Operating Instructions for the online tool “rainwater harvesting and
Contents
1. 0 01 Jan 2006 01 Jan 2007 01 Jan 2008 31 Dec 2008 31 Dec 2009 rology station 86071 1 km E of RMIT University Melbourne Campus 110 Victoria Street Melbouri Figure 4 Default output from GetTanked org Figure 4 for Melbourne Timeline of tank capacity and overflows for nominal capacity and catchment area Default output Figure 4 provides a daily time series of the tank capacity and overflow events during the epoch 2006 2009 Rainwater overflow events indicate that more tank capacity would be useful to avoid later demand for refilling Tanker truck deliveries are implied when the capacity curve runs vertically from near zero up to near the nominated capacity level 10 000 L without the coincidence of overflow There are 29 tanker filling events observed on this plot that can be confirmed by reference to the average monthly demand for imports presented in Figure 2 ars 2006 to 2009 required filling nominal 64 of demand with TANKER deliveries nominal lt 0 64 T T T ty wat e 2 i amp nigation AND d able water c nservation Hd 43 m D 16 F 1 4 u Ka u ok 4 A 8 H 7 d d 4 r 4 AL kal qd gt a 2 1 shO t hdttfall 64 shortfall 90 shortfall u 9 m q 1 o hr Q q B o 0 5 amp r J Q H o o 0 25 F G Hd Er 9 lass potable water Potable demand 310 L d and 0 reuse for irrigation D 08r 2 4 RA2. 10 T T T T T T T T T 8 6 r 4 4 0 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ology station 86071 1 km E of RMIT University Melbourne Campus 110 Victoria Street Melbourne During 4 years average cubic meters per month Figure 2 Default output from website GetTanked org Figure 2 for Melbourne Average monthly water make up requirement during simulation epoch Default output Figure 2 presents the seasonal pattern of imports into a 10 000 L tank over the epoch 2006 through 2009 and confirms that simulations are based on Bureau of Meteorology station 86071 lying about one km east of the location of interest During the 4 years of simulation the average monthly demand for trucking imports is presented Note that the months of February April and October averaged a delivery of one 10 kL shipment of water It appears that no shipments were required in March or April of the epoch and that deliveries were not required all of four instances of the other months during the epoch Beware this plot averaged monthly demand over the four year epoch Years 2006 to 2009 nominal required filling 64 of demand with TANKER deliveries 320000 T F T Increased catchment EN and storage capacity e S 160000 F 1 shortfall 7 o a qd 80000 10 shortfall 6 P p qd 40000 F 64 shortfall 4 qm en uU U E amp 20000 F n D amp d f 2 y 10000 L 90 shortfall 00 m catch
3. 4 9 uel ll j d E 78 155 310 620 1240 8 n consider varying Demand for water indoors nominal 310 L day Figure 5 Default output from website GetTanked org Figure 5 for Melbourne Import requirement varies with recycling of grey water to supplement outdoor irrigation Without specification of irrigated area the only advice of this figure is to manage the daily demand for potable water indoors Default output Figure 5 is similar to Figure 3 by stating the nominal RWHS would have required tanker truck deliveries to make up 64 of demand but in the case of Figure 5 the nominal among 60 combination 10 x 6 variations of demand and increasing rates of recycling grey water after use as indoor potable water to meet irrigation needs outdoors and by varying the demand for indoor potable water Truncated text in the upper left corner is intended to label Grey water irrigation AND potable water conservation Truncated text in the lower left corner is intended to label Use less potable water Unfortunately the contour labels of 1 shortfall and 10 shortfall are overwritten Workflow recommendations A number of useful outputs require comparative re simulation as they are not available first pass through the rain water harvesting and demand simulation tool that is found from the link at URL GetTanked org For example Sustainable Litres Per Diem SLPD in the example of default output for Melbourne Figure 5 resolves that the demand s
4. 203 7 77 1 4 146 427 MT LOFTY SA 2006 2009 Csb 096 100 29 9 1 38 31 19 9 6 48 1 150 322 LAVERTON VIC 1981 1984 Csb 796 99 25 9 1 38 1 20 7 5 60 1122 143 348 ADELAIDE CITYSA 1976 1979 Csb 7 95 3 1 9 1 37 1 20 0 5 48 1 150 317 CAPE LEEUWIN WA 2001 2004 Csb 21 94 2 6 8 12 274 174 3 71 2 4 135 395 MORUYA HDS NSW 1979 1982 Csb 796 88 2 5 8 12 3241 206 5 89 2 9 142 450 ESPERANCE WA 1972 1975 Csb 796 87 2 9 9 12 3841 214 8 53 12 157 327 KATANNING WA 1977 1980 Csb 2196 81 3 0 9 1 37 7 22 0 9 55 12 161 341 ADELAIDE ARPTSA 2006 2009 Csb 2796 73 3 3 9 1 394 208 6 44 1 153 304 NEPTUNE ISL SA 2006 2009 Csb 2196 63 26 7 1 28 7 19 2 3 84 1 136 444 Appendix G Cfa humid sub tropical climate Typified by Brisbane 9 d Cooling ECDkW Gg TPIE total g 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design L d kW E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch x short L d L d m x db wb X Evap L d CAPE MORETON QLD 2000 2003 Cfa 096 159 3 0 8 1 30 2 23 8 7 63 114 153 335 SYDNEY CITY NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 096 132 2 9 8 12 33 9 21 8 6 53 3 9 150 328 WILLIAMTOWN NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 0 129 2 9 9 12 37 8 24 0 8 56 4 12 156 334 NEWCASTLE NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 0 125 2 7 8 12 34 0 22 2 5 67 9 3 143 362 SYDNEY ARPT NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 0 125 2 9 9 12 35 6 23 2 6 53 3 9 151 326 COFFS HARBOUR NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 0 117 2 7 8 12 32 8 22 9 9 75 412 159 409 MARYBOROUGH QLD 1979 1982 Cfa 0 111 3 2 8 11 343 253 16 89 9 5 189 440 BANKSTOWN NSW 1979 1982
5. 9 1 40 8 20 1 8 50 11 4 168 310 WAILLTON VIC 1981 1984 BSk 21 56 2 9 9 12 40 5 21 6 7 52 122 155 327 MILDURA VIC 2006 2009 BSk 5596 51 3 9 9 1 41 9 21 3 8 43 12 166 293 SWAN HILL VIC 1981 1984 BSk 2796 49 3 5 9 1 41 3 21 6 8 40 12 3 162 290 RENMARK WA 2002 2005 BSk 4896 45 3 8 10 1 41 1 207 10 51 3 12 172 306 Norseman s dry epoch 1971 1974 caused a failure of evaporative cooling calculations so year 2006 2009 used for ECDkW and TPIE results Appendix C BSh hot semi arid climate typified by Charleville 100m ECDkW 29 iok e Cooling L d kW a TPIE t total g 100Ud SLPD Irrigt E Design E Pot Irrig placename dry epoch x short L d L d m ms db wb av max x Evap L d TENNANTCREEKN 1985 1988 BSh 48 76 56 9 11 41 5 214 10 33 1 193 287 CUNNAMULLA QLD 2005 2008 BSh 34 66 48 9 1 10 43 1 222 8 40 9 4 127 233 DALWALLINU WA 1976 1979 BSh 2796 63 4 1 4127 213 8 39 11 4 168 288 e e e QUILPIE QLD 2005 2008 BSh 34 60 5 1 1 10 43 2 25 2 9 41 5 9 1 183 286 COBAR NSW 2005 2008 BSh 41 57 4 4 1 41 9 20 5 7 38 10 4 168 304 EMERALD QLD 2002 2005 BSh 2796 52 4 6 11 40 1 24 7 10 50 8 5 182 313 KUNUNURRA WA 1985 1988 BSh 41 51 5 4 WYNDHAM WA 1989 1992 BSh 34 51 5 6 CHARLEVILLE QLD 1991 1994 BSh 41 50 4 7 KALGOORLIE WA 1976 1979 BSh 55 45 42 10 42 5 27 6 7 25 7 10 3179 269 10 42 31 274 6 29 7 10 173 280 39 8 21 4 11 55 9 5 186 341 1 41 0 20 4 8 45 104 169 295 O io io i5
6. Cfa 0 100 3 0 9 12 377 23 0 8 56 4 10 158 336 BURRINJUCK NSW 2006 2009 Cfa 0 100 3 2 9 1 39 31 23 3 7 52 10 2 158 323 ARCHERFIELD QLD 1993 1996 Cfa 796 98 3 3 9 12 354 229 13 69 9 4 178 378 GOLD COAST QLD 1996 1999 Cfa 796 98 2 8 7 12 317 238 10 85 4 11 163 445 COONABARABRAN NS 2002 2005 Cfa 796 96 33 8 1 38 0 21 8 13 68 3 11 180 386 BRISBANE QLD 1993 1996 Cfa 7 96 3 1 8 12 337 225 13 77 4 9 175 418 COOLANGATTA QLD 2001 2004 Cfa 7 89 2 9 8 1 32 2 23 7 12 90 11 4 170 445 YOUNG NSW 2006 2009 Cfa 1496 86 341 9 38 1 21 4 9 67 12 3 164 371 WAGGA WAGGANSW 2006 2009 Cfa 1496 79 36 9 40 8 20 3 8 54 10 3 164 335 SCONE NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 796 78 34 9 12 394 23 3 10 60 4 10 170 339 MOREE NSW 2002 2005 Cfa 796 78 41 9 39 6 23 1 10 55 10 4 177 323 ROMA QLD 2001 2004 Cfa 2196 76 43 9 1 39 6 22 7 11 57 94 182 343 GAYNDAH QLD 2005 2008 Cfa 796 76 3 8 8 12 37 7 25 6 14 63 5 9 188 358 MUDGEE NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 796 69 3 3 9 12 374 225 10 70 3 10 169 389 NULLO MTNS NSW 1979 1982 Cfa 1496 68 3 1 8 12 364 211 10 66 3 12 167 381 ST LAWRENCE QLD 2001 2004 Cfa 27 65 41 8 11 357 253 14 59 85 190 341 GLADSTONE QLD 2001 2004 Cfa 21 64 41 8 11 352 247 11 48 85 178 306 ROCKHAMPTON QLD 2001 2004 Cfa 2796 64 4 2 9 12 38 2 257 12 51 8 183 325 Appendix H Cfb maritime climate typified by Melbourne First of two pages i ECDkW g dE Cooling L d kW E TPIE t total g 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot
7. io io 6 io io io io i0 EC m WINTON QLD 1982 1985 BSh 55 45 5 3 12 42 6 23 1 10 49 85 1 189 311 MOUNT ISA QLD 1985 1988 BSh 4896 44 5 5 1 10 412 225 11 50 81 193 315 BROOME WA 1992 1995 BSh 5196 38 5 1 113 38 6 22 9 9 43 7 182 295 CURTIN WA 1971 1974 BSh 4196 37 52 10 410 242 8 37 7 11 179 272 RICHMOND QLD 2002 2005 BSh 48 36 5 5 103 417 234 11 45 7 195 299 LONGREACH QLD 2002 2005 BSh 5596 32 45 5 197 2 42 5 21 9 11 48 8 5 195 310 Wyndham s epoch 1989 1992 caused a failure of evaporative cooling calculations so years 2006 2009 used for ECDkW and TPIE results Appendix D Desert group BWh and BWk hot outback and cold nullarbor climates typified by Woomera and Broken Hill ee i ECDkW 2 10k i S Cooling L d kW g TPIE t total E 100Ud SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m x db wb av max ii Evap L d LEARMOUTH WA 1978 1981 BWh 5596 47 5 3 10 12 42 1 23 6 9 38 95 2 185 288 2 URANDANGI QLD 1989 1992 BW 4896 44 56 9 12 43 7 23 9 10 44 8 1 191 295 CARNARVON WA 1988 1991 BWh 6296 42 46 9 12 40 9 20 5 7 41 5 10 171 284 FORREST WA 1977 1980 BWh 6296 42 41 10 1 41 8 19 5 10 46 103 176 303 MEEKATHARRAW 1969 1972 BWh 55 41 5 1 9 12 41 7 20 1 8 36 1 9 4 3179 285 WINDORAH QLD 1969 1972 BWh 5596 38 5 3 10 1 43 0 221 10 41 5 91 188 298 LEONORA WA 1976 1979 BWh 5596 37 48 9 1 43 2 20 1 7 39 4 10 3174 284 WOOMERA SA 2006 2009 BWh 62 36 46 10 1 42 7 2
8. redirected elsewhere In any instance the website Rain Water Harvesting and Demand Simulation presents a series of data forms for users to specify rainwater catchment water usage and tank storage capacity to simulate the reliability of supply from rainwater and to identify supplements that may be required GetTanked estimates the failure rate being the percentage of imports either made up from water mains or by tanker truck deliveries The left hand pane of GetTanked has a green arrow that notes the user s progress working through seven data entry forms between Welcome and Submit with lt Prev and Next gt to forward and back as much as desired until selecting Submit on the last form with a wait of up to two minutes for results Users can revise successive simulations with the lt Prev and Next gt toggles and then submit again before copying resulting graphics Figures 1 through 5 for pasting into a report 1 Location is the first data entry form after the Welcome notice Select location by either typing in an address or clicking in the Google Maps window This is the only input for which there is no default and so we illustrate VPAC s street address 110 Victoria Street Melbourne or geographical coordinates 37 8066 144 9635 Beware GetTanked runs for any point on earth using the nearest Australian dataset 2 Analysis Period is the second data entry form Worst Case or Manual specificatio
9. this tool Material and methods FAO56 irrigation demand Allen et al 1998 and pan evaporation reference the patched point dataset PPD data bank commencing in 1890 for rainfall and 1957 for climate variables Jeffery et al 2001 Daily minimum and maximum temperature and vapour pressure provided by the PPD together with atmospheric pressure estimated from altitude are used to model the part load performance of evaporative coolers if the full load cooling demand is specified Daily cooling load is scaled on basis of cooling degree days to the base 24 C as described by Peterson 2014 with design drybulb at the locality calculated for the specified epoch by the method of Peterson et al 2006 Backend computations and graphics are provided by GNU Octave following an M file script that is customized in response to the details entered into data forms on the GetTanked website frontend The website frontend is comprised of javascripts that were compiled with Google Web Toolkit In order to speed up simulations of multiple combinations of rainwater harvesting system parameters it was decided that the GetTanked tool must first pass establish a worst case quadrennium 4 year epoch at the case study of interest The nomination of worst case is determined by searching for the two consecutive years with respect to the difference between rainfall and Australian synthetic Class A pan evaporation GetTanked includes the formative year as well as the succ
10. 0 3 7 37 10 4 170 299 BOULIA QLD 2006 2009 BWh 6296 35 5 6 10 10 3 43 7 244 10 36 85 1 190 299 BROKEN HILLNSW 1981 1984 BWk 55 35 41 9 1 42 0 22 2 BIRDSVILLE QLD 1971 1974 BWh 55 30 5 1 10 12 44 7 22 7 PORTHEDLANDW 1971 1974 BWh 62 27 5 5 10 11 43 1 22 4 ROEBOURNE WA 1982 1985 BWh 62 26 5 9 10 12 43 9 23 1 42 3 10 167 286 34 91 5 179 297 33 7 186 294 29 81 190 291 WO O Appendix E Csa west coast mediterranean climate typified by Geraldton 100m ECDkW 29 iok Cooling L d kW E TPIE t total E 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m x db wb av max X Evap L d MANDURA WA 1977 1980 Csa 2196 76 33 9 1 370 21 8 7 43 4 12 157 296 PERTH ARPT WA 1994 1997 Csa 2796 69 3 6 9 1 397 213 7 42 11 3 162 295 LANCELIN WA 1994 1997 Csa 2796 63 3 4 9 1 380 2031 7 43 3 1 158 305 GERALDTON WA 1976 1979 Csa 27 60 40 9 12 414 209 8 39 11 4 167 280 PERTH CITY WA 1993 1996 Csa 21 59 3 4 9 1 381 208 7 42 12 158 293 Appendix F Csb oceanic mediterranean climate typified by Adelaide City 100m ECDkW V 108 Cooling L d kW o TPIE f total g 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m x db wb av max x Evap L d CURRIE TAS 1981 1984 Csb 096 120 16 7 1 27 7 20 0 3 99 2 125 483 MT GAMBIER SA 1981 1984 Csb 096 114 2 1 9 1 37 8 18 4 5 55 1 138 343 ALBANY WA 1994 1997 Csb 096 110 23 9 1 334
11. HURST NSW 1981 1984 Cfb 7 77 27 8 1 360 21 7 9 71 12 160 397 CANBERRA ACT 1979 1982 Cfb 796 73 29 8 1 36 1 209 10 72 12 164 390 HOBART ARPT TAS 2006 2009 Cfb 1496 73 23 8 1 30 7 18 5 5 110 123 142 535
12. OYCE NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 0 106 2 4 8 12 32 0 18 8 7 85 12 149 443 Appendix H continued Page two of two maritime climate ECDkW o m Cooling L d kW d TPIE t total 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot Irrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m db wb av max ii Evap L d NOWRA NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 096 104 2 8 8 12 35 1 21 9 7 55 12 3 153 335 ULLADULLA NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 0 104 2 5 8 12 33 0 21 4 7 3 75 12 3 150 403 MOORABBIN VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 104 25 9 1 37 3 21 4 6 57 1 3 146 344 EDDYSTONE PT TAS 1997 2000 Cfb 0 104 2 11 7 12 253 18 6 2 80 2 12 126 422 MELBOURNE VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 104 2 9 9 1 37 55 20 9 5 47 3 1 147 309 HAMILTON VIC 1981 1984 Cfb 0 104 2 2 8 1 37 1 19 5 6 57 2 12 145 336 MT WELLINGTON Ts 1967 1970 Cfb 0 100 2 1 8 1 30 9 18 6 6 109 1 142 534 DEVONPORT TAS 2006 2009 Cfb 7 96 20 6 1 25 4 18 0 2 89 2 127 469 EAST SALE VIC 2005 2008 Cfb 7 90 24 8 1 34 6 21 5 9 83 1 154 428 BOMBALA NSW 1903 1906 Cfb 7 87 2 2 6 1 30 1 20 0 13 113 1 168 531 MANGALORE VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 14 84 31 9 1 39 6 22 0 8 59 12 3 159 349 GEELONG VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 1496 84 2 4 9 1 37 1 20 6 5 62 3 11 142 358 ARARAT VIC 1981 1984 Cfb 7 83 25 9 1 37 0 20 3 7 67 12 2 149 376 BRAIDWOOD NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 1496 83 2 5 8 12 334 197 9 86 12 2 158 456 BEGA NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 1496 82 27 9 1 36 6 22 4 12 78 3 12 170 411 GOULBURN VIC 1979 1982 Cfb 796 82 2 7 8 12 354 21 1 9 73 12 159 396 BAT
13. Operating Instructions for the online tool rainwater harvesting and demand simulation a k a http GetTanked org Accessed from either instance http rainwater vpac org or http rainwater vulabs net Author Eric Laurentius Peterson 1 Adjunct Professor Institute for Sustainability and Innovation Victoria University Melbourne Australia 2 Adjunct Senior Fellow School of Civil Engineering University of Queensland St Lucia Australia Contact email e peterson uq edu au These instructions are in support of the manuscript Transcontinental assessment of secure rainwater harvesting systems across Australia Submitted to Resources Conservation amp Recycling 29th December 2014 returned 20 March with comments resubmitted 20th April 2015 The author hereby documents recommended use of the online tool rainwater harvesting and demand simulation linked to from the website URL http gettanked org which serves only the Australian continent and Tasmania This tool dynamically calculates the irrigation and evaporative cooling demands in addition to any particular per diem allocation of potable water The analysis may be either from a finite storage tank of specified capacity or drawn from water mains The nominal daily potable water demand of 144 litres per person per diem needs to be critically questioned by any user and as a result of experience of the Millennium Drought it may be workable to reduce demand to 100 litres per person
14. e drought restrictions or one person living more lavishly therein Having completed irrigation only demand results step back lt Prev five forms to toggle Total Consumption and specify the total daily consumption at 100 litres per day per diem Then step forward Next gt one form to toggle No mains connection and restore the nominal RWHS roof size 100 m feeding 10 000 L tank size Finally step forward to reactivate the Submit button and wait a minute In the case of Melbourne the nominal RWHS serving 10 m of garden then reliability is ensured if 6496 of potable demand is recycled for irrigation otherwise tanker deliveries are required to make up 21 of demand during the worst case epoch denoted in the revised output Figure 5 d Evaporative cooling demand per diem per kW capacity ECDkW Back step and zero all dataforms except to specify the house equipped with an evaporative cooler having a nominal capacity of 3 5 kW 1 ton of avoided air conditioning and step forward to reactivate the Submit button and wait two minutes In this example GetTanked has simulated a 1 ton 3 5 kW evaporative cooling system s performance in Melbourne where Summary Results report an average 18 L d demand with peak 166 L d Revised Figure 2 shows the peak occurs in March and a secondary peak in January In the case of Melbourne the result range 5 to 47 L d kW and are listed in the results of this study as the evaporative cooli
15. ed reserve Google imagery is provided to measure catchment area by tracing polygons over any number of discernible impervious surfaces judged to be useful 5 Outdoor water use is covered by two data entry forms each provided with a Google imagery view of the locality of interest so that the user can trace polygons over the areas of garden irrigation and water body evaporation that demand water from the rainwater harvesting tank Manual data entry of the square meters of irrigated garden and pool area are also provided with default at zero If an area is entered and traced then the default portion covered is zero which can be adjusted as high as 1 to indicate the area could somehow be absolutely protected from evaporation or evapotranspiration Zero cover is assumed throughout the present example In the present discussion accept all defaults with zero area of both garden irrigation and pool evaporation and also without evaporative cooling Thereby only a constant demand for potable water is simulated Evaporative cooling has been included on the outdoor water use form because the process depends on forced convection of outdoor air through the building to displace heat with air approaching the wetbulb temperature of the outdoor air conditions The evaporative cooling model integrated into GetTanked was described by Peterson 2014 and depends on the user declaring the total cooling capacity of installed evaporative coolers Direct evaporative cool
16. eeding year to nominate a moderated worst case epoch References Allen RG Pereira LS Raes D Smith M 1998 Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56 Rome FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http www fao org docrep X0490E X0490E00 htm Jeffrey S J Carter J O Moodie K B amp Beswick A R 2001 Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data Environmental Modelling amp Software 16 4 309 330 Peterson E Williams N Gilbert D amp Bremhorst K 2006 New air conditioning design temperatures for Queensland Australia AIRAH Equilibrium February 2006 http mail airah org au downloads 2006 02 01 pdf Peterson E 2014 Mitigation of the energy water collision through integrated rooftop solar and water harvesting and use for cooling A critical review In What conditions must models and methods fulfill on an urban scale to promote sustainability in buildings Proceedings of the World Sustainable Building Conference 2014 Barcelona ISBN 978 84 697 1815 5 http uq id au e peterson GetTanked Peterson ref110 Paper89 pdf Graphical Abstract of Rain Water Harvesting and Demand Simulation Peterson 2015 lt D V o Precipitation R o 9 Bulk make up Mt in flow p full volume Vf present storage Vt overflow O waste grey wat
17. er Yield Y Total demand Dt Mains make up Mm Graphical Abstract Rainwater harvesting and demand system RWHS modelled by the GetTanked tool from the paper Transcontinental assessment of secure rainwater harvesting systems across Australia Submitted to Resources Conservation amp Recycling 20th April 2015 The parameters operating behind GetTanked are illustrated in the Graphical Abstract submitted to the journal Resources Conservation amp Recycling Besides geographical location adjustable variables include the potable water demand Dp evaporative cooler capacity kW the area of garden irrigation demand Ag the area of water feature evaporation Ae utilized stormwater catchment area A and the storage capacity of the tank volume V when full measured above the minimum allowed reserve The geographical location determines the rainfall supply onto the roof catchment while solar radiation temperature and humidity determine the FAO 65 evapotranspiration potential irrigation demand pan evaporation and evaporative cooler water consumption The level of water Vi in the storage tank will generally vary at each timestep daily t As rainfall data is most generally available on a daily basis GetTanked is designed to investigate the reliability of supply from rainwater with deficit periodically avoided by bulk delivery M or by continuous mains make up Mm Simulations employ an algorithm where the present storage in the tank V is ta
18. er users happen to submit a job at the same moment Analysis with evaporative cooling may take two minutes Figures 1 2 3 4 5 and Summary appear on completion Select the desired figure tab and then click within the figure to maximize the display and then click again to review other figures or to review data entry forms from lt Prev Users may copy figures using right mouse key Save picture as or copy and then paste into a document together with Summary text Repeatedly skipping through all forms Next gt without amending anything other than the address ignores the buildings that may be discerned in Google imagery The default 10 000 L active volume of the tank is fed by 100 m catchment with 95 runoff coefficient 5 permeability supplying a fixed 310 L daily demand during the particular location s worst case quadrennium 4 years period covering an EI Nifio event Scripting GetTanked Rain Water Harvesting and Demand Simulation While all of the results presented in these operating instructions were obtained via the GetTanked website interface interested researchers and professionals could run simulations offline if they install MatLAB or Octave and obtain PPD data from Queensland Science Delivery Division of the Department of Science Information Technology Innovation and the Arts DSITIA https www longpaddock qld gov au silo ppd format php specified to be in the Standard including FAO56 Reference Evapotranspira
19. he sum of daily in flow I and the previous day s storage V 1 GetTanked utilizes Google Maps interface for users to specify location and the trace the catchment areas A that contribute to the RWHS The nominated storage tank capacity V should be considered by the user by reference to manufacturer s specification to neglect sludge collection at the bottom and freeboard in the headspace For example a 2 2 m internal diameter tank would need to exceed 2 63 m height to achieve 10 kL capacity V and higher to ensure this represents the active capacity above any required low level reserve The GetTanked Google Maps interface also allows users to trace the area of evapotranspiration Ag and evaporation demand Ag or explicitly specify these areas GetTanked users may vary the portion of the rooftop rainfall R x A entering the inflow of the tank by adjusting the impermeability of the catchment nominally 0 95 Similarly the user may vary the FAO56 irrigation demand FAO56 R x A by specifying a screening factor nominally 0 0 Finally the user may vary water feature i e swimming pool or open air reservoir evaporation by specifying a cover factor nominally 0 0 Rainwater harvesting and demand simulation data forms The rainwater harvesting and demand simulation tool URL http GetTanked org has been forwarding to a server at premises of the Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing VPAC 110 Victoria Street Melbourne Australia but may be
20. hould be managed somewhere above 78 and below 155 litres per day during the worst case drought epoch The particular breakpoint was later found to be 104 L d at the example address The breakpoint is here to for referred to as SLPD where the asterisk denotes that 10 000 L storage and 100 m catchment defaults apply The Appendix tables present the SLPD found at 128 locations around Australia but at any other location the user is offered the following workflows to determine their locally relevant values of key indicators of RWHS performance a Sustainable Load Per Diem The sustainable demand per diem was determined by repeatedly stepping back and forth between the water consumption and submit forms with a delay of one minute per iteration Each time inspect Figure 5 and note percentage filling required as well as the demand level closest to the curve of 196 shortfall Iteration steps are manually continued until they confine the breakpoint of absolute reliability between two steps separated by one litre per diem The result is the sustainable load per diem SLPD at the location of interest where the asterisk indicates the default storage capacity of 10 000 litres and catchment area of 100 m For example SLPD is found to be 104 L d at the example address of 110 Victoria Street Melbourne In many locations SLPD is less than 100 L d in which case the percentage shortage over the drought epoch short is tabulated in Appendices A H so that tanker su
21. ing does not work when wetbulb temperatures are above the desired indoor temperature of 24 C and therefor at such times vapour compression air conditioning systems could be desired GetTanked models the consumption of water effectively evaporated and so splits the demand peaks of spring and autumn indicating evaporative cooling is often ineffective during summer in such locations 6 Outdoor water use continued The second outdoor water use form is concerned with evaporation from uncovered water features such as swimming pools or any storage reservoir exposed to pan like evaporation losses For the initial illustration of methodology without non potable demands accept all defaults on both Outdoor Water Use forms simply stepping forwards Next and then Next 7 User contact details Ambit users may directly click the final Next gt to skip past the 7 form unless willing to collaborate with the author in a case study or to offer critique Use of this form is necessary if the user wishes to request a copy of the M file script that runs on the server but it is also best to email the author as a prompt because the user register is rarely used and so routine monitoring has not been justified The forgoing data forms are analysed by selecting the Submit button to pass parameters to a computer server with results to be displayed once the simulation has completed It usually takes just one minute for a four year analysis default if no oth
22. into the on line GetTanked tool and so the M file script must be amended such that lines defining unix command1 and dos command1 should be replaced as follows unix command1 sed 1 54d filename gt filelessheader dos_command1 more 54 filename gt filelessheader Default output for example address in Melbourne 110 Victoria Street Melbourne Australia Nominated simulation period 2006 through 2009 red denotes 4 years worst case drought 1200 T T T T T T T T T T T T T 1000 f 800 r 600 r 400 r 200 r Drought modelled as evaporation rain mm year i i 0 Il l 1889 1899 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009 rology station 86071 1 km E of RMIT University Melbourne Campus 110 Victoria Street Melbourr Figure 1 Default output from website GetTanked org Figure 1 for Melbourne The difference between evaporation and rainfall over 121 years Default output for the example address 110 Victoria Street Melbourne Figure 1 illustrates that the worst case quadrennium was taken at the end of the available time series immediately before the return of La Ni a wet seasons 2010 and 2011 The vertical axis is the difference between Australian synthetic Class A pan evaporation and rainfall Seasonal pattern of imports into nominal 10000 L tank years 2006 through 2009
23. ken as the previous day s storage in the tank V4 minus the total daily demand but not allowed to be negative nor to exceed the maximum capacity of the tank As yield is not explicitly calculated to determine occasional tank overflows this model uses yields before spill YBS GetTanked operates with an in built assumption of 10 litres first flush diversion each day that rainwater harvesting occurs The behaviour of supplemental water imports depends if there is a continuous connection to mains for makeup on demand Mn or if bulk shipments are hauled in to fill the tank whenever it runs dry GetTanked users can toggle the water consumption data entry form to evaluate the continuous mains make up or estimate tanker trucking orders for premises that are off grid Bulk tanker deliveries are the method of makeup employed example output Figures 1 5 but mains connected refilling without storage capacity or catchment informs the seasonal demand profiles of irrigation and evaporative cooling Bulk tanker make up is normal practice in situations of rural and peri urban development where home owners need to ensure that they hold water reserves for fire fighting There is very little spillage before use as such tanker deliveries tend to be conducted during periods of drought and so the YBS model is a reasonable method for the purposes of the present study In either case yield from the RWHS Y can be calculated as the minimum of total daily demand Dj or t
24. lrrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m db wb av max ii Evap L d PALMERS LOOKOUTT 2006 2009 Cfb 0 172 17 7 1 26 4 17 9 2 82 1 124 436 CAPE BRUNY TAS 1988 1991 Cfb 0 161 15 7 1 26 4 16 4 2 71 1 120 397 WONTHAGGI VIC 1971 1974 Cfb 0 157 19 8 1 325 21 7 7 87 3 143 436 GELLIBRAND VIC 2005 2008 Cfb 0 153 2 0 8 1 33 6 189 4 67 3 12 134 380 WILSONS PROM VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 096 146 20 8 1 30 9 20 3 3 77 12 3 131 407 LATROBE VALLEY VIC 1971 1974 Cfb 0 142 2 1 8 12 33 6 214 7 68 3 12 145 388 CAPE OTWAY VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 138 20 8 1 31 4 18 8 3 90 10 3 1 131 459 MAATSUYKERISL TAS 2006 2009 Cfb 096 138 15 7 2 26 0 14 9 NaN 120 401 GABO ISLAND VIC 1979 1982 Cfb 0 137 20 6 1 25 7 20 1 2 101 1 128 494 CAPE GRIM TAS 2003 2006 Cfb 096 125 16 6 1 23 0 17 6 1 67 2 111 153 WYNYARD TAS 2006 2009 Cfb 0 123 18 7 1 26 4 17 5 3 90 1 11 129 479 KATOOMBA NSW 1979 1982 Cfb 096 121 2 3 8 12 322 18 8 7 81 12 146 441 LAUNCESTON TAS 1982 1985 Cfb 0 117 20 7 1 29 8 18 7 8 115 2 148 555 WARRNAMBOOL VIC 1981 1984 Cfb 0 117 20 8 1 365 21 1 4 65 2 11 133 374 CERBERUS VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 113 22 9 1 35 8 21 3 5 63 3 138 364 SHEOAKS VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 109 3 3 9 12 35 8 20 2 7 63 1 3 148 368 MORTLAKE VIC 1981 1984 Cfb 0 109 2 2 9 36 0 20 9 5 61 2 140 365 HOBART CITY TAS 2006 2009 Cfb 096 108 2 2 8 30 5 17 9 5 97 1 141 490 RHYLL VIC 2006 2009 Cfb 0 108 2 2 9 1 345 21 4 5 59 3 138 347 MOUNT B
25. ment 10000 L capacity 4 4 9 W d E e 5000 F i J km 2500 i l l L 3 25 50 100 200 400 800 k consider varying catchment area nominal 100 m Figure 3 Default output from website GetTanked org Figure 3 for Melbourne Import requirement varies with tank capacity and catchment area Default output Figure 3 presents 56 8 x 7 variations of tank capacity and catchment area surrounding the nominal 10 000 L tank and 100 m roof catchment with the statement that 6496 of demand during the epoch 2006 2009 would have required tanker deliveries The contour of 196 shortfall makes it clear that a quadrupling of both tank capacity and roof catchment would reduce demand for imports near zero Due to the logarithmic character of this graphic there is no point in combinations of capacity and catchment far beyond the contour of 196 shortfall The contour of 10 shortfall suggests possibly economic solutions if occasional refilling by tanker trucking is feasible Years 2006 through 2009 Capacity and Overflow pus 4 Ld 10000 8000 6000 4000 Litres in storage and overflow events 2000
26. n will be confirmed in Figure 1 in red against the background 121 years of PPD In the current study the default Worst Case option is always accepted simply advancing Next gt 3 Water consumption specifies either Total Consumption or Consumption based on household population The latter is the default with 2 persons dwelling in the home with 155 L Daily water consumption per person This default is equivalent to entering 310 L day Total daily consumption under the alternative tab Enter 0 if rainwater harvesting system does NOT serve POTABLE needs and advance to further data forms to detail modelling of demand for irrigation evaporative cooling and evaporation from swimming pools and water features Accept default of 155 L per capita per diem advancing Next gt 4 Rain water collection and storage is the fourth data entry form Users may specify if mains water is available but the default setting No assumes that a water tanker is despatched to fill the tank if it runs dry Demand without reference to supply will be profiled if mains water is declared to be available while also zeroing both tank size and roof size This form allows adjustment of nominal default 10 000 L capacity nominal 100 m catchment and the rather optimistic suggestion of 95 run off coefficient 1 permeability catchment Note that capacity is intended to represent only the active capacity of a covered storage reservoir excluding any requir
27. ng demand per kW capacity 5 47 ECDkW L d kW av max e Total demand for potable water irrigation and evaporative cooling TPIE Total demand including 100 L d potable as well as irrigating 10 m and 1 ton evaporative cooling is found to average 147 L d with a peak of 309 L d in January Coincidentally the peak is near Melbourne Water s drought management Target 155 for two persons In the example of Melbourne one reliable solution to the problem of ensuring 100 L d potable supply plus irrigation of 10 m garden and 1 ton 3 5 kW evaporative cooling is to increase storage to 14 000 litres and catchment to 141 m while providing grey water recycling or provide imports as illustrated in revised output Figure 5 Acknowledgements GetTanked was made possible by Victoria University of Technology which joined the Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing VPAC to provide logistical support to develop innovative interactive tools VPAC provided the GetTanked website to read my program script with open source Octave Lachlan Hurst developed the Google Maps mashup front end alpha version with final version of the website developed by Daniel Micevski Resources Conservation amp Recycling peer reviewers suggested these operating instructions be freely posted on line Appendix A Tropical group Am and Aw monsoon and savanna climates typified by Cairns and Bowen 100m ECDkW S 40k T Cooling L d kW cg TPIE total g 100d SLPD Ir
28. per diem cover swimming pools implement recycling of grey water to supplement irrigation and to provide shade cloth cover over gardens during heat waves In surviving drought it is reasonable to maintain the amenity of shade trees and a small garden as well as providing evaporative cooling indoors If demand can be rationed and appropriately recycled then secure rainwater harvesting system may be designed to serve in many parts of the Australian continent if sufficient catchment and capacity are provided or if occasional tanker deliveries are readily available Tables sorted by climate classification are found in Appendices A through H of these instructions to tabulate demand restrictions that have been found to avoid running dry within the constraints of a nominal 10 m capacity storage with 100 m catchment defining the sustainable load per diem SLPD during a worst case epoch this is the break point for absolute security as far as meteorological records can determine since European settlement SLPD varies from 86 to 124 L d among most temperate maritime climate stations and between 35 and 42 L d at most desert climate stations Appendix Tables A through H also summarize demand for evaporative cooling and irrigation together with the sustainable yield of a rainwater harvest system at 128 locations throughout Australia Indoor and potable water demand should be disaggregated from irrigation pool evaporation and evaporative cooling to make use of
29. pplements can be arranged if demand remains at constant level of 100 L d b Irrigation Irrig T Irrigation demand of any particular situation is obtained by stepping back lt Prev three data entry forms to specify irrigated garden area then back lt Prev another data entry form to toggle YES with regard to mains water supply and to zero both tank size and roof size and then back lt Prev one more data entry form to zero potable consumption Finally forwarding Next gt five data entry forms and reactivating the Submit button produces a revised set of Figures 1 through 5 Specifying 10 m irrigation in the otherwise default output for 110 Victoria Street Melbourne yield revised Summary Results text Assuming an irrigated garden and or lawn area of 10 square meters and Lawn and garden demand was 10096 The total average demand was 29 L d with maximum 92 L d Summary Results text also includes the average and maximum daily demand that would be met with a limitless water mains service without the nominal rainwater harvesting system Divide irrigation demand by the irrigated area and report as Irrig t 2 9 9 2 L d m av max c Greywater irrigation recycling indoor potable water after first use It is reasoned that a per diem ration of 100 litres of potable water may be manageable while non potable demands are also supplied as needed This suggests two persons dwelling under 100 m adapting lifestyle to sever
30. rig t E Design E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch short L d L d m r i db wb av max ii Evap L d COOKTOWN QLD 2002 2005 Aw 1496 87 3 6 8 10 35 5 26 6 8 49 8 163 309 CAIRNS QLD 2002 2005 Am 14 71 3 5 8 10 34 0 24 9 9 55 8 168 329 DARWIN NT 1978 1981 Aw 2796 63 3 8 7 9 35 4 25 8 4 25 7 153 248 BOWEN QLD 2001 2004 Aw 41 51 40 7 11 33 8 26 7 13 67 8 187 372 GOVE NT 1951 1954 Aw 44 51 3 6 6 10 33 26 1 5 23 8 151 233 PORT KEATS NT 1991 1994 Aw 4196 47 4 2 8 10 38131 27 4 6 36 7 163 273 NORMANTONQLD 1970 1973 Aw 4196 46 5 0 9 10 39 31 23 9 8 38 7 11 176 278 GEORGETOWN QL 1969 1972 Aw 4196 46 5 0 9 10 399 23 5 10 47 7 185 309 TOWNSVILLE QLD 1993 1996 Aw 34 44 41 9 110 35 0 240 12 66 7 184 369 TINDAL NT 1961 1964 Aw 34 43 4 7 8 10 40 1 26 3 9 43 6 10 179 295 Normanton s epoch 1970 73 caused a failure of evaporative cooling calculations so years 2006 2009 used for ECDkW and TPIE results Appendix B BSk cold semi arid steppe climate typified by Mildura 100m ECDkW 29 tok E Cooling L d kW d TPIE t total g 100d SLPD Irrig t E Design E Pot lrrig placename dry epoch x short L d L d m x db wb av max X Evap L d KYANCUTTA SA 2006 2009 BSk 34 65 3 7 10 1 43 6 22 4 9 45 10 12 170 293 NORSEMAN WA 1971 1974 BSk 34 62 3 7 9 12 40 22 7 9 53 12 3 169 318 LAKE GRACE WA 1972 1975 BSk 2796 62 3 4 9 12 393 21 1 8 51 3 12 163 323 SOUTHERN CROSS 1976 1979 BSk 4196 59 4 0
31. tion ETo format and copy into a data folder with the station identification number appended by txt suffix Each run of the on line GetTanked tool is custom written in the GNU Octave M file script that can be obtained by completing the user contact details before submitting a simulation to the GetTanked server http rainwater vpac org It is then recommended to email the author because user comments are rarely completed and so the feedback register is seldom monitored The author can reply with the user s simulation script but it must be renamed something short ending with the M file suffix m and amended wherein the UNIXpath2SILO and or DOSpath2SILO variables match the local users data repository of PPD files and an ASCII file named station ID altitude csv containing four columns of comma separated station identifier sorted by ascending BoM number latitude longitude elevation m for each station of the data subfolder station latitude longitude elevation stations latitudes longitudes elevations station latitude longituden elevation In the example simulation at the premises of VPAC the station_ID_altitude csv should contain at least one line 86071 37 8075 144 97 31 2 while the folder data must contain a PPD file named 86071 txt if not all of the 4759 stations that can be subscribed to Furthermore the header of PPD files are six lines longer than those that were integrated
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