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GAUSS for Windows User Guide

1. TO 244 2 834 3 602 3 333 4 822 5 14 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 The difference between specifying N or N 1 delimiters can be seen here 456 4 345 2 533 22 624 3 639 5 602 3 333 4 If the invar statement had specified 3 variables and N 1 delimiters this file would be interpreted as having three rows containing a missing in the 2 1 element and the 3 3 element like this 456 4 345 2 533 2 624 3 639 5 602 3 333 4 If N delimiters had been specified this file would be interpreted as having two rows and a final incomplete row that is dropped 456 4 345 2 533 2 624 3 639 5 The spaces were shown only for clarity and are not significant in delimited files so BILL 222 3 123 2 456 4 345 2 533 2 STEVE 624 3 340 3 624 3 639 5 TOM 244 2 834 3 602 3 333 4 822 5 would work just as well Linefeeds are significant only if n is specified as the delimiter or when using r This example invar delimit r name var 5 will expect a file with no comma after the final element in each row BILD 22203 LL 456 4 345 2 533 2 STEVE 624 3 340 3 245 3 624 3 639 5 TO 244 2 834 3 60263 33364 822 55 14 6 Utilities Packed ASCII Files Packed ASCII files must have fixed length records The record subcommand is used to specify the record length and variables are specified by giving their type starting position length and the position o
2. Extended Data Set v89 Obsolete Data sets with more than 8175 columns are saved in an extended format These files have a dht descriptor file formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 EEDA hex identification flag 2 3 data type in dat file 2 4 8 unsigned 2 byte integer 4 7 reserved all 0 s 8 11 columns unsigned 4 byte integer 12 15 row size in bytes unsigned 4 byte integer 16 19 header size in bytes unsigned 4 byte integer 20 23 reserved all 0 s 24 27 reserved all 0 s 28 29 control flags unsigned 2 byte integer 30 127 reserved all 0 s Aside from the differences in the descriptor file and the number of columns allowed in the data file extended data sets conform to the v89 data set description specified above Matrix v92 Obsolete Offset Description 0 3 always 0 4 7 always OXEECDCDCD 8 11 reserved 9 16 File I O Offset Description 12 15 reserved 16 19 reserved 20 23 0 real matrix 1 complex matrix 24 27 number of dimensions 0 scalar 1 row vector 2 column vector matrix 28 31 header size 128 dimensions 4 padded to 8 byte boundary 32 127 reserved If the data is a scalar the data will directly follow the header If the data is a row vector an unsigned integer equaling the number of columns in the vector will precede the data along with 4 padding bytes If the data is a column vector or a matrix there will be two unsigned integers preceding the data The
3. _psym Mx7 matrix M extra symbols will be plotted M 1 x location M 2 y location M 3 symbol type See _pstype earlier M 4 symbol height If this is 0 a default height of 5 0 will be used M 5 symbol color see Colors page 10 12 M 6 type of coordinates 1 plot coordinates 2 inch coordinates M 7 line thickness A value of zero is normal line width _psym3d Mx7 matrix for plotting extra symbols on a 3 D surface or xyz graph m 1 x location in plot coordinates M 2 y location in plot coordinates M 3 z location in plot coordinates M 4 symbol type See _pstype earlier M 5 symbol height If this is 0 a default height of 5 0 will be used M 6 symbol color see Colors page 10 12 M 7 line thickness A value of 0 is normal line width Use _psym for plotting extra symbols in inch coordinates _psymsiz scalar or Kx1 vector symbol size for the symbols on the main curves This is NOT related to _psym If 0 a default size of 5 0 is used _ptek string name of Tektronix format graphics file This must have a tkf extension If this is set to a null string the graphics file will be suppressed The default is graphic tkf _pticout scalar If 1 tick marks point outward on graphs Default is 0 13 26 _ptitlht _pversno _pxpmax _pxsci _pypmax _pysci _pzclr _pzoom _pzpmax _pzsci Publication Quality Graphics scalar the height of the
4. If this value is scalar it will be expanded to a vector 0 no axes numbers displayed 1 axes numbers displayed vertically oriented on Y axis 2 axes numbers displayed horizontally oriented on Y axis For example _pnum 0 2 no X axis numbers horizontal on Y axis scalar size of axes numbers in inches If 0 default a size of 0 13 inch will be used scalar If 0 no rotation if 1 plot will be rotated 90 degrees Default is 0 scalar If 1 display graph in window if 0 do not display graph in window Default is 1 scalar If 0 a beep will sound when the graph is finished drawing to the window Default is 1 no beep scalar or Kx1 vector controls symbol used at graph points To use a single symbol type for all points set this to one of the following scalar values 1 circle 8 solid circle 2 square 9 solid square 3 triangle 10 solid triangle 4 plus 11 solid plus 5 diamond 12 solid diamond 6 inverted triangle 13 solid inverted triangle 7 star x 14 solid star x 13 25 Using GAUSS for Windows95 If this is a vector each line will have a different symbol Symbols will repeat if there are more lines than symbol types _psurf 2x1 vector controls 3 D surface characteristics 1 if 1 show hidden lines Default is 0 2 color for base default 7 see Colors page 10 12 The base is an outline of the X Y plane with a line connecting each corner to the surface If 0 no base is drawn
5. y x rv cv y rv cv x rv and ev can be any expressions returning vectors or matrices The elements of rv will be used as the row indices and the elements of cv will be used as the column indices If rv is a scalar 0 all rows will be used if ev is a scalar 0 all columns will be used If a vector is used in an index expression it is illegal to use the space operator or the colon operator on the same side of the comma as the vector Arrays of Matrices and Strings It is possible to index sets of matrices or strings using the varget function In this example a set of matrix names is assigned to mvec The name y is indexed from mvec and passed to varget which will return the global matrix y The returned matrix is inverted and assigned to g mvec Xy Za i 2 g inv varget mvec i The following procedure can be used to index the matrices in mvec more directly proc imvec i retp varget mvec i endp Then imvec i will equal the matrix whose name is in the ith element of mvec 4 31 Using GAUSS for Windows95 In the example above the procedure imvec was written so that it always operates on the vector mvec The following procedure makes it possible to pass in the vector of names being used proc get array i retp varget array i endp Then get mvec 3 will return the 3rd matrix listed in mvec proc put x array 1 retp varput x array i endp And put x mvec 3 will assign x
6. Debug Window You use the GAUSS Debugger to watch the program code as it runs Prior to running the debugger breakpoints and watch variables can be set to stop the program at points you set and provide additional data as the code is run You can run any GAUSS program file by selecting Debug Current File or Debug Main File from the Debug mene This automatically starts debugging the file in the GAUSS Debug window Using the Windows Interface The Debugger uses the following color codes e Yellow highlighting indicates the next line of code to be run e Red highlighting indicates a breakpoint The current status of variables specified using the Watch option is shown above the Status bar The number of lines executed appears on the Status bar as well as the file name shows the number of lines executed The current file active line and the procedure being run You can select from the following options Step Into runs the next executable line of code in the application and steps into procedures Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl I Step Over runs the next executable line of code in the application but does not step into procedures Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl V Step Out runs the remainder of the current procedure and stops at the next line in the calling procedure Step out returns if a breakpoint is encountered ra Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl O Run to Breakpoint runs all the remaining prog
7. 4 6xinv 8 9 3 14 6 2 sqrt 3 4 a bxc a b c d e a d a b d c a c d 74 2x 31 A computer language needs facilities for decision making and looping to control the order in which computations are done GAUSS has several kinds of flow control statements Language Fundamentals Looping do loop The do statement can be used in GAUSS to control looping do while scalar_expression loop if expression is true Statements endo also do until scalar_expression loop if expression is false Statements endo The scalar_expression is any expression that returns a scalar result The expression will be evaluated as TRUE if its real part is nonzero and FALSE if it is zero There is no counter variable that is automatically incremented in a do loop If one is used it must be set to its initial value before the loop is entered and explicitly incremented or decremented inside the loop 4 23 Using GAUSS for Windows95 4 24 The following example illustrates nested do loops that use counter variables format rdn 1 0 Y rr space comma i 1 do while i lt 4 J Ly do while j lt 3 print space i comma j j 3 1 endo i itl print endo This will print 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 1 4 2 4 3 Use the relational and logical operators without the dot in the expression that controls a do loo
8. ABCDEFGHIJ12345678901234567890 lt CR gt lt LF gt position 1 10 20 30 31 32 14 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 This example invar record 32 1 3 group dept 11 4 2 x 3 5 Y will result in variable value type group ABC dept DEF X1 12 34 X2 56 78 X3 90 12 Y 34567 This example character character numeric numeric numeric numeric invar record 32 dept 2 id 5 wage 2 area will result in variable value type dept ABCDEFGH character id IJ character WAGE 12345 numeric AREA 67 numeric msym Specifies the character in the input file that is to be interpreted as a missing value This example msym Defines the character as the missing value character The default dot will always be interpreted as a missing value unless it is part of a numeric value 14 8 Utilities nocheck Optional suppresses automatic checking of packed ASCII record length and output data type The default is to increase the record length by 2 bytes if the second record in a packed file starts with cr lf and any files that have explicitly defined character data will be output in double precision regardless of the type specified output The name of the GAUSS data set A file will be created with the extension dat For example output c gauss dat test creates the file test dat on the c gauss dat directory outtyp Selects the numerical accura
9. CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL Select text to the end of the document Open bookmark dialog box Copy selected text to the Windows Clipboard Toggle Debug Output window Find Replace text Go to line number Open a new untitled window Open a file and start a new window Print current window or selected text Quit GAUSS Run file Save window to file Paste text from Windows Clipboard to the active window Cut selected text and place a copy on the Windows Clipboard Undo the last edit Function Keys Menu Keys Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F10 F11 F12 ALT F4 CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL CTRL HF1 SHFT F2 ESC ALT A ALT C Using the Windows Interface Open the GAUSS Help system or if you have selected a GAUSS keyword or other supported object Context Sensitive Help Execute Main File Find again Replace again Toggle Command Output window Toggle operating mode Clear to end of text Select Menu bar Toggle macro record on off Playback macro Quit GAUSS Source file browser Execute GAUSS Close active window Switch to next window Jump to nth bookmark in bookmark list Insert GAUSS prompt Unmark marked text Action Menu Configuration Menu 3 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 ALT E Edit Menu ALT D Debug Menu ALT F File Menu ALT H Help Menu ALT M Mode Menu ALT S Search Menu ALT W Window Menu Edit Keys KEYPAD PLUS Copy
10. Right one word Beginning of the line End of the line Next screen up Next screen down Top of the window Bottom of the window Beginning of the document End of the document Delete the character to the left of the cursor or delete selected text Delete the character to the right of the cursor or delete selected text Copy the selected text to the Clipboard Delete the selected text and place it onto the Clipboard Paste text from the Clipboard at the caret Undo the last editing action Copy the selected text or the current line to the Clipboard BRIEF keypad preference only Delete the selected text or the current line and place it onto the Windows Clipboard BRIEF keypad preference only Paste text from the Windows Clipboard to the cursor position BRIEF keypad preference only Undo the last editing action BRIEF keypad preference only Select one line of text up Select one line of text down Select one character to the left Select one character to the right SHIFT CTRL LEFT ARROW Select one word to the left SHIFT CTRL RIGHT ARROW Select one word to the right SHIFT HOME SHIFT END SHIFT PAGE UP SHIFT PAGE DOWN SHIFT CTRL HOME Select to the beginning of the line Select to the end of the line Select up one screen Select down one screen Select text to the beginning of the document 3 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Shortcut Keys SHIFT CTRL END Command Keys 3 6 CTRL CTRL CTRL
11. line A null byte 000 is used to separate strings in_plegstr and _pmsgstr _pmsgstr First string 000Second string 000Third string or _plegstr Curve 1 000Curve 2 A t Use the to create the expression M t Ele _pmsgstr M t E e tx Use the to generate and in an X axis label xlabel Data used for x is data 1 2 3 Selecting Fonts 13 10 Four fonts are supplied with the Publication Quality Graphics system They are Simplex Complex Simgrma and Microb For the characters available in each font see Appendix A Fonts are loaded by passing to the fonts procedure a string containing the names of all fonts to be loaded For example this statement will load all four fonts fonts simplex complex microb simgrma Publication Quality Graphics The fonts command must be called before any of the fonts can be used in text strings A font can then be selected by embedding an escape code of the form 20n in the string that is to be written in the new font The n will be 1 2 3 or 4 depending on the order in which the fonts were loaded in fonts If the fonts were loaded as in the previous example the escape characters for each would be 201 Simplex 202 Complex 203 Microb 204 Simgrma The example then for selecting a font for each string to be written would be title 201This is the title using Simplex font xlabel 20
12. there will be no shift Default is 0 Note Used internally For the same functionality see axmargin in the GAUSS Language Reference This is used by the graphics panel routines The user must not set this when using the graphic panel procedures 2x1 vector size of the axes area in inches If scalar 0 the maximum size will be used Note Used internally For the same functionality see axmargin in the GAUSS Language Reference This is used by the graphics panel routines The user must not set this when using the graphic panel procedures scalar or Kx1 vector line type for the main curves If this is a nonzero scalar all lines will be this type If scalar 0 line types will be default styles Default is 0 dashed dotted short dashes closely spaced dots dots and dashes solid NU F amp F WN FE 13 23 Using GAUSS for Windows95 The default line types come from a global vector called _plsel This vector can be changed by editing pgraph dec to change the default line types _pl1sel is not documented elsewhere _plwidth scalar or Kx1 vector line thickness for main curves This value may be zero or greater A value of zero is normal single pixel line width Default is 0 _pmcolor 9xl vector color values to use for plot see Colors page 10 12 1 axes 2 axes numbers 3 X axis label 4 Y axis label 5 Z axis label 6 title 7 box 8 date 9 background If this is scalar it
13. x y n s agepaysex sa age pay sex Character Matrices Matrices can have either numeric or character elements For convenience a matrix containing character elements is referred to as a character matrix A character matrix is not a separate data type but gives you the ability to store and manipulate data elements that are composed of ASCII characters as well as floating point numbers For example you may want to concatenate a column vector containing the names of the variables in an analysis onto a matrix containing the coefficients standard errors t statistic and p value You can then print out the entire matrix with a separate format for each column with one call to the function print fm 4 18 Language Fundamentals The logic of the programs will dictate the type of data assigned to a matrix and the increased flexibility allowed by being able to bundle both types of data together in a single matrix can be very powerful You could for instance create a moment matrix from your data concatenate a new row onto it containing the names of the variables and save it to disk with the save command Numeric matrices are double precision which means that each element is stored in 8 bytes A character matrix can thus have elements of up to 8 characters GAUSS does not automatically keep track of whether a matrix contains character or numeric information The ASCII to GAUSS conversion program ATOG will record the types of variab
14. 12 2 See also lineson in the GAUSS Language Reference The syntax for srcfile and srcline is different than for the other directives that take arguments Typically directives do not take arguments in parentheses that is they look like keywords define red 4 srcfile and srcline however do take their arguments in parentheses like procedures srcline 12 This allows you to place srcline statements in the middle of GAUSS commands so that line numbers are reported precisely as you want them For example srcline 1 print Here is a multi line srcline 2 sentence if it contains a run time error srcline 3 you will know exactly srcline 4 which part of the sentence has the problem The argument supplied to srcfile does not need quotes srcfile c gauss test e Procedures A procedure allows you to define a new function which you can then use as if it were an intrinsic function It is called in the same way as an intrinsic function y myproc a b c Procedures are isolated from the rest of your program and cannot be entered except by calling them Some or all of the variables inside a procedure can be local variables local variables exist only when the procedure is actually executing and then 4 6 Language Fundamentals disappear Local variables cannot get mixed up with other variables of the same name in your main program or in other procedures For details
15. 24 27 28 32 36 5 6 Operators Horizontal direct product Z x y 12 x 34 2 56 y 78 _ 5 6 1012 21 24 28 32 The input matrices x and y must have the same number of rows The result will have cols x cols y columns Other Matrix Operators Transpose operator yun The columns of y will contain the same values as the rows of x and the rows of y will contain the same values as the columns of x For complex matrices this computes the complex conjugate transpose If an operand immediately follows the transpose operator the will be interpreted as Thus y x x is equivalent toy x x Bookkeeping transpose operator yprnx This is provided primarily as a matrix handling tool for complex matrices For all matrices the columns of y will contain the same values as the rows of x and the rows of y will contain the same values as the columns of x The complex conjugate transpose is NOT computed when you use If an operand immediately follows the bookkeeping transpose operator the will be interpreted as Thus y x x is equivalent toy x x 5 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Vertical concatenation z xly 1 23 x 345 Y 789 123 z 345 789 Horizontal concatenation Z xy 12 p 3 4 ds 56 78 _ 1256 A 3478 Relational Operators 5 8 For details on how matrix conformability is defined for element by element operators see Element b
16. GAUSS for Windows95 If the data is a row vector an unsigned integer equaling the number of columns in the vector will precede the data along with 4 padding bytes If the data is a column vector or a matrix there will be two unsigned integers preceding the data The first will represent the number of rows in the matrix and the second will represent the number of columns The data area always begins on an even 8 byte boundary Numbers are stored in double precision 8 bytes per element 16 if complex For complex matrices all of the real parts are stored first followed by all the imaginary parts Data Set v96 9 20 Offset Description 0 3 always OXFFFFFFFF 4 7 always 0 8 11 always OXFFFFFFFF 12 15 always 0 16 19 always OXFFFFFFFF 20 23 OxFFFFFFFF for forward byte order 0 for backward byte order 24 27 OxFFFFFFFF for forward bit order 0 for backward bit order 28 31 0xABCDEF02 32 35 version currently 1 36 39 reserved 40 43 floating point type 1 for IEEE 754 44 47 12 signed 2 byte integer 1004 single precision floating point 1008 double precision float 48 51 2 4 or 8 the size of an element in bytes 52 55 0 real matrix 1 complex matrix 56 59 1 imaginary part of matrix follows real part standard GAUSS style 2 imaginary part of each element immediately follows real part FORTRAN style 60 63 always 2 File I O Offset Description 64 67 1 row major ordering of elements 2 column majo
17. If you want to get the data set name from a string variable and the variable names from a character vector use dataset olsdat let vnames age pay sex create fl1 dataset with vnames 0 2 The substitution operator works with load and save also lpath c gauss procs name mydata load path lpath x name command dir fmt The general syntax is variable_name Expressions are not allowed Language Fundamentals The following commands are supported with the substitution operator create fl1 dataset with vnames 0 2 create fl dataset using cmdfile open f1 dataset output file outfile load load save save x datafile path lpath x y z t w name X path spath run prog msym mstring String Arrays String arrays are NxK matrices of strings Here is a partial list of the functions for manipulating string arrays td declare delete fgetsa fgetsat format fputs fputst let loads lprint lshow Vertical string array concatenation operator Horizontal string array concatenation operator Extract subarrays or individual strings from their corresponding array or assign their values Transpose operator Bookkeeping transpose operator Initialize variables at compile time Delete specified global symbols Read multiple lines of text from a file Read multiple lines of text from a file dis
18. Run Current File button on the Toolbar e Clicking the GAUSS Status on the status bar Note If a block of code is selected then this block and not the entire file will be executed The current line number is displayed on the Status bar You can execute the file displayed on the Main file list the main file by using one of the following Selecting Run Main file on the Action men Pressing F2 Clicking the Run Main file icon on the Toolbar Options An Output Mode option specifies whether the output is displayed in the Command window Cmnd I O or the Output window Split I O You can toggle this option by clicking the status on the Status bar An Enter to Execute option is available which determines whether typing lt Enter gt will execute the GAUSS command or not You can toggle this option by clicking the status of this option on the Status Bar Editing Keys Cursor Movement Keys UP ARROW Up one line DOWN ARROW Down one line LEFT ARROW Left one character RIGHT ARROW Right one character CTRL LEFT ARROW Left one word 3 4 CTRL RIGHT ARROW HOME END PAGE UP PAGE DOWN CTRL PAGE UP CTRL PAGE DOWN CTRL HOME CTRL END Editing Keys BACKSPACE DEL CTRL INS or CTRL C SHIFT DEL or CTRL X SHIFT INS or CTRL V CTRL Z KeyPad PLUS KeyPad MINUS INS Asterisk Text Selection Keys SHIFT UP ARROW SHIFT DOWN ARROW SHIFT LEFT ARROW SHIFT RIGHT ARROW Using the Windows Interface
19. Run Program is grayed and not available in this window You must run the commands or file from either the Command or Edit window Output is shown below the code in Command mode In Split I O mode the output appears in the Output window To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Input Output Window command Toolbar Shortcut Run Command Run Current File Run marked block Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl F2 Pause Program You use the Pause Program command to suspend a program while it is in the process of running Using GAUSS for Windows95 Output is shown below the code in Cmnd mode In Split I O mode the output appears in the Output window To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Input Output Window command Resume Program You use the Resume Program command to restart program execution after using the Suspend Job command During execution output is displayed beneath the current block of GAUSS code if the output mode is set to Cmnd and to the Output Window if the output mode is set to Split I O To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Command Output Window command Toolbar Shortcut Execute command Execute file Execute marked block Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl F2 Stop Program You use the Suspend Program command to stop a program while it is in the process of running Output is shown below the code in Cmnd mode In Split I
20. Window if the output mode is set to Split T O Note this command is different than the GAUSS Compile command which compiles a program and saves the pseudocode as a file Toolbar Shortcut Status Bar The Status bar is located along the bottom of the GAUSS window The status of the following windows and processes are shown on the Status bar GAUSS Status The first section of the Status bar shows the current GAUSS status The normal status is Ready when not running code From time to time you are alerted to the task GAUSS is performing by new messages appearing in this section of the Status bar Clicking the GAUSS status is equivalent to clicking the Run Program icon on the Toolbar Command Window Command Edit and Output always appear on the Status bar When the background color behind Command is a lighter shade of gray the Command window has focus and is considered the active window You enter interactive commands in the Command window The Command window can be selected from the Windows menu or from the Status bar by clicking on Command When the output mode is Cmnd I O output will be written to the Command window Edit Window Command Edit and Output always appear on the Status bar When the background color behind Edit is a lighter shade of gray the Edit window has focus and is considered the active window Using the Windows Interface An Edit window is created when you open a file When you execute GAUSS fro
21. a split window e You use the Split Vertically command to split the active window into two vertical panes When a window is split a splitter bar appears between the two sides of the window and is used to define where the window split is positioned e You use the Split Horizontally command to split the active window into two horizontal panes When a window is split a splitter bar appears between the upper Using the Windows Interface and lower half of the window and is used to define where the window split is positioned You can move the splitter bar by dragging it with the mouse Toolbar Shortcut No Split Split Vertically Split Horizontally GAUSS Reference You use the GAUSS Reference command to access the online GAUSS Language Reference guide The Guide contains the syntax for each GAUSS command Toolbar Shortcut Run Commands The Run commands allow you to run the code you have entered a block of code you selected or the active file depending on the active window The following entries appear on the Action menu of the respective windows Command window Run Commands runs the commands you enter in the Command window Run Marked Block runs the text you selected in the Command window Edit window Run Current File runs the active file Run Marked Block runs the text you selected in the Edit window Output window Run Program is grayed and not available in this window You must run the commands or file from e
22. arrow 13 13 bar 13 15 box 13 16 pbox 13 16 z level 13 5 comma 5 13 command 4 2 comments 4 29 comparison operator 4 30 compilation phase 12 3 compile 8 1 Index 2 compile time 4 1 compiled language 4 1 compiler 8 1 complex 14 3 complex constants 4 11 complex atog command 14 1 concatenation matrix 5 8 conditional branching 4 26 configuration 2 5 conformability 5 1 constants complex 4 11 contour 13 1 contour levels 13 19 control flow 4 22 coordinates 13 6 cropping 13 2 13 17 D data loop 12 1 data sets 9 6 dataloop 12 1 date 13 3 debugging 8 2 delete 12 2 delimited files 9 3 delimited hard 14 5 delimited soft 14 4 descriptor file 9 14 division 5 5 do loop 4 23 dot relational operator 5 17 5 18 draw 13 1 drop 12 2 E element by element conformability 5 1 element by element operators 5 1 empty matrix 4 11 endp 6 2 6 5 endwind 13 7 eq 5 9 eq 5 10 eqv 5 13 eqv 5 13 error bar 13 7 13 17 ExE conformable 5 1 executable code 4 3 executable statement 4 2 execution phase 12 3 execution time 4 1 exponentiation 5 6 expression evaluation order 4 21 5 18 expression scalar 4 25 expressions 4 1 extern 12 2 extraneous spaces 4 29 F factorial 5 5 FALSE 4 23 file formats 9 11 files 9 1 binary 9 12 matrix 9 12 string 9 13 flow control 4 22 fonts A 1 forward reference 7 1 function 4 28 G ge 5 10 ge 5 11 global variable 6 1 6 4 graphics text e
23. atog Open comment The command file has a comment that is not closed Comments must be enclosed in Es comment atog Out of memory Notify Aptech Systems atog read error A read error has occurred while converting a packed ASCII file atog Record length must be 1 16384 bytes The record subcommand has an out of range record length atog Statement too long Command file statements must be less than 16384 bytes atog Syntax error at There is unrecognizable syntax in a command file Utilities atog Too many input variables More input variables were specified than available memory permitted atog Too many output variables More output variables were specified than available memory permitted atog Too many variables More variables were specified than available memory permitted atog Undefined variable A variable requested in an outvar statement was not listed in an invar statement atog WARNING missing at The parentheses in the delimit subcommand were not closed atog WARNING some records begin with cr lf A packed ASCII file has some records that begin with a carriage return linefeed The record length may be wrong atog complex illegal for packed ASCII file A complex command was encountered following an invar command with record specified atog Cannot read packed ASCII complex specified An invar command with record specified was encountered following a complex command LIBLIST LIB
24. close fout retp 0 endp Data Sets GAUSS data sets are the preferred method of storing data for use within GAUSS Use of these data sets allows extremely fast reading and writing of data Many library functions are designed to read data from these data sets Layout GAUSS data sets are arranged as matrices that is they are organized in terms of rows and columns The columns in a data file are assigned names and these names are stored in the header or in the case of the v89 format in a separate header file 9 6 File I O The limit on the number of rows in a GAUSS data set is determined by disk size The limit on the number of columns is limited by RAM Data can be stored in 2 4 or 8 bytes per number rather than just 8 bytes as in the case of GAUSS matrix files The ranges of the different formats are Data Significant Bytes Type Digits Range 2 integer 4 32768 lt X lt 32767 4 single 6 7 8 43E 37 lt X lt 3 37E 38 8 double 15 16 4 19E 307 lt X lt 1 67E 308 Creating Data Sets Data sets can be created with the create command The names of the columns the type of data etc can be specified For details see create in the GAUSS Language Reference Data sets unlike matrices cannot change from real to complex or vice versa Data sets are always stored a row at a time The rows of a complex data set then have the real and imaginary parts interleaved element by element For this reason yo
25. current block of GAUSS code if the output mode is set to Cmnd or in the Output Window if the output mode is set to Split T O Note this command is different than the GAUSS Compile command which compiles a program and saves the pseudocode as a file Toolbar Shortcut Set Main File You use the Set Main File command to make the active file the main file in the Edit window Using GAUSS for Windows95 Clear Main File List You use the Clear Main File List command to remove all entries in the main file list on the Toolbar Matrox Editor You use the Matrix Editor to create or edit data in a matrix or grid A cell can be edited by typing in a new value and pressing Enter Only numeric values can be entered in a grid You use the New command to create a new blank grid of the size you specify When the matrix is saved to the GAUSS workspace the name appearing on the Title bar will be used You use the Load command to clear any existing grid and copy any named matrix from the GAUSS workspace to the grid Use Reload to reload the existing matrix with the name shown on the Title bar You use the Clear command to clear the grid of all values but keep the row and column order You use the Save command to save the grid as a matrix in the GAUSS workspace Ifa matrix of the same name already exists in the workspace it is overwritten You use the Exit command to close and exit the Matrix Editor You use the Options command to set s
26. data set variables When you create a data set you can supply a vector indicating the type of data in each column of the data set For example data M 32 21500 F 27 36000 F 28 19500 M 25 32000 vnames a sex Age Pay gt a vtypes O11 Il create f mydata with vnames 3 8 vtypes call writer f data f close f To retrieve the type vector use vartypef open f mydata for read vn getnamef f vt vartypef f print vn print vt Sex Age Pay 0 1 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 9 10 The function getnamef in the previous example returns a string array rather than a character vector so you can print it without the prefix Using the Uppercase Lowercase Convention v89 Data Sets This is obsolete use vartypef and v96 data sets to be compatible with future versions The following method for distinguishing character numeric data will soon be obsolete use the Type Vectors method described earlier To distinguish numeric variables from character variables in GAUSS data sets some GAUSS application programs recognize an uppercase lowercase convention if the variable name is uppercase the variable is assumed to be numeric if the variable name is lowercase the variable is assumed to be character The ATOG utility program implements this convention when you use the and operators to toggle between character and numeric variable names liste
27. defaulted to 8 Character data has been found in the output data set before an outtyp 2 or outtyp 4 statement This is a warning only 15 19 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 20 G0410 G0411 G0412 G0413 G0414 G0415 G0416 G0417 G0418 G0419 G0421 G0428 G0429 G0431 G0432 G0433 outtyp must equal 2 4 or 8 outtyp override precision set to 8 Character data has been found in the output data set after an outtyp 2 or outtyp 4 statement This is a warning only default not allowed in recode statement default allowed only in code statement Missing file name in dataloop statement Invalid listwise statement Invalid lag statement lag variable is a number lag variable is a procedure Cannot lag External Variable Cannot lag String Constant compile command not supported in Run Time Module Cannot use debug command inside program Invalid number of subdiagonals Error closing dynamic library Error opening dynamic library Cannot find DLL function G0435 G0436 G0437 G0438 G0439 G0441 G0442 G0445 G0447 G0454 G0456 G0457 G0458 G0459 G0460 G0461 G0462 Error Messages Invalid mode Matrix is empty loadexe not supported use dlibrary instead callexe not supported use dllcall instead File has wrong bit number Type vector malloc failed No type vector in gfblock Illegal left hand side reference in procedure vfor called
28. details of their operation separate from the other parts of the program This makes programs easier to understand and easier to maintain A procedure in GAUSS is basically a user defined function that can be used as if it were an intrinsic part of the language A procedure can be as small and simple or as large and complicated as necessary to perform a particular task Procedures allow you to build on your previous work and on the work of others rather than starting over again and again to perform related tasks Any intrinsic command or function may be used in a procedure as well as any user defined function or other procedure Procedures can refer to any global variable that is any variable in the global symbol table that can be shown with the show command It is also possible to declare local variables within a procedure These variables are known only inside the procedure they are defined in and cannot be accessed from other procedures or from the main level program code All labels and subroutines inside a procedure are local to that procedure and will not be confused with labels of the same name in other procedures 6 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Defining a Procedure A procedure definition consists of five parts four of which are denoted by explicit GAUSS commands 1 Procedure declaration proc statement 2 Local variable declaration local statement 3 Body of procedure 4 Return from procedure retp statement 5 End of pr
29. drawn Location values are in plot coordinates M 1 x location M 2 left end of error bar M 3 right end of error bar M 4 y location M 5 bottom of error bar M 6 top of error bar M 7 line type 1 dashed dotted short dashes closely spaced dots dots and dashes solid M 8 color see Colors page 10 12 NU hu NN M 9 line thickness This value may be zero or greater A value of zero is normal line width 13 18 _pframe _pgrid _plctrl Publication Quality Graphics To create one error bar using solid lines use _perrbar 10221362 0 2x1 vector controls frame around axes area On 3 D plots this is a cube surrounding the 3 D workspace 1 1 frame on O frame off 2 1 tick marks on frame O no tick marks The default is a frame with tick marks 2x1 vector to control grid 1 grid through tick marks O no grid 1 dotted grid 2 fine dotted grid 3 solid grid 2 grid subdivisions between major tick marks O no subdivisions 1 dotted lines at subdivisions 2 tick marks only at subdivisions The default is no grid and tick marks at subdivisions scalar or Kx1 vector to control whether lines and or symbols will be displayed for the main curves This also controls the frequency of symbols on main curves The rows K is equal to the number of individual curves to be plotted in the graph Default is 0 0 draw line only gt 0 draw line and symbols every _plctrl points lt 0 draw
30. editor The default color is the system background color The Scrollbars control specifies the type of scrollbar used none horizontal vertical both or auto The default is vertical The Window Style control specifies whether windows are initially opened with a normal maximized default or dual screen windowstate In dual screen the input file is shown in one window and the output file in a second window The Output Focus control specifies how the focus follows the Output window In the default if text is written to the output window the focus rests with that window The alternative is for the focus to rest with the Command or File window The Icons as Text control specifies whether the icons are displayed with pictures default or text If this option is changed the new settings will be fully implemented the next time GAUSS is launched Options Tab The Auto Backup option automatically creates a backup of each open document under the same path and filename but with a BAK extension If the original document had a BAK extension the backup uses a BK1 extension New documents which are untitled are not backed up The frequency of the backup in minutes is set in the appropriate box The default is no auto backup The Sound at end of job option determines whether a sound is played at the end of the execution of a set of GAUSS code The current sound can be tested using the Test button and the sound file can be selected using th
31. fin2 fout In the previous example data sets dat1 dat and dat2 dat are opened for reading The variable names from each data set are read using getname and combined in a single vector called varnames A variable called ot yp is created that will be equal to the larger of the two data types of the input files This will ensure the output is not rounded to less precision than the input files A new data set daty dat is created using the create with command Then on every iteration of the loop 400 rows are read in from each of the two input data sets horizontally concatenated and written out to dat y dat When the end of one of the input files is reached reading and writing will stop The closeal1 command is used to close all files File I O Distinguishing Character and Numeric Data Although GAUSS itself does not distinguish between numeric and character columns in a matrix or data set some of the GAUSS Applications programs do When creating a data set it is important to indicate the type of data in the various columns The following discusses two ways of doing this Using Type Vectors The v8 9 data set format distinguishes between character and numeric data in data sets by the case of the variable names associated with the columns The v96 data set format however stores this type of information separately resulting in a much cleaner and more robust method of tracking variable types and greater freedom in the naming of
32. first will represent the number of rows in the matrix and the second will represent the number of columns The data area always begins on an even 8 byte boundary Numbers are stored in double precision 8 bytes per element 16 if complex For complex matrices all of the real parts are stored first followed by all the imaginary parts String v92 Obsolete Offset Description 0 3 always 0 4 7 always OXEECFCFCF 8 11 reserved 12 15 reserved 16 19 reserved 20 23 size of string in units of 8 bytes 24 27 length of string plus null terminator in bytes 28 127 reserved Using GAUSS for Windows95 The size of the data area is always divisible by 8 and is padded with nulls if the length of the string is not evenly divisible by 8 If the length of the string is evenly divisible by 8 the data area will be the length of the string plus 8 The data area follows immediately after the 128 byte header Data Set v92 Obsolete 9 18 Offset Description 0 3 always 0 4 7 always OXEECACACA 8 11 reserved 12 15 reserved 16 19 reserved 20 23 rows in data set 24 27 columns in data set 28 31 0 real data set 1 complex data set 32 35 type of data in data set 2 4 or 8 36 39 header size in bytes is 128 columns 9 40 127 reserved The variable names begin at offset 128 and are stored 8 bytes each in ASCII format Each name corresponds to one column of data Names less than 8 characters are padded on the right with bytes o
33. graphic panels 13 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 As Example 3 illustrates the code between graphic panel functions that is setwind or nextwind may include assignments to global variables a call to graphset or may set up new data to be passed to the main graphics routines You are encouraged to run the example programs supplied with GAUSS Analyzing these programs is perhaps the best way to learn how to use the PQG system The example programs are located on the examples subdirectory Graphics Coordinate System PQG uses a 4190x3120 pixel grid on a 9 0x6 855 inch printable area There are three units of measure supported with most of the graphics global elements Inch Coordinates Inch coordinates are based on the dimensions of the full size 9 0x6 855 inch output page The origin is 0 0 at the lower left corner of the page If the picture is rotated the origin is at the upper left See Inch Units in Graphics Graphic Panels page 13 9 Plot Coordinates Plot coordinates refer to the coordinate system of the graph in the units of the user s X Y and Z axes Pixel Coordinates Pixel coordinates refer to the 4096x3120 pixel coordinates of the full size output page The origin is 0 0 at the lower left corner of the page If the picture is rotated the origin is at the upper left Graphics Graphic Panels Multiple graphic panels for graphics are supported These graphic panels allow the user to display multiple g
34. input or x getf myfile 0 read a file into a string They can be printed like this print x A character matrix must have a prefixed to it in a print statement print x A string can be saved to disk with the save command in a file with a fst extension and then loaded with the load command save xX loads x or loads x x fst The backslash is used as the escape character inside double quotes to enter special characters Sp backspace ASCII 8 We escape ASCII 27 DAE formfeed ASCII 12 g beep ASCII 7 m1 line feed ASCII 10 NET carriage return ASCII 13 Mt tab ASCII 9 NAS a backslash SAHARA the ASCII character whose decimal value is HHP Using GAUSS for Windows95 4 16 When entering DOS pathnames in double quotes two backslashes must be used to insert one backslash st c gauss myprog prg An important use of strings and character elements of matrices is with the substitution operator In the command create f1 olsdat with x 4 2 by default GAUSS will interpret the olsdat as a literal that is the literal name of the GAUSS data file you want to create It will also interpret the x as the literal prefix string for the variable names x1 x2 x3 x4 If you want to get the data set name from a string variable the substitution operator could be used as dataset olsdat create fl1 dataset with x 4 2
35. is standard thus the keypad keys use their respective characters and the INSERT key toggles between Insert mode and Overstrike mode The alternative based on the BRIEF editor uses the keypad PLUS and keypad MINUS keys respectively to copy or cut a block if a block is selected or the current line if no block is selected The INSERT key pastes the current clipboard contents at the caret The keypad ASTERISK key undoes the last edit command Tabs Tab The Tab Spacing box sets the number of spaces between tab stops the range is from 1 to 48 with a default of 8 The spacing is defined in terms of the fixed system font The Expand Tabs option lets the TAB key insert the number of spaces specified in Tab Spacing but uses spaces rather than the TAB character in the file This option is useful when the Column Text Select mode is specified This option is disabled in documents that use a proportional font The default is off Using GAUSS for Windows95 The Auto Indent option determines how the editor responds to the ENTER key When checked the next line starts under the first non blank character of the previous line The default is off Display Tab The Font Type control specifies which font attributes the editor uses the default font is FixedSys Attributes that can be controlled are font name font size font color and the font styles normal bold and italic The Back Color control specifies the background color used by the
36. number getwind Get current graphic panel number savewind Save graphic panel configuration to a file loadwind Load graphic panel configuration from a file This example creates four tiled graphic panels and one graphic panel that overlaps the other four library pgraph graphset begwind window 2 2 0 Create four tiled graphic panels 2 rows 2 columns xsize 9 2 Create graphic panel that overlaps the tiled graphic panels ysize 6 855 2 makewind xsize ysize xsize 2 ysize 2 0 x sega 1 1 1000 Create X data y sin x 1 10 Create Y data 13 8 Publication Quality Graphics setwind 1 Graph 1 upper left corner xy X Y nextwind Graph 2 upper right corner logx x y nextwind Graph 3 lower left corner logy x y nextwind Graph 4 lower right corner loglog x y nextwind Graph 5 center overlayed bar x y endwind End graphic panel processing display graph Inch Units in Graphics Graphic Panels Some global variables allow coordinates to be input in inches If a coordinate value is in inches and is being used in a graphic panel that value will be scaled to window inches and positioned relative to the lower left corner of the graphic panel A graphic panel inch is a true inch in size only if the graphic panel is scaled to the full window otherwise X coordinates will be scaled re
37. of string G0155 Nested procedure definition A proc statement was encountered inside a procedure definition G0156 Illegal redefinition of procedure You are attempting to turn a procedure into a matrix or string If this is a name conflict delete the procedure G0157 Illegal redefinition of matrix G0158 endp without proc You are attempting to end something you never started G0159 Wrong number of parameters You called a procedure with the wrong number of arguments G0160 Expected string variable G0161 User keywords return nothing G0162 Can t save proc keyword fn with global references Remove the global references or leave this in source code form for the autoloader to handle See library in the GAUSS Language Reference G0163 Wrong size format matrix G0164 Bad mask matrix G0165 Type mismatch or missing arguments G0166 Character element too long The maximum length for character elements is 8 characters G0167 Argument must be column vector 15 13 Using GAUSS for Windows95 G0168 Wrong number of returns The procedure was defined to return a different number of items G0169 Invalid pointer You are attempting to call a local procedure using an invalid procedure pointer G0170 Invalid use of ampersand G0171 Called symbol is wrong type You are attempting to call a local procedure using a pointer to something else G0172 Can t resize temporary file G0173 varindx failed during open The global symbol table is f
38. on defining and calling procedures see Procedures and Keywords page 6 1 Data Types There are two basic data types in GAUSS matrices and strings It is not necessary to declare the type of a variable but it is good programming practice to respect the types of variables whenever possible The data type and size can change in the course of a program The declare statement used for compile time initialization enforces type checking Short strings of up to 8 bytes can be entered into elements of matrices to form character matrices For details see Character Matrices page 4 18 Constants The following constant types are supported Decimal Decimal constants can be either integer or floating point values 1 34e 10 1 34e123 1 34e 10 1 34d 10 1 34d10 1 34d 10 123 456789345 These will be stored as double precision 15 16 significant digits The range is the same as for matrices For details see Matrices page 4 8 4 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 String String constants are enclosed in quotation marks This is a string Hexadecimal Integer Hexadecimal integer constants are prefixed with Ox Ox0ab53def2 Hexadecimal Floating Point Hexadecimal floating point constants are prefixed with Ov This allows you to input a double precision value exactly as you want using 16 hexadecimal digits The highest order byte is to the left 0vfff8000000000000 Matrices 4 8 Matrices are 2 d
39. op matrix matrix op scalar scalar op matrix matrix op vector vector op matrix vector op vector 5 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 In a typical expression involving an element by element operator zZ xty conformability is defined as follows e Ifx andy are the same size the operations are carried out corresponding element by corresponding element 132 x 451 374 243 PR ARA 612 375 z 765 986 e Ifxis a matrix and y is a scalar or vice versa the scalar is operated on with respect to every element in the matrix For example x 2 will add 2 to every element of x 132 x 451 374 y 2 354 z 673 596 5 2 Operators e Ifxis an Nx1 column vector and y is an NxK matrix or vice versa the vector is swept across the matrix vector matrix 1 2 4 3 4 gt 3 1 4 3 6 1 2 result 3 5 4 7 5 8 9 4 5 e Ifxisa1xK column vector and y is an NxK matrix or vice versa the vector is swept down the matrix vector 2 4 3 yyy 2 4 3 matrix 3 1 4 6 1 2 4 8 6 result 5 5 7 8 5 5 5 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 e When one argument is a row vector and the other is a column vector the result of an element by element operation will be the table of the two row vector 2 4 3 1 column vector 2 4 6 5 3 If x and y are such that none of these conditions apply the matrices are not conformable to these operations and an error message will be generated Matrix Operat
40. operators are affected by a change in the tolerance Crout LU Decomposition crout x croutp x inv x det x y x when neither x nor y is scalar and x is square Cholesky Decomposition chol x invpd x solpd y x y x when neither x nor y is scalar and x is not square Using GAUSS for Windows95 Reading and Setting the Tolerance The tolerance value may be read or set using the sysstate function cases 13 and 14 Determining Singularity C 2 There is no perfect tolerance for determining singularity The default is 1 0e 14 You can adjust this as necessary A numerically better method of determining singularity is to use cond to determine the condition number of the matrix If the equation 1 cond x 1 eq 1 is true then the matrix is usually considered singular to machine precision See LINPACK for a detailed discussion on the relationship between the matrix condition and the number of significant figures of accuracy to be expected in the result Index Operators and Symbols 5 4 12 1 12 2 12 3 5 14 5 15 5 16 5 5 amp ampersand 5 14 semicolon 4 2 5 4 5 7 5 4 comma 5 13 dot 5 9 5 10 5 14 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 10 5 10 gt 5 11 gt 5 11 5 6 5 5 5 10 4 1 5 9 gt 5 10 gt 5 10 5 6 5 8 5 8 5 5 1 File Types feg file 6 12 Global Variables _pageshf 13 12 _p
41. or an underscore The first character must be alphabetic or an underscore A label is used as the target of a goto or a gosub The rule for naming labels is the same as for matrices strings procedures and functions A label is followed immediately by a colon here 4 29 Using GAUSS for Windows95 The reference to a label does not use a colon goto here Assignment Statements The assignment operator is the equal sign Y SS E Zy Multiple assignments must be enclosed in braces y mant pow basel0 x The comparison operator equal to is two equal signs if x y print x is equal to y endif Function Arguments The arguments to functions are enclosed in parentheses y sqrt x Indexing Matrices Brackets are used to index matrices x 1 2 3 Ste shir oy 3 7 4 8 9 5 6 1 8 y x 3 3 z x 1 2 4 1 3 Vectors can be indexed with either one or two indices v 123456789 4 30 Language Fundamentals k v 3 v 1 6 9 i Il x 2 3 returns the element in the second row and the third column of x x 1 3 5 4 7 returns the submatrix that is the intersection of rows 1 3 and 5 and columns 4 and 7 x 3 returns the third column of x x 3 5 returns the submatrix containing the third through the fifth rows of x The indexing operator will take vector arguments for submatrix extraction or submatrix assignments
42. output xlod2 invar record 32 1 3 client 2 zone 1 reg 20 5 zip The output data set will contain the following information name client client2 zone reg ZIP casel AEG DRF CST y 60631 case2 EDJ TAJ PST n 98064 case3 GWD NAD MST y 59725 type char char char char numeric The data set is double precision since character data is explicitly specified The third example is a hard delimited ASCII file called cp1x asc The file contains six columns of ASCII data 456 4 345 2 533 2 345 5 524 5 935 3 257 6 624 3 639 5 826 5 331 4 376 4 602 3 333 4 342 1 816 7 452 6 690 8 The ATOG command file is cpl x cmd input c gauss cplx asc output cplx invar delimit cvar 3 complex 14 12 Utilities The output data set will contain the following information name cvarl cvar2 cvar3 case 1 456 4 345 21 533 2 345 51 524 5 935 31 case 2 257 6 624 31 639 5 826 51 331 4 376 41 case 3 602 3 333 41 342 1 816 71 452 6 690 81 type numeric numeric numeric The data set defaults to single precision since no character data is present and no outt yp command is specified Error Messages atog Can t find input file The ASCII input file could not be opened atog Can t open output file The output file could not be opened atog Can t open temporary file Notify Aptech Systems atog Can t read temporary file Notify Aptech Systems atog Charact
43. plotted against x _plegctl 1 legend on title Example xy Graph Main title xy X Y Call to main routine Example 2 Here is the same graph with more of the graphics format controlled by the user The first two data sets will be plotted using symbols at graph points only observed data the data in the second two sets will be connected with lines predicted results library pgraph activate PGRAPH library graphset reset global variables x sega 1 1 100 generate data y sin x y y y 8 y 6 y 4 4 curves plotted against x _pdate W date is not printed 13 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 13 4 pretri Sf De ag O 0 F 2 curves w symbols 2 without Spltype f 15 12 br Gaj dashed dotted solid lines _pstype 1 2 0 O symbol types circles squares _plegctl 2 3 1 7 4 5 legend size and locations _plegstr Sine wave 1 0 4 lines legend text Sine wave 8 0 Sine wave 6 0 Sine wave 4 ylabel Amplitude Y axis label xlabel Xx Axis X axis label title Example xy Graph main title xy X Y call to main routine Example 3 In this example two graphics graphic panels are drawn The first is a full sized surface representation and the second is a half sized inset containing a cont
44. quartile ranges with a filled circle representing the 50 percentile 2 box color see Colors page 10 12 If this is set to 0 the colors may be individually controlled using global variable _pcolor 3 min max style for the box symbol One of the following 1 minimum and maximum taken from the actual limits of the data Elements 4 and 5 are ignored _pboxlim _pcolor _pcrop Publication Quality Graphics 2 statistical standard with the minimum and maximum calculated according to interquartile range as follows intqrange 75 25 min zes 1 5intqrange max 75 1 5intqrange Elements 4 and 5 are ignored 3 minimum and maximum percentiles taken from elements 4 and 5 4 minimum percentile value 0 100 if _pboxct1 3 3 5 maximum percentile value 0 100 if _pboxct1 3 3 5xM output matrix containing computed percentile results from procedure box M corresponds to each column of input y data 1 M minimum whisker limit according to_pboxct1 3 2 M 25th percentile bottom of box 3 M 50th percentile median 4 M 75th percentile top of box 5 M maximum whisker limit according to_pboxct1 3 scalar or Kx1 vector colors for main curves in xy xyz and log graphs To use a single color set for all curves set this to a scalar color value If 0 use default colors Default is 0 The default colors come from a global vector called _pesel This vector can be changed by editing p
45. scalar result The expression will be evaluated as TRUE if its real part is nonzero and FALSE if it is zero GAUSS will test the expression after the if statement If it is TRUE the first list of statements is executed If it is FALSE GAUSS will move to the expression after the first elseif statement if there is one and test it It will keep testing expressions and will execute the first list of statements that corresponds to a TRUE expression If no expression is TRUE the list of statements following the else statement is executed After the appropriate list of statements is executed the program will go to the statement following the endif and continue on 4 26 Language Fundamentals Use the relational and logical operators without the dot in the expression that controls an if or elseif statement These operators always return a scalar result if statements can be nested One endif is required per if clause If an else statement is used there may be only one per if clause There may be as many elseif s as are required There need not be any elseif s or any else statement within an if clause Unconditional Branching The goto and gosub statements control unconditional branching The target of both a goto and a gosub is a label goto A goto is an unconditional jump to a label with no return label goto label Parameters can be passed with a goto The number of parameters is limited by available stack spac
46. sized graphs or place several overlapping graphs in the window Graphic panel size and location are all completely under the user s control General Design GAUSS PQG consists of a set of main graphing procedures and several additional procedures and global variables for customizing the output All of the actual output to the window happens during the call to these main routines bar Bar graphs box Box plots contour Contour plots draw Draws graphs using only global variables hist Histogram 13 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 histp Percentage histogram histf Histogram from a vector of frequencies loglog Log scaling on both axes logx Log scaling on X axis logy Log scaling on Y axis polar Polar plots surface 3 D surface with hidden line removal xy Cartesian graph xyz 3 D Cartesian graph Using Publication Quality Graphics Getting Started 13 2 There are four basic parts to a graphics program These elements should be in any program that uses graphics routines The four parts are header data setup graphics format setup and graphics call Header In order to use the graphics procedures the pgraph library must be active This is done in the Library statement at the top of your program or command file The next line in your program will typically be a command to reset the graphics global variables to the default state For example library mylib pgraph graphset Data Setup The data to be grap
47. symbols only every _plctrl points 1 all of the data points will be plotted with no connecting lines This example draws a line for the first curve draws a line and plots a symbol every 10 data points for the second curve and plots symbols only every 5 data points for the third curve eprerrlo 0 DO 5 Ys 13 19 Using GAUSS for Windows95 _plegetl scalar or 1x4 vector legend control variable If scalar 0 no legend is drawn default If nonzero scalar create legend in the default location in the lower right of the page If 1x4 vector set as follows 1 legend position coordinate units 1 coordinates are in plot coordinates 2 coordinates are in inches 3 coordinates are in pixels 2 legend text font size 1 lt size lt 9 Default is 5 3 x coordinate of lower left corner of legend box 4 y coordinate of lower left corner of legend box This example puts a legend in the lower right corner _plegctl 1 This example creates a smaller legend and positions it 2 5 inches from the left and 1 inch from the bottom pleget 4 2 3 2451 _plegstr string legend entry text Text for multiple curves is separated by a null byte 1000 For example _plegstr Curve 1 000Curve 2 000Curve 3 _plev Mx1 vector user defined contour levels for contour Default is 0 See contour in the GAUSS Language Reference _pline Mx9 matrix to draw lines circles or radii Each row controls one item to be drawn I
48. unsigned 2 byte integer 12 13 data type in dat file 2 4 8 unsigned 2 byte integer 14 17 reserved all 0 s 18 21 reserved all 0 s 22 23 control flags unsigned 2 byte integer 24 127 reserved all 0 s Column names begin at offset 128 and are stored 8 bytes each in ASCII format Names with less than 8 characters are padded on the right with bytes of 0 The number of rows in the dat file is calculated in GAUSS using the file size columns and data type This means that users can modify the dat file by adding or deleting rows with other software without updating the header information Names for the columns should be lowercase for character data to be able to distinguish them from numeric data with vartype GAUSS currently examines only the 4 s bit of the control flags This bit is set to 0 for real data sets 1 for complex data sets All other bits are 0 Data sets are always stored a row at a time A real data set with 2 rows and 3 columns will be stored on disk in the following way from the lowest addressed element to the highest addressed element Using GAUSS for Windows95 The rows of a complex data set are stored with the real and imaginary parts interleaved element by element A 2x3 complex data set then will be stored on disk in the following way from the lowest addressed element to the highest addressed element 1 1 r 2 11 1 2 r 1 2 i 11 31 1 3 i 2 1 r 2 1 i 2 2 r 2 2 i 2 3 r 2 3 i
49. will be compiled For this reason combine related procedures in the same file in order to minimize the compiling of procedures not needed by your program Do not combine unrelated functions in one src file because if one function ina src file is needed the whole file will be compiled user Library This is a library for user created procedures If the autoloader is ON the user library is the first place GAUSS looks when trying to resolve symbol references You can update the user library with the 1ib command lib user myfile src This will update the user library by adding a reference to myfile src No user library is shipped with GAUSS It will be created the first time you use the 1ib command For details of the parameters available with the Lib command see the GAUSS Language Reference Using GAUSS for Windows95 g Files If autoload and autodelete are ON and a symbol is not found in a library the autoloader will assume it is a procedure and look for a file that has the same name as the symbol and a y extension For example if you have defined a procedure called square you could put the definition in a file called square g in one of the subdirectories listed in your src_path If autodelete is OFF the g file must be listed in an active library for example in the user library Global Declaration Files 7 8 If your application makes use of several global variables create a file containing declare statements Us
50. yo lt t0009 LESA AAN X lt e f053530UOO gt DOS3 BO TON SK A Complex WWW WWW CN O on ook W OOnN oa FWNH O O 000770 OA Ooo Q OO ON DORWN O N S T A OO X3AOUOACOoO2AROs 61 62 65 64 65 66 67 68 69 UQOWrFreanryv A 2 po 74 75 76 27 78 79 80 81 02 35 84 89 06 OF 88 U O x Sex qinaA dS 89 90 cal 92 9 5 94 95 96 if 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 09 06 Oy 08 09 O Ur Ae Ua O N O Y nN 000 TT m ANA AE Fonts Appendix Using GAUSS for Windows95 Reserved Words Appendix The following words are used for GAUSS intrinsic functions You cannot use these names for variables or procedures in your programs abs balance band bandchol call callexe cdfbeta cdfbvn and bandcholsol bandltsol bandrv cdfchic cdffc cdfgam cdfn atan bandsolpd besselj bessely edfnc cdfni cdftc edftci atan2 break cdftvn cdir ceil cfft B 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 cffti ChangeDir chol choldn cholsol cholup chrs cint clear date dbcommit dbconnect dbdisconnect dbopen dbstrerror ed edit editm elg eigh eighv elgv fcheckerr clearg close closeall els color cols colsf comlog compile debug declare delete det detl dfree else elseif enable end endfor endif endo fgetsat complex con conj c
51. 2This is the label for X using Complex font ylabel 203This is the label for Y using Microb EOQnE AY Once a font is selected all succeeding text will use that font until another font is selected If no fonts are selected by the user a default font Simplex is loaded and selected automatically for all text work Greek and Mathematical Symbols The following examples illustrate the use of the Simgrma font they assume that Simgrma was the fourth font loaded For the available Simgrma characters and their numbers see Appendix A The Simgrma characters are specified by either 1 The character number preceded by a 2 The regular text character with the same number For example to get an integral sign 0 in Simgrma embed either a 044 or a in the string that has been currently set to use Simgrma font To produce the title f x sin Tx use the following title string title 201 x sin 2 204p 201x The p character 112 corresponds to TT in Simgrma 13 11 Using GAUSS for Windows95 To number the major X axis tick marks with multiples of 7 4 the following could be passed to asclabel lab 2010 204p 201 4 204p 201 2 3 204p 201 4 204p asclabel lab 0 xtics 0 pi pi 4 1 xtics is used to make sure that major tick marks are placed in the appropriate places This example will number the X axis tick marks with the labels u u Hyi u and U
52. 5 circle in inches M 3 x center of circle M 4 y center of circle M 5 radius M 6 starting point of arc in radians M 7 ending point of arc in radians 6 radius in plot coordinates M 3 x center of circle M 4 ycenter of circle M 5 beginning point of radius in x plot units 0 is the center of the circle M 6 ending point of radius M 7 angle in radians 7 radius in inches M 3 x center of circle M 4 y center of circle M 5 beginning point of radius 0 is the center of the circle M 6 ending point of radius M 7 angle in radians color see Colors page 10 12 controls line thickness This value may be zero or greater A value of zero is normal line width Mx9 matrix Allows extra lines to be added to an xyz or surface graph in 3 D plot coordinates M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 x starting point y starting point z starting point x ending point y ending point z ending point color see Colors page 10 12 _plotshf _plotsiz _pltype Publication Quality Graphics M 8 line type 1 dashed 2 dotted 3 short dashes 4 closely spaced dots 5 dots and dashes 6 solid M 9 line thickness 0 normal width M 10 hidden line flag 1 obscured by surface 0 not obscured 2x1 vector distance of plot from lower left corner of output page in inches 1 x distance 2 y distance If scalar 0
53. AUSS has a fast interpreter and the binary compiled code is compact and efficient Second and most significantly GAUSS is a matrix language It is designed to tackle problems that can be solved in terms of matrix or vector equations Much of the time lost in interpreting the pseudocode is made up in the matrix or vector operations This chapter will enable you to understand the distinction between compile time and execution time two very different stages in the life of aGAUSS program Expressions An expression is a matrix string constant function reference procedure reference or any combination of these joined by operators An expression returns a result that can be assigned to a variable with the assignment operator 4 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Statements A statement is a complete expression or a command Statements end with a semicolon y x 3 If an expression has no assignment operator it will be assumed to be an implicit print statement print x 3 or x 3 Here is an example of a statement that is a command rather than an expression output on Commands cannot be used as a part of an expression There can be multiple statements on the same line as long as each statement is terminated with a semicolon Executable Statements Executable statements are statements that can be executed over and over during the execution phase ofa GAUSS program execution time As an executab
54. Arrays of Matrices and Strings oooonnnccicnnnnnniccnnnnonncncnnncannn cnn nan n nr naar rra 4 31 Atrays of Procedure rl cee ee 4 32 OP erator as cases sodas enaa aa Sacer ne cdi nee wn Based weve snc bos ce eee sev eee neueteeuetieetreeweees 5 1 Element by Element Operators coccccconnncccccnnncononcnnonnnnnnnnnnn conc nr rra n nn rr rn rra 5 1 Matrix Opera OS a este ee eee ad ee A cet a E ee 5 4 Numeric Operators daria a el ola ld im oath tal he occa bhatt 5 4 Other Matrix Operators c20s 2 eens necesa 5 7 Relational Operators iii A neice eet 5 8 Logical Operators drenerer eevee ese ea reunite se dee Ae hear 5 11 Other Operators nani a n A aaa ae ieee a 5 13 Assignment Operator 23 200 a poeta ial Hd ae 5 13 COMM dol e de do ee a eR Oe es TTE 5 13 POllOG itz titties ciate oh Bae Gia ide en een N ae EN 5 14 SPACE int ties ee es eee Sil te es Ae E E ne kiamsen E raes 5 14 A cat Sate E Lab E cL Roc StACRL LL Laue to OES tlhe 5 14 AID Orsan ciao ai A a a T aa T EAE T E PARN 5 14 Siring Concatenation e e ese ee ee eet CA 5 14 String Array Concatenation ccccccceccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeceaeeeceeeeeceeeseesennesaeeeeeeeeetes 5 15 String Variable Substitution anapeana a a aa ieis 5 16 Using Dot Operators with Constants cccccceceeeeeeeeeecenceececeeeeeeeseeeneneeeeeeeeeeeeeteeees 5 17 Operator Precedentes ado 5 18 Procedures and IKCY WOLGS iii A a 6 1 Defining a Procedure mx c 6 2 Procedure Declaration a i
55. Diada 3 23 Language Fundamentals 4 1 EXPreSSIONS ii da cai A a 4 1 Statements an o ae PR ee E OUR AEE RE RP Se Ae OR 4 2 Executable Statements a a a eel tia 4 2 Nonexecutable Statements a a a a a aaa 4 2 Program A ee pe ee elt 4 3 Main SCO a EA ies ts OE ae ee ek dete Ihe AA AY ee ea 4 3 Secondary Sections ti A A A 4 4 Compiler Directives 00 ados 4 4 Contents Using GAUSS for Windows95 POCO US e ld aid 4 6 Data TYPOS vice rar tn keene 4 7 COnStants inches eth secret EE ch att E geen Sans A E T 4 7 MatriC S sisi dr da ieee eds asedio 4 8 Strings and Sting ANayS ice dit dilata 4 14 Character Matrices ui aed iene a ei ol 4 18 Special Data Types sine ce hi ee ee ed ees 4 19 Operator Precedentes alo ted 4 21 FloWw Control cooio red estes At a Boke cd etc a a e dal do Nat 4 22 LOOPING asi A A nena Anarene taints 4 23 ConditionaliBranGhing hint shes al a e ate taka 4 26 Unconditional BranChing coooniionoccononnncnncnncnonanonananonnnnnnnnnononcnnnn non sereas P Eakad 4 27 FUNCION A A ae i ee A ee 4 28 Rules ES Md td dd d 4 28 MAME Si AS ein ee de ne es 4 28 CAMA A ee T eos e o e 4 29 Comment aeiiaaie ee ee Ne ee ea oes 4 29 ExtranGous Spaces sucio ater dee ade sees tia es 4 29 Symbol Name Sua tecedeira Sa edd ned idan ane ees 4 29 Lado us e dd eddie dde 4 29 Assignment Statements oooonnocccicnoconoccnnononncconananrnnnnnnnn cnn rn naar rn 4 30 Function Arguments coctel 4 30 Indexing Matrices cnie Hen ee a a t o 4 30
56. Extended Data Set v89 dat Obsolete use v96 dht Data Set v92 dat Obsolete use v96 Universal Data Set v96 dat Supported for read write Small Matrix v89 Obsolete Matrix files are binary files and cannot be read with a text editor They are created with save Matrix files with up to 8190 elements have a fmt extension and a 16 byte header formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 DDDD hex identification flag 2 3 rows unsigned 2 byte integer 4 5 columns unsigned 2 byte integer 6 7 size of file minus 16 byte header unsigned 2 byte integer 8 9 type of file 0086 hex for real matrices 8086 hex for complex matrices 10 15 reserved all 0 s The body of the file starts at offset 16 and consists of IEEE format double precision floating point numbers or character elements of up to 8 characters Character elements take up 8 bytes and are padded on the right with zeros The size of the body of the file 9 12 File I O is 8 rows cols rounded up to the next 16 byte paragraph boundary Numbers are stored row by row A 2x3 real matrix will be stored on disk in the following way from the lowest addressed element to the highest addressed element 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 For complex matrices the size of the body of the file is 16 rows cols The entire real part of the matrix is stored first then the entire imaginary part A 2x3 complex matrix will be stored on disk in the following way from the lowes
57. File already open G0129 File not open for read G0130 No output variables specified G0131 Can t create file too many variables G0132 Can t write disk probably full G0133 Function too long G0134 Can t seekr in this type of file G0135 Can t seek to negative row G0136 Too many arguments or misplaced assignment op You have an assignment operator where you want a comparison operator or you have too many arguments G0137 Negative argument erf or erfc G0138 User keyword must have one argument 15 11 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 12 G0139 Negative parameter Incomplete Beta G0140 Invalid second parameter Incomplete Beta G0141 Invalid third parameter Incomplete Beta G0142 Nonpositive parameter gamma G0143 NaN or missing value cdfchic G0144 Negative parameter cdfchic G0145 Second parameter lt 1 0 cdfchic G0146 Parameter too large Incomplete Beta G0147 Bad argument to trig function G0148 Angle too large to trig function G0149 Matrices not conformable For a description of the function or operator being used and conformability rules see Matrix Operators page 5 4 or the GAUSS Language Reference G0150 Matrix not square G0151 Sort failure G0152 Variable not initialized You have referenced a variable that has not been initialized to any value G0153 Unsuccessful close on auxiliary output The disk may be full Error Messages G0154 Illegal redefinition
58. GAUSS ss winaon User Guide Aptech Systems Inc Mathematical and Statistical System Table of Contents Table of Contents eae tt eek at ate ar eae et aed a a a te he i Introduction aia 1 1 Pr UCLA Sa 1 1 Documentation Convention Ssns r eee a a nono ocn nnnn cra nn nan nn nn aran es 1 2 Getting Started a 2 1 Machine Requirement c cccccececececeeeeeeeeeeeeeenecesanananaaeaeaeeaeaaaeseeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeneneneees 2 1 RE A i cS el Ek i 2 1 System Configuratie izae a nn cnn n nan nn rc nn O A aSa 2 3 Using the Windows Interface ccccceseeeeeseseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeneeeseeeseeeeeeenseeeaees 3 1 Operating Modest atada 3 1 Selecting the Operating Mode ooooccciccnconocnoconcccnnnnccnnonnnnnonnonnnnnnnnnnncnnannnnnnnnnncnnnnnnn 3 1 Interactive Mode iN ae re Re Re 3 2 Batch Mode iiscc si fice di ol edness da 3 3 GAUSS WindOWS ie tee cece dalt 3 3 MERU Baryard a e aR da el ee ie Pad em hatte 3 4 Ele Ment a er re ne de OS SA RB SEES Oe AD A eee AER E 3 5 Edit Menin ne a dle 3 6 Search MEME EEE E ETE E A ES EET ca dade AN A ld toi 3 8 Mode MenU ut a e as tie OA tale 3 9 Debug Men aa a A oie eh ae 3 10 7 AX 1416 Md ias 3 11 Graph Menlisnanios donar br os A eee eas 3 14 Configure Men Beaks eal epee ded ste ee se aai 3 15 Windows Ma Mae Salas eae sen a oe dh es 3 18 Help A cil eee hieui doen E Dass aod Reel ebb peat deed aad 3 19 NOOID AR tania dais iaa 3 19 Status Barinitas td a tt o a rd a
59. LIST is a library symbol listing utility It is a stand alone program that lists the symbols available to the GAUSS autoloading system LIBLIST will also perform g file conversion and listing operations g files are specific files once used in older versions of GAUSS Due to compiler efficiency and other reasons g files are no longer recommended for use The LIBLIST options related to g files are supplied to aid the user in consolidating g files and converting them to the standard src files The format for using LIBLIST is liblist flags libl lib2 libn flags control flags to specify the operation of liblist G list all y files in the current directory and along the src_path D create gfile 1lst using all y files in the current directory and along the src_path 14 15 Using GAUSS for Windows95 iy 2 Oa convert g files to src files and list the files in srcfile lst list the contents of the specified libraries list library names use page breaks and form feed characters The search is performed in the following manner l List all symbols available as g files in the current directory and then the src_path 2 List all symbols defined in 1cg files in the Lib_path subdirectory gauss 1cg if it exists will be listed last Report Format 14 16 The listing produced will go to the standard output The order the symbols will be listed in is the same order they will be found by GAUSS excep
60. O mode the output appears in the Output window To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Input Output Window command Insert GAUSS Prompt You use the Insert GAUSS Prompt command to manually add the GAUSS prompt at the cursor position The GAUSS prompt is automatically displayed following the execution of GAUSS code Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Shift F2 Using the Windows Interface Run Main File You use the Run Main File command to run the specified main file While running output is displayed beneath the current block of GAUSS code if the output mode is set to Cmnd or in the Output Window if the output mode is set to Split T O Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut F2 Translate Dataloop Commands You use the Translate Dataloop Command to convert dataloop commands to commands GAUSS can understand and manipulate You only run this command when dataloop commands are used in the source code Using it when it is not needed does not alter the source code but the increased processing overhead can increase the time to compile your program Edit Main Flle You use the Edit Main File command to open an editor window for the specified main file The file is loaded if needed and the Edit window becomes the active window Toolbar Shortcut Compile Main File You use the Compile Main File command to compile the specified main file During compilation any errors are displayed beneath the
61. Windows95 Documentation Conventions The following table describes how text formatting is used to identify GAUSS 1 2 programming elements Text Style Use Example regular text narrative text formatting is used bold text emphasis not supported under UNIX italic text variables Ifvnames is a string or has monospace monospace bold code example Refers to a GAUSS programming element within a narrative paragraph fewer elements than x has columns it will be if scalerr cm cm inv x endif as explained under create Getting Started This chapter covers installing GAUSS Read any read files They contain information that was unavailable when this manual was printed Machine Requirements e IBM AT PS 2 or compatible e 386 CPU with 387 math coprocessor or higher e Windows 95 98 NT 4 0 or 2000 e Minimum memory requirments Windows 95 98 24 MB Windows NT 4 0 40 MB Windows 2000 72 MB 2 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Installation Insert the GAUSS 3 5 disk into your CDROM drive and setup should start automatically If setup does not start automatically use the run command to execute setup exe in the root directory of the GAUSS 3 5 disk You can use setup for initial product installation and for additions or modifications to GAUSS components 2 2 Using the Windows Interface Welcome to GAUSS This new GAUSS Windows interface consists of a m
62. a 6 3 Local Variable Declarations cccccceceeeeeeeeteeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeaeaeaeaaaaaae 6 3 Body Of Procedure acasin a e A a ea eee 6 4 Returning from the Procedure ocooccccccccoccccccnoonccnnconnnnnncnnnonnnnnnno nan nnncnnnnnnnccnnnanannnnnnnns 6 4 End of Procedure DefinitiON ooooooooocccnnnnnccninnnccconooncnccnnonnnnnccnnonnn nn nncnnnnnncnninnnnnnnnnnno 6 5 Calling a Procedure uds 6 5 ROW ti AA A ees oa AA eae 6 6 Defining a KeyWord tdci 6 6 Calling a Key WOrd oss ies eiciibess ocd litres 6 7 Passing Procedures to Procedures c ccccccseceseecsseeenseteenectttessoneseueeenanestaespeeeereneeee 6 8 Indexing Procedur s 20 nancies aie e N We eae 6 9 Multiple Returns from Procedures cccceecceceeeeceeeeeeteeceeneecaeeeeeeeeeeeeessenencaeeeeeeeeees 6 10 Saving Compiled Procedures cccccccssececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeceetnneneeeretnneaeeeesnneaaeenennneeeees 6 12 LN PANIES da 7 1 A ati aired a al Paden eT a E ia 7 1 Forward Referentes zr cians wees tee Seiwa eames 7 1 The Autoloader Search Path cccccceceeceeeceeeeecceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeenceeeaeeaeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeneeses 7 2 Global Declaration Files iio icncttvcti ck e erat Shaheed bh dh NG hoe bad 7 8 Troubleshooting mitico aa 7 11 Using dec Fleitas ed eee ee 7 12 CoOMPilOF ononinin nia ida a diners 8 1 Compiling Programista SEE 8 1 Compiling a File sesiyasida aA i ETEA E E 8 2 Saving the Current WorkSpace i s n a
63. a aa e a a a 8 2 Debugging 1 a es ena do 8 2 Ele TO i 9 1 ASCII FIGS vomita a A 9 2 Matrix Data iii e DE ti 9 3 General File I O aio a A ee A es 9 5 Contents Using GAUSS for Windows95 Data Sets eaea nits R 9 6 LOU irc 9 6 Creating Data Sets iii tddi 9 7 Reading and Writing iii as 9 7 Distinguishing Character and Numeric Data oooonoocccccncoccccccnconnccnonannnnccnannnncncnnnnno 9 9 O ae 9 11 File Formats 0 ctacci al etl ai tias od e a o a Madd de tl G 9 11 Small Matrix v89 Obsolete ooonnoicccnnnnnnccinnnnocccccnnnnonccnnanann nn cnn narrar rra 9 12 Extended Matrix v89 Obsolete oooonooncccninnoccccccnononccccononncccncnononcncnonannnncnnnannncninnnns 9 13 Small String v89 Obso0lete oooooonionicnonocccinnncccccnncnnnononconnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanannns 9 13 Extended String v89 Obsolete jacens ARAARA 9 14 Small Data Set v89 Obsolete ooocoocnnnncccnnonncccccnnnnconcccnanonrnccnnr nn cnn rar nr 9 14 Extended Data Set v89 Obsolete oooooooccinnnncccconnooccccconnoncncccnonancncnonannnccnnnanancncninns 9 16 Matrix v92 Obsolete oa aeia aeee aE ERE E EE EEE aaa 9 16 string VIZ Obsolete iii a a tt nen 9 17 Data Set v92 Obsolete J aieri rE Enee rE EE EAT R EAEAN ERASE ASEA E a NE 9 18 Matrix VIG iia unites oe ete een E E NORE AOT a eee ee ae 9 19 Data Set VOG at ia aa it tees 9 20 Foreign Language tera ii inclina 10 1 Creating Dynamic LibrarieS cccccceeceeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeee
64. ab tan tempname time return rev rfft rffti rfftip rfftn rfftnp rfftp shiftr show showpqg sin sleep solpd sorte sortcc sorthe sorthcc sortind timeutc trace trap trapchk rndcon rndmod rndmult rndn rndns rndseed rndu rndus sortindc sqrt stdc stocv stof stop strindx string strlen strrindx strsect trim trimr trunc type Reserved Words Appendix rotater round rows rowsf run submat subscat sumc svdcusv svds svdusv sysstate system typecv typef Using GAUSS for Windows95 union uniqindx vals varget vargetl while winclear wincleararea winclearttylog winclose wincloseall winconvertpqg wingetactive wingetattributes xor Zeros unique until varput varputl vartypef wingetcolorcells wingetcursor winmove winopenpqg winopentext winopentty winpan winprint winprintpqg xpnd upper use vec vech vecr winrefresh winrefresharea winresize winsetactive winsetbackground winsetcolor winsetcolorcells winsetcolormap winsetcursor utctodtv utrisol vfor winsetforeground winsetrefresh winsettextwrap winwrite winzoompqg writer Singularity Tolerance Appendix The tolerance used to determine whether or not a matrix is singular can be changed The default value is 1 0e 14 for both the LU and the Cholesky decompositions The tolerance for each decomposition can be changed separately The following
65. ace Clear to End You use the Clear to End command to delete all text from the GAUSS prompt to the end of text Toolbar Shortcut x Keyboard Shortcut F7 Select Text Blocking Mode You use the Text Blocking Mode to select all text from the first character to the last character when using the mouse or Shift key Two other types of blocking are also supported e Character Blocks This selects all text from the first character to the last character Line Blocks This selects entire lines e Column Blocks This selects the text that is located within the rectangle whose opposite corners are defined by the first and last character you select This option is not enabled if a proportional font is used The mode selected applies to all open documents However since column block mode is not supported for documents with proportional fonts line block mode is used when such a document has the focus Column blocks usually work better when the expand tabs option is enabled All blocks can be manipulated using the edit keys cut copy paste and delete Blocks can also be moved by dragging the selected block with the mouse and can be copied by pressing and holding down CTRL while dragging the selected block with the mouse Toolbar Shortcut Character Blocking Mode Line Blocking Mode Column Blocking Mode Using GAUSS for Windows95 3 34 Find Replace You use the Find Replace command to find the specified text in the active
66. ackets y x 3 5 and to separate arguments of functions within parentheses y momentd x d 5 13 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Period Space Colon Dots are used in brackets to signify all rows or all columns Spaces are used inside of index brackets to separate indices Y sel 3 5Sy3 0 915 No extraneous spaces are allowed immediately before or after the comma or immediately after the left bracket or before the right bracket Spaces are also used in print and lprint statements to separate the separate expressions to be printed print x 2 2 sqrt x No extraneous spaces are allowed within expressions in print or lprint statements unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses print x 2 2 sqrt x A colon is used within brackets to create a continuous range of indices y x 1 5 Ampersand The ampersand operator amp will return a pointer to a procedure proc or function n It is used when passing procedures or functions to other functions and for indexing procedures For more information see Indexing Procedures page 6 9 String Concatenation x dog y cat z x Sty print 2 dogcat Operators If the first argument is of type string the result will be of type string If the first argument is of type matrix the result will be of type matrix Here are some examples y 0 caterpillar the result will be a 1X1 matrix conta
67. added if the named procedure exists in the GAUSS workspace Line breakpoints can be toggled using the Tool Bar icon Clear All Breakpoints You use the Clear All Breakpoints to remove all line and procedure breakpoints from all open files Breakpoints usually remain valid when a file is changed and lines are inserted or deleted but are lost when a file is closed whether it is saved or not The debugger displays the lines where your program will stop executing and wait for user input Line breakpoint are displayed with a red highlight Procedure breakpoints occur at the beginning of a procedure and are not highlighted Procedure breakpoints can only be added if the named procedure exists in the GAUSS workspace Toolbar Shortcut Action Menu You use the Action menu to access the various run commands and open the Matrix editor and DOS windows The Action menu contains the following entries Using the Windows Interface Run Command The Run command allows you to run the code you have entered a block of code you selected or the active file depending on the operating mode The following entries appear on the Action menu of the respective windows Command window Run Commands runs the commands you enter in the Command window Run Marked Block runs the text you selected in the Command window Edit window Run Current File runs the active file Run Marked Block runs the text you selected in the Edit window Output window
68. arch for it in the active libraries If it is found the file containing it will be compiled If it is not found in a library the autoload autodelete state will determine how it is handled The Autoloader Search Path 7 2 If the autoloader is OFF no forward references are allowed Every procedure matrix and string referenced by your program must be defined before it is referenced An external statement can be used above the first reference to a symbol but the definition of the symbol must be in the main file or in one of the files that are include d No global symbols are deleted automatically Libraries If the autoloader is ON GAUSS searches for unresolved symbol references during compilation using a specific search path If the autoloader is OFF an Undefined symbol error message will result for right hand side references to unknown symbols When autoload is ON the autodelete state controls the handling of references to unknown symbols The following search path will be followed to locate any symbols not previously defined Autodelete ON 1 user library 2 user specified libraries 3 gauss library 4 current directory then src_path for files with a y extension Forward references are allowed and g files need not be in a library If there are symbols that cannot be found in any of the places listed above an Undefined symbol error message will be generated and all uninitialized variables and all procedures with gl
69. are normally set prior to running the debugger but can also be set or cleared for the current file by using the Toggle Breakpoint command Breakpoints set with the Set Clear Breakpoint command are temporary and are lost after the current debug run Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl T Using the Windows Interface Watch Variables allow you to see how variables change in value while a program is running The values appear in a Matrix Editor Watch variables can be specified prior to running the debugger or during a debugging session A watch variable can be the name of a matrix a scalar a string array or a string For a matrix or a string array the first element is displayed The debugger searches for a watch variable using the following precedence A local variable within a currently executed procedure e A local variable within a currently active procedure A global variable Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl W Using GAUSS for Windows95 3 44 Language Fundamentals GAUSS is a compiled language GAUSS is also an interpreter A compiled language because GAUSS scans the entire program once and translates it into a binary code before it starts to execute the program An interpreter becauses the binary code is not the native code of the CPU When GAUSS executes the binary pseudocode it must interpret each instruction for the computer How can GAUSS be so fast if it is an interpreter Two reasons First G
70. arrow 13 13 _parrow3 13 14 _paxes 13 15 _paxht 13 15 _pbartyp 13 15 _pbarwid 13 15 _pbox 13 16 _pboxctl 13 16 _pboxlim 13 16 _pcolor 13 17 _pcrop 13 17 _pcross 13 17 _pdate 13 17 _perrbar 13 17 _pframe 13 18 _pgrid 13 18 _plctrl 13 18 _plectrl 13 19 _plegstr 13 19 _plev 13 19 _pline 13 20 _pline3d 13 22 _plotshf 13 22 _plotsiz 13 22 _pltype 13 23 _plwidth 13 23 _pmcolor 13 23 _pmsgctl 13 23 _pmsgstr 13 24 _pnotify 13 24 _pnum 13 24 _pnumht 13 24 _protate 13 24 _pscreen 13 25 _psilent 13 25 _pstype 13 25 _psurf 13 25 _psym 13 25 _psym3d 13 25 _psymsiz 13 26 _ptek 13 26 _pticout 13 26 _ptitlht 13 26 _pversno 13 26 _pxmem 13 26 _pxpmax 13 26 _pxsci 13 26 _pypmax 13 26 _pysci 13 26 _pzclr 13 26 _pzoom 13 26 _pzpmax 13 27 _pzsci 13 27 Index Index 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 A ampersand 5 14 and 5 11 5 12 and 5 13 append 14 3 append atog command 14 1 arguments 4 30 6 2 6 3 arrows 13 13 ASCII files 9 2 14 1 ASCII files reading 9 3 ASCII files writing 9 3 asclabel 13 9 assignment operator 4 2 4 30 5 13 atog 9 3 14 1 autoloader 7 1 14 19 auxiliary output 9 3 axes 13 2 axes numbering 13 2 B bar 13 1 bar shading 13 15 bar width 13 15 begwind 13 5 13 7 blank lines 4 29 Boolean operations 5 11 box 13 1 Cc calling a procedure 6 5 caret 5 6 5 16 case 4 29 Cholesky decomposition 5 5 circles 13 4 13 17 13 20 code 12 2 colon 4 29 color 13 5 13 18
71. as y A D 2 G 2 6 2 and will result in a 2x2 matrix because the arithmetic operators have precedence over concatenation 24 13 Language Fundamentals For more information see Operator Precedence page 4 21 The let command is used to initialize matrices with constant values let x 2 2 1 2 3 4 Unlike the concatenation operators it cannot be used to define matrices in terms of expressions such as y x1 x2 x2 x3 3 x4 The statement vores 1 35 58 will put the intersection of the first three rows and the fifth through eighth columns of x into the matrix y The statement Y BL 31 55 915 will create a 3x3 matrix y with the intersection of the specified rows and columns pulled from x in the indicated order The statement let r 13 m1 let c 5s y x r cl will have the same effect as the previous example but is more general The statement y 2 4 3 will set the 2 4 element of the existing matrix y to 3 This statement is illegal if y does not have at least 2 rows and 4 columns The statement x con 3 2 will cause a to be printed in the window and will prompt the user until six numbers have been entered from the keyboard The statement load x b mydata asc Using GAUSS for Windows95 will load data contained in an ASCII file into an Nx1 vector x Use rows x to find out how many numbers were loaded and use reshape x N K to reshape it to an NxK matrix The
72. at is flush left The drive and path can be included to speed up the autoloader Indented below the filename are the symbols included in the file There can be multiple symbols listed on a line with spaces between The symbol type follows the symbol name with a colon delimiting it from the symbol name The valid symbol types are fn user defined single line function keyword keyword proc procedure matrix matrix numeric or character string string 7 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 If the symbol type is missing the colon must not be present and the symbol type is assumed to be proc Both of the following library files are valid Example 1 math This library lists files mathematical routines norm sre onenorm Proc infnorm proc complex src and procedures for Enorm proc cmmult proc cmdiv proc cmadd proc cmsoln proc poly src polychar proc polyroot proc polymult proc Example 2 math This library lists files and procedures for mathematical routines c gauss srce norm src onenorm proc infnorm proc Enorm proc Libraries c gauss src complex src cmmult proc cmdiv proc cmadd proc cmsoln proc c gauss src fcomp srec feg proc fne proc flt proc fgt proc LS proc fge proc c gauss src fcomp dec _fcmptol matrix Once the autoloader finds via the library the file containing your procedure definition everything in that file
73. c 9 VARO5 numeric 10 VARO6 numeric 11 VARO7 numeric 12 VARO8 numeric outvar is not used with packed ASCII files preservecase Optional preserves the case of variable names The default is nopreservecase which will force variable names for numeric variables to upper case and character variables to lower case Utilities Examples The first example is a soft delimited ASCH file called agex1 asc The file contains seven columns of ASCII data Jan 167 3 822 4 6 34E06 yes 84 3 100 4 Feb 165 8 987 3 5 63E06 no 22 4 65 6 Mar 165 3 842 3 7 34E06 yes 65 4 78 3 The atog command file is agex1 cmd input c gauss agexl asc output agexl invar Smonth temp pres vol true var 02 outvar month true temp pres vol The output data set will contain the following information name month true TEMP PRES VOL case 1 Jan yes 167 3 822 4 6 34e 6 case2 Feb no 165 8 987 3 5 63e 6 case3 Mar yes 165 3 842 3 7 34e 6 type char char numeric numeric numeric The data set is double precision since character data is explicitly specified The second example is a packed ASCII file called xlod asc The file contains 32 character records AEGDRFCSTy02345678960631567890 lt CR gt lt LF gt EDJTAJPSTn12395863998064839561 lt CR gt lt LF gt GWDNADMSTy19827845659725234451 lt CR gt lt LF gt 1 position 1 10 20 30 31 32 14 11 Using GAUSS for Windows95 The atog command file is x lod cmd input c gauss dat xlod asc
74. cannot be zero You cannot reshape a matrix to a size of zero vargetl outside of procedure varputl outside of procedure File handle must be an integer Error renaming file Error reading file 15 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 8 G0083 Error creating temporary file G0084 Too many locals A procedure has too many local variables G0085 Invalid file type You cannot use this kind of file in this way G0086 Error deleting file G0087 Couldn t open The auxiliary output file could not be opened Check the file name and make sure there is room on the disk G0088 Not enough memory to convert the whole string G0089 WARNING duplicate definition of local G0090 Label undefined Label referenced has no definition G0091 Symbol too long Symbols can be no longer than 8 characters G0092 Open comment A comment was never closed G0093 Locate off screen G0094 Argument out of range G0095 Seed out of range G0096 Error parsing string parse encountered a token that was too long Error Messages G0097 String not closed A string must have double quotes at both ends G0098 Invalid character for imaginary part of complex number G0099 Illegal redefinition of user keyword G0100 Internal ERROR Notify Aptech Systems G0101 Argument cannot be zero The argument to 1n or log cannot be zero G0102 Subroutine calls too deep Too many levels of gosub Restructure your program G0103 return witho
75. carding newlines Define output format for matrices string arrays and strings Write strings to a file Write strings to a file appending newlines Initialize matrices strings and string arrays Load a string or string array file fst file Print expressions to the printer Print global symbol table to the printer Using GAUSS for Windows95 print Print expressions in window and or auxiliary output reshape Reshape a matrix or string array to new dimensions save Save matrix string array string procedure function or keyword to disk and give the disk file either a fmt fst or fcg extension show Display global symbol table sortcc Quick sort rows of matrix or string array based on character column type Indicate whether variable passed as argument is matrix string or string array typecv Indicate whether variables named in argument are strings string arrays matrices procedures functions or keywords varget Access the global variable named by a string array varput Assign the global variable named by a string array vec Stack columns of a matrix or string array to form a column vector vecr Stack rows of a matrix or string array to form a column vector String arrays are created through the use of the string array concatenation operators Below is a contrast of the horizontal string and horizontal string array concatenation operators x age y pay n sex S x y S n sa
76. cedence of the operators involved and the order in which they are used For example the and operators have a higher precedence than the and operators In expressions that contain the above operators the operand pairs associated with the or operator are evaluated first Whether or is evaluated first depends on which comes first in the particular expression The expression 5 3 4 6 3 is evaluated as 5 3 4 6 3 Within a term operators of equal precedence are evaluated from left to right Operators The precedence of all operators from the highest to the lowest is listed in the following table Operator Precedence Operator Precedence Operator Precedence re 90 2 65 2 55 i 90 65 55 89 lt 65 lt 55 zs 85 S 65 lt 55 A 85 65 55 unary 83 gt 65 gt 55 80 2 65 2 55 ko 80 eq 65 eq 55 80 ge 65 ge 55 E 80 gt 65 gt 55 80 le 65 le 55 80 1t 65 lt 55 75 ne 65 ne 55 70 not 64 not 49 70 and 63 and 48 70 or 62 or 47 68 KOr 61 xor 46 67 eqv 60 eqv 45 65 55 space 35 lt 65 lt 55 35 lt 65 lt 55 10 65 55 gt 65 gt 55 5 19 Procedures and Keywords Procedures are multiple line recursive functions that can have either local or global variables Procedures allow a large computing task to be written as a collection of smaller tasks These smaller tasks are easier to work with and keep the
77. cks the actual commands are added This provides a complete history of all commands executed The default is selected The Prompt on Exit option determines whether a prompt to verify exit is given on an exit condition The default is unselected The Enter behavior control defines the behavior of the Enter key when pressed in the Command window The following choices are available Enter does not execute When selected pressing lt Enter gt starts a new line like in most word processors GAUSS execution occurs using Ctrl F2 or clicking the Execute GAUSS button Enter executes if no If the current line ends with a semicolon pressing lt Enter gt starts a new line If the current line does not end with a semicolon the code from the cursor back to the previous GAUSS prompt will be executed Enter always executes The current line will be executed whether or not the line ends with a semicolon This is the default You can toggle between Enter does not execute and Enter Executes if no by clicking Enter Ex on the Status bar The Active becomes main option specifies that when an active file is executed it becomes the main file after execution You can also make an active file the main file by using the Set Main File command on the Action menu The default is selected Using the Windows Interface Tabs Tab The Tab spacing characters option allows you to enter the number of spaces between tab stops The available values a
78. cy of the output file Use of this command should be dictated by the accuracy of the input data and storage space limitations The format is outtyp fmt where fmt is D or 8 double precision F or 4 single precision default I or 2 integer The ranges of the different formats are Significant Bytes Data Type Digits Range 2 integer 4 32768 lt X lt 32767 pne E 8 43x10 lt X lt 3 37x10 precision ee 1 16 419x107 lt x lt 1 671079 precision If the output type is integer the input numbers will be truncated to integers If your data has more than 6 or 7 significant digits specify outt yp as double Character data require outtyp d ATOG automatically selects double precision when character data is specified in the invar statement unless you have specified nocheck 14 9 Using GAUSS for Windows95 14 10 The precision of the storage selected does not affect the accuracy of GAUSS calculations using the data GAUSS converts all data to double precision when the file is read outvar Selects the variables to be placed in the GAUSS data set The out var command needs only the list of variables to be included in the output data set They can be in any order For example invar name age pay sex var 1 10 x 005 outvar sex age x001 x003 var 1 8 column name data type 1 sex character 2 AGE numeric 3 x001 numeric 4 x003 numeric 5 VARO1 numeric 6 VAR02 numeric 7 VARO3 numeric 8 VARO4 numeri
79. d E ated ehdeoel hits A 2 O anea ee A 3 Microp drian toe hades dagen ed eee Sv ideal eee A 4 COMpleX ista dd o a AN a fas oe ana eM Mets Past tg A 5 Contents Using GAUSS for Windows95 Reserved Words Appendix civic a B 1 Singularity Tolerance Appendix commocccccnnnocccccnnnanccnnnannnnc cnn nano cnn rra crac C 1 Reading and Setting the Tolerance ooococococccccnccccccccocnnonnonnononnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnninnnanns C 2 Determining Singularity aaa ainiai aai aeina a cnn nn anno conc n nano A nn nro C 2 Md daa Index1 vi Introduction Product Overview GAUSS is a complete analysis environment suitable for performing quick calculations complex analysis of millions of data points or anything in between Whether you are new to computerized analysis or a seasoned programmer the GAUSS family of products combine to offer you an easy to learn environment that is powerful and versatile enough for virtually any numerical task Since its introduction in 1984 GAUSS has been the standard for serious number crunching and complex modeling of large scale data Worldwide acceptance and use in government industry and the academic community is a firm testament to its power and versatility The GAUSS System can be described several ways It is an exceptionally efficient number cruncher a comprehensive programming language and an interactive analysis environment GAUSS may be the only numerical tool you will ever need 1 1 Using GAUSS for
80. d in the invar statement and you have specified nopreservecase GAUSS does not make this distinction internally It is up to the program to keep track of and make use of the information recorded in the case of the variable names in a data set When creating a data set using the saved command this convention can be established as follows data M 32 21500 F 27 36000 F 28 19500 M 25 32000 dataset mydata T vnames sex AGE PAY call saved data dataset vnames It is necessary to put sex in quotes in order to prevent it from being forced to uppercase The procedure getname can be used to retrieve the variable names print getname mydata The names are sex File I O AGE PAY When writing or creating a data set the case of the variable names is important This is especially true if the GAUSS applications programs will be used on the data set Matrix Files GAUSS matrix files are files created by the save command The save command takes a matrix in memory adds a header that contains information on the number of rows and columns in the matrix and stores it on disk Numbers are stored in double precision just as they are in matrices in memory These files have the extension fmt Matrix files can be no larger than a single matrix No variable names are associated with matrix files GAUSS matrix files can be load ed into memory using the load or loadm co
81. d the algorithms you are using GAUSS is shipped with maxvec set to 20000 maxvec is a procedure defined in system src that returns the value of the global scalar _ maxvec The value returned by a call to maxvec can be modified by editing system dec and changing the value of __maxvec The value returned when running GAUSS Light is always 8192 Complex numbers use twice the space of real numbers so the optimum single disk read size for complex data sets is half that for real data sets You can set___maxvec for real data sets then use maxvec 2 when processing complex data sets iscplxf will tell you if a data set is complex Hard Disk Maintenance The hard disk used for the swap file should be optimized occasionally with a disk optimizer Use a disk maintenance program to ensure that the disk media is in good shape CPU Cache There is a line for cache size in the gauss cfg file Set it to the size of the CPU data cache for your computer This affects the choice of algorithms used for matrix multiply functions This will not change the results you get but it can radically affect performance for large matrices 16 3 Fonts Appendix There are four fonts available in the Publication Quality Graphics System Simplex standard sans serif font Simgrma Simplex greek math Microb bold and boxy Complex standard font with serif The following tables show the characters available in each font and their ASCII values For details on sel
82. dow command to toggle between the Edit window or Command window and the Output window Keyboard Shortcut F5 Toggle Cmnd Split O Mode You use the Toggle Cmnd Split I O Mode command to toggle between the Cmnd and Split I O mode In Cmnd mode program output is displayed in the Command window after the commands are executed Using GAUSS for Windows95 In Split I O mode program output is displayed separately in the Output window after the commands are executed Keyboard Shortcut F6 Toggle Overstrike Insert Mode You use the Toggle Overstrike Insert Mode command to toggle between typing over the existing text or inserting space for the new text as you type The default is insert mode When the overstrike mode is active OVR is displayed on the status bar Keyboard Shortcut press the Insert key Select Text Blocking Mode You use the Select Text Blocking Mode to choose how you would like to select the text when using the mouse or Shift key The three types of blocking are e Character Blocks This selects all text from the first character to the last character Line Blocks This selects entire lines Column Blocks This selects text that is located within the rectangle whose opposite corners are defined by the first and last character you select This option is not enabled if a proportional font is used The mode selected applies to all open documents However since column block mode is not supported for documents with propo
83. e This is good for common exit routines goto errout Matrix singular goto errout File not found Erroul pop errmsg errorlog errmsg end 4 27 Using GAUSS for Windows95 gosub With a gosub the address of the gosub statement is remembered and when a return statement is encountered the program will resume executing at the statement following the gosub Parameters can be passed with a gosub in the same way as a goto With a gosub it is also possible to return parameters with the return statement Subroutines are not isolated from the rest of your program and the variables referred to between the label and the return statement can be accessed from other places in your program Since a subroutine is only an address marked by a label there can be subroutines inside procedures The variables used in these subroutines are the same variables that are known inside the procedure They will not be unique to the subroutine but they may be locals that are unique to the procedure the subroutine is in For details see gosub in the GAUSS Language Reference Functions Single line functions that return one item can be defined with the n statement fn area r pi r r These functions can be called in the same way as intrinsic functions The above function could be used in the following program sequence diameter 3 radius 3 2 a area radius Rules of Syntax This section lists the gene
84. e Select button The default is off The Sound at keyboard request option determines whether a sound is played when a keystroke is required for example if the GAUSS command key was issued The current sound can be tested using the Test button and the sound file can be selected using the Select button The default is off The Enter Behavior control specifies how ENTER is programmed in Interactive mode There are three possible choices Pressing ENTER does not Execute Under this option pressing ENTER merely starts a new line This is the equivalent of typing in a word processor GAUSS execution occurs using F2 or the Execute GAUSS button Using the Windows Interface Pressing ENTER Executes if no This is the default Behavior If the current line ends with a semicolon ENTER merely starts a new line If the current line does not end with a semicolon then a semicolon will be inserted at the end of a line after ENTER has been pressed and the code from the caret back to the previous GAUSS prompt will be executed Pressing ENTER always Executes The current line will be executed equivalent to pressing F2 whether or not the line ends with a semicolon This option sets the default mode it can be changed on the fly by clicking the Enter Ex panel on the Status Bar The Prompt to Save Untitled option determines whether or not a prompt is given on exit querying saving files that have neither been loaded nor saved and he
85. e debugger with a red highlight Procedure breakpoints occur at the beginning of a procedure and can only be added if the named procedure exists in the GAUSS workspace Toolbar Shortcut Main File List You can reopen a file recently used by GAUSS by double clicking on the file name on the File List on the Toolbar The list contains up to ten of the most recent main files used by GAUSS Run Main File You use the Run Main File command to run the specified main file While running output is displayed beneath the current block of GAUSS code if the output mode is set to Cmnd or in the Output Window if the output mode is set to Split T O Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut F2 Edit Main File You use the Edit Main File command to open an editor window for the specified main file The file is loaded if needed and the Edit window becomes the active window E Toolbar Shortcut Debug Main File You use the Debug Main File command to run the main file in the Debug window Prior to running the debugger breakpoints can be set or cleared in the Using GAUSS for Windows95 active window at the cursor using the breakpoint set and clear commands Watch variables can also be set prior to running the debugger Compile Main File You use the Compile Main File command to compile the specified main file During compilation any errors are displayed beneath the current block of GAUSS code if the output mode is set to Cmnd or in the Output
86. e files with the extension dec to assign default values to global matrices and strings with declare statements A file with a ext extension containing the same symbols in external statements can also be created and include d at the top of any file that references these global variables An appropriate library file should contain the name of the dec files and the names of the globals they declare Here is an example that illustrates the way in which dec ext 1cg and src files work together Always begin the names of global matrices or strings with _ to distinguish them from procedures src File fcomp src These functions use _fcmptol to fuzz the comparison operations to allow for roundoff error k k The statement y feq a b k k xx is equivalent to y a eq b k k Returns a scalar result 1 true or 0 false EX y feq a b Libraries KE y fne a b include fcomp ext proc feq a b retp abs a b lt _fcmptol endp proc fne a b retp abs a b gt _fcmptol endp dec File xx fcomp dec global declaration file for fuzzy xx comparisons declare matrix _fcmptol le 14 ext File xx fcomp ext external declaration file for fuzzy xx comparisons xy external matrix _fcmptol Using GAUSS for Windows95 7 10 lcg File xx fcomp l1cg fuzzy compare library ay fcomp dec _fcmptol matrix fco
87. each GAUSS command Toolbar Shortcut Help on Help You use the Help on Help command to get help on using the Windows and GAUSS Help systems The Help systems can be accessed using the following e Click Help on the Menu bar and select the type of help you need e Click the Help icon on the Toolbar to for information on GAUSS commands e Right click on any icon to get pop up help for the icon e Click on any word to place the cursor in the word and press F1 If the word is a GAUSS command pop up help on that word is displayed If the word is not a GAUSS command but is in an active library the respective file will be displayed Press Ctrl F1 while the cursor is in a word initiates the GAUSS source browser If the word is defined in an acative library the respective file will be loaded into an edit window Toolbar Using the Windows Interface About Gauss You use the About GAUSS command to display the GAUSS copyright and version information You use the Toolbar buttons for fast access to the most commonly used commands Place the mouse pointer over the button to pop up a description of the command Click on the button to run the command Right click on the button for more comprehensive help New File You use the New command to open a new untitled document in the Edit window whichever is active Note New unsaved documents are not automatically backed up until you save them giving them a file name After you save t
88. ecting fonts for your graph see Selecting Fonts page 13 10 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Smplex 20 22 25 24 25 26 89 61 OO oft 53 6 90 62 65 64 65 66 67 68 69 92 95 94 95 96 97 98 99 SA 00 02 03 04 QS 06 07 08 09 58 oo 70 71 72 2 3 74 75 76 77 78 79 50 80 52 ore 94 82 35 DO 56 84 35 Oey 86 58 S9 37 88 60 Simgrma WN WWW CEN WG WG O ON DOAK WG MA EOI x UD G00 Wey OE GR SO OJ 0000770700 ON A AN a Oo Oo mam NOU AUNI O hat 4 O8 IA T bw 63 64 65 66 67 65 69 70 71 ve Lo 74 AS 76 a7 78 19 80 81 82 35 84 35 86 57 88 IV MAR ARA ITS Ss O AS O ee E AN ge SA E A O E 89 90 91 92 95 94 BO 96 Oy 96 99 00 01 02 US 04 o5 06 07 08 09 DOM NN A mama vV Ss KR BA ODS DR A IGE Ov Weep Sp HO NS ee Fonts Appendix Using GAUSS for Windows95 Microb GW WWW CN CN EN O COND OA W Omn rane WYO O O 90000 a oO oO ay Oo Onno WHY CO NXV A H de 02 arm 00 NO Maha 0NnN gt O0ss 61 62 65 64 65 66 Cg 68 69 70 71 EZ qa 74 ES FO ZL 78 7 9 80 81 82 83 O4 85 86 OF 88 Xxe ce CHUHD A TO ZF SEU XAC TITO m713mmooUu gt aoaosy V 389 gQ gil 92 ES 94 93 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 0 GS 06 07 08 09 Oak WN
89. ecutable only within the scope of the procedure and can be reached only by calling the procedure Programs A program is any set of statements that are run together at one time There are two sections within a program Main Section The main section of the program is all of the code that is compiled together without relying on the autoloader This means code that is in the main file or is included in the compilation of the main file with an include statement All executable code should be in the main section Using GAUSS for Windows95 There must always be a main section even if it consists only of a call to the one and only procedure called in the program The main program code is stored in an area of memory that can be adjusted in size with the new command Secondary Sections Secondary sections of the program are files that are neither run directly nor included in the main section with include statements The secondary sections of the program can be left to the autoloader to locate and compile when they are needed Secondary sections must have only procedure definitions and other nonexecutable statements include statements are allowed in secondary sections as long as the file being included does not violate the above criteria Here is an example of a secondary section declare matrix tol 1 0e 15 proc feg a b retp abs a b lt tol endp Compiler Directives 4 4 Compiler directives are commands that t
90. eeeseceeneeecaeeeeeeeeeeeeesecsencaeeeeeeees 10 1 Writing ELFOS A A Ade 10 3 Data Exchange A ed 11 1 Formats Supported 10 a e a et 11 1 Data Exchange Procedures oomioiioiian ted 11 2 Global Variables iio a E td 11 3 Data Transformations xiii ba ia ci 12 1 Using Data Loop Statement ienenge n a nan nn cnn naar a 12 2 Using Other Statements sicrie nn nrnn nan iani iaia 12 2 Debugging Data Loops esii neeme A Se A ee 12 2 Translation PRASE nine Sit ceteied as ebhiatdvaniatstexdevelan a aa AO A EAA EENET 12 3 Compilation Phaseoleae ren eae e aa esas heeds aa e are aE Eaa Eaa aE E 12 3 EX cutlons PRaS x eda nas aene AAA a A AA 12 3 Reserved Variables cool A ee a iiaae Rants eee is 12 3 Publication Quality Graphics oooccccnonoccnncncninnnnnnnnncnannnncnnnncrnnnn rre eran 13 1 General Desi cai aaa dd bold vans ENA 13 1 Using Publication Quality GraphicS oonoccccnnnnnncccnnnnoccccccnnnoncccnnnnnnccncnnnnnnccc nana aoas 13 2 Getting Started da id 13 2 Graphics Coordinate SySteM ooonnnnccccnnnnccccnnononcnncnnnnnnn o nn n rro rn nr nn rr 13 6 Graphics Graphic Panas da 13 6 TiledGraphic P ae es bdees eee ena ets eae et 13 6 Overlapping Graphic Panels a e a aaa a a eaa aaa aaa in aeaieie 13 7 Nontransparent Graphic Panels cccccccccccccccccncncnnoananannnncanononononononononononnnnnnnnnnnon 13 7 Transparent Graphic Panels cccccccccccccccceceeceeseeeaeseseseeeeeseeeseseseceeeeesesesesenenenss 13 7 Using Graphic Pan
91. el Functions coooonoocccccnoconcccccnononcncnonannnccnn nono nnccnn AERA 13 8 Inch Units in Graphics Graphic PanelS ooocionocccccnccccccccccconcnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnncannn nn nnnnnnos 13 9 Saving Graphic Panel Configurati0NS ooonnnnnnnccnnnnnaccccnonnnncccnnnnnnrn cnn arar rra 13 9 Graphics Text Elements sico coat a Dedo dal ae a igen ls kta tao Eek 13 9 Selecting Fonts toos ri GT ask aa ae es 13 10 Greek and Mathematical SyMboIs ccccceccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeesesenscnseeeeeetees 13 11 Colo rs ode oe shes da ee do fea 13 12 Global Control Variables civic da ed 13 13 Utilities sai esata a aoe aa a aE a a Eha Ei eaaa 14 1 ATOG A e e e a el 14 1 Command SUMMA 14 1 COMMANGS mes ato a no O A a o a O AO Mad 14 3 Examples icocii nasa 14 11 Error Messages iii ios 14 13 Be NEAS E dt sy cee buna A E EEA 14 15 Report molana EE E tha e A o td cat e elt 14 16 Using LIBEIST sa a E een O es oo eal oes Mada 14 17 Error Messages iii a 15 1 Maximizing Performance cocccccccncnnnnnnnnonnnnneconenennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnn are nn nr nn nnn enanas 16 1 Library System innata ias 16 1 A 2 ue E A Ss ian td Chae ea aA te Lt dee peti de E ahd Me 16 2 Virtual Me mMOry urticaria tai 16 2 Data Sets aee an a ed ee eee reer aes 16 2 Hard Disk Maintenant issen ena e a td ERE EEE 16 3 CRU Cache E A A E A deca 16 3 Fonts AppendiX lt lt lt lt omiiiiii a o daa anua ca A 1 OA ale E E de ol ecuhe lS antics Labisoned de tecte
92. ell GAUSS how to process a program during compilation Directives determine what the final compiled form of a program will be They can affect part or all of the source code for a program Directives are not executable statements and have no effect at run time The include statement mentioned earlier is actually a compiler directive It tells GAUSS to compile code from a separate file as though it were actually part of the file being compiled This code is compiled in at the position of the include statement Here are the compiler directives available in GAUSS define Define a case insensitive text replacement or flag variable definecs Define a case sensitive text replacement or flag variable undef Undefine a text replacement or flag variable ifdef Compile code block if a variable has been define d ifndef Compile code block if a variable has not been define d iflight Compile code block if running GAUSS Light Language Fundamentals else Else clause for if else endif code block endif End of if else endif code block include Include code from another file in program 1lineson Compile program with line number and file name records linesoff Compile program without line number and file name records srcfile Insert source file name record at this point currently used when doing data loop translation srcline Insert source file line number record at this point currently used when doing data loop transla
93. emporary file One of the temporary files could not be opened The directory may be full G0295 Error writing temporary file One of the temporary files could not be written to The disk may be full G0296 Can t raise negative number to nonintegral power G0300 File handle must be a scalar G0301 Syntax error in library G0302 File has been truncated or corrupted getname File header cannot be read load Cannot read input file or file header cannot be read open File size does not match header specifications or file header cannot be read G0317 Can t open temp file G0336 Disk full G0339 Can t debug compiled program G0341 File too big G0347 Can t allocate that many globals G0351 Warning Not reinitializing declare The symbol is already initialized It will be left as is Error Messages G0352 Warning Reinitializing declare The symbol is already initialized It will be reset G0355 Wrong size line matrix G0360 Write error G0364 Paging error G0365 Unsupported executable file type G0368 Unable to allocate translation space G0369 Unable to allocate buffer G0370 Syntax Error in code statement G0371 Syntax Error in recode statement G0372 Token verify error Notify Aptech Systems G0373 Procedure definition not allowed A procedure name appears on the left side of an assignment operator G0374 Invalid make statement G0375 make Variable is a Number G0376 make Variable is Procedu
94. endp Procedures and Keywords i TM VIV is Ss token s sum stof tok rr sum The keyword defined above will print the string argument passed to it The argument will be printed enclosed in single quotes Calling a Keyword When a keyword is called every character up to the end of the statement excluding the leading spaces is passed to the keyword as one string argument For example if you type add 12 3 4 5 the keyword will respond The sum is 15 00 Here is another example add the keyword will respond The argument is a null string Using GAUSS for Windows95 Passing Procedures to Procedures Procedures and functions can be passed to procedures in the following way proc max x y procedure to return maximum if x gt y retp x else retp y endif endp proc minix y procedure to return minimum 1f x lt y retp x else retp y endif endp fn lgsqrt x In sqrt x function to return log of square root NA proc myproc amp f1 amp f2 x y local fl proc f2 fn 2 z f1 x y retp f2 z endp 6 8 Procedures and Keywords The procedure myproc takes four arguments The first is a procedure 1 that has two arguments The second is a function 2 that has one argument It also has two other arguments that must be matrices or scalars In the local statement 1 is declared to be a procedure and 2 is declared to be a function They can be
95. ent Write data to a data set File I O Matrix Data Reading Files containing numeric data that are delimited with spaces or commas and are small enough to fit into a single matrix or string can be read with load Larger ASCII data files can be converted to GAUSS data sets with the ATOG utility program see ATOG page 14 1 ATOG can convert packed ASCII files as well as delimited files For small delimited data files the load statement can be used to load the data directly into a GAUSS matrix The resulting GAUSS matrix must be no larger than the limit for a single matrix For example load x datl asc will load the data in the file dat 1 asc into an Nx1 matrix x This method is preferred because rows x can be used to determine how many elements were actually loaded and the matrix can be reshape d to the desired form load x datl asc if rows x eq 500 x reshape x 100 5 else errorlog Read Error end endif For quick interactive loading without error checking use load x 100 5 datl asc This will load the data into a 100x5 matrix Ifthere are more or fewer than 500 numbers in the data set the matrix will automatically be reshaped to 100x5 Writing To write data to an ASCII file the print or print m command is used to print to the auxiliary output The resulting files are standard ASCII files and can be edited with GAUSS s editor or another text editor The output and outw
96. er data in output file Setting output file to double precision The output file contains character data The type was set to double precision automatically atog Character data longer than 8 bytes were truncated The input file contained character elements longer than 8 bytes The conversion continued and the character elements were truncated to 8 bytes atog Disk Full The output disk is full The output file is incomplete atog Found character data in numeric field This is a warning that character data was found in a variable that was specified as numeric The conversion will continue atog Illegal command An unrecognizable command was found in a command file 14 13 Using GAUSS for Windows95 14 14 atog Internal error Notify Aptech Systems atog Invalid delimiter The delimiter following the backslash is not supported atog Invalid output type Output type must be I F or D atog Missing value symbol not found No missing value was specified in an ms ym statement atog No Input file No ASCII input file was specified The input command may be missing atog No input variables No input variable names were specified The invar statement may be missing atog No output file No output file was specified The output command may be missing atog output type d required for character data Character data in output file will be lost Output file contains character data and is not double precision
97. er pass has run out of memory Notify Aptech Systems G0010 Can t open output file G0011 Compiled file must have correct extension GAUSS requires a gcg extension G0012 Invalid drive specifier G0013 Invalid filename G0014 File not found G0015 Directory full G0016 Too many includes included files are nested too deep G0017 WARNING local outside of procedure A local statement has been found outside a procedure definition The local statement will be ignored G0018 Read error in program file G0019 Can t edit gcg file Error Messages G0020 Not implemented yet Command not supported in this implementation G0021 use must be at the beginning of a program G0022 User keyword cannot be used in expression G0023 Illegal attempt to redefine symbol to an index variable G0025 Undefined symbol A symbol has been referenced that has not been given a definition G0026 Too many symbols The global symbol table is full To set the limit see new in the GAUSS Language Reference G0027 Invalid directory G0028 Can t open configuration file GAUSS cannot find the configuration file G0029 Missing left parenthesis G0030 Insufficient workspace memory The space used to store and manipulate matrices and strings is not large enough for the operations attempted To make the main program space smaller and reclaim enough space to continue see new in the GAUSS Language Reference G0031 Execution stack too deep
98. essing Enter runs all code from the GAUSS prompt line to the line the cursor is on if the final line ends with a If the final line does not end with a Enter starts a new line OFF Pressing Enter starts a new line Click the Enter Ex status on the Status bar to toggle the status between the two options Cursor Location The line number and column number where the cursor is located appears on the Status bar for the active window When a block of text is selected the values indicate the first position of the selected text Insert Insert appears on the Status bar when typing replaces the existing text with text you enter When Insert does not appear on the Status bar typing inserts text without deleting the existing text Press the Insert key to toggle between the two conditions NUM appears on the status bar to indicate the Num Lock key has been pressed and the keypad numbers are active Some keyoard shortcuts are only active when you use the numbers on the keybapd instead of the numbers across the top of the keyboard Press the Num Lock key to toggle between the two conditions Caps CAPS appears on the status bar to indicate the Caps Lock key has been pressed and all text you enter will appear in upper case When Caps does not appear on the Status bar the alphabetic keys you type will appear in lower case or if the Shift key is pressed in upper case Press the Caps Lock key to toggle between the two conditions
99. everal matrix options including the number of digits to the right of the decimal point cell height and width and whether pressing the Enter key moves the cursor down or over one cell These options along with screen position and window state are saved between sessions DOS Compatibility Window You use the DOS Compatibility Window command to open a DOS window during a GAUSS session Configure Menu 3 22 You use the Configure menu commands to set how you want GAUSS to look and operate The Configure menu contains the following entries Preferences You use the Preferences command to specify how GAUSS operates You can choose to make the setting permanent by selecting All in the Document section or Current to apply the changes only to the current document Display Tab Using the Windows Interface You use the Font Type control to specify which font attributes the editor uses The default font is FixedSys You can set the font name font size font color and the font styles You use the Back Color control to specify the background color used by the editor The default color is the system background color You use the Scrollbars control to specify the type of scrollbar used None Horizontal Vertical Both or Auto The default is Auto You use the View toolbar buttons as control to specify whether the toolbar buttons are displayed with Icons or text The default setting is Icons Changing the setting from text to icons req
100. explicit retp statement There can be multiple retp statements in a procedure and they can be anywhere inside the body of the procedure End of Procedure Definition The endp statement marks the end of the procedure definition endp An implicit retp statement that returns nothing is always generated here so it is impossible to run off the end of a procedure without returning If the procedure was defined to return one or more objects executing this implicit return will result in a Wrong number of returns error message and the program will terminate Calling a Procedure Procedures are called like this dog i j k F y cat i j k R x y Z bat i j k call bat i j k ee no returns one return multiple returns ignore any returns Procedures are called in the same way that intrinsic functions are called The procedure name is followed by a list of arguments in parentheses The arguments must be separated by commas If there is to be no return value use proc 0 dog x y 2Z when defining the procedure and use dog ak 4 3 or call dog ak 4 3 when calling it Using GAUSS for Windows95 The arguments passed to procedures can be complicated expressions involving calls to other functions and procedures This calling mechanism is completely general For example y dog cat 3 x bird x y 2 1 is legal Keywords A keyword like a procedure is a subroutine that can be called i
101. expression too complex An expression is too complex Break it into smaller pieces Notify Aptech Systems G0032 fn function too large 15 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 4 G0033 Missing right index bracket G0034 Missing arguments G0035 Argument too large G0036 Matrices are not conformable For a description of the function or operator being used and conformability tules see Matrix Operators page 5 4 or the GAUSS Language Reference G0037 Result too large The size of the result of an expression is greater than the limit for a single matrix G0038 Not all the eigenvalues can be computed G0039 Matrix must be square to invert G0040 Not all the singular values can be computed G0041 Argument must be scalar A matrix argument was passed to a function that requires a scalar G0042 Matrix must be square to compute determinant G0043 Not implemented for complex matrices G0044 Matrix must be real G0045 Attempt to write complex data to real data set Data sets unlike matrices cannot change from real to complex after they are created Use create complex to create a complex data set G0046 Columns don t match The matrices must have the same number of columns Error Messages G0047 Rows don t match The matrices must have the same number of rows G0048 Matrix singular The matrix is singular using the current tolerance G0049 Target matrix not complex G0050 Out of memory for program The mai
102. f an implicit decimal point if necessary outvar is not used with packed ASCII files Instead invar is used to specify only those variables to be included in the output file For packed ASCII files the syntax of the invar command is invar record reclen format variables format variables where reclen the total record length in bytes including the final carriage return line feed if applicable Records must be fixed length format start length prec where start starting position of the field in the record 1 is the first position The default is 1 length length of the field in bytes The default is 8 prec optional a decimal point will be inserted automatically prec places in from the RIGHT edge of the field If several variables are listed after a format definition each succeeding field will be assumed to start immediately after the preceding field If an asterisk is used to specify the starting position the current logical default will be assumed An asterisk in the length position will select the current default for both length and prec This is illegal 3 8 The type change characters and are used to toggle between character and numeric data type Any data in the record that is not defined in a format is ignored The examples below assume a 32 byte record with a carriage return line feed occupying the last 2 bytes of each record The data can be interpreted in different ways using different invar statements
103. f the main file The search path used by the autoloader is first the current directory and then the paths listed in the src_path configuration variable in the order they appear src_path can be defined in the GAUSS configuration file Forward References When the compiler encounters a symbol that has not previously been defined it is called a forward reference GAUSS handles forward references in two ways depending on whether they are left hand side or right hand side references 7 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Left Hand Side A left hand side reference is usually a reference to a symbol on the left hand side of the equal sign in an expression such as x 5 Left hand side references since they are assignments are assumed to be matrices In the previous statement x is assumed to be a matrix and the code is compiled accordingly If at execution time the expression actually returns a string the assignment is made and the type of the symbol x is forced to string Some commands are implicit left hand side assignments There is an implicit left hand side reference to x in each of these statements clear x load x open x myfile Right Hand Side A right hand side reference is usually a reference to a symbol on the right hand side of the equal sign in an expression such as z 6 y z dog print y In the program above since dog is not previously known to the compiler the autoloader will se
104. f there is an existing file by the name of mydata asc it will be overwritten output file mydata asc reset screen off format rd 1 8 File I O open fp mydata do until eof fp print readr fp 200 endo fo close fp end The output reset command will create an auxiliary output file called mydata asc to receive the output The window is turned off to speed up the process The GAUSS data file mydata dat is opened for reading and 200 rows will be read per iteration until the end of the file is reached The data read will be printed to the auxiliary output mydata asc only because the window is off General File 1 0 getf will read a file and return it in a string variable Any kind of file can be read in this way as long as it will fit into a single string variable To read files sequentially use open to open the file and use fgets fputs and associated functions to read and write the file The current position in a file can be determined with fte11 The following example uses these functions to copy an ASCII text file proc copy src dest local fin fout str fin fopen src rb if not fin retp 1 endif 9 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 fout fopen dest wb Le ONO faa call close fin retp 2 endif do until eof fin str fgets fin 1024 if fputs fout str 1 call close fin call close fout retp 3 endif endo call close fin call
105. f this is a scalar zero nothing will be drawn Default is 0 M 1 item type and coordinate system 1 line in plot coordinates line in inch coordinates line in pixel coordinates circle in plot coordinates circle in inch coordinates radius in plot coordinates YI no OW amp W DN radius in inch coordinates 13 20 M 2 M 3 7 line type 1 dashed dotted Publication Quality Graphics short dashes dots and dashes solid 2 3 4 closely spaced dots 5 6 coordinates and dimensions 1 line in plot coordinates M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 x starting point y starting point x ending point y ending point 0 if this is a continuation of a curve 1 if this begins a new curve 2 line in inches M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 x starting point y starting point x ending point y ending point 0 if this is a continuation of a curve 1 if this begins a new curve 3 line in pixel coordinates M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 x starting point y starting point x ending point y ending point 0 if this is a continuation of a curve 1 if this begins a new curve 4 circle in plot coordinates M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 x center of circle y center of circle radius in x plot units starting point of arc in radians 13 21 Using GAUSS for Windows95 13 22 _pline3d M 8 M 9 M 7 ending point of arc in radians
106. f zero The variable type flags immediately follow the variable names They are 1 byte binary integers one per column padded to an even 8 byte boundary A 1 indicates a numeric variable and a 0 indicates a character variable The contents of the data set follow the header and start on an 8 byte boundary Data is either 2 byte signed integer 4 byte single precision floating point or 8 byte double precision floating point Matrix v96 Offset File I O Description 0 3 4 7 8 11 12 15 16 19 20 23 24 27 28 31 32 35 36 39 40 43 44 47 48 51 52 55 56 59 60 63 64 67 68 71 72 75 76 127 always OXFFFFFFFF always 0 always OXFFFFFFFF always 0 always OXFFFFFFFF OxFFFFFFFF for forward byte order 0 for backward byte order OxFFFFFFFF for forward bit order 0 for backward bit order always OXABCDEFO1 currently 1 reserved floating point type 1 for IEEE 754 1008 double precision data 8 the size in bytes of a double matrix 0 real matrix 1 complex matrix 1 imaginary part of matrix follows real part standard GAUSS style 1 imaginary part of each element immediately follows real part FORTRAN style number of dimensions 0 scalar 1 row vector 2 column vector or matrix 1 row major ordering of elements 2 column major always 0 header size 128 dimensions 4 padded to 8 byte boundary reserved If the data is a scalar the data will directly follow the header 9 19 Using
107. following entries Undo You use the Undo command to remove your last changes in the active window Up to 256 changes or the last time you saved the file which ever comes first can be undone Keyboard Shortcut CTRL Z BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Star Redo You use the Redo command to restore changes in the active window you removed using the Undo Edit command Using GAUSS for Windows95 3 12 Cut You use the Cut command to delete the selected text from the active window and place a copy of it onto the Windows clipboard A Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL X BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Minus Copy You use the Copy command to copy the selected text from the active window to the Windows clipboard Eo Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL C BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Plus Paste You use the Paste command to copy text from the Windows clipboard to the active window at the cursor position B Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL V BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Ins Insert Delete You use the Delete command to delete the selected text in the active window The keyboard Delete key also deletes selected text or if no text is selected characters to the right of the cursor Clear to End You use the Clear to End command to delete all text from the cursor to the end of text Using the Windows Interface A Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut F7 Clear All You use the Clear All command
108. g lab 204m 201 2 204m 201 1 1 204m m 201 2 asclabel lab 0 This example illustrates the use of several of the special Simgrma symbols _pmsgstr 2041 2011 2 204p 20le 204m 2012 201 2 d 204m This produces V1 2n Jet du Colors 0 Black 8 Dark Grey 1 Blue 9 Light Blue 2 Green 10 Light Green 3 Cyan 11 Light Cyan 4 Red 12 Light Red 5 Magenta 13 Light Magenta 6 Brown 14 Yellow 7 Grey 15 White 13 12 Publication Quality Graphics Global Control Variables The following global variables are used to control various graphics elements Default values are provided Any or all of these variables can be set before calling one of the main graphing routines The default values can be modified by changing the declarations in pgraph dec and the statements in the procedure graphset in pgraph src graphset can be called whenever the user wants to reset these variables to their default values _pageshf _pagesiz _parrow 2x1 vector the graph will be shifted to the right and up if this is not 0 If this is 0 the graph will be centered on the output page Default is 0 Note Used internally For the same functionality see axmargin in the GAUSS Language Reference This is used by the graphics graphic panel routines The user must not set this when using the graphic panel procedures 2x1 vector size of the graph in inches on the printer output Maximum size is 9 0 X 6 855 inches unrotated o
109. g program is legal proc 2 cmcplx x local r c r rows x c cols x retp x zeros r c endp proc 2 cminv xr x1 local ixy zr Zi ixy inv xr xi inv xr xi ixy real part of inverse zr zi ixy zr imaginary part of inverse Using GAUSS for Windows95 retp zr zi endp proc 2 cmmult xr xi yr yi local zr z1 zr xr yr xi y1 Zi xr yl1 xi yr retp zr zi endp xr x1i cmcplx rndn 3 3 yr yi cmcplx rndn 3 3 zr zi cmmult cminv xr xi cminv yr yi gqr qi cmmult yr yi cminv yr yi ll wr wi cmmult yr yi cminv cmmult cminv xr x1 yr y1 Saving Compiled Procedures When a file containing a procedure definition is run the procedure is compiled and is then resident in memory The procedure can be called as if it were an intrinsic function If the new command is executed or you quit GAUSS and exit to the operating system the compiled image of the procedure disappears and the file containing the procedure definition will have to be compiled again If a procedure contains no global references that is if it does not reference any global matrices or strings and it does not call any user defined functions or procedures it can be saved to disk in compiled form ina fcg file with the save command and loaded later with the Loadp command whenever it is needed This will usually be faster than recompiling For examp
110. graph dec to change the default colors see Colors page 10 12 _pesel is not documented elsewhere scalar or 1X5 vector allows plot cropping for different graphic elements to be individually controlled Valid values are 0 disabled or 1 enabled If cropping is enabled any graphical data sent outside the axes area will not be drawn If this is scalar _perop is expanded to a 1x5 vector using the given value for all elements All cropping is enabled by default 1 crop main curves symbols 2 crop lines generated using _pline 3 crop arrows generated using _parrow 13 17 Using GAUSS for Windows95 4 crop circles arcs generated using _pline 5 crop symbols generated using _psym This example will crop main curves and lines and circles drawn by _pline perdp gt Ll 1 0 1 0 ys _pcross scalar If 1 the axes will intersect at the 0 0 X Y location if it is visible Default is 0 meaning the axes will be at the lowest end of the X Y coordinates _pdate date string If this contains characters the date will be appended and printed The default is set as follows the first character is a font selection escape code _pdate 201GAUSS If this is set to a null string no date will be printed For more information on using fonts within strings see Graphics Text Elements page 13 9 _perrbar Mx9 matrix draws one error bar per row of the input matrix If scalar 0 no error bars will be
111. has been set equal to the ith pointer is declared to be a procedure and is called as a procedure in the retp statement Multiple Returns from Procedures Procedures can return multiple items up to 1023 The procedure is defined like this example of a complex inverse proc 2 cminv xr xi 2 specifies number of return values 8 local ixy zr Zi ixy inv xr xi zr inv xr x1 ixy real part of inverse zi ixy zr imaginary part of inverse retp zr zi return real part imaginary part endp It can then be called like this zr zi cminv xr xi To make the assignment the list of targets must be enclosed in braces Also a procedure that returns more than one argument can be used as input to another procedure or function that takes more than one argument proc 2 cminv xr x1 local axy 2 21 ixy inv xr xi zr inv xr xi ixy real part of inverse Zi 1xy Zr imaginary part of inverse 6 10 Procedures and Keywords retp zr zi endp proc 2 cmmult xr xi yr yi local zr z1 zr xr yr xi y1 Zi xr yl1 xi yr retp zr zi endp zr zi cminv cmmult xr x1 yr y1 The two returned matrices from cmmult are passed directly to cminv in the statement above This is equivalent to the following statements tr ti cmmult xr x1 yr yl1 zr zi cminv tr ti This is completely general so the followin
112. he new file it will be automatically backed up will all other open files according to the settings you have selected in the Configure menu Preferences Files tab O Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL N Open File You use the Open command to open an existing file for viewing or editing You can enter or select the directory and filename in the Windows Open dialog box Toolbar Shortcut amp Keyboard Shortcut CTRL O Save File You use the Save command to save your changes to the file in the active window If the file is untitled you are prompted for a path and filename Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL S Using GAUSS for Windows95 Print You use the print command to print the active file or selected text from the active window Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL P Cut You use the Cut command to delete the selected text from the active window and place a copy of it onto the Windows clipboard Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL X BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Minus Copy You use the Copy command to copy the selected text from the active window to the Windows clipboard E Toolbar Shortcut g Keyboard Shortcut CTRL C BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Plus Paste You use the Paste command to copy text from the Windows clipboard to the active window at the cursor position Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL V BRIEF Keypad Shortcut Ins Insert Using the Windows Interf
113. hed must be in matrices For example x seqa 1 1 50 y sin x Graphics Format Setup Most of the graphics elements contain defaults that allow the user to generate a plot without modification These defaults however may be overridden by the user through the use of global variables and graphics procedures Some of the elements custom configurable by the user are axes numbering labeling cropping scaling line and symbol sizes and types legends and colors Publication Quality Graphics Calling Graphics Routines The graphics routines take as input the user data and global variables that have previously been set It is in these routines where the graphics file is created and displayed Following are three PQG examples The first two programs are different versions of the same graph The variables that begin with _p are the global control variables used by the graphics routines For a detailed description of these variables see Global Control Variables page 13 12 Example 1 The routine being called here is a simple XY plot The entire window will be used Four sets of data will be plotted with the line and symbol attributes automatically selected This graph will include a legend title and a time date stamp time stamp is on by default library pgraph activate PGRAPH library graphset reset global variables x sega 1 1 100 generate data y sin x y y y 8 y 6 y 4 4 curves
114. hes use _parrow 112 2 3 0 2 11 10 2 6 0 Bi Ae 2 2 3s Oe Aon OZ Ge Ooo 9 _parrow3 Mx12 matrix draws one 3 D arrow per row of the input matrix If scalar zero no arrows will be drawn M 1 x Starting point in 3 D plot coordinates M 2 y starting point in 3 D plot coordinates M 3 z Starting point in 3 D plot coordinates M 4 x ending point in 3 D plot coordinates M 5 y ending point in 3 D plot coordinates M 6 z ending point in 3 D plot coordinates M 7 ratio of the length of the arrow head to half its width M 8 size of arrow head in inches 13 14 _paxes Publication Quality Graphics M 9 type and location of arrow heads This integer number will be interpreted as a decimal expansion mn For example if 10 then m 1 n 0 m type of arrow head O solid 1 empty 2 open 3 closed n location of arrow head O none 1 at the final end 2 at both ends M 10 color of arrow see Colors page 10 12 M 11 line type 1 dashed dotted short dashes dots and dashes solid M 12 controls thickness of lines used to draw arrow This value may be zero or greater A value of zero is normal line width 2 3 4 closely spaced dots 5 6 To create two single headed arrows located using plot coordinates use _parrow3 111222 3 0 2 11 10 6 0 S SD 2 Oo BP OO E EA OS O E scalar 2X1 or 3X1 vector for independent control for each axis The first element controls the X axis the second control
115. id meaningless redefinition errors and declare warnings never declare a global more than once in any one file Redefinition error messages and declare warnings are meant to help you prevent name conflicts and will be useless to you if your code generates them normally By following these guidelines any declare warnings and redefinition errors you get will be meaningful By knowing that such warnings and errors are significant you will be able to debug your programs more efficiently 7 12 Compiler GAUSS allows you to compile your large frequently used programs to a file that can be run over and over with no compile time The compiled image is usually smaller than the uncompiled source GAUSS is not a native code compiler rather it compiles to a form of pseudocode The file will have a gcg extension The compile command will compile an entire program to a compiled file An attempt to edit a compiled file will cause the source code to be loaded into the editor if it is available to the system The run command assumes a compiled file if no extension is given and that a file with a gcg extension is in the src_path A saveall command is available to save the current contents of memory in a compiled file for instant recall later The use command will instantly load a compiled program or set of procedures at the beginning of an ASCII program before compiling the rest of the ASCII program file Since the compiled files are encoded binary fi
116. idth commands are used to control the auxiliary output The print or print m command is used to control what is sent to the output file 9 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 9 4 The window can be turned on and off using screen When printing a large amount of data to the auxiliary output the window can be turned off using the command screen off This will make the process much faster especially if the auxiliary output is a disk file It is easy to forget to turn the window on again Use the end statement to terminate your programs end will automatically perform screen on and output off The following commands can be used to control printing to the auxiliary output format Specify format for printing a matrix output Open close rename auxiliary output file or device outwidth Auxiliary output width printfm Formatted matrix print print Print matrix or string screen Turn printing to the window on and off This example illustrates printing a matrix to a file format rd 8 2 outwidth 132 output file myfile asc reset screen off PEINE Xx output off screen on The numbers in the matrix x will be printed with a field width of 8 spaces per number and with 2 places beyond the decimal point The resulting file will be an ASCII data file It will have 132 column lines maximum A more extended example follows This program will write the contents of the GAUSS file mydata dat into an ASCII file called mydata asc I
117. ile 6 13 statement 4 2 4 28 executable 4 2 nonexecutable 4 2 string array concatenation 5 15 string arrays 4 17 4 18 string concatenation 5 14 string files 9 13 string long 4 29 strings graphics 13 9 subroutine 4 28 substitution 5 16 5 17 symbol names 4 29 syntax 4 28 T temporary files 16 1 tensor 5 6 thickness line 13 18 13 22 13 23 tick marks 13 11 tilde 5 8 tiled windows 13 6 tmp environment string 16 1 tolerance C 1 translation phase 12 3 transparent windows 13 7 transpose 5 7 transpose bookkeeping 5 7 troubleshooting libraries 7 11 TRUE 4 23 5 9 U unconditional branching 4 27 V vector 12 2 vectors 4 31 virtual memory 16 2 WwW windows graphics 13 4 13 6 nontransparent 13 7 overlapping 13 7 tiled 13 6 transparent 13 7 X xor 5 12 5 13 xor 5 13 Z Index zooming 13 26 Index 5
118. imensional arrays of double precision numbers All matrices are implicitly complex although if it consists only of zeros the imaginary part may take up no space Matrices are stored in row major order A 2x3 real matrix will be stored in the following way from the lowest addressed element to the highest addressed element 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 A 2x3 complex matrix will be stored in the following way from the lowest addressed element to the highest addressed element real part 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 imaginary part 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 Conversion between complex and real matrices occurs automatically and is transparent to the user in most cases Functions are provided to provide explicit control when necessary All numbers in GAUSS matrices are stored in double precision floating point format and each takes up 8 bytes of memory This is the IEEE 754 format Language Fundamentals Significant Bytes Data Type Digits Range Br HUME PON A ioar Sil erenao Matrices with only one number 1X1 matrices are referred to as scalars and matrices with only one row or column 1XN or Nx1 matrices are referred to as vectors Any matrix or vector can be indexed with two indices Vectors can be indexed with one index Scalars can be indexed with one or two indices also because scalars vectors and matrices are the same data type to GAUSS The majority of functions and operator
119. ining caterpil y zeros 3 1 cat the result will be a 3X1 matrix each element containing cat If we use the y created above in the following k y fish the result will be a 3x1 matrix with each element containing catfish If we then use k created above t k 1 1 the result will be a string containing catfish If we use the same k to create z as follows z dog k 1 11 the result will be a string containing dogcat fish String Array Concatenation Vertical string array concatenation X dog ll y vers x y print k dog fish Using GAUSS for Windows95 Horizontal string array concatenation xX dog ll y WFEiSsh x y print k dog fish String Variable Substitution 5 16 In a command such as create f1 olsdat with x 4 2 by default GAUSS will interpret olsdat as the literal name of the GAUSS data file you want to create It will also interpret x as the literal prefix string for the variable names x1 x2 x3 x4 To get the data set name from a string variable the substitution operator could be used as follows dataset olsdat create fl dataset with x 4 2 To get the data set name from a string variable and the variable names from a character vector use the following dataset olsdat vnames age pay sex create fl dataset with vnames 0 2 The general syntax is variable_na
120. ither the Command or Edit window Using GAUSS for Windows95 Output is shown below the code in Cmnd mode In Split I O mode the output appears in the Output window To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Input Output Window command Toolbar Shortcut Run Commands Run Current File Run marked block Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl F2 Pause Program You use the Pause Program command to suspend a program while it is in the process of running Output is shown below the code in Cmnd mode In Split I O mode the output appears in the Output window To toggle between the current input and the Output window use the Toggle Input Output Window command Stop Program You use the Stop Program command to stop the program currently running and return control to the editor Toolbar Shortcut Insert GAUSS Prompt You use the Insert GAUSS Prompt command to manually add the GAUSS prompt at the cursor position The GAUSS prompt is automatically displayed following the execution of GAUSS code Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Shift F2 Using the Windows Interface Toggle Set Clear Breakpoint You use the Toggle Set Clear Breakpoint command to enable or disable a line breakpoint at the cursor in the active file Breakpoints usually remain valid when a file is changed and lines are inserted or deleted but are lost when a file is closed whether it is saved or not Line breakpoints are displayed in th
121. ked text Ctrl F2 Main File F2 Running Commands Interactively Description When you run commands interactively the actual code being processed is called the active block The active block is that code between the GAUSS prompt and the end of the current line Thus the active block can be one or more lines of code You can run the code using one of the following e Selecting Run Commands from the Action menu e Pressing Ctrl F2 e Clicking the Run Commands icon on the Toolbar e Clicking the GAUSS Status on the status bar e Pressing Enter A block of code can be executed by selecting the block with the mouse and then running that block using any of the first four methods Note The GAUSS prompt at the beginning of the selected text is ignored The GAUSS output occurs on the subsequent line Options e An Output Mode option specifies whether the output is displayed in the Command window Cmnd I O or the Output window Split I O You can toggle this option by clicking the status on the Status bar 3 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 An Enter to Execute option is available which determines whether pressing Enter will run the GAUSS command You can toggle this option by clicking the status on the Status bar Running Programs in Files You can execute the currently displayed file the active file by using one of the following e Selecting Run Program on the Action menu e Pressing Ctrl F2 e Clicking the
122. l be given Hard Delimited ASCII Files Hard delimited files have a printable character as a delimiter between elements Two delimiters without intervening data between them will be interpreted as a missing If n is specified as a delimiter the file should have one element per line and blank lines will be considered missings Otherwise delimiters must be printable characters The dot is illegal and will always be interpreted as a missing value To specify the backslash as a delimiter use MM If is specified as a delimiter the file will be assumed to contain one case or record per line with commas between elements and no comma at the end of the line For hard delimited files the delimit subcommand is used with the invar command The delimit subcommand has two optional parameters The first parameter is the delimiter the default is a comma The second parameter is an N If the second parameter is present ATOG will expect N delimiters If it is not present ATOG will expect N 1 delimiters This example invar delimit N name var 5 will expect a file like this BILL 222 3 123 242 456 4 SAD 933 2 STEVE 624 3 340 3 624 3 63945 TO 244 2 834 3 602 3 3334 822 5 This example invar delimit name var 5 or invar delimit name var 5 will expect a file like this BIEL yo 222 934 L232 456 4 A IS SA STEVE 624 3 340 3 7 624 3 639 5
123. l other windows The program source window may be the Command or Edit window and the execution window may be the Command window Cmnd I O mode or Output window Split I O mode Dual Horizontal You use the Dual Horizontal command to horizontally tile the program source and execution windows within the main window and minimize all other windows The program source window may be the Command or Edit window and the execution window may be the Command window Cmnd I O mode or Output window Split I O mode Tile Vertically You use the Tile Vertically command to arrange all open windows vertically on the screen without any overlap Tile Horizontally You use the Tile Horizontally command to arrange all open windows horizontally on the screen without any overlap Using the Windows Interface Cascade You use the Cascade command to arrange all open windows on the screen overlapping each with the active window on top Arrange Icons You use the Arrange Icons command to arrange all minimized windows across the bottom of the main GAUSS window No Split You use the No Split command to remove a split you made to the active window You use either the Split Vertically or Split Horizontally commands to create a split window Toolbar Shortcut Split Vertical You use the Split Vertically command to split the active window into two vertical panes This allows you to view two different areas of the same document to facilitate split windo
124. lative to the horizontal graphic panel size and Y coordinates will be scaled relative to the vertical graphic panel size Saving Graphic Panel Configurations The functions savewind and loadwind allow the user to save graphic panel configurations Once graphic panels are created using makewind and window savewind may be called This will save to disk the global variables containing information about the current graphic panel configuration To load this configuration again call loadwind See loadwind in the GAUSS Language Reference Graphics Text Elements Graphics text elements such as titles messages axes labels axes numbering and legends can be modified and enhanced by changing fonts and by adding superscripting subscripting and special mathematical symbols 13 9 Using GAUSS for Windows95 To make these modifications and enhancements the user can embed escape codes in the text strings that are passed to title xlabel ylabel and asclabel or assigned to _ppmsgstr and _plegstr The escape codes used for graphics text are 1000 String termination character null byte Enter superscript mode leave subscript mode Enter subscript mode leave superscript mode Interpret next character as literal 207 Select font number n see Selecting Fonts following The escape code L can be embedded into title strings to create a multiple line title title This is the first line lthis is the second
125. le save path c gauss cp procl proc2 proc3 loadp path c gauss cp procl proc2 proc3 Procedures and Keywords The name of the file will be the same as the name of the procedure witha fcg extension For details see loadp and save in the GAUSS Language Reference All compiled procedures should be saved in the same subdirectory so there is no question where they are located when it is necessary to reload them The loadp path can be set in your startup file to reflect this Then to load in procedures use loadp procl proc2 proc3 Procedures that are saved in cg files will NOT be automatically loaded It is necessary to explicitly load them with loadp This feature should be used only when the time necessary for the autoloader to compile the source is too great Also unless these procedures have been compiled with lineson debugging will be more complicated 6 13 Libraries The GAUSS library system allows for the creation and maintenance of modular programs The user can create libraries of frequently used functions that the GAUSS system will automatically find and compile whenever they are referenced in a program Autoloader The autoloader resolves references to procedures keywords matrices and strings that are not defined in the program from which they are referenced The autoloader automatically locates and compiles the files containing the symbol definitions that are not resolved during the compilation o
126. le statement is compiled binary code is added to the program being compiled at the current location of the instruction pointer This binary code will be executed whenever the interpreter passes through this section of the program If the code is in a loop it will be executed each iteration of the loop Here are some examples of executable statements y 34 25 print y x 1372094003 4 Nonexecutable Statements Nonexecutable statements are statements that have an effect only when the program is compiled compile time They generate no executable code at the current location of the instruction pointer 4 2 Language Fundamentals Here are two examples declare matrix x 1 2 3 4 external matrix ybar Procedure definitions are nonexecutable They do not generate executable code at the current location of the instruction pointer Here is an example zed rndn 3 3 proc sqrtinv x local y y sqrt x retp ytinv x endp zsi sqrtinv zed There are two executable statements in the example above the first line and the last line In the binary code that is generated the last line will follow immediately after the first line The last line is the cal1 to the procedure This generates executable code The procedure definition generates no code at the current location of the instruction pointer There is code generated in the procedure definition but it is isolated from the rest of the program It is ex
127. lements 13 9 graphics windows 13 4 13 6 graphics publication quality 13 1 grid subdivisions 13 18 gt 5 10 gt 5 11 H hard delimited 14 5 hardware requirements 2 1 hat operator 5 6 5 16 help 14 4 help atog command 14 1 hidden lines 13 25 horizontal direct product 5 7 indefinite 4 19 indexing matrices 4 30 5 13 indexing procedures 5 14 infinity 4 20 initialize 6 3 Index inner product 5 4 input atog command 14 1 input 14 4 instruction pointer 4 2 interactive draft mode 13 24 interpreter 4 1 intrinsic function 4 6 invar 14 4 invar atog command 14 1 K keep 12 2 keyword 6 1 6 6 Kronecker 5 6 L label 4 27 4 29 6 1 lag 12 2 le 5 9 le 5 10 least squares 5 5 left hand side 7 2 legend 13 2 lib_path 14 18 liblist 14 17 libraries troubleshooting 7 11 library 7 1 library symbol listing utility 14 17 library optimizing 16 1 line thickness 13 18 13 22 13 23 13 26 line type 13 13 13 14 13 18 13 20 13 22 13 23 linear equation solution 5 5 lines 13 1 listwise 12 2 literal 4 16 5 16 loadp 6 12 local 6 2 local variable declaration 6 3 local variables 4 6 6 3 logical operators 5 11 long string 4 29 looping 4 23 It 5 9 It 5 10 LU decomposition 5 5 magnification 13 26 Index 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 main program code 4 4 main section 4 3 make 12 2 math coprocessor 2 1 matrices indexing 4 30 matrix conformability 5 1 matrix emp
128. les the compiler is useful for developers who do not want to distribute their source code Compiling Programs Programs are compiled with the compile command 8 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Compiling a File Source code program files that can be run with the run command can be compiled to gcg files with the compile command compile qxy e All procedures global matrices and strings and the main program segment will be saved in the compiled file The compiled file can be run later using the run command Any libraries used in the program must be present and active during the compile but not when the program is run If the program uses the dlibrary command the d11 files must be present when the program is run and the dlibrary path must be set to the correct subdirectory This will be handled automatically in your configuration file If the program is run on a different computer than it was compiled on the d11 files must be present in the correct location sysstate case 24 can be used to set the dlibrary path at run time Saving the Current Workspace The simplest way to create a compiled file containing a set of frequently used procedures is to use saveall and an external statement library pgraph external proc xy logx logy loglog hist saveall pgraph List the procedures you will be using in an external statement and follow it with a saveall statement It is not necessary to list procedures you do not explicitly ca
129. les in a data set when it creates it The create command will also The function vartypef gets a vector of variable type information from a data set This vector of ones and zeros can be used by print fm when printing your data Since GAUSS does not know whether a matrix has character or numeric information it is up to you to specify which type of data it contains when printing the contents of the matrix For details see print and print fm in the GAUSS Language Reference Most functions that take a string argument will take an element of a character matrix also interpreting it as a string of up to 8 characters Special Data Types The IEEE floating point format has many encodings that have special meaning The print command will print them accurately so that you can tell if your calculation is producing meaningful results NaN There are many floating point encodings that do not correspond to a real number These encodings are referred to as NaN s NaN stands for Not a Number Certain numerical errors will cause the math coprocessor to create a NaN called an indefinite This will be printed as a NaN when using the print command These values are created by the following operations oo plus oo 0 minus 00 co minus oo 0 x oo co oo 0 0 Using GAUSS for Windows95 4 20 operations where one or both operands is a NaN trigonometric functions involving co INF When the math coprocessor overflows the resu
130. line numbers corresponding to the main file Compilation Phase In the compilation phase the temporary file is compiled Depending on the status of line number tracking error messages encountered in this phase will be printed with the file name and line numbers corresponding to both the main file and the temporary file Execution Phase In the execution phase the compiled program is executed Depending on the status of line number tracking error messages will include line number references from both the main file and the temporary file Reserved Variables The following local variables are created by the translator and used in the produced code x_CV x_iptr x_ncol x_plag x drop xkeep x_nlag x_ptrim x_fpin x_lval x_nrow x_shft x_fpout x_lvar x_ntrim x_tname x_i x_n x_out x_vname x_in x_name x_outtyp x_x These variables are reserved and should not be used within a dataloop endata section 12 3 Publication Quality 1 3 Graphics GAUSS Publication Quality Graphics PQG is a set of routines built on the graphics functions in GraphiC by Scientific Endeavors Corporation The main graphics routines include xy xyz surface polar and log plots as well as histograms bar and box graphs Users can enhance their graphs by adding legends changing fonts and adding extra lines arrows symbols and messages The user can create a single full size graph inset a smaller graph into a larger one tile a window with several equally
131. line or selected text to Windows Clipboard BRIEF keypad preference only KEYPAD MINUS Delete line or selected text to Windows Clipboard BRIEF keypad preference only KEYPAD STAR Undo last edit action BRIEF keypad preference only INS Paste text from Windows Clipboard to cursor position in active window BRIEF keypad preference only Toolbar Left click Select toolbar item Right click Help for toolbar item Menu Bar The Menu bar is located below the Title bar along the top of the window You can view the commands on a menu by either clicking the menu name or pressing ALT n 3 8 Using the Windows Interface where n is the underlined letter in the menu name For example to display the File menu you can either click on File or press ALT F The following menus are available e File Menu Edit Menu e Search Menu e Mode Menu Debug Menu e Action Menu e Configure Menu e Window Menu e Help Menu File Menu You use the File Menu to access the file printer setup and exit commands Some of these actions can also be executed from the Toolbar The File menu contains the following entries New You use the New command to open a new untitled document in the Command or Edit window whichever is active Note New unsaved documents are not automatically backed up until you save them giving them a file name After you save the new file it will be automatically backed up with all other open files according to the setting
132. lity that converts ASCII files into GAUSS data sets ATOG can convert delimited and packed ASCII files into GAUSS data sets ATOG can be run from a batch file or the command line The syntax is atog cmdfile cmdfile is the name of the command file If no extension is given cmd will be assumed If no command file is specified a command summary will be displayed Command Summary The following commands are supported in ATOG append Append data to an existing file complex Treat data as complex variables input The name of the ASCII input file invar Input file variables column names msym Specify missing value character nocheck Do not check data type or record length 14 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 14 2 output The name of the GAUSS data set to be created outtyp Output data type outvar List of variables to be included in output file preservecase Preserves the case of variable names in output file The principal commands for converting an ASCII file that is delimited with spaces or commas are given in the following example input agex asc output agex invar race age pay sex region outvar region age sex pay outtyp d From this example a delimited ASCII file agex asc is converted to a double precision GAUSS data file agex dat The input file has five variables The file will be interpreted as having five columns column name data type 1 race character 2 AGE numeric 3 PAY numeric 4 sex charac
133. ll but are called from another procedure because the autoloader will automatically find them before the saveal1 command is executed Nor is it necessary to list every procedure you will be calling unless the source will not be available when the compiled file is use d Remember the list of active libraries is NOT saved in the compiled file so you may still need a library statement in a program that is use ing a compiled file Debugging If you are using compiled code in a development situation where debugging is important compile the file with line number records After the development is over 8 2 Compiler you can recompile without line number records if the maximum possible execution speed is important If you want to guarantee that all procedures contain line number records put a new statement at the top of your program and turn line number tracking on File O The following is a partial list of the I O commands in the GAUSS programming language close closeall colsf create dfree eof fcheckerr fclearerr fflush fgets fgetsa fgetsat fgetst fileinfo files Close a file Close all open files Number of columns in a file Create GAUSS data set Space remaining on disk Test for end of file Check error status of a file Check error status of a file and clear error flag Flush a file s output buffer Read a line of text from a file Read multiple lines of text from a file Read multiple li
134. lt will be a properly signed infinity Subsequent calculations will not deal well with an infinity it usually signals an error in your program The result of an operation involving an infinity is most often a NaN DEN UNN When some math coprocessors underflow they may do so gradually by shifting the significand of the number as necessary to keep the exponent in range The result of this is a denormal DEN When denormals are used in calculations they are usually handled automatically in an appropriate way The result will either be an unnormal UNN which like the denormal represents a number very close to zero or a normal depending on how significant the effect of the denormal was in the calculation In some cases the result will be a NaN Following are some procedures for dealing with these values The procedure isindef will return 1 true if the matrix passed to it contains any NaN s that are the indefinite mentioned earlier The GAUSS missing value code as well as GAUSS scalar error codes are NaN s but this procedure tests only for indefinite proc isindef x retp not x __INDEFn endp Be sure to call gausset before calling isindef gausset will initialize the value of the global __ INDEF n to this platform specific encoding The procedure normal will return a matrix with all denormals and unnormals set to Zero proc normal x retp x abs x gt 4 19e 307 endp Language Fundamen
135. m an Edit window the entire file is executed This is the equivalent of the GAUSS run filename statement If more than one file is loaded the last file loaded or executed becomes the active file when you click the Edit status on the Status bar Repeated clicking of the Edit status cycles through all loaded Edit windows Output Window Command Edit and Output always appear on the Status bar When the background color behind Output is a lighter shade of gray the Output window has focus and is considered the active window When the output mode is Split I O output is written to the Output window GAUSS commands cannot be executed from this window Command I O Split 1 0 When your program is run the output will appear in the Command window in Cmnd T O mode or in the Output window in Split I O mode The output mode appears on the Status Bar You usually use the Cmnd I O mode when you want to enter a series of GAUSS commands and watch the output appear directly below the code you ve entered You can use the Split I O mode to display the results of the commands in the Output window without the input commands Toolbar Shortcut Cmnd I O mode E Split I O mode BE Keyboard Shortcut F6 Enter Ex On Off The Enter Exe status appears on the Status bar when the Command window is active It indicates how pressing the Enter key is handled in the Command window The two choices are On and Off Using GAUSS for Windows95 On Pr
136. mal random numbers x rndn 8000 1 you could get a count of the elements with an absolute value greater than 1 with a do loop like this c 0 i 1 do while i lt rows x if abs x i gt 1 c ctl endif i itl endo print c Or you could use c sumc abs x gt 1 print c The do loop takes over 40 times longer Virtual Memory The following are hints for making the best use of virtual memory in GAUSS Data Sets Large data sets can often be processed much faster by reading them in small sections about 20000 40000 elements instead of reading the entire data set in one piece maxvec is used to control the size of a single disk read Here is an example The ols 16 2 Maximizing Performance command can take either a matrix in memory or a data set on disk Here are the times for a regression with 100 independent variables and 1500 observations on an IBM model 80 with 4 MB RAM running at 16 MHz ols 0 y x matrices in memory 7 minutes 15 83 seconds ols olsdat 0 0 data on disk maxvec 500000 8 minutes 48 82 seconds ols olsdat 0 0 data on disk maxvec 25000 1 minute 42 77 seconds As you can see the fastest time occurred when the data was read from disk in small enough sections to allow the ols procedure to execute entirely in RAM This ensured that the only disk I O was one linear pass through the data set The optimum size for maxvec depends on your available RAM an
137. mands are written for the Microsoft Visual C C compiler ver 2 0 The Visual C C linker allows you to specify a module definition file which is a text file that describes the dynamic library to be created In this example the module definition file is my funcs def It includes information on how the library is to be initialized and terminated how to handle its data segment etc It also needs to list the symbols that will be exported 1 e made callable by other processes from the dynamic library Assume that myfuncl candmyfunc2 c contain the FLI functions funcl func2 and func3 and a static funciton func4 that is called by the others but never directly from GAUSS Then myfuncs def would look like this Foreign Language Interface BRARY myfuncs EXPORTS funcl func2 func3 As you can see creating dynamic libraries from the command line can be quite an arcane process For this reason we recommend that you create dynamic libraries from inside the Visual C C workbench environment rather than from the command line Writing FLI Functions Your FLI functions should be written to the following specifications 1 Take 0 or more pointers to doubles as arguments This does not mean you cannot pass strings to an FLI function Just recast the double pointer to a char pointer inside the function 2 Take those arguments either in a list or a vector 3 Return an integer In C syntax then your function
138. mation is then used in subsequent GAUSS sessions Priority You use the Priority command to set the threading and the priority level You normally implement a separate thread for every call to GAUSS which allows you to do other Using GAUSS for Windows95 things while a block of code is executing For this you set the Thread to None and the priority to Normal If you are not doing any foreground processing you High If you are running a long job in the background and want higher foreground performance you can change the priority to Low which will allocate more computing resources foreground tasks Non threaded behavior is possible although not recommended The output from a GAUSS job will be displayed only after the complete block of code has been executed All user keystrokes and mouse actions are queued until the program has finished running Windows Menu You use the Windows Menu commands to split a window into two panes and arrange the windows to fit your preferences when more than one window is open The active window is the window which has the focus You can toggle the focus between all open windows using CTRL F6 or clicking in the window you want active All open windows are listed at the end of the Windows menu The following commands can be used to arrange and configure windows Dual Vertical You use the Dual Vertical command to vertically tile the program source and execution windows within the main window and minimize al
139. me Expressions are not allowed Operators The following commands are currently supported with the substitution operator ll create f1 dataset with vnames 0 2 dataset using cmdfile ll create fl open f1 dataset output file outfile load x datafile load path lpath X y 2Z t Ww save name x save path spath run prog msym mstring Using Dot Operators with Constants When you use those operators preceded by a dot operators with a scalar integer constant insert a space between the constant and any following dot operator Otherwise the dot will be interpreted as part of the scalar that is the decimal point For example let y 1 2 3 x 2 lt y will return x as a scalar 0 not a vector of 0 s and 1 s because x 2 lt y is interpreted as x 2 lt y and not as x 2 lt y Using GAUSS for Windows95 Be careful when using the dot relational operators lt S gt 2 The same problem can occur with other dot operators also For example letra e de de y x 2 x will return y as a scalar 5 rather than a vector of 5 s because y x 2 x is interpreted as y x 2 x and not as y x 2 x The second division then is handled as a matrix division rather than an element by element division Operator Precedence 5 18 The order in which an expression is evaluated is determined by the pre
140. mmand or they can be opened with the open command and read with the readr command With the readr command a subset of the rows can be read With the load command the entire matrix is load ed GAUSS matrix files can be open ed for read but not for append or for update If a matrix file has been opened and assigned a file handle rowsf and colsf can be used to determine how many rows and columns it has without actually reading it into memory seekr and readr can be used to jump to particular rows and to read them into memory This is useful when only a subset of rows is needed at any time This procedure will save memory and be much faster than Load ing the entire matrix into memory File Formats This section discusses the GAUSS binary file formats There are four currently supported matrix file formats Version Extension Support Small Matrix v89 fmt Obsolete use v96 Extended Matrix v89 fmt Obsolete use v96 Matrix v92 fmt Obsolete use v96 Universal Matrix v96 fmt Supported for read write Using GAUSS for Windows95 There are four currently supported string file formats Version Extension Support Small String v89 fst Obsolete use v96 Extended String v89 fst Obsolete use v96 String v92 fst Obsolete use v96 Universal String v96 Est Supported for read write There are four currently supported data set formats Version Extension Support Small Data Set v89 dat Obsolete use v96 dht
141. mp src feg proc fne proc With the exception of the library 1cg files these files must be located along your src_path The library files must be on your 1ib_path With these files in place the autoloader will be able to find everything needed to run the following programs library fcomp x rndn 3 3 xi inv x xix x1 x if fegq xix eye 3 print Inverse within tolerance else print Inverse not within tolerance endif If the default tolerance of 1e 14 is too tight the tolerance can be relaxed library fcomp x rndn 3 3 xi inv x xix x1 x _fcmptol le 12 reset tolerance Libraries if fegq xix eye 3 print Inverse within tolerance else print Inverse not within tolerance endif Troubleshooting Below is a partial list of errors you may encounter in using the library system followed by the most probable cause 4 error G0290 c gauss lib prt leg Library not found The autoloader is looking for a library file called prt 1cg because it has been activated ina library statement Check the subdirectory listed in your 1lib_path configuration variable for a file called prt 1cg 0 error G0292 prt dec File listed in library not found The autoloader cannot find a file called prt dec Check for this file It should exist somewhere along your src_path if you have it listed in prt 1cg Undefined symbols PRTVEC c gau
142. n program area is full To increase the main program space see new in the GAUSS Language Reference G0051 Program too large The main program area is full To increase the main program space see new in the GAUSS Language Reference G0052 No square root negative element G0053 Illegal index An illegal value has been passed in as a matrix index G0054 Index overflow An illegal value has been passed in as a matrix index G0055 retp outside of procedure A retp statement has been encountered outside a procedure definition G0056 Too many active locals The execution stack is full There are too many local variables active Restructure your program Notify Aptech Systems G0057 Procedure stack overflow expression too complex The execution stack is full There are too many nested levels of procedure calls Restructure your program Notify Aptech Systems 15 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 6 G0058 Index out of range You have referenced a matrix element that is out of bounds for the matrix being referenced G0059 exec command string too long G0060 Nonscalar index G0061 Cholesky downdate failed G0062 Zero pivot encountered crout The Crout algorithm has encountered a diagonal element equal to 0 Use croutp instead G0063 Operator missing An expression contains two consecutive operands with no intervening operator G0064 Operand missing An expression contains two consecutive operators with no in
143. nce have the name Untitled The default is on The Prompt on Exit option determines whether or not a prompt to verify exit is given on an exit condition The default is on The Add option determines whether or not a semicolon will be inserted at the end of a line after ENTER has been pressed The default is on The Debugger Creates a Trace option specifies whether or not lines of code that have been executed during a debugging run should be marked as bold or not The default is on The Explicit Command option specifies that when the output is written to the Command window on executing a file or a block of selected code the command file is augmented by the appropriate GAUSS command The default is on The Active becomes Main option specifies that when an active file is executed the file then becomes the new mainfile The default Behavior is on An active file can also be set to be the main file by using the menu mode set main file item Size Tab The current size and position of the GAUSS interface is automatically retained between sessions Settings Changes can be applied to all documents default or to just the current document These settings are implemented for the current session only by clicking the Apply button and are implemented for both the current session and future session by clicking the Save button This saves the current configuration settings to the current user s windows Registry this infor
144. nes of text from a file discarding newlines Read a line of text from a file discarding newline Returns names and information of files matching a specification Returns a directory listing as a character matrix 9 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 filesa fopen fputs fputst fseek fstrerror ftell getf getname iscplxf load loadd loadm loads open output readr rowsf save saved seekr sortd typef writer ASCII Files GAUSS has facilities for reading and writing ASCII files Since most software can read and write ASCII files this provides a way of sharing data between GAUSS and many other kinds of programs 9 2 Returns a list of files matching a specification Open a file Write strings to a file Write strings to a file appending newlines Reposition file pointer Get explanation of last file I O error Get position of file pointer Load a file into a string Get variable names from data set Returns whether a data set is real or complex Load matrix file or small ASCII file same as 1oadm Load a small GAUSS data set into a matrix Load matrix file or small ASCII file Load string file Open a GAUSS data set Control printing to an auxiliary output file or device Read a specified number of rows from a file Number of rows in file Save matrices strings procedures Save a matrix ina GAUSS data set Reset read write pointer in a data set Sort a data set Returns type of data set bytes per elem
145. not found Using LIBLIST LIBLIST is executed with liblist flags libl lib2 libn To put the listing in a file called Lib 1st use liblist 1 gt lib lst To convert all your g files and list them in srcfile 1st use liblist c The numbers are there so that you can sort the listing and still tell which symbol would be found first by the autoloader You may have more than one symbol by the same name in different files LIBLIST can help you keep them organized so you do not inadvertently use the wrong one 14 17 Error Messages The following is a list of error messages intrinsic to the GAUSS programming language Error messages generated by library functions are not included here G0002 File too large load Input file too large getf Input file too large G0003 Indexing a matrix as a vector A single index can be used only on vectors Vectors have only one row or only one column G0004 Compiler stack overflow too complex An expression is too complex Break it into smaller pieces Notify Aptech Systems G0005 File is already compiled G0006 Statement too long Statement longer than 4000 characters 15 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 2 G0007 End of file encountered G0008 Syntax error Compiler Unrecognizable or incorrect syntax Semicolon missing on previous statement create Unrecognizable statement in command file or numvar or outvar statement error G0009 Compiler pass out of memory Compil
146. nsidered TRUE and a zero value is considered FALSE The logical operators return a 1 if TRUE and a 0 if FALSE Decisions are based on the following truth tables Complement X not X T F F T Conjunction X X and Y T T T T F F F T F F F F Using GAUSS for Windows95 Disjunction xX X or Y T T T T F T F T T F F F Exclusive Or X X xor Y T T F T F T F T T F F F Equivalence X X eqv Y T T T T F F F T F F F T For complex matrices the logical operators consider only the real part of the matrices The following operators require scalar arguments These are the ones to use in if and do statements e Complement z not x e Conjunction z x and y 5 12 Operators e Disjunction Zz xor y e Exclusive or Zz x xor y e Equivalence Zz x eqv y If the logical operator is preceded by a dot the result will be a matrix of 1 s and 0 s based upon an element by element logical comparison of x and y e Element by element logical complement z mot x e Element by element conjunction z x and y e Element by element disjunction Z x r y e Element by element exclusive or Zz xX xor y e Element by element equivalence Z x eqv y Other Operators Assignment Operator Assignments are done with one equal sign y 3 Comma Commas are used to delimit lists clear X Y Z to separate row indices from column indices within br
147. nteractively or from within a GAUSS program A keyword differs from a procedure in that a keyword accepts exactly one string argument and returns nothing Keywords can perform many tasks not as easily accomplished with procedures Defining a Keyword 6 6 A keyword definition is much like a procedure definition Keywords always are defined with 0 returns and 1 argument The beginning of a keyword definition is the keyword statement keyword name strarg name Name of the keyword up to 32 alphanumeric characters or an underscore beginning with an alpha or an underscore strarg Name that will be used inside the keyword for the argument that is passed to the keyword when it is called There is always one argument The name is known only in the keyword being defined Other keywords can use the same name but they will be separate entities This will always be a string If the keyword is called with no characters following the name of the keyword this will be a null string The rest of the keyword definition is the same as a procedure definition For more information see Defining a Procedure page 6 2 Keywords always return nothing Any retp statements if used should be empty For example keyword add s local tok sum if s S o print The argument is a null string retp endif print The argument sum 0 do until s f tok s sum endo format rd 1 2 print The sum is
148. obal references will be deleted from the global symbol table This autodeletion process is transparent to the user since the symbols are automatically located by the autoloader the next time the program is run This process results in more compile time which may or may not be significant depending on the speed of the computer and the size of the program Autodelete OFF 1 user library 2 user specified libraries 3 gauss library All g files must be listed in a library Forward references to symbols not listed in an active library are not allowed For example x rndn 10 10 y sym x forward reference to symbol proc sym x retp x x endp 7 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 7 4 Use an external statement for anything referenced above its definition if autodelete is OFF external proc sym x rndn 10 10 Il y sym x proc sym x retp x x endp When autodelete is OFF symbols not found in an active library will not be added to the symbol table This prevents the creation of uninitialized procedures in the global symbol table No deletion of symbols from the global symbol table will take place Libraries The first place GAUSS looks for a symbol definition is in the active libraries A GAUSS library is a text file that serves as a dictionary to the source files that contain the symbol definitions When a library is active GAUSS will look in it whenever it is looking for a s
149. ocedure definition endp statement There is always one proc statement and one endp statement in a procedure definition Any statements that come between these two statements are part of the procedure Procedure definitions cannot be nested local and retp statements are optional There can be multiple local and retp statements in a procedure definition Here is an example proc 3 regress x y local xxi b ymxb sse sd t xxi invpd x x b xxi x y ymxb y xb sse ymxb ymxb rows x cols x sd sqrt diag sse xxi t b sd retp b sd t endp This could be used as a function that takes two matrix arguments and returns three matrices as a result For example b sd t regress x y Following is a discussion of the five parts of a procedure definition 6 2 Procedures and Keywords Procedure Declaration The proc statement is the procedure declaration statement The format is proc rets name argl arg2 areN l rets Optional constant number of values returned by the procedure Acceptable values here are 0 1023 the default is 1 name Name of the procedure up to 32 alphanumeric characters or an underscore beginning with an alpha or an underscore arg Names that will be used inside the procedure for the arguments that are passed to the procedure when it is called There can be 0 1023 arguments These names will be known only in the procedure being defined Other procedu
150. on in the columns of spreadsheets A scalar can be used if all columns are to have the same precision Default is 4 _dxpren does not always control the number of digits after the decimal correctly when exporting to an Excel x 1s datasheet or databook Adjust this parameter within Excel after loading the file ASCII value of character that delimits fields in ASCII files tab 9 comma 44 space 32 Default is space 32 Scalar 0 or 1 determining if column headers are written to from ASCII files If dxaschdr 1 headers are written If _dxaschdr 0 no headers are written Default is 0 Scalar 0 or 1 determining if column headers are written to from spreadsheet files If _dxwkshdr 1 headers are written If _dxwkshdr 0 no headers are written Default is 0 Scalar that defines the missing value representation Default is the normal GAUSS representation the indefinite NaN Using GAUSS for Windows95 _dxprint Scalar 0 or 1 determining if progress messages are to be printed to the window _dxprint 1 prints messages _dxprint 0 suppresses the print Default is 1 11 4 Data 1 2 Transformations GAUSS allows expressions that directly reference variables columns of a data set This is done within the context of a data loop dataloop infile outfile drop wagefac wqlec shordelt foobly csed 1n sqrt csed select csed gt 0 35 and married y make chfac hcfac wcfac keep csed chfac
151. ons continue conv coreleft cos counts diag diagrv disable dlibrary dllcall do endp envget eof eq eqv erf erfc fn countwts create crout croutp csrcol csrlin csrtype cvtos dos dtvnormal dtvtoutc error errorlog exec exp external eye fputs fclearerr fflush fft ffti fftn fgets fgetsa gamma ge getf hasimag if imag indcv key fgetst fileinfo files filesa fix floor fmod getname getnamef gosub hess indexcat indnv int keyw font fontload fontunload fontunloadall fopen for format goto graph graphsev3 hsec inv invpd invswp keyword Reserved Words Appendix fputst fseek fstrerror ftell ftocv ftos gt iscplx iscplxf ismiss B 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 le let lib library line In load matrix maxc maxindc ndpchk ndpclex oldfft oldffti packr parse pdfn pi loadexe loadf loadk loadm loadp loads local meanc minc mininde ndpentrl ne ones open plot plotsym pop pqgwin locate log lower Ipos Iprint Ipwidth lshow miss missrv moment new not openpqg or presn print printdos printfm It Itrisol lu lusol msym output outwidth proc prodc push rankindx rcondl readr real recserar recsercp reshape retp save saveall scalerr scalmiss schur screen scroll seekr sega seqm setvmode t
152. ors The following operators work on matrices Some assume numeric data and others will work on either character or numeric data Numeric Operators For details on how matrix conformability is defined for element by element operators see Element by Element Operators page 5 1 Addition y x Z Performs element by element addition Subtraction or negation MOS Rees y k Performs element by element subtraction or the negation of all elements depending on context Matrix multiplication or multiplication yprx Zz When z has the same number of rows as x has columns this will perform matrix multiplication inner product If x or z are scalar this performs standard element by element multiplication 5 4 Operators Division or linear equation solution x b A If A and b are scalars it performs standard division If one of the operands is a matrix and the other is scalar the result is a matrix the same size with the results of the divisions between the scalar and the corresponding elements of the matrix Use for element by element division of matrices If b and A are conformable this operator solves the linear matrix equations Linear equation solution is performed in the following cases e If A is a square matrix and has the same number of rows as b this statement will solve the system of linear equations using an LU decomposition e IfA is rectangular with the same number of rows as b this sta
153. our of the same data located in the lower left corner of the window library pgraph activate pgraph library Generate data for surface and contour plots x sega 10 0 1 71 note x is a row vector y sega 10 0 1 71 note y is a column vector z cos 5 sin x y zis a 71X71 matrix begwind makewind 9 6 855 0 0 0 Publication Quality Graphics initialize graphics graphic panels first graphic panel full size makewind 9 2 6 855 2 1 1 0 second graphic panel setwind 1 graphset pzelr 1 2 3 4 title cos 5 sin x xlabel X Axis ylabel Y Axis inset to first activate first graphic panel reset global variables set Z level colors y set main title set X axis label set Y axis label scale3d miss 0 0 miss 0 0 515 scale Z axis surface x y Z 5 nextwind graphset pzeler Ly 2 3 4 _pbox 15 contour x y Z call surface routine activate second graphic panel reset global variables set Z level colors white border call contour routine endwind Display graphic panels While the structure has changed somewhat the four basic elements of the graphics program are all here The additional routines begwind endwind makewind nextwind and setwind are all used to control the graphics
154. p These operators always return a scalar result break and continue are used within do loops to control execution flow When break is encountered the program will jump to the statement following the endo This terminates the loop When cont inue is encountered the program will jump up to the top of the loop and reevaluate the while or until expression This allows you to reiterate the loop without executing any more of the statements inside the loop Language Fundamentals do until eof fp continue jumps here x packr readr fp 100 if scalmiss x continue iterate again endif s s sumc x count count rows x if count 10000 break break out of loop endif endo mean s count break jumps here for loop The fastest looping construct in GAUSS is the for loop for counter start stop step Statements endfor counter is the literal name of the counter variable start stop and step are scalar expressions start is the initial value stop is the final value and step is the increment break and continue are also supported by for loops For more information see for in the GAUSS Language Reference 4 25 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Conditional Branching The if statement controls conditional branching if scalar_expression Statements elseif scalar_expression Statements else Statements endif The scalar_expression is any expression that returns a
155. phony v1 0 1 1 wrk wrk Using GAUSS for Windows95 File Extension File Type Export Import dBase II db2 db2 dBase III IV dbf dbf Paradox FoxPro Clipper db db ASCII character delimited csv txt asc cSv txt asc ASCII formatted prn prn GAUSS data set dat dat The newer releases of spreadsheets and databases can read their older formats Specifically the procedures will read data in all versions listed and will write data out in the most compatible or earliest format For example the Lotus driver will read all versions up to version 5 and will write data out to a generic version 1 0 wks file You can import and export ASCII files If you have a problem importing data save it in an earlier spreadsheet or database format The same suffix does not necessarily mean the same data format Importing sheet 0 or sheet 1 will import the first sheet of a spreadsheet Most multi sheet spreadsheets call this sheet 1 On export elements that are missing values will be exported to spreadsheets as blank cells and to ASCII files as the value _dxmiss On import spreadsheet cells that are ERR or N A will be imported as GAUSS missing values Elements from any format that have the value _dxmiss will be imported as GAUSS missing values Data Exchange Procedures 11 2 These four procedures are used for exchanging data with databases and spreadsheets export Exports a GAUSS matrix to a specified file format e
156. r 68 71 always 0 72 75 header size 128 columns 33 padded to 8 byte boundary 76 79 reserved 80 83 rows in data set 84 87 columns in data set 88 127 reserved The variable names begin at offset 128 and are stored 32 bytes each in ASCII format Each name corresponds to one column of data Names less than 32 characters are padded on the right with bytes of zero The variable type flags immediately follow the variable names They are 1 byte binary integers one per column padded to an even 8 byte boundary A 1 indicates a numeric variable and a 0 indicates a character variable Contents of the data set follow the header and start on an 8 byte boundary Data is either 2 byte signed integer 4 byte single precision floating point or 8 byte double precision floating point 9 21 Using GAUSS for Windows95 9 22 Foreign Language Interface The Foreign Language Interface FLI allows users to create functions written in C FORTRAN or other languages and call them from a GAUSS program The functions are placed in dynamic libraries DLLs also known as shared libraries or shared objects and linked in at run time as needed The FLI functions are dlibrary Link and unlink dynamic libraries at run time dilcall Call functions located in dynamic libraries GAUSS recognizes a default dynamic library directory a directory where it will look for your dynamic link libraries when you call dlibrary You can specify the default director
157. r 6 855 x 9 0 inches rotated If this is 0 the maximum size will be used Default is 0 Note Used internally For the same functionality see axmargin in the GAUSS Language Reference This is used by the graphics graphic panel routines The user must not set this when using the graphic panel procedures Mx11 matrix draws one arrow per row M of the input matrix If scalar zero no arrows will be drawn M 1 x starting point M 2 y starting point M 3 x ending point M 4 y ending point M 5 ratio of the length of the arrow head to half its width M 6 size of arrow head in inches M 7 type and location of arrow heads This integer number will be interpreted as a decimal expansion mn For example if 10 then m 1 n 0 m type of arrow head 0 solid 1 empty 2 open 3 closed 13 13 Using GAUSS for Windows95 n location of arrow head O none 1 atthe final end 2 at both ends M 8 color of arrow see Colors page 10 12 M 9 coordinate units for location 1 x y starting and ending locations in plot coordinates 2 x y starting and ending locations in inches 3 x y starting and ending locations in pixels M 10 line type 1 dashed 2 dotted 3 short dashes 4 closely spaced dots 5 dots and dashes solid M 11 controls thickness of lines used to draw arrow This value may be zero or greater A value of zero is normal line width To create two single headed arrows located using inc
158. r cleared in the active window at the cursor using the breakpoint set and clear commands Watch variables can also be set prior to running the debugger Toggle Breakpoint You use the Toggle Set Clear Breakpoint command to enable or disable a line breakpoint at the cursor in the active file Breakpoints usually remain valid when a file is changed and lines are inserted or deleted but are lost when a file is closed whether it is saved or not The debugger displays the lines where your program will stop executing and wait for user input Line breakpoints are displayed with a red highlight Procedure breakpoints occur at the beginning of a procedure and are not highlighted Procedure breakpoints can only be added if the named procedure exists in the GAUSS workspace Using GAUSS for Windows95 Toolbar Shortcut View Breakpoints You use the View Breakpoints command to view a list of all breakpoints in your program The breakpoints are listed by line number Any procedure breakpoints are also listed You can add delete and change breakpoints in the dialog box Breakpoints usually remain valid when a file is changed and lines are inserted or deleted but are lost when a file is closed whether it is saved or not The debugger displays the source code of your program Line breakpoints are displayed with a red highlight Procedure breakpoints occur at the beginning of a procedure and are not highlighted Procedure breakpoints can only be
159. r it is executed or not e All edited files All open editor files including the active file are saved before execution The Executed file and Active file checkboxes are automatically checked if you select this option Keypad Tab You use the Keypad tab to select whether standard or BRIEF commands are associated with the and Ins keys on the keyboard keypad Using GAUSS for Windows95 Key x Ins 3 24 Keypad Functionality Standard BRIEF Copy line or block to scrap Cut line or block to scrap H Undo last edit Toggle insert overtype Paste scrap at cursor Options Tab The Sound at end of job option determines whether or not a sound is played at the end of the execution of GAUSS code The sound can selected using the Select button and played using the Test button The default is off The Sound at keystroke request option determines whether or not a sound is played when a keystroke is required for example if the GAUSS command keyw was issued The sound can selected using the Select button and played using the Test button The default is off The Add to command option determines whether a semicolon will be inserted at the end of a line after the Enter key has been pressed The default is selected The Explicit Command option specifies whether the appropriate commands should be added to the Command window when executing a file For Files the statement run lt filename gt is added For marked blo
160. ral rules of syntax for GAUSS programs Statements 4 28 A GAUSS program consists of a series of statements A statement is a complete expression or command Statements in GAUSS end with a semicolon with one exception from the GAUSS command line the final semicolon in an interactive program is implicit if it is not explicitly given gauss x 5 z rndn 3 3 y xtz Language Fundamentals Column position is not significant Blank lines are allowed Inside a statement and outside of double quotes the carriage return line feed at the end of a physical line will be converted to a space character as the program is compiled A statement containing a quoted string can be continued across several lines with a backslash s This is one really long string that would be difficult to assign in just a single line Case GAUSS does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase except inside double quotes Comments this kind of comment can be nested this kind of comment cannot be nested 6 Extraneous Spaces Extraneous spaces are significant in print and lprint statements where the space is a delimiter between expressions print x y Z In print and lprint statements spaces can be used in expressions that are in parentheses print x y x y Symbol Names Labels The names of matrices strings procedures and functions can be up to 32 characters long The characters must be alphanumeric
161. ram code but stops if a breakpoint is encountered Temporary breakpoints can be added or removed using the Toggle Breakpoint command Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut b or Ctrl B Run to Cursor runs all program code between the current line and the cursor position ignoring any breakpoints Using GAUSS for Windows95 3 42 Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl C Run to Line runs all program code between the current line and the line number you specify ignoring any breakpoints Keyboard Shortcut or Ctrl L Run to End runs all program between the current line and the end of the program Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut r or Ctrl R Execute n steps runs the number of lines of program code you specify Specify the number of lines n to be executed counting from the beginning of the program This command will then execute n lines of code ignoring any breakpoints Keyboard Shortcut s or Ctrl S Restart restarts the debugging run using the current settings Toolbar Shortcut Exit terminates the current GAUSS debug execution Keyboard Shortcut x or Ctrl X Space bar Pressing the Space bar executes the Step Over command Enter key Pressing the Enter key executes the Step Into command Window Control The Debug window is an MDI window like the other GAUSS windows You can toggle between the Debug and Output windows using Ctrl D Breakpoints Breakpoints stop code execution where you have inserted them Breakpoints
162. raphs on one window or page A graphic panel is any rectangular subsection of the window or page Graphic panels may be any size and position on the window and may be tiled or overlapping transparent or nontransparent Tiled Graphic Panels 13 6 Tiled graphic panels do not overlap The window can easily be divided into any number of tiled graphic panels with the window command window takes three parameters number of rows number of columns and graphic panel attribute 1 transparent 0 nontransparent Publication Quality Graphics This example will divide the window into six equally sized graphic panels There will be two rows of three graphic panels three graphic panels in the upper half of the window and three in the lower half The attribute value of 0 is arbitrary since there are no other graphic panels beneath them window nrows ncols attr window 2 3 0 Overlapping Graphic Panels Overlapping graphic panels are laid on top of one another as they are created much as if you were using the cut and paste method to place several graphs together on one page An overlapping graphic panel is created with the makewind command In this example makewind will create an overlapping graphic panel 4 inches horizontally by 2 5 inches vertically positioned 1 inch from the left edge of the page and 1 5 inches from the bottom of the page It will be nontransparent makewind hsize vsize hpos vpos attr window 2 3y 0 make
163. re G0377 Cannot make Existing Variable G0378 Cannot make External Variable 15 17 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 18 G0379 Cannot make String Constant G0380 Invalid vector statement G0381 vector G0382 vector G0383 Cannot G0384 Cannot G0385 Cannot Variable is a Number Variable is Procedure vector Existing Variable vector External Variable vector String Constant G0386 Invalid extern statement G0387 Cannot extern number G0388 Procedures always external A procedure name has been declared in an extern statement This is a warning only G0389 extern variable already local A variable declared in an extern statement has already been assigned local status G0390 String constant cannot be external G0391 Invalid code statement G0392 code Variable is a Number G0393 code Variable is Procedure G0394 G0395 G0396 G0397 G0398 G0399 G0400 G0401 G0402 G0403 G0404 G0405 G0406 G0407 G0408 G0409 Error Messages Cannot code Existing Variable Cannot code External Variable Cannot code String Constant Invalid recode statement recode Variable is a Number recode Variable is Procedure Cannot recode External Variable Cannot recode String Constant Invalid keep statement Invalid drop statement Cannot define Number Cannot define String Invalid select statement Invalid delete statement Invalid outtyp statement outtyp already
164. re 1 to 48 with 3 as the default Tab spacing is based on the fixed system font The Auto Indent option determines where the next line starts after pressing the Enter key When checked the next line starts under the first non blank character of the previous line The default is unselected The Expand Tabs option inserts the specified number of spaces instead of creating tab stops This option is useful when the column text select mode is specified This option is disabled in documents which use a proportional font The default is unselected Windows Tab The Window Style control specifies whether windows open in the normal the default maximized or dual screen vertical or horizontal state In the dual screen state the current input file and Output windows are tiled in the main window The Use this style at control specifies whether the windows style should only be used at startup the default or always The Tiling vertically results in control defines whether the windows are stretched vertically or stacked The Preferences configuration dialog specifies keyboard tab shortcut keys fonts and other options that can be set by the user Changes can be applied to the current window or as a default for all widows Changes can be made for the current session or can be made permanent Keyboard Tab This dialog determines how the editor responds to the numeric keypad PLUS keypad MINUS keypad ASTERISK and INSERT key The default
165. red in the Replace with field in the Search dialog box The search starts at the cursor position and continues to the end of the text in the active window The search can be case sensitive or case insensitive and the replacement can be unique or global Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL F Find Again You use the Find Again command to resume the search for the next occurrence of the text you specified in the previous Find action Using the Windows Interface Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut F3 Replace Again You use the Replace Again command to find the next occurrence of the text you replaced in the previous Replace command Keyboard Shortcut F4 Go To Line You use the Go To Line command to move the cursor to the specified line number Keyboard Shortcut CTRL G Bookmark You use the Bookmark command to set clear and go to existing bookmarks from the Bookmark Dialog box Bookmarks are set using the Add command and removed using the Remove command You can go to a bookmark directly by selecting the desired entry and clicking Go Keyboard Shortcut CTRL B for the Bookmark command CTRL 1 to go to the first Bookmark CTRL 2 to go to the second Bookmark and so on Mode Menu You use the Mode Menu to set the various editing and window options you use when editing and running GAUSS code and files The Mode menu contains the following entries Toggle Command Output Window You use the Toggle Input Output Win
166. res can use the same names but they will be separate entities Local Variable Declarations The local statement is used to declare local variables Local variables are variables known only to the procedure being defined The names used in the argument list ofthe proc statement are always local The format of the local statement is local x y f proc g fn z h keyword Local variables can be matrices or strings If proc n or keyword follows the variable name in the local statement the compiler will treat the symbol as if it were a procedure function or keyword respectively This allows passing procedures functions and keywords to other procedures For more information see Passing Procedures to Procedures page 6 8 Variables that are global to the system that is variables listed in the global symbol table that can be shown with the show command can be accessed by any procedure without any redundant declaration inside the procedure If you want to create variables known only to the procedure being defined the names of these local variables must be listed in a local statement Once a variable name is encountered in a local statement further references to that name inside the procedure will be to the local rather than to a global having the same name See clearg varget and varput in the GAUSS Language Reference for ways of accessing globals from within procedures that have locals with the same name The Local statemen
167. ro the existing macro is deleted Using GAUSS for Windows95 If your macro is lengthy consider creating a separate file and copying the information from the file into the active window rather than using a macro to enter the information Keyboard Shortcut F11 Toggles between Record Macro and Stop Recording Macro Playback Macro You use the Playback Macro command to run a macro you recorded during the current session of GAUSS To run the macro locate the cursor where you want the macro sequence to begin and select Playback Macro Playback Macro only appears on the Edit menu after you have recorded a macro Keyboard Shortcut F12 Search Menu 3 14 You use the Search Menu to access commands for locating text in the active window Some of these actions can also be executed from the Toolbar The Search menu contains the following entries Find Replace You use the Find Replace command to find the specified text in the active window After locating the text string you can edit the text manually or replace the text with what you have entered in the Search Dialog box and selecting the Replace with command The Find option locates the specified text in the active window from the cursor position down The search can be case sensitive or case insensitive Subsequent searches for the same text can be resumed by pressing F3 The Replace option locates the specified text in the active window and replaces it with the text you ente
168. rtional fonts line block mode is used when such a document has the focus Column blocks usually work better when the Expand Tabs option is enabled All blocks can be manipulated using the edit keys cut copy paste and delete Blocks can also be moved by dragging the selected block with the mouse and can be copied by pressing and holding down CTRL while dragging the selected block with the mouse Toolbar Shortcut Character Blocking Mode Line Blocking Mode m Using the Windows Interface Column Blocking Mode Debug Menu You use the Debug menu commands to access the commands used to debug your GAUSS active file or main file program A program run using the GAUSS debugger is run in the Debug window The Debug menu allows you to set breakpoints and watch variables The Debug menu contains the following entries Toggle Debug Output Window You use the Toggle Debug Output Window command to toggle between the Output window and the Debug window Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl D Debug Current File You use the Debug Current File command to run the active file in the Debug window Prior to running the debugger breakpoints can be set or cleared in the active window at the cursor using the breakpoint set and clear commands Watch variables can also be set prior to running the debugger Debug Main File You use the Debug Main File command to run the main file in the Debug window Prior to running the debugger breakpoints can be set o
169. s a local and then declared as a local procedure or function later in the same procedure definition This allows doing arithmetic on local function pointers before calling them For more information see Indexing Procedures page 6 9 Body of Procedure The body of the procedure can have any GAUSS statements necessary to perform the task the procedure is being written for Other user defined functions and other procedures can be referenced as well as any global matrices and strings GAUSS procedures are recursive so the procedure can call itself as long as there is logic in the procedure to prevent an infinite recursion The process would otherwise terminate with either an Insufficient workspace memory error message or aProcedure calls too deep error message depending on the space necessary to store the locals for each separate invocation of the procedure Returning from the Procedure The return from the procedure is accomplished with the retp statement retp retp expressionl expression2 expressionN The retp statement can have multiple arguments The number of items returned must coincide with the number of rets in the proc statement If the procedure is being defined with no items returned the retp statement is optional The endp statement that ends the procedure will generate an implicit retp 6 4 Procedures and Keywords with no objects returned If the procedure returns one or more objects there must be an
170. s in GAUSS take matrices as arguments The following functions and operators are used for defining saving and loading matrices Indexing matrices Assignment operator Vertical concatenation Horizontal concatenation con Numeric input from keyboard cons Character input from keyboard declare Compile time matrix or string initialization let Matrix definition statement load Load matrix same as 1oadm readr Read from a GAUSS matrix or data set file save Save matrices procedures and strings to disk saved Convert a matrix to a GAUSS data set stof Convert string to matrix submat Extract a submatrix writer Write data to a GAUSS data set Following are some examples of matrix definition statements An assignment statement followed by data enclosed in braces is an implicit let statement Only constants are allowed in let statements operators are illegal When braces are used in let statements commas are used to separate rows The statement let x 12 3 45 6 78 9 or Using GAUSS for Windows95 x 12 3 45 6 7 8 9 will result in 123 X 456 789 The statement let x 3 3 123 4567 8 9 will result in 123 X 456 789 The statement let x 3 3 1 will result in 111 x 1 11 111 The statement let x 3 3 will result in 000 x 000 000 4 10 Language Fundamentals The statement let x 1234567 8 9 will result in e II OMNI DMN BRWN e Complex constan
171. s interpreted as if every element of x is not equal to the corresponding element of y To check if two matrices are not identical use if not x y For complex matrices the and operators compare both the real and imaginary parts of the matrices all other relational operators compare only the real parts e Less than Z Xx lt y z x lt y z x lt y e Less than or equal to Z xS jy z x le y z x lt y e Equal to z y Z x eq y pass y Using GAUSS for Windows95 e Not equal z x y Z x ne y z x y e Greater than or equal to z x2 y Z x ge y z x 2 y e Greater than Z Xx gt y zZ x gt y z x gt y If the relational operator IS preceded by a dot the result will be a matrix of 1 s and 0 s based upon an element by element comparison of x and y e Element by element less than Z Xx lt y z x 1t y zZ x lt y e Element by element less than or equal to Z X 3S Vj z yx le y z x S y e Element by element equal to Z Xx y Z xXx eq y z x y e Element by element not equal to z x y z x ne y z x y 5 10 Operators e Element by element greater than or equal to ZA A x ge y z x 2 y VA e Element by element greater than Z X gt y z x gt y x gt y Z Logical Operators The logical operators perform logical or Boolean operations on numeric values On input a nonzero value is co
172. s the Y axis and the third if set will control the Z axis If 0 the axis will not be drawn Default is 1 If this is a scalar it will be expanded to that value 13 15 Using GAUSS for Windows95 13 16 _paxht _pbartyp _pbarwid _pbox _pboxctl For example _paxes 1 0 turn X axis on Y axis off _paxes 0 turn all axes off _paxes 1 turn all axes on scalar size of axes labels in inches If 0 a default size will be computed Default is 0 global 1x2 or Kx2 matrix Controls bar shading and colors in bar graphs and histograms The first column controls the bar shading 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 no shading dots vertical cross hatch diagonal lines with positive slope diagonal lines with negative slope diagonal cross hatch solid The second column controls the bar color see Colors page 10 12 global scalar width of bars in bar graphs and histograms The valid range is 0 1 If this is 0 the bars will be a single pixel wide If this is 1 the bars will touch each other The default is 0 5 so the bars take up about half the space open to them scalar draws a box border around the entire graph Set to desired color of box to be drawn Use 0 if no box is desired Default is 0 5x1 vector controls box plot style width and color Used by procedure box only 1 box width between 0 and 1 If zero the box plot is drawn astwo vertical lines representing the
173. s would take one of the following forms 1 int func void 2 int func double arg 1 double 2 etc 3 int func double arg Functions can be written to take a list of up to 100 arguments or a vector in C terms a 1 dimensional array of up to 1000 arguments This does not affect how the function is called from GAUSS the dllcall statement will always appear to pass the arguments in a list That is the dllcall statement will always look as follows dilcall func a b c d e For details on calling your function passing arguments to it getting data back and what the return value means see dllcall in the GAUSS Language Reference 10 3 Data Exchange Data Exchange procedures are used to move data between GAUSS and other software tools Two procedures export GAUSS matrices and data sets to formats that can be read by a variety of spreadsheets and databases Two more procedures import data files from these formats into GAUSS matrices and data sets Formats Supported The table below lists the spreadsheet and database formats supported and their usual file extensions The default file type is determined from the file extension This default can be overwritten so that other file extensions can be used For details see Global Variables page 11 3 File Extension File Type Export Import Lotus v1 v5 wks Wks wkl wk5 Excel v2 1 v7 0 xls xls Quatro vl v6 wql wgl wq2 wbl Sym
174. s you have selected in the Configure menu Preferences Files tab Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL N Open You use the Open command to open an existing file for viewing or editing You can enter or select the directory and filename in the Windows Open dialog box Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL O Using GAUSS for Windows95 3 10 Reload You use the Reload command to reload the document in the active window allowing you to remove all your changes since the last time you saved the file You are prompted to save the file if it has been modified since last saved If you want to revert to the last saved version click No Insert You use the Insert command to open an existing text file and copy the contents into the active document This is similar to pasting text from the Windows clipboard Close You use the Close command to close the document in the active window You are prompted to save the file if it has been modified since you last saved it Close All You use the Close All command to close all open files You are prompted to save any file that has been modified since you last saved it Save You use the Save command to save your changes to the file in the active window If the file is untitled you are prompted for a path and filename Toolbar Shortcut amp Keyboard Shortcut CTRL S JE Save As You use the Save As command to save your changes to the file in the active window using a ne
175. ss srce tstprt g 2 The symbol prtvec could not be found Check if the file containing prtvec is in the src_path You may not have activated the library that contains your symbol definition Do so ina library statement c gauss srec prt dec 3 Redefinition of _ vnames proc __vnames being declared external matrix You are trying to illegally force a symbol to another type You probably have a name conflict that needs to be resolved by renaming one of the symbols Using GAUSS for Windows95 c lgaussllibiprt lcg 5 error G0301 prt dec Syntax error in library Undefined symbols __VNAMES c gauss src prt src 6 Check your library to see that all filenames are flush left and all symbols defined in that file are indented by at least one space Using dec Files When constructing your own library system Whenever possible declare variables in a file that contains only declare statements When your program is run again without clearing the workspace the file containing the variable declarations will not be compiled and declare warnings will be prevented Provide a function containing regular assignment statements to reinitialize the global variables in your program if they ever need to be reinitialized during or between runs Put this in a separate file from the declarations proc 0 globset _vname X _con 1 _row 0 _title endp Never declare a global in more than one file To avo
176. statement load x will load the matrix x fmt from disk using the current load path into the matrix x in memory The statement open dl datl x readr d1 100 will read the first 100 rows of the GAUSS data set dat 1 dat Strings and String Arrays 4 14 Strings Strings can be used to store the names of files to be opened messages to be printed entire files or whatever else you might need Any byte value is legal in a string from 0 255 The buffer where a string is stored always contains a terminating byte of ASCII 0 This allows passing strings as arguments to C functions through the Foreign Language Interface Here is a partial list of the functions for manipulating strings Combine two strings into one long string f Interpret following name as a variable not a literal chrs Convert vector of ASCII codes to character string ftocv Character representation of numbers in NXK matrix ftos Character representation of numbers in 1x1 matrix getf Load ASCII or binary file into string indcv Find index of element in character vector lower Convert to lowercase stof Convert string to floating point strindx Find index of a string within a second string strlen Length of a string strsect Extract substring of string upper Convert to uppercase vals Convert from string to numeric vector of ASCII codes Language Fundamentals Strings can be created like this x example string or x cons keyboard
177. stid recsum voom endata GAUSS translates the data loop into a procedure that performs the required operations and then calls the procedure automatically at the location in your program of the data loop It does this by translating your main program file into a temporary file and then executing the temporary file A data loop may be placed only in the main program file Data loops in files that are include d or autoloaded are not recognized 12 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Using Data Loop Statements A data loop begins with a dataloop statement and ends with an endata statement Inside a data loop the following statements are supported code Create variable based on a set of logical expressions delete Delete rows observations based on a logical expression drop Specify variables NOT to be written to data set extern Allows access to matrices and strings in memory keep Specify variables to be written to output data set lag Lag variables a number of periods listwise Controls deletion of missing values make Create new variable outtyp Specify output file precision recode Change variable based on a set of logical expressions select Select rows observations based on a logical expression vector Create new variable from a scalar returning expression In any expression inside a data loop all text symbols not immediately followed by a left parenthesis are assumed to be data set variable column names Tex
178. t addressed element to the highest addressed element real part 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 imaginary part 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 Extended Matrix v89 Obsolete Matrices with more than 8190 elements are saved in an extended format These files have a 16 byte header formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 EEDD hex identification flag 2 3 type of file 0086 hex for real matrices 8086 hex for complex matrices 4 7 rows unsigned 4 byte integer 8 11 columns unsigned 4 byte integer 12 15 size of file minus 16 byte header unsigned 4 byte integer The size of the body of an extended matrix file is 8 rows cols not rounded up to a paragraph boundary Aside from this the body is the same as the small matrix v89 file Small String v89 Obsolete String files are created with save String files with up to 65519 characters have a 16 byte header formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 DFDF hex identification flag 2 3 1 unsigned 2 byte integer 9 13 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Offset Description 4 5 length of string plus null byte unsigned 2 byte integer 6 7 size of file minus 16 byte header unsigned 2 byte integer 8 9 001D hex type of file 10 15 reserved all 0 s The body of the file starts at offset 16 It consists of the string terminated with a null byte The size of the file is the 16 byte header plus the length of the string and null byte rounded up to the next 16 b
179. t does not initialize set to a value the local variables If they are not passed in as parameters they must be assigned some value before they are accessed or the program will terminate witha Variable not initialized error message 6 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 All local and global variables are dynamically allocated and sized automatically during execution Local variables including those that were passed as parameters can change in size during the execution of the procedure Local variables exist only when the procedure is executing and then disappear Local variables cannot be listed with the show command The maximum number of locals is limited by stack space and the size of workspace memory The limiting factor applies to the total number of active local symbols at any one time during execution If cat has 10 locals and it calls dog which has 20 locals there are 30 active locals whenever cat is called There can be multiple Local statements in a procedure They will affect only the code in the procedure that follows Therefore for example it is possible to refer to a global x in a procedure and follow that with a local statement that declares a local x All subsequent references to x would be to the local x This is not good programming practice but it demonstrates the principle that the local statement affects only the code that is physically below it in the procedure definition Another example is a symbol that is declared a
180. t symbols followed by a left parenthesis are assumed to be procedure names Any symbol listed in an extern statement is assumed to be a matrix or string already in memory Using Other Statements All program statements in the main file and not inside a data loop are passed through to the temporary file without modification Program statements within a data loop that are preceded by a ff are passed through to the temporary file without modification The user familiar with the code generated in the temporary file can use this to do out of the ordinary operations inside the data loop Debugging Data Loops 12 2 The translator that processes data loops can be turned on and off When the translator is on there are three distinct phases in running a program Translation Translation of main program file to temporary file Compilation Compilation of temporary file Execution Execution of compiled code Data Transformations Translation Phase In the translation phase the main program file is translated into a temporary file Each data loop is translated into a procedure and a call to this procedure is placed in the temporary file at the same location as the original data loop The data loop itself is commented out in the temporary file All data loop procedures are placed at the end of the temporary file Depending on the status of line number tracking error messages encountered in this phase will be printed with the file name and
181. t that LIBLIST processes the 1cg files in the order they appear in the 1ib_path subdirectory whereas GAUSS processes libraries according to the order specified in your library statement LIBLIST assumes that all of your libraries are active that is you have listed them all in a library statement gauss 1cg will be listed last Here is an exampe of a listing Symbol Type File Library Path 1 autoreg autoreg src auto lcg gauss sre 2 autoprt autoreg src auto lcg gauss sre 3 autoset autoreg src auto lcg gauss sre 4 _pticout matrix pgraph dec pgraph lcg gauss sre 5 _pzlabel string pgraph dec pgraph lcg gauss sre 6 _pzpmax matrix pgraph dec pgraph lcg gauss sre 7 asclabel proc pgraph Ssrc pgraph lcg gauss srce 8 fonts proc pgraph src pgraph lcg gauss sre 9 graphset proc pgraph src pgraph lcg gauss sre 10 _svdtol matrix svd dec gauss lcg gauss sre 12 _maxvec matrix system dec gauss lcg gauss sre 13 besselj proc bessel src gauss lcg gauss srce 14 bessely proc bessel src gauss lcg gauss sre Utilities Symbol is the symbol name available to the autoloader Type is the symbol type If the library is not strongly typed this will be a line of dashes File is the file the symbol is supposed to be defined in Library is the name of the library if any the symbol is listed in Path is the path the file is located on If the file cannot be found the path will be
182. tals The procedure isinf will return 1 true if the matrix passed to it contains any infinities proc isinf x local plus minus plus __INFp minus __INFn retp not x plus or not x minus endp Be sure to call gausset before calling isinf gausset will initialize the value of the globals __INF n and __ INF p to platform specific encodings Operator Precedence The order in which an expression is evaluated is determined by the precedence of the operators involved and the order in which they are used For example the and operators have a higher precedence than the and operators In expressions that contain these operators the operand pairs associated with the or operator are evaluated first Whether or is evaluated first depends on which comes first in the particular expression For a listing of the precedence of all operators see Operator Precedence page 5 18 The expression 5 3 4 6 3 is evaluated as 5 3 4 6 3 Within a term operators of equal precedence are evaluated from left to right The term DO ROL is evaluated as 3 7 2 4 21 Using GAUSS for Windows95 In the expression 1 x 2 y 1 is evaluated before 2 Here are some examples Expression Evaluation atb ct d 2 4 6 inv 8 9 3 14 5 6 2 sqrt 3 4 a b c 2 a b c d e a beexd a b d c a b c d 2 4 LED Flow Control 4 22 a bx c d 2
183. tement will produce the least squares solutions by forming the normal equations and using the Cholesky decomposition to get the solution _ Ab EA If trap 2 is set missing values will be handled with pairwise deletion Modulo division yY xX Z For integers this returns the integer value that is the remainder of the integer division of x by z If x or z is noninteger it will first be rounded to the nearest integer This is an element by element operator Factorial y x Computes the factorial of every element in the matrix x Nonintegers are rounded to the nearest integer before the factorial operator is applied This will not work with complex matrices If x is complex a fatal error will be generated Element by element multiplication yer Z If x is a column vector and z is a row vector or vice versa the outer product or table of the two will be computed For conformability rules see Element by Element Operators page 5 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Element by element division y x 2z Element by element exponentiation y x z If x is negative z must be an integer Same as Kronecker tensor product y x Z This results in a matrix in which every element in x has been multiplied scalar multiplication by the matrix z For example x 1 2 3 4 z 4 5 6 T 8 9 te YuxX Zi 12 x 3 4 456 r 789 4 5 6 8 1012 _ 7 8 9 141618 y 12 15 18 16 20 24 21
184. ter 5 region character The output file will have four columns since the first column of the input file race is not included in the output variables The columns of the output file will be column name data type 1 region Character 2 AGE numeric 3 sex character 4 PAY numeric Utilities The variable names are saved in the file header Unless preservecase has been specified the names of character variables will be saved in lower case and the names of numeric variables will be saved in upper case The in the invar statement specifies that the variables that follow are character type The specifies numeric If or are not used in an invar statement the default is numeric Comments in command files must be enclosed between A characters Commands A detailed explanation of each of the ATOG commands follows append Instructs ATOG to append the converted data to an existing data set append No assumptions are made regarding the format of the existing file Make certain the number order and type of data converted match the existing file ATOG creates v96 format data files so will only append to v96 format data files complex Instructs ATOG to convert the ASCII file into a complex GAUSS data set complex Complex GAUSS data sets are stored by rows with the real and imaginary parts interleaved element by element ATOG assumes the same structure for the ASCII input file and will thus read TWO numbers out for EACH
185. tervening operand G0065 Division by zero G0066 Must be recompiled under current version You are attempting to use compiled code from a previous version of GAUSS Recompile the source code under the current version G0068 Program compiled under GAUSS 386 real version G0069 Program compiled under GAUSS 386i complex version G0070 Procedure calls too deep You may have a runaway recursive procedure Error Messages G0071 Type mismatch You are using a string where a matrix is called for or vice versa G0072 Too many files open The limit on simultaneously open files is 10 G0073 Redefinition of G0074 G0075 G0076 G0077 G0078 G0079 G0080 G0081 G0082 declare An attempt has been made to initialize a variable that is already initialized This is an error when declare isused declare or declare may be a better choice for your application declare An attempt has been made to redefine a string as a matrix or procedure or vice versa delete the symbol and try again If this happens in the context of a single program you have a programming error If this is a conflict between different programs use a new statement before running the second program let A string is being forced to type matrix Use an external matrix symbol statement before the let statement Can t run program compiled under GAUSS Light gscroll input vector the wrong size Call Aptech Systems Technical Support New size
186. tion The define statement can be used to define abstract constants For example you could define the default graphics page size as define hpage 9 0 define vpage 6 855 and then write your program using hpage and vpage GAUSS will replace them with 9 0 and 6 855 when it compiles the program This makes a program much more readable The ifdef else endif directives allow you to conditionally compile sections of a program depending on whether a particular flag variable has been define d For example ifdef log_10 y log x else y 1n x fendif This allows the same program to calculate answers using different base logarithms depending on whether or not the program has a define log_10 statement at the top ttundef allows you to undefine text replacement or flag variables so they no longer affect a program or so you can define them again with a different value for a different section of the program If you use definecs to define a case sensitive variable you must use the right case when unde f ing it With lineson linesoff srcline and srcfile you can include line number and file name records in your compiled code so that run time errors will be 4 5 Using GAUSS for Windows95 easier to track down srcline and srcfile are currently used by GAUSS when doing data loop translation For more information on line number tracking see Debugging page 8 2 and see Debugging Data Loops page
187. title characters in inches If this is 0 a default height of approx 0 13 inch will be used string the graphics version number scalar the maximum number of places to the right of the decimal point for the X axis numbers Default is 12 scalar the threshold in digits above which the data for the X axis will be scaled and a power of 10 scaling factor displayed Default is 4 scalar the maximum number of places to the right of the decimal point for the Y axis numbers Default is 12 scalar the threshold in digits above which the data for the Y axis will be scaled and a power of 10 scaling factor displayed Default is 4 scalar row vector or Kx2 matrix Z level color control for procedures surface and contour See surface in the GAUSS Language Reference 1x3 row vector magnifies the graphics display for zooming in on detailed areas of the graph If scalar 0 default no magnification is performed 1 magnification value 1 is normal size 2 horizontal center of zoomed plot 0 100 3 vertical center of zoomed plot 0 100 To see the upper left quarter of the window magnified 2 times use _pzoom 2 25 75 scalar the maximum number of places to the right of the decimal point for the Z axis numbers Default is 3 scalar the threshold in digits above which the data for the Z axis will be scaled and a power of 10 scaling factor displayed Default is 4 13 27 Utilities ATOG ATOG is a stand alone conversion uti
188. to delete all text in the active window Select All You use the Select All command to select all text in the active window Insert Time Date You use the Insert Time Date command to insert the current time and date at the cursor GAUSS uses the time and date that appears in the Microsoft Windows Date Time Properties window Insert Symbol You use the Insert Symbol command to paste ASCII and other special characters into the active window at the cursor Note Generally you can enter ASCII numerical codes by pressing ALT and entering the digits using the keypad not the number keys at the top of the keyboard The character is displayed when you release the ALT key Also depending on how your system is set up you may be required to enter one or two leading zeros so all entries are three or four digits in length For example for ASCII character 40 you may have to enter 040 or 0040 Record Macro Macros permit you to automate a series of keystrokes to save time and reduce errors You create a macro by selecting Record Macro pressing those keystrokes you want recorded and selecting Stop Record Macro to end the recording Use the following guidelines when creating and using your macro e Only keystrokes in the active window are recorded not keystrokes in a dialog box e Only keystrokes are recorded not mouse movements e You can record only one macro and it is not saved when you close GAUSS When you create a new mac
189. to the 3rd matrix listed in mvec and return a 1 if successful or a 0 if it fails Arrays of Procedures 4 32 It is also possible to index procedures The ampersand operator amp is used to return a pointer to a procedure Assume that 1 2 and 3 are procedures that take a single argument The following code defines a procedure i that will return the value of the ith procedure evaluated at x nms amp f1 amp f2 amp 3 proc fi x i local f f nms il local f proc retp f x endp fi x 2 will return 2 x The ampersand is used to return the pointers to the procedures nms is a numeric vector that contains a set of pointers The local statement is used twice The first tells the compiler that is a local matrix The th pointer which is just a number is assigned to The second local statement tells the compiler to treat as a procedure from this point on thus the subsequent statement x is interpreted as a procedure call Operators Element by Element Operators Element by element operators share common rules of conformability Some functions that have two arguments also operate according to the same rules Element by element operators handle those situations in which matrices are not conformable according to standard rules of matrix algebra When a matrix is said to be EXE conformable it refers to this element by element conformability The following cases are supported matrix
190. ts can be entered in a let statement In the following example the or is not a mathematical operator but connects the two parts of a complex number There should be no spaces between the or and the parts of the number If a number has both real and imaginary parts the trailing i is not necessary If a number has no real part you can indicate that it is imaginary by appending the i The statement let x 2 2 1 2i 3 4 5 61 will result in 14 2i3 4i 5 046i Complex constants can also be used with the declare con and stof statements An empty matrix is a matrix that contains no data Empty matrices are created with the let statement and braces x Using GAUSS for Windows95 Empty matrices are currently supported only by the rows and cols functions and the concatenation operators and x hsecO hsec do until hsec hsecO gt 6000 X x data_in hsec hsecO endo You can test whether a matrix is empty by entering rows x cols x and scalerr x If the matrix is empty rows and cols will return a 0 and scalerr will return 65535 The is the horizontal concatenation operator and the is the vertical concatenation operator The statement y 1 2 3 4 will be evaluated as y 1 2 8 4 and will result in a 2x2 matrix because horizontal concatenation has precedence over vertical concatenation 12 34 The statement y 1 1 2 2 3 2 6 2 will be evaluated
191. ty 4 11 maxvec 16 2 missing values 5 5 5 9 modulo division 5 5 msym 14 9 msym atog command 14 2 multiplication 5 4 N NaN 4 19 NaN testing for 4 20 5 9 ne 5 10 ne 5 10 nocheck 14 9 nocheck atog command 14 2 nodata 14 9 nodata atog command 14 2 nonexecutable statement 4 2 nontransparent windows 13 7 not 5 9 5 11 5 12 5 19 not 5 13 O operators 4 1 5 4 or 5 12 5 13 outer product 5 5 output 9 2 9 4 14 10 output atog command 14 2 outtyp 12 2 14 10 outtyp atog command 14 2 outvar 14 11 outvar atog command 14 2 overlapping windows 13 7 P packed ASCII files 14 7 pagesiz 13 12 pairwise deletion 5 5 passing to other procedures 6 7 performance hints 16 1 pointer 5 14 6 4 pointer instruction 4 2 Index 4 precedence 4 21 5 18 operator 5 18 preservecase 14 11 proc 6 2 procedure 6 2 procedure definition 4 3 procedures 6 2 saving 6 12 indexing 6 9 multiple returns 6 10 program 4 3 Q quit 14 11 quit atog command 14 2 R radii 13 20 recode 12 2 recursion 6 4 relational operator 5 8 5 10 relational operator dot 5 18 reserved words B 1 retp 6 2 6 4 right hand side 7 2 rules of syntax 4 28 run 14 12 run atog command 14 2 S save 14 12 save atog command 14 2 screen 9 4 secondary section 4 4 select 12 2 semicolon 4 2 singularity tolerance C 1 soft delimited 14 4 spaces 5 14 extraneous 4 29 5 14 src_path 7 1 14 17 16 1 startup f
192. u cannot write rows from a complex matrix to a real data set there is no way to interleave the data without rewriting the entire data set If you must explicitly convert the rows of data first using the real and imag functions see the GAUSS Language Reference and then write them to the data set Rows from a real matrix CAN be written to a complex data set GAUSS simply supplies 0 s for the imaginary part To create a complex data set include the complex flag in your create command Reading and Writing The basic functions in GAUSS for reading data files are open and readr open f1 datl x readr f1 100 The readr function in the example will read in 100 rows from dat 1 dat The data will be assigned to a matrix x loadd and saved can be used for loading and saving small data sets 9 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 9 8 The following example illustrates the creation of a GAUSS data file by merging horizontally concatenating two existing data sets filel dat1 file2 dat2 outfile daty open finl filel for read ll open fin2 file2 for read varnames getname filel getname file2 otyp maxc typef fin1 typef fin2 create fout outfile with varnames 0 otyp nr 400 do until eof finl or eof fin2 yl readr finl nr y2 readr fin2 nr r maxc rows yl rows y2 yous svi leery os ye bb sly call writer fout y endo closeall finl
193. uires GAUSS be restarted to make the new settings effective You use the Output focus control to specify whether the focus follows the program output When set to Yes the focus changes to the Output window for Split I O or Command for Cmnd mode when the program generates text output When set to No the focus does not change The default setting is no output focus Files Tab You can select Auto Backup to automatically create a backup copy of all open documents that have a file name The backup file is created in the same directory at the interval you specify using a BAK file name extension If the original document has a BAK extension the backup uses a BK 1 extension The default is no auto backup Note New unsaved documents are not automatically backed up until you save them giving them a file name After you save the new file it will be automatically backed up will all other open files You can select Prompt to save untitled to have GAUSS warn you when exiting if there are any files that have neither been loaded nor saved Untitled files The default is on The Auto Save on Execute section allows you to specify when files are saved if they are edited or executed e Executed file If the file you are running is loaded it will be saved prior to execution regardless of how it is executed Run file command line main file or active file This option is checked by default e Active file The active edit file is saved whethe
194. ull G0174 and operators must be inside brackets These operators are for indexing matrices G0175 String too long to compare G0176 Argument out of range G0177 Invalid format string G0178 Invalid mode for getf G0179 Insufficient heap space G0180 trim too much You are attempting to trim more rows than the matrix has G0181 Illegal assignment type mismatch 15 14 Error Messages G0182 2nd and 3rd arguments different order G0274 Invalid parameter for conv G0275 Parameter is NaN Not A Number The argument is a NaN see Special Data Types page 5 19 G0276 Illegal use of reserved word G0277 Null string illegal here G0278 proc without endp You must terminate a procedure definition with an endp statement G0286 Multiple assign out of memory G0287 Seed not updated The seed argument to rndns and rndus must be a simple local or global variable reference It cannot be an expression or constant G0288 Found break not in do loop G0289 Found continue not in do loop G0290 Library not found The specified library cannot be found on the lib_path path Make sure installation was correct G0291 Compiler pass out of memory Notify Aptech Systems G0292 File listed in library not found A file listed in a library could not be opened 15 15 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 16 G0293 Procedure has no definition The procedure was not initialized Define it G0294 Error opening t
195. ultiple document interface you can customize The interface supports Command and Edit windows for sending queries to GAUSS and an Output window for receiving output from GAUSS The editor allows you to choose fonts colors and keystrokes and supports split screens bookmarks and macros Graphics are also supported Included with this version of GAUSS is a full debugger with breakpoints and watch variables context sensitive help and a source browser GAUSS Windows Description GAUSS uses six types of windows a Command window an Edit window an Output window a Debug window a Matrix Editor window and an HTML based Help window 3 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Command Window You enter interactive commands in the Command window This window can be selected from the Windows menu or from the Status bar Output in Cmnd I O mode will be written to the Command window Edit Window An Edit window is created when you open a file When you execute GAUSS from an Edit window the entire file is executed This is the equivalent of the GAUSS run filename statement If more than one file is loaded the last file loaded or executed becomes the active file when you click the Edit status on the Status bar Repeated clicking of the Edit status cycles through all loaded Edit windows Output Window Output is written to the Output window in Split I O Output mode GAUSS commands cannot be executed from this window Debug Window This windo
196. used inside the procedure in the usual way 1 will be interpreted as a procedure inside myproc and 2 will be interpreted as a function The call to myproc is made as follows k myproc amp max amp lgsgqrt 5 7 log of square root of 7 xy myproc amp min amp lgsqrt 5 7 log of square root of 5 ay The ampersand amp in front of the function or procedure name in the call to myproc causes a pointer to the function or procedure to be passed No argument list should follow the name when it is preceded by the ampersand Inside myproc the symbol that is declared as a procedure in the Local statement is assumed to contain a pointer to a procedure It can be called exactly like a procedure is called It cannot be save d but it can be passed on to another procedure If it is to be passed on to another procedure use the ampersand in the same way Indexing Procedures This example assumes there are a set of procedures named 1 5 that are already defined A 1x5 vector procvec is defined by horizontally concatenating pointers to these procedures A new procedure g x i is then defined that will return the value of the ith procedure evaluated at x procvec amp f1 amp f2 amp f3 amp f4 amp f5 proc g x 1 local f f procvecl i local f proc retp f x endp Using GAUSS for Windows95 The Local statement is used twice The first time is declared to be a local matrix After
197. ut gosub You have encountered a subroutine without executing a gosub G0104 Argument must be positive G0105 Bad expression or missing arguments Check the expression in question or you forgot an argument G0106 Factorial overflow G0107 Nesting too deep Break the expression into smaller statements G0108 Missing left bracket G0109 Not enough data items You omitted data in a let statement 15 9 Using GAUSS for Windows95 15 10 G0110 Found expected G0111 Found expected G0112 Matrix multiplication overflow G0113 Unclosed G0114 Unclosed G0115 Illegal redefinition of function You are attempting to turn a function into a matrix or string If this is a name conflict delete the function G0116 sysstate invalid case G0117 Invalid argument G0118 Argument must be integer File handles must be integral G0120 Illegal type for save G0121 Matrix not positive definite The matrix is either not positive definite or singular using the current tolerance G0122 Bad file handle The file handle does not refer to an open file or is not in the valid range for file handles G0123 File handle not open The file handle does not refer to an open file Error Messages G0124 readr call too large You are attempting to read too much in one call G0125 Read past end of file You have already reached the end of the file G0126 Error closing file G0127 File not open for write G0128
198. variable specified complex cannot be used with packed ASCII files input Specifies the file name of the ASCII file to be converted The full path name can be used in the file specification For example the command input data raw will expect an ASCII data file in the current working directory The command input c research data myfile asc specifies a file to be located in the c research data subdirectory 14 3 Using GAUSS for Windows95 invar Soft Delimited ASCII Files Soft delimited files may have spaces commas or cr If as delimiters between elements Two or more consecutive delimiters with no data between them are treated as one delimiter For example invar age name sex pay var 1 10 x 005 The invar command above specifies the following variables column name data type 1 AGE numeric 2 name character 3 sex character 4 PAY numeric 5 VARO1 numeric 6 VARO2 numeric 7 VARO3 numeric 8 VARO4 numeric 9 VARO5 numeric 10 VARO6 numeric 11 VARO numeric 12 VARO8 numeric 13 VARO9 numeric 14 VAR10 numeric 15 X001 numeric 16 X002 numeric 17 X003 numeric 18 x004 numeric 19 x005 numeric As the input file is translated the first 19 elements will be interpreted as the first row observation the next 19 will be interpreted as the second row and so on If the 14 4 Utilities number of elements in the file is not evenly divisible by 19 the final incomplete row will be dropped and a warning message wil
199. w editing When a window is split a splitter bar appears between the two sides of the window and is used to define where the window split is positioned You can move the splitter bar by dragging it with the mouse Toolbar Shortcut Split Horizontal You use the Split Horizontally command to split the active window into two horizontal panes This allows you to view two different areas of the same document to facilitate split window editing When a window is split a splitter bar appears between the upper and lower half of the window and is used to define where the window split is positioned You can move the splitter bar by dragging it with the mouse Toolbar Shortcut Using GAUSS for Windows95 Help Menu You use the Help menu to access the information in the GAUSS Help you are looking for The GAUSS Help menu contains the following entries Contents You use the Contents command to start the GAUSS Help system Click on the Contents tab to view a list of help topic categories Use the Search tab to search fhe help system by key word Click on the Index tab to view a list of all help topics in alphabetical order Keyboard You use the Keyboard command to access the list of keystrokes you can use for cursor movement editing and text selection The keystrokes are the editor key functions GAUSS Reference You use the GAUSS Reference command to access the online GAUSS Language Reference guide The Guide contains the syntax for
200. w is displayed during a debugging session The other windows are still accessible and you can toggle between the Output window and the Debug Window by pressing Ctrl D This window cannot be minimized nor closed once it is opened Matrix Editor Window You use this window to create or edit a matrix HTML Based Help Window This window is used to display HTML HELP pages and provide access to the Web You can select the various child windows from the windows shown on the Windows menu or by selecting the desired window by clicking on the status on the Status bar You can toggle between the Command or Edit window and the Output window by using pressing F5 or by clicking the Toggle Input Output window icon on the Toolbar Keyboard Shortcut F5 Running Commands The GAUSS interface allows you to run programs that consist of single commands or blocks of commands executed interactively as well as large scale programs that may consist of commands in one or more files 3 2 Using the Windows Interface Interactive commands can be entered at the prompt in the Command window or selected using the mouse and clicking the Run Marked Block button on the toolbar GAUSS keeps track of two types of files an Active file and a Main file The Active file is the file that is currently displayed The Main file is the file that is executed to run the current job or project Summary Mode Keys Interactive commands Enter Ctrl F2 Active File Ctrl F2 Mar
201. w or different path or file name This can be a convenient method of protecting your changes from later revisions and allows you to revert back one or more generation of changes Print You use the print command to print the active file or selected text from the active window pa Toolbar Shortcut Using the Windows Interface Keyboard Shortcut CTRL P Printer Setup You use the Printer Setup command to specify the printer you want to use Other printer options such as page orientation and paper tray are also accessed with this command Change Working Directory You use the Change Working Directory command to change the directory where GAUSS looks for the files it uses for normal operation This command does not affect the Open or Save As paths You use the Run command to run a file you select The file is not displayed in a window The file then becomes the active main file Exit You use the Exit command to close all open files and exit GAUSS You will be prompted to save any file that has been modified since it was last saved Keyboard Shortcut CTRL Q or ALT F4 Recent Files GAUSS maintains a list of the four most recent files you opened at the end of the File menu If the file you want to open is on this list click on itand GAUSS opens it in an Edit window Edit Menu You use the Edit Menu to access the set of editing commands Some of these actions can also be executed from the Toolbar The Edit menu contains the
202. will be expanded to a 9x1 vector _pmsgctl Lx7 matrix of control information for printing the strings contained in _pmsgstr L 1 horizontal location of lower left corner of string L 2 vertical location of lower left corner of string L 3 character height in inches L 4 angle in degrees to print string This may be 180 to 180 relative to the positive X axis L 5 location coordinate system 1 location of string in plot coordinates 2 location of string in inches L 6 color see Colors page 10 12 L 7 font thickness may be zero or greater If 0 use normal line width _pmsgstr string contains a set of messages to be printed on the plot Each message is separated from the next with a null byte 1000 The number of messages must correspond to the number of rows in the _pmsgctl control matrix This can be created as _pmsgstr Message one 1000Message two 13 24 _pnotify _pnum _pnumht _protate _pscreen _psilent _pstype Publication Quality Graphics scalar controls window output during the creation of the graph Default is 1 0 no activity to the window while writing tkf file 1 display progress as fonts are loaded and t kf file is being generated scalar 2x1 or 3x1 vector for independent control for axes numbering The first element controls the X axis numbers the second controls the Y axis numbers and the third if set controls the Z axis numbers Default is 1
203. wind 4 2 5 1 1 5 0 Nontransparent Graphic Panels A nontransparent graphic panel is one that is blanked before graphics information is written to it Therefore information in any previously drawn graphic panels that lie under it will not be visible Transparent Graphic Panels A transparent graphic panel is one that is not blanked allowing the graphic panel beneath it to show through Lines symbols arrows error bars and other graphics objects may extend from one graphic panel to the next by using transparent graphic panels First create the desired graphic panel configuration Then create a full window transparent graphic panel using the makewind or window command Set the appropriate global variables to position the desired object on the transparent graphic panel Use the draw procedure to draw it This graphic panel will act as a transparent overlay on top of the other graphic panels Transparent graphic panels can be used to add text or to superimpose one graphic panel on top of another 13 7 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Using Graphic Panel Functions The following is a summary of the graphic panel functions begwind Graphic panel initialization procedure endwind End graphic panel manipulations display graphs window Partition window into tiled graphic panels makewind Create graphic panel with specified size and position setwind Set to specified graphic panel number nextwind Set to next available graphic panel
204. window After locating the text string you can edit the text manually or replace the text with what you have entered in the Search dialog box and selecting the Replace with command The Find option locates the specified text in the active window from the cursor position down The search can be case sensitive or case insensitive Subsequent searches for the same text can be resumed by pressing F3 The Replace option locates the specified text in the active window and replaces it with the text you entered in the Replace with field in the Search dialog box The search starts at the cursor position and continues to the end of the text in the active window The search can be case sensitive or case insensitive and the replacement can be unique or global Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut CTRL F Find Again You use the Find Again command to resume the search for the next occurrence of the text you specified in the previous Find action LA Toolbar Shortcut Keyboard Shortcut F3 Toggle Split Screen Mode You use the Toggle Split Screen Mode commands to change the configuration of the active window from one pane to two panes split either vertically or horizontally Splitting a window allows you to view two different areas of the same document to facilitate split window editing You use the No Split command to remove a split you made to the active window You use either the Split Vertically or Split Horizontally commands to create
205. with illegal loop level Failure opening printer for output Failure buffering output for printer Can t take log of a negative number Attempt to index proc fn keyword as a matrix Missing right brace Unexpected end of statement Too many data items Negative trim value 15 21 Using GAUSS for Windows95 G0463 Failure generating graph 15 22 Maximizing 1 6 Performance These hints will help you maximize the performance of your new GAUSS System Library System Some temporary files are created during the autoloading process If you have a tmp_path configuration variable or a tmp environment string that defines a path on a RAM disk the temporary files will be placed on the RAM disk For example set tmp f tmp tmp_path takes precedence over the tmp environment variable A disk cache will also help as well as having your frequently used files in the first path in the src_path You can optimize your library 1 cg files by putting the correct drive and path on each file name listed in the library The 1ib command will do this for you Use the compile command to precompile your large frequently used programs This will completely eliminate compile time when the programs are rerun 16 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 Loops The use of the built in matrix operators and functions rather than do loops will ensure that you are utilizing the potential of GAUSS Here is an example Given the vector x with 8000 nor
206. xportf Exports a GAUSS data set to a specified file format import Imports a spreadsheet or database file to a GAUSS matrix importf Imports a spreadsheet or database file to a GAUSS data set For details see the GAUSS Language Reference Data Exchange Global Variables The following global variables can be used to modify the operation of the Data Exchange procedures _dxftype string _dxtype matrix _dxwidth matrix _dxprcn matrix _dxtxdlim scalar _dxaschdr _dxwkshdr _dxmiss Overrides the file extension to define the type of file to import or export For example after setting _dxftype xls files exported or imported will be Excel format independent of the actual file extension Use _dxftype empty string to return to default operation file extension defining file type Scalar or Kx1 vector of 1 s and 0 s defining the data types of columns 1 s indicate numeric columns 0 s indicate character columns A scalar can be used if all columns are of the same type Default is scalar 1 all numeric Scalar or Kx1 vector of integers giving the width of spreadsheet columns in characters A scalar can be used if all columns have the same width Default is 12 _dxwidth does not always control the column width correctly when exporting to an Excel x1s datasheet or databook Adjust this parameter within Excel after loading the file Scalar or Kx1 vector defining the number of digits of precisi
207. y Element Operators page 5 1 Each of these operators has two equivalent representations Either can be used for example lt or 1t depending only upon preference The alphabetic form should be surrounded by spaces A third form of these operators has a and is used for comparisons between character data and for comparisons between strings or string arrays The comparisons are done byte by byte starting with the lowest addressed byte of the elements being compared Operators The equality comparison operators lt gt and their dot equivalents can be used to test for missing values and the NaN that is created by floating point exceptions Less than and greater than comparisons are not meaningful with missings or NaN s but equal and not equal will be valid These operators are sign insensitive for missings NaN s and zeros The string versions of these operators can also be used to test missings NaN s and zeros Because they do a strict byte to byte comparison they are sensitive to the sign bit Missings NaN s and zeros can all have the sign bit set to 0 or 1 depending on how they were generated and have been used in a program If the relational operator is NOT preceded by a dot the result is always a scalar 1 or 0 based upon a comparison of all elements of x and y All comparisons must be true for the relational operator to return TRUE By this definition then if x y i
208. y in gauss cfg by setting dlib_path As it is shipped gauss cfg specifies GAUSSDIR dlib as the default directory Creating Dynamic Libraries Assume you want to build a dynamic library called my funcs d11 containing the functions found in two source files myfuncl c and myfunc2 c The following sections show the compile and link commands you would use The compiler command is first followed by the linker command followed by remarks regarding that platform 10 1 Using GAUSS for Windows95 10 2 For explanations of the various flags used see the documentation for your compiler and linker One flag is common to both platforms The c compiler flag means compile only don t link Virtually all compilers will perform the link phase automatically unless you tell them not to When building a dynamic library we want to compile the source code files to object obj files then link the object files in a separate phase into a dynamic library CCOPTS indicates any optional compilation flags you might add cl c CCOPTS DWIN32 D_WIN32 D_MT c W3 Dtry _try Dexcept __except Dleave __leav Dfinally __finally DCRTAPI1 _cdecl DCRTAPI2 _cdecl D_X86_ 1 DSTRICT LD Zp1 myfuncl c myfunc2 c link DLL def ntgauss def out myfuncs dll myfuncl obj myfunc2 obj fp10 ob3 libecmt lib oldnames lib kernel32 lib advapi32 lib user32 1ib gdi32 1ib comdlg32 1lib winspool lib These com
209. ymbol it is trying to resolve The library statement is used to make a library active Library files should be located in the subdirectory listed in the lib_path configuration variable Library files have a 1cg extension Suppose you have several procedures that are all related and you want them all defined in the same file You can create such a file and with the help of a library the autoloader will be able to find the procedures defined in that file whenever they are called First create the file to contain your desired procedure definitions By convention this file is usually named with a src extension but you can use any name and any file extension In this file put all the definitions of related procedures you wish to use Here is an example of such a file called norm src norm src This is a file containing the definitions of three procedures which return the norm of a matrix x xx The three norms calculated are the one norm the Libraries xx inf norm and the E norm aes proc onenorm x retp maxc sumc abs x endp proc infnorm x retp maxc sumc abs x endp proc Enorm x retp sumc sumc x x endp Next create a library file that contains the name of the file you want access to and the list of symbols defined in it This can be done with the 1ib command For details see lib in the GAUSS Language Reference A library file entry has a filename th
210. yte paragraph boundary Extended String v89 Obsolete Strings with more than 65519 characters are saved in an extended format These files have a 16 byte header formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 EEDF hex identification flag 2 3 001D hex type of file 4 7 1 unsigned 4 byte integer 8 11 length of string plus null byte unsigned 4 byte integer 12 15 size of file minus 16 byte header unsigned 4 byte integer The body of the file starts at offset 16 It consists of the string terminated with a null byte The size of the file is the 16 byte header plus the length of the string and null byte rounded up to the next 8 byte boundary Small Data Set v89 Obsolete 9 14 All data sets are created with create v89 data sets consist of two files one dht contains the header information the second dat contains the binary data The data will be one of three types 8 byte IEEE floating point 4 byte IEEE floating point 2 byte signed binary integer twos complement Numbers are stored row by row File I O The dht file is used in conjunction with the dat file as a descriptor file and as a place to store names for the columns in the dat file Data sets with up to 8175 columns have a dht file formatted as follows Offset Description 0 1 DADA hex identification flag 2 5 reserved all 0 s 6 7 columns unsigned 2 byte integer 8 9 row size in bytes unsigned 2 byte integer 10 11 header size in bytes

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