assembler Significant Characters 0 0 0 eee ee eee eee eens 5 1 Summary of Assembler Directives 0 00 c cece eee eee eee 5 2 Summary of OPT Options 4 vio ai EN a SE as 5 57 Predefined ELF Sections 4 334 ig A fears Bala a thee hese ee 5 69 Reserved Section Names sinaloa vbw oy ee ow ie oe ee As ee ew eg 5 69 Macro Dummy Argument Operators 0 0 0 eee eee eee 6 4 SC100 Linker Options 22040426 2b dd cA nae Kee da til RE eae 7 1 Summary of Linker Directives 20000 it Deena eves 7 3 Composition of text Section 55 0466 ces Gg a Bee eee aes Ske a aes a 7 10 Archiver Options srr arepe isi i ee a oe a A ee Eg A 8 1 Disassembler Utility Options ir eee a ee ee eee Ae 8 2 ELF File Dump Utility Options psi vee sscb eee ES ev ete 8 4 Name UnlilyOpuons 3e6 628 wid a Ge Pes eld ore lad Bare ath
154. r picks the long immediate addressing form for the MOVE instruction Since the long immediate addressing mode causes the instruction to be two words as opposed to one word for the immediate short addressing mode it is desirable to force the immediate short addressing mode as shown in b Example 5 18 Immediate Short Addressing Mode Force Operator lt a Long immediate addressing form chosen for the MOVE instruction OVE CNST DO CNST EQU 5 b Forcing the immediate short addressing mode using lt OVE lt CNST DO CNST EQU 5 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 19 gt gt Immediate Long Addressing Mode Force Operator Description Many DSP instructions allow a long immediate form of addressing If the assembler knows the immediate data on pass one that is it is not a forward or external reference then the assembler always picks the shortest form of immediate addressing consistent with the instruction If this is not desired then the long form of addressing can be forced using the immediate long addressing mode force operator gt In Example 5 19 because the CNST symbol shown in a is known to the assembler on pass one the assembler uses the short immediate addressing form for the MOVE instruction If this is not desired then the long immediate form of addressing can be forced as shown in b Example 5 19 Immediate Long Addressing Mode Force Operator gt a Sh
155. r side of any of these operators an error will be generated 3 7 Functions The assembler has several built in functions to support data conversion string comparison and transcendental math computations Functions may be used as terms in any arbitrary expression and may have zero or more arguments The following rules apply Functions must always be followed by open and closed parentheses Arguments which are expressions must be absolute expressions except where noted Arguments containing external references are not allowed Intervening spaces are not allowed between the function name and the opening parenthesis or between comma separated arguments Assembler functions can be grouped into the following types Mathematical functions comprise transcendental random value and min max functions Conversion functions provide conversion between integer floating point and fixed point fractional values String functions compare strings return the length of a string and return the position of a substring within a string Macro functions return information about macros Assembler mode functions relate to assembler operation SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 5 Expressions Table 3 3 summarizes the functions within each type Table 3 3 Summary of Assembler Functions Type Function Description Mathematical ABS Absolute value ACS Arc cosine ASN Arc sine AT2 Arc tangent ATN Arc ta
156. ram Syntax END expression Description The optional END directive indicates that the logical end of the source program has been encountered Any statements following the END directive are ignored The optional expression specifies the starting execution address of the program This argument may only be used in absolute mode and must have a memory space attribute of P program or N none The END directive cannot be used in a macro expansion The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example 5 36 END Directive END BEGIN BEGIN is the starting execution address SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 37 ENDBUF ENDBUF End Buffer Syntax ENDBUF Description The ENDBUF directive signifies the end of a buffer block The location counter remains just beyond the end of the buffer when the ENDBUF directive is encountered The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also BUFFER Example 5 37 ENDBUF Directive ORG P 100 BUFFER R 64 Uninitialized reverse carry buffer ENDBUF 5 38 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ENDIF Syntax ENDIF Description ENDIF End of Conditional Assembly The ENDIF directive is paired with the IF directive and signifies the end of the current level of conditional assembly Conditional assembly directives can be nested to any level but the ENDIF directive always refers to the most previous IF directive The assembler
157. rce statements ENDSEC Description The SECTION directive defines the beginning of a section The arguments to this directive are as follows symbol The name assigned to the section GLOBAL A qualifier that declares all symbols defined within the section to be global Sections Sections are the basic grouping for relocation of code and data blocks Code or data inside a section is independently relocatable within the memory space to which it is bound Sections can be e Nested to any level When the assembler encounters a nested section the current section is stacked and the new section is used When the ENDSEC directive of the nested section is encountered the assembler restores the old section and uses it The ENDSEC directive always applies to the most previous SECTION directive e Split into separate parts The section name can be used multiple times with SECTION and ENDSEC directive pairs This allows the program source to be arranged in an arbitrary manner for example all statements that reserve P space storage locations grouped together For every section defined in the source a location counter is allocated for the P memory space This counter maintains offsets of data and instructions relative to the beginning of the section At link time sections can be relocated to an absolute address loaded in a particular order or linked contiguously as specified by the programmer Sections which are split into parts or among files are
158. relative expression may only participate in addition and subtraction operations and must have opposing signs SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 17 Assembler Messages Invalid section directive modifier The qualifier specified in a SECTION directive was not GLOBAL Invalid section name Section names cannot be local symbols e g they cannot begin with the percent character Invalid shift amount A shift expression must evaluate to within the range 0 lt n lt m where m is the maximum address of the target DSP Invalid source address mode The source address mode in a MOVEP instruction was not valid Invalid source address register Invalid source register The source register in a double memory read operation was not valid Invalid storage class The storage class given in a source level debug symbol declaration is unknown Invalid tabs stops specified The argument to the TAB directive is out of range VO short addressing mode not allowed An operand was forced I O short when I O short addressing was not allowed LB option must be used before any code or data generation The LB option must be specified before any code or data in order for the assembler to increment the location counter appropriately B 18 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors LC1 Branch to last two execution sets in a loop not allowed LC2 Change of flow not allowed between LA and LA 2 LC3 No conditional branch is allowed i
159. resulting value is an overlay expression and overlay expressions may not be used to set the runtime counter for a subsequent overlay See the ORG directive in Section 5 2 Assembler Directives for more information Example ADDR LCV R Save runtime address LEN string Returns the length of string as an integer The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example SLEN SET LEN string SLEN 6 3 10 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Functions LFR expr This function performs scaling and convergent rounding to obtain the fractional representation of the floating point expr as a long integer The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example LFRAC EQU LFR LFLT Store binary form LNG exprl1 expr2 Concatenates the single word expr1 and expr2 into a double word value such that expr is the high word and expr2 is the low word The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example LWORD DC LNG HI LO Build long word LOG expr Returns the natural logarithm of expr as a floating point value expr must be greater than zero The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example LOG EQU LOG 100 0 LOG 4 605170 LST Returns the value of the LIST directive flag as an integer with a memory space attribute of N When a LIST directive is encountered in the assembler source the flag is incremented when a NOLIST directive is encountere
160. rformed Alignment padding is done by issuing a single execution set containing the appropriate number of NOPs Padding is done outside the loop thereby eliminating cycle count overhead within the loop A warning is issued if any NOPS are automatically added The FALIGN directive also has the effect of forcing the entire section to a 16 byte alignment The alignment is preserved at link time even if the actual section starting location has moved See also OPT LPA option Example 5 44 FALIGN Directive ORG P 100 DOSETUP3 compute_alpha DOEN3 5 NOP NOP NOP LOOPSTART3 FALIGN compute_alpha LOOPEND3 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 45 GLOBAL GLOBAL Global Section Symbol Declaration Syntax GLOBAL symbol symbol Description The GLOBAL directive declares all the specified symbols within the current section as global Symbols defined within a section are considered local by default This directive is only valid when used within a program block bounded by the SECTION and ENDSEC directives The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also SECTION Example 5 45 GLOBAL Directive SECTION IO GLOBAL LOOPA LOOPA will be globally accessible by other files ENDSEC 5 46 SC100 Assembly Language Tools GSET GSET Set Global Symbol to a Value Syntax label GSET expression GSET label expression Description The GSET directive assigns the
161. rting at position start If start is not given the search begins at the beginning of st r1 If the start argument is specified it must be a positive integer and cannot exceed the length of the source string The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example ID EQU POS Star Core 140 Core ID 5 POW exprl1 expr2 Returns expr1 raised to the power expr2 as a floating point value expr1 and expr2 must be separated by a comma The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example BUF EQU CVI POW 2 0 3 0 BUF 8 REL Returns an integer 1 if the assembler is operating in relative mode otherwise returns a 0 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF REL Check if in relative mode RND Returns a random value in the range 0 0 to 1 0 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example SEED DC RND Save initial seed value RVB expr1 expr21 Reverse the bits in expr1 delimited by the number of bits in expr2 If expr2 is omitted the field is bounded by the target word size Both expressions must be single word integer values Example REV EQU RVB VAL Reverse all bits in value 3 12 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Functions QSCP str1 str2 Returns an integer 1 if the two strings compare otherwise returns a 0 The two strings must be separated by a comma The memory space attribute of the result will be N E
162. ry moves Address mode syntax error expected Address mode syntax error expected Address mode syntax error expected or Address mode syntax error expected comma Address mode syntax error expected comma or end of field Address mode syntax error expected offset register Address mode syntax error extra characters Address mode syntax error probably missing A syntax error was detected when scanning the source line operand and or X and Y data fields These errors may indicate omission of a source operand insufficient white space between fields or improper specification of address register indirect addressing modes Argument outside function domain An argument to one of the transcendental built in functions was inappropriate Arithmetic exception An internal floating point exception occurred while evaluating an expression The result of the evaluation is probably not valid Assembler directive or mnemonic not found An argument to the RDIRECT directive was not a recognized assembler directive or mnemonic Base argument larger than machine word size The base parameter of a FLDQ function has a value larger than can fit in the target machine word Binary constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 or 1 either followed the binary constant delimiter or appeared in an expression where a binary value was expected by default B 8 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Errors Bit mas
163. s file names or the f option itself Within the argument file each separate file or option with or without an argument must be separated by some form of white space such as a blank tab or newline Comments can be included in the file using a semicolon All characters following the semicolon are ignored by the assembler The command in Example 2 2 invokes the assembler reading arguments from the file asmopts Example 2 2 Specifying an Argument File asmsc100 fasmopts filter asm SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 3 SC100 Assembler 2 2 3 Generating an Object File The assembler generates an object file only when the b option is specified on the command line The object file is relocatable by default If the a option is specified on the command line with b the resulting object file is executable a Generates an executable object file when used with the b option b file Generates an object file and assigns the specified name to it A space is not allowed between b and the file name The file name may include an optional pathname If a hyphen is used in place of a file name the object file is sent to the standard output Any file with the same name is overwritten If no name is specified the object file is given the same name as the first source file encountered on the command line with an extension of eln if the object file is relocatable or e1d if it is executable The command shown in Example 2
164. s and warnings and prints the totals at the end of the source listing Error messages are always displayed regardless of whether the source listing is generated The number of errors is returned as an exit status when the assembler returns control to the host operating system 2 4 Source Statements Assembly language programs consist of a sequence of source statements that contain one or more assembly language instructions and a comment field or an assembler directive and a comment field As shown in Figure 2 2 a source statement may include four fields in its most basic form label operation operand and comment These fields are described in the following sections TABLE DC 1426 253 This is a directive Label i Operation Operand Comment Begins in column 1 Figure 2 2 Basic Source Statement The following rules apply to source statements e Anything in the first column is considered a label e Only fields preceding the comment field are significant to the assembler the comment field is ignored e Fields other than the comment field cannot contain embedded whitespace characters since these characters are used as field delimiters An exception is spaces and tabs in quoted strings e A source statement can be extended to multiple lines by including the line continuation character Y as the last character on the line to be continued An exception to this is instruction groups which can span multiple lines as
165. s arguments to the assembler built in functions Relative SET must be in same section A SET directive with a relative expression operand must be defined in the same section as the section associated with the operand expression Relative terms from different sections not allowed Relative terms defined in different sections are not allowed in expressions This is because the relationship between the terms is based on enclosing section s location in memory Reserved name used for symbol name One of the DSP register names has been used as a label operand or directive argument These register names in either upper or lower case are reserved by the assembler SC100 Assembly Language Tools B 25 Assembler Messages Runtime space must be P An instruction was encountered and the runtime memory space was not set to P Program Section not encountered on pass 1 The section declared in a SECTION directive was not encountered during the first pass of the assembler This situation indicates an internal assembler error and should be reported to StarCore SET requires label The SET directive must have a label in order to associate the directive argument with a symbol name SET symbol names cannot be used with XDEF A symbol defined using the SET directive cannot be exported from a section using GLOBAL Short absolute address too large The flagged operand value is greater than the maximum short address of the target DSP Short I
166. s considered true if it has a nonzero result and false if it has a zero result Because of the nature of the directive expression must be known to the assembler on pass one no forward references are allowed IF directives can be nested to any level The ELSE directive always refers to the nearest previous IF directive as does the ENDIF directive The following conditions determine whether the source statements bounded by the IF ENDIF directives are included in the source file being assembled or are ignored If the ELSE directive is Ane eee Then the source statements between Not present True nonzero IF and ENDIF are included for assembly False zero IF and ENDIF are ignored Present True nonzero IF and ELSE are included for assembly ELSE and ENDIF are ignored False zero IF and ELSE are ignored ELSE and ENDIF are included for assembly The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also ENDIF Example 5 48 IF Directive IF BIG_ENDIAN MOVE W r0 dl Start traceback from ELSE state zero MOVE W r0 dl ENDIF SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 49 INCLUDE INCLUDE Include Secondary File Syntax INCLUDE string lt string gt Description The INCLUDE directive directs the assembler to read source statements from a secondary file identified by the string argument The INLCUDE directive may be inserted into the source pro
167. s created and by default a diagnostic message is written to standard error New files are appended to the archive Files that replace existing files do not change the order of the archive t Writes the archive s table of contents to the standard output including all files specified on the command line If no files are specified all files in the archive are included in the list in the order that they appear in the archive u Updates older files Used only with the r command line this option replaces files within the archive only if the corresponding file has a modification time that is at least as new as the modification time of the file within the archive v Gives verbose output When used with the d r or x command line the verbose option writes a detailed file by file description of the archive creation and maintenance activity p command line the verbose option writes the name of the file to the standard output before writing the contents of the file to the standard output t command line the verbose option includes a long listing of information about the files within the archive V Prints the current version of the Archiver x Extracts file s from archive If no files are listed all files in the archive are extracted The contents of the archive are not changed 8 2 Disassembler The sc100 dis utility disassembles the executable instructions in each ELF object file specified on the command line Dis
168. s desired The directories are searched in the order that they are listed on the command line 1 1stfil Redirects the source listing to the specified file No space is allowed 2 2 5 2 5 between 1 and the file name mdirectory Specifies the directory that contains macro definitions The m option 2 2 7 2 6 may be repeated as many times as desired The directories are searched in the order that they are listed on the command line This option is equivalent to the MACLIB directive oopt opt Designates one or more assembler options Multiple options must be 2 2 9 2 7 separated by commas with no intervening spaces Valid opt arguments are any of the OPT options listed in Table 5 3 on page 5 57 This option is equivalent to the OPT directive q Quiet mode Suppresses the assembler banner 2 2 6 2 5 s Enables restriction error checking which is off by default A space is 2 2 11 2 7 all tag tag required between s and the first argument Multiple arguments must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces Valid tag arguments are listed in Table 2 2 on page 2 8 v Verbose mode Reports assembly progress 2 2 6 2 5 z Strips symbol information from the executable object file This optionis 2 2 4 2 4 valid only when used with the a and b options 2 2 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Command Line Options 2 2 1 Using an Environment Variable Command line options that are used regularly may be assig
169. s the contents of all SHT_REL and SHT_RELA sections s Writes the contents of all SHT_SHLIB sections t Writes the contents of all SHT_STRTAB sections u Writes the contents of all sections of unknown type as hex dumps V Prints the current version of the ELF File Dump utility x Dumps all section contents in hex as u does for unknown types y Writes the contents of all SHT_SYMTAB sections z Writes the contents of all SHT_DYNSYM sections 1 Not applicable to the SC140 DSP core 8 3 2 ELF File Dump Example Figure 8 2 shows an example of the default output of the ELF file dump utility 8 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools ELF File Dump Utility File Name hello eld e_ident 7 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ELF 32 bit LSB Version 1 e_type 2 Executable file e_ machine 58 StarCore 140 e version T e_entry 0 e_phoff 0x34 Tee e_shoff 0x296 e_flags 0 e _ehsize 52 e_phentsize 32 e_phnum 2 e_shentsize 40 e_shnum 8 e_shstrndx 7 Segment 0 p_type PT_LOAD p_offset 0x100 p_vaddr 0 p_paddr 0 p_filesz 88 p_memsz 88 p_flags 0x5 PF_R PF_X Program p_align 16 Headers Segment 1 p_type PT_LOAD p_offset 0x158 p_vaddr 0x58 p_paddr 0x58 p_filesz 14 p_memsz 20 p_flags 0x7 PF_R PF_W PF_X p_align 2 Section 0 sh_name sh_type SHT_NULL sh_flags 0 sh_addr 0 sh_offset 0 sh_size 0 sh_link 0 sh_info 0 sh_addralign 0 Section sh_entsize 0 Headers Section 1
170. scription The MSG directive causes the assembler to output a message The error and warning counts are not affected The MSG directive is normally used in conjunction with conditional assembly directives for informational purposes Assembly proceeds normally after the message has been printed An arbitrary number of strings and expressions in any order but separated by commas with no intervening white space can be optionally specified to describe the nature of the message The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also FAIL WARN Example 5 54 MSG Directive MSG Generating sine tables SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 55 NOLIST NOLIST Stop Assembly Listing Syntax NOLIST Description The NOLIST directive inhibits the listing from being printed beginning at the point at which the NOLIST directive is encountered Neither the NOLIST directive or the source lines that follow it are printed The NOLIST directive decrements a counter that is checked for a positive value and is symmetrical with respect to the LIST directive Note the following sequence Counter value currently 1 LIST Counter value 2 i i LIST Counter value NOLIST Counter value NOLIST Counter value 3 2 1 The assembler will not disable the listing still until it encounters another NOLIST directive The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also LIST OPT Example 5 55 NOLIST Direc
171. separate file and the file name must be the same as the macro name with a asm extension For example blockmv asm would be the name of the file that contained the definition of the macro blockmv The MACLIB directive specifies the pathname of a directory that contains macro definitions If a MACLIB directive has been specified in the source code and the assembler encounters a name in the operation field that is not a previously defined macro or is not contained in the directive or mnemonic tables the directory specified in the MACLIB directive will be searched for a file of that name with the asm extension added If such a file is found the current source line will be saved and the file will be opened for input as an INCLUDE file When the end of the file is encountered the source line is restored and processing is resumed Because the source line is restored the processed file must have a macro definition of the unknown name or an error will result when the source line is restored and processed However the processed file is not limited to macro definitions and can include any legal source code statements Multiple MACLIB directives may be given in which case the assembler will search each directory in the order in which they were specified SC100 Assembly Language Tools 6 3 Macro Operations and Conditional Assembly 6 5 Dummy Argument Operators The assembler recognizes certain text operators within macro definitions which a
172. sets of an SR change Instruction may be affected by previous SR change sr3 Instruction not allowed after SR change t1 IFc cannot follow a group containing a T bit modification vl Offset Width gt 40 bits v2 Offset Width gt 40 bits v3 SP must be a multiple of eight 2 3 Assembler Processing The SC100 Assembler is a three pass assembler Figure 2 1 highlights the assembler operations in each pass PASS 1 Gather information about the sequence and ordering of instructions Rearrange instructions or generate user warnings or error messages if warranted Read the source program to build symbol and macro tables PASS 3 Generate the object file with reference to the tables created during Pass 2 Produce the source listing Figure 2 1 Assembler Operation 2 10 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Source Statements The assembler processes each source statement completely before it reads the next source statement As it reads each line the assembler applies translations specified by all DEFINE directives It then examines the label operation code and operand fields The assembler scans the macro definition table for a match with the operation code If no match is found the assembler scans the operation code and directive tables for a match with a known opcode The assembler displays an error before printing the actual line containing the error The assembler accumulates error
173. so used as the binary exclusive OR operator In Example 5 7 the override operator causes the assembler to recognize the 7 LOCAL symbol outside the macro expansion and to use that value in the MOVE instruction Without the override operator the assembler would issue an error because 7 LOCAL is not defined within the body of the macro Example 5 7 Macro Local Label Override 4 a Macro definition LOAD ACRO ADDR OVE P ADDR RO END b Macro call SLOCAL LOAD SLOCAL SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 9 Macro String Delimiter or Quoted String DEFINE Expansion Character Macro String The double quote when used in macro definitions is replaced by the macro processor with a single quote The macro processor examines the characters between the double quotes for any macro arguments The effect in the macro call is to transform any enclosed dummy arguments into literal strings Example 5 8 Macro String Delimiter Character a Macro definition CSTR ACRO STRING DC STRING ENDM b Macro call CSTR ABCD c Macro expansion DC ABCD Quoted String DEFINE Expansion Character A sequence of characters which matches a symbol created with a DEFINE directive is not expanded if the character sequence is contained within a quoted string assembler strings are generally enclosed in single quotes If the string is enclosed in double quotes then DEFINE symbols are expanded within the stri
174. solute address on pass one that is the address is a forward or external reference then the assembler picks the long form of addressing by default If this is not desired the short absolute form of addressing can be forced by prefixing the absolute address with the short addressing mode force operator lt In Example 5 15 the DATAST symbol shown in a is a forward reference therefore the assembler picks the long absolute form of addressing Since the long absolute addressing mode causes the instruction to be two words as opposed to one word for the short absolute addressing mode it is desirable to force the short absolute addressing mode as shown in b Example 5 15 Short Addressing Mode Force Operator lt a Long absolute form of addressing chosen by default OVE DO P DATAST DATAST EQU P 23 b Forcing the short absolute addressing mode using lt OVE DO P lt DATAST DATAST EQU P 23 5 16 SC100 Assembly Language Tools gt Long Addressing Mode Force Operator Description Many DSP instructions allow a long form of addressing If the assembler knows the absolute address on pass one then it picks the shortest form of addressing consistent with the instruction format If this is not desired then the long absolute form of addressing can be forced by prefixing the absolute address with the long addressing mode force operator gt In Example 5 16 because the DATAST symbol shown in a is not a for
175. ssion has a memory space attribute other than None and it is different than the forcing memory space attribute The optional forcing memory space attribute is useful to assign a memory space attribute to an expression that consists only of constants but is intended to refer to a fixed address in a memory space The EQU directive is one of the directives that assigns a value other than the program counter to the label The label cannot be redefined anywhere else in the program or section if SECTION directives are being used The expression may be relative or absolute but cannot include a symbol that is not yet defined no forward references are allowed Example 5 41 EQU Directive A D PORT EQU P 4000 Assigns the value 4000 with a memory space attribute of P to the symbol A D PORT COMPUTE EQU LCV L Assigns the value and memory space attribute of the location counter specified by LCV L to the symbol COMPUTE 5 42 SC100 Assembly Language Tools EXITM EXITM Exit Macro Syntax EXITM Description The EXITM directive causes immediate termination of a macro expansion It is useful when used with the conditional assembly directive IF to terminate macro expansion when error conditions are detected The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF MACRO Example 5 42 EXITM Directive CALC ACRO XVAL YVAL IF XVAL lt O FA
176. strings may be used wherever strings are valid and can be nested There are also functions for determining the length of a string and the position of one string within another See Chapter 3 Expressions for more information on string functions 2 14 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Source Listing 2 5 Source Listing The source listing contains the original source statements formatted for easier reading and other assembler generated information Most lines in the listing correspond directly to a source statement Lines which do not correspond directly to source statements include page headings error messages and expansions of macro calls or directives such as DC By default the assembler generates a source listing which is routed to the standard output Optionally the source listing can be e Redirected to an arbitrary destination such as a printer file or null device by using the I O redirection facilities of the host operating system e Redirected to a file named as the argument to the 1 command line option If no argument is present with the 1 option the assembler creates a source listing with the same name as the first source file encountered on the command line and adds a 1st extension e Inhibited by using the IL inhibit listing option 2 5 1 Source Listing Example An example source listing is shown in Figure 2 3 The areas of interest noted in Figure 2 3 are described below Banner The firs
177. t The end address of a nested DO instruction must be less than the end address of the enclosing loop Instruction cannot appear in interrupt vector locations Some instructions cannot be used reliably as interrupt code Instruction does not allow data movement specified using MOVE encoding Instruction does not allow data movement specified using MOVEP encoding Instruction does not allow data movement specified using MOVES encoding An inappropriate MOVE type instruction was written given the type of the operands The assembler substitutes a valid encoding for the operands in question I O short absolute address cannot be forced VO short absolute addressing is not valid for this operation An appropriate addressing mode long absolute short jump short absolute is substituted I O short absolute address cannot be forced long substituted T O short absolute addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes long absolute addressing I O short address cannot be forced VO short addressing is not valid for this operation An appropriate addressing mode long short short jump is substituted VO short address cannot be forced long substituted VO short addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes long addressing Label field ignored The assembler directive does not allow a label so the assembler will not store the label value in the symbol table LN3 Consecutive DOEN withou
178. t intervening loopstart Load location counter overflow Load location counter underflow The load location counter exceeded its maximum or minimum value The assembler wraps the counter value around and continues Load reserved address space violation The load location counter has incremented into a reserved area of data address space B 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Warnings Long absolute address cannot be forced Long absolute addressing is not valid for this operation An appropriate addressing mode I O absolute short jump short absolute is substituted Long absolute address cannot be forced substituting I O short addressing Long absolute addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes I O short addressing Long absolute address cannot be forced substituting short addressing Long absolute addressing is not valid for this operation The assembler substitutes short absolute addressing Long immediate cannot be forced Long immediate data is not valid for this operation An appropriate size for the target DSP is substituted Long PC relative address cannot be forced Long PC relative addressing is not valid for this operation An appropriate addressing mode short PC relative is substituted Macro expansion not active A macro must have been called prior to using the ARGQ or ECNTO functions Macro name is the same as existing assembler directive Macro name is the same
179. t line of every source listing page contains the banner which identifies the assembler and its version number the date and time of assembly the source file name and the listing page number Titles Lines 2 and 3 are reserved for the title and subtitle which are defined with the TITLE and STITLE directives respectively When defined the title and or subtitle appears on each page following the first Field 1 The first field contains the source listing line number Field 2 The second field is the macro definition expansion column This column may contain one of the following indicators Indicator Meaning m O e Q A macro definition is in progress The lines marked with an m are not assembled but are retained for macro expansion A macro expansion is in progress A data expansion is occurring as requested by the oCEX option The line was skipped as a result of an IF THEN ELSE directive sequence The line was automatically generated by the assembler to introduce a pipeline delay SC100 Assembly Language Tools 2 15 SC100 Assembler Field 3 This field contains the memory space value Field 4 This field contains the location counter value Fields 5 n Fields 5 and beyond contain the source statement which may contain one or more instructions depending on whether instruction groups are used Error Error messages are printed in the listing above the line where the error occurred The
180. t print macro definitions NOMEX default reset Do not print macro expansions NOMI default reset Do not scan MACLIB directory paths for include files NoMsw Do not issue warning on memory space incompatibilities NONL default reset Do not display nesting levels on listing NOPP Do not pretty print the source listing Source lines are sent to the source listing as they are encountered in the source with the exception that tabs are expanded to spaces and continuation lines are concatenated into a single physical line for printing NOPS Do not pack strings in DC directive Individual bytes in strings will be stored one byte per word NORC default reset Do not space comments relatively NOU default reset Do not print the lines excluded from the assembly due to a conditional assembly directive 5 60 SC100 Assembly Language Tools OPT NOUR NOW Ep PS RC SO SVO UR W default reset Do not flag unresolved external references Do not print warning messages default reset Pretty print format the source listing The assembler attempts to align fields at a consistent column position without regard to source file formatting default reset Pack strings in DC directive Individual bytes in strings will be packed into consecutive target words for the length of the string Space comments relatively in listing fields By default the assembler places comments at a consistent column position in the sour
181. tension of lst The command shown in Example 2 5 assembles the files filter asm and gaus asm into a single relocatable object file named filter eln and redirects the source listing to a file named filter 1lst Example 2 5 Redirecting the Source Listing to a File asmsc100 b 1filter lst filter asm gaus asm 2 2 6 Controlling Output Messages The options in this section redirect the standard error output stream to a file and control the level of informational messages displayed by the assembler ea file Appends the standard error output stream stderr to the specified file A space is required between ea and the file name ew file Writes the standard error output stream stderr to the specified file overwriting the file if it already exists A space is required between ew and the file name q Quiet mode Suppresses the assembler banner v Verbose mode Reports assembly progress such as beginning of passes and opening and closing of input files to the standard error output stream This is useful to insure that assembly is proceeding normally The command shown in Example 2 5 assembles the files filter asm and gaus asm into a relocatable object file named filter eln redirects the standard error output stream to the file errors and redirects the source listing to a file named filter lst Example 2 6 Redirecting the Source Listing to a File asmsc100 b ew errors 1lfilter lst filter asm gaus asm SC100
182. the exponential function base e raised to the power of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example EXP EQU XPN 1 0 EXP 2 718282 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 13 Expressions 3 14 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Chapter 4 Software Project Management Complex software projects often are divided into smaller program units A team of programmers may write these subprograms in parallel or they may reuse programs written for a previous development effort This chapter discusses the assembler directives that assist in managing these types of software projects 4 1 Sections The assembler provides a pair of directives SECTION and ENDSEC that allow a programmer to encapsulate program units and to define relocatable blocks of code and data so that concerns about memory placement are postponed until after the assembly process A section is bounded by a SECTION directive and an ENDSEC directive as shown in Example 4 1 The SECTION directive defines the start of a section giving it the name specified by sect ion_name The ENDSEC directive defines the end of the section Example 4 1 Section Syntax SECTION section_name GLOBAL section source statements ENDSEC SC100 Assembly Language Tools 4 1 Software Project Management 4 1 1 Section Names A section may be given any name that is not reserved by the system However the assembler recognizes th
183. the target machine word XDEF without preceding SECTION directive XREF without preceding SECTION directive An XDEF or XREF directive was encountered outside any previously defined section XLL option must be used before any local label The XLL option must be activated before any local labels are encountered so that the assembler can make the appropriate entries in the symbol table XR option must be used before any label The XR option must be activated before any labels are encountered so that the assembler can make the appropriate entries in the symbol table B 30 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Assembler Fatal Errors B 4 Assembler Fatal Errors lt mode gt encoding failure A bad address mode indicator or register number was passed to the assembler encoding routines lt mode gt represents the register set or addressing mode in question This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Absolute mode select failure The mode indicator passed to the absolute addressing mode selection logic was not valid This is a serious internal error that should be reported to StarCore Arithmetic exception An internal floating point exception occurred while evaluating an expression The assembler cannot continue Cannot encode instruction Cannot encode branch instruction Cannot encode jump instruction The correspondence between the source opcode mnemonic and the internal opcode type has been corrupted T
184. tive IF LISTOFF NOLIST Turn the listing off ENDIF 5 56 SC100 Assembly Language Tools OPT OPT Assembler Options Syntax OPT option option comment Description The OPT directive designates one or more assembler options Multiple options must be separated by commas with no intervening spaces The options that are used as arguments to this directive may also be designated on the command line with o For example a memory utilization report may be requested by entering either of the following e omuon the command line or e OPT MuU in the source file Options can be grouped by function into the following types Table 5 3 identifies the options within each type e Listing format control e Reporting e Message control e Symbol e Assembler operation Table 5 3 Summary of OPT Options Type Option Description Listing FC Fold trailing comments Format FF Enable form feeds for page ejects Control FM Format messages PP Pretty print the source listing RC Enable relative comment spacing Reporting CEX Print DC expansions CL Print conditional assembly directives DXL Expand DEFINE directive strings in listing HDR Generate listing headers IL Inhibit source listing MC Print macro calls MD Print macro definitions MEX Print macro expansions MU Print memory utilization report NL Print conditional assembly and section nesting levels U Print skipped conditional assembly lines SC1
185. tput to the source listing The source listing is printed by default If the oIL option has been specified on the command line the LIST directive is ignored when it is encountered in the source program The LIST directive increments a counter that is checked for a positive value and is symmetrical with respect to the NOLIST directive Note the following sequence Counter value currently 1 EIST Counter value 2 LIST Counter value r r NOLIST Counter value 3 2 NOLIST Counter value 1 The assembler will not disable the listing until it encounters another NOLIST directive The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also NOLIST OPT Example 5 50 LIST Directive IF LISTON LIST Turn the listing back on ENDIF SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 51 LOMEM LOMEM Set Low Memory Bounds Syntax LOMEM P exprl Description The LOMEM directive establishes an absolute low memory bound for code and data generation This directive may be used in absolute mode only The components of this directive are as follows P The P memory space expr An absolute integer value within the address range of the machine The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also HIMEM Example 5 51 LOMEM Directive LOMEM P 100 Set P run low mem bounds 5 52 SC100 Assembly Language Tools MACLIB MACLIB Macro Library Syntax MACLIB pathname D
186. ussion of grouping restrictions refer to the SC140 DSP Core Reference Manual e Each SC140 instruction group can contain up to six instructions four DALU operations and two AGU operations e A bit mask operation counts as an AGU operation and cannot be grouped with another bit mask operation e The total instruction word count in an SC140 set cannot exceed eight words including the prefix e Instructions that modify the same register cannot be grouped together Following are two important examples of this restriction Two change of flow instructions can be regarded as dual PC updates and are therefore restricted Only one instruction can update the T true bit in the status register The assembler interprets each line containing instructions as an instruction group This is illustrated in Example 2 11 Example 2 11 Single Line Instruction Group move f r2 d0 move f r2 d8 cre dh An execution set with 3 instructions When delimited with brackets an instruction group may span multiple lines as illustrated in Example 2 12 Note the following about this example No more than two instructions and one comment are included on each line This is to facilitate readability it is not a requirement e DALU and AGU instructions are separated beginning with DALU instructions and ending with AGU instructions e The instruction group is delimited with brackets Example 2 12 Multiple Line SC140 Instruction Gr
187. uted The PC relative offset is not within the range specifying a short PC relative offset even though the short forcing operator has been used The assembler substitutes long PC relative addressing Post update operation will not occur on destination register If the source operand in a MOVE operation specifies a post update addressing mode and the destination register is the same as the source operand register then the post update operation will not take place PRCTL directive ignored no explicit listing file The PRCTL directive takes effect only if the 1 option is used on the command line to explicitly specify a listing file Redefinition of symbol A symbol used in a DEFINE directive has been redefined without an intervening UNDEF directive The assembler discards the previous definition and replaces it with the new definition Rounding not available with LMS move using MAC MPY encoding A MACR or MPYR instruction was specified in conjunction with LMS move syntax Runtime location counter overflow Runtime location counter underflow The runtime location counter exceeded its maximum or minimum value The assembler wraps the counter value around and continues Runtime reserved address space violation The runtime location counter has incremented into a reserved area of data address space Short absolute address cannot be forced Short absolute addressing is not valid for this operation An appropriate addressing mode long
188. value of the expression in the operand field to the label Labels defined using the GSET directive can have their values redefined in another part of the program through the use of another GSET or SET directive The GSET directive is useful for resetting a global SET symbol within a section where the SET symbol would otherwise be considered local The expression in the operand field of a GSET must be absolute and cannot include a symbol that is not yet defined no forward references are allowed See also DEFINE EQU SET Example 5 46 GSET Directive COUNT GSET 0 Initialize count SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 47 HIMEM HIMEM Set High Memory Bounds Syntax HIMEM P exprl Description The HIMEM directive establishes an absolute high memory bound for code and data generation This directive may be used in absolute mode only The arguments for this directive are as follows P The P memory space expr An absolute integer value within the address range of the machine The assembler does not allow a label with this directive See also LOMEM Example 5 47 HIMEM Directive HIMEM P S7FFF Set P run high mem bounds 5 48 SC100 Assembly Language Tools IF Conditional Assembly Directive Syntax IF expression ELSE ENDIF Description The IF ENDIF directive pair defines the part of a program that is to be conditionally assembled The expression must have an absolute integer result It i
189. ves which direct its behavior Directives are commands that instruct the assembler to carry out an action during assembly and are not always translated into machine language 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters There are several one and two character sequences that are significant to the assembler Some have multiple meanings depending on the context in which they are used These characters are listed in Table 5 1 and are described later in this chapter Special characters associated with expression evaluation are described in Chapter 3 Expressions Table 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters Character Description Comment delimiter s Unreported comment delimiter Line continuation character or macro dummy argument concatenation operator Macro value substitution operator Macro hex value substitution operator Ks Macro local label override operator il Macro string delimiter or quoted string DEFINE expansion character O Function delimiter Location counter substitution String concatenation operator Substring delimiter and instruction grouping operator lt Short addressing mode force operator gt Long addressing mode force operator Immediate addressing mode operator lt Immediate short addressing mode force operator gt Immediate long addressing mode force operator Hex constants indicator String constants delimiter SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 1 Assembler Direct
190. ward reference the assembler picks the short absolute form of addressing If this is not desirable then the long absolute addressing mode can be forced as shown in b Example 5 16 Long Addressing Mode Force Operator gt a Short absolute form of addressing chosen by default DATAST EQU P 23 OVE DO P DATAST b Forcing the long absolute addressing mode using gt DATAST EQU P 23 OVE DO P gt DATAST SC100 Assembly Language Tools 5 17 Immediate Addressing Mode Description The pound sign directs the assembler to use the immediate addressing mode Example 5 17 Immediate Addressing Mode CNST EQU 5 OVE CNST DO 5 18 SC100 Assembly Language Tools lt lt Immediate Short Addressing Mode Force Operator Description Many DSP instructions allow a short immediate form of addressing If the assembler knows the immediate data on pass one that is it is not a forward or external reference then the assembler picks the shortest form of immediate addressing consistent with the instruction If the immediate data is a forward or external reference then the assembler picks the long form of immediate addressing by default If this is not desired then the short form of addressing can be forced using the immediate short addressing mode force operator lt In Example 5 18 because the CNST symbol shown in a is not known to the assembler on pass one the assemble
191. writing of comprehensive source programs that can cover many conditions Assembly conditions may be specified through the use of arguments in the case of macros and through definition of symbols through the DEFINE SET and EQU directives Variations of parameters can then cause assembly of only those parts necessary for the given conditions The built in functions of the assembler provide a versatile means of testing many conditions of the assembly environment See Section Section 3 7 Functions for more information on the assembler built in functions Conditional directives can also be used within a macro definition to ensure that arguments fall within a range of allowable values at expansion time In this way macros become self checking and can generate error messages to any desired level of detail 6 4 SC100 Assembly Language Tools Conditional Assembly A section of a program that is to be conditionally assembled must be bounded by an IF ENDIF directive pair as follows IF expression source statements ELSE source statements ENDIF The following conditions determine whether the source statements bounded by the IF ENDIF directives are included in the source file being assembled or are ignored If the ELSE directive is And expression is Then the source statements between Not present True non zero IF and ENDIF are included for assembly False zero IF and ENDIF are ignored Present True n
192. xample IF SCP STR MAIN Check if STR equals MAIN ASGN expr Returns the sign of expr as an integer 1 if the argument is negative 0 if zero 1 if positive The memory space attribute of the result will be N The expression may be relative or absolute Example IF SGN INPUT Check if sign is positive SIN expr Returns the sine of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example DC SIN CVF COUNT FREQ Compute sine value SNH expr Returns the hyperbolic sine of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example HSINE EQU SNH VAL Hyperbolic sine QSOT expr Returns the square root of expr as a floating point value expr must be positive The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example SORT EQU SQT 3 5 SQRT 1 870829 CTAN expr Returns the tangent of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example MOVE TAN 1 0 D1 S Load tangent TNH expr Returns the hyperbolic tangent of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example HTAN TNH VAL Hyperbolic tangent QUNF expr Converts expr to a floating point value The expr should represent a binary fraction The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example FRC EQU UNF 400000 FRC 0 5 XPN expr Returns
193. xample The functions are shown as upper case in this section in order to highlight them however the functions are not case sensitive ABS expr ACS expr Returns the absolute value of expr as a floating point value The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example MOVE ABS VAL D4 S Load absolute value Returns the arc cosine of expr as a floating point value in the range zero to pi The result of expr must be between 1 and 1 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example ACOS ACS 1 0 ACOS 3 141593 ARG symbol expr ASN expr Returns integer 1 if the macro argument represented by symbol or expr is present 0 otherwise If the argument is a symbol it must be single quoted and refer to a dummy argument name If the argument is an expr it refers to the ordinal position of the argument in the macro dummy argument list A warning is issued if this function is used when no macro expansion is active The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example IF ARG TWIDDLE Is twiddle factor provided Returns the arc sine of expr as a floating point value in the range pi 2 to pi 2 The result of expr must be between 1 and 1 The memory space attribute of the result will be N Example ARCSINE SET ASN 1 0 ARCSINE 1 570796 SC100 Assembly Language Tools 3 7 Expressions AT2 expr1 expr2 ATN expr CCC CEL expr
194. y after DOEN SH or move to LC 1d2 Three four or more execution sets are required between DOEN or write to LC and loop end d3 Two three or more execution sets are required between DOENSH or write to LC and the first execution set 1d4 Write to SR is not allowed before DOEN SH Las One two or more execution sets required between LC update and CONT D instruction 1d6 At least three execution sets required between DOSETUP and last execution set 1d7 At least one execution set required between CONT D and modification of SA 1da8 At least three execution sets required between read of LC and last set of loop 1a9 At least one execution set required between read of LC and first set of short loop g3 Less than three sets between MOVE PUSH SR and end of loop 194 Short loop SA follows MOVE PUSH SR 111 Illegal delay slot instruction in last two execution sets of a loop 112 DOEN SH or write to LC not allowed in last three execution sets of a loop 113 Illegal delay slot instruction in short loop 1n1 Nested loops cannot end in same address 1n2 A loop may only be nested inside a loop of a smaller DOEN number 1n3 Consecutive DOEN without intervening loopstart 1n4 Nested short loopend cannot occur in last two execution sets of outer loop r2 Cannot compare a register to itself SC100 Assembly Language Tools SC100 Assembler Table 2 2 Restriction Error Messages Continued Tag Error Message sr2 Instruction not allowed within two execution
195. y once in the label field of an individual source file unless it is used as a local label discussed in Section 2 4 7 Symbols Used as Labels or used with the SET directive If a non local label occurs more than once in a label field each reference to that label after the first is flagged as an error 2 4 2 Operation Field The operation field appears after the label field and must be preceded by at least one space or tab Entries in the operation field may be one of the following types Opcode Mnemonics that correspond directly to machine instructions Directive Special operation codes known to the assembler which control the assembly process Macro Call Invocation of a previously defined macro which is to be inserted in place of the macro call The assembler first searches for operation codes in an internal macro definition table If it does not find a match it searches the table of machine operation codes and assembler directives If neither of the tables holds the specified operation code the assembler generates an error message This sequence can be altered using the MACLIB directive Macro names can therefore replace standard machine operation codes and assembler directives although a warning will be issued if such a replacement occurs See Section 5 2 Assembler Directives for more information on the MACLIB directive 2 4 3 Operand Field The interpretation of the operand field is dependent on the contents of the operat
196. ymbols within quoted strings Can also be done on a case by case basis using double quoted strings Do not restrict directives in DO loops The presence of some directives in DO loops does not make sense including some OPT directive variations This option suppresses errors on particular directives in loops default reset Expand DEFINE directive strings in listing Fold trailing comments Any trailing comments that are included in a source line will be folded underneath the source line and aligned with the opcode field Lines that start with the comment character will be aligned with the label field in the source listing The FC option is useful for displaying the source listing on 80 column devices Use form feeds for page ejects in the source listing Format assembler messages so that the message text is aligned and broken at word boundaries Make all section symbols global This has the same effect as declaring every section explicitly GLOBAL This option must be given before any sections are defined explicitly in the source file default reset Generate listing header along with titles and subtitles Ignore case in symbol section and macro names This directive must be issued before any symbols sections or macros are defined Inhibit source listing This option stops the assembler from producing a source listing default reset in absolute mode Perform interrupt location checks Certain DSP instructions may not appear in t

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