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Recharge and discharge estimation in data poor areas. User guide

1. cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 8 Figure 2 4 Screenshot of the Define Groundwater Characteristics SectiOn oooccccccoo 8 Figure 2 5 Screenshot of the Define Surface Soil Characteristics section coccoonnccncc 9 Figure 2 6 Screenshot of the Define Vegetation Characteristics SECTION cessceeeeeeeeees 9 Figure 2 7 Screenshot of the Define Geological Layers section ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeees 10 Figure 2 8 Illustration of the 5 soil geological layers used in the estimation of the time lag FON OWING and use CMAN O cantata diia lada 10 Figure 2 9 Screenshot of the Results SectiON ooccccooccncoccconocononocnnnncnnnconononennonannononcnnnnos 12 Figure 3 1 Screenshot of the Introduction worksheet oooccccconccncccnoccnnncnncnnnnnnnnoncnnancononnanens 16 Figure 3 2 Screenshot of the Model Start workSheet cccoooccccccccoccncccoccnncononnnncononnnnconanoss 17 Figure 3 3 Screenshot of the Initial Setup Parameters box on the Model Start worksheet 18 Figure 3 4 Groundwater discharge as a function of groundwater salinity from O Grady et al A ahaha ached a deuasebias eet ease sduete ioe eae 19 Figure 3 5 Screenshot of the soil parameterisation for soil layer 1 and soil layer 2 20 Figure 3 6 Screenshot of the Regolith Characteristics DOX cccooncccccccocococonononcnconaconononennos 21 Figure 3 7 Screenshot of the Key results summary table on t
2. 35 Figure 4 12 Site Query List tab A with Preview CSV button B Create and Download CSV button C which allows the user to download all listed points and Download this Point icon D which only downloads the particular point SeleCted oocccconnnccoonccconococonnconconannnnnacononos 36 Figure 4 13 Field Site Data tab A and Select Site Data tool B By clicking on a recharge of discharge database point C information about that point is displayed in the Field Site Data O 37 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Suggested translation between soil texture and unconsolidated weathered rock materials and porosity ranges for unweathered rock materials ccoooccconcnccocnccnnnnnnanoss 11 Table 2 Spatial resolution at which various topographic reference layers are displayed 30 Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared by CSIRO and Geoscience Australia as a product of the A Consistent Approach to Groundwater Recharge Determination in Data Poor Areas project which was funded by the National Water Commission Raising National Water Standards program Derek Eamus Rhys Whitley Tanya Doody and Patrick Mitchell provided helpful comments and suggestions on the Discharge Estimation spreadsheet Steven Ackerly and Natalie Lennard from Geoscience Australia were fundamental to the successful generation of the MapConnect Groundwater theme Chris Turnadge CSIRO a
3. BOE OT OREO SOT AS a eae one 1 premse cera rcy Moua ng B 8 0000 fo poEpINnN maannainen Ne SO ets Cegece Please ensure that macros are enabled when opening this spreadsheet A ty Of green dewater berg ute tare Ss wt nie Wares deh met WEA ss develwsed ty Howe ate MINDANAO dependem EIA mile water Om mte mode of facta eth mated evastrarasiraten to wae eae 19 gt ems e ence Sere d in eran ores water ttremed we oe banh ip uted as a walt toy out sent zieren aerea is obie zre po morage zona e teque mos ion Vee meets amd Oy t riptin sdasirwrien er OTWT ower the period of made The 110 Of sO water morage a awe sc o ge erm are scan tem y y palo 4 Serene me a Banen van ee 2006 qe 4 epee ergo view PCat en tos ga renga Go to model start ERSLTILLELLIRATERLEDALELEADLLAECIEEIDANLERZNUAAIMAMZ bm Introduction Medel Start Model Finish Useful References 9 any YU ni s Figure 3 1 Screenshot of the Introduction worksheet 3 5 2 Defining the discharge regimes As discussed in the Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 before using the spreadsheet the user should assess the spatial variability of key parameters e g rainfall vegetation type land use history and soils within their area of interest Variability in these parameters will impact discharge fluxes Consequently the user should identify sub areas based on these parameters and apply the spreadsheet calculations to each
4. Mean Annual evaporation Pan 1336 3 mm Mean annual rainfall residual 10 9 mm Discharge estimate Groundwater discharge Groundwater risk model 45 mm Groundwater discharge Salinity function NA mm Groundwater discharge Ecological optimality NA mm Average runoff recharge 4 mm Figure 3 7 Screenshot of the Key results summary table on the Model Finish worksheet Frequency of GW discharge 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Month 2 84 YB FO 8 3032 32 w 0 0 0 0 Oo BD 50 0 2 0 E 100 0 57 40 e E a aL E 150 0 k 6 0 g g 200 0 gg 3 0 E i 250 0 gt E 10 0 ap 3 E 120 O 350 mm E 400 0 2 age O 16 0 25 0 E 3 E 20 0 F 2 Y 15 0 Ww UL aw _ a amp 10 0 2 m ae af E 3 so gt 3 E 0 0 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 301112 Month Figure 3 8 Screenshot of the graphical representation of results from the monthly water balance model 22 4 MAPCONNECT USER GUIDE 4 1 Introduction The user can obtain many of the data required in the Recharge and Discharge Estimation Spreadsheets via MapConnect This chapter will detail e What MapConnect is e How to access MapConnect and the general interface e Finding and defining areas and sub areas e Acquiring data for input into the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets and e Obtaining previously reported recharge and or discharge field measurements to validate against any estimated values d
5. Leaney et al 2011 In order to use this approach the clay must be measured at one of several locations within the sub area In addition the rainfall and clay data must be within the range of data used to develop the relationship This means that the clay content needs to be less than 60 and the rainfall for annual vegetation between 260 and 731 mm yr and for trees and perennial vegetation between 460 and 1266 mm yr If no deep drainage or recharge estimate is possible for the sub area using the clay method the spreadsheet will indicate this via the messages It is not possible to estimate recharge using the clay method or There is insufficient data to estimate deep drainage using clay 2 6 4 MOLR estimates The relationships used in the MOLR approach are given in Crosbie et al 2010b and in the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 The MOLR approach uses data that is readily available and as such is able to provide deep drainage and possibly recharge estimates for 80 of Australia Areas where the method is not applicable are those for which there is no statistically significant relationship between the variables and or the mean annual rainfall is outside of the range of data used in determining the relationships this varies with soil order and vegetation see Leaney et al 2011 for details Note also that a default map of the MOLR for Australia is available on the MapConnect website If n
6. e Find provides four different means of zooming in Zoom State Find Geodata Index Feature Advanced Find and Zoom Coordinate e Field Site Data means by which recharge and or discharge field measurements can be viewed including title author and year of publications of the source latitude and longitude of specific field measurement vegetation information depth to watertable if available either the groundwater recharge or discharge estimation and the technique used e Site Query List site query results from recharge and discharge specific data layers including latitude and longitude potential evapotranspiration annual average rainfall soil classification geology regolith vegetation clearing vegetation type MOLR recharge estimation and chloride deposition in rainfall e My Order This tab is no applicable to the Groundwater theme Place name search a An interactive mapping service to download maps and data for FREE Click here to read more What can the Groundwater theme do The purpose of the Groundwater theme is to provide input data to the Recharge and Discharge Estimation Tools 10 national scale datasets are provided including vegetation soil and rainfall The Groundwater theme allows you to preview and interrogate all availablelayers The output of this interrogation can be downloaded and entered into the associated Excel tools to generate groundwater recharge and or discharge poi
7. Extent FF vinci e a e AOE 29 Figure 4 7 Topographic Layers data within the Groundwater theme including Topographic Reference A and Landsat data B displayed as a default in the map frame C Note the greyed ola dolor lt lt D ynu eie e Nie AEO 30 Figure 4 8 Groundwater data A within Groundwater theme including Metadata icon B oe do AA 32 Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas V Figure 4 9 Groundwater theme Legend tab A including icons B and colour schemes C of the displayed datasets in Map frame D ococcccoccnnccccnncccccncononnnononnnononcnnonnnononannnononcncnnnnenos 33 Figure 4 10 Site Query List tab A and Select Sites for Download tool B Data from the various Groundwater datasets is displayed in the Site Query List tab C for the particular location selected in the map frame D In same cases not all information is retrieved see error message in red E If this occurs click on the Refresh Query button F until all data is displayed Then type in a Point ID in the available field G and click Add to List button H 34 Figure 4 11 Map frame with query site marked and labelled A and associated Site Query List tab B The most recently acquired point is shown in full C and all others are collapsed D Collapsed records can be expanded by clicking on the expand collapse icon D Records can also be deleted by clicking on the Delete Point icon E occooccccoonccooo
8. Guide Leaney et al 2011 Average Annual Rainfall This average precipitation grid are current as at 10 3 2011 and is version 3 of the Australian Water Availability Project at the Bureau of Meteorology It is the average precipitation for all months from January 1900 until December 2010 Potential Evapotranspiration This dataset is the mean annual surface evaporation between 1981 and 2006 and estimates potential evaporation using a variety of methods as well as intermediary datasets Chloride Deposition in Rainfall The chloride deposition dataset is created by taking observational chloride in rainfall data from 291 sites across Australia and interpolating it to form a gridded data set at a resolution of 0 05 x 0 05 for the region of Australia This dataset and the derivative 95 confidence interval for upper and lower datasets were created by CSIRO 31 A Geology Regolith D vegetation Cleaning S u 2 Wegetation Type o TE mow T E E Average Annual Rainfall Z m gt Potential Evapotranspiration E m E Chloride Deposition in Rainfall E m F sutematicnlhy Refresh Map Note Swiichimng ayes veabde may sow he map drawing me Figure 4 8 Groundwater data A within Groundwater theme including Metadata icon B and tick boxes C Further metadata Is available for each layer by clicking the M icon next to the appropriate layer title Figure 4 8 or referring to the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide
9. Recharge gt gt Instructions z a Shared Do EY 2 Microso v ga 18932747 y OFS E fa A y T Figure 2 1 The Instructions worksheet 2 5 2 Defining the recharge regimes As discussed in the Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 before using the spreadsheet the user should assess the spatial variability of key parameters e g rainfall vegetation type land use history and soils within their area of interest Variability in these parameters will impact recharge discharge fluxes Consequently the user should identify sub areas based on these parameters and apply the spreadsheet calculations to each sub area independently If the user requires a total recharge estimate for several sub areas combined the results should be cumulated taking into consideration the areal extent of each of the sub areas 2 5 3 Data input You enter all input data in the worksheet named Deep Drainage amp Recharge Summary based on a series of questions Figure 2 2 oily gt 3 Calibri w N E Microsoft Excel RechargeSpreadsheet_04 04 2011 xlsm Read Only 8 n md E Define Groundwater Characteristics Ll 0 A 3 72 zi E 2 gt Ay A gt a IF AND D 23 Drop on Sheet 1 D 141 3 D 17 gt 0 Correlation Sheet1019 gt 0 messagel C 7 Input Rainfall Parameters enter the mean annual rainfall 600 mm yr From MapConnect website or best da
10. X next to the relevant site Point ID Figure 4 11 Note This list will only be retained within the current MapConnect session The data must now be downloaded Place name search CN Geographic 37 41 S 146 5 E 1 0 3 Preview this Point di he 7 j 2 A A y Y z gt e re SON as aN PIM Ww e oe J ds found No records found GLENELG HIGHWAY iv whi pe a A TE h a a 146 09045221168415 eS A VE de _ ia A Y 7 aah lg Lettuce 37 68626056103124 as Potential Problem retrieving dats Average Annual 1588 87 Rainfall mm yr Soil Classification Problem retrieving data Geology Regolith Problem retrieving data Vegetation Clearing No Vegetation Type Perennisis MOLR recharge 9 223372036854776E16 estimate mm yr 9 223372036854776E16 9 223372036854776E16 7 37 6 71 8 04 Copynght Map Created by Geoscience Australia nn oll r a 90 CE So Figure 4 10 Site Query List tab A and Select Sites for Download tool B Data from the various Groundwater datasets is displayed in the Site Query List tab C for the particular location selected in the map frame D In same cases not all information is retrieved See error message in red E If this occurs click on the Refresh Query button F until all data is displayed Then type in a Point ID in the available field G and click Add to List button H 34 Place name search A List Total Point Id Longi
11. country There are some places that a relationship could not be established between the key variables of rainfall vegetation type and soil order hence a null value was assigned For more information refer to the Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 I m getting a Problem retrieving data error message in the Site Query List tab There has been an issue querying that particular layer Click on the Refresh Query button in the Site Query List tab until information for all relevant fields is displayed At this point click on Add to List to save the information Refer to Section 4 5 6 for further information can t find any Recharge or Discharge Database points You might have turned off the relevant layers or be zoomed in to an extent that does not have any field site measurements Check that the layers have been turned on and zoom out Refer to Section 4 5 4 for further information 38 REFERENCES Budyko MI 1974 Climate and Life New York Academic Choudhury BJ 1999 Evaluation of an empirical equation for annual evaporation using field observations and results from a biophysical model Journal of Hydrology 216 99 110 Crosbie R Jolly Leaney F Petheram C and Wohling D 2010a Review of Australian groundwater recharge studies CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Canberra Crosbie RS Jolly ID Leaney FW and Petheram C 2010b Can the dataset of field based recharge estimates in Australia be
12. dearing recharge numbers Groundwater 0 14 Copyright Map Created by Geoscience Australia y 2 978 332 90 Sika Cai Figure 4 13 Field Site Data tab A and Select Site Data tool B By clicking on a recharge of discharge database point C information about that point is displayed in the Field Site Data tab 37 4 6 Troubleshooting My map is taking a long time to refresh when turn on and off layers Some of the layers are quite large and can take a little while to display particularly if layers are quickly being turned on and off If it has been longer than a minute or two click on the Refresh Map button in the bottom left hand corner have selected a Site for Download or a Recharge or Discharge Database point and its taking a long time to display On occasion the system will freeze when trying to query the data or display information is the side tabs If it has been longer than 2 minutes reselect the point or location can t turn any of the layers on or off You most likely have not zoomed in or out to the appropriate spatial resolution Refer to Section 0 for further information The Groundwater layer have selected is not displaying You may have to turn off some of the other Groundwater layers to display the particular layer of interest Refer to Section O for further information I m getting a null for the MOLR recharge estimate in the Site Query List tab This dataset does not cover the whole
13. example given in Figure 2 9 Up to three estimates of deep drainage recharge are provided depending on the available input data and whether a land 11 use change had occurred The interpretation of the results is described below commencing with a discussion of how lag times affects the results when there has been a change in land use Results SCMWE estimate It is not possible to estimate recharge or deep drainage using GChie Clay estimate It is not possibleto estimate recharge usingrelationship with measured clay and rainfall MOLR estimate It is not possible to estimate recharge using WOLF Because there has been land use change and the watertable has not reached anew steady state no recharge estimates are possible Deep drainage estimate usingrelationship with measured clay and rainfall is Mean 46 mm yr Minimum 4 9 mm yr Maximum 430 mm yr Deep drainage estimate using hlOLR is Mean 5 mm yr Mininiurn 5 5 mm yr Masimu 230 mm yr Steady state at the wetertable The cumulative amount of deep drainage required to reach a new steady state at the watertable is 1 metres The time required to reach a new steady state at the watertable is 29 years Steady state at the screen The cumulative amount of deep drainage required toa reach a new steady state at the screen is 3 7 metres The time required toa reach anew steady state at the screens Sl years Figure 2 9 Screenshot of the Results section 2 6 1 Lag time calculations If
14. required if there has been land clearing and only input da What is the layer 1 soil type ne What is the thickness of soil layer 1 What is the layer 2 soil type What is the thickness of soil layer 2 What is the unconsolidated material beneath the soil layers Sandy Clay Loam What is the thickness of the unconsolidated material 10 m What is the weathered rock material beneath the unconsolidated layer Sandy Clay What is the thickness of the weathered rock material 10 m Whatis degree of weathering Slightly What is the porosity of the unweathered rock beneath the weathered rock layer 5 9 Figure 2 7 Screenshot of the Define Geological Layers section In this section you enter information on the geological layers underlying your site Figure 2 The data in this section is also used in the estimation of lag time You can choose to input data for up to 5 layers soil A horizon soil B horizon unconsolidated sediments weathered rock and unweathered rock which are shown in Figure 2 8 Soil Layer 1 A Honzon Soil Layer 2 B Honzon Unconsolidated sediments Highly weathered rock o w o EL E y o Moderately weathered rock Slightly weathered rock Unweathered rock Figure 2 8 Illustration of the 5 soil geological layers used in the estimation of the time lag following land use change 10 For each layer the soil type or material defined as soil texture is selected from drop down boxes a
15. there has been no land use change in the sub area the hydrological system is considered to be in steady state with respect to recharge at both the watertable and at the depth of the bore screens Mean recharge estimates and associated maximum and minimum estimates at 95 confidence intervals will be given using up to 3 methods MOLR clay and GCMB Conversely if there has been land use change the system may or may not have reached a new steady state and it will be necessary to undertake estimates of lag time for new deep drainage to reach the watertable and the depth of the screen Currently the spreadsheet can only estimate lag times when the change in land use is from trees perennials to annuals If other land use changes have been made e g introduction of irrigation no recharge or deep drainage estimations are possible The lag time is calculated assuming one dimensional piston flow in both saturated and unsaturated zones The total amount of drainage required to reach a new steady state at the depth of a bore screen is calculated as the sum of the amounts required for both the saturated and unsaturated zones to return to steady state conditions For the unsaturated zone the amount of cumulative drainage required to change from an unsaturated zone water content associated with deep rooted vegetation trees perennials to one associated with shallow rooted crops and pasture is calculated This amount of water is then divided by the deep drai
16. type of the Surface Geology of Australia 2010 edition released by Geoscience Australia Soil Classification The soil landscapes map showing the soil landscape classes from the ten sheets of the Atlas of Australian Soils Attributes include the Atlas of Australian Soils map unit soil landscape and dominant soil type attributes Vegetation Clearing This dataset is a union of the Integrated Vegetation Cover 2009 IVC obtained from Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics and Sciences ABARES and the draft version of the Dynamic Land Cover Map based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MODIS Data obtained from Geoscience Australia The categories are No Yes Requires further investigation and Null associated with urban areas or water bodies Vegetation Type The source data for this dataset is the draft version of the Dynamic Land Cover Map based on MODIS Data obtained from Geoscience Australia This dataset was reclassified into Annuals Perennials Water Bodies and Urban Areas MOLR This dataset and the derivative 95 confidence interval for upper and lower datasets were created by CSIRO and provides a spatial coverage of estimates of the long term average annual recharge estimates across Australia It is based upon regression equations between soil order vegetation type and long term average annual rainfall More details on the method used to estimate this dataset are provided in the Scientific Reference
17. used to predict recharge in data poor areas Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14 2023 2038 Geoscience Australia 2011 MapConnect Retrieved 27 July 2011 from lt http www ga gov au mapconnect gt Howe P Cook PG O Grady AP and Hillier J 2006 Analysis of groundwater dependent ecosystems water requirements In Howe P Ed Pioneer Valley Groundwater Assessment Adelaide Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines Leaney FW Jolly ID Crosbie RS O Grady AP Gow L and Wilford J 2011 Recharge and discharge estimation in data poor areas Scientific reference guide CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Canberra McDonald RC Isbell RF Speight JG Walker J and Hopkins MS 1998 Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook O Grady A Carter J and Holland K 2010 Review of Australian groundwater discharge Studies in terrestrial systems CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Canberra Pain C Gow L Wilford J and Kilgour L 2011 Mapping approaches to recharge and discharge estimation and associated input datasets CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Canberra Roderick ML and Farquhar GD 2009 Water availability and evapotranspiration in the Murray Darling Basin A look at the past and a glimpse into the future Murray Darling Basin Authority Canberra Saxton KE and Rawls WJ 2006 Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic
18. 250 000 scale Topographic vectordata GlobalMap View and download 1 1 000 000 scale Topographic vector data i Geology View and download 1 1 000 000 and 1 2 500 000 scale Geological wector data 2 geoMAP Create and download a PDF map Figure 4 1 Geoscience Australia MapConnect disclaimer webpage including selection of themes A disclaimer agreement B and Enter MapConnect button C 24 4 5 2 MapConnect interface Figure 4 2 displays the basic MapConnect interface including themes toolbar map frame tabs and interactive scale bar GlobalMap Geology MakeaMap Place name search er Want more 7 Geoscience Australia has National datasets on el digita madia CD DVD in Vector Raster and be eal i Zal ntr Figure 4 2 MapConnect interface including MapConnect themes A toolbar B map frame C used for zooming panning identifying and measuring tabs D used to display different panels of information and interactive scale bar E Note For the purposes of this report we are only interested in the Groundwater Theme functionality as it relates directly to the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets 25 4 5 3 Groundwater theme interface The Groundwater theme can be selected by clicking on Groundwater in the MapConnect theme list Figure 4 3 Tools on the toolbar are divided into e Navigation Zoom In Zoom Out Pan Full Extent and Previous Extent e Measure Drill Down Identi
19. 35704 Potential z Evapotransparation mama yr 1410 63 Average Annual Rainfall mm yr 1351 33 Soll Classification Tenosol Geology Regolith Sandstone minor shale and conglomerate sandy loam Vegetation Oleanng No Vegetation Typ Perennial MOLR recharges lt 9 22537 2006854776E16 estimate mm yr 9 21337 2006854776E16 44 Figure 4 12 Site Query List tab A with Preview CSV button B Create and Download CSV button C which allows the user to download all listed points and Download this Point icon D which only downloads the particular point selected 4 5 8 Validating results from the recharge and discharge estimation spreadsheets The purpose of the Groundwater theme is to provide input data for the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets however it can in some areas also be used to validate estimates generated from the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets There are two datasets in the Layers tab under Groundwater Figure 4 8 that are not queried with the Select Sites For Download tool as discussed in Section 4 5 6 These are the Recharge and Discharge Database As mentioned in Section 0 these are a collection of field point measurements of groundwater recharge and discharge If any site is in close proximity to your area of interest it can be used to compare against results from the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets To view the Recharge and or Discharge Database either cli
20. LAI Entering LAI here invokes the calculation of groundwater discharge using the Ecological Optimality approach outlined in Leaney et al 2011 Groundwater salinity If information on groundwater salinity dS m is available then you can enter this in cell C10 Entering groundwater salinity invokes the calculation of groundwater discharge using the function shown in Figure 3 4 447 6448 R 0 2622 a L a i mm i uw a 9 20 30 40 50 Groundwater salinity dS m Figure 3 4 Groundwater discharge as a function of groundwater salinity from O Grady et al 2010 Define soil characteristics Soil characteristics for layer 1 and 2 are defined in the box Define Soil Characteristics Figure 3 5 In this box the user must set up the textual classes for soils in layers one and two of the soil profile soil horizon A and B The user selects a soil type that closely matches the soils for the site from the eleven textual classes listed in each of the drop down boxes The textural classes represented in each layer have been adapted from McDonald et al 1998 and more detail for each soil class can be also found in the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 The textual classes define the water holding capacity for each layer and these are taken from Saxton and Rawls 2006 Available soil water in each layer is calculated as the product of the Plant Available Water Content PAWC associated wit
21. Leaney et al 2011 As was the case with the Topographic Layer data each of these layers can be turned on and off by checking the boxes in the Layers tab Figure 4 8 Note The Recharge and Discharge Databases are visible at the national scale while the other layers can be viewed at a scale of 1 3 million or less Again the interactive scale bar Figure 4 2 can be used to zoom to the appropriate resolution With the exception of the Recharge and Discharge Database layers only one Groundwater layer will be visible at one time Any number can be ticked but only one will be displayed What does it all mean The Legend tab provides information about what is currently selected in the Layers tab and displayed in the map frame Figure 4 9 This will help you make sense of what you are seeing The Legend includes icons as well as colour schemes of the various Groundwater layers This information will be useful when you come to defining sub areas 32 Place name search a 7 e mas LI Major Mmor Roads Dual Carriageway Principal Road Framework Boundares Last Yy State Border E E Y d de 4 any a ze a Lan A g a Y x HA Va DT Sug y s 47 Sate Border gt shales ad Watercourses Areas Perennial GoologyRegotth Quartzite chert ironstone quartz veins sand Sandstone minor 5 shale and conglomerate sandy loam volcanic rocks silty loam Fine grained volcanic rock
22. MS access MapConnectis useful to professionals or students working with spatial data The general public is welcome to use this resource but Related Links should note that some aspects of MapConnect are specialised About MapConnect t Purchase topographic maps on DWD F Purchase surface geology maps on OWE F 250K 1 250 000 scale topographic map data Sentinel Bushfire mapping GlobalMap 1 1 million scale topographic map data Subscribe to GA email list F Geology 1 1 million and 1 2 5 million scale geological map data geoMAP Create a quality PDF map MapConnect categorises data in four themes F MapConnectis a FREE service data can be downloaded using the interactive map selection process Disclaimer The material within this website is provided for general information only and should not be relied upon for any particular purpose Itis made available on the understanding that the Australian Governmentis not thereby engaged in rendering professional advice Please contact Geoscience Australia before taking any action based on material on this website Geoscience Australia data including elevation data is not guaranteed fit to be used for aviation purposes Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in the MapConnect product and derived maps as accurate as possible However Geoscience Australia does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete Select a theme i 250K View and download 1
23. National Research i Water for a Healthy Country CSIRO Recharge and Discharge eee in Data Poor racers User Guide for the Recharge and Discharge Estimation Spreadsheets and MapConnect lan Jolly Laura Gow Phil Davies Anthony O Grady Fred Leaney Russell Crosbie John Wilford and Penny Kilgour June 2011 Australian Government National Water Commission Geoscience Australia Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report series ISSN 1835 095X Australia is founding its future on science and innovation Its national science agency CSIRO is a powerhouse of ideas technologies and skills CSIRO initiated the National Research Flagships to address Australia s major research challenges and opportunities They apply large scale long term multidisciplinary science and aim for widespread adoption of solutions The Flagship Collaboration Fund supports the best and brightest researchers to address these complex challenges through partnerships between CSIRO universities research agencies and industry The Water for a Healthy Country Flagship aims to provide Australia with solutions for water resource management creating economic gains of 3 billion per annum by 2030 while protecting or restoring our major water ecosystems The work contained in this report is collaboration between CSIRO and Geoscience Australia For more information about Water for a Healthy Country Flagship or the National Research Flagship Initiative vis
24. T IF R Rain ET y ET gw IF R R ETow Note In this project we refer to ET as Discharge 11 5175 3 Figure 1 1 Illustration of the terms deep drainage gross recharge net recharge and discharge by evapotranspiration 1 7 Document Conventions Certain words in this User Guide are presented in different styles to indicate that the word is part of a specific category lt Arial bold font in braces gt Arial bold font in angle braces indicates a key to press For example Click the lt ok gt button Arial bold font Arial bold font indicates words of phrases found in the application such as menu items labels etc For example Choose Menu gt File Save As to save your outputs Click on the Site Query List tab To open the Recharge Estimation spreadsheet go to Additionally this User Guide uses strategies to draw your attention to pieces of information Note A note is information such as tips shortcuts or alternative approaches or extra information to guide you Warning A warning indicates important information that must be taken into account to produce correct outputs or avoid data loss Warnings should not be ignored 2 RECHARGE ESTIMATION SPREADSHEET 2 1 Introduction The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet provides up to three estimates of deep drainage and or recharge using a range of empirically based relationships with climatic hydrogeologic and land use parame
25. ata availability are described in the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 which should be read in conjunction with this User Guide Warning The user should not attempt to use either the Recharge Estimation or Discharge Estimation spreadsheets until they have read the Scientific Reference Guide and understand the methodologies employed 1 4 Application Structure The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet Chapter 2 provides up to three estimates of deep drainage and or recharge using a range of empirically based relationships with climatic hydrogeologic and land use parameters Method of Last Resort MOLR Crosbie et al 2010b clay rainfall land use relationship Wohling et al 2011 and Groundwater Chloride Mass Balance GCMB Crosbie et al 2010a The Discharge Estimation spreadsheet Chapter 3 provides up to three estimates of groundwater discharge based on three approaches Groundwater Risk Model based on the Water Balance Risk Model WBRisk Howe et al 2006 Ecological Optimality and a groundwater discharge versus groundwater salinity function The MapConnect website and associated datasets Chapter 4 provide the means to populate these spreadsheets in data poor areas A user can choose to use either or both of the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets depending on the management questions they are considering The role of the MapConnect website is to provide consistent default data sets
26. be made using the MOLR and clay method and no estimates at all using the GCMB method 2 6 2 GCMB estimates The relationships used in the GCMB approach are given in the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 The GCMB approach can be used to estimate recharge for almost all parts of Australia where there has been no land use change The greatest limitation to the approach is in areas where there has been land use change because the system needs to be in a steady state with regards to recharge at the depth of the bore screen for the method to apply The spreadsheet is able to estimate lag time and suggest whether a new steady state has been reached if there has been clearing of native vegetation and replanting with crops or pastures If the land use change is not clearing e g irrigation development or forest replanting then no estimate of lag time is possible and hence no recharge estimate is possible Warning If the system has not reached a steady state at the bore screen interval then neither recharge nor deep drainage can be estimated using the GCMB method If so the spreadsheet will indicate this via the messages It is not possible to estimate recharge using the clay method or There is insufficient data to estimate deep drainage using clay 2 6 3 Clay estimates The relationships used in the clay approach are given in Wohling et al 2011 and in the accompanying Scientific Reference Guide
27. ccnccccoccnncccnncccnnnonnncnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnonononnnnnnononnnannnnnnnons 6 2 5 2 Defining the recharge regiMes ccccocncccccnccccnccocnccncnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnanons 7 2 5 3 A A A A A A ATT 7 26 IMterbrellinginemmnesul Sd 11 2 6 1 LAG tIMe calculatlONS vecino 12 2 6 2 GOMBeStImateS aiii 13 2 6 3 SAY ESMAS o et ia 13 2 6 4 MOL estimate cos a rd dada 14 3 Discharge Estimation SpreadSheet ooccocoonnnnnccccccononncencnonnnnncnnnnonnnnnnnrnnnnananennnos 15 Salix o ats eat nct ein hese te a a eet aca ee 15 Se MENG CNIS ING O 15 3 3 System RequireMents oocccccccccoocnnnccnnnncconnnonnnnonononnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnans 15 3 4 CONO Stared viii A es wdezedscesduteaved de 15 3 4 1 OBTAINING TNS SOM AN eira o a e O O 15 3 4 2 A o UE seen cee neat aeene eee 15 3 5 Using the SOWANG saaier in a a EA a E 15 3 5 1 Opening the Spreadsheet kerna ie a 15 3 o2 Defining the discharge regimes ccccccssseecceceseceeeeeeseeeesseeeeeeeseeeeeessaseeeseaas 16 3 95 93 pala A a E 16 3 6 terpreting the results a bios 21 4 MapConnect User GUideunciionioncina ia lion 23 Ala ATOU GO Mi eaaa a a a aa 23 4 2 Introduction to MapCoOMN6Ct coooocnncnnnncccncnononncnnnnnnnnonnnennnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnncnnnnnnnnnans 23 4 2 1 DisclalMe St dt ule eres 23 4 2 2 HIG GNIS ING sanae a 23 4 2 3 USEMAO S essen alah se Ronse io ds 23 4 3 System RequiremMentS oocccccccccoco
28. charge and discharge fluxes in areas that have not been subject to detailed investigations The project involved two phases the first of which involved compiling reviews of recharge and discharge studies that have been undertaken in Australia Crosbie et a 2010a O Grady et al 2010 It also involved preliminary identification of the parameters climate soils regolith near surface geology landforms vegetation etc that determine recharge and discharge rates along with a review of the appropriate scale mapping approaches available for these parameters Pain et al 2011 The second phase of the project utilised empirical relationships derived from data collected in Phase 1 of the project in decision tree methodologies that guide the user to the most appropriate method of recharge discharge estimation given the available data The methodologies endeavour to provide recharge and discharge flux estimations for data poor areas that fall somewhere between using very course estimates e g recharge is 5 of rainfall and carrying out very detailed field and modelling studies 1 2 Purpose of this Report This report provides detailed instruction in the use of the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets developed in the project and the associated GIS datasets made available via the MapConnect website Geoscience Australia 2011 1 3 Methods Recharge estimation methods and associated uncertainties were based on empirical relationships
29. ciated with this form of recharge Finally it should be noted that the approach is specific to diffuse recharge and as such it should not be used in areas where preferential localised recharge due to surface water flaw being a major part of the groundwater balance is the dominant form of recharge Instructions Defining Sub Areas This spreadsheet provides one dimensional estimates of deep drainagefrecharge and discharge for areas that have similar climatic hydrogeologic and land use characteristics including similar histories of land use change if applicable Where the study area includes sub areas with different recharge discharge defining characteristics the area should be divided into sufficient sub areas to cover the range observed Various studies have developed methods to divide the landscape and these are detailed in the mapping review Pain et al 2010 completed in this project Use of more rather than less sub areas provides the hydrologist with a more realistic view of the spatial variability in recharge discharge regimes within the study area Once the sub areas have been chosen the hydrologist uses the spreadsheet to estimate recharge discharge for each sub area and then cumulates the results to estimate recharge discharge over the area of interest EJ 3 4 Ks Ez EN Ex 14 15 16 18 19 20 25 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 41 44 45 AG 48 49 Len Deep Drainage Recharge Net
30. ck on lt Select Sites Data gt tool in the toolbar or select the Field Site Data tab and click on the lt gt Icon shown in the tab This will make active the selection tool Click on any of the blue or green dots shown on the map 36 Note If no dots are visible check that the Recharge and Discharge Database Groundwater layers have been checked in the Layer tab If not check them The distribution of data points is very patchy therefore you may need to zoom out to locate any nearby sites Once you have selected a site information about that site will be displayed in the Field Site Data tab Figure 4 13 This includes the title author and year of publication in which the measurement appears location at which the measurement was taken vegetation type and rainfall at the location groundwater recharge or discharge estimate and the technique used to acquire the measurement This information can only be viewed in this fashion and is not downloadable Place name search a Tool is Activated Discharge Database No records found at the location A Recharge Database AA tite Constraining modem and TE historical recharge from Author Cartwright Weaver Stone Reid Date 2007 Location Sheep Pen Creek Latitude 36 5649 Longitude 145 627 Technique CI SS GW Land Use native veg detailed Land Use Tree simplified Rainfall mm yr 550 Comments interpreted to be pre
31. ct operates under Creative Commons Attribution 3 0 Australia More information is available from MapConnect or htip creativecommons org au 4 2 3 Use limitations The datasets made available via the Groundwater theme of MapConnect are developed specifically for use with the Recharge and Discharge spreadsheets and should not be used for other purposes 23 4 3 System Requirements MapConnect requires the user to have internet access and a web browser The system has been tested against Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox but is assumed to operate on all web browsers 4 4 Getting Started 4 4 1 Obtaining the software MapConnect can be obtained simply by navigating via a web browser to http www ga gov au mapconnect 4 4 2 Installation There are no installation requirements for MapConnect 4 5 Using the Software 4 5 1 Accessing MapConnect MapConnect is accessed by going to htip www ga gov au mapconnect This will take you to the Geoscience Australia MapConnect Disclaimer page Figure 4 1 Select the theme of interest agree to the terms and conditions outlined on the webpage by checking the box and click on lt Enter MapConnect gt This will take you to the main MapConnect interface page Updated 12 Apri 2011 MapConnect Ma pConnect t MapConnect Home page About MapConnect Delivering online mapping tools and information this interactive service allows you to download Australian maps and data for FREE E W
32. derived from field based measurements This was not possible for estimates of discharge due to the limited number of field based measurements Consequently a combination of field based measurements and modelling has been used Microsoft Excel spreadsheets were developed that allow the use to estimate recharge or discharge at a specific site National scale default data sets that can be used to provide input data for the spreadsheets in the absence of more detailed local data have also been prepared and are available on the MapConnect website Also available on MapConnect are estimates of recharge and discharge conducted across Australia that were identified by the reviews of Crosbie et al 2010a and O Grady et al 2010 The user should consult these first to see if there are any estimates at their sites of interest Both the Recharge Estimation and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets employ a number of estimation methods whose use will depend upon the availability of climate hydrogeological and land use data All methods are intended for areas where there have been no or few field based studies undertaken The intended users of the spreadsheets are hydrologists who have responsibilities in groundwater management A user can choose to use either or both of the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets depending on the management questions they are considering Note Details on the recharge deep drainage and discharge estimation methods and d
33. e in decimal degrees should be entered in cells D2 and E2 respectively Reference evaporation The user must select the type of reference evaporation being used by selecting a reference evaporation Eo from the drop down box in cell C4 The choice of reference evaporation is limited to Pan Penman Priestly Taylor Morton and Thornwaite If Pan is chosen the reference evaporation rate is then calculated as Pan 0 75 Roderick and Farquhar 2009 bl m I n parameter The r parameter determines the shape of the E E9 E is the actual evaporation curve represented in the Budyko 1974 framework and is related to the properties of the catchment being studied The parameter is used to determine the ratio of actual ET to reference ET More detail relating to this parameter can be found in Choudhury 1999 Yang et al 2008 and Leaney et al 2011 The default setting is 1 8 however a range of values can be selected from the drop down box in cell C6 Maximum depth to water table You enter the depth to water table DTWT in m in cell C12 Note that this is the depth below the land surface not the height above below the Australian Height Datum Soil profile characteristics The thickness of each soil layer mm is defined in cells C13 C17 A schematic of the soil profile is shown in Figure 2 8 Optional inputs Measured LAI If LAI data is available you can enter this in cell C11 Ideally this would be a long term average
34. el RechargeSpreadsheetodsm EI Ele gdt yew Insert Format Tools Data Window Help PA E A sa A gt j Jolly D Wohling P J Davies L Gow J Wilford P Kilgour National Research FLAGSHIPS C Mi Water for a Healthy Country CSIRO National Water Commission Introduction This spreadsheet estimates deep drainage and recharge using a range of empirically based relationships with climatic hydrogeologic and land use parameters The relat assi as ondaa lo gt do o o bli o o oooO Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poof ote atts made in Australia Crosbie et al 2010a b The a discharge estimation that can be used in most Australian e Please read through the Introduction Limitations and Instructions the OP A Scroll down to the bottom of this page availability of climatic hydrogeologic and land use Select the Agree button to use the workbook based studies undertaken The intended users of management Limitations Of This Approach lt is important to stress that this spreadsheet should only be used in data poor areas where the value of the groundwater resource does not warrant field studies It should also be noted that it should not be used in irrigation areas because the methods do not account for the added difficulties associated with the wide range of crops and irrigation management Furthermore it should not be used to estimate river recharge as it does not account for the complex surface water groundwater interactions asso
35. erived from the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets 4 2 Introduction to MapConnect MapConnect is an interactive mapping service It is a convenient and user friendly way to access map data and print maps It contains four mapping themes e 250K allows the user to preview interrogate and download 1 250 000 scale topographic data e Global Map accurately describes the present status of the global environment in international cooperation of respective National Mapping Organizations NMOs around the world e Geology contains the seamless 1 2 5 million and 1 1 million scale Surface Geology of Australia maps and e Groundwater provides input data to the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets 4 2 1 Disclaimers The data information and materials available through MapConnect may not be owned by CSIRO CSIRO makes no warranties or representations with respect to the data information and materials available through MapConnect and no reliance should be placed upon it without seeking prior professional scientific and technical advice To the extent permitted by law CSIRO and its employees and consultants excludes all liability to any person for any consequences including but not limited to all losses damages costs expenses and any other compensation arising directly or indirectly from any use of the data information or materials in whole or in part available from MapConnect 4 2 2 Licensing MapConne
36. from an installation such as an eddy flux tower they can be entered in column O This model will allow input of a maximum 100 years of monthly climate data You enter the year and month of each climate record in columns K and L Once all parameters and climate data have been entered click on the Run Groundwater Model button The model will then calculate the long term groundwater discharge values and you will be taken to the Model Finish worksheet 3 6 Interpreting the results Model output is summarised on the Model Finish worksheet A summary of the key results is given in the Key results summary Groundwater discharge estimates table Figure 3 7 The table will summarise the model runs and output up to three estimates of groundwater discharge depending on the data inputs In addition to this summary the model outputs are explored in more detail on this worksheet and include e Detailed output of the monthly soil water balance Monthly soil water balance table e Asummary of average monthly climatic characteristics and groundwater discharge estimates Monthly climate and groundwater properties table e Cumulative rainfall residual for the climate record e Agraphical representation of key results from the model scenario Figure 3 8 21 Site location Sites 541 Lats 37 39 Longs 140 3 Site characteristics Depth to water table 4 0 m Layer 1 2 m Layer 2 2 0 m Climatic characteristics Mean annual rainfall 698 3 mm
37. fy and Measure Distance e Draw Open MarkupTools and Erase Tools e Select Select Site Data and Select Sites For Download e Save Save Session and Open Session and e Information Quick Print and Metadata Groundwater Place name search eine A en AB Select eI Save El Information A aa ee 1 me Ble elle Lie Jl teme Turn off Landsat Turn off Topographic Reference Refresh Map Scale 1 31 2 98 7 209 Active Map Tool ry foom In oc L Copynght Map Created by Geo SCRInce Australi Figure 4 3 Groundwater theme toolbar including navigation A measure B draw C select D save E and information tools F There is also a button to navigate to Help and also Feedback The Measure and Draw tools are standard to all MapConnect themes but are not directly applicable to the Groundwater theme There are also a number of tabs Figure 4 4 including 26 e Introduction provides basic background information about MapConnect the purpose of the Groundwater theme and supplementary information e Layers lists the various layers available within the Groundwater theme This includes basic topographic information such as roads watercourses and towns as well as the ten national scale datasets complied specifically for input into the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets e Legend describes all icons and colour schemes classifications for all active layers checked in the Layers tab
38. geological descriptions to soil texture e thickness of the unconsolidated material Wha he weathered rock material beneath the unconsolidated layer Sandy Clay See the Porosity Table for guidance on relating geological descriptions to soil texture 1e thickness of the weathered rock material degree of weathering 1e porosity of the unweathered rock beneath the weathered rock layer 5 See the Porosity Table for guidance on relating geological descriptions to soil texture Figure 2 2 The Deep Drainage amp Recharge Summary worksheet Input rainfall parameters enter the mean annual rainfall 600 mm yr enter the mean annual rainfall chloride flux 50 kg ha 10 kg ha 200 kg ha Figure 2 3 Screenshot of the Input Rainfall Parameters section In this section you enter the mean annual rainfall mm yr and the mean minimum and maximum annual rainfall chloride flux kg ha for your site Figure 2 3 The mean annual rainfall can be obtained from either a nearby rainfall station or the long term Average Annual 1900 2009 Rainfall surface for Australia available on the MapConnect website Annual rainfall chloride flux values can also be obtained via MapConnect These inputs are used in the Method of Last Resort MOLR and the Groundwater Chloride Mass Balance GCMB methods for estimating deep drainage recharge the mean annual rainfall is also used in the clay method Define groundwater characteristics Define Groundwater Characteri
39. h each textural class and the depth of each soil layer as defined in cells C13 C14 A layer thickness of 0 m should be chosen if layer 2 is not present or required Define Soil Characteristics Soll Type sa Sands Ex Lome L Site St Claga Ria Type hom Sato et al OT of Tot Depth 50 0 er Depth 000 mri Figure 3 5 Screenshot of the soil parameterisation for soil layer 1 and soil layer 2 Define regolith characteristics Regolith properties have been included in the model to more realistically represent the characteristics of the Australian land surface Regolith properties are defined within the Define Regolith Characteristics box Figure 3 6 The user may choose to input data for up to 3 geological layers unconsolidated sediments weathered rock and unweathered rock as shown in Figure 2 8Figure 2 2 A layer thickness of 0 m should be chosen if any layers are not present or not required The porosity sheet suggests soil types for common unconsolidated material and types of weathered rock in addition to porosities for common rock types The user must select the geological characteristics that most closely match the site being described from each of the three drop down lists Geology regolith and soil order data available via MapConnect can assist the user in completing this section In some cases a lose association exists between soil orders e g podosol and soil type e g sand Similarly surface geology can be used
40. he Model Finish worksheet 22 Figure 3 8 Screenshot of the graphical representation of results from the monthly water Balance Model wesaes nest occ diate cient es Os 22 Figure 4 1 Geoscience Australia MapConnect disclaimer webpage including selection of themes A disclaimer agreement B and Enter MapConnect button C occcccoocnnccoo 24 Figure 4 2 MapConnect interface including MapConnect themes A toolbar B map frame C used for zooming panning identifying and measuring tabs D used to display different panels of information and interactive scale bar E occccoccccnncccnnccnnccncncnnnonannccnnnnanononoss 25 Figure 4 3 Groundwater theme toolbar including navigation A measure B draw C select D save E and information tools P oocccocnoccnncccnoconnononocononnnnonanonnonocanonnanenaninos 26 Figure 4 4 Groundwater theme tabs including introduction A layers B legend C find D field site data E site query list F and my order G occcoccccccccccccnncconiconcnccocnnnnannos 27 Figure 4 5 Groundwater theme Find tab A displaying find functions Zoom State B Find Geodata Index Feature C Advanced Find D and Zoom Coordinate D 28 Figure 4 6 Layers tab A within Groundwater theme including Topographic Layers B Groundwater data C and associated icons Toggle Labels D Zoom In or Out to Visible Resolution E and Zoom to
41. ification of the parameters climate soils regolith near surface geology landforms vegetation etc that determine recharge and discharge rates along with a review of the appropriate scale mapping approaches available for these parameters Pain et al 2011 The second phase of the project utilised empirical relationships derived from data collected in Phase 1 of the project in a decision tree methodology that guides the user to the most appropriate method of recharge discharge estimation given the available data This report provides detailed instruction in the use of both Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets and the associated GIS datasets made available via the MapConnect website Geoscience Australia 2011 The number of methods that can be used will depend upon the availability of climatic hydrogeologic and land use data but all methods are intended for areas where there have been no or few field based studies undertaken The intended users of the spreadsheet are hydrologists who have responsibilities in groundwater management The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet Chapter 2 can provide up to three estimates of deep drainage and or recharge using a range of empirically based relationships with climatic hydrogeologic and land use parameters Method of Last Resort MOLR Crosbie et al 2010b clay rainfall land use relationship Wohling et al 2011 and Groundwater Chloride Mass Balance GCMB Crosbie et al 2010a The D
42. infall surface water or irrigation water that moves down beyond the plant root zone to an aquifer Zone between land surface and the watertable within which the moisture content is less than saturation except in the capillary fringe Level of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer The soil pores and geologic strata below the watertable are saturated with water Specific area of the landscape in which the user is interested in obtaining groundwater recharge and or discharge estimations This can be as large or as small as the user wishes but for realistic estimates a catchment size area is recommended Smaller areas within the Area of Interest Discretization is important as groundwater recharge and discharge can vary spatial depending on key parameters such as soil rainfall vegetation and depth to watertable 40 Contact Us Phone 1300 363 400 61 3 9545 2176 Email enquiries csiro au Web www csiro au Your CSIRO Australia is founding its future on science and innovation Its national science agency CSIRO is a powerhouse of ideas technologies and skills for building prosperity growth health and sustainability lt serves governments industries business and communities across the nation
43. ions must be answered in the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets to generate an estimate To assist in this process eight national scale datasets referred to in Section 0 are available to query The categories used in these datasets are directly applicable to the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets To query the data either click the lt Select Sites for Download gt tool or the Site Query List tab Figure 4 10 By clicking any point on the map information from all eight Groundwater layers will be displayed in the Site Query List at that location Figure 4 10 33 Note In some instances the following error message Problem retrieving data will be displayed in the Site Query List tab Figure 4 10 If this occurs click on the Refresh Query button Figure 4 10 Ensure all information is retrieved This point can then be assigned a Point ID Figure 4 10 or name and saved as a query by clicking on lt Add to List gt Figure 4 10 The point and name will then be displayed on the map Figure 4 11 and the display in the Site Query List tab changes to that shown in Figure 4 11 Continue to add as many points as desired The most recently queried site will be displayed in full while other saved query sites will be listed but in collapsed format Figure 4 11 The full information for any site can be viewed by clicking on the expand collapse icon Figure 4 11 If you wish to remove a selected site click on the
44. ischarge Estimation spreadsheet Chapter 3 can provide up to three estimates of groundwater discharge based on three approaches Groundwater Risk Model based on the Water Balance Risk Model WBRisk Howe et al 2006 Ecological Optimality and a groundwater discharge versus groundwater salinity function The MapConnect website and associated datasets Chapter 4 provide the means to populate these spreadsheets in data poor areas Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas viii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background Determination of an accurate groundwater balance for a region requires estimation of recharge and discharge rates and where possible knowledge of their spatial distribution Where the value of the resource warrants it detailed recharge and discharge studies are commissioned These studies provide comprehensive empirical information on spatial and temporal variability of recharge and the relationship between recharge rates and soil regolith landform and vegetation parameters Where the value of the resource does not warrant detailed research much cruder approaches such as the estimation of recharge as a simple percentage of rainfall or the assumption that discharge is non existent are used The aim of the Consistent Approach to Groundwater Recharge Determination in Data Poor Areas project described in this report was to develop a nationally consistent approach that could be applied by groundwater managers to determine re
45. it www csiro au org HealthyCountry html GA Record No 2011 35 GeoCat 71940 Citation Jolly Gow L Davies P O Grady A Leaney F Crosbie R Wilford J and Kilgour P 2011 Recharge and discharge estimation in data poor areas User guide for the recharge and discharge estimation spreadsheets and MapConnect CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship 40 pp lan Jolly Phil Davies Russell Crosbie Fred Leaney CSIRO Land and Water Urrbrae SA Anthony O Grady CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Hobart Tas Laura Gow John Wilford Penny Kilgour Geosciences Australia Canberra ACT Copyright and Disclaimer Commonwealth of Australia 2011 With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted all material in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3 0 Australia Licence http creativecommons org licenses by 3 0 au Important Disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional scientific and technical advice To the extent permitted by law CSIRO including its employees and consultants excludes all liability to any person for any consequences i
46. l estimates using the GCMB method can be made Define surface soil characteristics Define Surface Soil Characteristics Please enterthe measured average clay for the top 2 m of soil 0 if not available 25 o What is the soil order in the Australian Soil Classification Dermoso Figure 2 5 Screenshot of the Define Surface Soil Characteristics section In this section you enter the surface soil characteristics of your site Figure 2 5 The clay and the soil order data are used to estimate deep drainage and possibly recharge using the Clay rainfall land use relationship Wohling et al 2011 and the MOLR Crosbie et al 2010b Leaney et al 2011 respectively The clay relationship requires clay measurements to be made for the top 2 metres of soil usually samples taken at 0 5 m intervals and averaged at one or more representative sites in the sub area Soil order information can be obtained from MapConnect see Chapter 4 while clay needs to be measured in Situ Define vegetation characteristics Define Vegetation Characteristics Annuals Has there been land use change Yes How many years ago was the land use change 0 if not known 10 years Figure 2 6 Screenshot of the Define Vegetation Characteristics section In this section you enter the vegetation characteristics of your site Figure 2 6 The relationships available for the clay and MOLR methods of estimation require information on current vegetati
47. matter for hydrologic solutions Soil Science Society of America Journal 70 1569 1578 Wohling DL Leaney FW and Crosbie RS 2011 Improving confidence in deep drainage estimates for arid and semi arid areas using multiple linear regression with percent clay content and rainfall Hydrology and Earth System Sciences submitted Yang H Yang D Lie Z and Sun F 2008 New analytical derivation of the mean annual water energy balance equation Water Resources Research 44 W03410 39 GLOSSARY Aquifer Aquitard Discharge Groundwater Hydraulic gradient Recharge Vadose or unsaturated zone Watertable Area of interest Sub area Saturated permeable soil or geologic strata that can transmit significant quantities of groundwater under a hydraulic gradient Saturated soil or geologic strata whose permeability is so low it cannot transmit any useful amount of water Loss of water from an aquifer i to the atmosphere by evaporation springs and or transpiration or ii to a surface water body in the case of rivers it is generally referred to as base flow or the ocean or iil by extraction Sub surface water in soils and geologic strata that have all of their pore space filled with water i e are saturated Change in hydraulic head in an aquifer with either horizontal or vertical distance in the direction of groundwater flow Addition of water to an aquifer most commonly through infiltration of a portion of ra
48. nage rate to produce a lag time The deep drainage rate used 12 may be calculated using one of two methods First if a measurement is available for clay 0 2m depth the deep drainage estimate used in the lag time calculation is that from the Clay relationship Otherwise if no measurement for clay is available then the estimate for deep drainage using the MOLR approach is used The amount of recharge required to return the saturated zone at the depth of the bore screen to steady state conditions is calculated assuming piston flow where total porosity is assumed The saturated zone lag time is then calculated by dividing the total amount of water by the estimated drainage rate The total lag time to the depth of the bore screen is the sum of the unsaturated zone and saturated zone lag times If the time since land clearance exceeds the lag time for drainage to reach the watertable the system is considered to be at steady state at the watertable If so recharge rates can be estimated using both the MOLR and the clay method otherwise deep drainage estimates can only be made using the MOLR and clay method Similarly if the time since land clearance exceeds the lag time required for drainage to reach the depth of the bore screen then the system is considered to be at steady state at the screen and the GCMB approach can be used to estimate recharge If the system is not at steady state at the watertable then deep drainage estimates only can
49. ncluding but not limited to all losses damages costs expenses and any other compensation arising directly or indirectly from using this publication in part or in whole and any information or material contained in it Cover Photograph Description Limestone tufa on the Douglas River in Northern Territory Photographer Anthony O Grady CONTENTS Executive SUMMA Vientos viii Le AINTOGUCION a dnd 1 tals Background A iene dennis iiriunnt a a 1 lies PUPOSser0l MIS MOD OM ana ia 1 ES MENOS r 1 1 4 Application StrUCtUFE cccccccccoocnnncnnnccccnoonnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnncnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnononnnnnss 2 1 5 Limitations Of tNIS AD PIO ACM ricnrcic liada 2 1 6 TemNology across dales 3 lif DOCUMENT CONVENTIONS ar adan 4 2 Recharge Estimation Spreadsheet ccccccsssccsssseecseseecesseeeeeseeseenseseenneeseesees 6 Zils o A 6 Ze A death acateiall r eeu saw taunts Ju coens a intuerts sia eaw a tuseats Snbous aie cave ante Gautaias 6 2 3 System RequireMents ooocccccccccccnnnccnnnncccnnnonnncnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnrnnnnnnnonennnnnnnnnnnnnnnos 6 o sic tates a a e a a autores ues 6 2 4 1 Obtalnind the SOM tc eee memento one eee ere ane ee en eon er enone eee ee 6 2 4 2 Halatoa oem fea ener eer nce errr fe OTERO ante ee tar ee 6 2 5 Using the SoftWar8 ooooonncccnnccccccoonnncnnnnnnononnncnnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannrnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnos 6 2 lo Opening the spreadsheet ooccc
50. nd Gail Ransom Geoscience Australia provided valuable peer reviews of the report This report is published with the permission of the CEO of Geoscience Australia Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas vil EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Determination of an accurate groundwater balance for a region requires estimation of recharge and discharge rates and where possible knowledge of their spatial distribution Where the value of the resource warrants it detailed recharge and discharge studies are commissioned These studies provide comprehensive empirical information on spatial and temporal variability of recharge and the relationship between recharge rates and soil regolith landform and vegetation parameters Where the value of the resource does not warrant detailed research much cruder approaches such as the estimation of recharge as a simple percentage of rainfall or the assumption that discharge is non existent are used The aim of the project described in this report was to develop a nationally consistent approach to recharge and discharge estimation for data poor areas which may serve as a halfway house between the use of simple approximations and the results of detailed field and modelling studies This project involved two phases the first of which involved compiling reviews of recharge and discharge studies that have been undertaken in Australia Crosbie et al 2010a O Grady et al 2010 It also involved preliminary ident
51. nd the thickness is entered in metres A layer thickness of 0 m should be entered if any layers are not present or not required Table 1 suggests soil textures for common unconsolidated material and types of weathered rock in addition to porosities for common rock types Geology regolith and soil order data available via MapConnect can assist in completing this section Table 1 Suggested translation between soil texture and unconsolidated weathered rock materials and porosity ranges for unweathered rock materials Unconsolidated material eg Alluvium aeolian lacustrine sediments Sollteture A ees Weathered rock material Soil texture Coarse grained intrusives e g Granite diorite syenite loam or sandy clay q A Fine grained volcanics e g Rhyolite dacite andersite Silty loam or clay AA A loam Meta carbonates clay or silty clay Sandstone minor shale and conglomerate sand or sandy loam Schist and minor phyllite clay silty loam sandy clay loam Sedimentary carbonate and calcrete Shale mudstone siltstone minor sst phyllite and conglomerate clay or silty loam or silty clay Fe duricrust and silcrete Note Porosity values are a guide only denotes materials that typically have low porosity but potentially very high permeability if fractured faulted or jointed 2 6 Interpreting the Results Once all of the input data has been entered the results are printed out below the Define Geological Layers section
52. ndex Name map sheet located in the Find tab Figure 4 5 e Using the Advanced Find to locate a place of interest located in the Find tab Figure 4 5 and e Entering specific Zoom Coordinate located in the Find tab Figure 4 5 Zoom Coordinate Figure 4 5 Groundwater theme Find tab A displaying find functions Zoom State B Find Geodata Index Feature C Advanced Find D and Zoom Coordinate D Turning on and off layers There are two groups of data within the Layers tab Topographic Layers and Groundwater data Topographic Layer Figure 4 6 data is useful when locating your area of interest as discussed above Groundwater data Figure 4 6 is the information required to populate the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 There are three icons next to each layer They are in order from left to right toggle labels zoom in or out to visible resolution and zoom to extent Figure 4 6 28 T Homestesds Oe Populated Places Scale ye it Framework Boundaries West Framework Boundaries East Mainlands Gere Tise r Major Miror Roads Kosta Rail ays Watercourse Limes e Fr F e e wi wj Major Roads za F F F F F D Geodata Index M Surface Water Management I E Figure 4 6 Layers tab A within Groundwater theme including Topographic Layers B Groundwater data C and associated icons Toggle Labels D Zoom In or O
53. nnccnnnnccccnononnnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnonnnans 24 o a e cede cud sack cases tabu ndnete taint cusedietniulebass 24 4 4 1 OBTAINING INS SOM WAC a 24 4 4 2 HISTO GOA AA ese ss o PEO e veseeceesseemotaceeeatsaaste see 24 Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas 4 5 Using the Sotware ereitea eie a e AoA AD EEA Ea 24 4 5 1 Accessing Map GONMOGCl sc 2ecsscte pee ccosk tn ossenc tc nsesiorencecetaadesurernctintesnereatiaregetaadeezeues 24 4 5 2 MapComnect IME ACC msc a 25 4 5 3 Groundwater theme interface coccccconncnnccccnconccononcnnnnnnannnnnnononnnnnnonannnnnnonanennnnnnnas 26 4 5 4 FINGING VOU area or Mieres dana a 28 4 5 5 Defining sub areas within your area Of interest occcccoonnccncccnocnnnnncnannnnnnnnanonoss 33 4 5 6 Acquiring groundwater Dala cee ae is 33 4 5 7 DOWMIOAGING Galas aii ida 35 4 5 8 Validating results from the recharge and discharge estimation spreadsheets 36 AG TTOUDISSKOOUN assists cad oo 38 PROCTOR OINICCS caisson a a a 39 GOS SAE oie NE 40 Recharge and Discharge Estimation in Data Poor Areas LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 1 Illustration of the terms deep drainage gross recharge net recharge and discharge DY evapora e 4 Figure 2 1 The Instructions WOMKSNC asian 7 Figure 2 2 The Deep Drainage amp Recharge Summary worksheet eceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 8 Figure 2 3 Screenshot of the Input Rainfall Parameters section
54. ntestimations Click hereto read more Where can I find the Recharge and or i Estimations Tools The Recharge and Discharge Estimation Tools are produced by CSIRO and are available on www FF TBC and are subject to separate terms and conditions Where do I start to download To begin downloading select the Field Site Data or Site Query Listtabs and follow the steps Want more Copyright Map Created by Geoscwnce Australia Index Map A Scientific Reference Guide and User Guide a 31 987 289 90 ol JD Figure 4 4 Groundwater theme tabs including introduction A layers B legend C find D field site data E site query list F and my order G 27 4 5 4 Finding your area of interest Recharge and or discharge estimations can be obtained from point locations across the entire country This however is not particularly useful to the user Instead to appropriately apply the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets the user must first decide where to obtain recharge and or discharge estimations area of interest The authors recommend the area of interest be approximately catchment size however this is at the discretion of the user There are a number of ways to navigate to the predetermined specific area of interest by e Manually searching using the Zoom In Zoom Out or Pan tools located in the toolbar Figure 4 3 e Zooming by State located in the Find tab Figure 4 5 e Selecting a Geodata I
55. o deep drainage or recharge estimate is possible for the sub area using the MOLR method the spreadsheet will indicate this via the messages It is not possible to estimate recharge using MOLR or There is insufficient data to estimate deep drainage using MOLRP 3 DISCHARGE ESTIMATION SPREADSHEET 3 1 Introduction The Discharge Estimation spreadsheet provides up to three estimates of groundwater discharge based on three approaches a Groundwater Risk Model Ecological Optimality theory and a groundwater discharge versus groundwater salinity function Where possible it should be populated with data specific to the location of interest The user can also obtain data from the MapConnect website 3 2 Licensing The Discharge Estimation spreadsheet is made available under a Non Commercial Software Licence Agreement between CSIRO and yourself The terms and conditions of this license can be found at hitp www csiro au science Recharge Discharge Estimator Suite html 3 3 System Requirements The Discharge Estimation spreadsheet is in the Microsoft Excel 1997 2003 format i e has a file extension of xls and requires Macros be enabled in the security options of the spreadsheet It has been tested on Excel 2003 and Excel 2007 It has very modest memory and CPU requirements and as such should work on most PC s It has not been tested on any of the Apple Mac versions of Excel or on any version of OpenOffice and so it is unlikely to
56. on type annuals perennials or trees which is available via MapConnect and is entered into the spreadsheet via a drop down box The spreadsheet uses the same relationships for trees and perennials due to a paucity of data for these vegetation types However this could be changed in the future should more field site measurement data become available from further recharge studies in perennial dominated areas The user has to specify via a drop down box as to whether there has been a land use change If so deep drainage rates are likely to have changed and there may or may not have been sufficient time for the increased deep drainage rate to be have impacted the watertable as an increased recharge rate In the spreadsheet estimates of lag times for increased deep drainage to reach the watertable and or screen depth are used to determine whether a new steady state recharge rate has been reached The time since vegetation clearance is used in these calculations along with the geological layer information described below and this must be provided by the user Warning The spreadsheet is unable to account for any land use changes other than clearing If other land use changes have been made e g introduction of irrigation no recharge or deep drainage estimations are possible The Vegetation Clearing dataset on the MapConnect website provides a guide to whether clearing has occurred Define geological layers Define Geological Layers only
57. s Sh silty loam Copynght Map Created by Geoscience Australia pepo Figure 4 9 Groundwater theme Legend tab A including icons B and colour schemes C of the displayed datasets in map frame D Schist and minor phyllite loam 4 5 5 Defining sub areas within your area of interest You have now zoomed to your area of interest Obtaining a single estimate of recharge and discharge somewhere within this area is unlikely to be representative of the whole area hence an average estimate is required Groundwater recharge and discharge fluxes vary with a number of key parameters principally depth to watertable soil vegetation and rainfall If these parameters vary spatial within your area of interest then the authors strongly recommend the discretization of the area of interest into sub areas based on combinations of the key parameters This can be checked by turning on and off the various Groundwater layers see Section 0 for information on turning on and off layers Where a different combination occurs it is recommended that the relevant groundwater data be acquired for each combination except where the areal extent of the sub area is negligible in relation to the area of interest as a whole More details relating to defining sub areas and some case study examples can be found in the Scientific Reference Guide Leaney et al 2011 4 5 6 Acquiring groundwater data As discussed in Chapter 2 and 3 a number of quest
58. stics 100 ar J ie lis J ae Figure 2 4 Screenshot of the Define Groundwater Characteristics section In this section you enter the groundwater characteristics of the aquifer underlying your site chloride concentration mg L water table depth m mean depth of the screens of the bores m Figure 2 4 Note that the depths here refer to depth below the land surface not the height above below the Australian Height Datum This information will need to be derived from local bore information as no suitable national scale GIS datasets currently exist This information is best sourced from State and Territory groundwater databases and reports ES Type a question For help X Dl AAA AAA A A L ee a E a gt NG These inputs are used in the GCMB method for estimating deep drainage recharge and for the calculation of the lag time for deep drainage to become recharge when there has been a land use change at the site If there has been land use change in the sub area it is advisable to choose bores with screens located close to the watertable Otherwise it is likely that the system may be in a transient phase with regard to recharge and the GCMB method for estimating recharge cannot be applied If there are not a large number of bores available in the sub area and or there is significant variability in depth to water and or depth of screen it may be useful to run the spreadsheet at each bore site In this way severa
59. sub area independently If the user requires a total discharge estimate for several sub areas combined the results should be cumulated taking into consideration the areal extent of each of the sub areas 3 5 3 Data input The Model Start worksheet Figure 3 2 is used to set up the model parameters for the groundwater discharge estimation The main parameters required to run the model are rainfall evaporation depth to water table and knowledge of the soil profile down to the water table depth Coloured cells are locked for editing to protect formulas and assumptions Do not attempt to change these cells All data input should be in cells with no fill colour 16 3 A Gi e GW Drischarge Fetimataion m data poor areas RETA Compatibility Mode Microsoft Excel y AR ae o b OS Calie Cu at ae Woe tet Genesal El E Normal 2 Normal Sheet Normal Shee q E ae Y A Parte ellie E Conditional Format N Bad Good kuet Delete format Sot amp find amp PF larmst Painter Bede DE a EERE Huei caw Som 9 E formatting as gmat Nomai ail R e Clear Feter gt Seita Clemaad J Fort G Abgrnent lo Mumber fe Mio J g Ywassisaascs ln lae eje 2 amp 28 4 gt introduction Model Start Model Finan Usaful Referencas FJ f a t Run Groundwater Model Need to tet reference evaporation Need to tet A parameter Gefalut 1 9 Emer Groundwater salisity trier mesruerd LA Emer deg
60. ta available y rthe mean annual rainfall chloride flux 50 kg ha Please enter the minimum annual rainfall chloride flux 10 kg ha From MapConnect website Please enter the maximum annual rainfall chloride flux 200 kg ha From MapConnect website Please enter the groundwater chloride concentration 0 if not available mg L Please enter the water table depth 0 if not available 22 m Please enter the mean depth of the bore screens 0 if not known 22 2m Define Surface Soil Characteristics Please enter the measured average clay for the top 2 m of soil 0 if not available 25 What is the soil order in the Australian Soil Classification Dermosol From MapConnect website or best data available Define Vegetation Characteristics What is the current vegetation type Annuals From MapConnect website or best data available g Has there been land use change Yes From MapConnect website or best data available How many years ago was the land use change 0 if not known 10 years Define Geological Layers only required if there has been land clearing and only input data for layers above the bore screen What is the layer 1 soil type Sand 5e0 aai order data on MapConnect website can assistin com ctio What is the thickness of soil layer 1 2m What is the layer 2 soil type Loam What is the thickness of soil layer 2 m What is the unconsolidated material beneath the soil layers See the Porosity Table for guidance on relating
61. ters MOLR clay rainfall land use relationship and GCMB Where possible it should be populated with data specific to the location of interest The user can also obtain data from the MapConnect website 2 2 Licensing The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet is made available under a Non Commercial Software Licence Agreement between CSIRO and yourself The terms and conditions of this license can be found at hitp www csiro au science Recharge Discharge Estimator Suite html 2 3 System Requirements The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet is in the Microsoft Excel 1997 2003 format i e has a file extension of xls and requires Macros be enabled in the security options of the spreadsheet It has been tested on Excel 2003 and Excel 2007 It has very modest memory and CPU requirements and as such should work on most PC s It has not been tested on any of the Apple Mac versions of Excel or on any version of OpenOffice and so it is unlikely to work on either of these platforms 2 4 Getting Started 2 4 1 Obtaining the software The Recharge Estimation spreadsheet can be downloaded from http Awww csiro au science Recharge Discharge Estimator Suite html You will need to agree to the license conditions specified and register before being allowed to download the spreadsheet 2 4 2 Installation There are no special installation requirements other than to make sure you have either Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 for PC and you have macros enabled in
62. th ve wanner sable LE Enter 108 lever depth characterivtics Select soll properties Define Regolith Characteristics august 1913 1553 Laprera Figure 3 2 Screenshot of the Model Start worksheet Cer Editing s 0 1 M8 i A B M A L x ax x an ta The Model Start worksheet consists of four boxes each of which requires initialisation Initial Setup Parameters defines site characteristics Define Soil Characteristics defines the soil textural classes for soil layers 1 and 2 Define Regolith Characteristics defines the regolith characteristics and determines the water availability for each of three regolith layers Input Climate Data you enter monthly rainfall and evaporation data here Initial setup parameters The layout of the Initial Setup parameters is shown in Figure 3 3 You must If additional data is available on Leaf Area Index LAI and groundwater salinity in units of Enter the site details Set the reference evaporation type Enter an n parameter Decide if you want to use reference E or real ET data if available Enter the Depth to water table Enter the thickness of each of five soil layers dS m then you can enter these here 17 20000 mm o Figure 3 3 Screenshot of the Initial Setup Parameters box on the Model Start worksheet Required inputs Site name and location You should enter the site name in cell C2 while site latitude and longitud
63. that the user can choose to utilise in the absence of better quality local data 1 5 Limitations of this Approach Warning The spreadsheets should be considered as guides only and by their very nature as tools to use in data poor areas the results should not be relied upon without appropriate independent advice and verification CSIRO makes no warranty about the appropriateness or otherwise of any type or form of data that licensees may use in the Software It is important to note that these spreadsheets have been designed to provide estimates of groundwater recharge and discharge in data poor areas Wherever possible field studies should be used to supplement or calibrate the estimates provided by the spreadsheets Some of the limitations of these spreadsheets include e the spreadsheets should only be used in data poor areas where the value of the groundwater resource does not warrant field studies e the spreadsheets should not be used in irrigation areas because the methods do not account for the added difficulties associated with the wide range of crops and irrigation management e the spreadsheets should not be used to estimate river recharge as they do not account for the complex surface water groundwater interactions associated with this form of recharge and e the approach contained in the spreadsheets is specific to diffuse recharge and as such it should not be used in areas where preferential localised recharge due to s
64. the security options of the spreadsheet To do this in Excel 2003 you go to menu Tools gt Options then click on the lt Security gt tab then click the lt Macro Security gt button and then on the lt Security Level gt tab click the lt Medium gt radio button In Excel 2007 you click on the lt Microsoft Office gt button Microsoft Office Icon in top left corner of the Excel window then click on the lt Excel Options gt button then click on lt Trust Center gt menu list item then click on lt Trust Center Settings button gt then click on lt Macro Settings gt menu list item and then click on the lt Disable all macros with notification gt radio button 2 5 Using the Software 2 5 1 Opening the spreadsheet Open the spreadsheet named RechargeEstimationSpreadsheet xls Figure 2 1 The worksheet named Instructions will be the only one initially visible and a pop up screen will appear asking you to read the material on this worksheet and you will have to click on the lt OK gt button on this pop screen to continue The Instructions worksheet provides a brief summary of the recharge estimation methods employed and instructions on how the spreadsheet should and should not be used Once the Introduction Limitations Instructions and Disclaimer sections have been read scroll down and click on the lt Agree gt button at the bottom of the worksheet to proceed to the worksheet named Deep Drainage amp Recharge Summary E Microsoft Exc
65. to identify unconsolidated and weathered materials The user must then assign a degree of weathering for each layer defined as a percentage These percentages are defined in cells D41 F41 and H41 The model assumes that the regolith weathers to one of the 11 soil textural classes described above The plant available water content within each layer is then calculated as a function of the PAWC for the defined weathering product multiplied by the percentage of weathering specified in cells D41 F41 and H41 and by the depth of the regolith layer Geology regolith and soil order data available at the MapConnect website can assist the user in completing this section In some cases an association exists between soil orders e g podosol and soil type e g sand Similarly surface geology can be used to identify unconsolidated and weathered materials 20 Define Regolith Characteristics Regolith Unconsolidated Aeolian sand and clay Weathered rock Gniess and other high grade meta Unweathered rock Gniess and other high grade metas gt Depth da uz td of Tot Depth 20 Layer Depth 0 saturation PAWC Figure 3 6 Screenshot of the Regolith Characteristics box Input climate data You enter monthly rainfall and evaporation data in columns N and P If actual evapotranspiration data are available i e from water balance studies or
66. tude 146 63529909026866 A Latitude 37 170129725235704 Tracey Potential Evapotranspiration mm yr 1410 63 Average Annual Rainfall mm yr 1351 33 Soil Classification Tenosol Geology Regolith Sandstone minor shale and conglomerate sandy bam Vegetation Clearing No Vegetation Type Perennials t MOLR recharge 9 223372036854776E16 Panyrght Man Prastad hy Fansrianca Anstralia Index Mapi estimate mm yr 9 223372036854776E16 v 2 978 332 IN lt Figure 4 11 Map frame with query site marked and labelled A and associated Site Query List tab B The most recently acquired point is shown in full C and all others are collapsed D Collapsed records can be expanded by clicking on the expand collapse icon D Records can also be deleted by clicking on the Delete Point icon E 4 5 7 Downloading data Data can be downloaded on a site by site basis or for the full list shown in the Site Query List tab at any one time The download file format is a csv file that can be opened in Microsoft Excel The data can be either previewed as a CSV file Preview CSV or downloaded Create and Download CSV as shown in Figure 4 12 Use this data to manually populate the Recharge and Discharge Estimation spreadsheets 35 Site Query List Bob Ea E Fred x Tracey wos XA Pont Wd Tracey Longitude 146 635 9505075566 Latitude 37 1701297251
67. urface water flow being a major part of the groundwater balance is the dominant form of recharge 1 6 Terminology When discussing recharge and discharge estimation it is important to ensure consistent and correct terminology is used In the past the term recharge along with terms such as deep drainage have often been interchanged and used incorrectly For the purpose of this report we adopt the following definitions Figure 1 1 Deep drainage Da or Potential recharge is rainfall Rain that moves past the root zone of vegetation after unsaturated zone evapotranspiration ET yz has occurred Deep drainage becomes recharge only when no impeding layers exist that would prevent water from moving down to the aquifer i e causes interflow IF Discharge is any loss of water from the aquifer In the context of this project we are concerned with loss of water from the aquifer by evapotranspiration ET gw Gross recharge R is the rainfall that reaches the water table after interflow losses Net recharge Rn is the rainfall that flows to the aquifer boundary after discharge ET gw losses Tree using groundwater Grass not using groundwater mie ji Potential Recharge or Deep Drainage DJ Gross Recharge R Net Recharge R Rainfall that drains below Rainfall that reaches the water table Water that would naturally discharge the plant root zone after interflow IF losses to the aquifer boundary Da Rain ET e R Rain E
68. ut to Visible Resolution E and Zoom to Extent F Topographic Layers data Topographic Layers data is grouped into Topographic References such as capital cities homesteads populated places roads railways watercourses and lakes and Landsat which is the default image displayed in the map frame Figure 4 7 Depending on your level of zoom Topographic Reference layers will automatically become visible to assist you in getting your bearings Figure 4 7 Topographic Layers data within the Groundwater theme including Topographic Reference A and Landsat data B displayed as a default in the map frame C Note the greyed out tick boxes D Table 2 provides the resolution at which the various layers become available You can also turn on and off the various layers listed in the Layers tab by checking the boxes Figure 4 7 29 Place name search a INT F Populsted Places Scale 7 Fremmesccak Coundaies West me gt F Framework Boundaries East 1 4 Mainlands Qo it Major Rosds YD Fit Major Minor Roads wa eit VW Railways amp i E Watercourse Lines o Ei E Watercourses Areas O Fit FF kes oO iF T Geodata Index JE E poroaren Management a Copynght Map Created by Geoscience Australia 31 987 289 90 al IE Figure 4 7 Topographic Layers data within the Groundwater theme including Topographic Reference A and Landsat data B displa
69. work on either of these platforms 3 4 Getting Started 3 4 1 Obtaining the software The Discharge Estimation spreadsheet can be downloaded from http Awww csiro au science Recharge Discharge Estimator Suite html You will need to agree to the license conditions specified and register before being allowed to download the spreadsheet 3 4 2 Installation There are no special installation requirements other than to make sure you have either Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 for PC and you have macros enabled in the security options of the spreadsheet To do this in Excel 2003 you go to menu Tools gt Options then click on the lt Security gt tab then click the lt Macro Security gt button and then on the lt Security Level gt tab click the lt Medium gt radio button In Excel 2007 you click on the lt Microsoft Office gt button Microsoft Office Icon in top left corner of the Excel window then click on the lt Excel Options gt button then click on lt Trust Center gt menu list item then click on lt Trust Center Settings button gt then click on lt Macro Settings gt menu list item and then click on the lt Disable all macros with notification gt radio button 3 5 Using the Software 3 5 1 Opening the spreadsheet Open the spreadsheet named DischargeEstimationSpreadsheet xls The spreadsheet consists of four worksheets Introduction Model Start Model Finish and Useful References The spreadsheet will default to the Introduction
70. worksheet Figure 3 1 A pop up screen will appear informing you that you have to agree to the disclaimer below and you will have to click on the lt OK gt button on this pop screen to continue After reading all of the material scroll down to the bottom and click on the lt l agree go to model start gt button This will take you to the Model Start worksheet Insert Pope Layout Formulas Data Review View Developo H ax A Cut a P a nn r gt ROSA q sial 4 TATA BP Woe tet General re ids Normal 2 Nermal_ Sheet Normal_Shee oa in 3 AD Copy a fi Parte e R Ap lt Merge Caer SHl ri Conditional Format Bad Good wert Delete Format Son amp find amp J format Panter u SA aA E e a Ga Gad i 9 A a Formatting as Tabie A z e Cleat Fiter Seiect Ford i Abgrune nt leyerrber s Shi ef Editing Securty W National Research FLAGSHIPS Water for a Healthy Country CSIRO e R EA A ARI ened la ein map mara ee que MA 08 bee moral He alerts Wale Corro vue anes meres npr A OSADA A Sale SOS aae A p A oreert mer nw 898 vee 1910 prota rm Agee anne arm e do A Commences 69 gt se Mest ug CHAD hates am Fep gt Seedy AP Cater JO molana K 2312 Mevew of Aaa Iran Danae Studes of Teresa coryilera Veter fer Ea TES rh Ay nada e Ferran Pagar a oe 00 cl ci SS A A AAA Dee a apea A nat Tuine ACOR MOJO Se cConscee baias E OF TREE O
71. yed as a default in the map frame C Note the greyed out tick boxes D Table 2 Spatial resolution at which various topographic reference layers are displayed gt 1 5M Gazetteer Railways Watercourse Lines Watercourse Areas lt 1 5M Geodata Index Surface Water Management Area 2006 Note If a layer tick box is greyed out Figure 4 7 this means you have not zoomed in sufficiently and the layer cannot display The interactive scale bar Figure 4 2 is a quick way of ensuring the appropriate zoom level has been reached The zoom in or out to visible extent icon can also be used to zoom to the appropriate spatial resolution 30 Groundwater data The Groundwater datasets shown in the Layers tab Figure 4 8 include the following Recharge Database Estimates of recharge conducted across Australia as identified by the review of Crosbie et al 2010a Discharge Database This data set compiles information on components of the water balance from plot scale studies around Australia and in particular those studies that have identified groundwater discharge through vegetation as a component of the water balance The data has been collated from published literature in journal article and reports It provides spatial coverage of field estimates of discharge conducted across Australia as identified by the review of O Grady et al 2010 Geology Regolith The Geology Regolith dataset is a generalised version based on regolith

Recharge and discharge estimation in data poor areas. User guide

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