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1. CWD Decision on listing new CH TAHSC amp SCAD amp AHG AHG to be convened PRRS New CH SCAD AHG AHG to be convened Evaluation of VS and OIE PVS pathway Veterinary education aspect TAHSC amp AHG amp ITD Ongoing CSF Official recognition CSF SCAD AHG amp TAHSC Revised CH 15 2 for adoption AHS Official recognition zones SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 12 1 for adoption PPR Update CH on PPR including official recognition SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 14 8 for adoption FMD Revise chapter including wildlife SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 8 5 for MC RP Global freedom era SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 8 12 for adoption New horizontal chapter on disease control Draft new chapter SCAD amp TAHSC Draft new CH for MC Horse diseases 1 International movement of competition horses 2 Update horse disease chapters AHG SCAD amp TAHSC AHG to be convened OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIV contd Veterinary products AMR 1 Updating CH 6 9 2 Updating CH 6 10 TAHSC amp SCAD amp AHG 1 Revised CH 6 9 for adoption 2 Revised CH 6 10 for MC Other Terrestrial Code texts on diseases in need of revision Pet food certificate CH TAHSC On hold Update BT and EHD in line with AHS SCAD amp AHG AHG to be convened Update CH on
2. no pigs of the herd have been vaccinated no case of Brucella infection has been detected in the herd for at least the past three years b e d animals showing clinical signs consistent with Brucella infection such as abortions or orchitis have jo been subjected to the necessary diagnostic tests for at least the past three years there has been no evidence of Brucella infection in other susceptible animals of the same epidemiological unit or measures have been implemented to prevent any transmission of the Brucella infection from other susceptible animals OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 10 Annex XL contd 2 Jo maintain the free status the following conditions should be met a the requirements in point 1 above are met b animals introduced into the herd are accompanied by a certificate from an Official Veterinarian attesting that they come from a herd free from Brucella infection B z they come from a herd in which a statistically valid sample of the breeding pigs selected in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 1 4 was subjected to a prescribed test within 30 days prior to shipment demonstrating the absence of Brucella infection S iii they were subjected to a prescribed test within 30 days prior to shipment with negative results Article 8 X 12 Reco
3. Sentinel animals can also be used These can be young unvaccinated animals or animals in which maternally conferred immunity has lapsed and preferably belonging to the same species resident within the initial positive sampling units If other susceptible unvaccinated animals are present they could act as sentinels to provide additional serological evidence The sentinels should be kept in close contact with the animals of the epidemiological unit under investigation for at least two incubation periods and should remain serologically negative if virus is not circulating othermise_epidemiclogically associated with the reactor animal lf the follow up investigations provide no evidence FMDV infection the reactor animal shall be classified as_FMD negative thrall other cases_inciuding the absence_of such follow up investigations the reactor animal should be classified as FMD positive If circulation is proved then the outbreak is declared In the absence of FMDV circulation an outbreak can be ruled out but the significance of FMD positive animals is difficult to classify Such findings can be an indication of acute infection followed by recovery or by the development of the carrier state in ruminants or due to non specific reaction or lack of specificity of the diagnostic tests used Antibodies to NSP may be induced by repeat vaccination with vaccines th
4. 1 Canning Meat and meat products is are subjected to heat treatment in a hermetically sealed container to reach an internal core temperature of at least 70 C for a minimum of 30 minutes or to any equivalent treatment which has been demonstrated to inactivate the FMD virus 2 Thorough cooking Meat previously deboned and defatted and meat products shall be subjected to heating so that an internal temperature of 70 C or greater is maintained for a minimum of 30 minutes After cooking they shall be packed and handled in such a way that it cannot be exposed to a source of virus 3 Drying after salting When rigor mortis is complete the meat must be deboned salted with cooking salt NaCl and completely dried It must not deteriorate at ambient temperature Drying is defined in terms of the ratio between water and protein which must not be greater than 2 25 1 Article 8 5 32 35 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in wool and hair For the inactivation of viruses present in wool and hair for industrial use one of the following procedures should be used 1 industrial washing which consists of the immersion of the wool in a series of baths of water soap and sodium hydroxide soda or potassium hydroxide potash 2 chemical depilation by means of slaked lime or sodium sulphide 3 fumigation in formaldehyde in a hermetically sealed chamber for at least 24 hours The most practical method is to p
5. EE No O TO thE publiera eau a a Yes wu EE TE No O Example Veterinary Services website information bulletin etc OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 41 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd If you answered Yes Reference document setting out the rules 2 ec ceeeeeeeeene eect enteee ee eaeeeeeeaeeeesesaeeeeeeiaeeeeeenaeeeenas Method of dISSEMIMATION Aseen ict ated cht sheen bhp edehactecuetanticanahd a a aaa aa dean ghd aiaei DIsthibUlION lists nce eae ee hele ie Ae ee COMMONS 33 hid Serena tana Be eke tated tibet ties teat de ae E ate Nk See Dee itt h eens 7 Rules for disseminating information that is subordinate and relevant to regulatory texts Within the Veterinary Services ccccceeeeeeeenees Yes aan EEN Nou O To other administrations cc ccccccccccseceessesseeeeeees Yes aan et aeetente No O To organised groups of stakeholders 06 YES ints list ices Betoun No D TO tHe PUBIC O ae a E YES ERN NO saian O If you answered Yes to any question above Reference document setting out the rules 2 eee ececeeeeeeeneeeeee ene eeeeeaeteeeeaeeeeeesaeeeeeecaeeeeeenaeeeenas Method of dissemination e g bulletin printed or electronic website n Distribution lists e g professional lists voluntary subscription c c ccccccceeeeeteteteee e
6. The members of the ad hoc Group are presented at Annex 1 Background In response to the OIE ad hoc Group on Notification of Animal Diseases and Pathogenic Agents proposal to delist porcine cysticercosis Taenia solium in the report of their September 2012 meeting the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission Code Commission had asked Members to advise on this proposal and if the proposal to delist the diseases is not supported to provide scientific information relevant to the OIE criteria to justify continued listing Following discussions with the President of the Code Commission the International Trade Department convened an electronic ad hoc Group in December 2012 to assess Taenia solium against the OIE criteria for listing The ad hoc Group included three participants two from the ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites and an expert on Taenia solium The ad hoc Group undertook an assessment of porcine cysticercosis Taenia solium against the criteria for the inclusion of diseases infections and infestations on the OIE list provided in Chapter 1 2 of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code Terrestrial Code The assessment undertaken by the ad hoc Group against each of the criteria is provided below Criteria 1 International spread of the agent via live animals their products or fomites has been proven Ad hoc Group comment There is some international spread of human cysticercosis mainly through immigration of people fro
7. post procedure infection and swelling body condition and weight loss mortality Article 7 X 5 Provisions for good animal welfare Ensuring high welfare of dairy cattle is contingent on several management factors including system design and stockmanship which includes responsible husbandry and appropriate care Serious problems can arise in any system if one or more of these elements are lacking Each recommendation includes a list of relevant outcome based measurables derived from Article 7 X 4 This does not exclude other measures being used where appropriate OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd 1 Recommendations on system design including physical environment When new facilities are planned or existing facilities are modified professional advice on design in regards to animal health and welfare should be sought e g Milk Development Council 2006 Many aspects of the environment can impact on the health and welfare of dairy cattle These include heat and cold air quality noise etc a b Thermal environment Although cattle can adapt to a wide range of thermal environments particularly if appropriate breeds are used for the anticipated conditions sudden fluctuations in weather can cause heat or cold stress Heat stress The risk of heat stress for cattle is influenced by environmental factors including air temperature relativ
8. the regulation of advertising claims and other marketing and promotional activities and reporting on adverse effects to the Competent Authority OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 20 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd Article 3 4 12 Human food production chain Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to safeguard the human food production chain through controls at all critical steps consistent with national food safety standards The role of the Veterinary Services in food safety is described in Chapter 6 1 1 General provisions Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the following elements a controls over all stages of the production processing and distribution of food of animal origin b recording all significant animal and public health events that occur during primary production c giving operators of food production premises the primary responsibility for compliance with food safety requirements including traceability established by the Competent Authority d inspection for compliance with food standards where this is relevant to health or safety e inspection of premises f prohibition of the marketing of products not fit for human consumption and g provisions for recall from the marketplace of all products likely to be hazardous for human or animal health
9. Animals are unable to detect nitrogen or inert gases and the induction of hypoxia by this method is not aversive to animals Disadvantages a A properly designed container or apparatus is needed b Itis difficult to verify death while the animals are in the container or apparatus c There is no immediate loss of consciousness d Exposure times required to kill are considerable Conclusion The method is suitable for poultry and neonatal sheep goats and pigs Article 7 6 4514 Lethal injection 1 Introduction A lethal injection using high doses of anaesthetic and sedative drugs causes CNS depression unconsciousness and death In practice barbiturates in combination with other drugs are commonly used Requirements for effective use a Doses and routes of administration that cause rapid loss of consciousness followed by death should be used b Prior sedation may be necessary for some animals c Intravenous administration is preferred but intraperitoneal or intramuscular administration may be appropriate especially if the agent is non irritating d Animals should be restrained to allow effective administration e Animals should be monitored to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes Advantages a The method can be used in all species b Death can be induced smoothly OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 45 Annex XXXVI contd 4 Disadvantages a Restraint and o
10. Done L Not done _ Partially done _ iv Prescribe the conditions for recognition of diplomas for veterinarians and Para veterinarians Done Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 51 vi vii Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd Define the conditions for the exercise practice of veterinary and Para veterinary professions Done L Not done L Partially done Define the professional responsibilities of veterinarians and persons working under their control Done L Not done _ Partially done _ Prescribe the situations where persons other than qualified veterinarians can undertake activities that are normally to be carried out by veterinarians e g in exceptional circumstances such as epizootics Done L Not done L Partially done 3 2 The control of the professions In order to control the veterinary and Para veterinary professions the veterinary legislation should i Describe the general system of control in terms of the political administrative and geographic configuration of the State Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii Provide for the possibility of the delegation of powers to a professional organization such as a veterinary statutory
11. ITEM ANNEX CHAPTER NUMBERS AND CURRENT STATUS Provided for Item Annex Chapter Title comments GS81 1 General comments 2 XXXII User s Guide Feb 13 C 3 IV Glossary Sep 12 4 v 14 Notification of diseases and epidemiological Sep 12 information 1 2 Criteria for listing diseases Vi 8 15 Vesicular stomatitis A E 15 4 Swine vesicular disease Report of electronic ad hoc Group on listing XXXIII i Taenia solium VII 3 2 Evaluation of veterinary services Sep 12 A 6 VIII 3 4 Veterinary legislation Sep 11 A XXXIV Report of ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation l 46 Collection and processing of bovine small ruminant and porcine semen 7 IX Sep 12 A Collection and processing of in vivo derived ne embryos from livestock and horses 8 X 6 4 Biosecurity procedures in poultry production Sep 12 6 6 Introduction to the recommendations for Sep 12 D re controlling antimicrobial resistance 67 Harmonisation of national antimicrobial resistance Sep 12 D 9 surveillance and monitoring programmes Xl 6 9 Responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial Sep 11 A XXXV 6 10 Risk assessment for antimicrobial resistance Feb 12 c arising from the use of antimicrobials in animals 10 XII 6 11 Zoonoses transmissible from non human primates Sep 12 A XIII NEW Broiler chicken production systems Sep 10 A XIV 74 Introduction to the reco
12. Annex IV contd 6 Physical appearance Physical appearance may be an indicator of animal health and animal welfare as well as the conditions of management Attributes of physical appearance that may indicate compromised welfare include presence of ectoparasites abnormal coat colour texture or hair loss excessive soiling with faeces mud or dirt cleanliness abnormal swellings and lesions feet abnormalities emaciation 7 Handling responses Improper handling can result in fear and distress in cattle Indicators could include evidence of poor human animal relationship such as excessive flight distance negative behaviour at milking time such as reluctance to enter to the milking parlour kicking vocalisation percentage of animals striking restraints or gates percentage of animals injured during handling such as bruising lacerations broken horns and fractured legs percentage of animals vocalising during restraint and handling chute or race behaviour percentage of animals slipping or falling 8 Complications due to routine procedure management Surgical and non surgical procedures may be performed in dairy cattle for improving animal performance facilitating management and improving human safety and animal welfare However if these procedures are not performed properly animal welfare can be compromised Indicators of such problems could include
13. accepted practices for livestock pets animals used in scientific experiments sport and leisure and for wild animals notably in relation to Done L Not done L Partially done transport and handling Done L Not done L Partially done animal production and housing Done L Not done _ Partially done _ slaughtering and killing Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd scientific experiments Done L Not done L Partially done use in games shows exhibitions and zoos Done L Not done L Partially done _ certain activities relating to animals may be restricted to the holders of appropriate qualifications or approvals Done L Not done L Partially done 8 2 Free roaming and stray domestic animals Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i prohibition of abandonment of animals and of allowing animals to stray Done L Not done L Partially done establishments where stray animals can be held and the conditions governing their operation Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 73 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd iii the circumstances and the conditions of capture and of holding of stray anim
14. variation and frequency of human health effects resulting from loss of efficacy of antimicrobial agents and associated costs potential linkage of virulence attributes and resistance changes in food consumption patterns due to loss of confidence in the safety of food products and any associated secondary risks OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd associated coste interference with firstLline or choice antimicrobial therapy in humans importance of the antimicrobial agent in human medicine pereeived future usefulness of the imicrobial ti 7 i prevalence of resistance in human bacterial pathogens under consideration 6 Risk estimation A risk estimation integrates the results from the release assessment exposure assessment and consequence assessment to produce overall estimates of risks associated with the hazards Thus risk estimation takes into account the whole of the risk pathway from hazard identification to the unwanted consequences The following factors should be considered in the risk estimation number of people falling ill and the proportion of that number infected affected with antimicrobial resistant strains ef microorganisms adverse effects on vulnerable human sub population children immunocompromised persons elderly etc increased severity or duration of infectious disease number of person er da
15. veterinary legislation The ad hoc Group decided to refer this point to the TAHSC and invite them to review these two definitions and provide guidance The comment on Article 3 4 3 suggesting to include several points for legal drafting in the general principles was not accepted on the basis that those points raised by the comment had been addressed in other articles already The ad hoc Group noted the comment pointing out that sub point c of Article 3 4 4 is not correct The text was revised for improved clarity The comment on sub point f of Article 3 4 4 was not accepted because the term sanction in English has both positive and negative meanings both of which should be retained The comment on sub point g of Article 3 4 4 was not accepted either because the ad hoc Group considered that the current text sufficiently addressed this comment The comment on Article 3 4 5 suggesting to add an additional stipulation that one national authority normally central authorities should hold the ultimate responsibility to maintain the animal health status was not accepted because there are some countries whose constitutions require a decentralised approach in maintaining animal health status The other two comments on this article were accepted and the text was revised as appropriate In point 1 of Article 3 4 6 the text was modified based on part of the EU s comments The ad hoc Group discussed the definition of veterinary medicine
16. DAA Lomas S J Lockwood 2000 The locomotion of dairy cows in passageways with different light intensities Animal Welfare 9 421 41 Preston R L 2007 Receiving Cattle Nutrition Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice Volume 23 2 193 205 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Raussi S 2003 Human cattle interactions in group housing Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80 3 245 262 Roche J R P G Dillon C R Stockdale L H Baumgard and M J VanBaale 2004 Relationships among international body scoring systems J Dairy Sci 87 3076 3079 Roche J R N C Friggens J Kay M W Fisher K J Stafford and D P Berry 2009 Invited review Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity health and welfare J Dairy Sci 92 5769 5801 Roth B A N M Keil L Gygax E Hillmann 2009 Influence of weaning method on health status and rumen development in dairy calves J Dairy Sci 92 645 656 Rushen J and de Passill A M 1992 The scientific assessment of the impact of housing on animal welfare a critical review Can J Anim Sci 72 721 743 Rushen J A M de Passill 2006 Effects of roughness and compressibility of flooring on cow locomotion J Dairy Sci 89 2965 2972 Sato S K Tarumizu K Hatae 1993 The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows Applied Animal
17. Ensure the container door is locked and administer the gas mixture until lt 2 percent residual oxygen is achieved at the top of the crates OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 43 Annex XXXVI contd Disadvantages i Requires trained operators trained catchers transport modules and a fork lift However such equipment and suitable outdoor areas with a hard surface are usually available The main limiting factors are speed of catching birds and availability of gas mixtures In the absence of a viewing window visual confirmation of death while the birds are still in the container is difficult However cessation of vocalisation and convulsive wing flapping can be used to determine the onset of death iv CGU could be used to kill poultry on small to medium farms e g up to 25 thousand birds on a single farm Conclusion ii Method 2 is suitable for use in poultry and in neonatal sheep goats and pigs Method 2 is suitable for use in poultry in a wide range of poultry systems providing that these have access to vehicles to carry containers and equipment Animals should be introduced into the container or apparatus which is then sealed and filled as quickly as possible with the gas mixture A residual oxygen concentration of less than 2 percent should be achieved and maintained and birds should be held in this atmosphere until death is confirmed DELETE THREE PICTURES Article 7 6 4413
18. N Primary 2 Secondary 3 4 Authority 1st level of 2nd level responsible for control 6 of control preparation 5 7 1a Veterinary Private O profession 1b Public O 1c Initial training O 2a Veterinary Private O para professionals 2b Public O 2c Initial training O 3a Laboratories Animal health O 3b Food safety O 4a Livestock Identification of D production animals 4b Genetics O artificial breeding 4c Feed O 4d Environmental C impact 4e Animal markets and other gathering 4f Animal by O products 4g Disinfection O 5 Protection of Welfare O animals 6 Protection of CITES O species OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 31 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Domain Legislation Control Ref comments 8 N Primary 2 Secondary 3 4 Authority 1st level 2nd level responsible of control of control for 6 7 preparation 5 7a Animal health Surveillance O 7b Disease prevention control 7b Emerging diseases C 7c Wildlife diseases O 8a Food safety Primary production milk 8b Primary production C meat 8c Primary production C poultry meat 8d Primary production C eggs 8e Primary production C fisheries af Processing industry 8g Transport D 8h Reta
19. Nitrogen and or inert gases 1 Introduction This method involves the introduction of animals into a container or apparatus containing nitrogen or an inert gas such as argon The controlled atmosphere produced leads to unconsciousness and death from hypoxia Research has shown that hypoxia is not aversive to pigs and poultry and it does not induce any signs of respiratory distress prior to loss of consciousness Requirements for effective use a Containers or apparatus should allow the required gas concentrations to be maintained and the O2 concentration accurately measured When animals are exposed to the gases individually or in small groups in a container or apparatus the equipment used should be designed constructed and maintained in such a way as to avoid injury to the animals and allow them to be observed Animals should be introduced into the container or apparatus after it has been filled with the required gas concentrations with lt 2 percent O2 and held in this atmosphere until death is confirmed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 44 Annex XXXVI contd d Team members should ensure that there is sufficient time allowed for each batch of animals to die before subsequent ones are introduced into the container or apparatus e Containers or apparatus should not be overcrowded and measures are needed to avoid animals suffocating by climbing on top of each other Advantages
20. Products of animal origin intended for human consumption Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the following elements a arrangements for inspection and audit b the conduct of inspection and audit on the basis of veterinary expertise c health standards and d the application of health identification marks that are visible to the intermediary or final user The Competent Authority should have the necessary powers and means to rapidly withdraw any products deemed to be hazardous from the food chain or to prescribe uses or treatments that ensure the safety of such products for human or animal health Operators responsible for premises and establishments pertaining to the food chain Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the following elements as appropriate a registration of premises and establishments by the Competent Authority b the use of risk based management procedures and c prior authorisation of operations that are likely to constitute a significant risk to human or animal health OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 21 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd Article 3 4 13 Import and export procedures and veterinary certification Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements relating to import and export procedures and veter
21. The on going developments with regard to the One Health approach and the discussions on enhancing collaboration between animal health public health and environmental health systems at the international regional and national levels provides new opportunities to enhance this whole food chain approach The Working Group amended the work programme for 2013 which is presented at Annex VI 12 Next meeting To be confirmed Annexes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 11 Annex XLIII contd Annex I MEETING OF THE OIE ANIMAL PRODUCTION FOOD SAFETY WORKING GROUP Paris 20 22 November 2012 List of participants MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP Dr Stuart Slorach chair Stubbangsvagen 9A SE 12553 ALVSJO SWEDEN Tel 46 8646 9597 stuart slorach gmail com Dr Carlos A Correa Messuti absent Ministerio de Ganaderia Agricultura y Pesca Constituyente 1476 Montevideo URUGUAY Tel 598 2 412 63 58 Fax 598 2 413 63 31 ccorream multi com uy Dr Robert Thwala Principal Secretary Ministry of Agriculture PO Box 162 Mbabane SWAZILAND Tel 268 404 2746 Fax 268 404 7433 sd fangr realnet co sz thwalar gov sz robertthwala yahoo com OTHER PARTICIPANTS Prof Hassan Aidaros Professor of Preventive Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Banha University FAO OIE Consultant 5 Mossadak st 12311 Dok
22. Welcome adoption of the agenda and introductory remarks Discussion with the OIE Director General 25 September 16 30 Update on other ad hoc groups veterinary education evaluation of Veterinary Services and evaluation of Aquatic Animal Health Services Review of Member Country comments on Chapters 3 2 and 3 4 including the interventions made during the 80 General Session in May 2012 Day 2 Wednesday 26 September 2012 9 00 17 00 Revision of the questionnaire to ensure congruency with the text of Chapter 3 4 Update on the state of play with the OIE Veterinary Legislation Support Programme including planning of a feedback session in 2013 Day 3 Thusday 27 September 2012 9 00 17 00 Review of the draft report e Date of next meeting OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 11 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III CHAPTER 3 4 VETERINARY LEGISLATION Article 3 4 1 Introduction and objective Good governance is a recognised global public good and is of critical importance to OIE Members Legislation is a key element in achieving good governance Veterinary legislation should at a minimum provide a basis for Competent Authorities to meet their obligations as defined in the Terrestrial Code and the relevant recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius C
23. appropriate to the species and type of animal in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer Captive bolt guns should be frequently cleaned and maintained in good working condition More than one gun may be necessary to avoid overheating and a back up gun should be available in the event of an ineffective shot Animals should be restrained at a minimum they should be penned for cartridge powered guns and in a race for compressed air guns The operator should ensure that the head of the animal is accessible The operator should fire the captive bolt at right angles to the skull in the optimal position see figures 1 3 amp 4 The optimum shooting position for hornless sheep is on the highest point of the head on the midline and aim towards the angle of the jaw To ensure the death of the animal pithing or bleeding should be performed as soon as possible after stunning OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 29 h Animals should be monitored continuously after stunning until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 30 3 4 5 Annex XXXVI contd Advantages a Mobility of cartridge powered equipment reduces the need to move animals b The method induces an immediate onset of a sustained period of unconsciousness Disadvantages a Poor gun maintenance and misfiring and inaccurate gun po
24. bleeding When higher electrical frequencies are used higher currents may be required Every effort shall be made to ensure that no conscious or live birds enter the scalding tank In the case of automatic systems until fail safe systems of stunning and bleeding have been introduced a manual back up system should be in place to ensure that any birds which have missed the waterbath stunner and or the automatic neck cutter are immediately stunned and or killed immediately and they are dead before entering scald tank To lessen the number of birds that have not been effectively stunned reaching neck cutters steps should be taken to ensure that small birds do not go on the line amongst bigger birds and that these small birds are stunned separately The height of the waterbath stunner should be adjusted according to the size of birds to ensure even the small birds are immersed in the water bath up to the base of the wings Waterbath stunning equipment should be fitted with a device which displays and records the details of the electrical key parameter OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 16 Annex XXXVI contd 4 Minimum current for stunning poultry when using 50Hz is as follows Species current milliamperes per bird Broilers 100 Layers spent hens 100 Turkeys 150 Ducks and geese 130 Minimum current for stunning poultry when using high frequencies is as f
25. contd c surveillance of marketing of reagents where these can affect the quality of analyses required by the veterinary legislation Article 3 4 8 Health provisions relating to animal production 1 Identification and traceability Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address all the elements in Article 4 2 3 point 6 2 Animal markets and other gatherings Veterinary legislation should address for animal markets and other commercially or epidemiologically significant animal gatherings the following elements a registration of animal markets and other animal gatherings b health measures to prevent disease transmission including procedures for cleaning and disinfection and animal welfare measures and c provision for veterinary checks 3 Animal reproduction Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the health regulation of animal reproduction as appropriate Health regulations may be implemented at the level of animals genetic material establishments or operators 4 Animal feed Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements listed below a standards for the production composition and quality control of animal feed b registration and if necessary approval of establishments and the provision of health requirements for relevant operations and c recall from the market of any product likely to present a hazard to human health
26. s contingency plan for FMD b appropriate biosecurity measures are in place including effective separation from other susceptible domestic populations or wildlife c the animals are identifiable as belonging to the collection d the vaccine used complies with the Terrestrial Manual e vaccination is conducted under the supervision of the Veterinary Authority f the zoological collection is placed under active clinical surveillance for at least 12 months after vaccination In the event of the application for the status of an FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised to be assigned to a new zone adjacent to another FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised it should be indicated if the new zone is being merged with the adjacent zone to become one enlarged zone If the two zones remain separate details should be provided on the control measures to be applied for the maintenance of the status of the separate zones and particularly on the identification and the control of the movement of animals between the zones of the same status in accordance with Chapter 4 3 Article 8 5 3 FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised In defining a zone where vaccination is practised the principles of Chapter 4 3 should be followed Susceptible animals in the FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised should be protected
27. the event of an ineffective shot d Animals should be restrained at a minimum mammals should be penned for cartridge powered guns and in a race for compressed air guns birds should be restrained in cones shackles crushes or by hand OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 31 Annex XXXVI contd e The operator should ensure that the head of the animal is accessible f The operator should fire the captive bolt at right angles to the skull in the optimal position figures 1 4 g To ensure death in non neonate mammals bleeding should be performed as soon as possible after stunning h Animals should be monitored continuously after stunning until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes 3 Advantages a The method induces an immediate onset of unconsciousness and death in birds and neonates b Mobility of equipment reduces the need to move animals 4 Disadvantages a As consciousness can be regained quickly in non neonate mammals they should be bled as soon as possible after stunning b Laying hens in cages have to be removed from their cages and most birds have to be restrained c Poor gun maintenance and misfiring and inaccurate gun positioning and orientation may result in poor animal welfare d Post stun convulsions may make bleeding difficult and hazardous e Difficult to apply in agitated animals such animals may be sedated in advance of the killing procedure f Repe
28. 1 4 6 3 vaccinated animals should net be introduced Unvaccinated_animals_and genetic_materals should comply with the recommendations in Anicles 11 3 8 to 113 12 The free status without vaccination of the country or zone fer in bovids a specitied animal categery is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella infection in other animal categories or feral and or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to the relevant anirigi Pegg sbogmouds povids Ei D Article 8 X 4 Country or zone free from Brucella infection in animais with vaccination in bovids A countnyor_zene can _be_qualified free from Brucella infection with_vaccination either in_bovines_or ovidae_and capridae astisted in Arnicle 14 34 j j j OTT 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection with vaccination in bovids a country or zone should satisfy fer each relevant category of animals the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone 2 0 regulatory measures for the early detection a all_eases suggestive of Brucella infection in in_bovids ids e a and Ped ng is e salle submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented 3 C vaccinated animats bovids should be identified with a permanent mark 4d no case of abertion dueto Brucella i
29. 231 2 227 234 Sutherland M A Mellor D J Stafford K J Gregory N G Bruce R A and Ward R N 2002 Modification of cortisol responses to dehorning in calves using a 5 hour local anaesthetic regimen plus phenylbutazone ketoprofen or adrenocorticotropic hormone injected prior to dehorning Research in Veterinary Science 73 115 123 Swanson J 2004 Husbandry and welfare of livestock in pasture based systems In Animals in the Food System Conference C S Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems Michigan State University Telezhenko E L Lidfors C Bergsten 2007 Dairy cow preferences for soft or hard flooring when standing or walking J Dairy Sci 90 3716 3724 Tizard l 2008 Sickness behavior its mechanisms and significance Anim Health Res Rev 9 1 87 99 Tucker C B D M Weary D Fraser 2003 Effects of three types of free stall surfaces on preferences and stall usage by dairy cows J Dairy Sci 86 521 529 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Tucker C B D M Weary D Fraser 2004 Free stall dimensions effects on preference and usage J Dairy Sci 87 1208 1216 Tucker C B D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk K A Beauchemin 2009 Cow comfort in tie stalls increased depth of shavings or straw bedding increases lying time J Dairy Sci 92 2684 2690 Veissier Butterworth A Bock B and Roe E 2008 European a
30. 8 of the flocks representing at least 99 9 of sheep and goats in the country or zone 2 Io maintain the status as free from Brucella infection with vaccination in sheep and goats a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a the requirements in points 1a to 1e above are met b a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of sheep and goats is in place in the country or zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 c if the surveillance programme described in b above has not detected Brucella infection for two consecutive years surveillance may be maintained in accordance with Chapter 1 4 3 The free status with vaccination of the country or zone in sheep and goats is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella infection in other animal categories or feral or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to sheep and goats 4 In addition if a country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination in sheep and goats wishes to change its status to country or zone free from Brucella infection without vaccination the status of this country or zone remains unchanged for a period of at least three years after vaccination has ceased provided that the requirements in point 1c of Article 8 X 5 are met during that period Article 8 X 7 Country or zone free from Brucella infection i
31. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN ANIMALS Article 6 10 1 Recommendations for analysing the risks to animal and human publie health from antimicrobial resistant microorganisms of animal origin 1 Introduction Problems related to antimicrobial resistance are inherently linked to antimicrobial environment including human and non human usages However the emergence antimicrobial resistance can occur or be influenced by through factors other than use of antimicrobial agents The use of antimicrobial agents for therapy therapeutic and non therapeutic purposes prophylaxis and gromth_premetien in animals can reduce their efficacy in animal and human medicine through the development of antimicrobial resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms This risk may be represented by the loss of therapeutic efficacy of one or several antimicrobial agents drugs Objective For the purpose of this chapter the principal aim of risk analysi antimicrobial resistance _in_micro organisms from_animats is to provide OIE Members Countries with a transparent objective and scientifically defensible method of assessing and managing the human and animal health risks associated with the development of resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in animals The risk analysis process The principles of risk analysis are described in Chapter 2 1 Section of this Terrestrial Code The components of risk a
32. CAC GL 71 2009 It finalized the revision of the Risk Analysis Principles applied by the CCRVDF and the Risk Assessment Policy for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods It proceeded with work on Proposed draft Guidelines on Performance Characteristics for Multi residues Methods Appendix to CAC GL 71 2009 established a Priority List of Veterinary Drugs Requiring Evaluation or Re evaluation by JECFA and proposed new work on Risk Management Recommendations for Residues of Veterinary Drugs for which no ADI and or MRLs has been recommended by JECFA due to Specific Human Health Concerns The 32 CCFFP forwarded for adoption to the Commission several standards for fish and fish products including the Standard for Smoked Fish Smoke Flavoured Fish and Smoke Dried Fish and for Fresh Live and Frozen Abalone Haliotis spp The Committee also finalised work on the Confirmatory Methods for Marine Biotoxins in the Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs and proposed new work on a Code of Practice for Fish Sauce The 44 CCFH forwarded for adoption to the Commission the revision of the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods and agreed to continue work on the Guidelines for Control of Specific Zoonotic Parasites in Meat Trichinella spp and Cysticercus bovis and to consider a discussion paper on occurrence and control of parasites in foods at its next session With regard to the work on Trichinella spp the Committe
33. Education OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013
34. Freestall dimensions for dairy cows Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs http Awww omafra gov on ca english livestock dairy Anonymous 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam amending the treaty on European Union the treaties establishing the European communities and related acts Official Journal 340 available at http eur lex europa eu en treaties dat 11997D htm 11997D html Appleby M C 2006 Animal sentience in US farming In Turner J D Silva J Eds Animals Ethics and Trade The Challenge of Animal Sentience Earthscan London pp 159 165 Arab TM CJC Phillips and PN Johnson 1995 The effect of supplementary light on the behavior of housed cattle Pp 143 144 Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology Bakheit H A Greene H J 1981 Control of bovine neonatal diarrhea by management techniques Vet Rec 108 21 455 458 Barkema HW YH Schukken TJ Lam Beiboer ML G Benedictus and A Brand 1999 Management practices associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis J Dairy Sci 82 8 1643 1654 Baxter S H Baxter M R MacCormack J A C Eds 1983 Farm Animal Housing and Welfare Martinus Nijhoff The Hague Baxter M R 1992 The space requirements of housed livestock In Phillips C and Piggins D Eds Farm animals and the environment P 67 91 CAB International Wallingford UK Bell N 2007 Cubicle bedding from The Healthy Fe
35. He explained that the use of the questionnaire was important even when countries could not complete all questions in it because the answers and unanswered questions could indicate the legislative weakness existing in the Veterinary Service of the country and the expert could analyse the situation beforehand and fill the gap during the VLSP mission He noted that use of the questionnaire could be considered flexibly by each VLSP expert depending on the situation of the country and the questionnaire could be improved but stressed that the questionnaire needs to be simple and to use closed questions in order to avoid over interpretation The ad hoc Group reviewed each question in the questionnaire closely together with the explanatory notes bearing in mind the intended use Dr Petitclerc outlined and on the other hand consistency with Chapter 3 4 of the Terrestrial Code and improved clarity and user friendliness In discussing the questionnaire the ad hoc Group identified the need for expertise in the use of legal terms when reviewing this type of legal document The ad hoc Group proposed that the OIE consider inviting a bilingual legal expert to become a member of this ad hoc Group Q1 Information on the State s political administrative and legal organisation The ad hoc Group felt that open ended questions could be easier for users than filling in the pre determined table when describing the administrative divisions and their legal responsibil
36. Outcome based measurables behaviour morbidity rate reproductive efficiency Sire selection and calving management Dystocia can be a welfare risk to dairy cattle Heifers should not be bred before they are at stage of physical maturity sufficient to ensure the health and welfare of both dam and calf at birth The sire has a highly heritable effect on final calf size and as such can have a significant impact on ease of calving Sire selection for embryo implantation insemination or natural mating should take into account the maturity and size of the female Pregnant cows and heifers should be managed during pregnancy so as to achieve an appropriate body condition range for the breed Excessive fatness increases the risk of dystocia and metabolic disorders during late pregnancy or after parturition Cows and heifers should be monitored when they are close to calving Animals observed to be having difficulty in calving should be assisted by a competent handler as soon as possible after they are detected Outcome based measurables morbidity rate rate of dystocia mortality rate cow and calf reproductive efficiency body condition score New born calves Receiving adequate immunity from colostrum generally depends on the volume and quality of colostrum ingested and how soon after birth the calf receives it Animal handlers should ensure that calves receive sufficient colostrum within 24 hours of birth to provide passive immunity Where
37. Prevent and REP12 CF CCCF Reduce Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Food N03 2012 Appendix VII and Feed Revision of the Maximum Levels for Lead in Fruit Juices Milks and Secondary Milk Products Infant Formula Canned Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and REP12 CF Corr Cereal Grains except buckwheat canihua and quinoa Appendix VIII ros in the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed Annex for Prevention and Reduction of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Sorghum to the Code of Practice for REP12 CF 5 CELE the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Appendix IX NOS a Contamination in Cereals CAC RCP 51 2003 Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of REP12 CF CCCE Ochratoxin A contamination in Cocoa Appendix X Neat Code of Practice to Reduce the Presence of REP12 CF r AAR Hydrocyanic Acid in Cassava and Cassava Products para 165 MU FN CCCF Maximum Levels for hydrocyanic acid in cassava and REP12 CF N08 2012 cassava products para 165 CCCF Levels for Radionuclides in Food Reve NO09 2012 para 169 CCPR Priority List for the Establishment of MRLs for REP12 PR asoini Pesticides Appendix XIII eang Priority List of Veterinary Drugs Requiring Evaluation REPLRDYE CCRVDF R luation by JECFA Appendix IX ongoing or Re evaluation by Part A and B Risk Management Recommendations for Residues of Veterinary Drugs for which no ADI and or MRLs has REP12 RDVF EENDE been recommended by JECFA due to Specific Human Appendix X Nee He
38. Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the United Kingdom J Dairy Sci 92 6 2551 2561 Broom D M 2006 Behaviour and welfare in relation to pathology Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97 1 73 83 Bryant J R N L6pez Villalobos J E Pryce C W Holmes D L Johnson 2007 Quantifying the effect of thermal environment on production traits in three breeds of dairy cattle in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50 327 338 Burrow H M and Corbet N J 2000 Genetic and environmental factors affecting temperament of zebu and zebu derived beef cattle grazed at pasture in the tropics Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51 155 162 Burton A J Nydam D V Ollivett T L Divers T J 2009 Prognostic indicators for nonambulatory cattle treated by use of a flotation tank system in a referral hospital 51 cases 1997 2008 JAVMA 234 1177 1182 Cardot V Y Le Roux S Jurjanz 2008 Drinking behaviour of lactating dairy cows and prediction of their water intake J Dairy Sci 91 2257 2264 Chapinal N A M de Pasill D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk and J Rushen 2009 Using gait score walking speed and lying behaviour to detect hoof lesions in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 92 4365 4374 Cook N B M J Marin R L Mentink T B Bennett M J Schaefer 2008 Comfort zone design freestalls do they influence the stall u
39. Stray dogs and other free roaming animals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the requirements in Chapter 7 7 and as appropriate prohibition of the abandonment of animals and management of abandoned animals including transfer of ownership veterinary interventions and euthanasia Article 3 4 11 Veterinary medicines and biologicals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for assuring the quality of veterinary medicines and biologicals and minimising the risk to human animal and environmental health associated with their use 1 General measures Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements listed below a definition of veterinary medicines and biologicals including any specific exclusions and b regulation of the importation manufacture distribution and usage of and commerce in veterinary medicines and biologicals Raw materials for use in veterinary medicines and biologicals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements listed below a quality standards for raw materials used in the manufacture or composition of veterinary medicines and biologicals and arrangements for checking quality b establishment of the withdrawal periods and maximum residue limits for veterinary medicines and biologicals as appropriate and c requirements for substances in veterinary medicines and biologicals that may through their
40. Trichinella spp to that described in the revised OIE draft Chapter 8 13 This pathway would rely less on on going verification of farms but would provide for on going monitoring of a representative sample of slaughter pigs to confirm the status of the compartment OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 5 Annex XLIII contd The Working Group recommended that the OIE National Delegates make appropriate contacts with Delegates to CCFH on their review and comments on the OIE draft Chapter 8 13 The Working Group noted that external support can enhance such co ordination in this and other relevant areas in many developing countries 3 2 Chapters on E granulosus and E multilocularis Dr Mylrea informed the Working Group that an expert ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites which included participation from the WHO FAO and Codex had updated the current OIE Terrestrial Code Chapter 8 4 on Echinococcosis hydatidosis and had proposed to develop two separate chapters on E granulosus and E multilocularis The draft chapter was reviewed by the Code Commission at their September 2012 meeting and has been circulated to OIE Members as part of the Code Commission s September 2012 report The Working Group supported the proposed draft chapters 4 OIE work on antimicrobial resistance in terrestrial animals Dr Fran ois Diaz OIE Scientific and Technical Depar
41. _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 6 2 Animal markets and other gatherings Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i registration of all permanent or temporary animal markets and other animal gatherings Done L Not done L Partially done _ ii health measures to prevent disease transmission including procedures for cleaning and disinfection and animal welfare measures Done L Not done L Partially done iii provision for compulsory veterinary checks at animal gatherings Done L Not done _ Partially done _ 6 3 Animal reproduction Except where the animals or reproductive material are only used in a single holding the veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 61 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd i the health regulation of animal reproduction as appropriate Done L Not done L Partially done Comments ii health regulations may be implemented at the level of animals genetic material establishments or operators Done L Not done L Partially done _ 6 4 Animal feed Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i standards for the production and composition of animal feed Done L Not done L
42. a particular species should address all currently used production systems e g extensive intensive and mixed and management procedures e g beak trimming dehorning The establishment of guidelines on a species by species basis is appropriate in view of the adoption of animal based welfare criteria Regardless of the production system it is possible to establish animal health and welfare principles that are generally relevant to individuals of the same species Appropriate criteria for establishing the priority species sectors include o Products that are extensively traded internationally o Products that are internationally traded and the subject of actual or proposed animal welfare standards measures or restrictions government or private o Availability of relevant scientific information o Likely positive impact on animal welfare of introducing standards o Input from OIE Members and Regions regarding issues and concerns o Relevance of one guideline for others e g the OIE guideline on chickens could be used as a model to develop guidelines on ducks and turkeys OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 23 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV DRAFT CHAPTER 7 X ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Article 7 X 1 Definition Dairy cattle production systems are defined as all commercial cattle product
43. administrative Identify which courts might be involved veterinary domain matters Comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q2 Hierarchy of the legal instruments 1 Legal instruments relating to the central State 1 Level of 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 Cross legal reference instruments 2 __Legal instruments relating to decentralised authorities 1 Level of 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 Cross legal reference instruments 3 Legal instruments relating to authorities holding delegated powers IF APPLICABLE 1 Level of 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 Cross legal reference instruments 4 Additional comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 26 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q3 Legal documentation basis creation and management 1 Is there a general legal database or a database relating to veterinary legal instruments First and second level legislation ccccceeees Yes aan ees errr eee Now O Infra regulatory texts andi dcarallacsednataaces Yes aai
44. and the abattoir should be subjected to thorough cleansing and disinfection immediately after use The meat should be derived from animals that have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspection for FMD with favourable results within 24 hours before and after slaughter and treated according to_point 2 of Article 8 5 2522 or Article 8 5 2623 Other products obtained from the animals and any products coming into contact with them should be considered infected and treated in such a way as to destroy any residual virus in accordance with Articles 8 5 3431 to 8 5 4438 Animals moved into a free zone for other purposes should be moved under the supervision of the Veterinary Authority and comply with the conditions in Article 8 5 4412 Article 8 5 91 Direct fT transfer directly to slaughter of FMD susceptible animals from a containment zone for slaughter in te a free zone where vaccination either is or is not practised within a country In order not to jeopardise the status of a free zone FMD susceptible animals should only leave the containment zone if moved by mechanised transport directly to slaughter in the nearest designated abattoir under the following conditions 1 the containment zone has been officially established according to the requirements in Article 8 5 86 2 the animals should be transported under the supervision of the Veterinary Authority in a vehicle which was cleansed and disinfected before lo
45. and to cause irreversible concussion and death and should only be used by properly trained and competent marksmen 2 Requirements for effective use a d The marksman should take account of human safety in the area in which he she is operating Appropriate vision and hearing protective devices should be worn by all personnel involved The marksman should ensure that the animal is not moving and in the correct position to enable accurate targeting and the range should be as short as possible 5 50 cm for a shotgun but the barrel should not be in contact with the head of the animals The correct cartridge calibre and type of bullet for the different species age and size should be used Ideally the ammunition should expand upon impact and dissipate its energy within the cranium Shot animals should be checked to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes 3 Advantages a b c Used properly a free bullet provides a quick and effective method for killing It requires minimal or no restraint and can be use to kill from a distance by properly trained and competent marksmen It is suitable for killing agitated animals in open spaces 4 Disadvantages The method is potentially dangerous to humans and other animals in the area It has the potential for non lethal wounding Destruction of brain tissue may preclude diagnosis of some diseases Leakage of bodily fluids may present a biosecurity risk Legal requireme
46. animals with microorganisms that have acquired resistance to fremthe use of a specific antimicrobial agent s due to the its use in animals and resulting in the loss of benefit of antimicrobial therapy used to manage the animal infection Hazard identification mMicroorganisms that have acquired resistance including multiple resistance arising from the use of an antimicrobial agent s in animals mMicroorganisms having obtained a resistance determinant s from another microorganisms which hasve acquired resistance arising from the use of an antimicrobial agent s in animals The identification of the hazard faust should include considerations of the class or subclass of the antimicrobial_agent s This definition should be read in conjunction with point 4 of Article 6 10 1 Release assessment The following factors should be considered in the release assessment animal species laying hens treated with the antimicrobial agent s in question number of animals treated sex age and their geographical distribution OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd dosage regimen including amountsused _and duration of treatment use variationin methods and routes of administration of the antimicrobial agent s the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics pharmacekinetics of the antimicrobialagent s site and type of infection development of
47. are discussed by this Working Group each year when they meet They recommended that special emphasis be put on this point at future meetings and to include it as a standard agenda item d Coordination at the national level The Working Group re emphasised the importance of collaboration between OIE and Codex at the national level between OIE Delegates and focal points and Codex contact points in order to better co ordinate the standard setting activities of the two organisations Coordination at the regional and sub regional level is also encouraged 3 Zoonotic parasites 3 1 Chapters on Infection with Trichinella spp Dr Mylrea informed the Working Group that an expert ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites which included participation from the WHO FAO and Codex had updated the current OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code Terrestrial Code Chapter 8 13 on Trichinellosis with the objective of recommending control measures at the on farm level to help prevent foodborne illness in humans The draft chapter provides recommendations for on farm prevention of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs Sus scrofa domesticus and safe trade of meat and meat products derived from suids and equids It provides for establishing a negligible risk compartment in pigs kept under controlled management conditions on the basis of the clear and objective means of establishing this status The articles dealing with international trade of meat and meat pro
48. are needed to avoid animals suffocating by climbing on top of each other Advantages Low concentrations of CO2 cause little aversiveness and in combination with nitrogen or an inert gas produces a fast induction of unconsciousness Disadvantages ii ii iv A properly designed container or apparatus is needed It is difficult to verify death while the animals are in the container or apparatus There is no immediate loss of consciousness Exposure times required to kill are considerable Conclusion The method is suitable for poultry and for neonatal sheep goats and pigs In this method the crates or modules holding the birds are loaded into a container and gas is introduced into the container referto Figures underArticle 7 642 As shown in the example below each containerised gassing unit CGU typically comprises a gas tight chamber designed to accommodate poultry transport crates or a module The container or chamber is fitted with gas lines and diffusers with silencers which in turn are connected via a system of manifolds and gas regulators to gas cylinders There is a hole at the top of the unit to permit displaced air to escape when filling the container with gas Procedures involved in the operation of CGU includes a position the container on a level solid open ground b connect gas cylinder to the container c load a module of birds into the container d shut and secure the door e deliver the ga
49. areas of slatted floor cattle including replacement stock should have access to a solid lying area The slat and gap widths should be appropriate to the hoof size of the cattle to prevent injuries Hinterhofer et al 2006 Telezhenko et al 2007 If cattle have to be tethered they should as a minimum be able to lie down and stand up unimpeded Animal handlers should be aware of the higher risks of welfare problems where cattle are tethered Loberg et al 2004 Tucker et al 2009 Where breeding bulls are in housing systems care should be taken to ensure that they have sight of other cattle with sufficient space for resting and exercise If used for natural mating the floor should not be slatted or slippery Outcome based measurables morbidity rates e g lameness pressure sores behaviour changes in weight and body condition score physical appearance e g hair loss cleanliness score growth curve Location construction and equipment Farms for dairy cattle should be situated in an appropriate geographical location for the health welfare and productivity of the cattle All facilities for dairy cattle should be constructed maintained and operated to minimise the risk to the welfare of the cattle Grandin 1980 Equipment for milking handling and restraining dairy cattle should only be used in a way that minimises the risk of injury pain or distress Electrified equipment e g cow trainer electrified gate has been
50. as surveillance establishment of a regulatory programme or emergency response for particular diseases listed in the country b The legislation should also provide a basis for contingency plans to include the following for use in disease responses i administrative and logistic organisation ii exceptional powers of the Competent Authority and iii special and temporary measures to address all identified risks to human or animal health c Veterinary legislation should provide for the financing of animal disease control measures such as operational expenses and as appropriate owners compensation in the event of killing or slaughtering of animals and seizure or destruction of carcasses meat animal feed or other things 3 Emerging diseases Veterinary legislation should provide for measures to investigate and respond to emerging diseases Article 3 4 10 Animal welfare 1 General provisions Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the animal welfare related requirements in Section 7 of the Terrestrial Code To this end the legislation should contain as a minimum a legal definition of cruelty as an offence and provisions for direct intervention of the Competent Authority in the case of neglect by animal keepers OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 18 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd 2
51. associated with increased incidence of welfare problems and should not be used Cattle in housed or pastured production systems should be offered adequate space for comfort and socialisation Kondo et al 2003 In all production systems feed and water provision should allow all cattle to have unimpeded access to feed and water DeVries and Keyserlingk 2005 DeVries et al 2005 DeVries et al 2004 Endres et al 2005 Feeders and water providers should be clean and free of spoiled mouldy sour unpalatable feed and faecal contamination Milking parlour free stalls standings cubicles races chutes and pens should be free from sharp edges and protrusions to prevent injury to cattle Where possible there should be a separated area to closely examine individual animals which should have restraining facilities A hospital area for sick and injured animals should be provided so the animals can be treated away from healthy animals Hydraulic pneumatic and manual equipment should be adjusted as appropriate to the size of cattle to be handled Hydraulic and pneumatic operated restraining equipment should have pressure limiting devices to prevent injuries Regular cleaning and maintenance of working parts is imperative to ensure the system functions properly and safe for the cattle Mechanical and electrical devices used in facilities should be safe for cattle OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 An
52. at least twice with the last vaccination not more than 12 months and not less than one month prior to slaughter d were kept for the past 30 days in an establishment and that FMD has not occurred within a ten kilometre radius of the establishment during that period e have been transported in a vehicle which was cleansed and disinfected before the cattle and buffaloes were loaded directly from the establishment of origin to the approved abattoir without coming into contact with other animals which do not fulfil the required conditions for export f have been slaughtered in an approved abattoir i which is officially designated for export ii in which no FMD has been detected during the period between the last disinfection carried out before slaughter and the shipment for export has been dispatched g have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspections for FMD with favourable results within 24 hours before and after slaughter 2 comes from deboned carcasses a from which the major lymphatic nodes have been removed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 17 b which prior to deboning have been submitted to maturation at a temperature above 2 C for a minimum period of 24 hours following s aughter and in which the pH value was below 6 0 when tested in the middle of both the longissimus dorsi Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 23 26 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected
53. attention should be paid to nutrition in the last month of pregnancy with regards to energy balance roughage and micronutrients in order to minimise calving and post calving diseases and body condition loss Drackley 1999 Bertoni et al 2008 Huzzey et al 2005 Dairy producers should become familiar with potential micronutrient deficiencies or excesses for housed and pastured production systems in their respective geographical areas and use appropriately formulated supplements where necessary All cattle including unweaned calves need an adequate supply and access to palatable water that meets their physiological requirements and is free from contaminants hazardous to cattle health Lawrence et al 2004b Cardot et al 2008 Outcome based measurables mortality rates morbidity rates behaviour changes in weight and body condition score reproductive efficiency changes in milk yield growth curve OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd c Social environment Management of cattle should take into account their social environment as it relates to animal welfare particularly in housed systems Le Neindre 1989 J hannesson and S rensen 2000 B e and F revik 2003 Bouissou et al 2001 Kondo et al 2003 Sato et al 1993 Problem areas include agonistic and oestrus activity mixing of heifers and cows feeding cattle of different size and age in the
54. be used 1 a sterilisation process applying a minimum temperature of 132 C for at least one second ultra high temperature UHT or 2 ifthe milk has a pH less than 7 0 a sterilisation process applying a minimum temperature of 72 C for at least 15 seconds high temperature short time pasteurisation HTST or 3 ifthe milk has a pH of 7 0 or over the HTST process applied twice Article 8 5 36 39 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in milk for animal consumption For the inactivation of viruses present in milk for animal consumption one of the following procedures should be used 1 the HTST process applied twice 2 HTST combined with another physical treatment e g maintaining a pH 6 for at least one hour or additional heating to at least 72 C combined with dessication 3 UHT combined with another physical treatment referred to in point 2 above Article 8 5 3748 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in skins and trophies from wild animals susceptible to the disease For the inactivation of viruses present in skins and trophies from wild animals susceptible to FMD one of the following procedures should be used prior to complete taxidermal treatment 1 boiling in water for an appropriate time so as to ensure that any matter other than bone horns hooves claws antlers or teeth is removed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 21 2 gamma irradiation at a d
55. behaviour Science 38 235 244 Sprecher D J D E Hostetler J B Kaneene 1997 A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance Theriogenology 47 1179 1187 Silanikove N 2000 Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants Livestock Production Science 67 1 2 1 18 Singh S Saini A L Randhawa S S and Jindal R 2002 Plasma cortisol and other blood constituents in relation to age of disbudding with and without cornual block in Murrah buffalo calves SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production 18 1 8 Stafford K J Mellor D J Todd S E Ward R N and McMeekan C M 2003 The effect of different combinations of lignocaine ketoprofen xylazine and tolazoline on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51 5 219 226 Stafford K J and Mellor D J 2005 Dehorning and disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves The Veterinary Journal 169 337 349 Stafford K J and Mellor D J 2007 Pain A developing issue in veterinary medicine The Veterinary Journal 174 2 225 226 Stafford K J and Gregory N G 2008 Implications of intensification of pastoral animal production on animal welfare New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56 274 280 Stull C L Payne M A Berry S L Reynolds J P 2007 A review of the causes prevention and welfare of nonambulatory cattle JAVMA
56. body Done L Not done L Partially done Where powers have been so delegated describe the prerogatives the functioning and responsibilities of the mandated professional organization Done L Not done _ Partially done _ Prescribe the disciplinary powers that apply to the relevant professions Done L Not done L Partially done 4 Laboratories in the veterinary field 4 1 Facilities Veterinary legislation should define the role responsibilities obligations and quality requirements for i Reference laboratories which are responsible for controlling the veterinary diagnostic and analytical network including the maintenance of reference methods Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 53 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii Laboratories designated by the State for carrying out the analysis of official samples Done L Not done L Partially done iii Laboratories recognized by the State as fit to conduct compulsory analyses by the private sector Done L Not done L Partially done iv The veterinary legislation should define the conditions for the classification approval operations and supervision of laboratories at each level Done L Not done L Partially done 4 2 Laboratory reagents Veterinary legislation should address the eleme
57. development of OIE guidelines This may be particularly relevant in addressing guidelines for livestock production systems where there is a shortage of published scientific studies The OIE should make clear the source and basis of its guidelines whether this relates to professional judgement or published studies The OIE should undertake a review of published scientific information on 1 based and resource based criteria relevant to each guideline proposed for development e g beef cattle and broiler chickens and 2 relationship of affective states e g chronic fear and animal behaviour e g nesting to animal health The results of these reviews should be provided to OIE Delegates and animal welfare focal points to improve the transparency of the OIE guidelines scientific basis When establishing national animal welfare policies societal value judgements may play a large part While science can provide useful information ethical and social considerations may be more influential The OIE should avoid making recommendations based on value judgements that lack a scientific basis Recommended strategy for the OIE The development of guidelines based on species or sector It is proposed that the OIE develop guidelines based on species with specific production sectors to be considered separately as set out below The OIE should focus on commercial scale production and particularly of products traded internationally The guidelines for
58. discussed the various positions of OIE Members on the draft text notably in relation to the inclusion of specific measurables Considering that it had not been possible to reconcile the positions of OIE Members to provide for adoption of the draft chapter it was agreed that the AWWG would give priority to developing a draft text on General Principles for animal welfare and livestock production systems In parallel the OIE ad hoc Group on animal welfare and beef cattle production systems reviewed the relevant draft chapter in order to address Members concerns They made particular emphasis on the scope and definitions as well as on the prescription given by the measurables In May 2012 both General principles for the welfare of animals in livestock production systems and Chapter 7 9 Animal Welfare and Beef Cattle Production Systems were adopted as Article 7 1 4 Terms of Reference Taking into account The background history of the OIE regarding animal welfare and production systems The discussion paper on the Development of animal welfare guidelines for production systems written by the AWWG in 2006 Appendix 2 The recommendations of the OIE ad hoc group on animal welfare and livestock production in 2008 Appendix 3 and The existing animal welfare and animal health standards in the Terrestrial Code particularly Chapter 7 1 on the Guiding Principle for animal welfare http www oie int index php id 169 amp
59. dispersed quickly at the end of each cycle by opening the door improving operator s health and safety The system uses skilled catching teams and equipment in daily use by the industry Metal containers can be readily cleansed and disinfected c Disadvantages i il Requires trained operators trained catchers transport modules and fork lift However this equipment and suitable areas with hard surfaces are usually available The main limiting factors are speed of catching birds In the absence of a viewing window visual confirmation of death while the birds are still in the container is difficult However cessation of vocalisation and convulsive wing flapping sounds can be used to determine onset of death d Conclusion il 4 Method 3 Method 2 is suitable for use in a wide range of poultry systems providing there is access to vehicles to carry the containers and equipment Birds should be introduced into the container or apparatus which is then sealed and filled as quickly as possible with the required gas concentrations i e more than 40 percent CO2 Birds are held in this atmosphere until death is confirmed Method 2 is suitable for use in poultry and neonatal sheep goats and pigs However CO2 is likely to cause a period of distress in the animals before they lose consciousness The gas is introduced into a poultry house a Requirements for effective use in a poultry house i Prior to introductio
60. done vii precautionary measures Done L Not done L Partially done _ Veterinary legislation should provide for the following general measures i definition of areas in which health measures are applied Done L Not done L Partially done Comments ii official publicizing of measures Done L Not done _ Partially done _ iii listing of all measures requiring a legal basis Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd iv vi vii viii measures to be implemented by the public force Done L Not done L Partially done epidemiological investigations Done L Not done L Partially done _ provisions for wild or protected animals Done L Not done L Partially done conditions for restocking Done Not done _ Partially done _ commercial restrictions Done Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 69 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd Contingency plan should be developed for certain diseases and in addition to the general measures should provide for i administrative and logistic organization Done L Not done L Partially done Comments ii exceptional powers of the competent authority Done L Not don
61. exclude these diseases The guidelines should also be cross referenced to appropriate chapters in the Terrestrial Code that deal with the surveillance reporting control and eradication of listed diseases Existing OIE standards Review of relevant existing OIE standards contributing to the objective described above will be made Animal based versus design based criteria Animal based criteria also called performance or output criteria are described in terms of the animal s state They include such elements as survival rate incidence of disease and injury and body condition scoring Many problems are multifactorial and it is therefore difficult to provide specifications resource based criteria for all contributing factors The most practical solution is to monitor animal based criteria to ascertain if animal welfare problems are occurring Resource based criteria also called design criteria input criteria and engineering criteria indicate the resources that should be provided These specify such elements as space allowances and dimensions ambient temperature range humidity and condition of the litter Resource based criteria are usually based on specific research with a particular species in a particular production system For example heat stress is well studied in cattle Resource based criteria to prevent thermal stress would include specifying acceptable temperature and humidity range and rates of ventilation However the precise recomme
62. expressed by Codex Members about the approach in the light of differences between the standard setting procedures of the two Organisations The CCGP recognized the importance of the collaboration between Codex and OIE and agreed to establish an electronic working group chaired by Canada with the following mandate Reaffirming the commitment to collaboration in the development of standards of mutual interest respecting the mandates and procedures of Codex Alimentarius and OIE including a commitment to an open transparent and inclusive process the working group will propose guidance to better take into account relevant work that has been undertaken or is in progress by each organization and identify means to consistently reference each other s standards and guidance as appropriate The CCGP further agreed that a physical working group with the same mandate would be held prior to the next session of the CCGP and the Committee welcomed the kind offer of OIE to provide logistical support to the meeting The 28 Session of the CCGP is tentatively scheduled in the spring of 2014 in Paris The 20 CCRVDF forwarded for adoption to the Commission several Maximum Residues Limits MRLs for Veterinary Drugs narasin in cattle tissues amoxicillin in several tissues monensin in cattle s liver and the Proposed draft Sampling Plans for Residue Control for Aquatic Animal Products and Derived Edible Products of Aquatic Origin Table C Annex B of
63. for seeking and granting authorisations the legislation should i describe the functioning of the competent authority concerned Done L Not done L Partially done establish rules providing for the transparency of decisions Done L Not done L Partially done Veterinary legislation may provide for the possibility of recognition of the equivalence of authorisations made by other countries Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 77 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 9 5 Quality of veterinary products To give effect to the objectives identified above veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i the conduct of clinical and non clinical trials to verify all claims made by the manufacturer including analysis and dosage methods Done L Not done _ Partially done ii conditions for the conduct of trials Done L Not done L Partially done iii qualifications of experts involved in trials Done L Not done L Partially done iv surveillance for adverse effects arising from the use of veterinary products Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 9 6 Establishments producing storing and selling veterinary products Vete
64. from neighbouring infected countries by the application of animal health measures that effectively prevent the entry of the virus into the free country or zone tLaking into consideration physical or geographical barriers with any neighbouring infected country or zone Fthese measures may include a protection zone Based on the epidemiology of FMD in the country it may be decided to vaccinate only a defined subpopulation comprised of certain species or other subsets of the total susceptible population To qualify for inclusion in the list of FMD free countries or zones where vaccination is practised a Member should 1 have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting 2 send a declaration to the OIE stating that within the proposed FMD free country or zone a there has been no outbreak of FMD during the past two years b no evidence of FMDV circulation has been found during the past 12 months 3 supply documented evidence that a surveillance for FMD and FMDV circulation in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 4746 and Atticle 8 5 49 is in operation b regulatory measures for the early detection prevention and control of FMD have been implemented OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX contd c routine compulsory systematic vaccination in the target population is carried out ferthe purpese_ofthe d the vaccine used complies wi
65. handling animals 1 General considerations Each slaughterhouse should have a dedicated plan for animal welfare The purpose of such plan should be to maintain good level of animal welfare at all stages of the handling of animals until they are killed The plan should contain standard operating procedures for each step of animal handling as to ensure that animal welfare is properly implemented based on relevant indicators It also should include specific corrective actions in case of specific risks like power failures or other circumstances that could negatively affect the welfare of animals Animals should be transported to slaughter in a way that minimises adverse animal health and welfare outcomes and the transport should be conducted in accordance with the OIE recommendations for the transportation of animals Chapters 7 2 and 7 3 The following principles should apply to unloading animals moving them into airage pens out of the lairage pens and up to the slaughter point OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd The conditions of the animals should be assessed upon their arrival for any animal welfare and health problems Injured or sick animals requiring immediate s aughter should be killed humanely and without delay in accordance with the recommendations of the OIE Animals should not be forced to move at a speed greater than their normal walking pace in order to minimise injur
66. ii An access to the head of the animal and to the brain through the skull is required iii Animals should be monitored continuously until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes c Advantages The technique is effective in producing immediate death d Disadvantages i A delayed and or ineffective pithing due to convulsions may occur ii The working area is contaminated with body fluids which increases biosecurity risks 2 Bleeding a Introduction Bleeding is a method of killing animals through the severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or chest that results in a rapid fall in blood pressure leading to cerebral ischaemia and death b Requirements for effective use i A sharp knife is required ii An access to the neck or chest of the animal is required OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 48 Annex XXXVI contd iii Animals should be monitored continuously until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes Advantages The technique is effective in producing death after an effective stunning method which does not permit pithing Disadvantages i A delayed and or ineffective bleeding due to convulsions may occur ii The working area is contaminated with body fluids which increases biosecurity risks Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Organisation World Organizacion Mondiale Organisation Mun
67. implementation of control and preventive measures 7 documentation and reporting A field investigation often entails doing several of these steps simultaneously Two pathways are possible after the clinical investigation If in the context of the disease control programme clinical and epidemiological information may be sufficient to take action and no further laboratory investigation may be required On the other hand if the information is inconclusive further laboratory and epidemiological investigation are needed Control measures are usually implemented from the beginning of the investigation and modified as appropriate during the process Laboratory characterisation of the agent may be important to the long term management of the programme OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd Article 4 X 7 Emergency preparedness and contingency planning 1 Member Countries should develop emergency preparedness and contingency plans for immediate action for listed and emerging diseases Emergency response plans should be up to date tested in a simulation exercise and embedded in the legal framework Emergency funds should be available to cover operational costs and indemnities The chain of command and coordination with all key participants and relevant support services when necessary should be well established to ensure control efforts are executed rapidly and with success A contingency plan i
68. in particular localities or species can be identified targeted sampling may be an appropriate strategy Clinical inspection may be targeted at particular species likely to exhibit clear clinical signs e g cattle and pigs The Member should justify the surveillance strategy chosen and the frequency of sampling as adequate to detect the presence of FMDV infection circulation in accordance with Chapter 1 4 and the epidemiological situation The design of the sampling strategy will need to incorporate an epidemiologically appropriate design prevalence Ihe sample size selected for testing will need to be large enough to detect infection circulation if it were to occur at a predetermined minimum rate The sample size and expected disease prevalence determine the level of confidence in the results of the survey The Member must justify the choice of design prevalence and confidence level based on the objectives of surveillance and the prevailing or historical epidemiological situation in accordance with Chapter 1 4 Irrespective of the survey design selected the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tests employed are key factors in the design sample size determination and interpretation of the results obtained Ideally the sensitivity and specificity of the tests used should be validated for the vaccination infection history and production class of animals in the target p
69. issues that need to be further explored In conclusion AMU is not just a technical issue and required consideration of social economic environmental ethical and policy factors Delegates at the meeting recognized the need for support from WHO for countries to take action to reduce risks from AMR and that both FAO and OIE produce useful guidance including a range of standards and guidelines for good practice Delegates agreed for APHCA to facilitate obtaining external funding to support undertaking some longer term actions in a number of APHCA member countries OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIII contd Annex V ACTIVITIES OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION Global Foodborne Infections Network GFN GFN Strategic objective have been modified as the following To support Member States capacity to strengthen national and regional integrated surveillance investigation prevention and control of foodborne and other enteric infections by i promoting the benefits of integrated surveillance through the engagement of decision makers ii fostering multi sectoral partnerships relevant to regional and country goals and needs lil supporting Member States to generate data to drive evidence based decision making to reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases At its Annual September 2012 Meeting in Lyon France the GFN Steering Committee took on the challenge of outlining its accountability ro
70. issues to identify parasite commodity groups of greatest concern In order to address this request FAO and WHO initiated a series of activities this culminated in an expert meeting on 3 7 September 2012 Preceding the meeting relevant data were identified and collated through a formal call for data a literature review and written reports prepared by experts representing different regions A list of 95 potential foodborne parasites was initially identified for consideration Through a stepwise documented process this was reduced to a list of 24 parasites for ranking Experts further identified specific vehicles of transmission for each of the 24 parasites The parasites were ranked using a multicriteria based approach which used 9 criteria and 7 criteria weights three criteria for disease severity were combined into one criterion reflecting the relative importance of each criterion to the overall score The overall score for each parasite was calculated by normalized parasite criteria scores multiplied by fractional weights and summed The meeting also concluded that since criteria weights were calculated separately from the individual parasite scoring alternative weighting schemes reflecting the judgments of risk OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 27 Annex XLIII contd Annex V contd managers could be used to generate alternate ranking using the
71. months no vaccinated animal has been introduced during the past 12 months or OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 ii compulsory systematic vaccination is carried out and the vaccine used complies with the standards described in the Terrestrial Manual including appropriate vaccine strain selection Annex XXXIX contd d noanimalvaccinated against FMD within the past 42 months is in the compartment de animals semen and embryos should only enter the compartment in accordance with relevant articles in this chapter ef documented evidence shows that surveillance in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 4746 and Article 8 5 49 is in operation for FMD and FMDV infection Izh g an animal identification and traceability system in accordance with Chapters 4 1 and 4 2 is in place 3 describe in detail a the animal subpopulation in the compartment and b the biosecurity plan fer MD arnd FMDV infection and where applicable the vaccination plan to mitigate the risks identified by the surveillance carried out according to point 1 of Article 8 5 4 The compartment should be approved by the Veterinary Authority The first approval should only be granted when no outbreak of FMD has occurred within a ten kilometre radius of the zonein which the compartment is situated during the fast past three months Article 8 5 5 4 FMD infected country
72. of the animal population of the exporting country zone herd or flock 1 skeletal muscle meat brain and spinal cord digestive tract thymus yro and me glands ane derivon ee abet ha ar 2 cured hides and skins 3 gelatine collagen tallow and meat and bone meal When_ authorising import or transit of other commodities listed_in this chapter Veterinary Authorities should require_the cenditions_presceribed_in_this_chapter relevant te the Brucelastatus_oftheanimatpeputatien of the exporting _ country zone or herd ortlock 3 Article 8 X 3 Country or zone free from Brucella infection in animais without vaccination in bovids i ified free from B Ia infocti ae 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection without vaccination in bovids a country or zone should satisfy for each relevant category of animals the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone 2b regulatory measures for the early detection a pregramme should_bein place_to_ensure effective reporting of all cases suggestive of Brucella infection in bovids particularly abertions_and including the regular submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented 3c Aeitherdomestic nercaptve wid animals no bovids have been vaccinated against Brucella infection for at least the past three years and bovids that are intro
73. of the ruminant population of the exporting country or zone e milk and milk products 2 meatand meat products 3 hides skins antlers and hooves 4 wool and fibre Annex XLI contd OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Article X X 3 EHDV free country or zone 1 A country or a zone may be considered free from EHDV when EHD epizectic haemorrhagic_disease is notifiable in the whole country and either a historical freedom has been demonstrated as described in Article 1 4 6 or b a surveillance programme in accordance with Article X X 41612 has demonstrated no evidence of EHDV transmission in the country or Zone during the past two years or cb an ongoing surveillance programme has demonstrated no evidence of Culicoides in the country or zone An EHDV free country or zone in which ongoing vector surveillance has found no evidence of Culicoides will not lose its free status through the importation of seropositive or infective animals or semen embryos or ova from infected countries or infected zones An EHDV free country or zone in which surveillance has found evidence that Culicoides are present will not lose its free status through the importation of seropositive animals provided that they were imported in accordance with Article X X 6 BHDY seasonally free zene An EHDV seasonally free zone is apart of an infected country or an infected zone for which
74. or animal health 5 Animal by products Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements listed below a definition of the animal by products subject to the legislation b rules for collection processing use and disposal of animal by products c registration and if necessary approval of establishments and the provision of health requirements for relevant operations and d rules to be followed by animal owners OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 17 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd 6 Disinfection Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the regulation and use of products and methods of disinfection relating to the prevention and control of animal diseases Article 3 4 9 Animal diseases Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for the Competent Authority to manage diseases of importance to the country and to list those diseases guided by the recommendations in Chapters 1 1 and 1 2 1 Surveillance Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for the collection transmission and utilisation of epidemiological data relevant to diseases listed by the Competent Authority 2 Disease prevention and control a Veterinary legislation should include general animal health measures applicable to all diseases and if necessary additional or specific measures such
75. or organisation that can affect or be affected by the impacts of veterinary legislation OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 12 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd Veterinary domain means all the activities that are directly or indirectly related to animals their products and by products which help to protect maintain and improve the health and welfare of humans including by means of the protection of animal health and welfare and food safety Veterinary legislation means the collection of specific legal instruments primary and secondary legislation required for the governance of the veterinary domain Article 3 4 3 General principles 1 Respect for the hierarchy of legislation Veterinary legislation should scrupulously respect the hierarchy between primary legislation and secondary legislation Legal basis Competent Authorities should have available the primary legislation and secondary legislation necessary to carry out their activities at all administrative and geographic levels Veterinary legislation should be consistent with national and international law as appropriate including civil penal and administrative laws Transparency Veterinary legislation should be inventoried and be readily accessible and intelligible for use updating and modification as appropriate Competent Authorities should ensure co
76. practised the above waiting periods do not apply and Article 8 5 2 applies When an FMD outbreak or FMDV infection occurs in an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised the following waiting period is required to gain the status of FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised 6 months after stamping out of the last case where a stamping out policy has been applied and adoption of a continued vaccination policy provided that serological surveillance is applied in accordance with Articles 8 5 40 to 8 5 42 and Articles 8 5 44 to 8 5 46 and a serological survey based on the detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of FMDV demonstrates the absence of FMDV circulation The country or Zone can gain the status of FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised only after the submitted evidence based on the provisions of Article 1 6 4 has been accepted by the OIE Where a_stamping out policy is not practised the above waiting periods do not apply and Article 8 5 2 applies When an FMD outbreak or FMDV feeten circulation occurs in an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised one of the following waiting periods is required to regain the status of FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised a 6 months after the last case where a stamping out policy emergency vaccination and serological surveillance in accordanc
77. practised or FMD free compartments For fresh semen of domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of collection of the semen b were kept for at least three months prior to collection in an FMD free country ef zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised e a FMD free compartment c were kept in an artificial insemination centre where none of the animals had a history of infection the semen was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 Article 8 5 14 16 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries erf zones or compartments where vaccination is not practised or FMD free compartments For frozen semen of domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of collection of the semen and for the following 30 days OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 13 b were kept for at least three months prior to collection in an FMD free country er Zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised er aFMD free comparment Annex XXXIX contd 2 the semen was collected proce
78. proposed FMD free country or zone d the control of the movement of susceptible animals into the proposed FMD free country or zone in particular if the procedure described in Articles 8 5 8 8 5 9 and 8 5 12 are implemented e no vaccinated animal has been introduced during the past 12 months except in accordance with Articles 8 5 8 and 8 5 9 The Member or the proposed free zone will be included in the list of FMD free countries or zones where vaccination is not practiced only after the submitted evidence based on the provisions of Article 1 6 4 has been accepted by the OIE OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX contd Retention on the list requires that the information in points 2 3 and 4 above be re submitted annually and changes in the epidemiological situation or other significant events including those relevant to points 3b and 4 should be reported to the OIE according to the requirements in Chapter 1 1 The status of a country or zone will not be affected by applying official emergency vaccination in zoological collections in the face of a clearly identifiable FMD threat provided that the following conditions are met a the zoological collection has a primary purpose to exhibit animals or preserve rare species and should be identified in advance including the boundaries of the facility and be included in the country
79. provide assurances to the importing country regarding the health status of the animals and products imported The measures prescribed should take into account the health status of both exporting and importing countries and be based upon the standards in the Terrestrial Code The following steps should be taken when drafting international veterinary certificates a List the diseases for which the importing country is justified in seeking protection in regards to its own disease status Importing countries should not impose measures in regards to diseases that occur in their own territory but are not subject to official control or eradication programmes b For commodities capable of transmitting these diseases through international trade the importing country should apply the articles addressing the commodity in question in the relevant disease specific chapters adapted to the disease status of the exporting country zone or compartment Such status should be established according to the articles of the relevant disease chapter or to Chapter 1 4 when there are no such articles c When preparing international veterinary certificates the importing country should endeavour to use terms and expressions in accordance with the definitions given in the Glossary As stated in Article 5 2 2 international veterinary certificates should be kept as simple as possible and should be clearly worded to avoid misunderstanding of the importing country s requir
80. quality Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 75 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii establishment of the withdrawal periods and maximum residue limits for veterinary products as appropriate Done L Not done L Partially done iii requirements for any substances that may interfere with the conduct of veterinary checks Done L Not done _ Partially done _ 9 4 Authorisation of veterinary products Veterinary legislation should ensure that only authorised veterinary products may be placed on the market Special provisions should be made for i veterinary products that do not present any risk of residues or interference with the conduct of disease prevention and control programmes Done L Not done _ Partially done _ ii medicated feed Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii products prepared by veterinarians or pharmacists Done L Not done L Partially done emergencies and temporary situations Done L Not done L Partially done _ Veterinary legislation should address the technical administrative and financial conditions associated with the granting renewal refusal and withdrawal of authorisations In defining the procedures
81. resistant microorganisms mechanisms and pathways of resistance transfer cross resistance and or co resistance with other antimicrobial agents data on occurrence of resistant microorganisms through surveillance of animals products of animal origin and animal waste products ferthe existence_of resistant micro organisms 4 Exposure assessment The following factors should be considered in the exposure assessment prevalence and trends of resistant microorganisms in clinically ill and clinically unaffected animals occurrence prevalence of resistant microorganisms in feed and in the animal environment animal to animal transmission of the resistant microorganisms animal husbandry practices methods movement of animals number or percentage of animals treated E T ee O ELE EIE AE Eee l quantity and trends of antimicrobial agent s used in animals survival capacity of resistant micro organisms and spread of resistant microorganisms exposure of wildlife to resistant microorganisms disposal practices for waste products and the opportunity for animal exposure to resistant microorganisms or resistance determinants in those products capacity of resistant microorganisms to become established in animals intestinaHlora exposure to resistance determinants from other sources such as water effluent waste pollution etc OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Stan
82. spans the heart and the electrodes applied for a minimum of 3 seconds Electrodes should be cleaned regularly and after use to enable optimum electrical contact to be maintained Animals should be monitored continuously after stunning until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes Electrodes should be applied firmly for the intended duration of time and pressure not released until the stun is complete 3 Advantages a The application of the second stage minimises post stun convulsions and therefore the method is particularly effective with pigs b Non invasive technique minimises biosecurity risk 4 Disadvantages a The method requires a reliable supply of electricity b The electrodes should be applied and maintained in the correct positions to produce an effective stun and kill c Most stunner control devices utilise low voltage impedance sensing as an electronic switch prior to the application of high voltages in unshorn sheep contact impedance may be too high to switch on the required high voltage especially during stage two d The procedure may be physically demanding leading to operator fatigue and poor electrode placement 5 Conclusion The method is suitable for calves sheep and goats and especially for pigs over one week of age Figure 5 Scissor type tongs A A Sdi Article 7 6 4410 Electrical single application 1 Method 1 Method 1 comprises the single application of sufficient e
83. standards e AW in broiler production systems e AW in dairy cattle production systems e Working animals e Disaster Management Re submitted with the Code Commission comments report along with AWWG Draft will be submitted to the Code Commission along with AWWG comments On going first meeting probably scheduled for 2013 3 Standards Implementation e AWWG subcommittee to issues options opportunities paper develop Verbal update to February Code Commission Meeting Discuss subcommittee paper at AWWG 12 4 Wildlife Animal welfare problems associated with trade in Follow up at AWWG 12 Wilkins presentation at AWWG 11 wild species 5 Improved animal welfare awareness within veterinary Coordinate with WVA CVA activities In liaison with the OIE ad hoc group on veterinary education profession 6 Communications plan Working Group members to take up opportunities for publishing information articles in appropriate journals web pages and newsletters plus conference attendance Animal Welfare and Islamic Law Continuing All CVA Rahman Thornber Bayvel WVA Prague Rahman Fraser Bayvel Brazil OIE Vet Educ Conf TBC FAVA Taipei 2014 Singapore Rahman Bayvel follow up AVA Education Conference 2014 Bangkok Rahman Bayvel follow up Update Discussion Paper on OIE website as required and encourage use to promote local dialogue with religious leaders All World Halal Forum 2013 2014 Rahman Ai
84. status with vaccination of the country or Zone for bovids a specified animalcategery is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella infection in other animal categories or feral and or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to the relevant animal pepulation bovids belonging 4 In addition if a country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination in bovids wishes to change its status to country or zone free from Brucella infection without vaccination the status of this country or zone remains unchanged for a period of at least three years after vaccination has ceased provided that the requirements in point 1c of Article 8 X 3 are met during that period Article 8 X 5 Country or zone free from Brucella infection without vaccination in sheep and goats 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection without vaccination in sheep and goats a country or zone should 2 satisfy the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone b regulatory measures for the early detection of Brucella infection in sheep and goats including the regular submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented c no sheep and goats have been vaccinated against Brucella infection for at least the past three year
85. suspected case or giving cause for suspicion of previous association or contact with EHDV or 3 antibodies to structural or nonstructural proteins of EHDV that are not a consequence of vaccination have been identified in a cervid or bovid that either shows clinical signs consistent with EHD or is epidemiologically linked to a confirmed or suspected case or gives cause for suspicion of previous association or contact with EHDV For the purposes of international trade a distinction is made between a case as defined above and an animal that is potentially infectious to vectors For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code the infective period for EHDV shall be 60 days For countries that do not meet the provisions of point 1 of Article 1 4 6 and in the absence of clinical disease in a country or zone its EHDV status should be determined by an ongoing surveillance programme in accordance with Article x x 4612 The programme may need to be adapted to target parts of the country or zone at a higher risk due to historical geographical and climatic factors ruminant population data and Culicoides ecology Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines are described in the Terrestrial Manual Article X X 2 Safe commodities When authorising import or transit of the following commodities Veterinary Authorities should not require any EHDV related conditions regardless of the EHDV status
86. tests for FMD surveillance are described in the Terrestrial Manual Information should be provided on the protocols reagents performance characteristics and validation of all tests used Where combinations of tests are used the overall test system performance characteristics should be known The selection and interpretation of serological tests should be considered _in the context of the epidemiological situation Animals infected with FMDV produce antibodies to both the structural proteins SP and the nonstructural proteins NSP of the virus Fests fer SP antibedieste ncelude SP ELISAs and the virus _neutralisationtest YN FL Vaccinated animals produce antibodies mainly or entirely to the SP of the virus depending upon vaccine purity The SP tests are serotype specific and for optimal sensitivity should utilise an antigen or virus closely related to the field Strain against wre antibodies are being a Tesle for NSP antibadies nouae NSP eE 3ABG aldad oe ik unvaccinated populations SP tests may be used to screen sera for evidence sat FMDV infection circulation_or to detect the introduction of vaccinated animals In areas where animals have been vaccinated SP antibody tests may be used to monitor the serological response to the vaccination and can help to identify infection since vaccinated and infected animals may have higher SP antibody titres than vaccinated only animals in c
87. the veterinary legislation simply refers to it Legal instruments on consumer protection may give the Veterinary Services competencies without giving the overall authority for consumer protection to the ministry responsible for the Veterinary Services e g recording cases of fraud In a similar way the legal instruments relating to penal procedures often set the rules for recording breaches or defining the competencies of officials Provisions for regulating the professions may be linked with legal instruments dealing with the control of private companies The veterinary legislation may not necessarily govern these measures but a veterinary legal instrument may introduce the necessary modifications for the Veterinary Services to be able to carry out their missions Examples Civil law action to prevent the Sale Of sick animals c cccccccccseceesce tees ceceseceeeeeteaeeetaeeeeeesteneeseieeeseaeeeeeseees Penal law the offence of preventing officials from carrying Out their duty s Penal procedure rules governing the recording Of breaches ccccccccctcceesteteeeeececececeaeeeeeeeseueeeteeeeenaeeeaes Administrative law obligations relating to administrative appeals ccccccscceeceeeteceeseeceeneeteeeeetseeesnaeenenees Environment legislation on protected species g CITES listed species ccccccceeceeeeseeeteeetseeeeeneeeeees Consumer protection detection of fraud ANC falsification cccccccccceecccceccteceee
88. the interventions applied identify gaps in knowledge and adapt the goals objectives and methods or actions as required This process should begin with the establishment of baseline data on the epidemiological economic and social impact of the disease The programme should collect data on process and impact indicators This enables measurement of the effectiveness of interventions on epidemiological indicators such as incidence and prevalence and identify areas needing strengthening Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 10 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Organisation World Organizaci n Mondiale Organisation Mundial de la Sant for Animal de Sanidad Animale Health Animal Annex XLII Original English November 2012 REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE ANIMAL PRODUCTION FOOD SAFETY WORKING GROUP Paris 20 22 November 2012 The OIE Working Group on Animal Production Food Safety the Working Group held its twelfth meeting at the OIE Headquarters from 20 to 22 November 2012 The members of the Working Group and other participants are listed at Annex I The adopted agenda is provided at Annex II Dr Alejandro Thiermann President of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission Code Commission on behalf of Dr Bernard Vallat OIE Director General welcomed the members of the Working Group to this meeting He noted that the Working Gr
89. the laws and the regulations 2 Describe the administrative divisions of your country and their legal responsibilities Legal responsibility limited to veterinary domain 3 Describe the court system in your country e g civil penal administrative Identify which courts might be involved veterinary domain matters The aim is to summarise the legal system The respondent should indicate if the legal system is largely based on civil law common law religious law or customary law OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 36 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Reference OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Q2 Hierarchy of the legal instruments Veterinary legislation should scrupulously respect the separation between primary legislation represented by primary acts laws and the secondary legislation derived from regulations or rule books as laid down in the Constitution or other fundamental legal instruments of the OIE Member Objectives The aim is to identify the legal instruments used by the Veterinary Authority Relevant information includes the name of the legal instruments and the authority responsible for preparing and enacting them Where appropriate the position of the legal instruments in the hierarchy and written rules of procedure if these exist should be mentioned Informal rules of procedure can be described in an appendix Questionnaire 1 Legal instruments
90. their infection status free seasenallytree or infected country or zone to the local conditions There is considerable latitude available to Members to justify their infection status at an acceptable level of confidence Surveillance for EHD should be in the form of a continuing programme General provisions on surveillance for arthropod vectors are in Chapter 1 5 More specific approaches to surveillance for Culicoides transmitted Orbivirus infections are described in Chapters 8 3 and 12 1 Passive surveillance for clinical cases of EHD in susceptible wild ruminants can be a useful tool for detecting disease based on lesions of haemorrhagic disease combined with viral detection techniques Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII CHAPTER 4 X GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL Article 4 X 1 Introduction and objectives This chapter is intended to help Member Countries identify priorities objectives and the desired goal of disease control programmes in endemic outbreak or emergency situations Disease control programmes are often established with the aim of eventual eradication of agents at a country zone or compartment level While this approach is desirable the needs of stakeholders may require a broader range of outcomes For some diseases eradication may not be economically or practically feasible and options for sustained mitigation of disease impacts ma
91. three months after the slaughter of all vaccinated animals where a stamping out policy emergency vaccination and serological surveillance are applied in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 43 8 5 45 and 8 5 4946 or OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 2 3 3 4 5 Annex XXXIX contd c six months after the last case or the last vaccination according to the event that occurs the latest where a stamping out policy emergency vaccination not followed by the slaughtering of all vaccinated animals and serological surveillance are applied in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 43 8 5 4745 and Article 8 5 4946 provided that a serological survey based on the detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of FMDV demonstrates the absence of infection in the remaining vaccinated population This period can be reduced to three months if additional surveillance in accordance to Article 8 5 45 is carried out The country or Zone will regain the status of FMD free country or Zone where vaccination is not practised only after the submitted evidence based on the provisions of Article 1 6 4 has been accepted by the OIE The time periods in points 1a to 1c are not affected_if_official emergency vaccination _of_ zoological collections has been carried out following the relevant provisions of Article 8 5 2 Where a stamping out policy is not
92. to be implemented in case of outbreaks The Member s official control programme for FMD will be included in the list of programmes endorsed by the OIE only after the submitted evidence has been accepted by the OIE Retention on the list requires an annual update on the progress of the official control programme and information on significant changes concerning the points above Changes in the epidemiological situation and other significant events should be reported to the OIE according to the requirements in Chapter 1 1 The OIE may withdraw the endorsement of the official control programme if there is evidence of non compliance with the timelines or performance indicators of the programme or significant problems with the performance of the Veterinary Services or an increase in the incidence of FMD that cannot be addressed by the programme Article 8 5 40 42 Surveillance introduction Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 4746 and Aricle 8 5 49 define the principles and provide a guide for the surveillance of FMD in accordance with Chapter 1 4 applicable to Members seeking establishment maintenance and recovery of freedom from FMD at the country Zone or compartment level either with or without the use of vaccination and Members seeking endorsement of their_official control programme for FMD in accordance with Article 8 5 39 Surveillance aimed at identifying disease and _infection
93. to the container c load birds into the container d shut and secure the door e deliver the gas until a concentration of 45 percent by volume of carbon dioxide has been achieved at the top of the container f allow time for the birds to become unconscious and die g open the door and allow gas to be dispersed in the air h remove the module i check each drawer for survivors j humanely kill any survivors and k dispose of carcasses appropriately a Requirements for effective use of containerised gassing units CGU vi vii viii The birds should be caught gently and placed in crates or modules of appropriate size and at appropriate stocking densities to allow all birds to sit down The crates or module full of birds should be placed inside the container and the door shut only when the operator is ready to administer the gas Ensure the container door is locked and administer the gas until a minimum concentration of 45 percent carbon dioxide is achieved at the top of the crates An appropriate gas meter should be used to ensure the appropriate concentration of carbon dioxide is achieved and maintained until it can be confirmed that the birds have been killed Sufficient exposure time should be allowed for birds to die before the door is opened In the absence of a viewing window that allows direct observation of birds during killing cessation of vocalisation and convulsive wing flapping sounds which can be listened to
94. under the stream The CPD initiative is aimed at developing and enhancing the professional competences of veterinarians and veterinary para professionals working in VPH and food safety and is being piloted in Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Burundi and Uganda Training materials have been developed by national institutions vet faculties and will be peer reviewed by partner institutions in developing and developed countries with a view to finalization and implementation of CPD courses by the end of 2013 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 24 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd Annex IV contd The Animal Production Service of FAO has prepared a Quality Assurance Manual for Microbiology in Animal Feed Analysis Laboratories The manual will be available for distribution during early 2013 It describes procedures for detection and isolation of microbiological agents which may be found in animal feeds The Quality Management System is also described in this manual which is based on ISO IEC 17025 2005 principles and EA 04 10 Accreditation for Microbiological Laboratories and is intended to help laboratory personnel maintain the standards expected while providing a consistent reliable efficient and professional service with the level of quality required and expected by the laboratory s customers An International Workshop on the Use of Antimicrobials in Livestock Prod
95. was invited to undertake this review At their 2011 meeting the Working Group reviewed the abridged version provided for that meeting and requested that the authors provide more emphasis on the availability and efficacy of applying measures at the production level farm level to reduce the incidence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli VTEC in livestock and to assess the likely public health outcomes of applying such measures OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd 10 Unfortunately the authors were unable to finalise the review in time for consideration by the Working Group at this meeting The Working Group looked forward to receiving the amended literature review in the near future Given that prevention and control of contamination of meat and other animal products with pathogens of enteric origin has emerged as a priority in food safety the Working Group agreed that the OIE and Codex should maintain an active dialogue through this Working Group concerning potential standard development in this area e g Salmonella STECs Report of the ad hoc Group on Notification of Animal Diseases and Pathogenic Agents Dr Mylrea informed the Working Group that an expert ad hoc Group on Notification of Animal Diseases and Pathogenic Agents had met in July 2012 to review the OIE list of diseases for terrestrial animals against the revised crit
96. welfare in farm animals In Proceedings of Global Conference on Animal Welfare An OIE Initiative OIE Paris pp 189 197 Lawrence A B 2008 Applied animal behaviour science Past present and future prospects Applied Animal Behaviour Science 115 1 2 1 24 Le Neindre P Influence of rearing conditions and breed on social behaviour and activity of cattle in novel environments Appl Anim Behav Sci 1989 23 129 40 Loberg J E Telezhenko C Bergsten L Lidfors 2004 Behaviour and claw health in tied dairy cows with varying access to exercise in an outdoor paddock Applied Animal Behaviour Science 89 1 16 Macdonald K G A Verkerk B S Thorrold J E Pryce J W Penno L R McNaughton L J Burton J Lancaster J H Williamson C W Holmes 2008 A comparison of three strains of Holstein Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances J Dairy Sci 91 1693 1707 Manninen E A M de Passill J Rushen M Norring H Saloniemi 2002 Preferences of dairy cows kept in unheated buildings for different kinds of cubicle flooring Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75 281 292 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Martin P and Bateson P 1986 Measuring behaviour Cambridge Univ Press London UK Mason G J and Latham N R 2004 Can t stop won t stop is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator Anim Welf
97. 1 REP 12 CF Appendix VI REP12 PR Appendix III OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Status adopted with amendments adopted adopted with amendments adopted with amendments adopted adopted adopted 20 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd Annex III contd Appendix I contd MRLs for amoxicillin cattle sheep and pig tissues and REP12 RVDF adonted cattle and sheep milk and monensin cattle liver Appendix IV P Sampling Plans for Residue Control for Aquatic Animal Products and Derived Edible Products of a adopted Aquatic Origin C Annex B of CAC GL 71 2009 PP Revision of the Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims CAC GL 23 1997 concerning a new definition for non addition claim conditions for free of salt claims amendments to the section on REPEC Append II Qiopteg comparative claims and conditions for non addition of sugars claims Revision of the Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling CAC GL 2 1985 concerning provisions for REP12 FL Appendix V adopted mandatory nutrition labelling Part 3 Standards and Related Texts Adopted at Step 5 of the Accelerated Procedure Standards and Related Texts Reference Status Amendment to the Guidelines for the Production Processing Labelling and Marketing of Organically REP12 FL adopted Produced Foods CAC GL 32 1999 concerning Appendix VII inclusion of new substance
98. 13 Suppl S57 S69 Feb Mellor D J and Stafford K J 2004 Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals The Veterinary Journal 168 118 133 Mellor D J and Bayvel A C D 2008 New Zealand s inclusive science based system for setting animal welfare standards Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 313 329 Mench J A Farm animal welfare in the U S A Farming practices research education regulation and assurance programs 2008 Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 298 312 Millman S T Duncan I J H Stauffacher M and Stookey J M 2004 The impact of applied ethologists and the international society for applied ethology in improving animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 86 299 311 Mee JF 2008 Managing the cow at calving time Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners 35 43 Menke C S Waiblinger D W Fdlsch P R Wiepkema 1999 Social behaviour and injuries of horned cows in loose housing systems Animal Welfare 8 243 258 Milk Development Council 2006 Housing the 21st Century Cow Moberg G P Mench J A 2000 The Biology of Animal Stress Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare CABI Publishing Wallingford Oxon UK Moss R 1992 Definition of health and welfare In R Moss Ed Livestock Health and Welfare p 1 Longman Scientific and Technical Essex UK Nationa
99. 2387 Endres M I T J DeVries M A G von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2005 Effect of feed barrier design on the behavior of loose housed lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 88 2377 2380 Enemark J M D 2008 The monitoring prevention and treatment of sub acute ruminal acidosis SARA A review The Veterinary Journal 76 1 32 43 EU SCAHAW Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare 2001 The Welfare of Cattle Kept for Beef Production http europa eu int comm food fs sc scah out54_en pdf FAWAC Ireland http www fawac ie publications htm FAWC 1993 Second Report on Priorities for Research and Development in Farm Animal Welfare Farm Animal Welfare Council FAWC Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Tolworth UK Fisher A D M Stewart G A Verkerk C J Morrow L R Matthews 2003 The effects of surface type on lying behaviour and stress responses of dairy cows during periodic weather induced removal from pasture Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 1 1 11 Fraser D 2008 Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 330 339 Fraser D 2009 Animal behaviour animal welfare and the scientific study of affect Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118 3 4 108 117 Freer M 2007 Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants CSIRO Publishing Canberra Fregonesi J A C B Tucker and D M Weary 2007 Overstocking reduces lyin
100. 5 4412 2 have been slaughtered in an approved abattoir and have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspections for FMD with favourable results OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 16 3 for ruminants the head including the pharynx tongue and associated lymph nodes have been removed Annex XXXIX contd Artic g E 24 DECEO DESA g Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries or zones where vaccination i 1 have been kept in the FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised or which have been imported in accordance with Article 8 5 12 Article 8 5 13 or Article 8 5 14 Article 8 5 22 25 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries or zones where an official control programme for FMD involving compulsory systematic vaccination of eattle exists For fresh meat of cattle and buffaloes Bubalus bubalis excluding feet head and viscera Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat 1 comes from animals which a have remained in the exporting country for at least three months prior to slaughter b have remained during this period in a part of the country where cattle and buffaloes are regularly vaccinated against FMD and where official controls are in operation c have been vaccinated
101. A and ECDC WHO AGISAR holds regular telephone conferences and annual face to face meetings WHO AGISAR 4 annual meeting took place in June 2012 in Aix en Provence France and was attended by OIE staff and experts WHO AGISAR contribute to enhancing the capacity of Member States particularly developing countries through training courses using the GFN training platform focused research projects and country sentinel studies K k k NB At the joint High Level Meeting to Address Health Risks at the Human animal ecosystems Interface November 2011 http www who int influenza human _animal_interface HLTM_human_animal_ecosystems_nov_2011 pdf AMR was highlighted as an entry point for many of the discussions along with rabies and zoonotic influenza These health issues were selected as there is already existing experience and best practices on how to address them cross sectorally which could be used to develop approaches for other health issues at the interface and also because they were deemed as important in and of themselves for ongoing tripartite focus ok k Joint FAO WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment JEMRA The 42nd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene CCFH held in December 2010 requested FAO and WHO to review the current status of knowledge of parasites in food to better assess the global problem associated with these the commodities involved and the related public health and socio economic trade
102. AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 28 Annex XXXVI contd Figure 4 The optimum shooting position for pigs is just above eye level with the shot directed down the line of the spinal cord Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Article 7 6 76 Penetrating captive bolt 1 Introduction A penetrating captive bolt is fired from a gun powered by either compressed air or a blank cartridge There is no free projectile The captive bolt should be aimed on the skull in a position to penetrate the cortex and mid brain of the animal The impact of the bolt on the skull produces unconsciousness Physical damage to the brain caused by penetration of the bolt may result in death however pithing or bleeding should be performed as soon as possible after the shot to ensure the death of the animal Shooting poultry species with the captive bolts results in immediate destruction of the skull and brain causing death For a detailed description on the use of this method see Chapter 7 5 of the Terrestrial Code 2 Requirements for effective use a For cartridge powered and compressed air guns the bolt velocity and the length of the bolt should be
103. Advantages i The gas mixture is introduced quickly and quietly resulting in less turbulence and disturbance to the birds ii The use of transport crates or modules to move birds minimises handling Birds should be handled by trained experienced catching teams at the time of depopulation of the poultry house iii The modules are loaded mechanically into the CGU and a lethal mixture of gas is rapidly introduced into the chamber immediately after sealing iv Mixtures containing up to 20 percent carbon dioxide in argon are readily available as welding gas cylinders v Birds are exposed to gas in a more uniform manner and they do not smother each other when compared with Method 1 vi Two CGU can be operated in tandem and throughputs of up to 4 000 chickens per hour are possible vii The volume of gas required can be readily calculated viii As the units are operated outdoor the gas is dispersed quickly at the end of each cycle by opening the door improving operators health and safety ix The system uses skilled catching teams and equipment in daily use by the industry x Metal containers can be readily cleansed and disinfected The birds should be caught gently and placed in crates or modules of appropriate size and at appropriate stocking densities to allow all birds to sit down The crates or module of birds should be placed inside the container and the door shut only when the operator is ready to administer the gas mixture
104. Annex XXXII USER S GUIDE A Introduction The OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code hereafter referred to as the Terrestrial Code sets out standards for the improvement of terrestrial animal health and welfare and veterinary public health worldwide The purpose of this guide is to advise the Veterinary Authorities of OIE Member Countries on how to use the Terrestrial Code The standards in the Terrestrial Code should be used by the Veterinary Authorities of Member Countries to set up measures providing for early detection reporting and control of pathogenic agents including zoonotic in terrestrial animals mammals birds and bees and preventing their spread via international trade in animals and animal products while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers to trade Correctly applied the OIE standards provide for animal production and trade in animals and animal products to take place with an optimal level of animal and veterinary public health safety based on the most recent scientific information and available techniques B Terrestrial Code content Key terms and expressions used more than once in the Terrestrial Code are defined in the Glossary When reading and using the Terrestrial Code the Veterinary Authorities of Member Countries should be aware of the definitions given in the Glossary Defined terms appear in italics In the on line version of the Terrestrial Code a hyperlink leads to the relevant definition The term unde
105. Appoint an ad hoc Group to consider the issues presented in this paper and prepare a Guidance Document on the development of animal welfare guidelines for terrestrial animal production systems The ad hoc Group should at a minimum consider and report on the following the various objectives of animal welfare guidelines how these relate to animal health and the role that the objectives should play in OIE guidelines the advantages and disadvantages of animal based versus design based criteria with examples and recommendations on how these different criteria should be addressed in developing OIE guidelines the role of science in animal welfare guidelines with recommendations on how the OIE should proceed to ensure that guidelines are clearly and transparently based on relevant science a proposed strategy including whether to approach the development of guidelines based on species e g Gallus gallus or production systems e g caged layers OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex III contd Appendix 2 contd recommendations on the composition of expert groups including the appropriate scientific expertise regulatory experience and regional and cultural representation priorities for development of guidelines species production systems This Guidance Document should be submitted to the Animal Welfare Working Group and if endorsed submitted to t
106. Boissy A and P Le Neindre 1997 Behavioral cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle Physiol Behav 61 693 699 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Boissy A Manteuffel G Jensen M B Oppermann Moe R Spruijt B M Keeling L Winckler C Forkman B Dimitrov l Langbein J Bakken M Veissier and Aubert A 2007 Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare Physiol Behav 92 375 397 B e K E and G F revik 2003 Grouping and social preferences in calves heifers and cows App Anim Behav Sci 80 175 190 Boesch D Steiner A Gygax L and Stauffacher M 2008 Burdizzo castration of calves less than 1 week old with and without local anaesthesia Short term behavioural responses and plasma cortisol levels Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114 330 345 Bouissou M F Boissy A Le Neindre P and Veissier 2001 The social behaviour of cattle In Keeling L Gonyou H editors Social behaviour in farm animals Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 2001 p 113 45 Bowles D Paskin R Gutierrez M and Kasterine A 2005 Animal welfare and developing countries opportunities for trade in high welfare products from developing countries Revue Scientifique et Technique de l Office International des Epizooties 24 783 790 Breen J E M J Green A J Bradley 2009
107. Brucellosis AHG SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 8 X for MC Update CH on Rabies article on control of rabies in dog SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CH 8 10 for adoption Update CH on Bee diseases AHG SCAD amp TAHSC Revised CHs for adoption CH on EHD SCAD amp TAHSC Revised new chapter for MC Update CH on SVD SCAD amp TAHSC Delisting proposed for adoption Update CH on ASF SURV SCAD Pending SCAD revision CH on Paratuberculosis BSC diagnostic test amp STD guidance document Ongoing Update CH on tuberculosis AHG SCAD amp TAHSC AHG to be convened Update CH on Avian Mycoplasmosis SCAD and TAHSC Pending SCAD revision Animal production food safety 2 Zoonotic parasitic diseases a Trichinella spp b Echinococcosis c Taenia solium Porcine cysticercosis AHG amp TAHSC a Revised CH 8 13 for adoption b Revised CH8 4 and X X for adoption c Onhold pending delisting Animal welfare 2 Dairy cattle production systems New texts AWWG amp AHGs 1 Broiler production TAHSC supervision 1 systems New CH 7 X for adoption 2 New CH for MC Note MC Member comments CH chapter Q questionnaire SURV surveillance ITD International Trade Department S amp T Dept Scientific amp Technical Department OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIV contd
108. Comments legislation legislation regulatory texts 1 Inspectors have a defined _ field of intervention 2 Inspectors have a defined _ intervention territory 16 Stakeholders have the right L_ of appeal against administrative decisions For each line please indicate in column 2 if the measure exists officially If the measure is performed without any formal basis do not tick the box but give details in the form of a comment If there is an official legal basis please specify the legal instruments according to their categories in columns 3 to 5 A single item may be based on several legal instruments in series and there may be references in more than one column for any given measure Note Definitions in lines 1 and 2 may be related to the inspectors rank or qualifications Details are not required here They can be indicated in a comment Lines 3 to 6 distinguish between inspectors legal policing powers and their administrative and enforcement powers as opposed to the list of procedures in the following lines Lines 7 to 16 the aim is to identify whether there are inspectors with these powers A given inspector may only have some of the listed competencies In a comment please state some or all depending on whether the power is granted to all inspectors or only to certain categories OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on
109. Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 5 Annex XXXVI contd Annex II OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Paris 8 10 January 2013 Adopted agenda 1 Welcome and introduction Dr Belton 2 Confirmation of Terms of Reference and comments from the Chair of the ad hoc Group 3 Introduction of members Background and representation 4 Discussion of working documents and other relevant documents provided by the members of the ad hoc Group 5 Development standards 6 Review and finalise report of meeting OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 9 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Paris 8 10 January 2013 Terms of Reference Background Animal welfare was first identified as a priority in the OIE Strategic Plan 2001 2005 OIE Member Countries mandated the organisation to take the lead internationally on animal welfare and as the international reference organisation for animal health to elaborate recommendations and guidelines covering animal welfare practices reaffirming that animal health is a key component of animal welfare The standards setting procedure of the OIE The OIE develops standards through the work of expert
110. Dairy cattle that are naturally horned are commonly dehorned in order to reduce animal injuries and hide damage improve human safety reduce damage to facilities and facilitate transport and handling Laden et al 1985 Petrie et al 1996 Singh et al 2002 Sutherland et al 2002 Stafford et al 2003 Stafford and Mellor 2005 Where practical and appropriate for the production system the selection of polled cattle is preferable to dehorning Where it is necessary to dehorn dairy cattle producers should seek guidance from veterinary advisers as to the optimum method use of anesthesia and analgesia and timing for their type of cattle and production system Performing dehorning or disbudding at an early age where practicable and the use of anaesthesia or analgesia under the supervision of a veterinarian are strongly recommended Thermal cautery of the horn bud by a trained operator with proper equipment is the recommended method in order to minimise post operative pain This should be at an appropriate age before the horn bud has attached to the skull Other methods of dehorning include removal of the horn buds with a knife and the application of chemical paste to cauterise the horn buds Where chemical paste is used special attention should be paid to avoid chemical burns to other parts of the calf or to other calves Methods of dehorning when horn development has commenced involve the removal of the horn by cutting or sawing throu
111. E Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX CHAPTER 8 5 INFECTION WITH FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS Article 8 5 1 Introduction 1 For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code foot and mouth disease FMD is defined as an infection of animals of the suborder ruminantia and of the family suidae of the order Artiodactyla and Camelus bactrianus with foot and mouth disease virus FMDV 2 The following defines the occurrence of FMDV infection Detection in a sample from an animal listed above of the virus viral antigen nucleic acid or virus specific antibodies that are not a consequence of vaccination by a test as specified in the Terrestrial Manual 3 Ihe following defines the occurrence of FMDV circulation Transmission of FMDV as demonstrated by clinical signs or change in virological or serological status indicative of recent infection 4 For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code the incubation period fer of FMD shall be 14 days 5 Many different species belonging to diverse taxonomic orders are known to be susceptible to infection with FMDV Their epidemiological significance depends upon the degree of susceptibility the husbandry system the density and extent of populations and the contact between them Amongst Camelidae only Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus are of sufficient susceptibility to have potential for epidemiological sig
112. E Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 23 Annex XXXVI contd iv awareness of psychological effects on farmer team members and general public v effective communication skills vi appreciation of the environmental impacts caused by their operation 2 Veterinarian a Responsibilities i determine and supervise the implementation of the most appropriate killing method to ensure that animals are killed without avoidable pain and distress ii determine and implement the additional requirements for animal welfare including the order of killing iii ensure that confirmation of the death of the animals is carried out by competent persons at appropriate times after the killing procedure iv minimise the risk of disease spread within and from the premises through the supervision of biosecurity procedures v continuously monitor animal welfare and biosecurity procedures vi in cooperation with the leader prepare a written report at the conclusion of the killing describing the practices adopted and their effect on animal welfare Competencies i ability to assess animal welfare especially the effectiveness of stunning and killing and to correct any deficiencies ii ability to assess biosecurity risks 3 Animal handlers a Responsibilities i review on site facilities in terms of their appropriateness ii design and construct temporary animal handling facilities when requ
113. February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd 4 Numerical data Criterion Absolute value National GDP 100 Livestock sector as a percentage of national GDP Agri food sector as a percentage of national GDP State national budget 100 VS budget as a percentage of the State budget including total payroll OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 49 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V OIE Support Programme for Veterinary Legislation Preparatory Questionnaire Part Il Technical Recommendations Introduction This questionnaire part Il closely follows the specific points presented in the OIE Guidelines for Veterinary Legislation The numbering presented in this questionnaire corresponds to the matching section in the Guidelines for your reference With reference to each point please indicate if that point has been addressed in your country legislation Done has not been addressed Not done or has been partially addressed Partially done Then when appropriate please provide explanatory comments that include reference to the specific legislative acts or regulations that fully or partially address the particular point An example is given here It is taken from the completed questionnaire submitted by another country in advance of their legislative mission 6 Health provisions relating to animal p
114. IE must be devised in a manner that provides for them to be adapted and used in a wide range of environments and circumstances in order to be widely applicable to OIE Members In keeping with the OIE s proposed definition of animal welfare the OIE guidelines should focus on animal based criteria Animal based criteria should be supplemented with resource based criteria where these criteria are well validated scientifically as these provide some practical advantages The incorporation of resource based criteria is more likely to be useful when dealing with livestock production systems and livestock that are very similar regardless of the country region of production OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd Appendix 3 contd The role of science in animal welfare guidelines The guidelines should be based on scientific information and to the extent that is possible on peer reviewed literature However there is a major shortage of scientific studies and publications on animal welfare from some regions including Africa Asia Latin America and the Middle East with the majority of scientific information reflecting work in the European Union North America and Australia New Zealand OIE should support the conduct of studies to generate information relevant to other regions Informed judgement of veterinarians and other relevant professionals is also a valid input to the
115. L 0 amp htmfile titre_1 7 htm The ad hoc Group is asked to elaborate draft animal welfare standards for dairy cattle production for eventual inclusion in the Terrestrial Code These standards should cover inter alia appropriate definitions e g scope commercial productions systems housing feeding and watering of the animals environmental considerations management of endemic diseases prevention of major infectious diseases biosecurity and planning for managing disease outbreaks including emerging diseases emergency management plans e g disease outbreak failure of electrical systems fire etc handling facilities on farm only transport and slaughter are covered elsewhere in the Terrestrial Code management practices e g reproduction disbudding branding milking procedures breeding calving personnel training 5 pasture management protection from predators OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd These standards must 1 be based on science scientific references must be provided 2 harmonised in their structure with others on production systems chapter 7 9 3 use criteria that address the outcome at the animal level animal based In developing these standards the ad hoc Group should review relevant resource materials including extracts from the Terrestrial Code reports from AWWG and ot
116. Ls for ractopamine cattle and pig tissues muscle liver kidney and fat Revision of the Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling CAC GL 2 1985 concerning a new definition of nutrient reference values Amendment to the Guidelines for the Production Processing Labelling and Marketing of Organically Produced Foods CAC GL 32 1999 use of ethylene for ripening of fruit REP12 PR Appendix II REP12 PR Appendix VIII REP12 PR Appendix XI REP12 RVDF Appendix III ALINORM Appendix II 08 31 31 REP12 FL Appendix IV REP12 FL Appendix VI adopted adopted adopted adopted adopted adopted adopted Part 2 Standards and Related Texts Adopted at Step 5 8 with omission of Step 6 and 7 Standards and Related Texts Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Viruses in Food Annex on Melons to the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables CAC RCP 53 2003 Food additive provisions of the General Standard for Food Additives GSFA Amendments to the International numbering system INS for food additives Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives arising from the 74th JECFA meeting Maximum Level for Total Aflatoxins in Dried Figs including Sampling Plan Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Reference REP 12 FH Appendix III REP 12 FH Appendix IV REP12 FA Appendix VI REP12 FA Appendix XII REP12 FA Appendix XIII Part
117. Partially done Comments ii registration and if necessary approval of establishments and the provision of health requirements for relevant operations Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii recall from the market of any product likely to present a hazard to human health or animal health Done L Not done L Partially done 6 5 Animal by products i e products not used for human consumption Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i ii definition of the animal by products subject of the legislation Done L Not done _ Partially done _ rules for collection processing methods and authorized uses of animal by products Done L Not done L Partially done registration and if necessary approval of establishments and the provision of health requirements for relevant operations Done L Not done L Partially done definition of the rules to be applied by animal owners as appropriate Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 63 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 6 6 Disinfection Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i the regulation of products and methods that are used for disinfection
118. Tool 2013 edition She noted that the critical competency CC on food safety II 8 had been amended to add a third point to this CC to address the standards of food producing premises as follows II 8 C Regulation authorisation and inspection of establishments for the production processing and distribution of food of animal origin The authority and capability of the VS to establish and enforce sanitary standards for establishments that produce process and distribute food of animal origin The Working Group noted that the text for this CC could be improved by including reference to a risk based approach to ensure those pathogens not detected at ante mortem and post mortem inspection are addressed as many foodborne pathogens are not detected at the macroscopic level e g STEC Salmonella Campylobacter OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 7 Annex XLIII contd The Working Group recommended that for any future revisions of the PVS Tool a member of the Working Group or a relevant expert in animal production food safety be included in the ad hoc Group or be given the opportunity to provide input on relevant CCs 8 1 8 2 Future standard setting for animal production food safety Literature review on the control of Salmonella spp in food producing animals other than poultry At the 2010 meeting the Working Group discussed the need
119. Veterinary Legislation September 2012 47 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q7 Financial framework 1 Central Veterinary Services What proportion of the budget for Central Veterinary Service come from each of the following sources annual State budget iesiri iaieceee elec cede AnA DEE PAnR NAANA REEERE Fees paid to the government E oe cocsseenerrnnennennnee Other sources of income e g intemational donors indUStry eu P E ee ae NET EN amp bore nent eee 2 Territorial Veterinary Services What proportion of the budget for Territorial Veterinary Service come from each of the following sources annual State DUdGet cece ceeeeeeeneeceeecnteeeeeeenteseeetMeesesaMppesgdlitteccseeeneeaes ETR fees paid to the government for ServicesS esseeeeeseerirseerrssrerresrerrsssreees rsin territorial DUAQEHS esient aa EEEE EE AE RER Ea AE P E Other sources of INCOMe sssesrreerrrnecrsn e Aerinisnaesrnnanneianasnadandainnaaannaaanenaa AA AEEA EE C A COMMENISE aioa a o a e r O A ETEA 3 Are fees paid for any of the following services retained by the Vet Action Services Inspection of animals meat or other products Processing applications e g for approval authorisation licensing Export certification Import controls Diagnostic testing OOOO OO Sale of other services or products OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission
120. Where cattle are maintained in outdoor conditions short term exposure to climatic extremes may prevent access to nutrition that meets their daily physiological needs In such circumstances the animal handler should ensure that the period of reduced nutrition is not prolonged and that extra food and water supply are provided if welfare would otherwise be compromised Animal handlers should have adequate knowledge of appropriate body condition scores for their cattle and should not allow body condition to go outside an acceptable range according to breed and physiological status Roche et al 2004 Roche et al 2009 Feedstuffs and feed ingredients should be of satisfactory quality to meet nutritional needs Where appropriate feed and feed ingredients should be tested for the presence of substances that would adversely impact on animal health Binder 2007 The relative risk of digestive upset in cattle increases as the proportion of grain increases in the diet or if quality of silage is poor Animal handlers should understand the impact of cattle size and age weather patterns diet composition and sudden dietary changes in respect to digestive upsets and their negative consequences displaced abomasum sub acute ruminal acidosis bloat liver abscess laminitis Enemark 2008 Vermunt and Greenough 1994 Where appropriate dairy producers should consult a cattle nutritionist for advice on ration formulation and feeding programmes Particular
121. Within the Veterinary Services ccccccceseeenees Yes naan ed eee No O To other administrations c ccccccccccssceeseeseesseees Yes Heerma No O To organised groups of stakeholders 06 Yes aerat No O To the PUBIC ei aai aa inaa Taa Yes Cisnes No 5 If you answered Yes at least once Reference document setting out the rules ec ee ccceeeeeeeeneeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeesaeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeceeeeeenneeenas Method of disseminato encar ceca sie cee an a decade eas chan eee tee i aE eee te Distribution lists cieie cee ceeesee einda iarria aaeei ae eei ea eaa a aeaa na OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 28 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q4 Creation of legal instruments methodology legal drafting legistics 1 What is the procedure for creating and approving the primary legislation from inception to final enactment in your country Identify all steps and the administrative divisions involved and the amount of time from inception to passage 2 What is the procedure for creating and approving the secondary legislation regulations in your couniry Identify all steps and the administrative divisions involved and the amount of time from inception to passage 3 Are there formal rules for legal drafting Yes No O 4 _ For the creation or updating of vete
122. XXXVIII contd Coordination with other international organisations contd WSPA Future collaboration between the OIE WSPA and other international organisations in the field of disaster relief and management and rabies VICH incl Outreach Liaise with Susanne Munstermann Scientific and Technical Department OIE Focal Point for VICH CIOMS ICLAS International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals Patri Vergara will meet the DG in Paris EFSA EFSA Scientific Opinion on the use of animal based measures to assess the welfare of animals EC AW and Trade Policy Confirmed follow up to 2009 AW and International Agricultural Trade Conference Montevideo in October 2013 international centres in addition to Teramo Chile Uruguay and New Zealand Australia Joint meeting teleconference at AWWG meeting 9 Working group performance Continued focus on priority activities as Continue to use informal meetings and teleconferences to progress work determined by TAHSC AAHSC and DG plan between WG meetings with circulation of teleconference action minutes Continued focus on AW aspects of to members horizontal cross cutting issues receiving priority Review performance and process issues at 2013 AWWG meeting Prepare OIE attention PVS tool Vet Legislation Wildlife AWWG Teleconference September 2013 Food Safety One World One Health etc Address in AWWG 12 agenda 10 Co
123. a EEE NG cies O If you answered Yes at least once Computerised or manual database Computerised Manual O Method of accessing the database For the Veterinary Services essssseeesrrserrrirrernaerireeseernaarirneseernaareirearei tael A RRR aeaaeae FOr the publics aiea eoe ae a raaa e aa tage i a aaa COMMENTS rierien iiet eea ae a ee ee A A ee ee 2 Is there a system of consolidation NO oiccen insta Yes computerised Ci a Yes manual O Person in Charge erae a ei en ce Me ee ee title Comments 2 0 chee nieeienelidiee dei ictdadinels detec dicta Sanne oo be deed ele diaaliddvie dete 3 Is veterinary legislation codified Yes No O Titlet the Coden nn a a tee ts oe ge aa aa a Naai Grel aal LALE A SAE nE E E E EE E y E E E ES A 4 Does other legislation contain legal tools that are used by the VS CIM AW teehee a a a Rta es a tee dS Penal a eee ee ee a a a a e Penal ProCeduite EEEE E C A E E E E T Environment soit Sort foe h i a a a a vital Sed ee ie a eh ee Consumer ProteCtlOn iis 3 2 ics eax deen ee at ead eee ne ats Comments nenni ee A ia eb aad a n a A haat ateael ade vel adaeieiedadeet a 5 Legal publication Procedures tdglegal Gublicationis sc c0 22284 sete eaatachens anaa aaan ia ARAA a KACA aA EAR AEE Ai id aed eee Title Of the GriCralepUDliGaAti OM s2 2 cctsex geeessie eqs se RE eck EAEE AANS aR EAEE inet Wadd vee ative ie tees Are the Vet
124. acalla 00100 Rome ITALY Ahmed Elldrissi fao org Dr Jill Mortier Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2611 AUSTRALIA Jill Mortier daff gov au Dr Dorothy W Geale Private Consultant 7494 Vimy Ridge Road Port Hope Ontario L1A 3V6 CANADA Tel 1 905 342 3851 Cell 1 613 614 5768 Dorothy Geale inspection gc ca dwgeale gmail com Dr Martial Petitclerc Inspecteur g n ral de la sant publique v t rinaire 251 rue de Vaugirard 75732 Paris cedex 15 FRANCE Tel 01 49 55 56 96 martial petitclerc agriculture gouv fr Dr Bernard Vallat Director General 12 rue de Prony 75017 Paris FRANCE Tel 33 0 1 44 15 18 88 Fax 33 0 1 42 67 09 87 oie oie int Dr Masa Okita Project Officer International Trade Department OIE m okita oie int Dr Derek Belton Head International Trade Department OIE d belton oie int Dr Dietrich Rassow Project Officer International Trade Department OIE d rassow oie int OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Dr Francisco D Alessio Project Officer Regional Activities Department OIE f dalessio oie int OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 9 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IT MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON VETERINARY LEGISLATION Paris 25 27 September 2012 Adopted agenda Day 1 Tuesday 25 September 2012 9 30 17 00
125. ad hoc Groups that are convened to develop draft texts for the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code Terrestrial Code The draft texts are normally reviewed by the OIE Animal Welfare Working Group AWWG which provides recommendations to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission Code Commission Following review by the Code Commission draft texts are sent to OIE Members for comment After two rounds of comments a draft text may be proposed for adoption in the Terrestrial Code in accordance with the democratic and transparent standard setting procedures of the OIE at the World Assembly of Delegates which it s held each year in May Reports of ad hoc Groups on animal welfare are normally released to the public as annexes to reports of the Code Commission The Code Commission meets in February and September every year and its reports in English French and Spanish are placed on the OIE Internet site after the meetings normally in October and March Animal Welfare and livestock production systems In May 2005 the OIE World Assembly of Delegates endorsed the proposals of the AWWG for the animal welfare priorities for 2005 2006 Among those priorities was the development of animal welfare guidelines for terrestrial animal production systems In April 2008 the OIE ad hoc group on animal welfare and livestock production systems proposed that the OIE develops guidelines based on species with specific production sectors to be considered s
126. ading directly from the establishment of origin to the abattoir without coming into contact with other susceptible animals 3 such an abattoir is not approved for the export of fresh meat during the time it is handling the meat of animals from the containment zone 4 vehicles and the abattoir should be subjected to thorough cleansing and disinfection immediately after use The meat should be derived from animals that have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspection for FMD with favourable results within 24 hours before and after slaughter and treated according to point 2 of Article 8 5 2522 or Article 8 5 2623 Other products obtained from the animals and any products coming into OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 11 contact with them should be treated in such a way as to destroy any residual virus in accordance with Articles 8 5 3431 to 8 5 4438 Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 10 12 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries er zones or compartments where vaccination is not practised or FMD free compartments For FMD susceptible animals Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of shipment 2 were kept since birth or for at least the past three months in an FMD free country er zone or compartment where vacci
127. admap and planning its future Performance Measurement Framework Related meeting outcomes included the development of GFN performance measurement group and organizational templates the re alignment of GFN goals and support for the development of GFN training needs and governance criteria Performance measurement framework meeting outcomes included the need for a GFN governance document the identification of three GFN core activity areas in training mentoring and communications the development and monitoring of a yearly operational planning document to align yearly GFN activities with GFN s final performance measurement framework and a GFN budget that outlines total funding by partner as well as yearly GFN costs OIE and WHO are exploring how to work together more closely on capacity building activities and efforts are being made to participate in each other s activities as a first step with an option to improve joint activities on laboratory epidemiology and AMR capacity building in countries Expert Consultation on the Global View of Campylobacteriosis A WHO Expert Consultation on the Global View of Campylobacteriosis was organized in collaboration with FAO and OIE hosted by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter Utrecht University Netherlands on 9 11 July 2012 The objectives were 1 to review the progress made since the previous two consultations note successful approaches and lessons learned and ide
128. al raising of CO2 concentration minimises the aversiveness of the induction of unconsciousness c Disadvantages i It is difficult to determine volume of gas required to achieve adequate concentrations of CO2 in some poultry houses ii It is difficult to verify death while the birds are in the poultry house The extremely low temperature of liquid CO2 entering the house and formation of solid CO2 dry ice may cause concern for bird welfare d Conclusion Method 3 is suitable for use in poultry in closed environment sheds This method could be developed for killing pigs However CO2 is likely to cause a period of distress in the birds before they lose consciousness Article 7 6 4312 Nitrogen and or inert gas mixed with C02 1 Introduction CO2 may be mixed in various proportions with nitrogen or an inert gas e g argon and the inhalation of such mixtures leads to hypercapnic hypoxia and death when the oxygen concentration by volume is lt 2 percent or lt 5 percent for chickens Various mixtures of CO2 and nitrogen or an inert gas can be administered to kill birds using Methods 1 and 2 described under Article 7 6 4211 Whole house gassing with mixtures of CO2 and nitrogen or an inert gas has not been tested owing to the complex issues presented by mixing gases in large quantities Such mixtures however do not induce immediate loss of consciousness therefore the aversiveness of various gas mixtures containing high concentra
129. alimentarius org meetings report The 21 CCRVDF will be held in the United States of America from 26 to 30 August 2013 The provisional agendas of the 20 CCFICS 36 CAC and 21 CCRVDF will be posted as soon as available on the Codex website www codealimentarius org meetings report OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 19 Annex XLIII contd Annex III contd Appendix I LISTS OF STANDARDS AND RELATED TEXTS ADOPTED BY THE THIRTY FIFTH SESSION OF THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Part 1 Standards and Related Texts Adopted at Step 8 Standards and Related Texts Food additive provisions of the General Standard for Food Additives GSFA Revision of the Standard for Food Grade Salt CODEX STAN 150 1985 Maximum Level for Melamine in Liquid Infant Formula ready to consume Reference REP12 FA Appendix VI REP12 FA Appendix XI REP12 CF Appendix V Status adopted with amendments adopted adopted Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Revision to the Codex Classification of Food and Animal Feed fruit commodity groups Principles and Guidance for the Selection of Representative Commodities for the Extrapolation of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides to Commodity Groups including Table 1 Examples of the selection of representative commodities fruit commodity groups MRLs for narasin cattle tissues MR
130. all required operations in some situations personnel may be required to fulfil more than one function Each team should contain a veterinarian or have access to veterinary advice at all times In considering the animal welfare issues associated with killing animals the key personnel their responsibilities and competencies required are described in Article 7 6 3 Article 7 6 3 Responsibilities and competencies of the specialist team 1 Team leader a Responsibilities i plan overall operations on affected premises ii determine and address requirements for animal welfare operator safety and biosecurity iii organise brief and manage team of people to facilitate humane killing of the relevant animals on the premises in accordance with national regulations and these recommendations iv determine logistics required v monitor operations to ensure animal welfare operator safety and biosecurity requirements are met vi report upwards on progress and problems vii provide a written report at the conclusion of the killing describing the practices adopted and their effect on the animal welfare operator safety and biosecurity outcomes b Competencies i appreciation of normal animal husbandry practices ii appreciation of animal welfare and the underpinning behavioural anatomical and physiological processes involved in the killing process iii skills to manage all activities on premises and deliver outcomes on time OI
131. als Done L Not done L Partially done _ iv the outcomes for these animals including arrangements for veterinary interventions including euthanasia in compliance with OIE standards and for the transfer of ownership Done L Not done L Partially done 9 Veterinary products medicines vaccines chemicals reagents 9 1 Objectives Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i avoiding the presence of harmful residues in the food chain Done L Not done L Partially done COMMENTS sees eda ee Ee ee a oh ee ii ensuring that the use of veterinary products does not give rise to human health risks Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 9 2 General measures Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i definition of veterinary products including any specific exclusions Done L Not done L Partially done _ COMMeNtS s 2 2 5 att ETT E Pe didetigedined dad ii regulation of the importation manufacture distribution and usage of and commerce in veterinary products Done L Not done L Partially done Comments 9 3 Raw materials and veterinary products Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i quality standards for raw materials used in the manufacture or composition of veterinary products and arrangements for checking
132. alth Concerns REP11 NEA para 92 CCNEA Regional Standard for Date Paste CX CAC 12 35 9 Add 1 N11 2012 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Rev 1 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 23 Annex XLIII contd Annex IV ACTIVITIES OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Many of the activities conducted by the Animal Health Service AGAH of FAO related to Veterinary Public Health where closely linked to further developing different aspects of the One Health approach This approach that initially was developed to address emerging zoonotic and other high impact diseases is gradually shifting to also encompass endemic zoonotic diseases and in recent times its value for addressing food safety issues has been recognized FAO as part of the FAO OIE WHO Tripartite has also been addressing the ecosystems component of the One Health concept in addition the animal health domain The Animal Health Service together with the section in FAO dealing with food safety and quality have cooperated in various aspects linked to animal production food safety Over 2012 many of the activities that had been initiated during 2011 have been further developed or brought to completion Antimicrobial resistance FAO is supporting national capacities for integrated foodborne pathogen Salmonella spp E coli Campylobacter spp amp Enterococcus spp and AMR surveillance in a number of count
133. amme should be applicable to the entire country even if certain measures are directed towards defined subpopulations Members may on a voluntary basis apply for endorsement of their official control programme for FMD when they have implemented measures in accordance with this article For a Member s official contro programme for FMD to be endorsed by the OIE the Member should 1 have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting according to the requirements in Chapter 1 1 2 submit documented evidence on the capacity of the Veterinary Services to control FMD this evidence can be provided by countries following the OIE PVS Pathway 3 submit a detailed plan on the programme to control and eventually eradicate FMD in the country or zone including e the timeline Ie the performance indicators to assess the efficacy of the control measures to be implemented ko submit documentation indicating that the official control programme for FMD is applicable to the entire country 4 submit a dossier on the epidemiology of FMD in the country describing the following a the general epidemiology in the country highlighting the current knowledge and gaps b the measures implemented to prevent introduction of infection the rapid detection of and response to all FMD outbreaks in order to reduce the incidence of FMD outbreaks and to e
134. and morbidity rates physical appearance behaviour including abnormal postures shivering and huddling growth curve body condition and weight loss Lighting Confined cattle that do not have access to natural light should be provided with supplementary lighting which follows natural periodicity sufficient for their health and welfare to facilitate natural behaviour patterns and to allow adequate inspection of the cattle Arab et al 1995 Dahl et al 2000 Phillips et a 2000 Outcome based measurables behaviour morbidity physical appearance mobility OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd c Air quality Good air quality is an important factor for the health and welfare of cattle It is affected by air constituents such as gases dust and micro organisms and is influenced strongly by management and building design in housed systems The air composition is influenced by the stocking density the size of the cattle flooring bedding waste management building design and ventilation system Proper ventilation is important for effective heat dissipation in cattle and preventing the build up of effluent gases e g ammonia and hydrogen sulphide and dust in the confinement unit Poor air quality and poor ventilation are risk factors for respiratory discomfort and diseases Outcome based measurables morbidity rate behaviour mortality rate respiratory rate or pa
135. animal origin and animal waste products ferthe existence of resistant micre organisms 4 Exposure assessment An exposure assessment describes the biological pathways necessary for exposure of humans to the resistant microorganisms or resistance determinants released from a given antimicrobial use in animals and estimating the probability of the exposures occurring The probability of exposure to the identified hazards is estimated for specified exposure conditions with respect to amounts timing frequency duration of exposure routes of exposure and the number species and other characteristics of the human populations exposed The following factors should be considered in the exposure assessment human demographics including population subgroups and food consumption patterns including traditions and cultural practices in respect to the preparation and storage of food prevalence of resistant microorganisms in food at the point of consumption or exposure microbial load in contaminated food at the point of consumption or exposure for quantitative risk assessment OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd environmental contamination with resistant microorganisms transfer cycling of resistant microorganisms between humans animals and the environment steps measures taken for of microbial decontamination of food survival capacity an
136. ann President of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission a thiermann oie int OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIII contd Annex I contd OIE HEADQUARTERS Dr Bernard Vallat Dr Derek Belton Dr Gillian Mylrea Director General Head Deputy Head 12 rue de Prony International Trade Department International Trade Department 75017 Paris OIE OIE FRANCE d belton oie int g mylrea oie int Tel 33 0 1 44 15 18 88 Fax 33 0 1 42 67 09 87 oie oie int OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 13 Annex XLIII contd Annex II MEETING OF THE OIE ANIMAL PRODUCTION FOOD SAFETY WORKING GROUP Paris 20 22 November 2012 Adopted agenda Welcome from the OIE Director General Adoption of the agenda Report of the previous Working Group meeting 1 Update on CAC FAO WHO activities 1 1 Codex 1 2 FAO 1 3 WHO Cooperation between OIE and CAC a CCGP electronic Working Group on Codex OIJE Cooperation Zoonotic parasites 3 1 Chapter on Infection with Trichinella spp 3 2 Chapters on E granulosus and E multilocularis OIE work on antimicrobial resistance in terrestrial animals OIE work on antimicrobial resistance in aquatic animals OIE work on Veterinary Education OIE PVS Tools for the Evaluation of Veterinary Services and Aquatic Animal Health Services Future standard sett
137. at do not comply with the requirements for purity However the use of such vaccines is not permissible for countries zones or compartments applying for an official status In the case of a vaccinated herd in a country Zone or compartment trying to establish or re establish the status of an FMD free country zone or compartment where vaccination is practised the follow up investigations may be considered completed where the herd can be declared free of FMDV circulation In the case of a number of FMD positive animals at a level above the expected number of non specific test system findings susceptible animals that have been in contact or otherwise epidemiologically associated with the reactor animal s should be investigated In all other cases when a small number of FMD positive animals are found at a level consistent with the expected number of non specific test system findings it is recommended that such reactor animals should be slaughtered and then the herd declared free of FMDV infection In the case of a number of FMD positive animals at a level above the expected number of non specific test system findings it is recommended that the herd should be slaughtered and susceptible animals that have been in contact or otherwise epidemiologically associated with the reactor animal s should be investigated 2 The folow up procedure
138. ated As the units are operated outdoor the gas is dispersed quickly at the end of each cycle by opening the door improving operator s health and safety The system uses skilled catching teams and equipment in daily use by the industry Metal containers can be readily cleansed and disinfected c Disadvantages The need for properly designed container or apparatus The aversive nature of high CO2 concentrations No immediate loss of consciousness The risk of suffocation due to overcrowding Difficulty in verifying death while the animals are in the container or apparatus d Conclusion Method 1 is suitable for use in poultry and neonatal sheep goats and pigs Method 2 In this method the crates or modules holding the birds are loaded into a chamber into which gas is introduced As lustratedinthe examplebelow a A containerised gassing unit CGU typically comprises a gas tight chamber designed to accommodate poultry transport crates or a single module The chamber is fitted with gas lines and diffusers with silencers that are connected via a system of manifolds and gas regulators to gas cylinders There is a hole at the top to permit displaced air to escape when the container is filling with gas OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 38 Annex XXXVI contd The procedures for the operation of CGU include a position the container on level solid open ground b connect the gas cylinder
139. ated national reference laboratory The latter should establish communication with an OIE Reference Laboratory for the particular disease National and sub national laboratories need to ensure that diagnostic results are communicated to the Veterinary Authority as appropriate to the situation National laboratories are also needed to provide independent and impartial quality control of vaccines When appropriate national laboratories are encouraged to submit samples to OIE Reference Laboratories for confirmation of findings and more detailed analysis 6 Vaccination and other control measures Vaccination is one of the essential tools in the control of many diseases if an effective vaccine is available However vaccination on its own will not usually achieve the desired results unless the vaccination programme is part of an integrated control strategy utilising a combination of control measures as outlined in Table 1 If vaccination is applied the following points should be considered OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 7 8 Annex XLII contd a Role of vaccination Depending on the epidemiological situation the pattern of animal movements population density and production systems within the country the occurrence of wildlife reservoirs targeted vaccination may be more effective than systematic mass vaccination Vaccination campaigns should be serologically monitored for their effectiveness to ensure t
140. ated use of a cartridge powered gun may result in over heating g Bleeding may present a biosecurity risk 5 Conclusions The method is suitable for killing poultry and neonate sheep goats and pigs up to a maximum weight of 10 kg Article 7 6 98 Maceration 1 Introduction Maceration utilising a mechanical apparatus with rotating blades or projections causes immediate fragmentation and death in day old poultry and embryonated eggs 2 Requirements a Maceration requires specialised equipment which should be kept in excellent working order b The rate of introducing the birds should not allow the equipment to jam birds to rebound from the blades or the birds to suffocate before they are macerated OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 32 Annex XXXVI contd 3 Advantages a Procedure results in immediate death b Large numbers can be killed quickly 4 Disadvantages a Specialised equipment is required b Macerated tissues may present biosecurity or human health risks c The cleaning of the equipment can be a source of contamination 5 Conclusion The method is suitable for killing day old poultry and embryonated eggs Article 7 6 109 Electrical two stage application 1 Introduction A two stage application of electric current comprises firstly an application of current to the head by scissor type tongs immediately followed by an application of the tongs across the chest in a position
141. ated wings should not exceed 2 percent with less than 1 percent being the goal under study 3 Provisions relevant to animals delivered in containers a Containers in which animals are transported should be handled with care and should not be thrown dropped or knocked over Where possible they should be horizontal while being loaded and unloaded mechanically and stacked to ensure ventilation In any case they should be moved and stored in an upright position as indicated by specific marks b Animals delivered in containers with perforated or flexible bottoms should be unloaded with particular care in order to avoid injury Where appropriate animals should be unloaded from the containers individually c Animals which have been transported in containers should be slaughtered as soon as possible mammals and ratites which are not taken directly upon arrival to the place of slaughter should have drinking water available to them from appropriate facilities at all times Delivery of poultry for slaughter should be scheduled such that they are not deprived of water at the premises for longer than 12 hours Animals which have not been slaughtered within 12 hours of their arrival should be fed and should subsequently be given moderate amounts of food at appropriate intervals OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd 4 Provisions relevant to restraining and containing animals a Provisions rele
142. ating pain fear distress and discomfort 3 to provide living conditions that are considered to be natural for the species for example by providing a social and physical environment where animals can perform key elements of their natural behaviour The three objectives overlap For example preventing injury is important for psychological well being and preventing pain and fear can be important for normal functioning However the overlap is not perfect For example environments that limit the spread of disease do not necessarily allow natural behaviour and vice versa The three objectives are based on somewhat different bodies of scientific research The research relevant to objective 1 includes studies of survival rate incidence of disease and injury body condition scoring and productivity measures The research relevant to objective 2 includes studies of pain fear and distress in animals studies of ways to alleviate such states and studies that determine the animals own preferences and aversions Research relevant to objective 3 includes studies of the normal and abnormal behaviour of animals how these are influenced by the social and physical environment and the strength of the animals motivation to carry out elements of their natural behaviour In the past confusion has sometimes occurred because different standards which are all claimed to address animal welfare have involved very different requirements Often such di
143. ational veterinary certificate attesting that 1 these products have been processed to ensure the destruction of the FMD virus in conformity with one of the procedures referred to in Articles 8 5 3532 8 5 3633 and 8 5 3734 2 the necessary precautions were taken after collection or processing to avoid contact of the products with any potential source of FMD virus Veterinary Authorities can authorise without restriction the import or transit through their territory of semi processed hides and skins limed hides pickled pelts and semi processed leather e g wet blue and crust leather provided that these products have been submitted to the usual chemical and mechanical processes in use in the tanning industry Article 8 5 28 31 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries or zones For straw and forage Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that these commodities 1 are free of grossly identifiable contamination with material of animal origin 2 have been subjected to one of the following treatments which in the case of material sent in bales has been shown to penetrate to the centre of the bale a either to the action of steam in a closed chamber such that the centre of the bales has reached a minimum temperature of 80 C for at least ten minutes b or to the action of formalin fumes formaldehyde gas produced by its commercial so
144. ays after introduction into the vector protected establishment or OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI contd were protected from attacks by Culicoides in an vector protected establishment for at least 14 days prior to shipment and during transportation to the place of shipment and were subjected during that period to an agent identification test with negative results carried out at least 14 days after introduction into the vector protected establishment or were demonstrated to have antibodies for at least 60 days prior to dispatch against all serotypes whose presence has been demonstrated in the source population through a surveillance programme in accordance with Article x x 4612 Article X X 97 Recommendations for importation from EHDV free countries or zones For semen of cattle and cervids Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a were kept in an EHDV free country or zone for at least 60 days before commencement of and during collection of the semen or b were subjected to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group between 21 and 60 days after the last collection for this consignment with negative results or c were subjected to an agent identification test on blood samples collected at commencement and conclusion of and at least every 7 days virus isolation t
145. bed serelegical test for Brucella infection with negative results in the sase case of post parturient females which have given bith during the past 30 days the test is should be carried out at least 30 days after giving the birth Fhistestis net required for sexually immature animals or Article 8 X 14 Recommendations for the importation of pigs for breeding or rearing Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the pigs 1 showed no clinical signs of Brucella infection on the day of shipment 2 either a originate from a herd free from Brucella infection OR b originate from _a_herd_in_which_a_statistically valid sample of the breeding pigs selected_in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 1 4 was subjected to a prescribed test within 30 days prior to shipment demonstrating the absence of Brucella infection OR c wer j to a prescribed test for Brucella infection within 30 days prior to shipment with negative results OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 12 Annex XL contd Article 8 X 15 Recommendations for the importation of animals for slaughter Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals 1 showed no clin
146. by standing near the container can be used to determine that the birds are unconscious and that death is imminent Remove the crates or modules from the container and leave them in the open air Each crate or module should be examined and birds checked to ensure they are dead Dilated pupils and absence of breathing indicate death Any survivors should be humanely killed Ducks and geese are resilient to the effects of carbon dioxide and therefore require a minimum of 80 percent CO2 and a longer period of exposure to die Advantages vi The gas is introduced quickly and quietly resulting in less turbulence and disturbance to the birds Gradual increase in the concentration of CO2 minimises the aversive nature of this method for inducing unconsciousness The use of transport crates or modules to move birds minimises handling Birds should be handled by trained experienced catching teams at the time of depopulation of the poultry house The modules are loaded mechanically into the CGU and a lethal mixture of gas is rapidly introduced into the chamber immediately after sealing COzis readily available Birds are exposed to gas more uniformly and they do not smother each other when compared with Method 1 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 39 Annex XXXVI contd vii viii ix x The volume of gas required can be readily calculated As the units are operated outdoors the gas is
147. c Animals are developing a chapter on risk analysis for antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture to be included in Section 6 of the Aquatic Code The Working Group noted this work and that the Codex Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance CAC GL 77 2011 also covered both terrestrial and aquatic animals 6 OIE work on veterinary education Dr Mylrea updated the Working Group regarding the OIE s work on veterinary education with particular reference to the OIE recommendations on the Competencies of graduating veterinarians Day graduates to assure National Veterinary Services of quality She noted that this document is available on the OIE internet site at http www oie int fileadmin Home eng Support_to OIE Members Vet Edu AHG DAY_1 DAYONE B ang vC pdf Dr Mylrea also informed the Working Group that the ad hoc Group on Veterinary Education met in July 2012 to develop a draft Model Core Curriculum which provides for graduates to possess the Day 1 competencies recommended by the OIE The Working Group supported the OIE work in the area of veterinary education and agreed that the draft Model Core Curriculum document covered the essential core curriculum relevant to the training of a veterinarian including food safety and food hygiene 7 OIE PVS Tools for the Evaluation of Veterinary Services and Aquatic Animal Health Services Dr Mylrea updated the Working Group on recent revisions to the PVS
148. ce Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk 3 Electrical stunning a General considerations An electrical device should be applied to the animal in accordance with the following recommendations OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 14 Annex XXXVI contd Electrodes should be designed constructed maintained and cleaned regularly to ensure that the flow of current is optimal and in accordance with manufacturing specifications They should be placed so that they span the brain The application of electrical currents which bypass the brain is unacceptable unless the animal has been stunned The use of a single current leg to leg is unacceptable as a stunning method If in addition it is intended to cause cardiac arrest the electrodes should either span the brain and immediately thereafter the heart on the condition that it has been ascertained that the animal is adequately stunned or span brain and heart simultaneously Electrical stunning equipment should not be applied on animals as a means of guidance movement restraint or immobilisation and shall not deliver any shock to the animal before the actual stunning or killing Electrical stunning apparatus should be tested prior to app
149. changes in weight and body condition score growth curve Rearing of replacement stock Young calves are at particular risk of thermal stress Special attention should be paid to management of the thermal environment e g provision of additional bedding nutrition or protection to maintain warmth and appropriate growth Where possible replacement stock should be reared in groups Animals in groups should be of similar age and physical size B e and Feerevik 2003 Jensen and Kyhn 2000 When in pens each calf should have enough space to be able to turn around rest stand up and groom comfortably Replacement stock should be monitored for cross sucking and appropriate measures taken to prevent this occurring e g provision of sucking devices use of nose guards or temporary separation Particular attention should be paid to the nutrition including trace elements of growing replacement stock to ensure good health and that they achieve an appropriate growth curve for the breed and farming objectives Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour physical appearance changes in weight and body condition score growth curve reproduction efficiency Milking management Milking should be carried out in a calm and considerate manner in order to avoid pain and distress Special attention should be paid to the hygiene of the udder and milking equipment Barkema et al 1999 Breen et al 2009 A regular milkin
150. chieving acceptable line speeds and ensuring that birds have settled by the time they reach the water bath A breast comforter can be used effectively to reduce wing flapping and calm birds The angle at which the shackle line approaches the entrance to the water bath and the design of the entrance to the water bath and the draining of excess live water from the bath are all important considerations in ensuring birds are calm as they enter the bath do not flap their wings and do not receive pre stun electric shocks OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 15 Annex XXXVI contd In the case of birds suspended on a moving line measures should be taken to ensure that the birds are not wing flapping at the entrance of the stunner The birds should be secure in their shackle but there should not be undue pressure on their shanks The shackle size should be appropriate to fit the size of the shanks metatarsal bones of birds Birds should be hung on shackles by both legs Birds with dislocated or broken legs or wings should be humanely killed rather than shackled The duration between hanging on shackles and stunning should be kept to the minimum In any event the time between shackling and stunning should not exceed one minute Waterbaths for poultry should be adequate in size and depth for the type of bird being slaughtered and their height should be adjustable to allow for the head of each bird to be imme
151. climatic conditions and to maintain species specific thermal comfort within containers Care is especially necessary during loading and unloading to avoid body parts being caught on crates leading to dislocated or broken bones in conscious birds Such injuries will adversely affect animal welfare carcass and meat quality Modular systems that involve tipping of live birds are not conducive to maintaining good animal welfare These systems when used should be incorporated with a mechanism to facilitate birds sliding out of the transport system rather than being dropped or dumped on top of each other from heights of more than a metre Birds may get trapped or their wings or claws may get caught in the fixtures mesh or holes in poorly designed constructed or maintained transport systems Under this situation operators unloading birds should ensure gentle release of trapped birds Drawers in modular systems and crates should be stacked and de stacked carefully so as to avoid injury to birds Birds should have sufficient space so that all can lie down at the same time without being on top of each other Birds with broken bones and or dislocated joints should be humanely killed before being hung on shackles for processing The number of poultry arriving at the processing plant with broken bones and or dislocated joints should be recorded in a manner that allows for verification For poultry the percentage of chickens with broken or disloc
152. complete closure of inspected establishments and viii Suspension or withdrawal of authorisations or approvals These essential powers must be identified as they can result in actions that may conflict with individual rights ascribed in fundamental laws Delegation of powers by the Competent Authority The veterinary legislation should provide the possibility for Competent Authorities to delegate specific tasks related to official activities The specific tasks delegated the body ies to which the tasks are delegated and the conditions of supervision by the Competent Authority should be defined For this purpose the veterinary legislation should a define the field of activities and the specific tasks covered by the delegation b provide for the control supervision and when appropriate financing of the delegation c define the procedures for making delegation d define the competencies to be held by persons receiving delegation and e define the conditions of withdrawals of delegations Article 3 4 6 Veterinarians and veterinary para professionals 1 Veterinary medicine science In order to ensure quality in the conduct of veterinary medicine science the veterinary legislation should provide a definiti inary ici j ici 3 Ning a define the prerogatives of veterinarians and of the various categories of veterinary para professionals that are recognised by the Member Country b define the minimum initial and contin
153. compulsory programmes for some disease prevention when necessary Done L Not done L Partially done 7 3 Disease control Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i different lists of diseases with provision as appropriate for Done L Not done Partially done Comments no a nt oh lacs Me steel nea bedi ci ae Med a emergency measures in accordance with established contingency plans Done L Not done L Partially done measures for prevention control or eradication Done L Not done L Partially done surveillance measures Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii the specification of mandatory control measures for certain diseases Done L Not done L Partially done _ arrangements for the declaration of animal diseases including on the grounds of suspicion Done L Not done L Partially done immediate technical measures including on the grounds of suspicion Done L Not done _ Partially done _ measures for official disease surveillance Done Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 67 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd vi conditions for confirmation of diseases Done L Not done L Partially
154. countries or zones For meat products of j j igs FMD susceptible animals Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the entire consignment of meat comes from animals which have been slaughtered in an approved abattoir and have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspections for FMD with favourable results 2 the meat has been processed to ensure the destruction of the FMD virus in conformity with one of the procedures referred to in Article 8 5 3431 3 the necessary precautions were taken after processing to avoid contact of the meat products with any potential source of FMD virus Article 8 5 24 2 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries erf zones or compartments where vaccination either is or is not practised or FMD free compartments For milk and milk products intended for human consumption and for products of animal origin from FMD susceptible animals intended for use in animal feeding or for agricultural or industrial use Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that these products come from animals which have been kept in an FMD free country zone or compartment or which have been imported in accordance with Article 8 5 4210 Article 8 5 4311 or Article 8 5 4412 Article 8 5 25 28 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries or zones
155. d 3 supply documented evidence that iLa Memberthat has a_zenewhich_ meets the requirements_of a FMD free zene where vaccination is_practised wishes_to change the status_of the zone to FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised the status ofthis Se E ee Evidence should also Article 8 5 46 FMD free compartment An FMD free compartment can be established in either an FMD free country or zone or in an infected country or Zone In defining such a compartment the principles of Chapters 4 3 and 4 4 should be followed Susceptible animals in the FMD free compartment should be separated from any other susceptible animals by the application of an effective biosecurity management system A Member wishing to establish an FMD free compartment should 1 have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting and if not FMD free have an official control programme and a surveillance system for FMD in place according to Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 4742 and Article 8 5 4946 that allows an accurate knowledge of the prevalence distribution and characteristics of FMD in the country or zone 2 declare for the FMD free compartment that a there has been no outbreak of FMD during the past 12 months b no evidence of FMDV infection has been found during the past 12 months c either vaccination against FMD is_prohibited i no vaccination against FMD has been carried out during the past 12
156. d from attacks by Culicoides at all times when transiting through an infected zone Recommendations _for _impertation from _EHDV seasonally free zones Forcatille and cervids animals 3 tHeate attesting thatthe were _kept during the seasonally free _period in_an EHDV seasonally free _zone_since birth _or for atleast 60 days prior to shipment_or 2 were kept during the EHDV seasonally free period in an EHDV seasonally free zone for at least 28 days prierte shipment_and were subjected during the residence period in the zeneto aserologicaltest to detect antibody to the EHDV group with negative results_carried out atleast 28 days after the commencement of i 7 3 ee ee a Article X X 86 Recommendations for importation from EHDV infected countries or zones For cattle and cervids Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals 1 were protected from attacks by Culicoides in a vector protected establishment for at least 60 days prior to shipment and during transportation to the place of shipment or 2 were protected from attacks by Culicoides in a vector protected establishment for at least 28 days prior to shipment and during transportation to the place of shipment and were subjected during that period to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group with negative results carried out at least 28 d
157. d gases should be vaporised prior to administration into the chamber and should be at room temperature to prevent any thermal shock under no circumstances should solid gases with freezing temperatures enter the chamber Gas mixtures should be humidified Appropriate gas concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide should be monitored and displayed continuously at the level of the birds inside the chamber to ensure that anoxia ensues Under no circumstances should birds exposed to gas mixtures be allowed to regain consciousness If necessary the exposure time should be extended 5 Bleeding From the point of view of animal welfare animals which are stunned with a reversible method should be bled without delay Maximum stun stick interval depends on the parameters of the stunning method applied the species concerned and the bleeding method used full cut or chest stick when possible As a consequence depending on those factors the slaughterhouse operator should set up a maximum stun stick interval that ensures that no animals recover consciousness during bleeding In any case the following time limits should be applied OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 19 Annex XXXVI contd Stunning method Maximum stun stick interval 20 seconds Electrical methods and non penetrating captive bolt CO2 60 seconds after leaving the chamber All animals should be bled out by incisin
158. d goats and pigs For the inactivation of Brucella in casings of bovids sheep and goats and pigs the following procedures should be used salting for at least 30 days either with dry salt NaCl or with saturated brine Aw lt 0 80 and kept at a temperature of greater than 20 C during this entire period Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI CHAPTER X X INFECTION WITH EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS Article X X 1 General provisions For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code epizootic hemorrhagic disease EHD is defined as an infection of cervids and bovids cattle with one of several serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus EHDV Outbreaks of disease due to EHDV are sporadic and geographically restricted Although EHDV is not regarded as a significant pathogen of livestock in many countries in which it is present outbreaks of disease have caused significant economic loss to the cattle industry in some countries The following defines the occurrence of EHDV infection 1 EHDV has been isolated and identified as such from a cervid or bovid or a product derived from it or 2 Viral antigen or viral ribonucleic acid RNA specific to one or more of the serotypes of EHDV has been identified in samples from a cervid or bovid showing clinical signs consistent with EHD or epidemiologically linked to a confirmed or
159. d have the necessary powers and means to rapidly withdraw any products deemed to be hazardous from the food chain or to prescribe uses or treatments that ensure the safety of such products for human or animal health Done L Not done L Partially done 10 4 Premises and establishments pertaining to the food chain Veterinary legislation should address the following elements as appropriate i recording the coordinates of operators working within the food chain Done L Not done L Partially done Comments ii the implementation by operators of procedures based on HACCP principles Done L Not done L Partially done iii prior authorisation of operators whose activities are likely to constitute a significant risk to human or animal health Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 11 International movements and trade 11 1 Importation Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i the coordinates of importers and as appropriate their approval by the competent authority of the importing country Done L Not done L Partially done _ Comments ii the approval of establishments by the competent authority of Done L Not done L Partially done the list of goods to be subject to veterinary checks Done L Not done L Partially done the importation check points o
160. d in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 8 and 4 9 as relevant Article 8 5 19 24 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries or zones or compartments where vaccination is practised For in vitro produced embryos of cattle Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 15 Annex XXXIX contd 1 the donor females a showed no clinical sign of FMD at the time of collection of the oocytes b were kept for at least three months prior to collection in an FMD free country or zones or compartments where vaccination is practised c if destined for an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised or a FMD free compartment ic have not been vaccinated and were subjected with negative results to tests for antibodies against FMD virus or i d had been vaccinated at least twice with the last vaccination not less than one month and not more than 12 months prior to collection 2 no other animal present in the artificial insemination centre has been vaccinated within the month orior to collection 2 fertilization was achieved with semen meeting the conditions referred to in Articles 8 5 4513 8 5 4614 8 5 4715 or 8 5 4816 as relevant 3 the oocytes were collected and the embryos were processed and stored in conformity
161. d spread redistribution of resistant microorganisms during the food production process including slaughtering processing storage transportation and retailing disposal practices for waste products and the opportunity for human exposure to resistant microorganisms or resistance determinants in those waste products capacity of resistant microorganisms to become established in humans human to human transmission of the microorganisms under consideration capacity of resistant microorganisms to transfer resistance to human commensal microorganisms and zoonotic agents amount and type of antimicrobial agents used in response to human illness pharmacokinetics such as metabolism bioavailability and access to intestinal flora 5 Consequence assessment A consequence assessment describes the relationship between specified exposures to resistant microorganisms or resistance determinants and the consequences of those exposures A causal process exist by which exposures produce adverse health or environmental consequences which may in turn lead to socio economic consequences The consequence assessment describes the potential consequences of a given exposure and estimates the probability of them occurring The following factors should be considered in the consequence assessment microbial dose_ _host response relationships variation in susceptibility of exposed populations or subgroups of the population
162. d use the point of balance at the animals shoulder to move animals adopting a position behind the point of balance to move an animal forward and in front of the point of balance to move it backward Domestic animals have wide angle vision but only have limited forward binocular vision and poor perception of depth This means that they can detect objects and movements beside and behind them but can only judge distances directly ahead Although most domestic animals have a highly sensitive sense of smell they react in different ways to the smells of slaughterhouses Smells which cause fear or other negative responses should be taken into consideration when managing animals Domestic animals can hear over a greater range of frequencies than humans and are more sensitive to higher frequencies They tend to be alarmed by constant loud noise and by sudden noises which may cause them to panic Sensitivity to such noises should also be taken into account when handling animals 4 Distractions and their removal Distractions that may cause approaching animals to stop baulk or turn back should be designed out from new facilities or removed from existing ones Below are examples of common distractions and methods for eliminating them a reflections on shiny metal or wet floors move a lamp or change lighting b dark entrances to chutes races stun boxes or conveyor restrainers illuminate with indirect lighting which does not shine directly i
163. dards Commission February 2013 12 Annex XXXIX contd 34 5 prior to isolation the animals were kept in the establishment of origin sip e bitth_or a for the past 30 days _or since birth if younger than 30 days if a stamping out policy is in force in the exporting country or b for e past 3 months or since birth if younger than three months if a stamping out policy is not in force in the exporting country andthat FMD has not occurred within a ten kilometre radius of the establishment of origin for the relevant period as defined in points 2 a and b above the animals were isolated in an establishment or a quarantine station for the 30 days prior to shipment and all animals in isolation were subjected to diagnostic tests virus detection on a probang sample in ruminants or on throat swabs in pigs and serology for evidence of FMDV infection with negative results on samples collected at the end of that period and that FMD did not occur within a ten kilometre radius of the establishment or a quarantine station during that period or periodand that FMD did net eccumwithin a i the animals were not exposed to any source of FMD infection during their transportation from the establishment or quarantine station to the place of shipment Article 8 5 _13 4 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries er zones or compartments where vaccination is not
164. dards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd l f ae f pharmacokinetics such as metabolism bioavailability access to intestinal flora transfer cycling of resistant microorganisms between humans animals and the environment 5 Consequence assessment The following factors should be considered in the consequence assessment microbial dose_ _host response relationships variation in disease susceptibility of exposed populations and subgroups of the populations variation and frequency of animal health effects resulting from loss of efficacy of antimicrobial agents and associated costs potential linkage of virulence attributes and resistance perceived future importance usefulness of the drug antimicrobial agent in animal health see OIE list of antimicrobial agents of veterinary importance time efererce 6 Risk estimation The following factors should be considered in the risk estimation additional burden of disease due to antimicrobial resistant microorganisms number of therapeutic failures due to antimicrobial resistant microorganisms increased severity and duration of infectious disease impact on animal welfare deaths total per year probability per year or lifetime for a random member of the population or a member of a specific more exposed sub population availability existence or absence of alternative antimicrobial therapy potentia
165. daros Summary overview of OIE Animal Welfare achievements and current and future priorities To be included in fact sheet Headquarters OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVIII contd 6 Communications plan contd Working Group members to contribute to OIE Regional conferences Continuing All To liaise with governments and international organisations re animal welfare topics at upcoming conferences and seminars including Communication between CCs Continuing All 7 Publications OIE Scientific and Technical Review Series Publication Animal Welfare Focussing on the Future AWWG members to meet the 2013 contribution deadline for publication in 2014 8 Coordination with other IDF Attend AWWG 12 as observer international organisations IMS Attend AWWG 12 as full member IEC Attend AWWG 12 as observer ISO Technical specification OIE HQ to attend next meeting in February 2013 SSAFE GFSI GLOBAL GAP HQ liaison FAO Working Animals experts meeting report was received wait for release Disaster Management OIE HQ Liaise regarding Gateway and Podcasts AWIN European Commission feedback from May 2013 Conference AATA IATA WAZA Live Animals and Perishables Board Time and Temperature Task Force Meetings April 2013 Montreal OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex
166. ddition the 35 CAC has approved the priority list of veterinary drugs for evaluation or re evaluation by JECFA which includes apramycin derquantel emamectin benzoate gentian violet lasalocid monepantel phenylpyrazole and zylpaterol hydrochloride The 35 CAC considered the MRLs for bovine somatotropins bSTs and agreed to request JECFA to re evaluate bSTs and that the full report of JECFA evaluation would be considered by the CCRVDF The 35 CAC also considered the implementation of the Strategic Plan 2008 2013 of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the draft Strategic Plan 2014 2018 and agreed on the process to be followed for its completion for adoption by the 36 Session of the Commission With regard to the sessions of the other committees task force the following is an updated on matters particular relevant to the APFSWG OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 16 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd Annex III contd The 43 CCFH continued work on the Revision of the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods and the Guidelines for Control of Specific Zoonotic Parasites in Meat Trichinella spiralis and Cysticercus bovis With regard to the latter the CCFH noted that collaboration with OIE was necessary to ensure that OIE and Codex cover in an integrated way the risk reduction measures along the food chain i
167. dial de la Sant for Animal de Sanidad Animale Health Animal Annex XX XVII Original English January 2013 REPORT OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Paris 8 10 January 2013 The OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare and Dairy Cattle Production Systems the ad hoc Group met at the OIE Headquarters on 8 10 January 2013 The members of the ad hoc Group and other participants at the meeting are listed at Annex I The adopted agenda is at Annex II 1 Welcome and introduction Dr Derek Belton Head of the Trade Department of the OIE welcomed all members and thanked them for their agreement to work with the OIE on this important topic Dr Belton commented to the ad hoc Group that the development by the OIE of animal welfare standards relevant to livestock production systems is a relatively new area of work for the OIE Dr Belton emphasised that this topic is of great interest to OIE Members and many organisations that are associated with the OIE Dr Belton reminded members that in developing their recommendations the diverse conditions relevant to all 178 OIE Members should be taken into account Dr Belton explained the procedure of adoption of OIE standards The report of the meeting will be submitted to the OIE Animal Welfare Working Group for comments and will be presented to the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission Code Commission The full report of the Code Commission including t
168. diately if necessary 10 Lactating dairy animals should be slaughtered as soon as possible Dairy animals with obvious udder distension should be milked to minimise udder discomfort 11 Animals which have given birth during the journey or in the airage should be slaughtered as soon as possible or provided with conditions which are appropriate for suckling for their welfare and the welfare of the newborn Under normal circumstances animals which are expected to give birth during a journey should not be transported 12 Animals with horns antlers or tusks capable of injuring other animals if aggressive should be penned separately 13 Poultry awaiting slaughter should be protected from adverse weather conditions and provided with adequate ventilation 14 Poultry in transport containers should be examined at the time of arrival Containers should be stacked with sufficient space between the stacks to facilitate inspection of birds and air movement 15 Forced ventilation or other cooling systems may be necessary under certain conditions to avoid build up of temperature and humidity Temperature and humidity should be monitored at appropriate intervals Recommendations for specific species are described in detail in Articles 7 5 5 te and 7 5 96 Article 7 5 5 Management of foetuses during slaughter of pregnant animals Under normal circumstances pregnant animals that would be in the final 10 percent of their gestation period at the p
169. diversity and socioeconomic aspects The justification for the disease control programme should include a summary of the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation in the country providing for example detailed information on 1 description of the disease situation 2 description of disease impacts animal and public health food safety food security and socioeconomic impact and how these are distributed among stakeholders 3 identification level of interest and involvement of stakeholders OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd Article 4 X 3 Control programme goal and objectives The goal of a control programme should be defined Although eradication has traditionally been the goal for many disease control programmes it may not always be achievable within a reasonable time frame or at an acceptable cost The epidemiology of the disease along with the availability of technical tools as well as social environmental and economic considerations should dictate if eradication is achievable or if control at a certain prevalence level is the desired outcome For some diseases or in certain situations the emphasis of a programme may be limited to reducing health and economic impacts In other cases a programme may not be feasible or cost beneficial Specific objectives and indicators leading to achievement of the programme goal should be established Some of the factors to define
170. dresses the specific issue of the control of bee diseases and some of its trade implications This chapter should be read in conjunction with the specific bee disease chapters in Section 9 Chapter 6 4 is designed for the implementation of general biosecurity measures in intensive poultry production whereas Chapter 6 5 gives an example of a specific on farm prevention and control plan for the non listed food borne pathogen Salmonella in poultry including standards for introduction of live poultry and hatching eggs OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 4 5 Annex XXXII contd Chapter 6 11 deals specifically with the zoonotic risk associated with the movements of non human primates and gives standards for certification transportation and import conditions of these animals Trade requirements An OIE Member Country may authorise the importation of animals or animal products into its territory under conditions more or less restrictive than those recommended by the Terrestrial Code However where the conditions are more restrictive they should be scientifically justified by a risk analysis conducted in accordance with OIE standards as described in Chapter 2 1 For Members of the WTO to meet their obligations under the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SPS Agreement international trade animal health measures should be based on an OIE standard or an import risk analysi
171. duced in the country or zone have not been vaccinated during the past three years 4 d no case of abertion dueto Brucella infection and nesoelation _of Brucella has been recorded in animals bovids for at least the past three years e bovids and their genetic materials introduced_in the country or zone should comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd af regular and periodic testing of all herds ortleeks has been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99 8 of the herds ertleeks and representing at least 99 9 of animals bovids in the country or zone three censecutive years 2 To maintain the status as free from Brucella infection without vaccination in bovids a country or Zone should satisfy the following requirements a the requirements in points 1a to 1e above are met b a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of animals should be bovids is in place in the country or Zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 c if a the surveillance programme described in Peints2 and 5 a and b above has not detected Brucella infection for the pasttive two consecutive years surveillance should may be maintained in accordance with Chapter
172. ducts of suids and equids include a cross reference to the relevant Codex Guidelines The draft chapter has undergone two rounds of consultation with OIE Members The latest revision undertaken by the ad hoc Group in July 2012 considered the comments of OIE Member Countries from the second round of consultation This meeting also included the two Co chairs of the Codex Working Group on Guidelines for Control of Specific Zoonotic Parasites in Meat who had been invited in response to a request that the OIE work in closer collaboration with the Codex on the development of this standard The participation of the Co chairs provided a good opportunity for the OIE and Codex to work closely together on the development of respective standards on Trichinella and ensure alignment of risk based recommendations while avoiding duplication of effort overlap and gaps The revised draft chapter was reviewed by the Code Commission at their September 2012 meeting and has been circulated to OIE Members as part of the Code Commission s September 2012 report The Working Group supported the proposed draft chapters Dr Steve Hathaway informed the Working Group of the discussion held at the 44 Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene CCFH in November 2012 on the development of the Proposed Draft Guidelines for Control of Specific Zoonotic Parasites in Meat and the proposal for an alternative pathway to achieving a negligible risk compartment for Infection with
173. e _ Partially done _ iii special and temporary measures to address all identified risks to human or animal health Done L Not done L Partially done Veterinary legislation should provide for the financing of animal disease control measures notably i operational expenses Done L Not done L Partially done Comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii production losses Done L Not done L Partially done iii owners compensation in the event of killing or slaughtering of animals seizure or destruction of carcasses meat animal feed or other things Done L Not done L Partially done 8 Animal welfare measures 8 1 General provisions Veterinary legislation should address the elements listed below i general principles to ensure the protection of animals against cruelty abuse abandonment and avoidable suffering in line with the OIE Terrestrial Code Done L Not done L Partially done ii legal definition of cruelty as an offense subject to penal action Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 71 ii Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd direct intervention of the competent authority in the case of neglect by animal keepers Done L Not done L Partially done
174. e pre and post harvest The Committee noted that mechanisms were in place to allow coordination of OIE and Codex work such as participation of OIE in the meetings of the Committee and in electronic physical working groups and that the Codex Secretariat FAO and WHO had been invited by OIE to participate in the ad hoc Expert Group on zoonotic parasites The Committee also noted that coordination of provision of inputs to Codex and OJE work at national level was necessary to ensure an integrated approach to this work The 6 TFAF the first meeting of the new Task Force on Animal Feeding made substantial progress on the development of the Guidelines on Application of Risk Assessment for Feed which were forwarded to the 35 CAC for adoption as a draft The TFAF agreed to revise the scope of its second document to focus on the criteria for prioritization of hazards in feed and guidance for governments on how to use these criteria and to request an electronic working group to prepare a revised document for circulation for comments and consideration at its next session It is expected that the TFAF will complete its work at its next session to be held in Berne Switzerland from 4 to 8 February 2013 At the 27 CCGP the Observer from OIE withdrew the proposal for the development of joint standards to improve harmonization of standards on common topics such as traceability antimicrobial resistance salmonellosis and certification in view of the concerns
175. e considerable latitude available to Members to design and implement surveillance on the one hand to establish that the whole territory or part of it is free from FMDV _infection circulation and on the other to understand the epidemiology of FMD as part of the official FMD control programmes It is incumbent upon the Member to submit a dossier to the OIE in support of its application that not only explains the epidemiology of FMD in the region concerned but also demonstrates how all the risk factors are identified and managed thls sone elude Power of oma pases ane dala There is therefore considerable Surveillance for FMD should be in the form of a continuing programme The design of surveillance programmes to prove the absence of FMDV infection circulation needs to be carefully followed to avoid producing results that are either insufficiently reliable to be accepted by the OIE or international trading partners or excessively costly and logistically complicated The design of any surveillance programme therefore requires inputs from professionals competent and experienced in this field The strategy employed to establish the prevalence of FMDV infection or to demonstrate the absence of FMDV infection circulation may be based on randomised or targeted clinical investigation or sampling at an acceptable level of statistical confidence lf an increased likelihood of infection
176. e efficiency of design and management given that animal welfare will be affected by both system design and stockmanship OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd 1 Behaviour Certain behaviours could indicate an animal welfare problem These include decreased feed intake locomotory behaviour and posture altered lying time human animal relationship altered respiratory rate and panting and the demonstration of stereotypic aggressive depressive or other abnormal behaviours Wiepkema et al 1983 Moss 1992 Desire et al 2002 Appleby 2006 Mason and Latham 2004 Lawrence 2008 Chapinel et al 2009 Morbidity rates Morbidity rates including for diseases such as mastitis and metritis lameness metabolic diseases parasitic diseases post procedural complication and injury rates above recognised thresholds may be direct or indirect indicators of the animal welfare status of the whole herd Understanding the aetiology of the disease or syndrome is important for detecting potential animal welfare problems Blecha 2000 Scoring systems such as lameness scoring can provide additional information Sprecher et al 1997 Both clinical examination and pathology should be utilised as an indicator of disease injuries and other problems that may compromise animal welfare Post mortem examination is useful to establish causes of death in cattle Mortality rate
177. e health and welfare of the cattle In most circumstances cattle should be inspected at least once a day Some animals may benefit from more frequent inspection for example neonatal calves Larson et al 1998 Townsend 1994 cows in late gestation Boadi and Price 1996 Mee 2008 Odde 1996 newly weaned calves cattle experiencing environmental stress and those that have undergone painful husbandry procedures or veterinary treatment Dairy cattle identified as sick or injured should be given appropriate treatment at the first available opportunity by competent and trained animal handlers f animal handlers are unable to provide appropriate treatment the services of a veterinarian should be sought Recommendations on the handling of cattle are also found in Chapter 7 5 In particular handling aids that may cause pain and distress e g sharp prods electric goads should be used only in extreme circumstances Dairy cattle should not be prodded in sensitive areas including the udder eyes nose or ano genital region Where dogs are used as an aid for cattle herding they should be properly trained Animal handlers should be aware that presence of dogs can cause fear and should keep them under control at all times The use of dogs is not appropriate in housed systems Cattle are adaptable to different visual environments However exposure of cattle to sudden or persistent movement or visual contrasts should be minimised where possible to prev
178. e humidity and wind speed and animal factors including breed age body condition metabolic rate and coat colour and density West 2003 Bryant et al 2007 Animal handlers should be aware of the risk that heat stress poses to cattle and of the thresholds in relation to heat and humidity that may require action As conditions change routine daily activities that require moving cattle should be amended appropriately If the risk of heat stress reaches very high levels the animal handlers should institute an emergency action plan that could include provision of shade fans easy access to additional drinking water and provision of cooling systems as appropriate for the local conditions Igono et al 1987 Kendall et a 2007 Blackshaw and Blackshaw 1994 Outcome based measurables feed and water intake behaviour including respiratory rate and panting morbidity rate mortality rate changes in milk yield Cold stress Protection from extreme weather conditions should be provided when these conditions are likely to create a serious risk to the welfare of cattle particularly in neonates and young cattle and others that are physiologically compromised This could be provided by extra bedding and natural or man made shelters Manninen et al 2002 During extreme cold weather conditions animal handlers should institute an emergency action plan to provide cattle with shelter adequate feed and water Outcome based measurables mortality
179. e into consideration the distribution of costs and benefits among different stakeholders and understand the factors limiting stakeholder participation in programme activities These factors can affect the optimal selection of interventions Programme policies need to include incentives for engagement including additional services for the holder or producer appropriate compensation schemes adding value to the final product and protecting public health In addition it may be necessary to include measures to raise awareness and ensure compliance including movement restrictions and fines Disease control programmes should take into consideration non financial factors social cultural religious etc affecting the livelihoods and well being of animal owners such as pastoralists indigenous communities or small scale backyard holders or producers These factors can be important incentives for participation or non compliance and ultimately impact the success of the programme Article 4 y Implementation plan A disease control programme should be based on an efficient and effective Veterinary Services and holder or producer participation Countries are encouraged to follow the provisions of Chapter 3 1 as well as to undergo a Performance of Veterinary Services PVS evaluation and address the gaps that may be identified In addition the programme should have political support and sustainable sources of funding including government and private stakeh
180. e noted the need for Members to coordinate their position at country level with national delegates to OIE to further elaborate the guidelines and highlighted the importance to continue strengthening the collaboration with OIE without overlapping with each other s responsibilities It further noted that strengthened collaboration with OIE would ensure consistency of Codex and OIE texts and allow countries to implement consistently control measures along the entire food chain OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 17 Annex XLIII contd Annex III contd Forthcoming CODEX Meetings relevant to the OIE APFSWG The 7 TFAF Berne Switzerland 4 to 8 February 2013 The provisional agenda is available at http www codexalimentarius org download report 792 af07_Ole pdf The 20 CCFICS will be held in Chiang Mai Thailand from 18 to 22 February 2013 The Committee will continue its work on the elaboration of the Principles and Guidelines for National Food Control Systems The Committee will also consider discussion papers addressing the burden of multiple questionnaires directed at exporting countries monitoring regulatory performance of national food control systems and the need for further guidance on food safety emergencies The 36 CAC will be held in Rome Italy from 1 to 5 July 2013 The provisional agenda will be posted on the Codex website www code
181. e slaughter in slaughterhouses of the following domestic animals cattle buffalo bison sheep goats camelids deer horses pigs ratites rabbits and poultry Other animals wherever they have been reared and all animals slaughtered outside slaughterhouses should be managed to ensure that their transport lairage restraint and slaughter is carried out without causing undue stress to the animals the principles underpinning these recommendations apply also to these animals Personnel Persons engaged in the unloading moving airage care restraint stunning slaughter and bleeding of animals play an important role in the welfare of those animals For this reason there should be a sufficient number of personnel who should be patient considerate competent and familiar with the recommendations outlined in the present chapter and their application within the national context Competence may be gained through formal training and or practical experience This competence should be demonstrated through a current certificate from the Competent Authority or from an independent body accredited by the Competent Authority The management of the slaughterhouse and the Veterinary Services should ensure that slaughterhouse staff are competent and carry out their tasks in accordance with the principles of animal welfare Animal behaviour Animal handlers should be experienced and competent in handling and moving farm livestock and understand the behavi
182. e social environment in cattle herds Anim Welfare 9 297 316 Kendall P E G A Verkerk J R Webster C B Tucker 2007 Sprinklers and shade cool cows and reduce insect avoidance behaviour in pasture based dairy cows J Dairy Sci 90 3671 3680 Kondo S J Sekine M Okubo and Y Asahida 2003 The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic and spacing behavior of cattle Applied Animal Behavior Science 24 127 135 Laden S A Wohlt J E Zajac P K and Carsia R V 1985 Effects of stress from electrical dehorning on feed intake growth and blood constituents of Holstein heifer calves Journal of Dairy Science 68 3062 3066 Larson R L Pierce V L Randle R F 1998 Economic evaluation of neonatal health protection programs for cattle JAVMA 213 6 810 816 Lawrence A B Pryce J E andSimm G 2001 G x EEE the missing link when breeding for welfare In Garner J P Mench J A Heekin S P Eds Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology The Center for Animal Welfare University of Davis CA pp 90 91 Lawrence A B Conington J and Simm G 2004a Breeding and animal welfare practical and theoretical advantages of multi trait selection Anim Welf 13 Suppl 8191 8196 Lawrence A B Tolkamp B Cockram M S Ashworth C J Dwyer C M and Simm G 2004b Food water and malnutrition perspectives on nutrient requirements for health and
183. e the risk of spread of and the risk to human health from B abortus B melitensis and B suis in animals For the purpose of this chapter Brucella means B abortus B melitensis or B suis excluding vaccine strains Ferthe purpeseoefthis chapter Animals means domestic and captive wild animal populations of the following categories 1 Bovidae bovids this term means cattle Bos taurus B indicus B frontalis and B javanicus yak and B grunniens bison Bison bison and B bonasus and water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 2 Ovidae and Capridae mean sheep Ovis aries and goats Capra aegagrus 3 pigs means domestic_pigs andwile bears Sus scrofa 4 Gamelidae camelids this term means dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus llama Lama glama alpaca Lama pacos guanaco Lama guanicoe and vicuna Vicugna vicugna 5 Gerridae cervids means roe deer Capreolus capreolus red deer Cervus elaphus elaphus wapiti elk_ C elaphus canadensis sika C nippon samba C _unicolor unicolor rusa C timorensis fallow deer Dama dama dama white tailed black tailed mule deer Odocoileus spp and reindeer Gervus elaphus elaphus C_elaphus_canadensis _C_nippen _C__uniceler_unicelor_C_timerensis Dama_dama dama _Odecetleus gini l j 7 h O 7 A Ad Rangifer tarandus 6 European hare Lepus europaeus For
184. e with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 42 and Articles 8 5 44 to 8 5 468 5 45_ and Atticle 8 6 49 are applied provided that the serological surveillance based on the detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of FMDV demonstrates the absence of virus circulation or b 18 months after the last case where a stamping out policy is not applied but emergency vaccination and serological surveillance in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 42 and Articles 8 5 44 to 8 5 46 8 5 47 and Article 8 5 49 are applied provided that the serological surveillance based on the detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of FMDV demonstrates the absence of virus circulation The country or Zone will regain the status of FMD free country or Zone where vaccination is practised only after the submitted evidence based on the provisions of Article 1 6 4 has been accepted by the OIE When an FMD outbreak or FMDV infection occurs in an FMD free compartment Article 8 5 64 applies The waiting period in point 2a and 2b of Article 8 5 4 can be reduced to three months provided that the entire compartment has been depopulated cleansed and disinfected Members applying for the recovery of status should do so as soon as the respective requirements for the recovery of status are met When a containment zone has been established the restrictions within the containment zone should be lifted in accordance with t
185. ealth Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 55 ii Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd provide for the control supervision and financing of the delegation Done L Not done L Partially done define the procedures for making delegations Done L Not done L Partially done _ define the competencies to be held by persons receiving delegation Done L Not done L Partially done define the conditions of withdrawals of delegations Done Not done _ Partially done _ 5 3 Delegation of functions relating to veterinary certification Veterinary legislation should conform with Section 5 of the OIE Terrestrial Code concerning certification procedures especially on the i conditions of appointment or recognition of certifying officials Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii role and responsibilities of the certifying officials Done L Not done L Partially done conditions of certification Done L Not done L Partially done means of supervision and financing of certification Done L Not done L Partially done define the conditions of withdrawal of the delegation Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Gro
186. eatment or diagnosis Such movements should be done carefully using methods avoiding excessive lifting Animal handlers should also be competent in assessing fitness to transport In case of chronic disease or injury when treatment has been attempted and recovery deemed unlikely e g cattle that are unable to stand up unaided or refuse to eat or drink the animal should be humanely killed AABP 1999 AVMA 2007 and in accordance to Chapter 7 6 Animals suffering from photosensitisation should be offered shade OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate reproductive efficiency behaviour physical appearance and changes in weight and body condition score changes in milk yield iii Emergency plans Emergency plans should cover the management of the farm in the face of an emergency disease outbreak consistent with national programmes and recommendations of Veterinary Services as appropriate Nutrition The nutrient requirements of dairy cattle have been well defined Energy protein mineral and vitamin content of the diet are major factors determining milk production and growth feed efficiency reproductive efficiency and body condition National Research Council 2001 Cattle should be provided with access to an appropriate quantity and quality of balanced nutrition that meets their physiological needs
187. ecords OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 18 Annex XXXVI contd ensure that duration of exposure is adequate to prevent recovery of consciousness make provision to monitor and deal with recovery of consciousness ensure that blood vessels are cut to induce death in unconscious birds ensure that all birds are dead before entering scalding tank provide emergency procedures in the event of system failure Gas mixtures used for stunning poultry include a minimum of 2 minutes exposure to 40 percent carbon dioxide 30 percent oxygen and 30 percent nitrogen followed by a minimum of one minute exposure to 80 percent carbon dioxide in air or a minimum of 2 minutes exposure to any mixture of argon nitrogen or other inert gases with atmospheric air and carbon dioxide provided that the carbon dioxide concentration does not exceed 30 percent by volume and the residual oxygen concentration does not exceed 2 percent by volume or a minimum of 2 minutes exposure to argon nitrogen other inert gases or any mixture of these gases in atmospheric air with a maximum of 2 percent residual oxygen by volume or a minimum of 2 minutes exposure to a minimum of 55 percent carbon dioxide in air or a minimum of one minute exposure to 30 percent carbon dioxide in air followed by a minimum of one minute exposure to at least 60 percent carbon dioxide in air Requirements for effective use are as follows Compresse
188. ect structural proteins Pesitive FMDV antibedy test results can have four pessible causes rological surveillance withtests described in the Terrestrial Manual is used to a estimate the prevalence or demonstrate the absence of FMDV infection circulation b monitor population immunity OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 27 Annex XXXIX contd Fede Ube oe Gee duce Se ee T Gee toate Maced on nonstructural viral proteins see below it may be possibleto use sSerum collected for other survey purposes can be used for FMD surveillance provided However the prape ol survey a cee in this ae are met S met andtherequirement for The discovery of clustering_of seropositive reactions should be foreseen tt may reflect any of a series_of events_including but notHimited tothe demographics_of the population sampled vaccinal_expoesure or the presence_of field _strain_infection _As clustering_may_signal_field_strain_infection the eee ee eee tis Ge die spa taenie 10e Cause ol The results of random or targeted serological surveys are important in providing reliable evidence that MDV fnfectionis_net _present in a_country _ zene or_compartment of the FMD situation in a country zone or compartment It is therefore essential that the survey be thoroughly documented Arti he 8 5 48 46 Members applying
189. ector General of the OIE to continue to support communication and collaboration between the Secretariats of OIE and Codex and the relevant units at the FAO and WHO to ensure close co ordination of the relevant work of these organisations OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 3 Annex XLIII contd 2 Cooperation between OIE and CAC a CCGP electronic Working Group on Codex OIE Cooperation Dr Gillian Mylrea Deputy Head OIE International Trade Department reported that at the 27th Session of the Codex Committee on General Principles CCGP held in Paris in April 2012 the CCGP decided to establish an electronic working group eWG to be hosted by Canada with the following mandate Reaffirming the commitment to collaboration in the development of standards of mutual interest respecting the mandates and procedures of Codex Alimentarius and OIE including a commitment to an open transparent and inclusive process the working group will e propose guidance to better take into account relevant work that has been undertaken or is in progress by each organization and e identify means to consistently reference each other s standards and guidance as appropriate Dr Mylrea informed the Working Group that the OIE will participate in this eWG and that the OIE has offered logistic support for a physical working group with the same mandate prior to t
190. ed as smoothly and efficiently as possible without injury or undue stress to the animals the airage should be designed and constructed so as to allow the animals to move freely in the required direction using their behavioural characteristics and without undue penetration of their flight zone The following recommendations may help to achieve this Design of lairage a The airage should be designed to allow a one way flow of animals from unloading to the point of slaughter with a minimum number of abrupt corners to negotiate In red meat slaughterhouses pens passageways and races should be arranged in such a way as to permit inspection of animals at any time and to permit the removal of sick or injured animals when considered to be appropriate for which separate appropriate accommodation should be provided OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd c Each animal should have room to stand up and lie down and when confined in a pen to turn around except where the animal is reasonably restrained for safety reasons e g fractious bulls Fractious animals should be slaughtered as soon as possible after arrival at the slaughterhouse to avoid welfare problems The airage should have sufficient accommodation for the number of animals intended to be held Drinking water should always be available to the animals and the method of delivery should be appropriate to the type of animal held Tr
191. ee zone where vaccination is not practised can be established in either an FMD free country where vaccination is practised or in a country of which parts are infected In defining such a zones the principles of Chapter 4 3should be followed Susceptible animals in the FMD free zone should be protected from the rest of the country_and from neighbouring counties if they are of a_different animal health _status_by the application_of saa tet Ted eine ba E AIS REINER A S taking inte consideration_ohysical_or OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX contd the control of the movement of susceptible FMD free zene_tin_pariculartHthe procedure described in Article 8 540is Theinformation required in_points_2 3 and 4 _b c above should be _re submitted annually and changesinthe epidemiological _situation_or_other_significant events_including those relevant to_points 3b and 4 should be reported tothe OIE according to the requirements in Chapter tt Arti o EA E ye a 1 FMDfree zene where vaccination is practised An FMD_free zone_where_vaccination is_practised_can_be_established_ineither_an MD_free_country _ where ke ee E Ble eA zonesit oy sot aleccor a there has been no outbreak of FMD for the past two years OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX cont
192. eeteeeeecaeeececsaeeeeeeseeeesesiteeensaes Customs and finance licensing of inspection posts collection of TCOS cccccccccccceeeceesteeeeeenteteeessteeeeeeaaes COMMONS deie e rehearse i tose teehee aati ee ede Legal publication Are the Veterinary Services subscribers Yes lire eta gen 2 he No O Is there a system of internal circulation Yes wo etl rata fe NO O This question is to find out whether the official publication is circulated to the departments responsible for using it Are there rules for disseminating veterinary legislation other than by legal publication The publication of legal instruments is usually governed by the Constitution or the law In addition there may be regulations or administrative instructions to ensure a wider or more targeted dissemination e g via official bulletins or the press This question is aimed at identifying the formal arrangements that exist Informal arrangements can be mentioned In this case please enter non formalised under the heading Reference of the rules Within the Veterinary Services ssseesseeereneee eere Yes aa Eem NO oaiae O Example weekly internal memorandum circulated to all departments with details of all new legal instruments To other administrations cccccccccccccceeeeeeseeeeeeeees Yes Ernes No O To organised groups of stakeholders 06 Yes
193. effects interfere with the conduct of veterinary checks Authorisation of veterinary medicines and biologicals a Veterinary legislation should ensure that only authorised veterinary medicines and biologicals may be placed on the market b Special provisions should be made for i medicated feed ii products prepared by authorised veterinarians or authorised pharmacists and iii emergencies and temporary situations c Veterinary legislation should address the technical administrative and financial conditions associated with the granting renewal refusal and withdrawal of authorisations d In defining the procedures for seeking and granting authorisations the legislation should i describe the role of the relevant Competent Authoritiesy and ii establish rules providing for the transparency in decision making OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 19 e Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd Veterinary legislation may provide for the possibility of recognition of the equivalence of authorisations made by other countries 4 Quality of veterinary medicines and biologicals Veterinary legislation should address the following elements the conduct of clinical and non clinical trials to verify all claims made by the manufacturer conditions for the conduct of trials qualifications of experts involved in trials and s
194. efore the aversive nature of gas mixtures containing high concentrations of CO and the respiratory distress occurring during the induction phase are important considerations for animal welfare Method 1 The animals are placed in a gas filled container or apparatus a Requirements for effective use in a container or apparatus i Containers or apparatus should allow the required gas concentration to be maintained and accurately measured OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 37 Annex XXXVI contd ii iv v When animals are exposed to the gas individually or in small groups in a container or apparatus the equipment used should be designed constructed and maintained in such a way as to avoid injury to the animals and allow them to be observed Animals can also be introduced to low concentrations as low concentrations are not aversive and the concentration could be increased afterwards and the animals then held in the higher concentration until death is confirmed Team members should ensure that there is sufficient time allowed for each batch of animals to die before subsequent ones are introduced into the container or apparatus Containers or apparatus should not be overcrowded and measures are needed to avoid animals suffocating by climbing on top of each other b Advantages vi COz is readily available Application methods are simple The volume of gas required can be readily calcul
195. els demonstrated by vaccine challenge test results for the antigen concerned Where the threat from circulating virus has been characterised as resulting from a field virus with significantly different antigenic properties to the vaccine virus this should be taken into account when interpreting the protective effect of population immunity Figures for population immunity should be quoted with reference to the total of susceptible animals in a given subpopulation and _in relation to the subset of vaccinated animals Article 8 5 45 47 Members re applying for recognition of freedom from FMD for the whelte a country er a zone or compartment where vaccination is either practised or not practised following an outbreak additional surveillance procedures aA country re applying for country oF zone or compartment freedom from FMD where vaccination is practised or not practised should show evidence of an active surveillance programme for FMD as well as absence of FMDV infection circulation This will require serological surveillance incorporating in the case of a country or a zone practising vaccination tests able to detect antibodies to NSPs as deseribed in the Terresitial Manual Additional surveillance using NSP tests is required to reduce the time period from six to three months in case of slaughter of all clinically affected_and_in contact_suscep
196. ements d Chapters 5 10 to 5 12 contain model certificates as a further guidance to Member Countries and should be used as a baseline OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXII contd 6 Guidance notes for importers and exporters To provide a clear understanding of trade requirements it is advisable that Veterinary Authorities of OIE Member Countries prepare guidance notes to assist importers and exporters These notes should identify and explain the trade conditions including the measures to be applied before and after export during transport and unloading relevant legal obligations and operational procedures Exporters should also be reminded of the International Air Transport Association rules governing air transport of animals and animal products The guidance notes should advise on all details to be included in the health certification accompanying the consignment to its destination OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Organisation World Organizacion Mondiale Organisation Mundial de la Sant for Animal de Sanidad Animale Health Animal Annex XXXII Original English December 2012 January 2013 REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE ELECTRONIC AD HOC GROUP ON THE LISTING OF TAENIA SOLIUM December 2012 January 2013 The OIE ad hoc Group on the Listing of Taenia solium the ad hoc Group met electronically during December 2012 and January 2013
197. ent stress and fear reactions Electroimmobilisation should not be used Outcome based measurables human animal relationship morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour reproductive efficiency changes in weight and body condition score changes in milk yield Personnel training All people responsible for dairy cattle should be competent according to their responsibilities and should understand cattle husbandry animal handling milking routines behaviour biosecurity signs of disease and indicators of poor animal welfare such as stress pain and discomfort and their alleviation Competence may be gained through formal training or practical experience Outcome based measurables human animal relationship morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour reproductive efficiency changes in weight and body condition score changes in milk yield OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Disaster management Plans should be in place to minimise and mitigate the effects of natural disasters or extreme climatic conditions such as heat stress drought blizzard and flooding Humane killing procedures for sick or injured cattle should be part of the emergency action plan In times of drought animal management decisions should be made as early as possible and these should include a consideration of reducing cattle numbers Reference to emergency plans can also be found in poin
198. entire investigative process should be documented as standard operating procedure within the surveillance programme All the epidemiological information should be substantiated and the results should be collated in the final report Article 8 5 41 43 Surveillance general_eenditions and metheds general principles 1 3 A surveillance system in accordance with Chapter 1 4 should be under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority A procedure should be in place for the rapid collection and transport of samples from suspect ases of FMD to a laboratory for FMD diagnoseis as deserbedin the Terresital Manual This requires that sampling kits and other equipment are available for those responsible for surveillance Personnel responsible for surveillance should be able to call for assistance from a team with expertise in FMD diagnosis and control The FMD surveillance programme should a b include structured non random surveillance activities as described in Article 1 4 5 with particular reference to an early warning system throughout the production marketing and processing chain for reporting suspicious suspect cases Farmers and workers who have day to day contact with livestock as well as diagnosticians should report promptly any suspicion of FMD They should be supported directly or indirectly e g through private veterinarians or veterinary para professionals by g
199. entrast te SP tests NSP tests can detect antibodies due to infection circulation for te all serotypes of FMD virus regardless of the vaccination status of the animals provided the vaccines comply with the standards of the Terrestrial Manual insofar as purity is concerned However although aAnimals vaccinated and subsequently infected with FMD virus develop antibodies to NSPs but in some the titre levels may be lower than that those found in infected animals that have not been vaccinated To ensure that all animals that had contact with the FMDV have seroconverted it is recommended to take samples for NSP antibody testing not earlier than 30 days after the last case and in any case not earlier than 30 days after the last vaccination ee re ale Bre ee have pect sacian ie oF seflcus hea acsliogh ideniled and Je Wolknharaeloreod la Gho ange NSP testing is recommended in orderto cover a broader range of strains OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 32 Annex XXXIX contd NSP antibody tests should be used to monitor for FMDV ion ci ion NSP ELISAs may be used for Positive FMDV antibody test results can have five possible causes a infection with FMDV b vaccination against FMD c maternal antibodies derived from an immune dam maternal antibodies in cattle are usually found only up to six months of age b
200. eparately The OIE was requested to focus on commercial scale production and particularly of products traded internationally It was also suggested that the guidelines for a particular species should address all currently used production systems e g extensive intensive and mixed and management procedures in order to cover all practices used in the 178 Member Countries In 2009 and based on the priorities raised by the ad hoc group on animal welfare and livestock production systems the OIE convened two ad hoc groups to draft standards on animal welfare one for broiler chicken production systems and another one for beef cattle production systems In May 2011 draft chapter 7 X on animal welfare and broiler chicken production systems was submitted for adoption at the General Session Unfortunately this draft chapter was not adopted due to lack of consensus amongst OIE Members on several points see comments made by OIE Members at the General Session in May 2011 Appendix 1 As a consequence the first meeting of the ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare and Dairy Cattle Production Systems was postponed to allow a clearer understanding of OIE Members expectations on production systems OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex III contd With reference to the discussion at the General Session in May 2011 on the draft Chapter 7 X on animal welfare and broiler chicken production systems the AWWG
201. epted because it was clearly covered by the second paragraph of Article 3 4 1 The ad hoc Group carefully reviewed comments on Article 3 4 2 definitions The ad hoc Group was of the view that the chapter needs clear definitions of certain terminologies so that all users can interpret the terms used in this chapter precisely as originally defined Nevertheless the ad hoc Group agreed with a Member comment to delete the definitions of legal certainty and Quality of legislation and include the concept of those terms into point 5 of Article 3 4 3 The ad hoc Group did not accept the comment to delete the definition of primary legislation and secondary legislation on the basis that the executive body can approve primary legislation in certain cases because while the executive body may retain the authority to approve or reject primary legislation it is the legislative body which creates that primary legislation The ad hoc Group considered it important to retain the definitions of primary and secondary legislation as they are fundamental concepts for the development of effective veterinary legislation OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 3 Annex XXXIV contd The ad hoc Group noted that the Glossary to the Terrestrial Code has a definition of veterinary legislation while Chapter 3 4 has its own slightly different definition of
202. er output should be restricted to that necessary to assist movement of an animal and only when an animal has a clear path ahead to move Goads and other aids should not be used repeatedly if the animal fails to respond or move In such cases it should be investigated whether some physical or other impediment is preventing the animal from moving ii The use of such devices should be limited to battery powered goads on the hindquarters of pigs and large ruminants and never on sensitive areas such as the eyes mouth ears anogenital region or belly Such instruments should not be used on horses sheep and goats of any age or on calves or piglets iii Useful and permitted goads include panels flags plastic paddles flappers a length of cane with a short strap of leather or canvas attached plastic bags and metallic rattles they should be used in a manner sufficient to encourage and direct movement of the animals without causing undue stress iv Painful procedures including whipping kicking tail twisting use of nose twitches pressure on eyes ears or external genitalia or the use of goads or other aids which cause pain and suffering including large sticks sticks with sharp ends lengths of metal piping fencing wire or heavy leather belts should not be used to move animals v Excessive shouting at animals or making loud noises e g through the cracking of whips to encourage them to move should not occur as such actions may ma
203. erds has been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99 8 of the herds representing at least 99 9 of cervids in the country or zone 2 Io maintain the status as free from Brucella infection in cervids a country or Zone should satisfy the following requirements OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 3 Annex XL contd the requirements in Points 1 a to 1 e above are met a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of cervids is in place in the country or c zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 if the surveillance programme described in b above has not detected Brucella infection for two consecutive years surveillance may be maintained in accordance with Chapter 1 4 The free status of the country or zone in cervids is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella infection in other animal categories or feral or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to cervids Article 8 X 9 Herd or flock free from Brucella infection without vaccination in bovids sheep and goats camelids or cervids 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection without vaccination a herd or flock of the elevantanimatcategery bovids sheep a
204. eria for listing She noted that the ad hoc Group had proposed to delist porcine cysticercosis Taenia solium However the Code Commission considered this to be a major neglected zoonosis and had invited Member Countries to provide their comments on this proposal Dr de Balogh noted that FAO considers porcine cysticercosis to be a significant public health concern particularly in developing countries Dr Bruno also noted that the report of the FAO WHO Expert Meeting on Foodborne Parasites Multicriteria based ranking for risk management ranked Taenia solium pork as the foodborne parasite of most importance with respect to public health from a list of 24 parasites The Working Group recommended that given the public health significance of this disease this proposal should be carefully reassessed The Working Group recommended that should the disease be delisted a guidance document should be developed for Members to assist them in controlling this disease at the on farm level Transmission of chemical contaminants through feed The Working Group noted that Codex has developed a number of texts relevant to chemical contaminants in animal feed e g dioxins aflatoxins It should be noted that these texts address the food safety aspects linked to animal feed and not animal health concerns The Working Group noted that Codex also has some on going work on this topic including the Codex Task Force on Animal Feeding who are developing Guidel
205. erinary Services subscribers YOS is Ii epee cee No O Is there a system of internal circulation VOS BRAA No O 6 Are there rules for disseminating veterinary legislation other than by legal publication Within the Veterinary Services cccccceeeeeeeeees Yes Ciria Nou O To other administrations 0 00 ccccceeeeeeeeeseeeeees Yes E NO ooann O To organised groups of stakeholders 06 Yes E NO O Tothe public renan a a a Yes E aaicetees NO O In addition to the legislation information may be provided on the procedures for its implementation The administration can disseminate its operating rules for example by means of a bulletin or periodic digests Such information is known as intra regulatory texts OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 27 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd If you answered Yes Reference document setting out the rules 2 eee ceeee ee eeee ee erent ee ee tees ee eaeeeeeetaeeeeeedaeeeeeeiaeeeeneas Method of dissemination cccccceeceeeccneceeeeeeeeeeeeneaeceeeeeeesecaaeceeeeeeesecaaaecaeeeeeeeeeseccasaeeeeeseeeseaeees DISHIBUTIONMISTS EET T seccshladachant E A ETT TE E 7 Rules for disseminating information that is subordinate and relevant to regulatory texts infra regulatory texts
206. es Iran Dairy Industries Co No 1 Jahane Koodak Across Jordan Ave Tehran IRAN Tel 98 21 88875012 Fax 98 21 88661123 dabirsh yahoo com OBSERVER Dr Hesbon Awando Senior Assistant Director Kenya Veterinary Services KENYA Tel 256 722 31 21 30 ahesbon yahoo co uk Mr Luc Mirabito Chef de projet Bien tre animal Institut de l Elevage 149 rue de Bercy 75 013 Paris FRANCE Tel 33 1 40 04 52 35 luc mirabito inst elevage asso fr Dr Elizabeth Berry Research and Development Manager Dairy Co Ltd Trent Lodge Stroud Road Cirencester Gloucestershire GL7 6JN UNITED KINGDOM Tel 44 1285 646515 Fax 44 1285 646501 Elizabeth berry dairyco org uk Dr N stor Tadich apologies Instituto de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia CHILE Tel 56 63 221214 56 63 221577 Fax 56 63 221354 ntadich uach cl Dr David Wilkins Senior Veterinary Consultant WSPA 222 Grays Inn Road London WCIX 8HB UNITED KINGDOM Tel 44 20 72 39 05 00 wilkinsvet btinternet com OIE HEADQUARTERS Dr Derek Belton Head International Trade Department OIE d belton oie int OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Dr Mariela Varas Charg e de mission International Trade Department OIE m varas oie int OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on
207. escribed in the report of the first meeting of the ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems found as an annex to the report of the OIE Animal Welfare Working Group meeting of June 2008 http www oie int fileadmin Home eng Internationa Standard Setting docs pdf A WG AW_June_ 2008 pdf OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 2 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 Annex XXXVI contd The ad hoc Group agreed that outcome based measurables may give a better indication of animal welfare because they reflect the complex interaction of several variables e g experience and attitude of handlers and disease situation that may be overlooked when relying on resource based criteria that focus on the design of the system They also recognised that many animal based measurables e g mortality or weight gain are not highly specific and are frequently dependent on multiple interacting variables e g environment disease management The ad hoc group noted that intensive production systems for rearing calves for veal had not been covered on the OIE Chapter 7 9 on Animal Welfare and Beef Cattle production systems and discussed whether these should be included in this draft Whilst acknowledging that there were serious animal welfare issues associated with some veal calf rearing systems the ad hoc group decided to concentrate on Dairy cattle and replaceme
208. est or at least every 28 days PCR test during semen collection for this consignment with negative results the semen was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 Artie rt ele Xx xo Recommendations for importation from EHDV seasonally free zones OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI contd Article X X 448 Recommendations for importation from EHDV infected countries or zones For semen of cattle and cervids Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a were kept in a vector protected establishment for at least 60 days before commencement of and during collection of the semen or b were subjected to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group with negative results at least every 60 days throughout the collection period and between 21 and 60 days after the final collection for this consignment or c were subjected to an agent identification test on blood samples collected at commencement and conclusion of and at least every 7 days virus isolation test or at least every 28 days PCR test during semen collection for this consignment with negative results 2 the semen was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 Article X X 429 Recommendations fo
209. estionnaire establishes for each component of veterinary legislation how responsibilities are divided between the various administrations This can help to identify redundancies overlaps or gaps as well as the lines of command Please complete only those lines that are relevant and for which you have information Additional lines can be added as appropriate OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 45 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd C Questionnaire Is the veterinary domain defined for official purposes Yes L No L If you answered Yes please state the definition and give the reference for the text No comments required For each domain indicate the distribution of responsibilities Domain Legislation Control Ref comments 8 N category 2 sub 4 Authority Control of Control of category responsible for 1st level 6 2nd level 3 preparation 5 7 1a Veterinary Private O profession sector 1b Public 0O sector 1c Initial HO training 2a Para Public O veterinary sector professionals private sector Columns 1 to 3 identify the main domains and sub domains Additional lines can be inserted as and where appropriate to include any other aspects of the veterinary domain covered in your country To make it easier to identify any gaps please do not remove any line
210. et project University of Bristol United Kingdom http www cattle lameness org uk contendocs Cubicle 20bedding pdf Bell NJ JN Huxley 2009 The use of rubber floor matting on dairy units a critical review Cattle Practice 17 2 142 147 Bernardi F J Fregonisi C Winckler C M Veira M A G von Keyserlingk and D M Weary 2009 The stall design paradox Neck rails increase lameness but improve udder and stall hygiene J Dairy Sci 92 7 3074 3080 Bertoni G E Trevisi X Han and M Bionaz 2008 Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in puerperium period and consequences for performance in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 3300 3310 Binder E M 2007 Managing the risk of mycotoxins in modern feed production Animal Feed Science and Technology 133 1 2 149 166 Blackshaw J K A W Blackshaw 1994 Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behaviour a review Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34 285 295 Blecha F 2000 Immune system response to stress In Moberg G P Mench J A Eds The Biology of Animal Stress Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare CABI Publishing Wallingford UK pp 111 121 Blokhuis H J Keeling L J Gavinelli A and Serratosa J 2008 Animal welfare s impact on the food chain Trends in Food Science amp Technology 19 Supplement 1 S79 S87 Boadi D Price MA 1996 Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76 337 342
211. evelopment on Salmonella in food producing animals other than poultry if Codex initiates new work on this topic so as to ensure a whole of food chain approach Dr Vallat reiterated his support of the Working Group s proposal that the OIE should continue to consider developing guidance for relevant foodborne pathogens that do not cause clinical disease in animals but can be controlled at the on farm level He noted that this area of work can be a challenge for the OIE as it is necessary to distinguish trade risks and management of public health risks associated with such pathogens Antimicrobial resistance Dr Vallat highlighted the growing debate surrounding the issue of antibiotic resistance and that the OIE is committed to working closely with Codex on standard setting work on this topic He informed the Working Group that the OIE would host a Global Conference on the Responsible and Prudent Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Animals in Paris France on 13 15 March 2013 He noted the challenges arising from the imbalance of approaches being taken in developed and developing countries to regulate the use of antimicrobials Dr Vallat emphasised the importance of providing resources to developing countries to develop and implement appropriate legislation as well as veterinary education and capacity building of veterinary services to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance One Health Dr Vallat informed the Working Group that the OIE i
212. f carcasses The plan should minimise the negative welfare impacts of the killing by taking into account the different phases of the procedures to be applied for killing choice of the killing sites killing methods etc and the measures restricting the movements of the animals Competences and skills of the personnel handling and killing animals In designing a killing plan it is essential that the method chosen be consistently reliable to ensure that all animals are humanely and quickly killed Artiele 7 65 Fable summarising killing methods deseribed in Articles 7 6 6 7 6 18 Fhe metheds are described_in_the_orderof mechanical electrical and gaseous _not in _an_order_of desirability DELETE TABLE Article 7 6 65 Free bullet 1 Introduction a A free bullet is a projectile fired from a shotgun rifle handgun or purpose made humane killer b The most commonly used firearms for close range use are i humane killers specially manufactured adapted single shot weapons ii shotguns 12 16 20 28 bore and 410 iii rifles 22 rimfire iv handguns various calibres from 32 to 45 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 26 Annex XXXVI contd The most commonly used firearms for long range use are rifles 22 243 270 and 308 A free bullet used from long range should be aimed to penetrate the skull or soft tissue at the top of the neck of the animals high neck shot
213. fected countries or zones For frozen semen of domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of collection of the semen and for the following 30 days b were kept in an establishment artificial insemination centre where no animal had been added in the 30 days before collection and that FMD has not occurred within 10 kilometres for the 30 days before and after collection c have not been vaccinated and were subjected not less than 21 days after collection of the semen to tests for antibodies against FMD virus with negative results or d had been vaccinated at least twice with the last vaccination not more than 12 and not less than one month prior to collection OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 14 Annex XXXIX contd 2 no otheranimaloresentinthe artificial insemination_centre has _ been vaccinated umithin the month_orior to 3 2 the semen a was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 b was subjected with negative results to a test for FMDV afeeter if the donor animal has been vaccinated within the 12 months prior to collection c was stored in the country of origin for a period of at least one month following collection and that during this period
214. fessionals and veterinarians is the foundation of an early warning system and of clinical surveillance Clinical surveillance aims atdetecting clinical signs_of FMD by requires close physical examination of susceptible animals Whereas significant emphasis is placed on the diagnostic value of mass serological screening surveillance based on clinical inspection should not be underrated_ may as it can be ablete provide a high level of confidence of detection of disease if a sufficiently targe number of clinically susceptible animals is examined at an appropriate frequency Clinical surveillance and laboratory diagnostic testing should always be applied in series to clarify the status of FMD suspects detected by either of these complementary diagnostic approaches Laboratory Diagnostic testing may confirm clinical suspicion while clinical surveillance may contribute to confirmation of positive serology laboratory tests Any sampling_unit within_which_suspicious animals_are_detected should be classified asinfected_ until contrary evidence is preduced Clinical surveillance may be insufficient in case of species that usually do not show clinical signs or husbandry systems that do not permit sufficient observations In such cases sero surveillance should be used A nAumber of issues must be considered in clinical surveillance for FMD The often underestimated labour intensity and _the logistical difficult
215. fferences arise because the different standards address different objectives and rely on different bodies of research In order to avoid confusion it is important that recommendations be clear as to the welfare objectives they are intended to address Standards based on objective 1 because they reinforce basic health and functioning of animals tend to be the most aligned with the traditional objectives of animal producers and veterinarians The cost benefit ratio is often favourable because implementation often leads to measurable improvements in productivity e g improved survival or reduced mortality due to stress and disease Hence these standards are likely to be the most acceptable to animal producers and in cultures where concern for the welfare of animals is relatively low However in cultures where the public is actively interested in and concerned about animal welfare standards based on objective 1 are likely to be viewed as minimum standards that promote productivity rather than animal welfare per se OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd Appendix 2 contd Standards based on objective 2 alleviating pain and distress etc vary in their ease of implementation and their economic implications Some such as handling animals in ways that do not cause distress should be relatively easy to implement involve little or no cost and may produce measurable economic be
216. fficially designated for each kind of goods Done L Not done L Partially done the kinds and procedures of checks to be performed Done L Not done _ Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 85 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd the standards with which animals and commodities proposed for importation must comply ii Done L Not done L Partially done _ prevention of entry of listed goods and consignments into the country unless such goods have been subjected to the required veterinary checks Done L Not done L Partially done objectivity and independence of inspectors Done L Not done _ Partially done _ 11 2 Exports Veterinary legislation should specify the conditions governing the provision of veterinary certification and any prohibitions in conformity with relevant provisions of the OIE and of the Codex Alimentarius Commission It should also include provisions ensuring national involvement to relevant activities of the work of the OIE and the Codex Alimentarius and if necessary inter ministerial coordination allowing the harmonization of the positions taken by the country in these international organizations Done L Not done _ Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd OIE Terre
217. ffling noisy metal equipment by the use of suitable padding or by minimising the transmission of such noises to the areas where animals are held and slaughtered f Where animals are kept in outdoor airages without natural shelter or shade they should be protected from the effects of adverse weather conditions Article 7 5 4 Care of animals in lairages Animals in lairages should be cared for in accordance with the following recommendations 1 As far as possible established groups of animals should be kept together and each animal should have enough space to stand up lie down and turn around Animals hostile to each other should be separated Where tethers ties or individual stalls are used they should allow animals to stand up and lie down without causing injury or distress Where bedding is provided it should be maintained in a condition that minimises risks to the health and safety of the animals and sufficient bedding should be used so that animals do not become soiled with manure Animals should be kept securely in the airage and care should be taken to prevent them from escaping and from predators Suitable drinking water should be available to the animals on their arrival and at all times to animals in lairages unless they are to be slaughtered without delay Waiting time should be minimised and should not exceed 12 hours If animals are not to be slaughtered within this period suitable feed should be available
218. for and feasibility of developing OIE advice on the control of Salmonella spp in food producing animals other than poultry i e pigs cattle small ruminants with the purpose of reducing foodborne illness In this regard the Working Group requested that the OIE undertake a review of the scientific literature on these pathogens with an emphasis on the feasibility of applying measures at the production level farm level to reduce the incidence Dr Rob Davies OIE Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis United Kingdom and Dr Antonia Ricci OIE Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis Italy were invited to undertake this review At their 2011 meeting the Working Group reviewed the draft prepared for that meeting and requested that the authors expand the section on the feasibility of applying measures at the production level farm level to reduce the incidence of Salmonella spp in intensive pigs to assess likely public health outcomes of applying such measures and to provide more information on the prevalence of foodborne salmonellosis in humans from food producing animals other than poultry At this meeting the Working Group reviewed the updated literature review The Working Group was impressed with the revised paper and requested the Trade Department to thank the authors for all their work in developing the document The Working Group also supported the suggestion that OIE have the paper peer reviewed and then published on the OIE website in Engli
219. for part of a_year esp j HD ono icoi Article X X 54 EHDV infected country or zone For the purpose of this chapter an EHDV infected country or infected zone is a clearly defined area where evidence of EHDV transmission has been reported during the past two years Such a country or zone may contain an EHDY seasonally free zone Article X X 65 Recommendations for importation from EHDV free countries or zones For cattle and cervids Where EHDV is of concern Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the animals were kept in an EHDV free country or zone since birth or for at least 60 days prior to shipment or the animals were kept in an EHDV free country or zone for at least 28 days then were subjected with negative results to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group and remained in the EHDV free country or Zone until shipment or OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI contd 3 the animals were kept in an EHDV free country or zone for at least seven days then were subjected with negative results to an agent identification test and remained in the EHDV free country or zone until shipment AND 4 ifthe animals were exported from a free Zone within an infected country either a did not transit through an infected zone during transportation to the place of shipment or b were protecte
220. for recognition of freedom from FMD for the whete a country era zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised additional surveillance procedures The strategy and design of the surveillance programme will depend on the historical epidemiological circumstances including whether or not vaccination has been used tradditien te the general conditions described inthe above mentioned artictes_a A Member applying for recognition of FMD freedom for the country o a zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised should provide evidence_for the existenceof_an_etfective epidemiological_circumstances i MEROG this chapter to demonstrate A A of FMDV circulation i in previously vaccinated animals and absence of FMDV infection in non vaccinated animals esthe Article 8 5 44 46 Members applying for recognition of freedom from FMD for the whete a country era zone or compartment where vaccination is practised additional surveillance procedures should demonstrate that FMDV has not been circulating in any susceptible populations during the past 12 months This will require serological surveillance incorporating tests able to detect antibodies to NSPs as deseribed in the Terrestrial Manual Serological surveys to demonstrate the absence of FMDV circulation should target within vaccinated populations unvaccinated animals or animals that are less likely to show vaccine derived an
221. for the use of antimicrobials in food production animals The use of the list will help preserve the effectiveness of currently available antimicrobials The list was developed in Canberra in 2005 and has been subsequently re examined and updated during WHO expert meetings in Denmark in 2007 1 revision and in 2009 2 revision and lastly in Oslo Norway in 2011 3rd revision The WHO list is available at www who int foodborne_disease resistance cia en The WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance WHO AGISAR http www who int foodborne_disease resistance agisar en index html was established in December 2008 to support WHO s effort to minimize the public health impact of antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobials in food animals In particular the Advisory Group will assist WHO on matters related to the integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and the containment of food related antimicrobial resistance One of the main objectives of WHO AGISAR is to promote harmonization of methods as well as data and experience sharing in the area of foodborne antimicrobial resistance at global level The WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance comprises over 30 internationally renowned experts in a broad range of disciplines relevant to antimicrobial resistance appointed following a web published call for advisers as well as representatives from FAO OIE EFS
222. from other susceptible animals vvi all sexually mature animals of the relevant category except castrated males were subjected to a prescribed serological test for Brucella infection with negative results on two occasions at an interval of more than 6 and less than 12 months between each test the first test being performed not before 3 months after the slaughter of the last case OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd 2 To maintain the free status the following conditions should be met a the requirements in points 1a or 1b or 1c i to v above are met ab regular prescribed tests at a frequency depending on the prevalence of herd or flock infection in the country or zone demonstrate the continuing absence of Brucella infection bc animals of the relevant category introduced into the herd or flock are sheuld be accompanied by a certificate from an Official Veterinarian attesting that they come from i a country or zone free from Brucella infection without vaccination OR ii a country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination and the animals of the relevant category have not been vaccinated during the past three years OR iii a herd or flock free from Brucella infection with or without vaccination and provided that the animals have not been vaccinated in the past 3 years and were subjected negative results were sho
223. g OIE and Codex texts to ensure a consistent approach and to then consider some general guidance as to how to address this issue in the future The Working Group acknowledged that the approach needed to maintain some flexibility depending on the specific standards under development and the expected users The Working Group recommended that definitions also be aligned as much as possible b Continued collaboration between OIE and Codex in the development of standards In order to ensure the continuation of collaboration between the OIE and Codex the OIE should i continue the work of the Working Group ii continue the exchange of information between OIE and CAC Secretariats Annex XLIII contd OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 4 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 ili continue to attend relevant Codex Committees and provide updates on relevant OIE activities iv invite the Chairperson from the relevant Codex Working Group to OIE ad hoc groups when addressing subject matter common to OIE and Codex c Planning work for standard development The Working Group noted that the OIE and the CAC have different mechanisms for planning standard development Informally the two organisations become aware of each other s work plans on standard development relevant to both organisations however there is no procedure to align these The Working Group noted that work plans and new activities
224. g both carotid arteries or the vessels from which they arise e g chest stick However when the stunning method used causes cardiac arrest the incision of all of these vessels is not necessary from the point of view of animal welfare It should be possible for staff to observe inspect and access the animals throughout the bleeding period Any animal showing signs of recovering consciousness should be re stunned After incision of the blood vessels no scalding carcass treatment or dressing procedures should be performed on the animals for at least 30 seconds or in any case until all brain stem reflexes have ceased Artiete 75 8 Summary analysis of stunning _methods and the associated animal welfare issues DELETE TABLE Article b 9 Summary _analysis eof slaughter metheds and the associated animal welfare issues DELETE TABLE Article 7 5 407 Methods procedures or practices unacceptable on animal welfare grounds 1 The restraining methods which work through electro immobilisation or immobilisation by injury such as breaking legs leg tendon cutting and severing the spinal cord e g using a puntilla or dagger cause severe pain and stress in animals Those methods are not acceptable in any species The use of the electrical stunning method with a single application leg to leg is ineffective and unacceptable in any species The slaughter method of brain stem severance by piercing through the e
225. g routine should be established relevant to the stage of the lactation and system e g female in full lactation may need more frequent milking to relieve udder pressure All milking cows should be checked for abnormal milk at all milking times OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Where a milking machine is used it should be maintained according to the recommendations of the manufacturer in order to minimise teat and udder damage Special care should be paid to animals being milked for the first time If possible they should be familiarised with the milking facility prior to giving birth Long waiting times before and after milking can lead to health and welfare problems e g lameness reduced time to eat Management should ensure that waiting times are minimised Outcome based measurables morbidity rate e g udder health behaviour changes in milk yield physical appearance e g lesions Painful husbandry procedures Husbandry practices are routinely carried out in cattle for reasons of management animal welfare and human safety Those practices that have the potential to cause pain should be performed in such a way as to minimise any pain and stress to the animal Alternative procedures that reduce or avoid pain should be considered Example of such interventions include dehorning tail docking and identification i Dehorning including disbudding
226. g time in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 90 3349 3354 Gehring R Baynes R E and Riviere E 2006 Application of risk assessment and management principles to the extralabel use of drugs in food producing animals J Vet Pharm Ther 29 5 14 Grandin T 1980 Observations of cattle behaviour applied to design of cattle handling facilities App Anim Ethol 6 19 31 Grandin T 1998 Review Reducing handling stress improves both productivity and welfare Prof Anim Sci 14 1 10 Grandin T 2001 Welfare of cattle during slaughter and the prevention of nonambulatory downer cattle JAVMA 219 10 1377 1382 Grandin T 2003 Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm ranch and the slaughter plant Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 3 215 228 Grandin T 2006 Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in the U S Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 1 2 129 139 Green A L Lombard J E Garber L P Wagner B A Hill G W 2008 Factors associated with occurrence and recovery of nonambulatory dairy cows in the united states J Dairy Sci 91 6 2275 2283 Hahn G L 1999 Dynamic Responses of Cattle to Thermal Heat Loads J Anim Sci 1999 77 10 20 Hart B L 1987 Behavior of sick animals Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 3 2 383 391 Haufe H C L Gygax B Steiner K Friedli M Stauffacher B Wechsler 2009 Influence of floor type in the wal
227. gh the base of the horn close to the skull Operators removing developed horns from dairy cattle should be trained and competent in the procedure used and be able to recognise the signs of complications e g excessive bleeding sinus infection ii Tail docking Research shows that tail docking does not improve the health and welfare of animals therefore it is not recommended as a routine procedure to dock the tails of dairy cattle As an alternative trimming of tail hair should be considered where maintenance of hygiene is a problem OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd iii Identification Ear tagging ear notching tattooing freeze branding and radio frequency identification devices RFID are preferred methods of permanently identifying dairy cattle from an animal welfare standpoint In some situations however hot iron branding may be required or be the only practical method of permanent identifying dairy cattle If cattle are branded it should be accomplished quickly expertly and with the proper equipment Identification systems should be established also according to Chapter 4 1 Outcome based measurables postprocedural complication rate morbidity rate behaviour physical appearance changes in weight and body condition score Inspection and handling Dairy cattle should be inspected at intervals appropriate to the production system and the risks to th
228. gle team member only is required for the application iv Non invasive technique minimises biosecurity risk c Disadvantages i Method 1 requires individual mechanical animal restraint ii The electrodes should be applied and maintained in the correct positions to produce an effective stun and kill iii Method 1 requires a reliable supply of electricity d Conclusion Method 1 is suitable for calves sheep goats and pigs over one week of age Method 2 Method 2 stuns and kills by drawing inverted and shackled poultry through an electrified waterbath stunner Electrical contact is made between the live water and earthed shackle and when sufficient current is applied poultry will be simultaneously stunned and killed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 35 Annex XXXVI contd Requirements for effective use i A mobile waterbath stunner and a short loop of processing line are required ii A low frequency 50 60 Hz current applied for a minimum of 3 seconds is necessary to stun and kill the birds iii Poultry need to be manually removed from their cage house or yard inverted and shackled onto a line which conveys them through a waterbath stunner with their heads fully immersed iv The required minimum currents to stun and kill dry birds are Quails 100 mA bird Chickens 160 mA bird Ducks amp geese 200 mA bird Turkeys 250 mA bird A higher current is requi
229. h considerations in addition to productivity should be taken into account when choosing a breed or subspecies for a particular location or production system Lawrence et al 2001 Lawrence et al 2004a Boissy and Le Neindre 1997 Boissy et al 2007 Jensen et al 2008 Veissier et al 2008 Dillon et al 2006 Macdonald et al 2008 Examples of these include nutritional maintenance requirement ectoparasite resistance and heat tolerance Individual animals within a breed should be selected to propagate offspring that exhibit traits beneficial to animal health and welfare by promoting robustness and longevity These include resistance to infectious and production related diseases ease of calving fertility body conformation and mobility and temperament Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour physical appearance reproductive efficiency lameness human animal relationship growth curve body condition score outside an acceptable range Artificial insemination pregnancy diagnosis and embryo transfer Semen collection should be carried out by a trained operator in a manner that does not cause pain or distress to the bull and in accordance with Chapter 4 6 Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis should be performed by a competent operator Embryo transfer should be performed under an epidural or other anesthesia by a trained operator preferably a veterinarian or a veterinary para professional
230. h minimal delay 6 When animals are killed for disease control purposes methods used should result in immediate death or immediate loss of consciousness lasting until death when loss of consciousness is not immediate induction of unconsciousness should be non aversive or the least aversive possible and should not cause avoidable anxiety pain distress or suffering in animals 7 For animal welfare considerations young animals should be killed before older animals for biosecurity considerations infected animals should be killed first followed by in contact animals and then the remaining animals 8 There should be continuous monitoring of the procedures by the Competent Authorities to ensure they are consistently effective with regard to animal welfare operator safety and biosecurity 9 When the operational procedures are concluded there should be a written report describing the practices adopted and their effect on animal welfare operator safety and biosecurity 10 These general principles should also apply when animals need to be killed for other purposes such as after natural disasters or for culling animal populations Article 7 6 2 Organisational structure Disease control contingency plans should be in place at a national level and should contain details of management structure disease control strategies and operational procedures animal welfare considerations should be addressed within these disease control contingency plan
231. hapter 1 1 are compulsorily notifiable Member Countries are encouraged to provide information to the OIE on any animal health event of epidemiological significance Chapter 1 2 describes the criteria for the inclusion of a disease infection or infestation in the OIE List and gives the updated list Diseases are divided into nine categories depending of the host species of the agents Diagnostic tests and vaccines The use of specified diagnostic tests and vaccines in Terrestrial Code chapters is recommended with a reference to the relevant section in the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals hereafter referred to as the Terrestrial Manual Chapter 1 3 provides a table summarising the recommended diagnostic tests for OIE listed diseases Facilities responsible for disease diagnosis and vaccine production should be fully conversant with the standards in the Terrestrial Manual Prevention and control Chapters 4 5 to 4 11 describe the measures which should be implemented during collection and processing of semen and embryos of animals including micromanipulation and cloning in order to prevent animal health risks especially when trading these commodities Although this relates principally to OIE listed diseases or infections general standards applies to all health risks Moreover in Chapter 4 7 diseases that are not listed diseases are mentioned for the information of OIE Member Countries Chapter 4 14 ad
232. hat effectively prevent the spread of the FMDV to the rest of the country or zone taking into consideration physical and geographical barriers are in place 6 i 4 l The free status of the areas outside the containment zone weuld be is suspended perdingthe establishment of while the containment zone is_being established The free status of these areas may could be reinstated irrespective of the provisions of Article 8 5 97 once the containment zone is clearly established by complying with points 1 to 6 above The centainment zone should be managed in such away that it can It should be demonstrated that commodities for international trade can be shown to have originated outside the containment zone In the event of recurrence of FMDV circulation in the containment zone the approval of the containment zone is withdrawn The recovery of the FMD free status of the containment zone should follow the provisions of Article 8 5 97 Article 8 5 7 9 Recovery of free status see Figure 1 1 When an FMD outbreak or FMDV infection occurs in an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised one of the following waiting periods is required to regain the status of FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised a three months after the last case where a stamping out policy and serological surveillance are applied in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 43 8 5 45 and 8 5 4946 or b
233. hat immunity objectives are being met When a validated strategy to differentiate infected and vaccinated animals DIVA is available its use should be considered b Vaccine quality A vaccine quality assurance programme ensures the purity safety potency of vaccines as well as measures their efficacy in relation to the circulating strains Vaccines used within control programmes should be licensed under the authority of the official Veterinary Services in accordance to the provisions of the Terrestrial Manual and preferably tested by an independent authority for safety and potency c Vaccine delivery Effective delivery of vaccine including preservation of the cold chain requirements and proper administration is essential for reaching an adequate level of population immunity This could require the implementation of governmental or private schemes that include quality assurance controls of vaccine distribution d Vaccine and antigen banks Vaccine and antigen banks may be useful to ensure that sufficient stocks are available These may be held at national or regional level and should comply with the provisions of Chapter 1 1 10 of the Terrestrial Manual e Other measures Regardless of whether vaccination is used or not a disease control programme should utilise a mix of control measures and tools Several measures frequently applicable in a disease control programme are listed in Table 1 Traceability An effective traceabilit
234. he OIE Code Commission and possible distribution to the OIE Delegates With the Guidance Document in place and endorsed by the International Committee the OIE could proceed by appointing one or more ad hoc Groups to work on particular animal species or production systems Such groups should begin with the creation of a comprehensive review of the literature where this is needed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd Appendix 3 Recommendations to the OIE in Developing Guidelines on Animal Welfare in Livestock Production Systems Objectives of animal welfare guidelines In keeping with the OIE mandate the key objective of the OIE s animal welfare guidelines is to assure and support the essential linkage between animal health and animal welfare In the context of this paper animal health refers not only to freedom from diseases listed by the OIE but also to freedom from other diseases e g mastitis lameness injuries and other conditions e g malnutrition that significantly affect the biological functioning In this respect considerations relating to affective states and animal behaviour may be relevant insofar as the scientific evidence shows that they are related to animal health Maintaining freedom from OIE listed diseases is an important element of animal welfare and the guidelines should provide for the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures to
235. he ad hoc Group noted that it is important that experts of VLSP should fully understand the purpose and how to use this questionnaire before conducting a mission The ad hoc Group recommended the OIE provide a targeted training on this during the feedback session The International Trade Department undertook to consider these recommendations for developing the programme of the feedback session Given that the number of VLSP experts is relatively limited and the ad hoc Group consists solely of VLSP experts it was agreed in principle to hold the feedback session back to back with the next ad hoc Group meeting The ad hoc Group noted that dates proposed were 1 half of April 2013 It was proposed to hold the next meeting in the 1 half of April 2013 dates to be confirmed Annexes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex I MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON VETERINARY LEGISLATION Paris 25 27 September 2012 List of participants MEMBERS OF THE AD HOC GROUP Dr David Sherman Chair Private consultant UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel 1 617 965 2465 dmsherman rcn com Dr Kazimieras Lukauskas State Food and Veterinary Service Siesiku G 19 8 LT 07170 Vilnius 10 LITHUANIA lukauskas kazimieras gmail com OIE HEADQUARTERS Dr Ahmed El Idrissi Animal Health Officer FAO Viale delle Terme di Car
236. he core course clinical and diagnostic skills the specific day 1 competencies associated with that course were incorrectly and inadequately listed The only specific day 1 competency identified was veterinary products which seemed largely unrelated The more appropriate competencies impacted by clinical and diagnostic skills would be at the least transboundary animal diseases zoonoses emerging and re emerging diseases and food hygiene The ad hoc Group suggested the OIE to refer this point to the ad hoc Group on Veterinary Education 4 Review of Member Country comments on Chapters 3 2 and 3 4 including the interventions made during the 80 General Session in May 2012 The ad hoc Group noted that the TAHSC had referred comments from the EU FAO and ad hoc Group on veterinary education in relation to veterinary legislation in Chapters 3 2 and EU and FAO in Chapter 3 4 Veterinary legislation Chapter 3 4 In response to the general comments pointing out the need for Veterinary Authorities to set up a coordination mechanism with other national authorities and to give due consideration to the division of tasks between central and decentralised level the ad hoc Group agreed with the comment and noted that Article 3 4 5 has already addressed this comment The comment requesting a clear mention in the introduction that veterinary legislation should be implemented by other competent authorities than the veterinary authority was not acc
237. he main objectives of this meeting will be to address Member Countries comments and finalise the updating of Chapter 6 10 and complete the work on the List Dr Diaz informed the Working Group that the OIE was still working in collaboration with WHO and FAO on the topic of AMR which was a priority in the OIE FAO WHO Tripartite Strategy In addition the Scientific and Technical Department of the OIE has nearly completed a second cycle of training for OIE National Focal Points for Veterinary Products with an emphasis on the VICH International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products and AMR Dr Diaz also informed the Working Group that the OIE would organise a Global Conference on the Responsible and Prudent Use of Antimicrobials for Animals International Solidarity to Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance in Paris France from 13 to 15 March 2013 http www oie int eng A_AMR2013 introduction htm In the framework of this conference the OIE had sent out a questionnaire to OIE Member Countries on monitoring of the quantities of antimicrobial agents used in animals The results of the survey would be analysed and presented at this OIE Conference Dr Diaz presented the new dedicated place for AMR on the OIE website http www oie int en our scientific expertise veterinaryproducts antimicrobials Finally he drew to the Working Group s attention the recently published Volu
238. he next session of the CCGP April 2014 The OIE International Trade Department is preparing a paper for submission to the eWG and had requested that the Working Group provide general guidance on this topic The Working Group noted that the regular participation in each other s standard setting work has helped to improve the coverage by official standards of the whole food production continuum and to avoid gaps duplications and potential contradictions in the standards and guidelines of the two organisations This is particularly evident in the recent work by both organisations on Salmonella in poultry and the current work on Trichinella where a whole food chain approach has been taken Dr Mylrea informed the Working Group that the recent meeting of the OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites included the two Co chairs of the Codex Working Group on Guidelines for Control of Specific Zoonotic Parasites in Meat who had been invited in response to a request that the OIE work in closer collaboration with the Codex on the development of this standard The Working Group recommended that such participation be considered as a model for future collaboration The Working Group made the following recommendations to the OIE for consideration by the eWG a Cross referencing standards of the OIE and CAC The Working Group recognised that different approaches have been taken in the past regarding cross referencing and they recommended that the eWG review existin
239. he outlined the developments made since the last ad hoc Group meeting Dr Caya s presentation is attached in Annex VI OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 6 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Discussion on planning of a feedback session for VLSP and proposed dates of next meeting The ad hoc Group noted that a feedback session for VLSP was proposed taking into account that approximately 30 VLSP identification missions had been conducted The ad hoc Group discussed the possible programme of the session and recommended that the OIE consider including the following in topics in the feedback session e Feedback from VLSP experts the ad hoc Group recommended the OIE send a questionnaire in order to collect experts opinions on various aspects of the VLSP including technical content procedures quality of the Manual of VLSP etc prior to the feedback session and share the result with the experts e Impact of the identification mission feedback from beneficiaries the ad hoc Group noted that the impact of identification missions should be analysed and shared among the experts It was recommended the OIE send a survey form to beneficiary countries to collect their self evaluation of the impact of missions e Clarification for the intention of the questionnaire after reviewing the questionnaire taking into consideration the original intention of this questionnaire t
240. he report of the ad hoc Group on Dairy Cattle Production Systems will then be submitted to OIE Members for comments Dr Mariela Varas stressed that OIE standards should be flexible not prescriptive and they should be science based and outcome focused It is important to list relevant scientific references in the report as science is the unique common denominator for OIE Members Dr Belton confirmed that the development of OIE standards is normally based on a two year cycle and indicated that the OIE would probably reconvene the ad hoc Group in late 2013 to review Members and Code Commission comments on the Group s report Dr Gwyneth Verkerk Chair of the ad hoc Group thanked the OIE for this opportunity to work on a very important topic as animal welfare is important to the dairy industry and relevant international guidelines are needed Dr Verkerk also noted that farmers generally accept their responsibilities for the welfare of their livestock and are usually in the best position to ensure that Confirmation of the Terms of Reference TOR and discussion of working documents and other relevant documents provided by members Documents submitted by the Members of the ad hoc Group were discussed The ad hoc Group noted that measurables can be based on the outcomes for the animal outcome based criteria or the design of the system resource based or design based criteria The advantages and disadvantages of these two groups of criteria are well d
241. he requirements of this Article as soon as the disease has been successfully eradicated within the containment Zone OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 10 Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 8 40 Direct transfer of FMD susceptible animals from an infected zone for slaughter in a free zone where vaccination either is or is not practised In order not to jeopardise the status of a free zone FMD susceptible animals should only leave the infected zone if transported directly to slaughter in the nearest designated abattoir under the following conditions 1 no FMD susceptible animal has been introduced into the establishment of origin and no animal in the establishment of origin has shown clinical signs of FMD for at least 30 days prior to movement 2 the animals were kept in the establishment of origin for at least three months prior to movement 3 FMD has not occurred within a ten kilometre radius of the establishment of origin for at least three months prior to movement 4 the animals should be transported under the supervision of the Veterinary Authority in a vehicle which was cleansed and disinfected before loading directly from the establishment of origin to the abattoir without coming into contact with other susceptible animals 5 such an abattoir is not approved for the export of fresh meat during the time it is handling the meat of animals from the infected zone 6 vehicles
242. health measures that effectively prevent the entry of the virus into the free country or zone tLaking into consideration physical or geographical barriers with any neighbouring infected country or zone Fthese measures may include a protection zone To qualify for inclusion in the existing list of FMD free countries or zones where vaccination is not practised a Member should 1 have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting 2 send a declaration to the OIE stating that within the proposed FMD free country or zone a there has been no outbreak of FMD during the past 12 months b no evidence of FMDV infection has been found during the past 12 months c no vaccination against FMD has been carried out during the past 12 months 3 supply documented evidence that for at least the past 12 months a surveillance for FMD and FMDV infection in accordance with Articles 8 5 4240 to 8 5 4746 and Article 8 5 49 is in operation b regulatory measures for the early detection prevention and control of FMD have been implemented 4 describe in detail and supply documented evidence that for at least ihe past 12 months these are properly implemented and supervised z a incase of FMD free zone the boundaries of the proposed FMD free zone b the boundaries and measures of a protection zone if applicable c the system for preventing the entry of the virus into the
243. her ad hoc group meetings and examples of existing practices from all five OIE Regions A draft document is expected after the first meeting and will be submitted to the AWWG the Code Commission and OIE Members for comments to be addressed by the ad hoc Group in a second meeting OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 13 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd Appendix 1 Extract from the General Session 2011 Animal Welfare and Broiler Chicken Production Systems New chapter on Broiler chicken production systems Chapter 7 X Dr Thiermann noted with appreciation the extensive work of the ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare and Broiler Chicken Production Systems and the OIE AWWG in addressing extensive Member comments on the draft text Dr Thiermann noted that in response to comments of Members and animal welfare organisations the Code Commission had made a number of amendments to the text He noted that once the Chapter on Animal welfare and broiler chicken production systems was adopted it could be a useful reference for the drafting of additional chapters on animal welfare and animal production systems The Delegate of Costa Rica commenting on behalf of the Member Countries of the PVC26 the Andean community and OIRSA27 thanked the OIE for its work on anima
244. here necessary during their mission The explanatory notes which indicate the purpose of each question are provided to help the respondent prepare the answers The notes cover the whole questionnaire and present the following For the tables objectives and explanation in some cases sample answers are given to help the respondent The questionnaire is in Word format Using it directly in this format may change the page layout but this is of no importance OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 35 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q1 Information on the State s political administrative and legal organisation A Purpose The aim of this questionnaire is to obtain a description of the general organisation of the State s veterinary legislation and to identify the distribution of powers of the executive body or bodies and the overall legal organisation B Questionnaire 1 Fundamental legal instrument e g Constitution currently in force and laws relating to decentralisation Attach copies of the current legal texts The aim is to list and if possible provide a copy of the legal instruments currently in force so as to identify the distribution of powers between the central State and decentralised authorities An examination of the Constitution will enable the experts to evaluate the distribution of powers and the respective domains of
245. ia are widely used in animal welfare assurance programs because they are often easier to evaluate and score than animal based criteria However they have important limitations Resource based criteria are generally derived from research carried out with specific species breeds and production systems and they may not be applicable to other breeds and other production systems For example a space allowance that minimizes crowding related problems in light hybrid hens in battery cages may not apply to other breeds or to other housing systems The welfare of animals is strongly influenced by the skill and attitude of animal handlers and it is difficult to develop and implement resource based criteria to describe these elements Resource based criteria are often created in response to well researched problems such as over crowding and air quality and they may not apply to new or emerging problems such as new diseases or genetic modifications of the animals Perhaps because of these limitations research shows that animal production units that conform to the same resource based criteria may still have widely varying animal welfare outcomes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex III contd Appendix 2 contd Animal based criteria are not as widely used in existing animal welfare standards but they should in principle be applicable to any production system In fact animal based cr
246. iable results iii Birds should be monitored continuously until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes Advantages i Itis a non invasive killing method ii It can be performed manually on small birds Disadvantages i Operator fatigue ii The method is more difficult in larger birds iii Requires trained personnel to perform humanely iv Human health and safety concerns due to handling of the birds v Additional stress to the animals from handling 2 Decapitation a Introduction Decapitation results in death by cerebral ischaemia using a guillotine or knife OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 47 Annex XXXVI contd Requirements for effective use The required equipment should be kept in good working order Advantages The technique is effective and does not require monitoring Disadvantages i The working area is contaminated with body fluids which increases biosecurity risks ii Pain if consciousness is not lost immediately Article 7 6 4817 Pithing and bleeding 1 Pithing a Introduction Pithing is a method of killing animals which have been stunned by a penetrating captive bolt without immediate death Pithing results in the physical destruction of the brain and upper regions of the spinal cord through the insertion of a rod or cane through the bolt hole b Requirements for effective use i Pithing cane or rod is required
247. ible to inspect the CO2 chamber whilst it is in use and to have access to the animals in emergency cases OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 17 Annex XXXVI contd The chamber shall be equipped to continuously measure and display register at the point of stunning the CO2 concentration and the time of exposure and to give a clearly visible and audible warning if the concentration of COz2 falls below the required level Emergency stunning equipment should be available at the point of exit from the stunning chamber and used on any pigs that do not appear to be completely stunned b Inert gas mixtures for stunning pigs Inhalation of high concentration of carbon dioxide is aversive and can be distressing to animals Therefore the use of non aversive gas mixtures is being developed Such gas mixtures include i a maximum of 2 percent by volume of oxygen in argon nitrogen or other inert gases or ii to a maximum of 30 percent by volume of carbon dioxide and a maximum of 2 percent by volume of oxygen in mixtures with carbon dioxide and argon nitrogen or other inert gases Exposure time to the gas mixtures should be sufficient to ensure that no pigs regain consciousness before death supervenes through bleeding or cardiac arrest is induced c Gas stunning of poultry The main objective of gas stunning is to avoid the pain and suffering associated with shackling conscious poultry under water bath stunni
248. ic aspects of food safety control systems associated with parasites and linkages to Codex work 3 Relationship between OIE and Codex a b c d Encourage enhanced OIE input into Codex texts and vice versa Encourage continued close collaboration between the Codex Secretariat and the OIE Headquarters Identification of areas where closer collaboration between OIE and Codex on the development of standards could be desirable Follow up on the work of the Codex Committee on General Principles CCGP electronic Working Group on Codex OIJE Cooperation OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 World Organisation for Animal Health OIE 2012 This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Pending adoption by the World Assembly of Delegates the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists All OIE publications are protected by international copyright law Extracts may be copied reproduced translated adapted or published in journals documents books electronic media and any other medium destined for the public for information educational or commercial purposes provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning
249. ical appearance FAWC UK 1993 Ott et al 1995 Anonymous 1997 Blecha 2000 EU SCAHAW 2001 Webster 2004 Mellor and Stafford 2004 Millman et al 2004 OIE 2005 Appleby 2006 Broom 2006 Gehring et al 2006 Fraser 2008 Blokhuis et al 2008 Mench 2008 Fraser 2009 Ortiz Pelawz et al 2008 FAWAC Ireland Hart 1987 Tizard 2008 Weary et al 2009 Cattle at higher risk of disease or distress will require more frequent inspection by animal handlers f animal handlers suspect the presence of a disease or are not able to correct the causes of disease or distress they should seek advice from those having training and experience such as veterinarians or other qualified advisers as appropriate In the event of an OIE listed disease being suspected or diagnosed the official veterinary services should be notified see Chapter 1 1 of the Terrestrial Code Vaccinations and other treatments administered to cattle should be undertaken by people skilled in the procedures and on the basis of veterinary or other expert advice Animal handlers should have experience in managing chronically ill or injured cattle for instance in recognising and dealing with non ambulatory cattle especially those that have recently calved Veterinary advice should be sought as appropriate Non ambulatory cattle should have access to water at all times and be provided with feed at least once daily They should not be transported or moved except for tr
250. ical signs of Brucella infection on the day of shipment 2 originate from a country zone herd or flock free from Brucella infection with orwithout vacemation OR 3 are not being eliminated as part of an eradication programme against Brucella infection and in the case of sexually mature bovids sheep and goats camelids or cervids were subjected to a prescribed test for Brucella infection with negative results within the 30 days prior to shipment and are netbeing 2 a programme is in_place_to_ensure_effective investigation_and reporting of all cases_suggestive of Brucella stags Article 8 X 16 Recommendations for the importation of semen Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals showed no clinical signs of Brucella infection on the day of collection of the semen 2 the donor animals were not vaccinated against Brucella infection and either a were kept in an artificial insemination centre freetremSrucetlaintection OR b were kept in a herd or flock free from Brucella infection and are subjected every six months to a prescribed test for Brucella infection with negative results and the semen was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Articles 4 5 3 to 4 5 5 and Articles 4 6 5 to 4 6 7 3 the semen was co
251. idad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima 41 Peru agonzale jhsph edu World Organisation for Animal Health OIE 2013 This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Pending adoption by the World Assembly of Delegates the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists All OIE publications are protected by international copyright law Extracts may be copied reproduced translated adapted or published in journals documents books electronic media and any other medium destined for the public for information educational or commercial purposes provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers whether or not these have been patented does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Organisation World Organizaci
252. iers and boundaries The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers whether or not these have been patented does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned Animal Welfare Working Group 2013 Work Programme Annex XXXVIII Activity Priorities of Working Group Implementation standards 1 Further work on adopted Introduction to the recommendations for animal welfare Land transport Sea transport Air transport Slaughter for human consumption Killing for disease control purposes Stray dog population control Use of animals in research and education Animal Welfare and beef cattle production systems Farmed fish transport Stunning and killing of farmed fish for human consumption Killing of farmed fish for disease control purposes Review outcomes of General Session submissions including Member country Outcome focus emphasis Comment on additional member country comments Include in relevant written material conference presentations etc to reinforce OIE policy commitment To be sent to AWWG members in October and April when TAHSC report placed on OIE internet site OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVIII contd 2 Development of new
253. ies involved_in conducting clinical _examinations should not be identification_of clinical cases is fundamentalto FMD surveillance Establishmentotthe molecular antigenic and other biological characteristics of the causative virus as well as its source is dependent upon disclosure_of such_aninals_ttis_essential that FMDV isolates_are sent regularly to the regional reference a oe Virological surveillance Establishment of the molecular antigenic and other biological characteristics of the causative virus as well as its source is mostly dependent upon clinical surveillance to provide materials It is essential that FMDV isolates are sent regularly to an OIE Reference Laboratory Virological surveillance using tests describedintheterresittial Manual should be conducted aims to a te moniteratrisk populations bia te confirm clinically suspect cases eb te follow up positive serological results c characterize isolates for epidemiological studies and vaccine matching d to _test normal daily mortality to ensure early detection of infection inthe face_of vaccination omin bi linked praak d monitor at risk populations Serological surveillance Serological surveillance aims at detecting antibodies against FMDV caused by infection or vaccination using either non structural protein NSP tests that detect all FMD types or type specific tests that det
254. ighereds _where cases of_Brucela tntection_ have occurred all pigs wereslaughtered_or destroyed cleansing and disinfection procedures have been applied at the end of the slaughter process and before new animals are introduced When these requirements are not met Articles 8 X 3 to 8 X 8 apply as relevant Article 8 X 13 Recommendations for the importation of animais bovids sheep and goats camelids or cervids for breeding or rearing Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 11 certificate attesting that the animals of the relevant category Annex XL contd 1 showed no clinical signs of Brucella infection on the day of shipment 2 originate from a a country or zone free from Brucella infection as relevant OR b a herd or flock free from Brucella infection and all sexually mature animals were subjected to a prescribed serelegical test for Brucella infection with negative results during within the 30 days prior to shipment c withthe exception of pigs a herd or flock not qualified free from Brucella infection i ii in which no Brucella infection has been reported during the nine 1 months prior to shipment the animals were isolated for 30 days prior to shipment and subjected during within that period to a prescri
255. il O 8i Restaurant O 9a Veterinary Production O products 9b Licensing registration 9c Retail O 9d Residue control O 10a Export Animals O certification 10b Animal products O 11a Import Animals O controls 11b Animal products O 11c Pharmaceuticals O OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 32 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q6 Inspectors 2 Legal basis 1 Objectives 3 Primary 4 Secondary 5 Infra 6 Comments legislation legislation regulatory texts 1 Inspectors have ali defined field of intervention 2 Inspectors have al defined intervention territory 3 Inspectors regulatory _ powers are defined 4 There is a penal procedure for exercising regulatory powers 5 Inspector s administrative _ and enforcement powers are defined 6 There is a penal procedure for exercising administrative and enforcement powers Inspectors have the right or power of 7 Access to premises and vehicles 8 Requiring access to any _ document for inspection purposes 9 Taking samples UO 10 Detention of items U 11 Seizure of items UO 12 Injunction UO 13 Closure UO 14 Calling in the police force _ 15 Inspectors are protected _ in the performance of their duties 16 Stakeholders have the _ right of appeal agains
256. ility of the release of each of the potential hazards under each specified set of conditions with respect to amounts and timing and how these might change as a result of various actions events or measures OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd The following factors should be considered in the release assessment species treated with the antimicrobial agent s in question number of animals treated sex age and their geographical distribution of those anima s prevalence of infection or disease for which the antimicrobial agent is indicated in the target animal population data on trends in antimicrobial agent use and changes in farm production systems data on potential extra label or off label use variation in methods and routes of administration of the antimicrobial agent s a dos regimen the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics pharmacekinetics of the antimicrobial agent s ath ns that are likely to acquire resistance in animal host commensal bacteria which are able to transfer resistance to human pathogens mechanisms and pathways of direct or indirect transfer of resistance potential linkage of virulence attributes and resistance cross resistance and or co resistance with other antimicrobial agents data on occurrence of resistant microorganisms through surveillance of animals products of
257. in case oF posilive teet tesuitedivaccination ls used in orde to establish o re OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 34 Annex XXXIX contd Fheavestigation should_examine_all evidence that might confirm_orrefute the hypothesis thatthe positive Be A ee ee interval of time has lapsed on initial survey after an adequate the condition that they are individually identified_accessible_and_have net been _vaccinated_during this_period The numberof animals_with antibodies against NSP in the population at the time of retest should be statistically either equal to or less thanthat observed inthe initialtestifwrus is not circulating The animals sampled should remain_in_the_helding_pending test results and should _be clearly identifiable If the three conditions for retesting mentioned above cannot be met anew serological survey should be carried out in the holding after an adequate period of time repeating the application of the_orimary_survey design _and ensuring that all animalstested _areindimidually identified These animals should remain inthe holding and should not be vaccinated se that they can be retested after anadequate period oHtime Following clinical examination serum _samples_should be collected from representative numbers of susceptible _anima s_that were inphysical contact with the primary sampling unit The magnitude and
258. in sheep and goats is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella_infection in other animal categories or feral or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to sheep and goats Article 8 X 6 Country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination in sheep and goats 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection with vaccination in sheep and goats a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone b regulatory measures for the early detection of Brucella infection in sheep and goats including the regular submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented c vaccinated sheep and goats should be identified with a permanent mark d no case of Brucella infection has been recorded in sheep and goats for at least the past three years e sheep and goats and their genetic materials introduced_in the country or zone comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 f regular and periodic testing of all flocks have been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99
259. inary Services cccecceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeedibe eects cegQleececcesneceeeeaeeceeeenneeeeeeenneaeeeenneeseeneeneees By the PUDIIC EAE PE E I I T A Sessa dete eacaci E E vinat terug GOMIMENMUS pice E A E E E EE T atin E E E E aateatls 2 Is there a system of consolidation Consolidation means the integration into the legal instruments of all subsequent modifications whatever their origin This provides a clear picture of the current state of the law No EE ee Yes computerised eed eee Yes manual GOMMeNItS2sh eerie So i a eee ecco ean Ona anecdote 3 Is veterinary legislation codified Yes O No O Codification means the compilation in a single document of all or most of the primary legislation and the principal regulations first levels of secondary or regulatory texts Codification differs from a collection of legal instruments in that it retains only the contents of the legal instruments Title OGtReG C Ode E ET E E A EE E E E E ET on EA E EE AIT E A T EEE T OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 40 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Does other legislation contain legal tools that are used by the VS This refers to standard legal provisions which are not specific to the Veterinary Services but which are used by them explicitly or implicitly For example some breaches are covered by penal law and
260. inary certification referred to in Section 5 of the Terrestrial Code OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 23 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV DRAFT ANNEX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is provided to help the experts to assess the general situation in the country and prepare a work programme in line with the OIE Member s expectations Please refer to the explanatory notes while completing the questionnaire Some questions may duplicate information contained in the PVS or other documents to which the experts have access If you have already completed some sections you are simply requested to confirm the data previously provided If any more explanation is required please contact the Mission Leader OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 24 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q1 Information on the State s political administrative and legal organisation 1 Fundamental legal instrument e g Constitution in force and laws relating to decentralisation Enclose or attach the legal instruments in force 2 Describe the administrative divisions of your country and their legal responsibilities from the central state down to the most local adminstrative division Comments 3 Describe the court system in your country e g civil penal
261. ines on application of risk assessment for feed and Guidance for use by governments in prioritizing the national feed hazards and the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Food CCCF is developing Code of Practice for Weed Control to Prevent and Reduce Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Food and Feed In addition the CCCF is developing a discussion paper on management practices to reduce exposure of animals to pyrrolizidine alkaloids PAs to reduce exposure of food producing animals to PA containing plants and to reduce presence of PAs in commodities Given that Codex has already undertaken significant work on this topic and that the current Terrestrial Code and the Aquatic Code include chapters on hazards in animal feed the Working Group recommended that the OIE not undertake any further work on this topic chemical non biological contaminants at this time but continue to contribute actively to the Codex work programme OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 9 Annex XLIII contd 11 Work programme for 2013 The Working Group noted that a continuing theme arising from discussions of all agenda items was the need for a whole of food chain risk based approach to the management of zoonotic hazards in food The Working Group re affirmed that collaboration between the OIE and Codex is essential to reflect this principle in international standards
262. ing for animal production food safety 8 1 Literature review on the control of Salmonella spp in food producing animals other than poultry 8 2 Literature review on the control of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli VTEC in food producing animals Report of the ad hoc Group on Notification of Animal Diseases and Pathogenic Agents Transmission of chemical contaminants through feed Work programme for 2013 Next meeting OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 15 Annex XLIII contd Annex III ACTIVITIES OF THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION CODEX SESSIONS SINCE THE LAST MEETING OF THE OIE APFSWG 15 17 NOVEMBER 2011 In the period 1 November 2011 15 October 2012 17 sessions of the Code Alimentarius Commission and its subsidiary bodies have been held Among these sessions those relevant to the work of the APFSWG are the 35 Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC Rome Italy 2 7 July 2012 the 43 Session of the Committee on Food Hygiene CCFH Miami United States of America 5 9 December 2011 the 6 Session of the ad hoc International Task Force on Animal Feeding TFAF Berne Switzerland 20 24 February 2012 the 6 Session of the Committee on Contaminants in Foods CCCF Maastricht the Netherlands 26 30 March 2012 the 27 Session of the Committee on General Principles CCGP Paris France 2 6 April 2012 the 20 Session of the Codex C
263. ion systems where the purpose of the operation includes some or all of the breeding rearing and management of cattle intended for production of milk Article 7 X 2 Scope This chapter addresses the welfare aspects of dairy cattle production systems Article 7 X 3 Commercial dairy cattle production systems Commercial dairy cattle production systems include 1 Housed or confined These are systems where cattle are in confinement and are fully dependent on humans to provide for basic animal needs such as food shelter and water on a daily basis 2 Pastured These are systems where cattle have the freedom to roam outdoors and where the cattle have some autonomy over diet selection through grazing water consumption and access to shelter 3 Combination systems These are systems where cattle are exposed to any combination of housing confinement or pasture husbandry methods either simultaneously or varied according to changes in climatic conditions or physiological state of the cattle Article 7 X 4 Criteria or measurables for the welfare of dairy cattle The following outcome based criteria specifically animal based criteria can be useful indicators of animal welfare The use of these indicators and their appropriate thresholds should be adapted to the different situations where dairy cattle are managed Consideration should also be given to the design of the system These criteria can be considered as a tool to monitor th
264. ions other than the Veterinary Services have the initiative and at what point legal experts become involved etc 5 Is consultation undertaken during legal drafting With the public 2s 05 ote Pes date decadent ta ace ce ace Pd Rena og lem ate Yes 2 J wc No O Is there a formal procedure ssiseseseitensseesserrrensstesrtrtrrnnsreerrrnn ne With professionals ccccccccccsccseccsessct gecesi sccsccssssessscstecceeccuecsanssesescuesenes Yes 2 D wc No O Is there a formal procedure ccccceeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeetees With other administrations 00 ccccceesceceeeceeeeeceeeeeceeesesueseeseeseessesenaeeeeeeeed Yes EL wc No O Is there a formal procedure Comments By procedure we mean formally predetermined or systematic actions Ad hoc consultations without a written report are not classified as procedures 6 Is there a formal evaluation of the applicability and impact of the legal instruments as part of their creation e g regulatory impact assessment The question seeks to ascertain whether such a procedure exists regardless of its form For primary legislation Never Sometimes Always O For secondary legislation Never Sometimes Always O For infra regulatory text Never Sometimes Always O COMMENTS aiiiar aa a a ear aaa techs a aa araa aaa a a a This assessment may incl
265. ired iii move and restrain animals iv continuously monitor animal welfare and biosecurity procedures Competencies i animal handling in emergency situations and in close confinement is required ii an appreciation of biosecurity and containment principles OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 24 Annex XXXVI contd 4 Animal killing personnel 5 6 a Responsibilities Humane killing of the animals through effective stunning and killing should be ensured Competencies i when required by regulations licensed to use necessary equipment ii Competent to use and maintain relevant equipment iii Competent to use techniques for the species involved iv competent to assess effective stunning and killing Carcass disposal personnel a Responsibilities An efficient carcass disposal to ensure killing operations are not hindered should be ensured Competencies The personnel should be competent to use and maintain available equipment and apply techniques for the species involved Farmer owner manager a Responsibilities i assist when requested Competencies i specific knowledge of his her animals and their environment Article 7 6 4 Considerations in planning the humane killing of animals Many activities will need to be conducted on affected premises including the humane killing of animals The team leader should develop a plan for humanely killing a
266. iteria may provide a better measure of the animal welfare outcomes because they reflect the influence of variables e g experience and attitude of handlers presence of emerging diseases that may be missed by resource based criteria However many animal welfare concerns are difficult to address using animal based criteria Examples include the capacity of the ventilation system to prevent extreme temperatures the use of pain mitigation for surgical procedures and the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures A reasonable approach therefore would be for the OIE to incorporate animal based criteria in its guidelines where feasible and to supplement these with resource based criteria where there is a good scientific basis for doing so Thus for example animal welfare guidelines for chickens might specify certain levels of survival and freedom from disease and injury animal based criteria and would also recommend requirements for ambient temperature humidity air quality and litter quality resource based criteria for birds that are kept indoors Clarifying the objectives of animal welfare guidelines Animal welfare guidelines are generally designed to achieve one or more of three objectives 1 to protect the basic health and normal functioning of animals for example by preventing and alleviating disease injury malnutrition and similar harm 2 to protect the psychological well being of animals for example by preventing and allevi
267. ities of the country as well as the court system In addition some changes in use of legal terms were made for improved clarity Q2 Hierarchy of the texts The term text was replaced with legal instrument to avoid confusion This change was applied throughout the questionnaire as appropriate The ad hoc Group noted that introductory text was titled Guidelines in several questions but since the Veterinary legislation guidelines have been superseded by Chapter 3 4 this reference was deleted Q3 Legal documentation basis creation and management The introductory part of the explanatory note was discussed As this text was extracted from the guidelines and not consistent with Chapter 3 4 of the Terrestrial Code the ad hoc Group considered that this introductory text could lead to confusion Moreover the ad hoc Group felt that the text was too prescriptive and therefore would be off putting for users Thus the Group decided to delete this text In addition the ad hoc Group decided to change the order of the questions for better logical flow Q4 Creation of texts methodology legal drafting legistics OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 5 Annex XXXIV contd In this question the ad hoc Group considered it appropriate to introduce an open ended question for describing the procedure of formulating both prima
268. ity building modules for the four pilot countries Works commenced by FERG in the areas of aflatoxicosis peanut allergies human trichinellosis and foodborne trematodiases were furthermore published in the peer reviewed literature articles available on our website at http www who int foodsafety foodborne_disease ferg en index7 html It is foreseen for the FERG to have finalized its work by the end of 2013 with the aim to officially present the FERG s results at an event in early 2014 For more information please contact foodsafety who int K k k OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIII contd Annex V contd Promoting health by decreasing microbial contamination WHO has extended the Five Keys to Safer Food concept to cover additional groups across the farm to table continuum to promote safe food handling practices The manual Five keys to growing safer fruits and vegetables promoting health by decreasing microbial contamination is designed to support food safety education of rural workers who grow fresh fruits and vegetables for themselves their families and for sale in local markets The manual describes key practices and raises awareness of the links between the health of humans animals and the environment and how failures in good hygienic practices in one sector can affect the others The final edition of the manual pilot tested in Belize Guatemala y El Salvador is available in E
269. ke the animals agitated leading to crowding or falling vi Animals should be grasped or lifted in a manner which avoids pain or suffering and physical damage e g bruising fractures dislocations In the case of quadrupeds manual lifting by a person should only be used in young animals or small species and in a manner appropriate to the species grasping or lifting such animals only by their wool hair feathers feet neck ears tails head horns limbs causing pain or suffering should not be permitted except in an emergency where animal welfare or human safety may otherwise be compromised OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 vii Conscious animals should not be thrown dragged or dropped Annex XXXVI contd g Performance standards should be established to evaluate the use of such instruments Numerical scoring may be used to measure the percentage of animals moved with an electric instrument and the percentage of animals slipping or falling at a point in the slaughterhouse Any risk of compromising animal welfare for example slippery floor should be investigated immediately and the defect rectified to eliminate the problem In addition to resource based measures outcome based measures e g bruises lesions behaviour and mortality should be used to monitor the level of welfare of the animals 2 Specific considerations for poultry Stocking density in transport crates should be optimum to suit
270. ki Cairo EGYPT Tel 20 122 2185 166 haidaros netscape net Dr Selma Doyran absent Secretary Codex Alimentarius Commission Joint FAO WHO Food Standards Programme Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome ITALY Selma doyran fao org Dr Angelica Tritscher absent Acting Director Department of Food Safety Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases World Health Organisation Avenue Appia 20 CH 1211 Geneva 27 SWITZERLAND tritschera who int Dr Katinka de Balogh Senior Officer Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department Animal Production and Health Division FAO Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome ITALY Tel 39 0657056110 katinka debalogh fao org Dr Steve Hathaway Director Science and Risk Assessment Standards Branch Ministry of Primary Industries Pastoral House 25 The Terrace PO Box 2526 Wellington NEW ZEALAND Tel 64 4 894 2519 Mobile 64 29 894 2519 Steve Hathaway mpi govt nz Dr Koen Van Dyck Head of Unit European Commission Health amp Consumer Directorate General Directorate G Veterinary and International Affairs E4 Food alert system and training Office B 232 03 100 B 1049 Brussels BELGIUM Tel 32 2 29 84 334 koen van dyck ec europa eu Dr Annamaria Bruno Senior Food Standards Officer Joint FAO WHO Food Standards Programme Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome ITALY Tel 39 06570 56254 Annamaria Bruno fao org Dr Alejandro Thierm
271. king area of cubicle housing systems on the behaviour of dairy cows Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116 21 27 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Hinterhofer C J C Ferguson V Apprich H Halder C Stanek 2006 Slatted floors and solid floors stress and strain on the bovine hoof capsule analyzed in finite element analysis J Dairy Sci 89 155 162 Huzzey J M M A G von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2005 Changes in feeding drinking and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period J Dairy Sci 88 2454 2461 Igono M O H D Johnson B J Steevens G F Krause M D Shanklin 1987 Physiological productive and economic benefits of shade spray and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat J Dairy Sci 70 1069 1079 Ingvartsen K L and Andersen H R 1993 Space allowance and type of housing for growing cattle Acta Agric Scand Sect A Animal Sci 43 65 80 Jensen P Buitenhuis B Kjaer J Zanella A Morm de P and Pizzari T 2008 Genetics and genomics of animal behaviour and welfare Challenges and possibilities Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 383 403 Jensen M B R Kyhn 2000 Play behaviour in group housed dairy calves the effect of space allowance Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67 35 46 Johannesson T and S rensen J T 2000 Evaluation of welfare indicators for th
272. l Research Council 2001 Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle National Academy Press Washington DC Newberry R C and Swanson J C 2008 Implications of breaking mother young social bonds 2008 Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110 1 2 3 23 Odde KG 1996 Reducing neonatal calf losses through selection nutrition and management Agri Practice 17 12 15 O Driscoll K L Boyle P French A Hanlon 2007 The effect of out wintering pad design on hoof health and locomotion score of dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 544 553 OIE 2005 Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2005 World Organization for Animal Health OIE Paris France Ortiz Pelaez A Pritchard D G Pfeiffer D U Jones E Honeyman P and Mawdsley J J 2008 Calf mortality as a welfare indicator on British cattle farms The Veterinary Journal Volume 176 2 177 181 Ott S L Hillberg Seitzinger A and Hueston W D 1995 Measuring the national economic benefits of reducing livestock mortality Preventive Veterinary Medicine 24 3 203 211 Petrie N J Mellor D J Stafford K J Bruce R A and Ward R N 1996 cortisol responses of calves to two methods of disbudding used with or without local anaesthetic New Zealand Veterinary Journal 44 9 14 Petherick J C and Phillips J C 2009a Space allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117 1 2 1 12 Phillips C J C
273. l impact of switching to an alternative antimicrobial agent e g alternatives with potential increased toxicity estimation of the economic impact and cost on animal health and production io Fresi F 7 Risk management eptionscomponents andsk communication The relevant provisions contained in Article 6 9 7 do apply OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd The relevant recommendations Articles 215 2146 and217 inthe Terrestrial Code apply recipe ond Fees PAd Bor Spleen ond RTR ac eo a such as the development_of_codes of practice need_to_consider_fully_the implications of these_different_options_for_human_health and_animalhealth_and_weffare_and_ alse_take_inte account econemic_censiderations_and any associated environmentatissuesEtfectve comro ot certain_bacteriat diseases_oLanimals wt have_the_dualt benefit of Pa E tee A E ected Dee le ee 8 Risk communication The relevant provisions sentained in Article 6 9 8 de apply Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI CHAPTER 7 5 SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS Article 7 5 1 General principles 1 Object These recommendations address the need to ensure the welfare of food animals during pre slaughter and slaughter processes until they are dead These recommendations apply to th
274. l welfare and the inclusion of animal welfare in the OIE s Fifth Strategic Plan She raised a concern of developing countries that animal welfare could become a barrier to trade She also noted the need for balance between animal health and welfare provisions For broiler chicken production systems the Delegate made several comments about the measures included in the draft chapter noting that no scientific justification had been given and that these measures could become barriers to trade There was no advice about tolerances for the measures nor were there means to assess the effective application of measures She noted that the Working Group on Animal Welfare had given priority to the period from the arrival of 1 day old chickens to harvest and that the standards for transport were not covered in the proposed new chapter but were covered elsewhere The Delegate of Costa Rica did not support adoption of the draft chapter and considered that OIE Members should have the opportunity to consider the points raised in her intervention The Delegate of Lesotho speaking on behalf of the 52 African Members of the OIE supported by the Delegate of Burkina Faso recommended that the definition of backyard chicken in Article 7 X 1 be reconsidered She stated that in West African countries backyard chickens were raised under biosecurity and could be traded between countries The differences between intensive and semi intensive production systems should also be reco
275. lace potassium permanganate in containers which must NOT be made of plastic or polyethylene and add commercial formalin the amounts of formalin and potassium permanganate are respectively 53 ml and 35 g per cubic metre of the chamber 4 industrial scouring which consists of the immersion of wool in a water soluble detergent held at 60 70 C 5 storage of wool at 8 C ferfourweeks_or 4 C for four months 18 C for four weeks or 37 C for eight days OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 20 Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 33 36 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in bristles For the inactivation of viruses present in bristles for industrial use one of the following procedures should be used 1 boiling for at least one hour 2 immersion for at least 24 hours in a 1 percent solution of formaldehyde prepared from 30 ml commercial formalin per litre of water Article 8 5 34 3 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in raw hides and skins For the inactivation of viruses present in raw hides and skins for industrial use the following procedure should be used salting for at least 28 days in sea salt containing 2 percent sodium carbonate Article 8 51 35 38 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in milk and cream for human consumption For the inactivation of viruses present in milk and cream for human consumption one of the following procedures should
276. lanned time of unloading at the slaughterhouse should be neither transported nor slaughtered If such an event occurs an animal handler should ensure that females are handled separately and the specific procedures described below are applied In all cases the welfare of foetuses and dams during slaughter should be safeguarded Foetuses should not be removed from the uterus sooner than 5 minutes after the maternal neck or chest cut to ensure absence of consciousness A foetal heartbeat will usually still be present and foetal movements may occur at this stage but these are only a cause for concern if the exposed foetus successfully breathes air If a live mature foetus is removed from the uterus it should be prevented from inflating its lungs and breathing air e g by clamping the trachea When uterine placental or foetal tissues including foetal blood are not to be collected as part of the post slaughter processing of pregnant animals all foetuses should be left inside the unopened uterus until they are dead When uterine placental or foetal tissues are to be collected where practical foetuses should not be removed from the uterus until at least 15 20 minutes after the maternal neck or chest cut If there is any doubt about consciousness the foetus should be killed with a captive bolt of appropriate size or a blow to the head with a suitable blunt instrument The above recommendations do not refer to foetal rescue Foetal rescue the
277. lectrical current to the head and back to simultaneously stun the animal and fibrillate the heart Provided sufficient current is applied in a position that spans both the brain and heart the animal will not recover consciousness OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 34 Annex XXXVI contd a Requirements for effective use i The stunner control device should generate a low frequency 30 60 Hz current with a minimum voltage of 250 volts true RMS under load ii Appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves and boots should be worn iii Animals should be individually and mechanically restrained close to an electrical supply as the maintenance of physical contact between the stunning electrodes and the animal is necessary for effective use iv The rear electrode should be applied to the back above or behind the heart and then the front electrode in a position that is forward of the eyes with current applied for a minimum of 3 seconds v Electrodes should be cleaned regularly between animals and after use to enable optimum electrical contact to be maintained vi Water or saline may be necessary to improve electrical contact with sheep vii An effective stun and kill should be verified by the absence of brain stem reflexes b Advantages i Method 1 stuns and kills simultaneously ii It minimises post stun convulsions and therefore is particularly effective with pigs iii A sin
278. lication on animals using appropriate resistors or dummy loads to ensure the power output is adequate to stun animals The electrical stunning apparatus should incorporate a device that monitors and displays voltage true RMS and the applied current true RMS and that such devices are regularly calibrated at least annually Appropriate measures such as removing excess wool or wetting the skin only at the point of contact can be taken to minimise impedance of the skin and facilitate effective stunning The stunning apparatus should be appropriate for the species Apparatus for electrical stunning should be provided with adequate power to achieve continuously the minimum current level recommended for stunning as indicated in the table below In all cases the correct current level shall be attained within one second of the initiation of stun and maintained at least for between one and three seconds and in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions Minimum current levels for head only stunning are shown in the following table Minimum current levels Species for head only stunning Cattle 1 5 amps Calves bovines of less than 6 month of age 1 0 amps Pigs 1 25 amps Sheep and goats 1 0 amps Lambs 0 7 amps Ostriches Electrical stunning of birds using a waterbath There should be no sharp bends or steep gradients in the shackle line and the shackle line should be as short as possible consistent with a
279. liminate virus circulation in domestic ruminants in at least one Zone in the country c the main livestock production systems and movement patterns of FMD susceptible animals and their products within and into the country OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 22 Annex XXXIX contd 5 submit evidence that FMD surveillance is in place a taking into account provisions in Chapter 1 4 and the provisions on surveillance of this chapter b have diagnostic capability and procedures including regular submission of samples to a laboratory that carries out diagnosis and further characterisation of strains 6 where vaccination is practised as a part of the official contro programme for FMD provide a evidence such as copies of legislation that vaccination of selected populations is compulsory b detailed information on vaccination campaigns in particular on i target populations for vaccination ii monitoring of vaccination coverage including serological monitoring of population immunity ii technical specification of the vaccines used and description of the licensing procedures in place iv the proposed timeline for the transition to the use of vaccines fully compliant with the standards and methods described in the Terrestrial Manual Z provide an emergency preparedness and response plan
280. llaborating Centres Encourage recognition of appropriate Mexico application to join the CHI URU CC Sweden Application no feedback since last letter ILAR Application has been submitted To be organised by HQ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVIII contd 11 Twinning NZ AUS CC University of Putra Malaysia Ongoing 12 Regional Strategies RAWS AFEO Regional Coordination Group 5 meeting April 2013 Bangkok Americas Concept note has been adopted at Regional Commission in Barbados 2012 Middle East Concept note will be submitted at Regional Commission in May 2013 Europe Concept note being developed by Regional Commission Africa Update to be provided at AWWG 12 Molomo 13 Fourth OIE Global Programme of the conference To include the AWWG in the development of the programme Conference on Animal Welfare CHILE 2016 14 Animal Welfare OIE Focal Headquarters to inform the dates and venues of the training sessions Point Training P oint Training Programme Feedback from the trainings are expected WG to update TAHSC 15 Animal Health and Welfare Encourage financial contributions to support AW HQ to include in agenda for AWWG 12 Fund initiatives following EC Australia and NZ examples 16 KL Conference Discuss Recommendations with particular HQ to include in AWWG 12 Agenda reference to Standards Implementation and OIE Global Animal Welfare Strategy proposal OI
281. llected precessed_and_stored_in_conformity with the_provisions_of Chapter 4 5 and Chapter 4 6 Article 8 X 17 Recommendations for the importation of embryos and oocytes Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 13 certificate attesting that Annex XL contd 1 the donor animals showed no clinical signs of Brucella infection on the day of collection 2 the donor animals were not vaccinated against Brucella infection during the past three years and either a were kept in a country or zone free from Brucella infection as relevant OR b were kept in a herd or flock free from Brucella infection and are subjected every six months to a prescribed test for Brucella infection with negative results 3 the embryos and oocytes were collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapter 4 7 to Chapter 4 9 Article 8 X 18 Recommendations for the importation of fresh meat and meat products other than mentioned in Article 8 X 2 Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the meat and meat products come from animals 1 which have been subjected to ante mortem and post mortem inspections as described in Chapter 6 2 2 which a originate from a country or zone free from Br
282. lly done the possibility to make animal identification compulsory for certain species regions or function Done L Not done L Partially done the power of the competent authority to control movements of animals and changes of ownership Done L Not done L Partially done the identification includes the marking of animals or groups of animals and the recording of corresponding data Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 59 v Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd the use of identification data for veterinary matters vi vii viii Done L Not done L Partially done the equipment and methods to be used and the qualifications of operators for the marking or tracing of animals as appropriate to each situation Done L Not done L Partially done _ the type of data to be recorded and the responsibilities of each party notably those of animal keepers Done L Not done L Partially done for the conduct of checks and corrections as may be required to ensure the reliability of information in the database notably in respect of animals that have died or have been slaughtered for any reason Done L Not done L Partially done respect for constitutional liberties by restricting the use security and confidentiality of data Done L Not done
283. lution at 35 40 percent in a chamber kept closed for at least eight hours and at a minimum temperature of 19 C OR 3 have been kept in bond for at least three months under study before being released for export Article 8 5 29 32 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries or zones where vaccination either is or is not practised For skins and trophies derived from FMD susceptible wild animals Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that these products are derived from animals that have been killed in such a country or zone or which have been imported from a country or zone free of FMD where vaccination either is or is not practised OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 19 Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 30 33 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries or zones For skins and trophies derived from FMD susceptible wild animals Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that these products have been processed to ensure the destruction of the FMD virus in conformity with the procedures referred to in Article 8 5 4037 Article 8 5 31 34 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in meat and meat products For the inactivation of viruses present in meat and meat products one of the following procedures should be used
284. m endemic countries However documented cross border movement of infected pigs is lacking OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE electronic ad hoc Group on the listing of Taenia solium December 2012 January 2013 Annex X XXIII contd AND Criteria 2 AND Criteria 3 a OR b OR c AND Criteria 4 At least one country has demonstrated freedom or impending freedom from the disease infection or infestation in populations of susceptible animals based on the animal health surveillance provisions of the Terrestrial Code in particular those contained in Chapter 1 4 Ad hoc Group comment Many countries are at negligible risk for porcine cysticercosis it is endemic mainly in only a few regions e g Latin America Africa South and Southeast Asia Within these endemic regions the number of affected countries is small In Sub Saharan Africa the number of affected countries is considerable In these endemic countries the public health importance of human cysticercosis is considerable Natural transmission to humans has been proven and human infection is associated with severe consequences Ad hoc Group comment This has been well documented neurocysticercosis is considered as a major risk for epilepsy especially in developing countries The disease has been shown to cause significant morbidity or mortality in domestic animals at the level of a country or a zone Ad hoc Gro
285. ma P R Broom D M Duncan E J H and van Putten G 1983 Abnormal Behaviours in Farm Animals Report of the CEC Brussels Wirbel H 2009 Ethology applied to animal ethics Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118 118 127 Zdanowica M J A Shelford C B Tucker D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk 2004 Sand and sawdust bedding affect bacterial populations on teat ends of dairy cows housed in freestalls J Dairy Sci 87 1694 1701 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 World Organisation for Animal Health OIE 2013 This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Pending adoption by the World Assembly of Delegates the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists All OIE publications are protected by international copyright law Extracts may be copied reproduced translated adapted or published in journals documents books electronic media and any other medium destined for the public for information educational or commercial purposes provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its front
286. me 31 1 of the OIE Scientific and Technical Review on Antimicrobial resistance in animal and public health OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 6 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd Regarding the draft Chapter 6 10 Risk Analysis for Antimicrobial Resistance Arising from the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animals currently under review the Working Group noted that Article 6 10 2 on the analysis of risks to human health uses the OIE risk analysis framework rather than the Codex framework The Working Group recommended that the ad hoc Group who will meet in January 2013 to review the draft chapter take into account if possible the Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance CAC GL 77 2011 and include a specific reference to this text in the draft chapter 5 OIE work on antimicrobial resistance in aquatic animals Dr Mylrea updated the Working Group on activities related to antimicrobial resistance in aquatic animals She informed the Group that the Aquatic Animal Health Code Aquatic Code Chapter 6 4 Monitoring of the quantities and usage patterns of antimicrobial agents used in aquatic animals and Chapter 6 5 Development and harmonisation of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring had been adopted in May 2012 She informed the Working Group that the ad hoc Group on Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Aquati
287. me to introduce the necessary changes particularly where there is a need for investment and training to meet new standards The question seeks to ascertain whether a timetable for implementation is provided and progress monitored GOMIMEMUS 2 osers cot EEEE ES TEE E TA E AE OAE E E e A A Pe a EEE AT When primary legislation is drafted is the relevant secondary legislation drafted at the same MUNN T E O cue Yes O oe No O In most cases significant legislative measures and decrees will require detailed implementing legal instruments but the procedures for their adoption may vary considerably in duration Good legislation should be designed in its entirety i e the implementing legal instruments are drafted at the same time as the source texts eanan EE eh ieee eae ea E AE E AE a es ea aie N EEEREN OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q5 Definition of the veterinary domain and the division of responsibilities A Scope The objective being to maintain control of health from the farm to the fork the veterinary domain covers all actions designed to protect the health and welfare of animals and the health and safety of humans e g relating to zoonotic diseases food safety dangerous animals While administrative models may vary all functions identified in the OIE Guidelines on Veterinary legislation should be addressed B Objectives The qu
288. ministrative type Please note that the administrative instruments directives instructions etc do not form part of the legislation should be identified here for information 4 Indicate the authority responsible for adopting the final legal instrument 5 Indicate the texts or articles on which the description of the level and the procedures for adoption are based 6 As needed a more detailed description may be annexed or appropriate references included in this column 2 Legal instruments relating to decentralised authorities This table deals with legal instruments relating to decentralised authorities i e independent of the central State although the latter may have the power of legal review Example 1 Level 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 Cross of legal reference instrument Order Regulatory Head of the region Decentralisation Law x Article y Legal instrument enclosed Order Regulatory Mayor Code relating to districts Article z The decentralised authority is an entity with its own competencies and powers which it exercises autonomously without having to refer to the State another authority It is usually subject to legal review by the State or the competent jurisdictions OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 or OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd An
289. mmendation for AW Sep 11 A General principle for production system XV 79 Beef cattle production systems Sep 12 A 11 XVI 7 8 Use of animals in research and education Sep 12 A XXXVI 7 5 amp 7 6 Revision of AW chapters Feb 13 C NEW Dairy cattle production systems Feb 13 C XXXVII Report of ad hoc Group on AW and Dairy cattle production systems XXXVIII AWWG work programme Feb 13 l 12 8 3 Bluetongue Sep 11 D XVII 8 4 Echinococcosis E granulosus Feb 11 A 13 NEW Echinococcosis E multilocularis Feb 11 XVIII 8 13 Trichinella infection Feb 11 A OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIV contd Provided for Item Annex Chapter Title comments GS81 14 XXXIX 8 5 Foot and mouth disease Feb 13 C 15 XIX 8 10 Rabies A 16 XX 8 12 Rinderpest Sep 11 A XXI 4 14 Official health control of bee diseases Sep 12 A 9 1 Acarapisosis of honey bees 17 9 2 American foulbrood of honey bees XXII 9 3 European foulbrood of honey bees Sep 09 A 9 4 Small hive beetle infestation Aethina tumida 9 5 Tropilaelaps infestation of honey bees 9 6 Varroosis of honey bees 18 XXIII 10 4 Infection with avian influenza viruses Sep 12 A 19 XXIV 10 9 Newcastle disease A 20 XL 11 3 Brucellosis Sep 11 C 1 6 Procedure for self declaration and for official 21 XXV ee recognition by the OIE Sep 12 A 11 5 Bovine spongiform encephalopa
290. mmunication of veterinary legislation and related documentation to stakeholders Consultation The drafting of new and revised legislation relevant to the veterinary domain should be a consultative process involving Competent Authorities and legal experts to ensure that the resulting legislation is scientifically technically and legally sound To facilitate implementation of the veterinary legislation Competent Authorities should establish relationships with stakeholders including taking steps to ensure that they participate in the development of significant legislation and required follow up Quality of legislation and legal certainty Veterinary legislation should be clear coherent stable and transparent and protect citizens against unintended adverse side effects of legal instruments It should be technically relevant acceptable to society able to be effectively implemented and sustainable in technical financial and administrative terms A high quality of legislation is essential for achieving legal certainty OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 13 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd Article 3 4 4 The drafting of veterinary legislation Veterinary legislation should a be drafted in a manner that establishes clear rights responsibilities and obligations i e normative b be unambiguous with clear and consiste
291. ms of risks to human and er animal health The general principles of risk assessment as defined in Chapter 2 1 of the Terrestrial Code applyies equally to both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment At a minimum a qualitative risk assessment should always be undertaken Article 6 10 2 Analysis of risks to human health 1 Definition of the risk The infection of humans with microorganisms that have acquired resistance to a specific antimicrobialagent due to the its used in animals and resulting in the loss of benefit of antimicrobial therapy used to manage the human infection Hazard identification 5 Microorganisms that have acquired resistance including multiple resistance arising from the use of an antimicrobial agents in animals Microorganisms having obtained a resistance determinant s from other microorganisms which have acquired resistance arising from the use of an antimicrobial agent s in animals The identification of the hazard must should include consideration of the class or subclass of the antimicrobial agent s This definition should be read in conjunction with point 4 of Article 6 10 1 Release assessment A release assessment describes the biological pathways necessary the use of a specific antimicrobial agent in animals either qualitatively or quantitatively the probability of that complete process occurring The release assessment describes the probab
292. n Mondiale Organisation Mundial de la Sant for Animal de Sanidad Animale Health Animal Annex XXXIV Original English September 2012 REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON VETERINARY LEGISLATION Paris France 25 27 September 2012 1 Welcome adoption of the agenda and introductory remarks Dr David Sherman Chair of the ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation ad hoc Group opened the meeting and welcomed the participants noting that thanks to the great work of the ad hoc Group the new chapter on veterinary legislation in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code Terrestrial Code was successfully adopted at the 80th OIE General Session in May 2012 The agenda was discussed and approved A list of participants and the adopted agenda are given at Annexes I and II 2 Meeting with the OIE Director General The ad hoc Group met Dr Bernard Vallat the Director General of the OIE on the first day of the ad hoc Group meeting Dr Sherman outlined the expected work of the ad hoc Group including reviewing European Union EU and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO comments on the Terrestrial Code Chapter 3 4 reviewing the questionnaire for the Veterinary Legislation Support Programme VLSP with a view to align it with Chapter 3 4 and to make it more user friendly and discussing the possibility to have a feedback session on VLSP Dr Sherman noted that in reviewing the Member comments on Chapter 3 4 s
293. n Surfaces should be easy to clean There should be no sharp edges or protuberances which may injure the animals b Floors should be well drained and not slippery they should not cause injury to the feet of the animals Where necessary floors should be insulated or provided with appropriate bedding Drainage grids should be placed at the sides of pens and passageways and not where animals would have to cross them Discontinuities or changes in floor wall or gate colours patterns or texture which could cause baulking in the movement of animals should be avoided OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd c Lairages should be provided with adequate lighting but care should be taken to avoid harsh lights and shadows which frighten the animals or affect their movement The fact that animals will move more readily from a darker area into a well lit area might be exploited by providing for lighting that can be regulated accordingly d Lairages should be adequately ventilated to ensure that waste gases e g ammonia do not build up and that draughts at animal height are minimised Ventilation should be able to cope with the range of expected climatic conditions and the number of animals the airage will be expected to hold e Care should be taken to protect the animals from excessively or potentially disturbing noises for example by avoiding the use of noisy hydraulic or pneumatic equipment and mu
294. n camelids 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection in camelids a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd b regulatory measures for the early detection of Brucella infection in camelids including the regular submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented c nocamelids have been vaccinated against Brucella infection d no case of Brucella infection has been recorded in camelids for at least the past three years e camelids and their genetic materials introduced_in_the country or zone comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 f regular and periodic testing of all herds has been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99 8 of the herds representing at least 99 9 of camelids in the country or Zone 2 Io maintain the status as free from Brucella infection in camelids a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a the requirements in points 1a to 1e above are met b a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of camelids is in
295. n of the CO2 the poultry house should be appropriately sealed to allow control over the gas concentration The interval between sealing and gas administration should be kept to the minimum so as to avoid overheating Forced ventilation systems where fitted should only be switched off immediately prior to gas administration The main water supply to the poultry house may have to be turned off and water drained to avoid freezing and bursting of water pipes Feeders and water troughs should be lifted to avoid obstruction of the gas entry and prevent injury to birds Gas delivery pipes or lancets should be positioned appropriately such that birds are not hit directly by very cold gas delivered at high pressures It may be necessary to exclude birds from the area in front of the delivery pipes for a distance of about 20 meters by partitioning the house with nets wire mesh or similarly perforated materials OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 40 Annex XXXVI contd iii The house should be gradually filled with CO2 so that all birds are exposed to a concentration of gt 40 percent until they are dead a vaporiser may be required to prevent freezing iv Devices should be used to accurately measure the gas concentration at the maximum height accommodation of birds b Advantages i Applying gas to birds in situ eliminates the need to manually remove live birds ii CQOzis readily available iii Gradu
296. nagement Good management and stockmanship are critical to providing an acceptable level of animal welfare Personnel involved in handling and caring for dairy cattle should be competent and receive appropriate training to equip them with the necessary practical skills and knowledge of dairy cattle behaviour health physiological needs and welfare There should be a sufficient number of animal handlers to ensure the health and welfare of the cattle a Biosecurity and animal health i Biosecurity and disease prevention Biosecurity means a set of measures designed to maintain a herd at a particular health status and to prevent the entry or spread of infectious agents Biosecurity plans should be designed and implemented commensurate with the desired herd health status and current disease risk and for OIE listed diseases in accordance with relevant recommendations found in the Terrestrial Code These biosecurity plans should address the control of the major sources and pathways for spread of pathogens cattle other domestic animals and wildlife people equipment vehicles air water supply feed OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 semen OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate reproductive efficiency changes in weight and body condi
297. nalysis described in this chapter are hazard identification risk assessment _risk management and_risk communication Hazard identification Hazard identification is defined Chapter 2 1 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd For the purpose of this chapter the hazard is the resistant microorganism or resistance determinant that emerges as a result of the use of a specific antimicrobial nt in animals This definition reflects the The conditions under which the hazard might produce adverse consequences include any scenarios through which humans or animals could become exposed to pathogen fall ill and then be treated with an antimicrobial agent that is no longer effective Risk assessment The assessment of the risk to human and animal health from antimicrobial resistant microorganisms resulting from the use of antimicrobial agents in animals should examine a the likelihood of emergence of resistant microorganisms arising from the use of antimicrobial agent s or more particularly dissemination production of the resistance determinants if transmission is possible between microorganisms b consideration of all pathways and their importance by which humans and animals could be exposed to these resistant microorganisms or resistance determinants together with the possible degreeikelihood of exposure c the consequences of exposure in ter
298. nation is not practised era Mp free compartment 3 have not been vaccinated 4 if transiting an infected zone were not exposed to any source of FMD infection during transportation to the place of shipment Article 8 5 11 43 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries ex zones or compartments where vaccination is practised For domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of shipment 2 were kept in an FMD free country ef zone or compartment where vaccination is practised since birth or for at least the past three months and 3 when destined to an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised have not been vaccinated and were subjected with negative results to tests for antibodies against FMD virus when destined to an EMD Oe ised 4 _ if transiting an infected zone were not exposed to any source of FMD infection during transportation to the place of shipment Article 8 5 _12 44 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries or zones For domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals 1 the animals showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of shipment OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Stan
299. nd goats camelids or cervids should satisfy the following requirements a OR b OR the herd or flock is in a country or zone free from Brucella infection without vaccination for the relevant animal category and is certified free without vaccination by the Veterinary Authority the herd or flock is in a country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination for the relevant animal category and is certified free without vaccination by the Veterinary Authority and no animal of the herd or flock has been vaccinated in the past three years the herd or flock met the following conditions i Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country ii no animal of the relevant category of the herd or flock has been vaccinated during the past three years iii no case of Brucella infection has been detected in the herd or flock has retshewrn evidernceof Brucellatntection for at least the past nine past 12 months iv animals showing clinical signs consistent with Brucella infection alsuspeet cases such as animals which_have aberted abortions have been subjected to the necessary chrical and laboratory investigations diagnostic tests with negative results v for at least the past 12 months there has been no evidence of Brucella_infection in other susceptible animals of the same epidemiological unit or measures have been implemented to prevent any transmission of the Brucella infection
300. ndations would have to be tailored for the genotype reproductive state and history of the individual animal Animal based criteria such as respiratory rate and rectal temperature as measures of thermal stress on the other hand would be applicable across animal and genotype Consider the example of tail biting in fattening pigs Investigating the incidence and severity of tail biting is best accomplished by monitoring lesions either by examining the pigs during the fattening period or by monitoring at the abattoir However correcting the problem will likely require modifying resources for example the design of housing stocking density provision of material for rooting air quality nutrition general hygiene and the provision of veterinary attention OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex III contd Appendix 3 contd List of advantages and disadvantages of animal based and resource based criteria Animal based criteria advantages o Provide information on the actual state of the animal regardless of the number of variables affecting that state Can be used in a range of production systems species genotypes etc Can be quantitative or semi quantitative objective interpretation is possible Can be used to get an appreciation of the impact of animal handling O Or Oo Post mortem monitoring may be less costly and is not stressful to the animal Animal based criteria disad
301. neee eerren Rules regarding confidentiality e g list of confidential documents ccccccccceeseeeteeteteeetteeteeeees Comments tin ch tetas ehdeteel iia deo deine Ci eae eS Lita ele han a Bain Chains OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 42 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q4 Creation of legal instruments methodology legal drafting legistics 1 What is the procedure for creating and approving the primary legislation from inception to final enactment in your country Identify all steps and the administrative divisions involved and the amount of time from inception to passage 2 What is the procedure for creating and approving the secondary legislation regulations in your country Identify all steps and the administrative divisions involved and the amount of time from inception to passage 3 Are there formal rules for legal drafting Yes No O Comments 4 _ For the creation or updating of veterinary legislation Are the legal instruments always an initiative of the Veterinary Services Yes isan E No Are legal experts involved at the design stage usssseisseerissserrssrrrreserrrs caaneeeeeaas Yes Eint No Do veterinarians other technical staff systematically work with the legal experts Yes EE No Comments Where appropriate indicate the circumstances in which organisat
302. nefit Others such as requiring anaesthesia for minor surgery may be difficult and costly to implement The level of acceptance by producers will likely vary accordingly In countries which accord a high priority to animals welfare standards based on objective 2 tend to be strongly supported by the concerned public who generally see the alleviation of pain and distress as a key element of animal welfare Standards based on objective 3 providing more natural living conditions can have widely varying implications Some requirements such as providing more natural social grouping of animals can be achieved in confinement production systems with only small cost implications Others may require substantial redesign of animal environments and incur higher land and labour costs Such standards may however allow producers using alternative production systems to market products to consumers who support such standards In proposing OIE guidelines on animal production systems one approach would be to focus principally on objective 1 because of the clear linkage with animal health and traditional veterinary priorities of this objective and to propose the adoption of guidelines based on objectives 2 and 3 where this is feasible and appropriate If this approach is used however it should be made clear that the guidelines are intended as basic guidelines designed mainly to promote the health and functioning of animals as health is the one of the key compo
303. nents of welfare In cultures that place a high priority on animal welfare the development and implementation of guidelines that more closely address animal welfare objectives 2 and 3 would be appropriate to meet societal expectations Clarifying the underlying science In the past the development of animal welfare guidelines for production systems has sometimes been hampered by a lack of clarity over the scientific literature In some cases organizations have attempted to create guidelines without a clear review or understanding of the science In other cases scientific reviews are available but these lead to conflicting conclusions Guidelines that lack a clear and transparent link to science are often criticized as reflecting the subjective views or self interest of those animal producers regulators or animal welfare organizations that produce them In general then a good first step in developing animal welfare guidelines for a given production system is to ensure that a competent review of the relevant science is in place and widely accepted If there is no such review or if there are significant conflicts among existing reviews then a new review may need to be created before beginning to develop a guideline Recommended next steps Given the number of strategic decisions involved in the development of guidelines for terrestrial animal production systems the Working Group on Animal Welfare recommends that the OIE proceed as follows
304. nex IV contd Indicate the legal instruments produced by the decentralised authorities please refer to the explanations given in the previous section The level is optional and where appropriate relates to legal instruments produced by the same authority For example a municipal order is independent of a decision of the President of the Regional Council since they each act within their own field of competence Note This table is mainly for information and detailed responses are not needed 3 Legal instruments relating to authorities holding delegated powers These are legal instruments issued locally by representatives of the State or persons holding relevant delegated powers e g technical directors and heads of department The authority holding the delegated power is a geographical or functional entity that is competent in place of the central authority The authority holding the delegated power remains in a position of subordination Example 1 Level 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 Cross of legal reference instrument Order Regulatory Governor Decree No xx Article gg Decision Regulatory Departmental Director of Delegation order etc the Veterinary Services 4 Additional comments Please provide comments on the relationships between the legal instruments produced by the authorities and any other information relevant to the veterinary legislati
305. nex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Dipping baths and spray races are sometimes used in dairy cattle production for ectoparasite control Where these are used they should be designed and operated to minimise the risk of crowding and to prevent injury and drowning Collecting yards e g entry to the milking parlour should be operated to minimise crowding and prevent injuries and lameness The loading areas and ramps should be designed to minimise stress and injuries for the animals and ensure the safety of the animal handlers accordingly to Chapters 7 2 7 3 and 7 4 Outcome based measurables handling response morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour changes in weight and body condition score physical appearance lameness growth curve g Emergency plans Where the failure of power water and feed supply systems could compromise animal welfare dairy producers should have contingency plans to cover the failure of these systems These plans may include the provision of fail safe alarms to detect malfunctions back up generators access to maintenance providers ability to store water on farm access to water cartage services adequate on farm storage of feed and alternative feed supply Dairy producers should have contingency plans to cover the evacuation of animals in case of emergency e g fire flooding Outcome based measurables mortality morbidity behaviour vocalization 2 Recommendations on stockmanship and animal ma
306. nfection and neiselation_of BryceHa has been recorded in animals bovids for at least the past three years 5e bovids and their genetic materials introduced in the country or zone comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 f regular and periodic testing of all herds orteeks has been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99 8 of the herds erfleeks and representing at least 99 9 of animals bovids in the country or zone three consecutive years 2 Jo maintain the status as free from Brucella infection with vaccination in bovids a country or Zone should satisfy the following requirements a the requirements in points 1a to 1e above are met b a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of animats shouldbe bovids is in place in the country or Zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd c if athe surveillance programme described in Peints 2 and 5 a and b above has not detected Brucella infection for the pasttive two consecutive years surveillance should may be maintained in accordance with Chapter 1 4 7 8 animals _and genetic_materials introduced should comply with the recommendations in Articles 14 3 8to 3 The free
307. ng and killing systems Therefore gas stunning should be limited to birds contained in crates or on conveyors only The gas mixture should be non aversive to poultry Live poultry contained within transport modules or crates may be exposed to gradually increasing concentrations of CO2 until the birds are properly stunned No bird should recover consciousness during bleeding Gas stunning of poultry in their transport containers will eliminate the need for live birds handling at the processing plant and all the problems associated with the electrical stunning Gas stunning of poultry on a conveyor eliminates the problems associated with the electrical water bath stunning Live poultry should be conveyed into the gas mixtures either in transport crates or on conveyor belts The following gas procedures have been properly documented for chickens and turkeys but do not necessarily apply for other domestic birds In any case the procedure should be designed as to ensure that all animals are properly stunned without unnecessary suffering Some monitoring points for gas stunning could be the following ensure smooth entry and passage of crates or birds through the system avoid crowding of birds in crates or conveyors monitor and maintain gas concentrations continuously during operation provide visible and audible alarm systems if gas concentrations are inappropriate to the species calibrate gas monitors and maintain verifiable r
308. nglish French and Spanish at http www who int foodsafety consumer Skeys_growing_safer en index html KK The International Food Safety Authorities Network INFOSAN INFOSAN is a joint FAO WHO initiative which includes the participation of 178 Member States The aim of the network is to promote the rapid exchange of information during food safety related events share information on important food safety related issues of global interest promote partnership and collaboration between countries and help countries strengthen their capacity to manage food safety emergencies To accomplish this INFOSAN works with a number of partners at the international and regional level INFOSAN receives information from its members and monitors for food safety related events of potential international concern to alert to its network members During the past year the INFOSAN Secretariat has been involved in the coordination of information between network members during dozens of food safety events with potential international implications Following the first global meeting of INFOSAN in 2010 a number of the resulting recommendations to enhance communication and collaboration among members have since been implemented One such recommendation was to improve the web based information sharing mechanism Since the meeting the INFOSAN Community Website was developed and launched in 2012 and provides a platform for exchanging routine and emergency food safety informati
309. nificance South American camelids and dromedaries are not considered of epidemiological importance For_the purpeses ot_this chapter_ruminanis inelude animals of the family_of Camelidae except_Cametus 6 Infection with FMDV can give rise to disease of variable severity and to FMDV circulation FMDV infection in ruminants may persist leading to carriers Although live FMDV can be recovered from carriers transmission of FMDV from these carriers has not been proven except from fer African buffalo Syncerus caffer 7 The chapter deals not only with the occurrence of clinical signs caused by FMDV but also with the presence of infection with FMDV in the absence of clinical signs 3 antibodies to structural or nonstructural proteins_of FMDV that are not a consequence_of vaccination have rN ak nv a tc rn cc eee de E odd OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX contd Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines are described in the Terrestrial Manual Article 8 5 2 FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised In defining a zone where vaccination is not practised the principles of Chapter 4 3 should be followed Susceptible animals in the FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised should be protected frem neighbouring infected countries by the application of animal
310. nimals on the premises which should include consideration of 1 2 minimising handling and movement of animals killing the animals on the affected premises however there may be circumstances where the animals may need to be moved to another location for killing when the killing is conducted at an abattoir the recommendations in Chapter on the slaughter of animals should be followed the species number age and size of animals to be killed and the order of killing them OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 25 Annex XXXVI contd 4 methods of killing the animals and their cost 5 housing husbandry location of the animals as well as accessibility of the farm 6 the availability and effectiveness of equipment needed for killing of the animals as well as the time necessary to kill the required number of animals using such methods 7 the facilities available on the premises that will assist with the killing including any additional facilities that may need to be brought on and then removed from the premises 8 biosecurity and environmental issues 9 the health and safety of personnel conducting the killing 10 any legal issues that may be involved for example where restricted veterinary drugs or poisons may be used or where the process may impact on the environment 11 the presence of other nearby premises holding animals 12 possibilities for removal disposal and destruction o
311. nning The Veterinary Authority in collaboration with stakeholders should develop a plan based on the goal of the programme Intervention options should be based on biological effectiveness ease and cost of implementation as well as the expected benefits Tools such as value chain analysis may be used to help OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 understand the role of different players within the production system identify critical control points to target measures and provide an indication on the incentives for and feasibility of implementation of the programme OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd The decision on the most appropriate intervention options should take into account cost benefit considerations in conjunction with the likelihood of success of a particular set of disease control measures Institutional analysis examines the organisations involved in delivering services and the processes that govern their interaction This type of analysis would be helpful to inform the strategic planning process and identify areas where a change would enable better programme implementation and facilitate effective collaboration The programme should include a continued review process to assess the effectiveness of the interventions being applied identify gaps in knowledge and adapt the goals objectives and methods or actions as required The programme should tak
312. nning meeting were in view of the increased complexity of the WHO Initiative to Estimate the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases as well as the changed environment in which the Initiative is operating to e update the Initiative s strategic framework its milestones and timelines e redefine the technical scope of the Initiative including the selection of priority areas for foodborne disease burden estimation e identify key activities and resource needs for implementation and e update FERG processes roles and responsibilities Following the strategic planning meeting a new FERG Computational Task Force was established in March 2012 to advise and assist WHO and its Member States to convert results of a the global epidemiological reviews for mortality morbidity and disability in each of the major foodborne diseases and b epidemiological data resulting from the FERG country studies into DALYs This task force met in October 2012 for the first time to revise the task force s work plan and appraise the progress of the six Task Force subgroups made so far In 2012 the FERG pilot foodborne disease burden studies in Albania Japan Thailand and Uganda took up speed and with the technical support of the FERG Country Studies Task Force progressed well according to the national contexts A needs assessment for food safety situation analysis and knowledge translation is moreover currently being undertaken by the FERG to develop targeted capac
313. no animal on the establishment where the donor animals were kept showed any sign of FMD Article 8 5 17 49 Recommendations for the importation of in vivo derived embryos of cattle Irrespective of the FMD status of the exporting country zone or compartment Veterinary Authorities should authorise without restriction on account of FMD the import or transit through their territory of in vivo derived embryos of cattle subject to the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the embryos were collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 7 and 4 9 as relevant Article 8 5 18 20 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries erf zones or compartments where vaccination is not practised or FMD free compartments For in vitro produced embryos of cattle Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor females a showed no clinical sign of FMD at the time of collection of the oocytes b were kept for at least three months prior to atthe time of collection in an FMD free country of Zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised e a FMD free_ comparment 2 fertilisation was achieved with semen meeting the conditions referred to in Articles 8 5 4513 8 5 4614 8 5 4415 or 8 5 4816 as relevant 3 the oocytes were collected and the embryos were processed and store
314. ns e g for approval authorisation licensing Export certification ail Import controls L Diagnostic testing L Sale of other services or products U 4 Numerical data Criterion Absolute value National GDP 100 Livestock sector as a percentage of national GDP Agri food sector as a percentage of national GDP State budget 100 VS budget as a percentage of the State budget including total payroll OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 34 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd ANNEX 2 QUESTIONNAIRE ADVISORY NOTES The identification mission forms part of the support programme for veterinary legislation and is conducted at the request of the OIE Member Its aim is to determine the situation with regard to legislation to identify limiting factors and possible avenues for improvement The preparatory questionnaire enables the experts to carry out an evaluation focusing on the key points with a view to proposing a work programme appropriate to the Member s context and needs The questionnaire is a little complicated as the terminology is specialised and the answers may be complex and difficult to summarise However the aim is to obtain an overall impression rather than precise details The respondent should not spend too much time completing the questionnaire as the experts will add information w
315. ns need to consider fully the implications of these different options for human health and animal health and welfare and also take into account economic considerations and any associated environmental issues Effective control of certain bacterial diseases of animals will have the dual benefit of reducing the risks linked to antimicrobial resistance in cases where the bacterial disease pathogen under consideration has also developed antimicrobial resistance c Implementation Risk managers should develop an implementation plan that describes how the decision will be implemented by whom and when Nationalor_regional_authorities Competent Authorities should ensure an appropriate regulatory framework and infrastructure d Monitoring and review Risk management options have te should be continuously monitored and reviewed in order to ensure that the objectives are being achieved Risk communication Communication with all interested parties should be promoted at the earliest opportunity and integrated into all phases of a risk analysis This will provide all interested parties including risk managers with the better understanding of risk management approaches Risk communication should be also well documented Article 6 10 3 Analysis of risks to animal health 1 Definition of the risk The infection of
316. nsidered The Delegate considered that the entire chapter was too detailed and that OIE Members could not adopt it She recommended that the draft text be returned to the ad hoc Group for more work The Delegate of the People s Republic of China supported adoption of the chapter because this could help to improve animal welfare and meat quality and noted that the People s Republic of China supported the principle of animal based criteria He considered that the approach taken would make it feasible for Members to implement the standard The Delegate of the United Kingdom speaking on behalf of the 27 Member States of the EU acknowledged the work achieved but did not support adoption The Delegate recommended that more general guidance on how to implement outcome based measures and specific benchmarks be provided Given the focus on commercial production systems crates and slatted flooring should not be recommended on animal welfare grounds The Delegate of Guatemala speaking on behalf of the OIE Members of Central America agreed with the recommendations of African and EU Members that the chapter should be withdrawn from consideration for adoption and be studied further by the Working Group on Animal Welfare The President of the Commission encouraged Members to provide guidance to the OIE as there were clearly two different visions regarding this chapter with some Members requesting the inclusion of only provisions concerning animals while
317. nt calf rearing only However they wished to draw OJE s attention to this problem The Terms of Reference approved can be found in Annex III 3 Development of the draft new standard A draft new chapter for the Terrestrial Animal Health Code Terrestrial Code was developed by the end of the meeting and can be found in Annex IV The draft new chapter is structured along the following lines a definition of dairy cattle production systems for use in the new Terrestrial Code chapter b scope of the recommendations c description of existing production systems for dairy cattle production systems d identification and brief description of relevant outcome based measurables e provisions for good animal welfare f recommendations on biosecurity and animal health environment and management of dairy cattle with each being linked to outcome based measurables as appropriate g references Annexes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Animal Welfare on Dairy Cattle Production Systems January 2013 3 Annex XXXVI contd Annex I OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Paris 8 10 January 2013 List of participants MEMBERS OF THE AD HOC GROUP Dr Gwyneth Verkerk Chair Dairy NZ Private bag 3221 Hamilton NEW ZEALAND Tel 64 7 856 81 19 Fax 64 7 856 94 87 verkerkg paradise net nz Dr Shahriar Dabirian apologi
318. nt syntax and vocabulary c be precise and accurate and consistent in the repeated use of the terminology everfthis resultsin repetition and a cumbersome style d contain no definitions that create any conflict or ambiguity e include a clear statement of scope and objectives f provide for the application of penalties and sanctions either criminal or administrative as appropriate to the situation and g make provision for the financing needed for the execution of all activities of Competent Authorities the financing should be ensured in accordance with the national funding system Article 3 4 5 Competent Authorities Competent Authorities should be legally mandated capacitated and organised to ensure that all necessary actions are taken quickly and coherently to address animal health aad public health and_animal_welfare emergencies effectively Veterinary legislation should provide for a chain of command that is as effective as possible i e short with all responsibilities clearly defined For this purpose the responsibilities and powers of Competent Authorities from the central level to those responsible for the implementation of legislation in the field should be clearly defined Where more than one Competent Authority is involved such as in relation to environmental food safety or other public health matters a reliable system of coordination and cooperation should be in place Competent Authorities should ap
319. ntify challenges in controlling Campylobacter from farm to table and reducing the human health burden and attributable health consequences 2 to consider cross cutting areas such food and waterborne campylobacteriosis and antimicrobial resistance and take into account the context of both developed and developing countries 3 to provide options for the WHO FAO and OIE for developing ways forward to reduce Campylobacter in the food chain and the burden of foodborne campylobacteriosis The meeting was organized under the following thematic areas 1 burden of disease and health impact 2 surveillance antimicrobial resistance 3 source attribution 4 impact of control measures The consultation report will be published shortly and will present discussions future steps and options for lowering the burden of foodborne and waterborne campylobacteriosis and associated antimicrobial resistance K k k OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIII contd Annex V contd Antimicrobial Resistance Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Health and WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance AGISAR The World Health Organization WHO has developed and applied criteria to rank antimicrobials according to their relative importance in human medicine Clinicians regulatory agencies policy makers and other stakeholders can use this ranking when developing risk management strategies
320. nting changes in weight and body condition score growth curve d Noise Cattle are adaptable to different levels and types of noise However exposure of cattle to sudden and unexpected noises should be minimised where possible to prevent stress and fear reactions Ventilation fans feeding machinery or other indoor or outdoor equipment should be constructed placed operated and maintained in a manner that minimises sudden and unexpected noise Outcome based measurables behaviour changes in milk yield e Flooring bedding resting surfaces and outdoor areas In all production systems cattle need a well drained and comfortable place to rest Baxter et al 1983 Baxter 1992 Moberg and Mench 2000 Bell and Huxley 2009 O Driscoll et al 2007 All cattle in a group should have sufficient space to lie down and rest at the same time Kondo et al 2003 Particular attention should be given to the provisions for calving areas The environment in such areas e g floors bedding temperature and hygiene should be appropriate to ensure the welfare of calving cows and new born calves Floor management in housed production systems can have a significant impact on cattle welfare Ingvartsen et al 1993 Rushen and de Passill 1992 Barkema et al 1999 Drissler et al 2005 Areas that compromise welfare and are not suitable for resting e g places with excessive water and faecal accumulation should not be included in the calculation of
321. nto the eyes of approaching animals or create areas of sharp contrast c animals seeing moving people or equipment up ahead install solid sides on chutes and races or install shields d dead ends avoid if possible by curving the passage or make an illusory passage e chains or other loose objects hanging in chutes or on fences remove them f uneven floors or a sudden drop in floor levels at the entrance to conveyor restrainers avoid uneven floor surfaces or install a solid false floor under the restrainer to provide an illusion of a solid and continuous walking surface g sounds of air hissing from pneumatic equipment install silencers or use hydraulic equipment or vent high pressure to the external environment using flexible hosing h clanging and banging of metal objects install rubber stops on gates and other devices to reduce metal to metal contact i air currents from fans or air curtains blowing into the face of animals redirect or reposition equipment OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd An example of a flight zone cattle r fa B Blind spo i 5 shaded gray T a Point of balance Handler movement pattern to move cattle forward Ww ind yy ie w ne AA et ge lt __Path tg move animals forward aa E L aliai fe vie AE AT Arie C Oer estrainer Sy a Ger ad Point of Balance Article 7 5 2 Moving and
322. ntry to country in the level of priority accorded to the welfare of food animals Nonetheless because of the close link between animal welfare and animal health guidelines designed to improve animal welfare will often lead to better animal health productivity and food safety Especially in cases where these relationships can be clearly demonstrated animal welfare guidelines may be broadly acceptable to member countries This discussion paper sets out some of the key issues that need to be considered in developing animal welfare guidelines for production systems and suggests next steps in this area Animal based and resource based criteria Animal welfare guidelines may include 1 animal based criteria and 2 resource based criteria of animal welfare Resource based criteria also called design criteria or input criteria indicate the resources that should be provided These often specify space allowances and dimensions ambient temperature range humidity condition of the litter air quality availability of feed and water frequency of inspection and biosecurity and sanitation measures Animal based criteria also called performance criteria or output criteria are described specified in terms of the animals state They often include such elements as survival rate incidence of disease and injury body condition scoring the ability of animals to behave in certain ways and the reaction of animals to their handlers Resource based criter
323. nts listed below i procedures for authorizing the reagents that are used to perform official analyses Done L Not done L Partially done Comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii Surveillance of marketing of reagents where these can affect the quality of analyses required by the veterinary legislation Done L Not done L Partially done iii Quality assurance of reagents by manufacturers Done L Not done L Partially done _ 5 Delegation of powers 5 1 General principles The veterinary legislation should provide for the possibility of the competent authorities delegating specific tasks related to official activities The specific tasks delegated the body ies to which the tasks are delegated and the conditions of supervision by the competent authority should be defined Done Not done _ Partially done _ 5 2 Animal health delegation The veterinary legislation should provide for the possibility of the competent authority delegating specific tasks in the sector of animal health to individual professional veterinarians who are not civil servants For that purpose the veterinary legislation should i define the field of activities and the specific tasks covered by the delegation Done L Not done _ Partially done COMMONS oes EONA E fois ine aaa es ren re Goad oe Maa ee cue ae he ea pease OIE Terrestrial Animal H
324. nts may preclude or restrict use There is a limited availability of competent personnel OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 27 Annex XXXVI contd 5 Conclusion The method is suitable for cattle sheep goats and pigs including large animals in open spaces Figure 1 The optimum shooting position for cattle is at the intersection of two imaginary lines drawn from the rear of the eyes to the opposite horn buds Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Figure 2 The optimum position for hornless sheep and goats is on the midline Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Figure 3 The optimum shooting position for heavily horned sheep and horned goats is behind the poll aiming towards the angle of the jaw Figure Source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8
325. od practice guidance to promote prudent and responsible usage of veterinary inputs in animal production Guidance on risk based official veterinary control of meat hygiene safety for developing country is being developed and implemented This is intended to provide national competent authorities with risk based decision making tools to ensure more risk based approach to meat inspection and hygiene which addresses priority zoonotic and foodborne diseases and supports the achievement of national food safety objectives Draft guidance will be pilot tested in at least 3 countries in 2013 and will be finalized thereafter for dissemination to other countries FAO is supporting the strengthening of official veterinary controls in abattoirs as there is a need to improve the content and utility of existing guidance to address contemporary meat hygiene and food safety concerns development of appropriate guidance on risk analysis and risk based approaches to inspection and hygiene development of guidance and tools for animal and zoonotic disease surveillance and reporting in animal slaughter establishments and development of laboratory capacities for detection and diagnosis of priority foodborne pathogens and zoonotic diseases FAO VPH unit has developed appropriate activities to address issues in the next biennium FAO veterinary public health VPH continuing professional development CPD project includes a food safety stream with more than 10 modules lessons
326. older contributions The implementation plan should address the following 1 Regulatory framework The disease control programme should be supported by effective legislation at the primary and secondary levels Countries are encouraged to follow the OIE standards on Veterinary Legislation Chapter 3 4 The disease should be notifiable throughout the country The regulatory framework for the disease control programme should be adapted to evolving programme needs 2 Programme management Disease control measures to be applied in the programme may be implemented by the Veterinary Authority or private or community entities or a combination of all In any event the overall responsibility for oversight of the programme remains with the Veterinary Authority The management of the application of disease control measures should follow standard operating procedures including a implementation maintenance monitoring of the measures b application of corrective actions c verification of the process d record keeping including information systems and data management OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd 3 Epidemiological situation The implementation of the programme needs to take into consideration a distribution and density of susceptible species including wildlife if applicable b knowledge of animal production and marketing systems c spatial and temporal distributi
327. ollows Minimum current milliamperes per bird Frequency Hz Chickens Turkeys From 50 to 200 Hz 100 mA 250 mA From 200 to 400 Hz 150 mA 400 mA From 400 to 1500 Hz 200 mA 400 mA Gas stunning under stud a Stunning of pigs by exposure to carbon dioxide CO2 The concentration of COz for stunning should be preferably 90 percent by volume but in any case no less than 80 percent by volume After entering the stunning chamber the animals should be conveyed to the point of maximum concentration of the gas as rapidly as possible and be kept until they are dead or brought into a state of insensibility which lasts until death occur due to bleeding Ideally pigs should be exposed to this concentration of CO2 for 3 minutes Sticking should occur as soon as possible after exit from the gas chamber In any case the concentration of the gas should be such that it minimises as far as possible all stress of the animal prior to loss of consciousness The chamber in which animals are exposed to CO2 and the equipment used for conveying them through it shall be designed constructed and maintained in such a way as to avoid injury or unnecessary stress to the animals The animal density within the chamber should be such to avoid stacking animals on top of each other The conveyor and the chamber shall be adequately lit to allow the animals to see their surroundings and if possible each other It should be poss
328. ome comments were identified as useful for improving the clarity of the text in the chapter while there were many comments which were already addressed in some way by the current text Dr Sherman pointed out that the ad hoc Group had identified two important terms i e veterinary legislation and veterinary medicine science which should be defined with a careful review in the context of the Terrestrial Code Dr Sherman invited the OIE to refer this point to the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission TAHSC Dr Vallat thanked the ad hoc Group for their great contribution which had enabled the important step of the OIE in relation to its continuous effort to provide technical support to the OIE Member Countries for strengthening their Veterinary Services Dr Vallat also noted that it was timely to seek the possibility of organising a feedback session considering the progress of VLSP which had been made to date In response to Dr Sherman s suggestion Dr Vallat undertook to refer the two definitions to TAHSC Dr Vallat noted that the OIE s capacity building activities in relation to veterinary legislation attracted the favourable attention of donors especially in the African region and he promised to continue the effort to secure necessary resources to implement activities under the framework of the OIE PVS Pathway OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 2 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislati
329. ommendations for importation from EHDV infected countries or zones For embryos or oocytes of cattle and cervids Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor females a were kept in a vector protected establishment for at least 60 days before commencement of and during collection of the embryos or oocytes or b were subjected to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group between 21 and 60 days after collection with negative results or c were subjected to an agent identification test on a blood sample taken on the day of collection with negative results 2 the embryos or oocytes were collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 7 4 8 and 4 9 as relevant Article X X 4511 Protecting animals from Culicoides attacks 1 Vector protected establishment or facility Where movement of animals or collection of genetic material requires a vector protected facility the establishment or facility should be approved by the Veterinary Authority and the following criteria apply a appropriate physical barriers at entry and exit points for example double door entry exit system b openings of the building are vector screened with mesh of appropriate gauge impregnated regularly with an approved insecticide according to the manufacturer s instructions c vector surveillance and control wi
330. ommission In addition there is an obligation for World Trade Organization WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SPS Agreement to notify the WTO of changes in sanitary measures including changes in legislation that affect trade and provide relevant information For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code veterinary legislation comprises all legal instruments necessary for the governance of the veterinary domain The objective of this chapter is to provide advice and assistance to OIE Members when formulating or modernising veterinary legislation so as to comply with OIE standards thus ensuring good governance of the entire veterinary domain Article 3 4 2 Definitions For the purposes of this chapter the following definitions apply Hierarchy of legislation means the ranking of the legal instruments as prescribed under the fundamental law e g the constitution of a country Respect for the hierarchy means that each legal instrument must comply with higher order legal instruments Legal instrument means the legally binding rule that is issued by a body with the required legal authority to issue the instrument Primary legislation means the legal instruments issued by the legislative body of a Member Secondary legislation means the legal instruments issued by the executive body of a Member under the authority of primary legislation Stakeholder means a person group
331. ommittee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods CCRVDF San Juan Puerto Rico 7 11 May 2012 21 25 March 2011 and the 32 Session of the Committee on Fish and Fishery Products CCFFP Bali Indonesia 1 5 October 2012 In addition in the reporting period have been held the sessions of the FAO WHO Coordinating Committees for the North America and the South West Pacific CCNASWP Madang Papua New Guinea 19 22 September 2012 and for Europe CCEURO Batumi Georgia 25 28 September 2012 In particular the APFSWG may wish to note the following The 35 CAC among others adopted 18 new or revised Codex standards or related texts and many new or revised provisions for additives and MRLs for pesticides and veterinary drugs see Appendix I and approved a number of new work proposals see Appendix II Among the new and revised standards adopted by the CAC the following are particularly relevant to the APFSWG MRLs for ractopamine cattle and pig tissues for narasin cattle tissues for amoxicillin cattle sheep and pig tissues and cattle and sheep milk and for monensin cattle liver The sampling Plans for Residue Control for Aquatic Animal Products and Derived Edible Products of Aquatic Origin C Annex B of CAC GL 71 2009 and the Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Viruses in Food The 35 CAC also adopted a number of maximum residue limits MRLs for pesticides in products of animal
332. on September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Dr Ahmed E Idrissi pointed out that reviewing the Terrestrial Code Chapter 3 4 and addressing Member comments requires expertise of both veterinary field and legal field He also mentioned that close coordination with other international standards such as standards of Codex Alimentarius Commission is of great importance In response Dr Vallat while recognising the importance of legally appropriate uses of terms stressed that change in the text should be done without changing the technical content As regards the coordination with other international standard setting bodies Dr Vallat agreed to maintain close collaboration with those organisations He stressed that veterinary legislation design needs the permanent collaboration between lawyers and veterinarians 3 Update on other ad hoc groups veterinary education evaluation of Veterinary Services and evaluation of Aquatic Animal Health Services Dr Masatsugu Okita OIE International Trade Department updated the ad hoc Group on the developments made by three ad hoc groups in relation to Veterinary Services i e ad hoc groups on evaluation of Veterinary Services on veterinary education and on evaluation of Aquatic Animal Health Services He highlighted the major outcomes of each ad hoc Group The ad hoc Group noted that in the report of the ad hoc Group on Veterinary Education more specifically in the draft model core curriculum guidelines that for t
333. on between INFOSAN Members Another strong recommendation coming from the global meeting was to develop regionally based strategies to strengthen INFOSAN participation We have since worked with our colleagues from WHO WPRO and INFOSAN members in Asia to develop a regional strategy to enhance participation in INFOSAN among Asian countries While INFOSAN is indeed a global network addressing specific regional needs can help to strengthen the network overall We have also been focusing this year on expanding our membership and asking member countries to nominate additional Focal Points from the various national authorities with a stake in food safety In relation to this task the INFOSAN Secretariat has extended INFOSAN membership to include OIE National Focal points for Food Safety in order to further strengthen cross sectoral coordination and cooperation at national and global levels Several tools to provide guidance in dealing with food safety emergencies have been or are being developed which will help Member States in the strengthening of their national systems the most recent of which is about establishing or improving national food recall systems These documents are published on our website For more information please visit http www who int foodsafety fs_management infosan en index html ok OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLIII contd Annex VI WORK PROGRAMME FOR 2013 The Working Gro
334. on of disease d zoonotic potential e risk factors and critical control points f vectors g carriers h reservoirs i impact of disease control measures j specific disease situation in neighbouring country ies if applicable k evaluation of appropriateness of establishing disease zones or compartments 4 Disease surveillance The underpinning of the disease control programme activities is an effective surveillance system that provides guidance on priorities and targets for the application of interventions The surveillance system should consist of general surveillance activities reinforced by pathogen specific activities A clear case definition and outbreak investigation and response procedures are required The provisions of Chapters 1 1 1 4 and 1 5 should be referred to and specific surveillance guidelines where applicable for particular diseases 5 Diagnostic capability The programme should be supported by diagnostic facilities with adequate capability and capacity Samples for diagnosis should be collected and shipped in accordance with Chapter 1 1 1 of the Terrestrial Manual The choice of diagnostic tests should ensure detection and confirmation of the disease The tests should follow the specific requirements in Chapter 1 1 5 and the disease specific recommendations in the Terrestrial Manual Diagnostic facilities either official or accredited should be under a quality assurance scheme coordinated by the design
335. on or the implementation of animal and public health policies For example it may be the case that local authorities grant subsidies for the control of animal diseases in the locality They do not have authority over animal health inspection but may have a considerable influence on health policy OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 39 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q3 Legal documentation basis creation and management Explanations on the use of the questionnaire 1 Is there a general legal database or a database relating to veterinary legal instruments By database we mean a reliable source of information manual or electronic that may belong to the Veterinary Services or other governmental service giving access to legal instruments in force that are relevant to the Veterinary Services In addition to the legislation information may be provided on the procedures for its implementation The administration can disseminate its operating rules for example by means of a bulletin or periodic digests Such information is known as infra regulatory texts The requirement for confidentiality is a relevant consideration First and second level legislation eee Yes If you answered Yes to one of these questions Computerised or manual database Computerised Method of accessing the database By the Veter
336. onths 8 5 7 1b 8 5 7 1c 12 months 8 5 2 Freedom without vaccination Waiting periods are minima depending upon outcome of surveillance specified in respective Articles Vaccinate to live 3 months 8 5 7 1a OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 37 Annex XXXIX contd Free country zone with vaccination Stamping out Continue Vaccination No stamping out Continue Vaccination 24 months 8 5 3 Continue Vaccination 18 months 8 5 7 3b 6 months 8 5 7 3a 12 months 8 5 2 Waiting periods are minima depending upon outcome of surveillance specified in respective Articles Freedom with vaccination Freedom without vaccination OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 38 Annex XXXIX contd Figure 2 Schematic representation of laboratory tests for determining evidence of FMDV infection through or following serological surveys Serosurveillance Vaccinated population Unvaccinated population NSP ELISA 3ABC NSP ELISA 3ABC NSP conf test EITB or VNT NSP conf test EITB Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL CHAPTER 8 xX INFECTION WITH BRUCELLA ABORTUS MELITENSIS AND SUIS ArCLele 8 K0 ds General provisions The aim of this chapter is to mitigat
337. optimum position for pigs is on the midline just above eye level with the shot directed down the line of the spinal cord Pigs e eee An A gt f K f ji Z aaa f ee aa T 4 A hes a F ud id Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Figure 3 The optimum position for hornless sheep and goats is on the midline Sheep OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 12 Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Annex XXXVI contd Figure 4 The optimum position for heavily horned sheep and horned goats is behind the poll aiming towards the angle of the jaw Goats Figure Source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Figure 5 The optimum position for horses is at right angles to the frontal surface well above the point where imaginar
338. opulation The surveillance design should anticipate the occurrence of false positive reactions lf the characteristics of the testing system are known the rate at which these false positives are likely to occur can be calculated in advance There needs to be an effective procedure for following up positives to ultimately determine with a high level of confidence whether or not they are indicative of infection circulation This should involve both supplementary tests and follow up investigation to collect diagnostic material from the original epidemiological unit as well as herds which may be epidemiologically linked to it Laboratory results should be examined in the context of the epidemiological situation Corollary information needed to complement the serological survey and assess the possibility of viral circulation includes but is not limited to Characterization of the existing production systems results of clinical surveillance of the suspects and their cohorts quantification of vaccinations performed on the affected sites OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 24 Annex XXXIX contd sanitary protocol and history of the establishments with positive reactors control of animal identification and movements other parameters of regional significance in historic FMDV transmission The
339. or infections Ad hoc Group comment Porcine cysticercosis is overall not emergent or rapid spreading However with the introduction of pigs in rural farming communities by donor agencies in most countries in Africa and the short reproductive cycle of pigs human infection with T solium should be considered as emergent and is spreading rapidly in this region Public health efforts for its control in pig and human populations are active in many countries e g Peru Mexico West and Southeast African countries Annexes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE electronic ad hoc Group on the listing of Taenia solium December 2012 January 2013 5 Annex XXXIII contd Annex 1 MEETING OF THE OIE ELECTRONIC AD HOC GROUP ON THE LISTING OF TAENIA SOLIUM December 2012 January 2013 List of participants MEMBERS OF THE AD HOC GROUP Dr K Darwin Murrell Chair Professor Samson Mukaratirwa Adjunct Professor Dean and Head of School of Life Sciences Department of Preventative medicine and University of KwaZulu NatalPrivate Bag Biometrics X54001 USUHS School of Medicine Durban 4000SOUTH AFRICA Bethesda Tel 27 31 260 1338 Maryland 20853 Fax 27 31 260 8641 2029 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Mukaratirwa ukzn ac za Tel 1 3014609307 kdmurrell comcast net OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Dr Armando E Gonzalez School of Veterinary Medicine Univers
340. or zone For the purposes of this chapter when the requirements for acceptance as an FMD free country or Zone where vaccination is not practised or an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised are not fulfilled such country or Zone shall be considered as EMD inod PAEA N E A E A E AR requirements to qualify as either an FMD where vaccinations practised j j j gt For the purposes_oHhis chapter an FMD nfected tised or an MD free zone where vaccination is_practised Article 8 5 6 Establishment of a containment zone within an FMD free country or zone In the event of limited outbreaks within an FMD free country or zone including within a protection zone with or without vaccination a single containment zone which includes all eases outbreaks can be established for the purpose of minimizing the impact on the entire country or zone For this to be achieved and for the Member to take full advantage of this process the Veterinary Authority should submit documented evidence as soon as possible to the OIE that 1 the boundaries of the containment zone are established taking into consideration that the outbreaks are timited based _on the following facters the outbreaks are limited based on the following factors a immediately on suspicion animal movement control has been imposed in the country or zone and effective controls on the movement of other commodities mentioned in this chap
341. origin and in animal feed All these texts are available on the Codex website www codexalimentarius org including the update database for MRLs of veterinary drugs http www codexalimentarius org standards veterinary drugs mrls en and the reports of the above sessions are available on the FAO ftp server at ftp ftp fao org codex reports reports_ 2012 for sessions up to the 35 CAC and ftp ftp fao org codex reports reports 2013 for sessions held after the 35 CAC The 35 CAC adopted the revision of the Risk Analysis Principles and Procedures Applied by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene and the Risk Analysis Principles Applied by the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods and the revision of the definition of contaminant The revision of these texts aims at addressing their applicability to animal feed as it may impact on human health The 35 CAC also adopted the revision of the Risk Analysis Principles Applied by the CCRVDF and of the Risk Assessment Policy for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods Among the new work approved by the 35 CAC the following are particularly relevant to the APFSWG Code of Practice for Weed Control to Prevent and Reduce Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Food and Feed to be developed by the CCCF and Risk Management Recommendations for Residues of Veterinary Drugs for which no ADI and or MRLs has been recommended by JECFA due to Specific Human Health Concerns to be developed by the CCRVDF In a
342. ose of at least 20 kiloGray at room temperature 20 C or higher Annex XXXIX contd 3 soaking with agitation in a 4 percent w v solution of washing soda sodium carbonate Na2CO3 maintained at pH 11 5 or above for at least 48 hours 4 soaking with agitation in a formic acid solution 100 kg salt NaCl and 12 kg formic acid per 1 000 litres water maintained at below pH 3 0 for at least 48 hours wetting and dressing agents may be added 5 in the case of raw hides salting for at least 28 days with sea salt containing 2 percent washing soda sodium carbonate NazCOs Article 8 5 38 44 Procedures for the inactivation of the FMD virus in casings of ruminants and pigs For the inactivation of viruses present in casings of ruminants and pigs the following procedures should be used salting for at least 30 days either with dry salt NaCl or with saturated brine NaCl Aw aw lt 0 80 or with phosphate supplemented dry salt containing 86 5 percent NaCl 10 7 percent NasHPO and 2 8 percent Na3PO4 weight weight weight _either dry or as a saturated brine aw lt 0 80 and kept at a temperature of greater than 12 C during this entire period Article 8 5 39 OIE endorsed official control programme for FMD The overall objective of an OIE endorsed official contro programme for FMD is for countries to progressively improve the situation and eventually attain free status for FMD The official control progr
343. others were requesting more detailed and specific recommendations on the means to be used The Delegate of the United States of America considered that the chapter should be outcome focused based on the best science available and not too prescriptive recognizing the variety of production systems worldwide OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex III contd Appendix 1 contd The Delegate of Costa Rica proposed that the document of CISA28 2008 2009 be taken into account as the countries of the region supported the approach taken in this document The Delegate also supported the intervention of the United States of America The Delegate of Cuba considered that Dr Thiermann was clear in his analysis of the situation notably recognising the significant differences between the comments made by Members He also considered that it was in any case important to retain flexibility to provide the best opportunity for implementation by Members so that the proposals in the new chapter being developed would be balanced and could be implemented by all countries for the current proposal did not seem to him acceptable Dr Thiermann reiterated that to develop a chapter acceptable to all Members a common approach would need to be agreed taking into account the wide range of production systems throughout the world He proposed to define broiler production more clearly to clarify which production s
344. oughs should be designed and installed in such a way as to minimise the risk of fouling by faeces without introducing risk of bruising and injury in animals and should not hinder the movement of animals d Holding pens should be designed to allow as many animals as possible to stand or lie down against a wall Where feed troughs are provided they should be sufficient in number and feeding space to allow adequate access of all animals to feed The feed trough should not hinder the movement of animals e Where tethers ties or individual stalls are used these should be designed so as not to cause injury or distress to the animals and should also allow the animals to stand lie down and access any food or water that may need to be provided f Passageways and races should be either straight or consistently curved as appropriate to the animal species Passageways and races should have solid sides but when there is a double race the shared partition should allow adjacent animals to see each other For pigs and sheep passageways should be wide enough to enable two or more animals to walk side by side for as long as possible At the point where passageways are reduced in width this should be done by a means which prevents excessive bunching of the animals g Animal handlers should be positioned alongside races and passageways on the inside radius of any curve to take advantage of the natural tendency of animals to circle an intruder Where one wa
345. oup membership had changed slightly since the 2011 meeting with the departure of Mr Alan Randell and Mr Michael Scannell and the arrival of a new member Dr Koen Van Dyck He reminded the Working Group that their main objective should be to serve as a permanent advisory body to the OIE in terms of direction and approach for standards on animal production food safety This Working Group has already been instrumental in facilitating the collaboration and complementarity of the work of the OIE and the Codex He noted that the approach being taken by the OIE and the Codex on the work on trichinellosis demonstrated the way to work together on this and future standard setting work relevant to both organisations Dr Thiermann requested that the Working Group examine the relevant documents and provide guidance as to the approach to take when developing future standards on the control of Salmonella spp in food producing animals other than poultry Dr Vallat met with the Working Group for a discussion later on the meeting Dr Vallat welcomed members and thanked them for their support in this important area of work He stated that the OIE appreciates the work of the Group that is critical to the OIE achieving its objective of reducing risks to human health due to hazards arising from animal products Collaboration between the OIE and the Codex Alimentarius Commission Dr Vallat welcomed the creation of the Codex electronic Working Group eWG on Codex OIE Coope
346. our patterns of animals and the underlying principles necessary to carry out their tasks The behaviour of individual animals or groups of animals will vary depending on their breed sex temperament and age and the way in which they have been reared and handled Despite these differences the following behaviour patterns which are always present to some degree in domestic animals should be taken into consideration in handling and moving the animals Most domestic livestock are kept in groups and follow a leader by instinct Animals which are likely to harm each other in a group situation should not be mixed at slaughterhouses The desire of some animals to control their personal space should be taken into account in designing facilities Domestic animals will try to escape if any person approaches closer than a certain distance This critical distance which defines the flight zone varies among species and individuals of the same species and depends upon previous contact with humans Animals reared in close proximity to humans i e tame have a smaller flight zone whereas those kept in free range or extensive systems may have flight zones which may vary from one metre to many metres Animal handlers should avoid sudden penetration of the flight zone which may cause a panic reaction which could lead to aggression or attempted escape OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Animal handlers shoul
347. overnment information programmes and the Veterinary Authority All suspect cases of FMD should be investigated immediately Where suspicion cannot be sSamples should be taken and submitted for diagnostic testing a aberatery unless the suspect case can be corine pr ruled out by epidemiological and clinical investigation e AA co Sead bo able to call erak arce ron aimn vith control Any epidemiological unit within which suspicious animals are detected should be classified as infected until contrary evidence is produced implement when_ relevant regHarand regquent elinicaHnspection and serologicaHesting othigh rsk groups_of_ animals_such_as_those_adiacenttoan Mp infected country or infected zone for example bordering a game park in which infected wildlife are present implement structured population based surveys when appropriate as described in Article 1 4 4 The surveillance programme above should a identify the nature of risk factors including the role of wildlife to inform targeted surveillance strategies when appropriate b implement when relevant an appropriate combination of clinical investigation and other diagnostic procedures in high risk groups OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 25 Annex XXXIX contd 34 An effective surveillance system should wit periodically identify suspicio
348. place in the country or zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 c if the surveillance programme described in b above has not detected Brucella infection for two consecutive years surveillance may be maintained in accordance with Chapter 1 4 3 The free status of the country or zone in camelids is not affected by the occurrence of Brucella infection in other animal categories or feral or wild animals provided that effective measures have been implemented to prevent transmission of Brucella infection to camelids Article 8 X 8 Country or zone free from Brucella infection in cervids 1 Io qualify as free from Brucella _infection_in_cervids a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country or zone b regulatory measures for the early detection of Brucella infection in _cervids including the regular submission of abortion material to diagnostic laboratories for investigation have been implemented c nocervids have been vaccinated against Brucella infection d no case of Brucella infection has been recorded in cervids for at least the past three years e cervids and their genetic materials introduced in the country or zone comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 f regular and periodic testing of all h
349. point technically qualified officials to take any actions needed for implementation or verification of compliance with the veterinary legislation respecting the principles of independence and impartiality prescribed in Article 3 1 2 1 Necessary powers of the Competent Authority The veterinary legislation should also ensure that a officials have the legal authority to intervene in accordance with the legislation and the penal procedures in force b while executing their legal mandate officials are protected against legal action and physical harm for actions carried out in good faith OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 14 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd c the powers and functions of officials are explicitly and thoroughly listed to protect the rights of stakeholders and the general public against any abuse of authority This includes respecting confidentiality as appropriate and d atleast the following powers are available through the primary legislation i access to premises and vehicles for carrying out inspections ii access to documents iii taking samples iv retention setting aside of animals and goods pending a decision on final disposition v seizure of animals products and food of animal origin vi Suspension of one or more activities of an inspected establishment vii temporary partial or
350. possible calves should continue to receive colostrum or equivalent for at least 5 days after birth OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Where new born calves need to be transported this should be carried out according to Chapter 7 3 Calves should be handled and moved in a manner which minimises distress and avoids pain and injury Outcome based measurables mortality rate morbidity rate growth curve Cow calf separation and weaning Different strategies to separate the calf from the cow are utilised in dairy cattle production systems These include early separation usually within 48 hours of birth or a more gradual separation leaving the calf with the cow for a longer period so it can continue to be suckled Separation can be stressful for both cow and calf Newberry and Swanson 2008 Weary et al 2008 For the purposes of this chapter weaning means the change from a milk based diet to a fibrous diet This change should be done gradually and calves should be weaned only when their ruminant digestive system has developed sufficiently to enable them to maintain growth health and welfare Roth et al 2009 If necessary dairy cattle producers should seek expert advice on the most appropriate time and method of weaning for their type of cattle and production system Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour physical appearance
351. pproaches to ensure good animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 279 297 Vermunt J J and Greenough P R 1994 Predisposing factors of laminitis in cattle British Veterinary Journal 150 2 151 164 Von Keyserlingk M A G D Olenick D M Weary 2008 Acute behavioural effects of regrouping dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 1011 1016 Waterhouse A 1996 Animal welfare and sustainability of production under extensive systems a European perspective Appl Anim Behav Sci 49 29 40 Weary D M Jasper J and H tzel M J 2008 Understanding weaning distress Appl Anim Behav Sci 10 24 41 Weary D M Huzzey J M von Keyserlingk A G 2009 Board Invited Review Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals J Anim Sci 87 770 777 Webster A J F 1991 Metabolic responses of farm animals to high temperature Eur Assoc Anim Prod 55 15 22 Webster A J F 2001 Farm Animal Welfare the Five Freedoms and the Free Market The Veterinary Journal 161 3 229 237 Webster A J F Main D C Eds 2003 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Assessment of Animal Welfare at Farm and Group Level Anim Welfare 12 429 712 Webster A J F Main D C J and Whay H R 2004 Welfare assessment Indices from clinical observation Anim Welfare 13 S93 S98 West J W 2003 Effects of heat stress on production in dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 86 2131 2144 Wiepke
352. practice of attempting to revive foetuses found alive at the evisceration of the dam should not be attempted during normal commercial slaughter as it may lead to serious welfare complications in the newborn animal These include impaired brain function resulting from oxygen shortage before rescue is completed compromised breathing and body heat production because of foetal immaturity and an increased incidence of infections due to a lack of colostrum OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 10 Annex XXXVI contd Article 7 5 6 Summary analysis of handling and restraining methods and the associated animal welfare issues DELETE TABLE Article 7 5 76 Stunning methods 1 General considerations The competence of the operators and the appropriateness and effectiveness of the method used for stunning and the maintenance of the equipment are the responsibility of the management of the slaughterhouse and should be checked regularly by a Competent Authority Persons carrying out stunning should be properly trained and competent and should ensure that a the animal is adequately restrained b animals in restraint are stunned as soon as possible c the equipment used for stunning is maintained and operated properly in accordance with the manufacturer s recommendations in particular with regard to the species and size of the animal d the equipment is applied correctly e stunned animals are bled o
353. practised it should notify the OIE in advance on the intended date of cessation of vaccination and apply for the new status within 24 months The status of this country or zone remains unchanged until compliance with Article 8 5 2 is approved by the OIE If the dossier for the new status is not provided within 24 months then the status will be suspended If the country does not comply with requirements of Article 8 5 2 evidence should be provided within 3 months that they comply with Article 8 5 3 the status_ofthis _ceuntry remains_unchanged fer a_peried of atleast 42 menths_after vaccination has ceased Evidence should also be provided showing that FMDV infection has not occurred during that period In the event of the application for the status of an FMD free zone where vaccination is practised to be assigned to a new Zone adjacent to another FMD free zone where vaccination is practised it should be indicated if the new zone is being merged with the adjacent zone to become one enlarged zone lf the two Zones remain separate details should be provided on the control measures to be applied for the maintenance of the status of the separate zones and particularly on the identification and the control of the movement of animals between the zones of the same status in accordance with Chapter 4 3 FMD free zone where _vaecination_is_not _practised An FMD fr
354. prevalence_of antibedy_reactivity observed should not differ ina_statistcally significant mannertrom thateHhe primary sample virus is net circulating Eollowi FP ination epideihidiepi oel be Se sc pater eee a i ma Sero Geay OSET aR Sentinel_animals can also_be_used these can be _young unvaccinated _animals_oranimalsin_ which maternally conferred immunity has lapsed and belonging to the same species resident within the positive initial samopling_units They should be serologically negative if virus is not circulating tf other susceptible unvaccinated _anima s are_oresent they could act as sentinels_to provide additional serological evidence Laboratory_results_should_be examined_inthe centext_of the epidemiological situation _Corollary_information ical and the ibility of viral_ci on includes buti OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 36 Annex XXXIX contd Figure 1 Schematic representation of the minimum waiting periods and pathways for recovery of FMD free status Free country zone without vaccination No stamping out Vaccinate No to live vaccination Continue Continue Stop Vaccination Vaccination Vaccination emergency vac 6 months 24 months 12 months 8 5 7 2 8 5 3 8 5 2 Freedom with vaccination Stamping out No Vaccinate vaccination to kill Stop Vaccination emergency vac 3 months 3 or 6 m
355. que when combined with cervical dislocation minimises biosecurity risk c Disadvantages i Method 3 requires a reliable supply of electricity and is not suitable for large scale operations ii The electrodes should be applied and maintained in the correct position to produce an effective stun iii Birds should be individually restrained iv It should be followed by a killing method d Conclusion Method 3 is suitable for small numbers of poultry Article 7 6 4211 air mixture Introduction Controlled atmosphere killing is performed by exposing animals to a predetermined gas mixture either by placing them in a gas filled Container or apparatus Method 1 or by placing transport modules or crates containing birds in a gas tight container and introducing a gas mixture Method 2 or by the gas being introduced into a poultry house Method 3 Method 3 should be used whenever possible as it eliminates welfare issues resulting from the need to manually remove live birds Although Method 2 requires handling and crating of the birds it benefits bird welfare overall in comparison with Method 1 as it reduces the risk of death by smothering or suffocation Inhalation of carbon dioxide CO induces respiratory and metabolic acidosis and hence reduces the pH of cerebrospinal fluid CSF and neurones thereby causing unconsciousness and after prolonged exposure death Exposure to carbon dioxide does not induce immediate loss of consciousness ther
356. r importation from EHDV free countries or zones For embryos or oocytes of cattle and cervids Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor females a were kept in an EHDV free country or zone for at least the 60 days prior to and at the time of collection of the embryos or oocytes or b were subjected to a serological test to detect antibody to the EHDV group between 21 and 60 days after collection with negative results or c were subjected to an agent identification test on a blood sample taken on the day of collection with negative results 2 the embryos or oocytes were collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 7 4 8 and 4 9 as relevant Article X Recommendations _for importation from EHDV seasonally free zones a were kept _during the seasonally _free_period_in a_seasonally_free zonefor_atteast 60 days before b were_subjected to_a_serelogical test te _detect antibedy te the EHDY group between 24 and 60 days f fone Wil OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI contd c were subjected te an_agent identification test ona bleed sample taken_on_the day of collection with 2 the embryos or_oocytes_werecollected_processed_and_stored_in conformity with the _provisions of 7 g Article X X 410 Rec
357. r sedation may be necessary prior to injection b Some combinations of drug type and route of administration may be painful and should only be used in unconscious animals c Legal requirements and skill training required may restrict use to veterinarians d Contaminated carcasses may present a risk to other wild animals or domestic animals 5 Conclusion The method is suitable for killing small numbers of cattle sheep goats pigs and poultry Article 7 6 4615 Addition of anaesthetics to feed or water 1 Introduction An anaesthetic agent which can be mixed with poultry feed or water may be used to kill poultry in houses Poultry which are only anaesthetised need to be killed by another method such as cervical dislocation 2 Requirements for effective use a Sufficient quantities of anaesthetic need to be ingested rapidly for effective response b Intake of sufficient quantities is facilitated if the birds are fasted or water is withheld c Should be followed by killing see Article 7 6 4716 if birds are anaesthetised only 3 Advantages a Handling is not required until birds are anaesthetised b There may be biosecurity advantages in the case of large numbers of diseased birds 4 Disadvantages a Non target animals may accidentally access the medicated feed or water when provided in an open environment b Dose taken is unable to be regulated and variable results may be obtained c Animals may reject adulterated feed or
358. r study is found in some rare instances with reference to an article or part of an article This means that this part of the text has not yet been adopted by the World Assembly of OIE Delegates and the particular provisions are thus not yet part of the Terrestrial Code The standards in the chapters of Section 1 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the implementation of measures for the diagnosis surveillance and notification of pathogenic agents including procedures for notification to the OIE tests for international trade and procedures for the assessment of the health status of a country or zone The standards in the chapters of Section 2 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for conducting import risk analysis used by an importing country in the absence of OIE trade standards or to justify import measures more stringent than existing OIE trade standards The standards in the chapters of Section 3 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the establishment maintenance and evaluation of quality Veterinary Services including veterinary legislation These standards are to assist the Veterinary Services of OIE Member Countries to meet their objectives of improving terrestrial animal health and welfare and veterinary public health as well as to establish and maintain confidence in their international veterinary certificates The standards in the chapters of Section 4 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the implementation of measures fo
359. r the prevention and control of pathogenic agents including through animal identification traceability zoning compartmentalisation disposal of dead animals disinfection disinsectisation and general hygiene precautions Some chapters address the specific sanitary measures to be applied for the collection and processing of semen and embryos of animals The standards in the chapters of Section 5 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the implementation of general sanitary measures for trade in particular veterinary certification and the measures applicable by the exporting transit and importing countries especially Members of the World Trade Organization WTO It also includes a range of model veterinary certificates to be used as a harmonised basis for international trade OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXII contd 10 1 2 3 The standards in the chapters of Section 6 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the implementation of preventive measures in animal production systems to assist OIE Member Countries in meeting their veterinary public health objectives This includes ante and port mortem inspection control of hazards in feed biosecurity at the animal production level and the control of antimicrobial resistance in animals The standards in the chapters of Section 7 of the Terrestrial Code are designed for the implementation of animal welfare measures including those at
360. rate mortality rate growth curve Stocking density High stocking densities may increase injuries and have an adverse effect on growth curve feed efficiency and behaviour such as locomotion resting feeding and drinking Martin and Bateson 1986 Kondo et al 2003 Stocking density should be managed such that crowding does not adversely affect normal behaviour of cattle B e and F revik 2003 This includes the ability to lie down freely without the risk of injuries move freely around the pen and access feed and water Stocking density should also be managed such that weight gain and duration of time spent lying is not adversely affected by crowding Petherick and Phillips 2009a If abnormal behaviour is seen measures should be taken such as reducing stocking density In pastured systems stocking density should depend on the available feed and water supply and pasture quality Stafford and Gregory 2008 Outcome based measurables behaviour morbidity rate mortality rate changes in weight and body condition score physical appearance changes in milk yield parasite burden growth curve Protection from predators Cattle should be protected as much as possible from predators Outcome based measurables mortality rate morbidity rate injury rate behaviour physical appearance OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Genetic selection Welfare and healt
361. ration which will provide another opportunity to strengthen cooperation between the OIE and Codex Dr Vallat acknowledged that the development of common standards was not feasible and that work to systematically cross reference each other s standards will be more achievable Dr Vallat welcomed inputs from the Working Group on this topic Dr Vallat supported the initiative to continue to invite chairs or relevant experts of a Codex Working Group to OIE ad hoc Groups when relevant and considered this an important means of ensuring alignment of relevant standard development work between the two organisations Collaboration at the national level Regarding the importance of collaboration at the national level Dr Vallat noted that at a meeting of the FAO OIE WHO Tripartite Strategy meeting one of the recommendations was to request that OIE focal points for animal production food safety participate in INFOSAN activities and vice versa Dr Vallat informed the Working Group that OIE Delegates had been informed of this recommendation and asked to consider this request which he saw as a good step to improve coordination at the national level OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 2 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 Annex XLIII contd Future standard setting for animal production food safety Dr Vallat welcomed the Working Group s recommendation that the OIE should only consider standard d
362. red for wet birds v An effective stun and kill should be verified by the absence of brain stem reflexes b Advantages i Method 2 stuns and kills simultaneously ii It is capable of processing large numbers of birds reliably and effectively iii This non invasive technique minimises biosecurity risk c Disadvantages i Method 2 requires a reliable supply of electricity ii Handling inversion and shackling of birds are required d Conclusion Method 2 is suitable for large numbers of poultry 3 Method 3 Method 3 comprises the single application of sufficient electrical current to the head of poultry in a position that spans the brain causing unconsciousness this is followed by a killing method see Article 7 6 4716 a Requirements for effective use i The stunner control device should generate sufficient current more than 600 mA duck and more than 300 mA bird to stun ii Appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves and boots should be worn OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 36 co 2 Annex XXXVI contd iii Birds should be restrained at a minimum manually close to an electrical supply iv Electrodes should be cleaned regularly and after use to enable optimum electrical contact to be maintained v Birds should be monitored continuously after stunning until death to ensure the absence of brain stem reflexes b Advantages Non invasive techni
363. relating to animal diseases Done L Not done L Partially done _ Comment 33 oe i wantin hkeeicae diets ele rine eed eee ole ed ii the use of disinfection at all critical points notably during the transportation of animals Done L Not done L Partially done COMMONS si2jccheca Merc ces here mae Pah hah ag chdnad dah link En AAA ete eats 7 Animal diseases 7 1 Surveillance Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i collection transmission and utilisation of epidemiological data relevant to listed diseases Done Not done L Partially done Comments 223i a Moai td bee he cic ibe hate A accede edt cia hicd aa es OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii an early warning system Done L Not done L Partially done Comments 7 2 Disease prevention Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i specific rules for each listed disease Done L Not done _ Partially done _ Comments ii support to stakeholders in proposing joint programs Done L Not done L Partially done iii the direct control by the competent authority of some disease prevention programmes Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 65 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd iv
364. relating to the central State example 1 Level 2 Title 3 Type 4 Issuing authority 5 Source of law or procedure for creation 6 of legal Cross instrument reference Organic law Legislative Parliament Articles x to y of the Constitution 2 Law Legislative Parliament Article z of the Constitution 2b Statutory order Legislative Government Constitution legislative empowerment Decree Regulatory Government Circular decree No xx 4 Ministerial order Regulatory Minister Directive Administrative Directorate General and sub directorates Ministerial directive No yy This table covers legal instruments issued at the central State level and applicable throughout the country OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 37 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd 1 Level of legal instrument from the highest level No 1 Constitution or equivalent to the lowest level n Legal instruments should be in strict conformity with and authorised by legal instruments of higher levels For example a decree can modify another decree but not a law Legal instruments may have the same rank but require different adoption procedures such as laws and statutory orders or the various categories of decree 2 Indicate the local name of the legal instrument 3 Indicate the constitutional legislative regulatory or ad
365. ries These have mostly been done in collaboration with the WHO Recently a project in Kenya was completed which generated data on foodborne pathogen and AMR prevalence in the beef pork and poultry value chains New projects are being initiated in Cambodia Vietnam aquaculture and India with possibility of another project in Nigeria These projects mirror the approach taken in the completed project in Kenya and the expected outcomes are the establishment of inter agency task forces on AMR to implement policy priorities establishment of national surveillance programmes on priority foodborne pathogens and AMR antimicrobials usage monitoring programmes as well as the implementation of national policies and best practices by meat value chain operators actors to address emerging issues Guidance for value chain operators on appropriate use of veterinary inputs in animal production This is being developed to address veterinary residues in products of animal origin and the risks of AMR development arising from inappropriate usage of antimicrobial agents in animal production The material will be disseminated directly to small holder livestock keepers especially in countries where activities mentioned before are being undertaken FAO has also commissioned under a letter of agreement an innovative approach targeting rural and peri urban small holder livestock keepers which uses established TV programmes and SMS through mobile phones to dissemination of go
366. rinary legislation Are the legal instruments always an initiative of the Veterinary Services Yes No O Are legal experts involved at the design Stage eecceeseeeeeeeteeeeeeneees Wess 00a No O Do veterinarians technicians systematically work with legal experts NE eee Ee eee No O Comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 29 10 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Is consultation undertaken during legal drafting With the public ic bis tie eek veel a detache Adie EATE ETATE Ves aa Menea No O Is there a formal procedure ccccccceccsescesecessesseseseseessesetseeceeeanenes Yes Dv No O Withiprofessionals ics 2020i Aveveed sx re ea a a a a ae aeia Yess Lissas No O Is there a formal procedure cccccccceescessccsecesceseessecereeeseeceneeaes Yes Q uc No O With other administrations Paieska asra or asa tiia Yes Q wc No O Is there a formal procedure ccccecceesceesccsescessceesesreseseeeseeseneeaes Yes Q wc No O COmMmmMentS smena ea aae a eee een ea eee e ee eee Oe eae Is there a formal evaluation of the applicability and impact of the legal instruments as part of their creation e g regulatory impact assessment For primary legislation Never Sometimes Alway
367. rinary legislation should address the following elements i registration or authorisation of all operators importing storing processing selling or otherwise distributing veterinary products or raw materials for use in making veterinary products Done L Not done L Partially done definition of the responsibilities of operators Done L Not done L Partially done good manufacturing practices as appropriate Done L Not done L Partially done arrangements for informing the competent authority about traceability of products and adverse effects Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 79 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 9 7 Commerce distribution use and traceability of veterinary products Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i ii control over the circulation and distribution of veterinary products and arrangement for traceability and condition of use Done L Not done L Partially done establishment of rules of prescription and provision of veterinary products to the end user Done L Not done L Partially done restricting to authorised professionals all commerce in veterinary products that are subject to prescription Done L Not done L Partially done the supervision by an authorised professional of organi
368. roduction 6 1 Identification and traceability Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i the objectives and scope of animal identification Done L Not done L Partially done x Comments Partially done The Animal Diseases Act Section 18 e and its Statutory Instrument 38 4 Second Schedule require mandatory identification of animals and animal products being moved under a movement permit for animal health purposes Here the owner area of origin for animal items type of animals quantities and area of final destination are required The Animal Breeding Act Sections 6 12 and 48 2 requires registration certification and recording and marking animals for breeding purposes only OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd Preparatory Questionnaire Part II Technical Recommendations 3 Veterinary and Para veterinary professions 3 1 Veterinary medicine In order to ensure the quality of veterinary medicine the veterinary legislation should i provide an official definition of veterinary medicine Done L Not done L Partially done L COMMENtS 3 sees eek ae lene aa thane eae Pigs oad oe ee ie a ii Define the prerogatives of the professionals involved in the practice of veterinary medicine Done L Not done L Partially done iii Define the minimum initial and continuous educational requirements for the professionals
369. rsed The electrode immersed in the bath should extend the full length of the waterbath Birds should be immersed in the bath up to the base of their wings The waterbath should be designed and maintained in such a way that when the shackles pass over the water they are in continuous contact with the earthed rubbing bar The control box for the waterbath stunner should incorporate an ammeter which displays the total current flowing through the birds The shackle to leg contact should be wetted preferably before the birds are inserted in the shackles In order to improve the electrical conductivity of the water it is recommended that salt be added in the waterbath as necessary Additional salt should be added regularly as a solution to maintain suitable constant concentrations in the waterbath Using waterbaths birds are stunned in groups and different birds will have different impedances The voltage should be adjusted so that the total current is the required current per bird as shown in the table hereafter multiplied by the number of birds in the waterbath at the same time The following values have been found to be satisfactory when employing a 50 Hertz sinusoidal alternating current Birds should receive the current for at least 4 seconds While a lower current may also be satisfactory the current shall in any case be such as to ensure that unconsciousness occurs immediately and lasts until the bird has been killed by cardiac arrest or by
370. rtially done iv inspection of premises Done L Not done L Partially done v controls over the implementation of the legislation at all stages of the production processing and distribution of food of animal origin Done L Not done L Partially done vi establish that operators of food production premises have the primary responsibility for food safety Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd vii obligations for producers to withdraw from the marketplace all products likely to be hazardous for human or animal health Done L Not done L Partially done 10 3 Products of animal origin intended for human or animal consumption Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i ii arrangements for inspection Done L Not done _ Partially done _ the conduct of inspection on the basis of veterinary expertise Done L Not done L Partially done relevant health standards Done L Not done L Partially done application of health identification marks which are visible to the intermediary or final user Done L Not done _ Partially done _ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 83 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd The competent authority shoul
371. ry legislation and secondary legislation in the country before moving to the specific closed questions It was noted that an explanatory note should be developed for these two open ended questions to ensure the expected information can be obtained The ad hoc Group reviewed the closed questions and decided to delete the second question as this could be covered by the two open ended questions The 5 question new 6 question was amended to indicate explicitly that this question is intended for the evaluation during drafting The 6 question new 7 question was replaced with a request for template because the open ended questions could cover the original question Further amendments were made to Q4 for improved clarity Q5 Definition of the veterinary domain and the division of responsibilities The ad hoc Group conducted a cross check with Chapter 3 4 of the Terrestrial Code for congruency Though recognising discrepancy between this question and Chapter 3 4 the ad hoc Group noted that the intention of this question was to identify the legislation and controlling bodies in each subject in the entire veterinary domain and thus this question does not necessarily have to be fully consistent with Chapter 3 4 The ad hoc Group amended and added some secondary subjects which were deemed necessary In addition the explanatory note was revised for improved clarity Q6 Inspectors no change Q7 Financial framework While noting that
372. s O For secondary legislation Never Sometimes Always O For infra regulatory texts Never Sometimes _ Always O COMMENTS inaa a a A wane a a a aa n a a What do these evaluations usually take into account If a template exists for these evaluations please attach it GOMMENUS siceecccacsseces secGaccteseceneeenceuesieas sents cose Ea a a gil e aee a papa Aripi aa ariin Are performance indicators developed in parallel with the legal instruments to monitor the success of the legal provisions when they are implemented Yes O No O Eze ALLAERT E E E gt VEE E E Is there usually a timetable for implementation Yes No O COMMEN S e ms a ia ea aa A a MM a aaa rE A aA Aa DEA aa a EAEE Taaa Eaa When primary legislation is drafted is the relevant secondary legislation drafted at the same time OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 30 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Q5 Definition of the veterinary domain and distribution of responsibilities 1 Is the veterinary domain defined for official purposes Yes L No 1 1 If you answered Yes please state the definition and give the reference for the legal instrument 2 For each domain indicate the distribution of responsibilities Domain Legislation Control Ref comments 8
373. s Chapters 5 1 to 5 3 describe the obligations and ethics in international trade Veterinary Authorities and all veterinarians directly involved in international trade should be familiar with these chapters which also provide guidance for informal mediation by the OIE The OIE aims to include at the beginning of each chapter relating to a specific agent in Sections 8 to 15 an article listing the commodities that are considered safe for trade regardless of the status of the country or zone for the agent in question This is a work in progress and some chapters do not yet contain articles listing safe commodities Where such a list is present there should be no trade restrictions applied to the listed commodity in relation to the agent in question International veterinary certificates An international veterinary certificate is an official document drawn up by the Veterinary Authority of an exporting country in accordance with Chapter 5 1 and Chapter 5 2 describing the animal health requirements and where appropriate public health requirements for the exported commodity The quality of the exporting country s Veterinary Services including the ethical approach to the provision of veterinary certificates and their history in meeting their notification obligations is essential in providing assurance to trading partners regarding the safety of exported animals and products International veterinary certificates underpin international trade and
374. s Tick the box in column 4 if your country has legislation relating to the domain in question If you tick this box please indicate in column 5 which authority initiates and prepares the regulations In some cases there may be more than one authority if there is more than one authority enter the names in the same cell Column 6 1st level of control identifies the body that directly controls implementation This is usually an inspection service but could also be the private sector operators themselves within the framework of compulsory auto inspection or delegated bodies e g independent inspection offices Answer No if there is no 1st level of control Control may be performed concurrently by several different authorities If this is the case please list them in the same cell The 2nd level of control column 7 may not exist in all cases Control may be performed by a local authority the central authority a general inspection service etc Please enter No if it does not exist In column 8 indicate the reference legal instruments that assign authorities If there is insufficient space this information can be given in an appendix include a cross reference in appropriate cell in column 8 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q6 Inspectors 2 Legal basis 1 Objectives 3 Primary 4 Secondary 5 Infra 6
375. s Mortality rates like morbidity rates may be direct or indirect indicators of the animal welfare status Moss 1992 Depending on the production system estimates of mortality rates can be obtained by analysing causes of death and the rate and temporo spatial pattern of mortality Mortality rates can be reported daily monthly annually or with reference to key husbandry activities within the production cycle Changes in milk yield body weight and body condition In growing animals body weight gain failure to achieve appropriate growth curve may be an indicator of animal health and animal welfare In lactating animals body condition score outside an acceptable range significant body weight change and significant decrease in milk yield may be indicators of compromised welfare Roche et al 2004 Roche et al 2009 In non lactating animals including bulls body condition score outside an acceptable range and significant body weight change may be indicators of compromised welfare Reproductive efficiency Reproductive efficiency can be an indicator of animal health and animal welfare status Poor reproductive performance can indicate animal welfare problems Examples may include prolonged post partum anoestrus low conception rates high abortion rates high rates of dystocia loss of fertility in breeding bulls OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd
376. s Part 4 Other Standards and Related Texts Submitted for Adoption Standards and Related Texts Reference Status Amendment to the Principles and Guidelines for the adopted with Conduct of Microbiological Risk Assessment RET ET appen amendments Methods of Analysis in Codex Standards at different i adopted with steps including methods of analysis for food grade salt E A prc amendments Revision of the names and descriptors of food categories 16 0 and 12 6 1 of the GSFA RET Ea ppendies adopied Revision of the Code of Practice for Source Directed adopted with Measures to Reduce Contamination of Food with REP12 CF Appendix III ae drents Chemicals Regional standard for Fermented Soybean Paste CODEX STAN 298R 2009 provision for REP11 ASIA para 10 adopted monopotassium tartrate INS 336 1 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE Animal Production Food Safety Working November 2012 21 Annex XLIII contd Annex III contd Appendix IT LIST OF DRAFT STANDARDS AND RELATED TEXTS APPROVED AS NEW WORK BY THE THIRTY FIFTH SESSION OF THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION se Standard and Related Texts Reference Job Code Revision of the Code of Hygienic Practice for Spices REP12 FH CCR and Dried Aromatic Plants Appendix VII aioe Annex on berries to the Code of Hygienic Practice for REP12 FH COPR Fresh Fruits and Vegetables CAC RCP 53 2003 Appendix VIII SPANI Code of Practice for Weed Control to
377. s The plans should also include a strategy to ensure that an adequate number of personnel competent in the humane killing of animals is available Local level plans should be based on national plans and be informed by local knowledge Annex XXXVI contd OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 22 Disease control contingency plans should address the animal welfare issues that may result from animal movement controls The operational activities should be led by an official Veterinarian who has the authority to appoint the personnel in the specialist teams and ensure that they adhere to the required animal welfare and biosecurity standards When appointing the personnel he she should ensure that the personnel involved have the required competencies The official Veterinarian should be responsible for all activities across one or more affected premises and should be supported by coordinators for planning including communications operations and logistics to facilitate efficient operations The official Veterinarian should provide overall guidance to personnel and logistic support for operations on all affected premises to ensure consistency in adherence to the OIE animal welfare and animal health recommendations A specialist team led by a team leader answerable to the official Veterinarian should be deployed to work on each affected premises The team should consist of personnel with the competencies to conduct
378. s and sheep and goats that are introduced in the country or Zone have not been vaccinated during the past three years d no case of Brucella infection has been recorded in sheep and goats for at least the past three years e sheep and goats and their genetic materials introduced in the country or zone comply with the recommendations in Articles 8 X 13 8 X 15 to 8 X 17 f regular and periodic testing of all flocks has been in place for the past three years and this testing has demonstrated that Brucella infection was not present in at least 99 8 of the flocks representing at least 99 9 of sheep and goats in the country or Zone To maintain the status as free from Brucella infection without vaccination in sheep and goats a country or zone should satisfy the following requirements a the requirements in points 1a to 1e above are met b a surveillance programme based on regular and periodic testing of sheep and goats is in place in the country or zone to detect Brucella infection in accordance with Chapter 1 4 c if the surveillance programme described in b above has not detected Brucella infection for two consecutive years surveillance may be maintained in accordance with Chapter 1 4 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 3 Annex XL contd The free status without vaccination of the country or zone
379. s a set of activities including immediate actions and longer term measures for responding to disease outbreaks The process in developing a contingency plan is important to ensure successful implementation when an emergency occurs It involves organising a team representing relevant authorities and stakeholders identifying critical resources and functions and establishing a plan for recovery The plan should be simple and implementable It should be documented tested and updated regularly The plan should be put together by the veterinary authority involving representatives from local government different relevant agencies and private sector representatives Key components in a contingency plan include a established chain of command b systems for rapid detection and confirmation c outbreak investigation procedures d rapid containment measures e g movement control disinfection vaccination culling e communication strategy Notification of disease confirmation should be sent immediately to appropriate ministries trading partners stakeholders and should generally be made available to the general public In addition notification to the OIE should follow the provisions of Chapter 1 1 Following the official confirmation of an outbreak control areas may be established around the affected premises The extent of these areas depends on a number of factors in particular the epidemiology of the disease in question The meas
380. s currently developing a PVS One Health Tool as part of the OIE PVS Pathway The aim of such a mission is to review a country s Veterinary Service activities that specifically focus on collaboration and coordination with public health and other relevant partners where the achievement of public health outcomes is a major objective To date a pilot evaluation has been made in three countries Fourteen of the 46 critical competencies of the OIE PVS Tool have been determined to have the most direct link through the collaborative efforts of the Veterinary Service to public health outcomes The OIE is also in discussion with WHO to develop a common approach to good governance that will ensure no duplication or gaps between the PVS One Health Tool and the WHO International Health Regulations Dr Vallat noted that within the OIE mandate public health includes all zoonotic public health risks not just animal production food safety 1 Update on CAC FAO WHO activities 1 1 CAC Dr Annamaria Bruno provided an update on the work of CAC Detailed information is provided in Annex III 1 2 FAO Dr Katinka de Balogh provided an update on the work of FAO Detailed information is provided in Annex IV 1 3 WHO Dr Elizabeth Mumford representing the WHO Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses joined the meeting for this agenda item and provided an update on the work of WHO Detailed information is provided in Annex V The Working Group encouraged the Dir
381. s must be incorporated in the survey design Paired serology can be used to identify virus circulation by demonstrating an increase in the number of seropositive animals or an increase in antibody titre at the second sampling The investigation should include the reactor animal s susceptible animals of the same epidemiological unit and susceptible animals that have been in contact or otherwise epidemiologically associated with the reactor animal s The animals sampled should remain in the holding pending test results should be clearly identifiable accessible and should not be vaccinated during the investigations so that they can be retested after an adequate period of time Following clinical examination a second sample should be taken from the animals tested in the initial survey with emphasis on animals in direct contact with the reactor s after an adequate interval of time has lapsed If the animals are not individually identified a new serological survey should be carried out in the holding s after an adequate period of time repeating the application of the primary survey design The magnitude and prevalence of antibody reactivity observed should not differ in a statistically significant manner from that of the primary sample if virus is not circulating OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 33 Annex XXXIX contd
382. s to the point where less than 2 percent by volume of oxygen is found at the top of the container f allow time for the birds to become unconscious and die g open the door and allow the gas to be dispersed in air h remove the module i check each drawer for survivors j humanely kill survivors if any and k dispose carcasses appropriately OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 42 a Annex XXXVI contd Requirements for effective use of containerised gassing units CGU i iv An appropriate gas meter should be used to ensure a concentration of oxygen lt 2 percent is achieved and maintained until it can be confirmed that the birds have been killed v Sufficient exposure time should be allowed for birds to die before the door is opened In the absence of a viewing window which allows direct observation of birds during killing cessation of vocalisation and wing flapping sounds can be observed by standing close to the container and used to determine the onset of death in birds Remove the crates or modules from the container and leave them in the open air vi Each crate or module should be examined and birds checked to ensure they are dead Dilated pupils and absence of breathing movements indicate death vii Any survivors should be humanely killed viii Ducks and geese do not appear to be resilient to the effects of a mixture of 20 percent carbon dioxide and 80 percent nitrogen or argon
383. same pens high stocking density insufficient space at the feeder insufficient water access and mixing of bulls Management of cattle in all systems should take into account the social interactions of cattle within groups The animal handler should understand the dominance hierarchies that develop within different groups and focus on high risk animals such as very young very old small or large size for cohort group for evidence of bullying and excessive mounting behaviour The animal handler should understand the risks of increased agonistic interactions between animals particularly after mixing groups Cattle that are suffering from excessive agonistic activity should be removed from the group B e and F revik 2003 Jensen and Kyhn 2000 von Keyserlingk et al 2008 Animal handlers should be aware of the animal welfare problems that may be caused by mixing of inappropriate groups of cattle and provide adequate measures to minimise them e g introduction of heifers in a new group mixing of animals at different production stages that have different dietary needs Grandin 1998 Grandin 2003 Grandin 2006 Kondo et al 2003 Horned and non horned cattle should not be mixed because of the risk of injury Menke et al 1999 Outcome based measurables behaviour e g lying times physical injuries changes in weight and body condition score physical appearance e g cleanliness lameness scores changes in milk yield morbidity
384. sations approved for holding and use of veterinary products Done L Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd v the regulation of advertising claims and other marketing and promotional activities Done L Not done L Partially done 10 Safeguards for the food production chain and traceability 10 1 Objectives Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i the control of the manufacturing process at all relevant levels in the food production chain Done L Not done L Partially done Comments ii requirements to assure food safety for the purpose of human health Done L Not done L Partially done 10 2 General Veterinary legislation should address the following elements in order to ensure the food safety of animal products i recording all significant health events that occur during primary production Done Not done L Partially done Comments OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 81 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd ii prohibition of the marketing of infected products or products likely to be contaminated or hazardous for the consumer or for animal health Done L Not done L Partially done iii inspection for food safety and food composition Done L Not done L Pa
385. science extensively and invites the TAHSC to consider the need to define this terminology The comment on Article 3 4 10 suggesting to list specific issues for OIE animal welfare standards was noted and Section 7 was added referring to that part of the Terrestrial Code The comment on Article 3 4 11 was not accepted because the ad hoc Group felt this comment has been sufficiently addressed by the current text The comment on Article 3 4 12 suggesting to make a reference to the need to coordinate with food safety legislation and authorities was not accepted because this has been addressed by referring to Chapter 6 1 In response to the suggestion to introduce more open formulation in point 2 b the ad hoc Group deleted on the basis of veterinary expertise The proposed revision of the chapter is attached as Annex III Evaluation of Veterinary Services Chapter 3 2 The ad hoc Group reviewed comments received from FAO which suggested that Article 3 2 7 be moved to or combine with relevant Articles in Chapter 3 4 The ad hoc Group noted that the overall objective of Chapter 3 2 is to provide guidance to Member Countries which would like to evaluate the Veterinary Services of another country while Chapter 3 4 is intended for Member Countries wishing to establish or modernise their veterinary legislation They also noted that the styles of the chapters differed greatly Hence the ad hoc Group was of the view that removing the tex
386. scoring of the parasites undertaken by the expert meeting Furthermore the meeting highlighted some considerations for risk management including knowledge on foodborne attribution and possible approaches for the control of some of these foodborne parasites Reference is also made to existing risk management texts as appropriate The preliminary report is available at http www fao org food food safety quality a z index foodborne parasites en and http www who int foodsafety micro jemra meetings sep12 en index html In addition according to requests from the 43rd Session of the CCFH held in December 2011 FAO and WHO have been conducting peer review of risk profiles for Trichinella spp and Cysticercus bovis by selected experts in the area of parasitology and preparing for development of risk based examples for them to illustrate the level of consumer protection likely to be achieved with different post harvest risk management options depending on the availability of data and information More details on the recent JEMRA activities can be found at ftp ftp fao org codex meetings CCFH CCFH44 fh44_04e pdf wok ok The Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group FERG From 7 to 10 November 2011 WHO hosted the strategic planning meeting of the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group FERG in Durres Albania combined with a kick off event of the FERG pilot foodborne disease burden studies The objectives of the strategic pla
387. se behavior of lame cows J Dairy Sci 91 12 4673 4678 Dahl G E B A Buchanan H A Tucker 2000 Photoperiodic effects on dairy cattle a review J Dairy Sci 83 885 893 Desire L A Boissy and Veissier 2002 Emotions in farm animals a new approach to animal welfare in applied ethology Behav Process 60 165 180 DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk 2005 Time of feed delivery affects the feeding and lying patterns of dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 88 625 631 DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk K A Beauchemin 2005 Frequency of feed delivery affects the behaviour of lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 88 3553 3562 DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2004 Effect of feeding space on the inter cow distance aggression and feeding behavior of free stall housed lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 87 1432 1438 Dillon P D P R Berry D Evans F Buckley B Horan 2006 Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems for milk production Livestock Sciences 99 141 158 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Drackley J R 1999 Biology of dairy cows during the transition period The final frontier J Dairy Sci 82 2259 2273 Drissler M M Gaworski C B Tucker D M Weary 2005 Freestall maintenance effects on lying behavior of dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 88 7 2381
388. sh Spanish and French The Working Group assumed that the peer review would ensure that the literature review took into account the global situation When the paper is ready for publication the Trade Department will send a copy to the FAO WHO and Codex bringing the paper to their attention After much discussion on next steps OIE may take on this subject it was agreed that given the need for a whole food chain approach to Salmonella risk management in food producing animals other than poultry and the diversity of global animal production systems unilateral advancement of this work in OIE alone is unlikely to significantly improve salmonella risk management animals other than poultry Rather the Working Group agreed that should Codex initiate new work on Salmonella spp in food producing animals other than poultry then the Working Group would encourage OIE participation to ensure a whole of food chain approach Literature review on the control of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli VTEC in food producing animals At the 2010 meeting the Working Group discussed the need for and feasibility of developing OIE advice on the control of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli VTEC STEC in food producing animals with the purpose of reducing foodborne illness In this regard the Working Group requested that a review of the scientific literature be undertaken on this pathogen Dr John Morris Fairbrother OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli Canada
389. sitioning and orientation may result in poor animal welfare b Post stun convulsions may make pithing difficult and hazardous c The method is difficult to apply in agitated animals d Repeated use of a cartridge powered gun may result in over heating e Leakage of bodily fluids may present a biosecurity risk f Destruction of brain tissue may preclude diagnosis of some diseases Conclusions The method is suitable for poultry cattle sheep goats and pigs except neonates when followed by pithing or bleeding Article 7 6 87 Non penetrating captive bolt 1 2 Introduction A non penetrating captive bolt is fired from a gun powered by either compressed air or a blank cartridge There is no free projectile The gun should be placed on the front of the skull to deliver a percussive blow which produces unconsciousness in cattle adults only sheep goats and pigs and death in poultry and neonate sheep goats and pigs Bleeding should be performed as soon as possible after the blow to ensure the death of the animal Requirements for effective use a For cartridge powered and compressed air guns the bolt velocity should be appropriate to the species and type of animal in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer b Captive bolt guns should be frequently cleaned and maintained in good working condition c More than one gun may be necessary to avoid overheating and a back up gun should be available in
390. ssed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 Article 8 5 15 47 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries or zones or compartments where vaccination is practised For frozen semen of domestic ruminants and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 the donor animals a showed no clinical sign of FMD on the day of collection of the semen and for the following 30 days b were kept for at least three months prior to collection in an FMD free country er zone or compartment where vaccination is practised Hc have not been vaccinated and were subjected not less than 21 days after collection of the semen to tests for antibodies against FMD virus with negative results or jd had been vaccinated at least twice with the last vaccination not more than 12 and not less than one month prior to collection 2 no other animal present in the artificial insemination centre has been vaccinated within the month orior to 23 the semen a was collected processed and stored in conformity with the provisions of Chapters 4 5 and 4 6 b was stored in the country of origin for a period of at least one month following collection and during this period no animal on the establishment where the donor animals were kept showed any sign of FMD Article 8 5 1648 Recommendations for importation from FMD in
391. strial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 World Organisation for Animal Health OIE 2012 This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Pending adoption by the World Assembly of Delegates the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists All OIE publications are protected by international copyright law Extracts may be copied reproduced translated adapted or published in journals documents books electronic media and any other medium destined for the public for information educational or commercial purposes provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers whether or not these have been patented does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned Annex XXXV CHAPTER 6 10 RISK ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT FOR ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE ARISING FROM THE USE OF
392. t administrative decisions OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 33 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd Q7 Financial framework 1 Central Veterinary Services What proportion of the budget for Central Veterinary Service comes from each of the following sources Annual State budget orrara areenaan fe Re avec te craaeties ede te IN ee tees Fees paid to the government for services ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeneeeeeenaees Other sources of income e g international donors industry COMMENTS E E E on ate cecey cage Sree ceca seedy eas T E TT VEN 2 Territorial Veterinary Services What proportion of the budget for Territorial Veterinary Service comes from each of the following sources Annual State budget oeer i eel niente Fees paid to the government for services eesseeeeseeerssrerresrrrrrssrerresreen Territorial bUdQCt iii cs cscecieeteet teen ane irea een oasis cea Other sources Of INCOME ccccceececeeeeeenceceeneneeceeneneeeeeneneeeeeneneeeeg ileeeengiyece COMMONS 234 este oe Baie ee es A eee CR Acted we is cee teas Soe tetas ahs anced seg E 3 Are fees paid by users for any of the following services retained by the Action Vet Services Inspection of animals meat or other products L Processing applicatio
393. t regarding veterinary legislation from Chapter 3 2 could undermine the purpose of that chapter Moreover the ad hoc Group had a concern that making reference to Chapter 3 4 could lead to unnecessary trade implications for this chapter OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 4 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd While in favour of retaining Article 3 2 7 the ad hoc Group noted that the scope of the Article 3 2 7 should be aligned with Chapter 3 4 However it is recommended that the entire chapter be reviewed rather than revising only Article 3 2 7 in a piecemeal manner Such a systemic revision of all articles should be done by experts of evaluation of Veterinary Services so as not to undermine the integrity and narrative style of the current chapter Hence the ad hoc Group decided to seek TAHSC advice on how to address this inconsistency 5 Revision of the questionnaire to ensure congruency with the text of Chapter 3 4 The ad hoc Group reviewed the questionnaire in Annex 1 of the Manual for Experts of the VLSP with a view to align it with the text of Chapter 3 4 and to make it more user friendly The ad hoc Group considered it appropriate that the revised questionnaire would be uploaded on the OIE website for information of Member Countries that would like to apply for VLSP Dr Martial Petitclerc outlined the background and the intended use of the questionnaire
394. ter are in place a apid includi ficationt b so standstill of animalmovements_ hasbeen imposed and effective controls onthe movement of other Ea j in thi OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIX contd eb epidemiological investigation trace back trace forward is able to demonstrate that the outbreaks are epidemiologically related and limited in number and geographic distribution has been completed d the infection has been confirmed ec the primaryoutbreak_has been identified and investigations on the likely source of the outbreak have been carried out 2 a stamping out policy with or without the use of emergency vaccination has been applied 3 no new cases have been found in the containment zone within a minimum of one incubation period as defined in Article 8 5 1 after the application of a stamping out policy to the last detected case 3 4 the susceptible domestic and captive wild animal populations within the containment zones sheuld are be clearly identifiable as belonging to the containment zone 4 5 increased passive andiargeted surveillance in accordance with Articles 8 5 42 3 e 8 8 47 8 5 41 8 5 42 ane Article 8 5 4946 in the containment zone and in the rest of the country or zone has been carried out is in place and has net detected any evidence of FMDV infection 5 6 animal health measures t
395. th the standards described in the Terrestrial Manual including appropriate vaccine strain selection 4 describe in detail and supply documented evidence that these are properly implemented and supervised the boundaries and measures of a_protection zene applicable a incase of EMD free zone the boundaries of the proposed FMD free Zone b the boundaries and measures of a protection Zone if applicable c the system for preventing the entry of the virus into the proposed FMD free country or zone in particular if the procedure described in Article 8 5 8 is implemented d the control of the movement of susceptible animals into the proposed FMD free country or Zone The Member or the proposed free zone will be included in the list of FMD free countries or zones where vaccination is practised only after the submitted evidence _based_on the provisions of Article 1 6 4 has been accepted by the OIE Retention on the list requires that the information in points 2 3 and 4 above be re submitted annually and changes in the epidemiological situation or other significant events including those relevant to points 3b and 4 should be reported to the OIE according to the requirements in Chapter 1 1 If a Member that meets the requirements of an FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised wishes to change its status to FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not
396. that spans the heart The application of sufficient electric current to the head will induce tonic clonic epilepsy and unconsciousness Once the animal is unconscious the second stage will induce ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest resulting in death The second stage the application of low frequency current across the chest should only be applied to unconscious animals to prevent unacceptable levels of pain 2 Requirements for effective use a The stunner control device should generate a low frequency AC sine wave 50 Hz current with a minimum voltage and current as set out in the following table Animal Minimum voltage V Minimum current A Cattle 220 1 5 Sheep 220 1 0 Pigs over 6 weeks of age 220 1 3 Pigs less than 6 weeks of age 125 b Appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves and boots should be worn c Animals should be restrained at a minimum free standing in a pen close to an electrical supply d Two team members are required the first to apply the electrodes and the second to manipulate the position of the animal to allow the second application to be made OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 33 Annex XXXVI contd h A stunning current should be applied via scissor type stunning tongs in a position that spans the brain for a minimum of 3 seconds immediately following the application to the head the electrodes should be transferred to a position that
397. the area available for cattle to lie down Slopes of pens should be maintained to allow water to drain away from feed troughs and not pool excessively in the pens Facilities should be cleaned as conditions warrant to ensure good hygiene and minimise disease risk In straw sand or other bedding systems the bedding should be maintained to provide cattle with a dry and comfortable place in which to lie Bell 2007 Bell and Huxley 2009 Fisher et al 2003 Zdanowicz et al 2004 The design of a standing or cubicle or free stall should be such that the animal can stand and lie comfortably on solid surface e g length width and height should be appropriate for the size of the animal Anderson 2010 Bell 2007 Bernardi et al 2009 Cook et al 2008 Tucker et al 2003 Tucker et al 2004 Tucker et al 2009 Where possible this design should allow for the animal to move its head freely as it stands up Where individual spaces are provided for cows to rest there should be one space per cow Fregonesi et al 2007 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex IV contd Alleys and gates should be designed and operated to allow free movement of cattle Slippery surfaces should be avoided e g grooved concrete metal grating not sharp rubber mats or deep sand to minimise slipping and falling Haufe et al 2009 Rushen and de Passil 2006 If a housing system includes
398. the goal of disease control programmes are listed Table 1 An assessment of these factors should guide in the strategic planning and programme implementation Table 1 Factors to consider in setting achievable goals for disease control programmes Biological factors Availability of technical tools Species affected Genetic stability and diversity of the agent Density of susceptible species Wildlife reservoir Vector transmission Transmissibility Current extent of disease Survival in the environment Carrier state Ease of clinical recognition Diagnostic tests Vaccines Treatment Disinfectants and insecticides Disposal facilities Control measures Movement control Stamping out slaughter or pre emptive slaughter Import or export restrictions Zoning or compartmentalisation Herd accreditation Isolation and quarantine Cleaning and disinfection Vector and reservoir control Treatment of products and by products Vaccination Socioeconomic considerations Cost and benefits of intervention Availability of resources Structure of livestock production systems Public health implications Logistics and ease of implementation Stakeholder engagement Environmental impact Political will Incentives and compensation Acceptance of the public e g animal welfare implications culling of animals destruction of food Safe commodities for trade Institutional arrangements Article 4 X 4 Programme pla
399. the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers whether or not these have been patented does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned Annex XLIV FUTURE WORK PROGRAMME FOR THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH STANDARDS COMMISSION Topic Action How to be managed Status Feb 2013 Restructuring of the Terrestrial Code including Harmonisation of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Codes 1 Work with AAHSC towards harmonisation as TAHSC amp 1 Ongoing revised CH 1 1 for appropriate of the Codes ITD3 TAHSC amp adoption 2 CH rename by disease agents AWWG 2 Ongoing 3 Revision and formatting of Section 7 ete amp 3 Revised 7 5 and 7 6 for MC 4 Revision of the Users guide f 4 Revised User s Guide for MC OIE poli ildlif 5 TAHSC with 5 Onaoi 5 policy on wildlife WG on Wildlife ngoing amp SCAD Notification of emerging disease Clarification of definition criteria for SCAD amp TAHSC Ongoing notification etc Listed diseases 1 Criteria for listing TAHSC amp SCAD 1 Revised CH 1 2 for adoption 2 List of diseases 2 Revised list for adoption
400. the level of production transport and slaughter or killing Additional standards address the animal welfare aspects of stray dog population control and the use of animals in research and education The standards in each of the chapters of Sections 8 to 15 of the Terrestrial Code are designed to prevent the agents of OIE listed diseases infections or infestations from being introduced into an importing country taking into account the nature of the traded commodity the animal health status of the exporting country zone or compartment and the risk reduction measures applicable to each commodity These standards assume that the agent is either not present in the importing country or is the subject of a control or eradication programme Sections 8 to 15 each relate to the host species of the pathogenic agent multiple species or single species of the families apidae aves bovidae equidae leporidae caprinae and suidae Some chapters include specific measures to prevent and control the infections of global concern Although the OIE aims to include a chapter for each OIE listed disease not all OIE listed diseases have been covered yet by a specific chapter This is work in progress depending on available scientific knowledge and the priorities set by the World Assembly C Specific issues Notification Chapter 1 1 describes Member Countries obligations under the OIE Organic Statutes Although only listed and emerging diseases as prescribed in C
401. the measures within the programme need to be adequately trained and updated on the current knowledge of the disease Veterinary accreditation schemes of private veterinarians and veterinary para professionals can be a useful tool to increase the veterinary presence in the field however training and supervision coordinated by the Veterinary Authority is required Article 4 X 6 Outbreak investigation An outbreak investigation is a systematic procedure to help identify the cause and source of cases with a view to control and prevent possible future occurrence Outbreak investigation is an important responsibility of the Veterinary Services to ensure that preventive and control measures are applied Investigations also help recognise intervention strategy failures and successes identify changes in the agent environment or events that may be beyond the scope of a disease control programme It is important to maintain records of outbreak investigations including those which were not confirmed as this will help demonstrate the effectiveness of the surveillance system The main steps of outbreak investigation include 1 preparation for field work 2 establishment of the validity of the report triggering the investigation 3 confirmation of diagnosis 4 _ intensive follow up and tracing 5 collection and analysis of data including the characterisation of the event describing the animals involved and the spatial and temporal distribution 6
402. the possibility of delegation of powers to a professional organisation such as a veterinary statutory body and where powers have been so delegated describe the prerogatives the functioning and responsibilities of the mandated professional organisation Article 3 4 7 Laboratories in the veterinary domain 1 Facilities Veterinary legislation should define the role responsibilities obligations and quality requirements for a b c reference laboratories which are responsible for controlling the veterinary diagnostic and analytical network including the maintenance of reference methods laboratories designated by the Competent Authority for carrying out the analysis of official samples and laboratories recognised by the Competent Authority to conduct analyses required under the legislation e g for the purposes of quality control The veterinary legislation should define the conditions for the classification approval operations and supervision of laboratories at each level Reagents Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the elements listed below a b procedures for authorising reagents that are used to perform official analyses quality assurance by manufacturers of reagents used in official analyses and OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 16 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III
403. the purpose of the Terrestrial Code a case is an animal infected with Brucella The chapter deals not only with the occurrence of clinical signs caused by Brucella infection but also with the presence of Brucella infection in the absence of clinical signs t X CASE js at _animalinfected with Brucella j j gt The following defines a case of Brucella infection Brucella has been iselated and or identified as such from an animal or a product derived from that animal OR positive results to ene ermere a diagnostic tests have been obtained and there is an epidemiological link to a confirmed case evidence of Srucellatntection OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines are described in the Terrestrial Manual nthe absence of sufficient ee except bovine specific indirect ELISAs may be applied to When authorising import or transit of commodities listed in this chapter with the exception of those listed in Article 8 x 2 Veterinary Authorities should require the conditions prescribed _in this chapter relevant to the Brucella infection status of the animal population of the exporting country zone herd or flock Article 8 X 2 Safe commodities When authorising import or transit of the following commodities Veterinary Authorities should not require any Brucella related conditions regardless of the Brucella infection status
404. thin and around the building d measures to limit or eliminate breeding sites for vectors in the vicinity of the establishment or facility e standard operating procedures including description of back up and alarm systems for operation of the establishment or facility and transport of animals to the place of loading OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLI contd 2 During transportation When transporting animals through EHDV infected countries or infected zones Veterinary Authorities should require strategies to protect animals from attacks by Culicoides during transport Risk management strategies may include a loading transporting and unloading animals at times of low vector activity i e bright sunshine low temperature b ensuring vehicles do not stop en route during times of high vector activity i e dawn or dusk or overnight Article X X 1612 Surveillance This article is complementary to Chapters 1 4 and1 5 and outlines the principles for EHDV surveillance applicable to Members seeking to determine the EHDV status of a country or a zone The impact and epidemiology of EHD differ widely in different regions of the world and therefore it is impossible to provide specific recommendations for all situations It is incumbent upon Members to provide scientific data that explain the epidemiology of EHD in the region concerned and adapt the surveillance strategies for defining
405. this question was not directly relevant for veterinary legislation the ad hoc Group considered it useful information and decided to retain it It was decided to use an open ended style in order to indicate the intention of the question more explicitly The ad hoc Group considered the revised questionnaire might need further adjustment to ensure that it is workable in actual field circumstances The ad hoc Group recommended that the OIE consider field trials of the questionnaire in forthcoming VSLP missions so that the ad hoc Group can make fine tuning based on the results of such field trials at its next meeting The revised questionnaire is attached in Annex IV Although not included in the expert manual of VLSP so called Part 2 of the questionnaire technical questionnaire it was recommended by the ad hoc Group that it should be included among the materials which need to be completed by the country prior to the identification mission Annex V 6 Update on the state of play with the OIE Veterinary Legislation Support Programme including planning of a feedback session in 2013 Update on the state of play with the OIE Veterinary Legislation Support Programme Dr Fran ois Caya Head of OIE Regional Activity Department updated the ad hoc Group on the OIE PVS Pathway including VLSP He explained states of play with all three types of PVS Pathway mission PVS evaluation PVS Gap Analysis and VLSP and related activities With respect to VLSP
406. thy 22 XXVI 11 8 CBPP Sep 12 A 23 XXVII 12 1 Infection with African horse sickness virus A XXVIII 12 9 Infection with equine arteritis virus A 24 XXIX 14 5 Infection with Chlamydophila abortus Sep 12 A 1 6 Procedure for self declaration and for official 25 XXX a recognition by the OIE A 14 8 Peste des petits ruminants Sep 11 1 6 Procedure for self declaration and for official 26 XXXI A recognition by the OIE A 15 2 Classical swine fever Sep 10 27 XLI New Epizootic haemorrhagic disease Sep 12 C 28 XLII New Disease control Feb 13 C 29 XLII Report of APFSWG l 30 XLIV Work programme C 31 Review of application for recognition as an OIE collaboration centre 32 Inactivation of pathogen in casings 33 11 12 Lumpy skin disease E A proposed for adoption at 81 General Session C For Member comments E under expert consultation ad hoc Groups Specialist Commissions etc D deferred to Sep 2013 meeting For Member information List of abbreviations AAHSC Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission AHS African horse sickness APFSWG Animal Production Food Safety Working Group AWWG Animal Welfare Working Group EHD Epizootic haemorrhagic disease FMD Foot and mouth disease PPR Peste des petits ruminants PRRS Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome SCAD Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases TAHSC Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission VE Veterinary
407. tible animals and vaccination of at risk animals without subsequent slaughter of vaccinated animals as mentioned in point 1c of Article 8 5 7 This includes serosurveillance of all herds with vaccinated animals by sampling all vaccinated ruminants and their non vaccinated offspring and a representative number of animals of other species based on an acceptable level of confidence ee ee es vaccination should report the results of an active y gene conditions andmethods mhis chapter OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 30 Annex XXXIX contd Artic g 5 48 hreet OIE endorsed official control programme for FMD The overall obiective _of an_OlE endorsed _official centrel_programme_for FMD sforcountries to progressively improve the situation and eventually attain free status for FMD j j j 7 e the mainivesteck_preduction_systems and mevement patterns_of FMD susceptible_animats and thet 5 submit a detailed plan on the programme to control and eventually eradicate FMD in the country or zone including 8 where vaccination is practised as apart of the official control j gL E g OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 31 Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 46 49 The use and interpretation of serological tests see Figure 12 The recommended serological
408. tibodies to_NSPs such as young animals vaccinated a limited number of times or unvaccinated subpopulations Vaccination to_prevent the transmission of FMDV may be part of a disease control programme the level of herd Sis pm Ra Ui i ADS EL composition e g species and density of the ONN INE AIN Seu ene eee OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 28 the Terrestrial Manual Evidence to show the effectiveness of the vaccination programme such as adequate vaccination coverage and population immunity should be provided OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 29 Annex XXXIX contd In designing serosurveys to estimate population immunity blood sample collection should be stratified by age to take account of the number of vaccinations the animals have received The interval between last vaccination and sampling depends upon the intended purpose Sampling at one or two months after vaccination provides information on the efficiency of the vaccination campaign while sampling before or at the time of revaccination provides information on the duration of immunity When multivalent vaccines are used tests should be carried out to determine the antibody level at least for each serotype if not for each antigen blended into the vaccine The test cut off for an acceptable level of antibody should be selected with reference to protective lev
409. tion in the country or zone demonstrate the continuing absence of Brucella infection animals of the relevant category introduced into the herd or flock should be accompanied by a certificate from an Official Veterinarian attesting that they come from either i a country or zone free from Brucella infection with or without vaccination OR ii a herd or flock free from Brucella infection with or without vaccination and provided that the animals have not been vaccinated in the past 3 years and were subjected negative results were shewr to a prescribed test for Brucella infection within duriagthe 30 days prior to shipment with negative results in the sase case of post parturient females which have given_bitth during the past 30 days the test is should be carried out at least 30 days after giving the birth This test is not required for sexually immature animals or vaccinated animals less than 18 months of age There is no evidence of infection in other epidemiologically relevant animal species kept in the same establishmentor_measures_have_been_implemented_to_prevent any transmission_of the Brucella infection from other species kept in the same establishment Article 8 X 11 Herd free from Brucella infection in pigs 1 Jo qualify as free from Brucella infection a herd of pigs should satisfy the following requirements a Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country
410. tion score changes in milk yield Animal health management Animal health management means a system designed to optimise the physical and behavioural health and welfare of the dairy herd It includes the prevention treatment and control of diseases and conditions affecting the herd There should be an effective programme for the prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions formulated in consultation with a veterinarian where appropriate This programme should include the recording of production data e g number of lactating cows animal movements in and out of the herd milk yield morbidities mortalities culling rate and medical treatments It should be kept up to date by the animal handler Regular monitoring of records aids management and quickly reveals problem areas for intervention For parasitic burdens e g endoparasites ectoparasites and protozoa a programme should be implemented to monitor control and treat as appropriate Lameness is a problem in dairy herds Animal handlers should monitor the state of feet and claws and maintain foot health Chapinal et al 2009 Sprecher et al 1997 Those responsible for the care of cattle should be aware of early specific signs of disease or distress e g coughing ocular discharge changing locomotion score and non specific signs such as reduced feed and water intake reduction of milk production changes in weight and body condition changes in behaviour or abnormal phys
411. tions of CO2 and the respiratory distress occurring during the induction phase are important animal welfare considerations Pigs and poultry appear not to find low concentrations of CO2 strongly aversive and a mixture of nitrogen or argon with lt 30 percent CO2 by volume and lt 2 percent O2 by volume can be used for killing poultry neonatal sheep goats and pigs Method 1 The animals are placed in a gas filled container or apparatus OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 41 Annex XXXVI contd a 3 Method 2 Requirements for effective use ii iv v Containers or apparatus should allow the required gas concentrations to be maintained and the Oz and CO2 concentrations accurately measured during the killing procedure When animals are exposed to the gases individually or in small groups in a container or apparatus the equipment used should be designed constructed and maintained in such a way as to avoid injury to the animals and allow them to be observed Animals should be introduced into the container or apparatus after it has been filled with the required gas concentrations with lt 2 percent O2 and held in this atmosphere until death is confirmed Team members should ensure that there is sufficient time allowed for each batch of animals to die before subsequent ones are introduced into the container or apparatus Containers or apparatus should not be overcrowded and measures
412. tment joined the meeting for this agenda item and provided an update on current OIE activities relevant to the issue of antimicrobial resistance AMR Dr Diaz informed the Working Group that the revised Terrestrial Code Chapters 6 7 and 6 8 had been adopted at the General Session in May 2012 and a revised Guideline on Laboratory Methodologies for bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing had been added to the latest edition of the Terrestrial Manual Dr Diaz provided an update on the work done by the ad hoc Group on Antimicrobial Resistance He reported that since the last meeting of the Working Group the ad hoc Group met two times from 12 to 14 December 2011 and from 2 to 4 July 2012 at the OIE Headquarters At the December 2011 meeting the Group reviewed and updated the Terrestrial Code Chapter 6 10 Risk assessment for antimicrobial resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in animals It also started to address the OIE Member Country comments received on the previously updated version of the Terrestrial Code Chapter 6 9 Responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine At the July 2012 meeting the Group considered the Member Countries comments on Chapter 6 9 The Group also started to update the List of Antimicrobials of Veterinary Importance Finally it proposed the inclusion of new concepts in the Glossary of the Terrestrial Code The next meeting of this Group will take place in January 2013 T
413. to the animals on arrival and at intervals appropriate to the species Unweaned animals should be slaughtered as soon as possible In order to prevent heat stress animals subjected to high temperatures particularly pigs and poultry should be cooled by the use of water sprays fans or other suitable means However the potential for water sprays to reduce the ability of animals to thermoregulate especially poultry should be considered in any decision to use water sprays The risk of animals being exposed to very cold temperatures or sudden extreme temperature changes should also be considered The airage area should be well lit in order to enable the animals to see clearly without being dazzled During the night the lights should be dimmed Lighting should also be adequate to permit inspection of all animals Subdued lighting and for example blue light may be useful in poultry lairages in helping to calm birds OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd 9 The condition and state of health of the animals in a lairage should be inspected at least every morning and evening by a veterinarian or under the veterinarian s responsibility by another competent person such as an animal handler Animals which are sick weak injured or showing visible signs of distress should be separated and veterinary advice should be sought immediately regarding treatment or the animals should be humanely killed imme
414. ts 1 g and 2a iii of Article 7 X 5 Humane killing For sick and injured cattle a prompt diagnosis should be made to determine whether the animal should be treated or humanely killed The decision to kill an animal humanely and the procedure itself should be undertaken by a competent person Reasons for humane killing may include severe emaciation weak cattle that are non ambulatory or at risk of becoming downers non ambulatory cattle that will not stand up refuse to eat or drink have not responded to therapy rapid deterioration of a medical condition for which therapies have been unsuccessful severe debilitating pain compound open fracture spinal injury central nervous system disease multiple joint infections with chronic weight loss and premature calves that are unlikely to survive or calves that have debilitating congenital defect For a description of acceptable methods for humane killing of dairy cattle see Chapter 7 6 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVII contd Annex IV contd Scientific references American Association of Bovine Practitioners 1999 Practical Euthanasia of Cattle www aabp org resources euth asp accessed Aug 19 2009 American Veterinary Medical Association 2007 AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia http www avma org issues animal_welfare euthanasia pdf accessed Aug 19 2009 Anderson N 2010
415. ucella infection as relevant OR 0 b originate from a herd or flock free from Brucella infection OR bc have not been eliminated as part of an eradication programme against Brucella_infection have net tested positive toa prescribed test for Brucella infection Article 8 xX 19 Recommendations for the importation of milk and milk products Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the milk or the milk products 1 have been derived from animals in a country zone herd or flock free eha terd_orflecktree from Brucella infection OR 2 were subjected to pasteurisation or any combination of control measures with equivalent performance as described in the Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 14 Annex XL contd Article 8 X 20 Recommendations for importation of wool and hair Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that these products 1 have not been derived from Brveefainfected animals eliminated as part of an eradication programme against Brucella infection OR 2 have been processed to ensure the destruction of the Brucella Article 8 X 21 Procedures for the inactivation of Brucella in casings of bovids sheep an
416. uction and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Asia Pacific Region was held in Negombo Sri Lanka on 22 23 October 2012 by FAO in conjunction with the 36th Session of the Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia APHCA The epidemiology and impact of antimicrobial resistance AMR and the links between antimicrobial use AMU in livestock and AMR in humans were discussed and APHCA delegates presented short country reports on AMU and AMR in their respective countries Greater attention to AMU and AMR needs to be paid by animal health authorities in the Asia Pacific region as there is a wide variation in the awareness of and capacity to manage the risks from AMR across APHCA member countries There is a need for establishing National Task Forces on Antimicrobials that are multidisciplinary and cross sectoral to provide a forum to lead policy development and support action on AMU and AMR improve awareness at different levels including farmers and farmer organizations veterinarians paraveterinarians veterinary faculty staff members policy makers consumers and civil society and develop review and improve practical legislation and regulatory frameworks Furthermore the monitoring and surveillance of AMU and AMR needs to be undertaken and data collected on AMU e g types and of volume of antimicrobials used purpose of use Alternatives to AMU particularly improved infection control good husbandry practices and farm biosecurity are further key
417. ude cost benefit analysis feasibility environmental impact cultural impact and or unintended consequences In addition to the legislation information may be provided on the procedures for its implementation The administration can disseminate its operating rules for example by means of a bulletin or periodic digests Such information is known as infra regulatory texts OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 43 10 Annex XXXIV contd Annex IV contd What do these evaluations usually take into account If a template exists for these evaluations please attach it COMIMENIS fits fats tetee ete reste a teteet Sabet nates Misia 1 ake tetas ibs oe ee itd late teks decane ibe s Gadi ies Are performance indicators developed in parallel with the legal instruments to monitor the success of the legal provisions when they are implemented Yes O No The question seeks to ascertain whether the objectives of the measure one or more legal instruments have been formally quantified and whether indicators to measure them have been developed and implemented A Yes is taken to mean that checking against the indicators is done and recorded Comments erien cod Aled ee eo Ga ceed vad sli God ctv tie a e ar a O os is cave oh Is there usually a timetable for implementation Yes No O For many measures stakeholders and or the administration will need ti
418. uous educational requirements and competencies for veterinarians and veterinary para professionals OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE ad hoc Group on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 15 Annex XXXIV contd Annex III contd prescribe the conditions for recognition of the qualifications for veterinarians and veterinary para professionals define the conditions to perform the activities of veterinary medicine science and identify the exceptional situations such as epizootics under which persons other than veterinarians can undertake activities that are normally carried out by veterinarians The control of veterinarians and veterinary para professionals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for regulation of veterinarians and veterinary para professionals in the public interest To that end the legislation should a b describe the general system of control in terms of the political administrative and geographic configuration of the country describe the various categories of veterinary para professionals recognised by the Member Country according to its needs notably in animal health and food safety and for each category prescribe its training qualifications tasks and extent of supervision prescribe the powers to deal with conduct and competence issues including licensing requirements that apply to veterinarians and veterinary para professionals provide for
419. up agreed that its work programme for 2013 would include 1 Horizontal issues a b c d e f Antimicrobial resistance The ad hoc Group on Vaccines in Relation to New and Emerging Technologies animals and animal products derived from biotechnological interventions review texts for potential food safety implications of biotechnology vaccines when this work is undertaken Follow any developments in nanotechnology relevant to the work of the Working Group Animal production food safety in veterinary education Animal production food safety in veterinary legislation Food safety issues arising from the on going work on zoonoses at the human animal ecosystem interface One Health Evaluating performance of competent authorities including Veterinary Services 2 Disease specific issues a b c d e f g h Terrestrial Code chapter on brucellosis Terrestrial Code chapter on Trichinella infection and linkages to on going Codex work Terrestrial Code chapter on porcine cysticercosis Terrestrial Code chapter on echinococcosis hydatidosis Potential standard development on Salmonella in intensive pig production ensuring a whole food chain approach and linkages to any Codex work Follow up of literature review on verotoxigenic Escherichia coli VTEC STEC Generic aspects of food safety control systems associated with contamination with enteric pathogens and linkages to Codex work Gener
420. up comment Pig infections are generally non clinical The disease has been shown to or scientific evidence indicates that it would cause significant morbidity or mortality in wild animal populations Ad hoc Group comment Unknown but because T solium is restricted to suids and humans morbidity in wild pigs presumably is insignificant A reliable means of detection and diagnosis exists and a precise case definition is available to clearly identify cases and allow them to be distinguished from other diseases infections and infestations Ad hoc Group comment Post mortem examination of pigs is not highly sensitive However it is useful for screening out carcasses with the most dangerous infection levels Serological tests are also important although specificity is compromised by cross reactions with other pig helminth parasites especially in direct antibody ELISA tests An ELISA developed to detect circulating antigen is reported to be of value in screening pigs for epidemiological purposes OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 OIE electronic ad hoc Group on the listing of Taenia solium December 2012 January 2013 3 Annex XXXIII contd OR Criteria 5 The disease or infection is an emerging disease with evidence of zoonotic properties rapid spread or significant morbidity or mortality and a case definition is available to clearly identify cases and allow them to be distinguished from other diseases
421. up on Veterinary Legislation September 2012 57 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 5 4 Delegation of functions relating to the identification of animals and traceability i Veterinary legislation should provide for the possibility of delegating operations under the supervision of the competent authority to the operators that are best placed to carry out and manage the identification systems Done L Not done L Partially done ii Veterinary legislation should define the conditions of withdrawal of the delegation Done L Not done _ Partially done _ 5 5 Relationships with stakeholders To ensure transparency and facilitate implementation of the veterinary legislation the competent authority should establish relationships with stakeholders including by i taking steps to ensure that stakeholders participate in the development of significant legislation and required follow up Done L Not done _ Partially done _ Comments ii supporting as appropriate participation of stakeholders in international discussions Done Not done L Partially done OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXIV contd Annex V contd 6 Health provisions relating to animal production 6 1 Identification and traceability Veterinary legislation should address the following elements i ii the objectives and scope of animal identification Done L Not done L Partia
422. ures imposed will often include movement restrictions intensified surveillance as well as specific measures applied to affected premises In addition for ease of management and for trade purposes a larger area surrounding the control areas may be designated corresponding to administrative boundaries geographical or other appropriate features Disease control measures usually have a significant economic impact therefore appropriate compensation mechanisms are needed to ensure cooperation by farmers Lack of compensation could result in non compliance Partnerships between government and the private sector have proven effective to develop sustainable contingency funds in several parts of the world It is important that this plan be coordinated on a regional level particularly for transboundary animal diseases OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd Where possible Member Countries should act on a regional basis to ensure that funds and resources are available in an emergency and to protect the region from disease incursion and spread Detailed guidance and examples of contingency plans are available on the OIE web site http www oie int en animal health in the world the world animal health information system national disease contingency plans Article 4 X 8 Monitoring evaluation and review The programme should include a continued review process to assess the effectiveness of
423. urveillance for adverse effects arising from the use of veterinary medicines and biologicals 5 Establishments producing storing and wholesaling veterinary medicines and biologicals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the following elements a registration or authorisation of all operators manufacturing importing storing processing wholesaling or otherwise distributing veterinary medicines and biologicals or raw materials for use in making veterinary medicines and biologicals definition of the responsibilities of operators good manufacturing practices as appropriate reporting on adverse effects to the Competent Authority and mechanisms for traceability and recall 6 Retailing use and traceability of veterinary medicines and biologicals Veterinary legislation should provide a basis for actions to address the following elements a control over the distribution of veterinary medicines and biologicals and arrangements for traceability recall and conditions of use establishment of rules for the prescription and provision of veterinary medicines and biologicals to end users restriction to authorised professionals and as appropriate authorized veterinary paraprofessionals of commerce in veterinary medicines and biologicals that are subject to prescription the supervision by an authorised professional of organisations approved for holding and use of veterinary medicines and biologicals
424. us Suspect cases that require follow up and investigation to confirm or exclude that the cause of the condition is FMDV Details of the occurrence of suspect cases and how they were investigated and dealt with should be documented he ate at which to cceuant differ and cannetHherefore such suspicious _cases _are_tikely between epidemiological situations Oe he ee ee ee should include the results of diagnostic laboratory testing and the control measures to which the animals concerned were subjected during the investigation quarantine movement stand still orders etc Article 8 5 42 44 Surveillance methods strategies 4 Introduction re ey aan althe aoe ae POP HISHOE TOF SUVO a ae y 3 BREA AE ee ee tequires inputs from Forrandom_surveys the design_of the _sampling strategy will need to_incorporate_an_epidemiologically apprepriate _ design prevalence the sample _size_selected fer testing will need te be large enough te detect SESEO SO FRR ey mane Moric rre iad Marne The sample_size and_expecied the testing system_are_known the ete ae wale ineee alee AC aa A a a E A OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 26 Annex XXXIX contd 12 Clinical surveillance The detection of clinical signs by farmers veterinary para pro
425. ut slaughtered as soon as possible f animals are not stunned when slaughter is likely to be delayed and g backup stunning devices are available for immediate use if the primary method of stunning fails Provision of a manual inspection area and simple intervention like captive bolt or cervical dislocation for poultry would help prevent potential welfare problems In addition such persons should be able to recognise when an animal is not correctly stunned and should take appropriate action 2 Mechanical stunning A mechanical device should be applied usually to the front of the head and perpendicular to the bone surface For a more detailed explanation on the different methods for mechanical stunning see Chapter 7 6 and Articles 7 6 65 7 6 46 and 7 6 87 The following diagrams illustrate the proper application of the device for certain species OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 11 Annex XXXVI contd Figure 1 The optimum position for cattle is at the intersection of two imaginary lines drawn from the rear of the eyes to the opposite horn buds Cattle 4 ME J i A rif oe E Ba aae Figure source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Figure 2 The
426. ut in some individuals and in some species maternal antibodies can be detected for longer periods d non specific reactivity of the serum e lack of specificity of the diagnostic tests used Procedure in case of positive test results All seropositive reactors should be retested in the aboratory using repeat and confirmatory tests Tests used for confirmation should be of high diagnostic specificity to minimize false positive test reactors The diagnostic sensitivity of the confirmatory test should approach that of the screening test The number and strength of sero reactors should be taken into account All herds with serepesitive at least one laboratory confirmed reactors should be investigated immediately results_of virological tests that might confirm _or refute the hypothesis that the positive results to the serological tests employed in the initial survey were due to virus circulation and should document the status of FMDV _infection circulation for each positive herd Epidemiological investigation should be continued in parallel Clustering of seropositive reactions should be investigated as it may reflect any of a series of events including but not limited to the demographics of the population sampled vaccinal exposure or the presence of_infection circulation As clustering may signal infection circulation the investigation of all instance
427. vant to restraining animals for stunning or slaughter without stunning to help maintain animal welfare include i v provision of a non slippery floor avoidance of excessive pressure applied by restraining equipment that causes struggling or vocalisation in animals equipment engineered to reduce noise of air hissing and clanging metal absence of sharp edges in restraining equipment that would harm animals avoidance of jerking or sudden movement of restraining device Methods of restraint causing avoidable suffering should not be used in conscious animals because they cause severe pain and stress suspending or hoisting animals other than poultry by the feet or legs indiscriminate and inappropriate use of stunning equipment mechanical clamping of the legs or feet of the animals other than shackles used in poultry and ostriches as the sole method of restraint breaking legs cutting leg tendons or blinding animals in order to immobilise them severing the spinal cord for example using a puntilla or dagger to immobilise animals using electric currents to immobilise animals except for proper stunning Article 7 5 3 Lairage design and construction 1 General considerations The airage should be designed and constructed to hold an appropriate number of animals in relation to the throughput rate of the slaughterhouse without compromising the welfare of the animals In order to permit operations to be conduct
428. vantages o May be costly to implement and stressful to the animal if based on direct intervention with individual live animals Can be difficult to interpret behaviour e g response to chronic pain or stress Range of normal values and acceptable variation from normal may be difficult to establish Quantification may be technically difficult and require specialized training oO 0 0 0 Identify the problem but do not indicate what corrective measures are appropriate Resource based criteria advantages o Can be easier and less costly to implement and interpret as to whether the value is within the established tolerance Required corrective action is evident Easier to calculate the cost of modifying these criteria Can be quantitative or semi quantitative objective interpretation is possible O7 Or O50 Can be used in a preventative mode e g biosecurity measures Resource based criteria disadvantages Difficult to develop and implement criteria relating to handling of animals Criteria may not be generally applicable they are developed on the basis of research in particular species breeds and production systems o May not be available in regard to new problems as are mainly based on research to address known problems Provide only partial information on the impact on animal welfare as many variables contribute May not be well validated with respect to the overall impact on animal welfare The criteria for use by the O
429. very of the Brucella infection free status in a country or a zone Should a case of Brucella infection in one or more animal categories occur in a free country or zone as described in Articles 8 X 3 to 8 X 8 the status s syspended the free status and may not be recovered unt once the following requirements are met 1 all infected animals of the relevant category were are slaughtered or destroyed as soon as Brucella infection is confirmed the result eHthe diagnestic test was known 2 an epidemiological investigation is performed within 60 days of Brucella infection confirmation in the herd or flock aiming at identifying the likely source and the distribution of the infection and shows that Brucella infection has spread to less than 0 2 of herds or flocks 3 inthe herds or flocks identified by the epidemiological investigation a depopulation is practised or 2 0 depopulation is not practised in animalcategeries_otherthan_pigs and all remaining sexually mature animals inthe here or flecks except castrated males have been subjected to a serological prescribed test with negative results on three occasions at an interval of not less than two months then a further fourth test six months later and a final fifth test a year later c no animals are moved from the herds or flocks except for direct slaughter until the processes in point a or b above are completed 3 4 in p
430. virus circulation should cover all the susceptible species including wildlife if applicable within the country zone or compartment Guidance isprovided for Members Se T O E E TE either with or without The impact and epidemiology of FMD differ widely in different regions of the world and therefore it is impossible inappropriate to provide specific recommendations for all situations Surveillance strategies employed for demonstrating freedom from FMD in the country Zone or compartment at an acceptable level of confidence will need to be adapted to the local situation For example the approach to proving freedom from FMD following an outbreak caused by a pig adapted strain of FMB vwirus FMDV should differ significantly from an application OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 23 Annex XXXIX contd designed to prove freedom from FMD for a country or zone where African buffaloes Syncerus caffer provide a potential reservoir of infection Surveillance strategies employed for establishing and maintaining a compartment should also identify the prevalence distribution and characteristics of FMD outside the compartment in the country or zone Surveillance strategies employed in support of an OIE endorsed official contro programme should show evidence of the effectiveness of any vaccination used_and_of the ability to rapidly detect all FMD outbreaks There is therefor
431. water due to illness or adverse flavour d The method may need to be followed by killing e Care is essential in the preparation and provision of treated feed or water and in the disposal of uneaten treated feed water and contaminated carcasses OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 46 Annex XXXVI contd 5 Conclusion The method is suitable for killing large numbers of poultry in houses However a back up method should be available to kill birds that are anaesthetized but not killed Article 7 6 4716 Cervical dislocation and decapitation 1 Cervical dislocation manual and mechanical a Introduction Unconscious poultry may be killed by either manual or mechanical cervical dislocation stretching the neck This method results in death from cerebral anoxia due to cessation of breathing and or blood supply to the brain When the number of birds to be killed is small and other methods of killing are not available conscious birds of less than 3 kilograms may be killed using cervical dislocation in such a way that the blood vessels of the neck are severed and death is instantaneous Requirements for effective use i Killing should be performed either by manually or mechanically stretching the neck to sever the spinal cord with consequent major damage to the spinal cord ii Consistent results require strength and skill so team members should be rested regularly to ensure consistently rel
432. where an official control programme exists For milk cream milk powder and milk products Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that 1 these products a originate from establishments ferds ertlecks which were not infected or suspected of being infected with FMD at the time of milk collection b have been processed to ensure the destruction of the FMD virus in conformity with one of the procedures referred to in Article 8 5 3835 and in Article 8 5 3936 2 the necessary precautions were taken after processing to avoid contact of the products with any potential source of FMD virus Article 8 5 26 29 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries For blood and meat meals from FMD susceptible animals from domestic or wild ruminants and pigs OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 18 Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the manufacturing method for these products included heating to a minimum core temperature of 70 C for at least 30 minutes Annex XXXIX contd Article 8 5 27 39 Recommendations for importation from FMD infected countries For wool hair bristles raw hides and skins from FMD susceptible animals rom domestic_onwild ruminanis and pigs Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an intern
433. with the provisions of Chapters 4 8 and 4 9 as relevant Article 8 5 20 22 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries ex zones or compartments where vaccination is not practised or FMD free compartments For fresh meat or meat products of FMD susceptible animals Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat comes from animals which 1 have been kept in the FMD free country er zone or compartment where vaccination is not practised ora or which have been imported in accordance with Article 8 5 4210 Article 8 5 4311 or Article 8 5 4412 2 have been slaughtered in an approved abattoir and have been subjected to ante and post mortem inspections for FMD with favourable results Article 8 5 _21 23 Recommendations for importation from FMD free countries ex zones or compartments where vaccination is practised For fresh meat and meat products of ruminants and pigs eattle and buffaloes Bubalus bubatis fexeluding feet head and viscera Veterinary Authorities should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat comes from animals which 1 have been kept in the FMD free country et zone or compartment where vaccination is practised or which have been imported in accordance with Article 8 5 4210 Article 8 5 4311 or Article 8
434. wn to a prescribed test for Brucella infection during within the 30 days prior to shipment with negative results in the ease case of post parturient females which_have given_bith during the past 30 days the test is should be carried out at least 30 days after giving the birth This test is not required for sexually immature animals or vaccinated animals less than 18 months of age e There is no evidence of infection in other epidemiologically relevant animal species kept in the same establishment ormeasures_have_beenimplemented_to orevent any transmission_of the Brucella infection from other species keptin the same establishment Article 8 X 10 Herd or flock free from Brucella infection with vaccination in bovids sheep and goats A_herd_or flock can be qualified free from Brucella_infection with vaccination either in bovines or ovidae and 1 To qualify as free from Brucella infection with vaccination a herd of bovids or flock of sheep and goats the relevant animalcategery should satisfy the following requirements a the herd or flock is in a country or zone free from Brucella infection with vaccination for the relevant animal category and is certified free with vaccination by the Veterinary Authority OR b the herd or flock met the following conditions i Brucella infection in animals is a notifiable disease in the country ii vaccinated animals of the relevant categories should be are permanentl
435. y be needed It is important to clearly describe the programme goals and these may range from simple mitigation of disease impacts to progressive control or eradication The chapter highlights the importance of disease intervention options in the design of programmes taking into consideration effectiveness feasibility of implementation and costs and benefits The purpose is to provide a conceptual framework that can be adapted to a particular national and epidemiological context It is assumed that the country should have determined its disease control priorities and this chapter should help in the development and implementation of a specific programme that includes objectives policies and strategies adapted to the full range of national needs Specific outputs of this process will include the rationale for establishing a disease control programme strategic goal and objectives a control programme plan and implementation These general recommendations may be refined by the approaches described in the specific disease chapters Where specific information on an official control programme is not available suitable approaches should be based on the recommendations in this chapter Article 4 X 2 Rationale for establishing a disease control programme The country should clearly state the rationale for establishing a disease control programme In addition to animal health consideration should be given to public health food safety food security bio
436. y gates are used they should be of a design which avoids bruising Races should be horizontal but where there is a slope they should be constructed to allow the free movement of animals without injury h In slaughterhouses with high throughput there should be a waiting pen with a level floor and solid sides between the holding pens and the race leading to the point of stunning or slaughter to ensure a steady supply of animals for stunning or slaughter and to avoid having animal handlers trying to rush animals from the holding pens The waiting pen should preferably be circular but in any case so designed that animals cannot be trapped or trampled i Ramps or lifts should be used for the loading and unloading of animals where there is a difference in height or a gap between the floor of the vehicle and the unloading area Unloading ramps should be designed and constructed so as to permit animals to be unloaded from vehicles on the level or at the minimum gradient achievable Lateral side protection should be available to prevent animals escaping or falling They should be well drained with secure footholds and adjustable to facilitate easy movement of animals without causing distress or injury 3 Construction of lairage a Lairages should be constructed and maintained so as to provide protection from unfavourable climatic conditions using strong and resistant materials such as concrete and metal which has been treated to prevent corrosio
437. y identified iii no case of Brucella infection has been detected in the herd or flock has retshewr eviderceof Brucellatntection for at least the past nine 12 months OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XL contd iv animals of the relevant category showing clinical signs consistent with Brucella infection alt suspect cases such as animals which_have aberted abortions have been subjected to the necessary clinical and laboratery investigations diagnostic tests with negative results v for at least the past 12 months there has been no evidence of Brucella_infection_in_other susceptible animals of the same epidemiological unit or measures have been implemented to prevent any transmission of the Brucella infection from other susceptible animals wi all sexually mature animals of the relevant category except castrated males were subjected to a prescribed serological test for Brucella infection with negative results on two occasions at an interval of more than 6 and less than 12 months between each test the first test being performed not before 3 months after the slaughter of the last case 2 To maintain the free status the following conditions should be met a the requirements in points 1 a or 1b i to v above are met ab be e regular prescribed tests at a frequency depending on the prevalence of herd or flock infec
438. y lines from eyes to ears cross Horses y Figure Source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Signs of correct stunning using a mechanical instrument are as follows 1 the animal collapses immediately and does not attempt to stand up 2 the body and muscles of the animal become tonic rigid immediately after the shot 3 normal rhythmic breathing stops and 4 the eyelid is open with the eyeball facing straight ahead and is not rotated OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 13 Annex XXXVI contd Figure 6 Poultry Captive bolts powered by cartridges compressed air or spring can be used for poultry The optimum position for poultry species is at right angles to the frontal surface Firing of a captive bolt according to the manufacturers instructions should lead to immediate destruction of the skull and the brain and as a result immediate death Poultry Figure Source Humane Slaughter Association 2005 Guidance Notes No 3 Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms Published by the Humane Slaughter Association The Old School Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN United Kingdom www hsa org uk Poultry Figure Sour
439. y system facilitates the identification of affected individual animals herds or flocks The design of the traceability system should follow the provisions of Chapter 4 1 and Chapter 4 2 Regional integration Many diseases are considered transboundary animal diseases and require a regional control approach Regional and inter sectorial agreements including the Veterinary Authority in each country and representatives from international and other relevant regional organisations should be established to ensure proper coordination Where possible Member Countries should cooperate on a regional basis to harmonise disease control programmes Social participation Communication awareness programmes and programme ownership need to be in place Stakeholders should be involved in the development planning implementation management and revision of the programme This should be an on going process OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XLII contd 10 Role of research in support of disease control programmes 11 During the strategic planning and assessment of programmes certain areas needing further research may be identified Communication with national and international research institutions should be established to address programme needs Training and capacity building Institutional capacity building is important in the development of systems and infrastructure The personnel in charge of implementing
440. y through falling or slipping Performance standards should be established where numerical scoring of the prevalence of animals slipping or falling is used to evaluate whether animal moving practices and or facilities should be improved In properly designed and constructed facilities with competent animal handlers it should be possible to move 99 percent of animals without their falling Animals for slaughter should not be forced to walk over the top of other animals Animals should be handled in such a way as to avoid harm distress or injury Under no circumstances should animal handlers resort to violent acts to move animals such as crushing or breaking tails of animals grasping their eyes or pulling them by the ears Animal handlers should never apply an injurious object or irritant substance to animals and especially not to sensitive areas such as eyes mouth ears anogenital region or belly The throwing or dropping of animals or their lifting or dragging by body parts such as their tail head horns ears limbs wool hair or feathers should not be permitted The manual lifting of small animals is permissible When using goads and other aids the following principles should apply i Animals that have little or no room to move should not be subjected to physical force or goads and other aids which compel movement Electric goads and prods should only be used in extreme cases and not on a routine basis to move animals The use and the pow
441. ye socket or skull bone without prior stunning is not acceptable in any species Text deleted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 21 Annex XXXVI contd CHAPTER 7 6 KILLING OF ANIMALS FOR DISEASE CONTROL PURPOSES Article 7 6 1 General principles These recommendations are based on the premise that a decision to kill the animals has been made and address the need to ensure the welfare of the animals until they are dead 1 All personnel involved in the humane killing of animals should have the relevant skills and competencies Competence may be gained through formal training and or practical experience 2 As necessary operational procedures should be adapted to the specific circumstances operating on the premises and should address apart from animal welfare aesthetics of the method of euthanasia cost of the method operator safety biosecurity and environmental aspects 3 Following the decision to kill the animals killing should be carried out as quickly as possible and normal husbandry should be maintained until the animals are killed 4 The handling and movement of animals should be minimised and when done it should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations described below 5 Animal restraint should be sufficient to facilitate effective killing and in accordance with animal welfare and operator safety requirements when restraint is required killing should follow wit
442. ys of illness per year deaths total per year probability per year or lifetime for a random member of the population or a member of a specific more exposed sub population importance severity of the pathology disease infection caused by the target microorganisms availability existence or absence of alternative antimicrobial therapy potential impact of switching to_an alternative antimicrobial agent e g alternatives with potential increased toxicity occurrence incidence of antimicrobial resistance in target pathogens observed in humans consequences of the overall te altow weighted summation_of different risk impacts e g illness and hospitalisation 7 Risk management components j j icati The OIE defines risk k managementa as consisting of the steps d described below Risk management options yod n orderto ensiro thatthe a Risk evaluation the process of comparing the risk estimated in the risk assessment with the Member Country s appropriate level of protection OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXV contd b Option evaluation A range of risk management options is available to minimise the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance and these include both regulatory and non regulator options such_as the development of codes of practice the use of antimicrobial s in animal husbandry Risk management decisio
443. ystems among those used globally were the subject of the new chapter and which were not He suggested that one way forward might be to take a similar approach to that taken in Chapter 7 5 where different methods were listed with their relevant advantages and disadvantages The President withdrew the proposal for adoption of the new chapter 7 X and asked OIE Members to provide clear guidance to the Code Commission to facilitate the provision of acceptable responses to their concerns OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2013 Annex XXXVI contd Annex III contd Appendix 2 Discussion paper on the development of animal welfare guidelines for production systems terrestrial animals Developed by the OIE Animal Welfare Working Group 2006 Background The OIE International Committee in May 2005 endorsed the proposals of the Animal Welfare Working Group for priorities for 2005 2006 Among those priorities was the development of animal welfare guidelines for terrestrial animal production systems The development of global OIE animal welfare guidelines for production systems will be challenging for a number of reasons Worldwide animals are raised under extremely diverse conditions ranging from intensive systems with animals kept permanently indoors to extensive systems with little or no housing These different systems involve very different animal welfare challenges There are also large differences from cou

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