Basic Marine Electrics and Troubleshooting
Contents
1. O Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 62 Battery combiner solenoid Activates when engine is Wind operating Alternator Regulator Panel TI gt load1 Main Circuit 1 Breaker Load 2 Gi E I Circuit 2 on Load 3 Circuit 3 gt Load 4 Circuit 4 B Panel 12 V Neg Starter O Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 63 Battery combiner ACR Automatic on when charge Wind voltage detected off when Regulator load is detected Alternator Panel TI X 3 Load 1 ain Circuit 1 Breaker Load 2 EN Circuit 2 Load 4 A Load 3 Circuit 3 on Circuit 4 e o o Q e P Panel 12 V Neg Automatic Charge Relay Starter O Ground Main 12 V Neg Copy2. Regulator Oil Press O WA M ul E Load M 2 X Load2 Circuit 2 Solenoid x Loads Circut4 Loss B G G Start 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 57 Basic marine 12 volt system scenarios One start battery dual house batteries With battery select switch off A or B both amp Ignition Oil Pressure Cees g Master Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 58 he cranking circuit Alternator Regulator S Q Ignition Oil Pressure Panel FH DO a Load 1 vale HH ce EN Load 2 Solenoid Load 3 Load4 Starter A Motor A MS Start DE Master Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 59 The charging circuit Alternator Wind
3. Regulator SD D Ignition Oil Pressure i z Solenoid i Starter Motor Il ww Master Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Panel Main Breaker Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 Load 4 Slide 60 Charging circuit alternate Regulator Starter Copyright R Starkey 2010 Alternator Wind Oil Pressure On EE H A Solenoid Start EE A Ooj d Ground Main 12 V Neg Panel Main Breaker Circuit 3 on Circuit 4 Q Ce eee Circuit 1 7 Circuit 2 on Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 Load 4 G G Panel 12 V Neg slide 61 Battery combiner diode Alternator Wind Regulator E Panel Main Circuit1 Load 1 Breaker DE Load 2 Circuit 2 Circuit 3 Load 2 Circuit4 Load 4 B e Starter Combiner A Panel 12 V Neg
4. Alternator Regulator Panel Main Circuit 1 aud Breaker EA EE Load2 4 Load 3 7 q Circuit 3 1 Load4 Circuit 4 G Automatic Charge Marii mm p Starter Relay A Panel 12 V Neg House Start House 1 2 e a r G _r_ r CE Ground Main 12 V Neg Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 84 Battery management options CruzPro CruzPro CruzPro Microlog Xantrex VAH60 VAH65 VAH60 DMM 1 Link 10 Banks Display Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts Amps Ah Amps Ah Amps Ah Amps Amps Ah Current drain 0 018 0 018 0 035 0 002 0 028 NEMA 183 Yes Yes Yes No No Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year Battery Capacity Yes Yes Yes No Yes Charge efficiency Yes Yes Yes No Yes Time to go Yes Yes Yes No Yes Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems
5. Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Battery Management Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 67 Troubleshooting 12 volt systems If you understand the capabilities of your 12 volt system the components and know your way around the basic circuit you are ready to start troubleshooting your 12 volt system 1 Basic troubleshooting Finding a break or open circuit Finding a short circuit Troubleshooting parallel circuits Troubleshooting charging circuits Troubleshooting batteries Troubleshooting alternators NQDQU BW N Basic troubleshooting Never leave port without a multimeter test lamp and Spares There are three fundamentals in locating any electrical fault 12 V Panel gt 1 Establish a common starting position such as the battery condition This provides a known reference to work from Voltage the pressure in the circuit is the most important measurement 2 Always maintain one common point of reference example move one test lead at a time This will ensure you introduce only one unknown at each step gt U o eh Battery Starboard Shunt 12V Neg Bus i m jf tf 3 Slice the circuit into halv
6. Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 41 Wind generators e Dependent on wind strength marginal in many areas very good in trade wind areas 10knts 1 6A 29knts 9 5 A e n consistent wind areas can produce up to 150Ah per day so a viable charge option e Selection should be based on output and noise level Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 42 Q3 Charging your batteries What devices should use How long do charge 2596 to 3096 of your battery capacity plus your average usage in amps is the e Assume battery capacity 200Ah and average current drain 5 amps most efficient charge current e 3096 of 200Ah 60 amps plus average current of 5 amps 65 amps can be increased with high acceptance rate e You require a charge system of approximately 65 amp batteries AGM There are three parts to the question The most efficient charge strategy is a Alternator s smart regulator multi stage charger combination of e Gensets with 240 volt AC charger alternator and mains charger e Wind and solar can be treated as incremental If you discharge to 50 of battery capacity and recharge to 85 you need to replace 3596 of battery capacity plus ee 7 inefficiencies 10 e Scenario above charge time 39 x 200Ah 60 amps 1 3 hour e 35 x 110 39 of battery Ah divided by charge current is the charge time Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 43 A few bootstrap terms to get started Mana
7. Current Dc and Current AC connections Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 50 Basic marine electrical circuits Series circuit e Think of it as a circle A break anywhere Will interrupt current flow Shunt Battery 12V Neg Bus Ground Copyright R Starkey 2010 Main Switch Pane 12 V Neg Bus 12 V Panel OW END Main Cabin Switch Breaker Lights Nav Lights t Forward olide 51 Basic marine electrical circuits Parallel circuits e A set of series circuits with common paths e Makes for easier troubleshooting e Think of each circul as a circle Copyright R Starkey 2010 12 V Panel Main Switch Battery t CN Cabin Lights Main Nav Lights Panel 12 V Neg Bus Switch Switch Switch Switch un Forward ums eq Slide 52 Basic marine electrical circuits 24 Hour Circuits e Emergency and standby circuits that bypass the main switch e Bilge pumps appliances with stored parameters shore based battery chargers etc Ground e Just another circle with different controls Copyright R Starkey 20
8. e 100Ah battery discharging at 65A for 1 hour will exhaust battery providing 65Ah e 100Ah battery discharging at 5A for 20 hours will provide 100Ah e Open circuit voltage of 12 5 Volts e Light bulb 12 49 volts lamp 12 5 watts e Open circuit voltage of 12 0 Volts e Light bulb 11 90 volts 1 amp 11 9 watts 5 Copyright R Starkey 2010 More battery facts When charging a battery the charge voltage must be higher than the fully charged voltage typically 13 8 to 14 0 volts e Greater the voltage difference between charge device and battery greater the charge current A deeply discharged battery can absorb as much as 30 of its capacity until it starts gassing 14 4 volts e 10 charge rate reaches gassing voltage at 8 hours and will be 85 charged e 40 charge rate reaches gassing voltage at 1 3 hours and will be 55 charged The most practical charging rate for a quick recharge is 20 to 30 of the battery capacity until it reaches the gassing voltage Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 13 More battery facts A battery accepts more charge amps at 5096 discharge than at 25 discharge e Battery acceptance rate tapers to just a few amps as it approaches fully charged e A 100 Ah battery at 50 capacity accepts 17 amps e The same battery at 75 capacity accepts 7 amps The charge time from 50 to 80 is much shorter than the time it takes from 80 to fully charged Copyright R Starkey
9. Multi stage regulator Bulk Charge Absorption Charge Float Charge 14 1 14 4 volts M v Q S 13 2 13 6 volts oy a 75 5 N l l O 2 Z V Constant current Absorption qharge at Float charge at a 50 charge at rated output constant voltage for constant voltage i until absorption voltage specific time oNuntil is reached current absorbed by battery falls to S threshold level lt 4 7 25 8 m D A 0 Time gt Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 39 240 Volt AC battery chargers 240 Volt AC multi stage battery chargers provide a constant charge current 50 amp means 50 amps when in bulk charge phase Ideally suited for deep cycle batteries flooded gel and AGM e Suited for charging at marinas and where on board 240 volt AC generation is available e Sometimes integrated with large inverters L gt met WX en Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 40 Solar Panels e Each cell generates about 0 45 to 0 5 volts so 32 cells are required to charge a 12 volt battery 14 to 16 volts e Solar panel must be at 90 to the sun for maximum output a shadow can reduce output as much as 60 e Prime sunlight is 9 30 am through 3 00 pm 6 hours per day e At 3 to 7 amps an hour for 6 hours per day typically 18 Ah to 42 Ah so not a bulk charge device e They are very good float charge devices E self discharge during unattended periods A
10. Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 20 Battery Construction Flooded Maintenance free sealed flooded Gel electrolyte is gelled Absorbed Glass Matt AGM Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 21 Flooded Batteries 9 The traditional battery construction consisting of lead and lead oxide plates immersed in a liquid electrolyte of sulfuric acid and water Often used as automotive starting batteries and some deep cycle batteries such as Golf Cart batteries Require continuous maintenance to monitor and replenish evaporated water following loss of hydrogen and oxygen Maintenance Free Batteries A maintenance free version of the flooded cell has hardened plates to reduce water loss during charging This plate hardening raises internal resistance preventing rapid charging therefore lower acceptance rate With the battery sealed it is impossible to check electrolyte levels or measure specific gravity If subjected to excessive charging the electrolyte will boil off causing premature failure Gel Batteries A sealed battery with a gel electrolyte rather than liquid as found in the flooded cell Because they are sealed their construction and chemistry is intended to significantly reduce gassing This battery must not be allowed to gas While they will accept high charging currents they are very sensitive to high charging voltages Gel batteries must not be charged above 14 1 volts or they will be dest
11. 0 26 0 00 1 03 1 0 0 73 0 71 0 58 0 54 0 40 0 57 0 37 0 36 0 29 0 35 0 10 Aluminum Stainless steel joints in salt water produce 0 66 to 1 0 Volts The basic battery Decreasing Acid Increasing Acid Increasing Water Decreasing Water Decreasing Sponge Lead Decreasing Lead Oxide Increasing Sponge Lead Increasing Lead Oxide Increasing Lead Sulfate Increasing Lead Sulfate Decreasing Lead Sulfate Decreasing Lead Sulfate A battery does not store electrical energy it converts chemical energy into electrical energy by electrochemical reaction For a lead acid battery the fully charged voltage of each cell is 2 1 volts A 12 volt battery consists of 6 cells The battery terminal voltage will be 12 6 volts 6 x 2 1 when fully charged Note Arrows show electron flow not current flow Slide 18 Fully charged cell specific gravity 1 265 to 1 300 depending on temperature Construction amp Application Application Construction Flooded Gel Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 19 Battery applications e High current for short periods and rarely deeply discharged e Small thin plates producing very high current for short bursts e Begin failing after 50 cycles of greater than 5096 discharge Deep cycle batteries e Moderate current for long periods with many discharge cycles e Rugged thick plates e Expect up to 1 000 cycles for a quality deep cycle battery
12. 10 Battery Shunt 12V Neg Bus G Some Main Switch Panel 12 V Neg Bus 12 V Panel V Bre aker ights NS Forward i Switch ml AR Kaa C orm S h M M Main SM II ve S Switch Port J E E a Switch Starboard D Stern O Switch Pressure Switch Slide 53 A few bootstrap terms to get started Managing expectations Battery fundamentals Charging batteries Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems E x e E AA z Pen Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Battery Management Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 54 Basic marine 12 volt systems e Basic marine 12 volt system scenarios e Cranking starting circuit e Charging circuit e Battery combiners e House circuit Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 55 Basic 12 marine volt system scenarios One battery for starting and house T Nere battery must be deep cycle Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 56 Basic marine 12 volt system scenarios One start cranking battery one deep cycle house battery
13. 2010 Slide 14 Q2 What battery capacity qu your The charge rate of a battery below 5076 battery decreases Will significantly above 8096 of shorten it s charge specified life e For a 100Ah battery expectancy 17A at 50 and 7A at 75 e Both time and cost to charge double above 80 e 50 capacity should be your operational discharge limit Copyright R Starkey 2010 Therefore the efficient capacity of a battery is 30 of its Ah capacity e For a 100 Ah battery you should only budget on 30 Ah discharge before recharging Battery capacity Ah needs to be at least three 3 times your usage between charges Slide 15 Battery fundamentals What type of battery is best suited for my type of sailing what performance should expect and what additional battery facts should be aware of e The basic battery e Battery types applications amp construction e Understanding battery ratings e Life expectancy e Connecting batteries e Battery maintenance Copyright R Starkey 2010 slide 16 Galvanic series table salt water Metals and alloys Range in Volts ZINC Aluminum Alloys Cadmium Mild Steel Stainless Steel Type 410 active Stainless Steel Type 316 active Naval Brass Copper Lead Tin Solder Admiralty Brass Silicone Bronze Stainless Steel Type 401 passive Stainless Steel Type 316 passive 0 98 0 76 0 70 0 60 0 46 0 43 0 30 0 30 0 28 0 28 0 26
14. Basic Marine Electrics and Troubleshooting Rob Starkey robert starkey bigpond com May 2010 Copyright R Starkey 2010 Version 5 0 Agenda A few bootstrap terms to get started Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems First a few electrical terms e The pressure of the circuit without Voltage V pressure there is no output e You increase voltage pressure to increase Current 1 the current flowing measured in amps e The work being done measured in watt Power voltage x current Power P Am pe re hours e The amount of current amps a battery will delivery and the time hours it delivers the Ah current Ah current x Hrs Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 3 First a few electrical terms Battery Starting battery House battery Rate of discharge Rate of charge State of charge Copyright R Starkey 2010 e A source of electrical energy e The battery for starting or cranking engines Cranking battery e The battery providing electrical loads when the engine is not running Deep cycle battery e 20 amp load for hour reduces your battery by 10 Ah e Indication of available battery capacity measured in percent fully charged 100 Slide 4 Agenda Managing expectations Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Managing Expe
15. R Starkey 2010 Troubleshooting Batteries There are five ways to check the state of charge and or health of a battery In the case of wet cells measure the specific gravity of the electrolyte Open circuit voltage test Perform a load test to determine if battery is capable of delivering high currents Perform a capacity test to determine the actual Ah capacity of your battery Monitor Volts Amps and Ahr with an amp hour meter Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 72 Troubleshooting batteries Specific gravity test Measure and record the specific gravity of each cell e fcell readings vary by greater than 0 050 specific gravity or the lowest cell is less than 1 225 charge the battery Charge the battery until all cells are greater than 1 225 specific gravity If this is not achieved in all cells the battery has one or more defective cells change the battery Approximate State of Charge at 80 F 26 7 C Charged 1 225 1 265 1 280 1 300 Initial full charge Initial full charge Initial full charge Initial full charge 100 1 225 1 265 1 280 1 300 Copyright R Starkey 2010 Troubleshooting batteries Open circuit voltage test If battery has been on charge apply a heavy load for 30 seconds disconnect the battery allow to sit for 15 to 30 minutes and measure the terminal voltage Open Circuit Voltage Percent Charge 12 6 plus 100 12 45 12 6 75 10096 Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 74 Troubl
16. They work by passing a rotating field field winding over a stationary winding stator windings A variable current in the rotating field winding of approximately 1 amp will produce up to 100 amps in the stationary windings The variable field current is controlled by the regulator thereby controlling the alternator output voltage The output from the stationary windings is alternating current and is converted into direct current DC by a diode rectifier Volts Constant voltage regulator eThe alternator not the battery provides energy to vehicle electrical system with engine running e Designed to provide large current initially and reduce current as voltage increases e Avoids overcharging gassing of hydrogen and oxygen 15 100 14 100 xe 30 13 75 D 12 T P 50 11 25 lt x 40 10 i 0 20 Discharging Time 11 juo 12 12 5 13 13 5 14 Copyright R Starkey 2010 Volts olide 37 Alternator with smart regulator CQ To battery positive To Tachometer Stator Windings BENE Field terminal F Voltage Regulator 2 F 12V On 0V OVDC Reg on Field Windings Brush e Internal constant voltage regulator replaced with external smart regulator e Provides bulk absorption and OE float charge phases e Constant current in bulk phase reduces charge time to less than 1 4 of constant voltage regulator To MAS ITISLIRSW O ur Slide 38 Copyright O R Starkey 2010
17. ass Autopilot standby drive Bilge blower Bilge pump Cabin fan Cabin lights incandescent Cabin lights halogen Cabin lights LED Fluorescent light Depth sounder Fresh water pump Copyright R Starkey 2010 2 0 0 25 40 300 1 30 2 5 5 0 0 2 1 0 1 559 3 9 1 6 2 0 0 3 0 7 1 8 0 1 0 5 5 0 Log Masthead incandescent Radar Refrigerator Navigation lights Spotlight Deck lights HF radio RX TX VHF radio RX TX Stereo HIFI Instrument slave each Instrument master 0 5 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 8 0 5 0 8 0 2 5 10 0 8 0 2 0 25 35 1 0 5 0 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 Slide 9 Agenda Battery fundamentals Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Some battery facts A battery does not store electrical energy it converts chemical energy into electrical energy by electrochemical reaction You shorten the specified life of your battery by undercharging and conversely by overcharging Specified battery life is shortened by discharging below 50 of capacity Batteries are inefficient you need to replace 10 to 20 additional amp hours to recharge your batteries The voltage difference between a fully charged and fully discharged battery is approximately 1 0 volt 12 6 v to 11 6v m O FA QU pun CY ff TY More battery facts
18. circuit provides resistance to the current In the water analogy head of water is the Voltage water flow rate is Current valve and pipe present Resistance High Potential Low Potential excess of water low water level Partly opened valve Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 47 Ohm s Law Amathematical relationship exists between the amount of voltage current and resistance in an electrical circuit V volts amperes x R ohms ttakes one volt of applied pressure to move one ampere of electrical current against one ohm of resistance 1 volt of force 1 ohm of resistance 1 amp of current electrons e Ohms law can be written in several different forms I VIR _R VII V IXR Power measured in watts is the work being done or the pressure times the current being passed Power Voltage times Current P V x 746 W 1HP Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 48 Diagnostic Instruments You can only see electricity in the form of lightning and sparks feel it when shocked so an instrument is required to troubleshoot electrical circuits The multimeter is the most common instrument and is used to measure amps volts and ohms AVO Tong meters are excellent ammeters however only as a supplement to multimeters A test lamp can be used to measure voltage Copyright R Starkey 2010 olide 49 Multimeter selection options Volts Dc and Volts AC Voltage amp continuity connections
19. ctations 2 What battery capacity do require RTS LIFELINE Discharge AB Charge e E us n How much electrical energy do consume What charge current and charge time do require Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 6 Managing expectations 3 questions you should be able to answer Consumption all scenarios 1 How much electrical energy do consume Battery capacity 2 What battery capacity do require to support my consumption How to charge batteries 3 What charge type charge current and charge time do require Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 7 ine the amount of current each appliance uses 2 Determ ion per cycle ist all 12 volt electrical appliances and quantity 1 L Ine ION imple steps to determ electrical 1 Consumpt consumpt Four s 4 Calculate Ah ime imate the t 3 Est hours each appliance will be Amp hours In Amps Watts Volts Un O c o e WO Il Un fr O gt N Hd Un 4 4 O 3 N N amperage hours Amp hours quantity used per discharge cycle 3 Time Used Hrs 4 Total Ah 2 Current amps 1 Quantity Lv Q Q Q t gto e Soest VHF receive ights Navigation Total Amp Hours Ah usage per discharge cycle 12 Volt Appliance Amps typical 12 Volt Appliance Amps typical Anchor Light Anchor light LED Anchor windl
20. es as you select consecutive test points continue until fault located This is the fastest way of searching through any set of unknowns yw Y ala 4 j BIVIN V N LA AC y ZU Basic Troubleshooting Series circuit e Think of it as a circle e Without Voltage Pressure there is no current A break anywhere will interrupt current flow Ground 12V Neg Bus A short circuit will trip a circuit protection device fuse or breaker and possibly discharge batteries Copyright R Starkey 2010 Battery nl Shunt Main Switch Panel 12 V Neg Bus 12 V Panel D Forward MN OO o ee Switch Troubleshooting parallel circuits Reduce the problem to a 12 V Pane n n n Forward single circuit and eliminate Dama A 9 ain 7 Aft common circuits Switch Switch 2m components known to be use Switch m operational Battery Switch Ran um Where possible establish hun _ and use a common ion a sd reference point i E m Ground ge Switch Er Pump Float Switch Panel 12 V Neg Bus Slide 71 Copyright
21. eshooting batteries Load test A battery can show a full or nearly full charge on both an open circuit voltage test and a specific gravity test vet fail to deliver high current In this case the battery should be load tested This test requires a specialized test device that loads the battery at 3 to 4 times its normal load for a 10 second period and measures the terminal voltage If you suspect your battery is not delivering the specified load have a professional perform a load test Troubleshooting batteries Capacity test If you suspect your battery is not delivering the specified amp hours then you should run a capacity test 1 2 3 4 5 6 The battery is first brought to full charge The test start time is noted It is then discharged at 1 20 of its rated amp hour capacity e g 10 amps on a 200Ah battery The load is established by turning on the required number of incandescent lamps Run the test until the battery terminal voltage falls to 1 75 volts per cell 10 5 volt for a 12 volt battery Record the elapsed time and multiply the current by the elapsed time to give amp hours Ah The battery must be immediately recharged You have now confirmed the Ah capacity of your battery opyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 76 Troubleshooting batteries Battery fails to keep a charge Fully charge the battery and record its open circuit voltage and specific gravity Place it on open circuit f
22. ge available y If we have matched our battery capacity with daily electrical requirements Ah 3 times daily usage then we have a charge rate amps and or time issue G _ N a what charge device s b what charge current and c how long a Devices b Current c Time Alternators 240 volt Wind generators battery Solar panels chargers and their regulators Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 33 Alternators Alternators are an inexpensive and reliable method of charging batteries mass produced every car and truck has one most boats have at least one sometimes two There are automotive and marine versions Marine versions are continuously rated sometimes fully enclosed always with a negative power stud so does not rely on the engine block for return current i CE a u i n a a i D m i TI B 2 Copyright R Starkey 2010 olide 34 Alternator output e Assume Balmar 110 Amp alternator with 1 to 3 pulley porro rri Cirta Compaen ratio Alternator turns 3 revolutions for every 1 engine revolution e At 800 rpm engine this alternator will provide 5 amps While at 2 000 rpm engine this alternator will provide E the rated output of 110 Altern amps Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 35 Alternators To battery positive To Tachometer Stator Windings INE Fil Be Windings
23. ging expectations Battery fundamentals Charging batteries Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Battery Management Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 44 Understanding electrical circuits What are the parameters of a 12 volt circuit How do measure these parameters and how dol apply them to the diagnosis of a 12 volt system 1 The water tank analogy Ohm s law current voltage and resistance Diagnostic instruments Measuring volts UT AA W N Basic electrical circuits series circuits parallel circuits and circuits that bypass control switches Water tank analogy Electricity has three parameters Voltage Current and Resistance Voltage A force voltage pushing the electrical current electrons against an opposition or resistance the load plus cable and connector resistance Voltage is the unit of measure of potential difference symbol V Inthe water analogy the force is a head of water pushing against a closed valve Low Potential empty of water Closed valve Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 46 Water tank analogy Current Is the flow of free electrons past a point in the circuit Ampere amp is the unit of measure of flow rate symbol I Resistance The opposition to flow of electricity is called resistance unit of measure is ohm symbol R All material in a
24. le with multi stage regulator Amp hour battery management instrument Recommended Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 80 Specific gravity test Charged 100 75 50 25 Discharged Copyright R Starkey 2010 1 225 Initial full charge 1 225 1 185 1 150 1 115 1 080 1 265 Initial full charge 1 265 1 225 1 190 1 155 1 120 1 280 Initial full charge 1 280 1 240 1 200 1 170 1 140 1 300 Initial full charge 1 300 1 255 1 215 1 180 1 160 Slide 81 Open circuit voltage test Open Circuit voltage Percent charge 12 6 plus 100 12 45 12 6 7596 10096 12 24 12 45 5096 7596 12 06 12 24 25 50 11 7 12 06 0 2596 11 7 or less 096 Apply moderate load for 15 minutes disconnect battery allow to sit for 15 minutes and measure terminal voltage Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 82 Monitoring charge cycle 5596 8096 dependent on 10096 absorption rate Bulk Charge _ Absorption Charge Float Charge 13 2 13 6 volts Voltage Voltage constant at constant at 714 volts 13 volts Voltage increasing Time gt Copyright R Starkey 2010 olide 83 Amp hour battery management xantrex LINK 2000 9 NTR
25. minals of two or more batteries e Two 12 volt 100 Ah batteries in parallel will yield one 12 volt 200 Ah battery configuration 12 volts 200 Ah 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 200 Ah Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 29 1 Make sure the same current flows through each battery Current will follow the path of least resistance 2 Do not combine old with new 3 Do not combine unlike chemistries 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 200 Ah Copyright R Starkey 2010 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 100 Ah 12 volts 200 Ah Slide 30 Wet cell batteries must be periodically topped up with distilled water and specific gravity recorded Keep tops of batteries clean especially the terminals Periodically remove battery connections clean the terminals and reconnect Always keep batteries at full charge when not in use Regularly monitor the battery voltage especially during charge cycles on any form of sealed battery x Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 31 Agenda Charging batteries Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Charging batteries the 3 question Each morning I find my batteries are heavily discharged they e thought fixed the problem by adding batteries and yet a week later find the n batteries are in a discharged state again char
26. or three days by disconnecting both battery cables Measure the open circuit voltage and specific gravity If voltage drops by greater than 0 20 volts or 35 specific gravity points 0 035 there is an internal short Replace the battery Eliminate mechanical problems loose belts etc With alternator spinning voltage at T FG 12V On battery should be gt 12 6 volts If battery voltage lt 12 6 alternator not charging Check regulator 12v and reg on both should be 12 volt if not correct If regulator is turned on 4 disconnect field and connect 12 w lamp from alternator field to 12 volt If alternator voltage increases to gt 12 6 volt faulty regulator If alternator voltage did not increase to gt 12 6 volt fault alternator Caution Never disconnect alternator B or B when alternator is spinning this will destroy alternator internal diodes Balmar 614 Thermister 12 vol To Tachomoter Fuse Ignition or oil pressure switch Agenda Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits Basic marine 12 volt systems Troubleshooting marine 12 volt systems Battery Management Battery management What is your 12 volt battery state of charge And how do you manage it Specific gravity test flooded batteries only Open circuit voltage test difficult because 1 volt difference between 100 and 0 0 charge Monitor charge cycle with voltage and current measurements only possib
27. right R Starkey 2010 Slide 64 Regulator Alternator House circuit Wind Starter Copyright R Starkey 2010 Start y O Main 12 V Neg Panel Lamy Main Circuit 1 Breaker Circuit 3 on a Sees Circuit 2 7 Circuit 4 Panel 12 V Neg PA Slide 65 Ground House circuit detail 12 V Panel Main Switch Battery SIC em Shunt 12V Neg Bus O Panel 12 V Neg Bus Copyright R Starkey 2010 rl Forward n J in i Lights DN m Aft cm BN mn Swi witch Main ie o g i y a E m Switch Se Port Na N i Switch Starboard m RAZA Float Switch d Pressure Pump s DIDI OD VD OI ODIO P 34 FA E I Slide 66 A few bootstrap terms to get started Managing expectations Battery fundamentals Charging batteries Introduction to marine 12 volt circuits
28. royed Normal flooded batteries charge at 14 4 volts NOI Hag AA em at Gat a NAN CUAR NA Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 24 Absorbed Glass Matt Batteries Similar construction to gel sealed and can be installed on their side Some consist of soft thin rolled up plates Optima resulting in greatly improved resistance to vibration AGMSs have very low internal resistance and can therefore accept very high charge rates high acceptance rate Maintain a higher terminal voltage during discharge making them more suited for large inverters and sensitive electronics As they are not sensitive to charge voltages standard constant rate charges can be used Copyright R Starkey 2010 Understanding battery ratings specific to application Cranking CCA Cold Cranking Amps e Is the maximum discharge a 12 volt battery can deliver for 30 seconds at 0 F e 525 CCA x 0 5 minutes 262 5 amp minutes divided by 60 minutes is 4 3 Ah CCP Cold Cranking Power Same as CCA MCA Marine Cranking Amps e Same formula as CCA except rated at 32 F Higher the CCA or MCA the better for cranking Copyright R Starkey 2010 Slide 26 Understanding battery ratings specific to application Deep Cycle Reserve Capacity sometimes called Peak Capacity Timea battery can supply 25 amps at 80 F to an end point of 10 5 volts Reserve capacity of 160 minutes x 25 amps 4000 amp minutes or 66 6 Ah Amp hour ra
29. te 20 hour rate e Amps required to drain a battery to 10 5 volts over a period of 20 hours at 80 F e A battery rated at 100Ah is capable of delivering 5 amps for 20 hours or 10 amps at 10 hours Copyright R Starkey 2010 olide 27 When purchasing deep cycle batteries it is important to know the life expectancy in cycles A battery completes one cycle when it is discharged and then fully charged The number of cycles depends on the depth of discharge rate of charge the recharge method and quality of the battery When purchasing deep cycle batteries compare cost per specified cycle in addition to battery price Copyright R Starkey 2010 Battery Life Cycles 50 Type Cycles Cranking 25 50 Flooded deep cycle 250 350 Gel 500 6 volt Golf cart 700 Ya High guality AGM 900 1700 i Actual AGM estimated cycle life 4 000 cycles 10 DOD 3 800 cycles 20 DOD 3 500 cycles 30 DOD 2 500 cycles 50 DOD 1 500 cycles 80 DOD Slide 28 Connecting Batteries Batteries In series 6 volts 6 volts 200 Ah 200 Ah e Increase voltage by connecting batteries in series connect positive of one to the negative of the other e Two 6 volt 200 Ah batteries in series will yield one 12 volt 200 Ah battery configuration Batteries in parallel e Increase amp hours Ah by connecting batteries in parallel connect the positive terminals of two or more batteries and also the negative ter
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