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1. All Modules Instance stimulus vendY stimulus stimulus Type vend vendy vend AN code coverage date for this Enty Note Cod amp Coverage option disabled See menu enty Code Coverage Enable Code Coverage cag av f Heo For Help press F Click with right mouse button in Save simulation entry should be checked left side of Explorer Window to to save the simulation history open context menu If the Save simulation data for this entry is selected then Silos saves the simulation data for the following items during simulation e all local variables for the module instance e all port variables for the module instance even if the ports connect to module instances that are not saved below it in the hierarchy e any instance below it in the hierarchy of the design unless the instance below it is specifically not saved Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 63 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Context Menus Properties If the Save simulation data for this entry is not selected then Silos does not save the simulation data for following items during simulation e all local variables for the module instance not selected e the simulation data for any instance below it in the hierarchy of the design Before the Save simulation data for this entry specifications can take effect the Project must be reloaded by using the Project Open menu selection or by selecting a project name from the Mos
2. Use the left mouse button when the State Mode is active State 1 of UaSay oat873571 a1 22 05 onTucsaay July 25 2000 K ADD YOUR CLOCK EXpAESSIOW HERE gt continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 67 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry e To create a transition from state s1 to state s2 select the Transition button on the FSM Toolbar To select state s1 click and release with the left mouse button anywhere on the oval symbol for state s1 Once state s1 is selected a small circle will appear on the state symbol for s1 whenever the mouse cursor is near it Transition Mode button Notice the small circle on state s1 for drawing the transition between s1 and s2 The circle will move along s1 as the mouse is moved SILOS c silos3 examples simple_fsm_spj Fsm 3 File Edit View Project State Machine Window Help To draw the transition from state s1 to state s2 position the mouse cursor on the oval symbol for state s1 click and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse cursor from state s1 to state s2 When the mouse cursor gets near state s2 an arrow will appear on the transition line You can release the left mouse button after the arrow appears and the transition between s1 and s2 is complete continued on next page Silos User s Manual 200
3. 4 7 16 input output inout declarations after the variable s declaration example module foo in wire in input in Silos command to allow this extension control ext inout For more information see section 12 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 17 Using registers as module inputs example module xx in input in reg in Silos command to allow this extension control ext rsink For more information see section 12 4 6 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 29 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 4 7 18 Duplicate variable definitions example module foo wire a wire a Silos command to allow this extension control ext dvd For more information see section 3 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 19 Parameter used for sizing numbers example module foo reg 7 0 xx parameter size 8 initial xx size b010 Silos command to allow this extension control ext psize For more information see section 2 3 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 20 Null statements example module foo initial begin Silos command to allow this extension control ext nstmt For more information see sections 8 7 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 30 Simucad Prop
4. DELAY 5 9 Default Device Delay Times Normally if a device has no delay specification the delay times default to zero The DELAY command allows you to globally redefine the default values When this command is used the back annotation of SDF delays is disabled Default delay times are specified as follows DELAY DEFAULT dl d2 DELAY indicates a default delay time specification DEFAULT indicates that the default times for all unspecified delays are to be assigned Normally the default delays are dj d 0 dl represents the nominal rise delay time where e d1 must be an integer between 0 and 10000 d2 represents the nominal fall delay where e d2 must be an integer between 0 and 10000 Examples IDEL DEF 16 5 Idel default 0 0 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 21 Simucad Proprietary DISK 5 10 Disk File Name Reassignment The DISK command enables you to change the default file name for the STORE NSTORE commands To change the STORE NSTORE disk file name enter DISK filename DISK changes the STORE NSTORE disk file name If no file name is specified the program will tell you the name of the present default disk file name filename represents the name of the disk file to which STOREd output will be written Default filename store out Application Notes 1 Whenever a DISK command is specified any STOREd data will be written to tha
5. Help About box Examples NSTO SIZ TY SIZ Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 43 Simucad Proprietary SPIKES 5 27 Spike Summary Output The t s SPIKES command allows you to view all the nodes on which spikes were made observable during logic simulation see Logic Simulation Specification on page 5 41 To generate a node spike summary enter TYPE STORE SPIKES tl TO t2 WTYPE NSTORE TYPE optional directs the spike summary to standard output STORE or to a disk file SPIKES lists a summary table of all spikes between two time points tl TO t2 represent the minimum and maximum time point values over which the spike output is to be generated This time point range must be within the logic simulation time point range If the time points are not specified the logic simulation times are used The TO keyword is optional Application Notes 1 A spike occurs when the gate input level changes faster than the gate output can change 2 Setting the criteria for spike conditions is controlled by the pulse_e pulse_r and pathpulse command line arguments For additional information see Command line Options on page 7 4 3 To enable spike recording during logic simulation for the SPIKE report use the silos_spike command line option For additional information see Command line Options on page 7 4 Examples ty spikes NSTO SPIKES 4 2K 4 8K Silos User s Manual 2001 1x
6. continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 75 Simucad Proprietary FSM Debugging e The Verilog HDL source code for the finite state machine has already been written to a file named vending v when the finite state machine vending was saved To include the Verilog HDL source code for the finite state machine into this design the include compiler directive was used To see an example of this use the Open File button on the Main Toolbar to open the file vending testbench v When you scroll down in this file you can see the include vending v compiler directive to include the Verilog HDL source code for finite state machine vending which models a newspaper vending machine The include vending v compiler directive is used to include the Verilog HDL source code for the newspaper vending FSM Silos c silos examples vending spj yending_testbench v Ez EG File Edit View Projegt Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Reports Options Window Help 2 x vr amp Qi 7A Bik amp amp stimulus Gel 4 s E m cc ss Command bag reg reset reg newspaper include vending v I 4 gt For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 450us NUM 4 Simulating the finite state machine To simulate the design for the newspaper vending machine click on the Go button on the Main Toolbar A
7. define compiler directives will be used in addition to any define compiler directives in the design When entering the define use just the lt text_macro_name gt lt MACRO_ TEXT gt part of the define syntax For example for the Verilog compiler directive define wordsize 8 you would enter in the Project Settings dialog box wordsize 8 Silos allows relative paths to files so that the path names in a project will work at different sites To specify this you need to specify a define compiler directive in the Project Project Settings dialog box such as foo c sse examples Then edit the project file spj file and put the define compiler directive before the path names such as Files 0 foo vendtest v Silos preprocesses the information in the project file spj file and substitutes the string c sse examples for foo This feature works for path names set in the Project Files dialog box such as the Source Files Library Files Include Directories and PLI Library Files This also works with path names set from the Project Settings dialog box such as Command Line Arguments Simulation Data File Path and the plusargs settings Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 17 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu Project Settings Delay Selection You can select the min typ max delay setting for all delays in the project Disable cache This feature disables the caching to RAM memory for the part of th
8. doc subdirectory in the Silos installation as pdf files for viewing and printing This provides easy access and lookup for answers to reference questions Procedure To access the on line help for Silos e Select the Help menu selection for Silos Silos ojx File View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Window Help Sjaj E Ta m cclss Command a Quick Start Guide User s Manual Verilog LAM SDF Manual User Registration About Silos Gates eT f a About Silos will show the memory usage Contents will display the contents for the Silos User s User Registration will show the security block number Manual continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 6 Simucad Proprietary Memory usage The following manuals are provided as on line help files e Silos User s Manual Help Contents will also select this e Open Verilog International OVI Verilog Language Reference Manual version 1 0 e OVI Standard Delay Format SDF Manual version 2 0 To provide an example of obtaining on line help for a menu selection the user could locate help on the Project New menu selection in the Menus Chapter the next item in the tutorial with the procedure that follows e Click on the Projects menu selection and scroll down and highlight the New menu selection but do not release the left
9. in lt we gt had 2 possible transitions from unknown to high to unknown The U means that the first transition was from high to unknown or low to unknown The 2 means net in U gt had 2 possible transitions The L means that the first transition was from unknown to low The 2 means net out_L had 2 possible transitions Silos Commands e 5 8 Simucad Proprietary Activity Reports For Nodes Examples ACTIVITY 3 The below report is for the activity mxtran 99 command in the example Min Transitions Max Transitions TRANSITION COUNT Silos User s Manual MNT MXT Activity Table for nets that do toggle RAN 0 RAN 99 NODE NAME foo inl_0 lt we gt foo foo foo foo foo foo in lt we gt in_U lt we gt outl 0 out_H out_L out_U 2001 1xx Nets were reported that did toggle mxtran 99 Net inl 0 lt wc gt is a net created by HyperFault to model input inl _0 a register The 2 means the net had two transitions between high and low levels Silos Commands e 5 9 Simucad Proprietary BUSCON 5 3 Bus Contention Report The BUSCON command reports the logic simulation time points at which more than one tri triand trior trireg tri or tril net types or an enabled unidirectional device bufifl 99 66 bufif0 notifl
10. is the memory allocated for the Silos logic simulation engine The second number listed for the Sim Engine Mem is the total amount of memory that Silos thinks it can possibly allocate for your computer The memory usage for Silos is constant for logic simulation To determine the memory usage for logic simulation select the Load Reload Input Files button on the Main Toolbar and Silos will simulate to time 0 You can then use the About Silos dialog box to determine the RAM memory usage for your design during logic simulation Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 55 Simucad Proprietary Registration 3 13 8 User Registration The Help User Registration menu opens the User Registration dialog box to update the Silos registration The following is an explanation for the registration fields e Name This field is where you can personalize this copy with your name optional e Company This field is for your company name optional e Serial This is the serial number of your security block on the parallel port Silos automatically interrogates the parallel ports on your computer for the serial number e NetId This is your Ethernet card address When you have completed the registration information click on the OK button Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 56 Simucad Proprietary Context Menus 3 14 Context Menus Silos has context menus for the Watch Window Explorer Windo
11. notif0 nmos pmos rnmos and rpmos devices are simultaneous 2 2 ed gt d driving a node a bus contention To obtain a bus contention report enter TYPE STORE BUSCON t1 TO t2 WTYPE NSTORE TYPE optional directs the bus contention report to standard output STORE or to a disk file BUSCON generates a summary table of any contentions that have occurred between two time points tl TO t2 represent the minimum and maximum time point values over which contention is to be checked These time values must be within the logic simulation time point range If not specified the simulation time points will be used The keyword TO is optional Application Notes 1 Contentions are reported only for nodes where two or more enabled unidirectional devices or tri triand trior trireg trio and tril net types form a wired connection often used to form a bus Bi directional transistors non enabled gates and gates without enable lines are ignored by the BUSCON report 2 For each contention the BUSCON command reports the starting and ending time points the starting and ending node states and the names of the enabled unidirectional devices or tri 99 66 39 66 triand trior trireg tri0 and tril net types connected to the node continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 10 Simucad P
12. 1ns module stimulus reg click scope stimulus pike hex 4 HTI 0 740us 792 z Time 1 540us ky Data Tips display value scope radix and simulation time point for variable clock The time point can be set by the T1 timing marker in the Data Analyzer The Data Tips can be turned on off and the radix can be changed by using the context menu in the source window Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Data Tips Tutorial e 2 46 Simucad Proprietary Single Stepping 2 2 21 Single Stepping Benefits The designer can single step through the source code as it executes to understand locate and fix problems The value for any variable or expression in the source code can be displayed so that the user can trace iterations at a timepoint Any variable or expression can be dragged and dropped to the Watch window to display its instantaneous value or the Data Analyzer to view the waveform Silos s unique ability to quickly and efficiently save every variable during simulation makes this possible This intuitive approach to source code debugging reduces the time required to understand design flaws The single stepping and breakpoints features can reduce simulation speed so these features should be disabled before simulation if you do not intend to use them Procedure Skills presented in this topic are Single stepping through a design Dragging and dropping variables and expressions from your sou
13. 3 14 1 6 Go to Source code Menu Selection The Explorer Tree Go to Source code menu selection is located in the context menu in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window When you select a hierarchical instance in the Explorer Window the Go to Source code menu selection opens a source window that displays the source code for the hierarchical instance This enables you to quickly find the source code for any instance in your design To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the left hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Go to Source code menu item 3 14 1 7 Go to Scope Menu Selection The Explorer Tree Go to Scope menu selection is located in the context menu in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window This feature enables you to quickly find an instance in the Explorer Window The Go to Scope menu selection opens the Enter Scope dialog where you specify the scope for the instance that you want to find Then click on the Ok button and the Explorer Window will highlight the instance you selected To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the left hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Go To Scope menu item Silos User s Manual 2
14. E and a yellow box will pop up stating Line Execution Count 44 A large number of hits in the Code Coverage Line Report may indicate a looping problem in the user s design such as always out out out2 out Silos c silos examples code_coverage spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine s er Reports Window Help Code Coverage Line Report 92 0 coverage of 14 lines OF x Module Task FunctionName Hits fe Number fileName Z l code_coverage code_coverage cod e coverage v always Gout begin E and For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 0 130us NUM Ui continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 58 Simucad Proprietary Line Code Coverage e The user may want to display the Code Coverage plug in results in another program such as Microsoft Excel The demonstrate the exporting of the Code Coverage plug in results select the File Export menu selection to open the Export Code Coverage Data dialog box Select a file name of your choice click on the OK button to close the dialog box You can edit the file you created to view the export format or import the file into a program such as Microsoft Excel Export Code Coverage Data dialog box can use comma separated data files for importing into a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel Silos c silos examples
15. continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 2 Simucad Proprietary LIBRARY Library Files Application Notes 3 The search order for a module definition or macro definition is a files entered by the INPUT command or include compiler directive b library file names or directories that contain library files ending with a specified extension that were specified by the LIBRARY command The library files will be searched in the order specified to the program 4 Each LIBRARY command will override any previous LIBRARY commands they are not cumulative A LIBRARY command can use more than one line by beginning each new line with a sign in column one see the Examples below If the file name specified by the LIBRARY command cannot be found during the CHECK command a warning message is issued Entering the LIBRARY command after preprocessing PREPROC command has no meaning and a warning message is not issued 5 Library files can be encrypted by the CHGLIB program Once a file has been encrypted it cannot be entered with the INPUT command or include compiler directive It is good practice to check the files for errors with the INPUT command before encrypting them 6 Library files can be converted to random access files by the CHGLIB program Once a file has been converted to random access it cannot be entered with the INPUT command or include compiler directive It is good pra
16. to close the dialog box e To enable the design select ABCD for code coverage click with the right mouse button when the mouse cursor is over the top level instance select ABCD In the context menu select Properties to open the Module Properties dialog box Check the Save code coverage data for this entry box and click OK to close the dialog box The Save code coverage data for this entry will be grayed out if the module instance is outside of the device under test fs_dut system task or if code coverage is not enabled In the Explorer the red circle with the slash through it means code coverage is disabled for this instance The green CC means code coverage is enabled w Silos c silos examples code_coverage spj Explore a fd File View Project Code Coverage PPPE sjaj l R Gen eneral Instance cc select ABCD select IV Save code coverage data for this entry Cancel Seely Help For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 0 130us NUM 4 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 60 Simucad Proprietary Operator Code Coverage e Select the Code Coverage Enable Operator Coverage menu selection if it is not already selected If the Code Coverage Enable Operator Coverage menu is selected after inputting the files for the design Silos will query if you want to reload the design and setup the Operator Coverage pl
17. typdelays e maxdelays This option selects the maximum delay specification for delays min typ max e no_ default variables This option issues an error message when a variable is used without first specifying the type of variable that it is Since wire is the default type for variables this assists the user with finding variables that were automatically set to wire where a register was intended e nodoldisplay This option suppresses all messages from display write etc system tasks to standard output This can be used to prevent these messages from cluttering the log file during logic simulation e nolibfaults Automatically inserts suppress faults and enable_portfaults and nosuppress_ faults and disable portfaults around every module in a library file The library file can be specified using the y and v command line options the library command or the Project Files dialog box e no_pulse_msg The command line option no_pulse_msg turns off the pulse messages This does the same thing as the pulse_quiet command line option e notimingchecks This option disables all timing checks improving speed and reducing memory used e no tchk msg This option suppresses timing check violation messages Timing checks are still processed but no messages are printed to standard output if there is a timing check violation e nowarntfmpc This option suppresses the warning message for a misma
18. 4 7 tabular stimulus 4 18 save file size 4 23 Verilog HDL extensions enabling 3 18 View menu 3 9 WwW w command line option 7 4 warning suppressfloat 7 7 suppressredef 7 7 reset all warnings 5 38 turn off port connection warning 7 6 Watch Window 3 65 waveform color 2 15 waveforms color and signal strength 3 50 copy to Word 2 19 signal thickness 3 50 width mismatches in expressions and assignments 7 7 Window menu 3 47 wire procedural assignment 4 26 X xl_order command 5 19 xl_order command line option 7 8 Y y command line option 7 4 Z zoom buttons 2 40 View menu 3 9 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Index e 8 9
19. Click on yes For Windows 98 the SIMUCAD_ LICENSE FILE environmental variable path is set in the autoexec bat file i e SET SIMUCAD_ LICENSE _FILE C Silos SILOS LIC For Windows NT the SIMUCAD_LICENSE_ FILE environmental variable path is set in the Environment tab for the System applet in the Control Panel For Windows 2000 the SIMUCAD_LICENSE FILE environmental variable path is set in the Environment button for the Advanced tab for the System applet in the Control Panel e Ifthe security code that you received from Simucad on the SIMUCAD Silos User Certificate does not start with the keyword SERVER then this is a node locked license You can enter the security code for a floating license into any file the suggested file is silos lic in the installation directory for Silos You do not need to start a server An example security code would be FEATURE Sse simucad 2000 1 11 dec 1999 uncounted ASE6FAFF504E HOSTID SIMUCAD 701024 ck 192 During installation the environmental variable SIMUCAD_LICENSE FILE is set to point to the silos lic file in the installation directory for Silos If you put the security code in any other file or directory then you will need to set the environmental variable SIMUCAD_LICENSE FILE to point to the file with the security code Note If you have more than one security block and you want to freely move the security blocks between machines you can concatenate the security codes fo
20. Simucad Proprietary Zoom To demonstrate the zoom capabilities e Click on the Zoom All button on the Toolbar to display the entire simulation range You can stop the zoom all by striking the escape key Esc on the keyboard e Next set the T1 and T2 timing markers near the end of the simulation range e Use the Zoom Markers button on the Toolbar to zoom in between the timing markers e Use the Zoom Out button to zoom out by a factor of two and the Zoom In button to zoom in by a factor of two e The slider thumb at the bottom of the waveform display can be used as a go to button Use the mouse to move the slider thumb to approximately time 1 us micro seconds The new time values are displayed along the horizontal time axis as you move the slider thumb Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 41 Simucad Proprietary Bookmarks 2 2 19 Bookmark Timescale Goto Timepoint Benefit e Enables the designer to quickly jump between simulation times and resolutions so that he can debug a problem across simulation time Procedure Click here with the right mouse button to open the context menu Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer OF x File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help x alalalal lt f lt 15 cents D2 njeje c Name _ Goto Timepoint Panto T1 Panto T2 Pan to Last View Default
21. cccccessecsseesseeeeeeeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeaees 5 16 5 9 Default Device Delay Times cccecccceessessceesceesceecesecsecenecaeecaeeeaeeneeeeeeeeeeseenreeeensees 5 21 5 10 Disk File Name Reassignment c ccccccescesscsseceeceseceecaeeeseeeneeseeeeeeeeeseeeaeenseesaeenaes 5 22 SALVES UMAY orere oroi ien e ea i E AEREO E E E E AKOER 5 23 5 12 Exclude Saving Simulation Node States ccccesccsseesseeseeeeeeeeceseeeeeeeeeeereneeeneeneenaees 5 24 5 13 Exiting The Program e a e ae e e e e e a e an a a a n a aa iae ei 5 25 5 14 File Name Specification ccccccecscesscsssceesceecesecssecseecseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeerenereeeenaeeaees 5 26 5 15 Keeping Simulation Node States cccccsceesceeeeeccesecesecenecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeneensees 5 27 5 16 Exclude Saving Module Instance Variable Values cccecseecseeseeesceeseeseeeeeeeeeteensees 5 28 5 17 Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values 5 29 5 18 Nonconvergence SUMMALY cssceeccessseceeeeeesseceseeeeaeeceseeseneeceaeeseaeecsueeseaeeceeeeeaeeeeas 5 30 5 19 Narrow Storing Outputs ccceccesccsseesseesseeeeceecesecesecsecsaecseecseeeeeeeeeseeeseeeseeneeeneenaees 5 33 5 20 Preprocessing Dataset ese 2 vevedosae havnt uadens dh aves Sobsselactes est estowsds ees seteande A E EES 5 34 5 21 Probing Node States IE dnt oa wa eel ah dnliwhes eae tated a 5 35 5 22 Quitting Execution a e Rete cg cece A eR ek 5 37 5 23 Resetting Selected Dat
22. continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 50 Simucad Proprietary Analog Signals Analog Signals Silos c silos examples analog spj Data Analyzer H File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help 2 x ajajaja lt 2 lt i Sean Change amg 3 000us 66 090us 172 1 Default clock top sto down_up top std top 0 000 A feedback top 0 000 R e e e AAAA AA AAAA count 0 top xx OF For Help press F1 2 m T2 Tdeta ithe 180 000us NUM 4 Double click to toggle Stepping function display of Piece wise linear display of between stepping function janalog signal analog signal and piece wise linear Analog signals for real variables are displayed as piece wise linear or step waveforms Double clicking on the signal name will toggle between the two methods of displaying analog signals for real variables Integer variables can be displayed as a vector type of waveform or as an analog waveform Select the Options Analog Integer Display menu selection to set the method of displaying integers Displaying integer variables as analog waveforms can be very useful for designing digital filters etc Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 51 Simucad Proprietary Data Analyzer 3 12 6 2 Notes on using the Data Analyzer Window Viewing More Waveforms To create more space to display waveforms e Decrease the
23. from the source window to the Watch Window and to the top of the Default group in the Data Analyzer Window To create additional space for viewing the windows minimize the Output Window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 49 Simucad Proprietary Single Stepping e Single stepping can be used to determine the condition for an if test or a case statement before Silos branches into it To demonstrate this continue clicking on the Step button on the Toolbar until the source window opens for file vend v Use the mouse to highlight the expression reset b1 in file vend v and drag and drop the expression into the Data Analyzer Window and the Watch Window You will see that the expression is true so that the next step will go to the statement directly below the if test e Then continue to click on the Step button Notice that the values in the Watch Window and the Data Analyzer Window are updated as the single stepping progresses f Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help S il 23 FS ccfss Command aa lt 2 lt i 15 cents q Dla ujele Default clock reset 1 b Iof x Ej vendtest v Nene e I Medted stimulus clack f fsetup clock cycle time stimulus clock always stimulus vendy reset 1 b1 1 begin al 26 clock clo
24. output file infilel CHGLIB encrypts library files ENCRYPT the resulting library file is unreadable except by the Silos program Readable comments can be added by editing the encrypted library file before the first character Use of this option is controlled by a security license feature issued by Simucad SECURE feature the resulting library file is unreadable except by the Silos program When Silos attempts to access the resulting library file the user must have the feature listed in the license file silos lic for Silos The SECURE option does not require the ENCRYPT option to encrypt the file The SECURE option can also be used with the NODEMOLIMIT option NODEMOLIMIT the resulting library file is unreadable except by the Silos program This is a special option that allows the demo version of Silos to read a library file of more than 200 gates Use of this option is controlled by a security license feature issued by Simucad output_file name of the output library file to be created by the CHGLIB command infile1 name s of one or more input files to be encrypted Examples chglib cmos12 lib cmos12 dat cmos13 dat cmos14 dat chglib encrypt chip library chip dat Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 15 Simucad Proprietary CONTROL 5 8 Control Parameters For Logic Simulation The CONTROL command enables you to modify the parameters that control logic simulati
25. rtl spj Data Analyzer Copy ee x Copy Image to Clipboard pere ar a sm a 22 E OE Ye Default clock newspaper reset stimulus NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus vend PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus vendY 4 JA Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Select the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu to copy the Data Analyzer so it can be pasted into MS Word You can use the Edit Copy menu or Ctrl C on the keyboard to copy the full path name for a signal to the clipboard Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 19 Simucad Proprietary Name List Box 2 2 10 Rearranging the Signal Names Benefit e Intuitive drag and drop when rearranging signals makes it easy to view relationships between signals Procedure Signal names can be rearranged in the Name list box by using the mouse to drag the signal and then drop it just before the pointed end of the mouse cursor arrow For example e Select signal reset with the mouse e Then drag and drop reset above signal coin 1 0 in the Name list box Signal names can be copied by holding down the Ctrl key as you drag them Signal names can be deleted by highlighting a name and pressing the Delete key on the keyboard Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer Default stimulus Sto stimulus Stl stimulus 0 newspaper stimulus Six NEXT_STATEPKO PRES_STATE 1 stimulus vend
26. the source windows and the report windows 3 2 9 Exit Menu The File Exit menu selection exits Silos When Silos is exited the simulation history is lost unless the Project Save Project State menu is selected before exiting Shortcuts Mouse Double click the application s Control menu button Keys ALT F4 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 5 Simucad Proprietary Edit Menu 3 3 Edit Menu The Edit menu provides the following menu selections e Undo menu selection e Cut menu selection e Paste menu selection e Clear menu selection e Select All menu selection e Find menu selection e Find Next menu selection e Replace menu selection e Goto Line menu selection e Copy Image to Clipboard e Delete menu selection e Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection 3 3 1 Undo menu selection The Edit Undo menu selection undoes your last editing or formatting action including cut and paste actions If an action cannot be undone Undo appears dimmed on the Edit menu 3 3 2 Cut menu selection The Edit Cut menu selection deletes text from a document and places it onto the Clipboard replacing the previous Clipboard contents 3 3 3 Copy menu selection The Edit Copy menu selection copies text from a document onto the Clipboard leaving the original intact and replacing the previous Clipboard contents When the Data Analyzer window has the focus the Edit Copy menu selection copies the f
27. to ASCII click with the right mouse button on signal info 96 1 in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer Window Then select the Set Radix selection to open the Set Radix dialog box e In the Set Radix dialog box change the radix to ASCII and click on the Ok button Because the initial value is an unknown level x for vector info you can scroll to the right in the Data Analyzer to see meaningful descriptions Make sure you click on the minus sign for the default group to save the new radixes Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 27 Simucad Proprietary Groups 2 2 14 Organizing Signals Into Groups Benefit e Allows for compact display of the relationships between signals as the designer opens and closes groups to debug the design s behavior e Remembers signal grouping for fast display of waveforms after simulation e Allows for easier understanding of the design by a team of engineers e Useful for record keeping if the design needs to be rerun e Immediately saving changes to groups prevents the loss of work if Silos is interrupted Procedure To see the following selections for groups put the mouse cursor in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer and click on the right mouse button to open the context menu Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer iclock o on at Wace Sianal lAputs Display Iteration Data coin 1 0 mone iKC ni
28. you can use any standard unit such as 600ns nanoseconds 1000ps pico seconds etc The Add Bookmark menu selection places a virtual marker at the center of the Waveform Display Window for the current time and timescale resolution After opening the Add Bookmark dialog box you will see the default bookmark name i e Bookmark1 Bookmark2 etc You can specify any string of characters for the bookmark and then click on the OK button to set the bookmark The bookmarks you have set are listed at the bottom of the context menu continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 43 Simucad Proprietary Bookmarks To demonstrate using a bookmarker e Activate the context menu by clicking with the right mouse button in the Data Analyzer timeline Select the Add Bookmark menu selection to open the Add Bookmark dialog box e To set Bookmark0O click on the OK button e Open the context menu and use the Goto Timepoint menu selection to go to another simulation time such as 0 5us e Then open the context menu again and select BookmarkO to go back to where you were Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 44 Simucad Proprietary Data Tips 2 2 20 Data Tips Benefit The simulation value for any variable or expression can be viewed by opening the Verilog HDL source window and holding the mouse cursor over the variable or highlighting an expressio
29. AND OR INV 74LS54 4 WIDE AND OR INV 74LS55 2 WIDE AND OR INV 74LS56 FERQUENCY DIVIDER 50 1 74LS57 FREQUENCY DIVIDER 60 1 74LS68 DECADE BINARY COUNTER 74LS69 DECADE BINARY COUNTER 74LS73A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS74A D FLIP FLOP 74LS75 LATCH 74LS76A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS77 LATCH T4LS78A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS83A ADDER continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx TTL LS Appendix A Libraries e 6 5 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS TTL LS Parts List 74LS85 COMPARATOR 74LS86A 2 INPUT XOR 74LS90 DECADE COUNTER 74LS91 8 BIT SHIFT REGISTER 74LS92 DIVIDE BY 12 COUNTER 7T4LS93 4 BIT BINARY COUNTER 7T4LS95 4 BIT SHIFT REG 74LS96 5 BIT SHIFT REG 74LS107A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS109A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS112A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS113A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS114A JK FLIP FLOP 74LS122 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 74LS123 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 74LS125A TRI STATE BUFFERS 74LS126A TRI STATE BUFFERS 74LS132 2 INPUT NAND SCHM TRIG 74LS136 2 INPUT XOR OC 74LS137 3 TO 8 DECODER 74LS138 3 TO 8 DECODER 74LS139A 2 TO 4 DECODER 74LS147 PRIORITY ENCODER 74LS148 PRIORITY ENCODER continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 6 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS Parts List 74LS151 MUX 8 TO 1 74LS153 MUX4TO1 T4LS155A 2 TO 4 DECODER 74LS156 2TO4 DECODER OC 74LS157 2 TO 1 MUX 74LS158 2 TO 1 MUX 74LS160A SYNC 4 BIT COUNTER 74LS161A SYNC 4 BIT COUNTER 74LS162A SYNC 4 BIT COUNTER 74LS163A SYNC 4 B
30. AS 4 11 r EE D a E E E E N E EE S E 4 13 4 3 8 Expected Value Error cansson enai a E oe Aes E E N 4 14 4 3 9 Expected Value Error Storage essseessseseeseesersesseeeessesresreseesssersesseeeessesees 4 16 43 10 Incremental Update ano a n e E E R 4 16 4 3 11 Changing Behavioral Stimulus to a stimulustable Format 05 4 18 e ASEO D S re T0 1 EAEE E A E aba eethe ong Meee 4 20 4 4 1 Real and Integer Data Types s sssesseseesssessesseserssseeressesresreserssseesesrseeseese 4 20 4 4 2 Utility Transcendental Functions sse sesssesseseeseessseeesssrsressesersreseesessreeessesees 4 21 4 4 3 Examples for Transcendental Math Functions cceccesccsseeeseeeteeseeeneeenes 4 22 4 5 silos and sse key words ves siccescescesseeleiececeeceege dances ccesedeeiedecceekesecvige cad cvkeutee Ei 4 23 4 6 Extensions to Turn off Reset and Turn on Saving ccescecsseeseeeseeeeceeeeeseceeenaeeeseeees 4 23 4 7 Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 0 ccceccescesseeseeesceesceeeeesecesecesecaecsecsecnaeenaecaeeneeeaes 4 24 4 7 1 Global Variables srren a a a e E 4 24 4 7 2 Global tasks and functions s essseseeseeeessseseeseeseesesseeessstsressesersesseesesseeeessesees 4 24 4 7 3 Functions with multiple outputs s ssesesssssesessseseessesersssersessteressesesseeeessesees 4 25 4 7 4 Functions without any inputs 0 0 ccceesceesseecceeeceeeceeeceeceseceaeceaeeaecseeeaeeenes 4 25 4 7 5 Tas
31. Extensions e 4 2 Simucad Proprietary PLI 4 1 3 List of Implemented PLI Routines Silos uses the IEEE 1364 Standard Hardware Description Language Based on the Verilog Hardware Description Language manual as the specification for the PLI Many of the tf_ PLI routines for linking user C programs to Silos have been implemented The user C programs could be used for modeling a circuit or for creating test vectors Selected acc_ PLI routines have also been implemented Contact Simucad for the list of implemented PLI routines Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 3 Simucad Proprietary SDF 4 2 Standard Delay Format Silos supports the Standard Delay File SDF format SDF is a text file that contains the instance names and delay values necessary to back annotate delays into a Verilog HDL description SDF is usually generated by another tool such as a place and route tool The sdf_annotate system task is used to specify the SDF file do not input the SDF file The format specification for the sdf_annotate system task is sdf_annotate file_name module_instance where file name represents any valid file path and file name specification module instance represents the name of the module instance The hierarchy of this instance is used for back annotation The names in the SDF file are relative paths to the module instance or full paths with respect to the entire Verilog HDL description Fo
32. Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 73 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry Saving a finite state machine and creating Verilog HDL Source Code e To save the finite state machine select the State Machine Save As menu The Save Finite State Machine As menu will appear and you can enter a file name such as simple _fsm The finite state machine is saved and the Verilog HDL source code is automatically written to file simple _fsm v Inserting the Verilog HDL source code for a finite state machine into your design and simulating it is covered in the next topic on Debugging using a Finite State Machine on page 2 75 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 74 Simucad Proprietary FSM Debugging 2 4 2 Debugging using a Finite State Machine The skills presented in this topic are Inserting the finite state machine FSM source code into a Verilog HDL design e Simulating the FSM e Animating the FSM states and viewing the state changes in the Data Analyzer Procedure For demonstrating the debugging capabilities of the Finite State Machine window an existing project and Finite State Machine for a newspaper vending machine will be used Using include to insert a finite state machine e Select the Project Open menu selection to open the Open Project dialog box Double click on the project named vending spj in the examples subdirectory for the Silos installation
33. Menu Select Otis innooi a E EAEE TRE 3 12 3 52 Open Menu Selection x 2 0 fest idk ote Bali eR a ee 3 13 3 53 Files Menu Sele cttni ce scccscccs lt icsse coeacs cae cessec costs odee e ennn tavesesiivtes Cevse tees 3 13 3 5 4 Save As Menu Selectionn ccccccccccsssssscecsssceeseecsseceeseecsseceeseecsseceeeeeesseeeeeeecss 3 15 3 5 5 Close Menu Selection ccccccccssccssscescecsssceeseecsseceeseccsseceseecsseeeeseecseeeeseeeeas 3 15 3 5 6 Save Project State Menu Selection ccccecesseessessseesceeseeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeneenaees 3 15 3 5 7 Restore Project State Menu Selection ccccecceeceesceesceeeceeeeeeceseenseeteensees 3 15 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Contents e ii Simucad Proprietary 3 5 8 Load Reload Input Files Menu Selection ccccecsseeseeesceeeceeeceeeeeseesseennes 3 16 3 5 9 Reload and Go Menu Selection cccccesccssecseeseeeeeseeeesceeeceeeeneeeeeneesseenaes 3 16 3 5 10 Project Settings Menu Selection cccceccsseeseecseesceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeteensees 3 17 O AE E r aaa A AR enacts seta cece tease ne sets cases taste goes abba R 3 20 35 12 Project LAist S1Z6 shoves ee aeias i E ech sivas tee ENEE Galtier os 3 20 36 Code Coverage Mens alesis daaee dette et ea anh Gal diel ahi anak amp 3 21 3 6 1 Enable Code Coverage Menu Selection ccccccccesseeseeseceeeceseceteeeeeeteensees 3 21 3 6 2 Enable Operator Coverage Menu Selection cccccesceeseeeceseceeeeesee
34. Output Window This will open file vend err v and highlight the syntax error Notice that the real error occurred on the line above due to the missing semi colon for terminating the line This is very common because Silos could not determine there had been an error until it got to the next line where instead of finding the module port list Silos encountered a register statement Silos c silos examples rtlerr spj yenderr File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug StateMachine Explorer Reports Options Window Help 18 x S j zka ccfss Command Adapted from Example 14 8 Stimulus for Newspaper Vending Machi Verilog HDL A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis a By Samir Palnitkar Prentice Hall ISBN 6 13 451675 3 HHH HHH HHH HHH HH HEH HH HHH HHH HHH HHH HH HH HEHEHE EH EEE EEE EHKEEKEEKEKKKKKEKEKI timescale 1ns 1ns module stimulus missing from module header reg clock I req 1 68 coin v 4 rf For Help press F1 EE T1 T2 Tdelta Timed NUM 4 CAL SILOS II highlights the next line Error is caused by semi colon because the error could not be detected missing from the module header until that line is interpreted continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 98 Simucad Proprietary Errors Silos c silos examples rtlerr spj Rptd043 TMP File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug StateMachine Explorer Reports Options Window Hel
35. PLI on PC 4 1 PLI on Unix 4 2 PLI overview 4 1 plusargs command line option 7 7 Project Settings menu 3 19 ports set missing ports to gnd 5 19 power function 4 21 preprocess PREPROC command syntax definition 5 34 Print menu 3 4 Data Analyzer 3 4 Print Preview menu 3 5 Print Setup menu 3 5 probe syntax definition 5 35 probing node states 5 35 project Filters menu 3 20 Project List Size menu 3 20 Project List Size menu 3 20 Project menu 3 12 Project Settings menu 3 17 Properties menu 3 63 Q Quitting execution 5 37 R r command line option 7 4 race conditions Display Iteration Data 3 71 radix ASCII 2 26 Data Analyzer 3 73 symbol names 2 22 real and integer waveform display 3 51 rearranging signal names 2 20 recirculating save file for batch 5 17 recirculating save file for GUI 3 18 regular expressions 3 58 relative path names 3 17 relative paths to files 3 14 Reload and Go menu 3 16 Reload Groups 3 75 2001 1xx Index e 8 6 Simucad Proprietary reports default state symbols 5 48 narrow store to disk file 5 33 nonconvergence 5 30 Reports menu 3 30 size information 5 43 spike report 5 44 stopping a report 5 1 storing wide output to disk file 5 45 symbol definition 5 48 reset command 5 38 syntax definition 5 38 errors and warnings 5 38 everything all 5 38 preprocessing errors 5 34 Restart Simulation menu 3 41 Restore Project State menu 3 15 Retain simulation data file 3 19 Re
36. U is listed if the node is always at an unknown level e An activity summary that lists totals for the number of nodes at each level of activity count e An activity histogram that shows known and potential level transitions versus time 3 A known definite transition is defined as a change from a Low to High level or High to Low level even if it goes through an intermediate Unknown level A possible transition is defined as a change from a High or Low level to the Unknown level or High Z or from the Unknown level or High Z back to a High or Low level 4 Inthe activity histogram the number of known transitions is displayed first for each bar of the histogram as a column of stars and then the number of possible transitions is shown above the known transitions on each bar as a column of carats For example if the height of the column of stars for the known transitions on a bar started at zero ended at 100 then there were 100 known transitions for that bar If the height of the column of carats for the number of possible transitions started at 100 and ended at 159 then there were 59 possible transitions for that bar continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 4 Simucad Proprietary ACTIVITY Activity Reports For Nodes Examples 1 To store the Activity report to a file for nets that do not toggle disk foo out specify file foo out for the activity report stor
37. and Pan Last buttons on the Analyzer Toolbar let you pan to the T1 T2 timing markers or pan to the last view in the Data Analyzer Pan to T1 button Pan to T2 button Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer E Default clock stimulus reset stimulus coin 1 0 stimulus clk_news newspaper stimulus NEXT STATE 1 0 stimulus ve PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve info 96 1 stimulus clock amp amp coin 1 stimulus Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 39 Simucad Proprietary Zoom 2 2 18 Zoom Buttons Benefit e Allows for easy viewing of waveforms across simulation time Procedure Zoom All button Zoom Between Markers button Silos c silos examples tt spj Dat2 Analyzer Iof x FA Eile Edt ViewProiect ade Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help KIA KR lt 2 lt i 15 cents DI ujejel Default 18 x clock stimulus reset stimulus coin 1 0 stimulus clk_news newspaper stimulus NEXT STATE 1 0 stimulus ve PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve info 96 1 stimulus clock amp amp coin l stimulus w 4 gt 4 For Help press F1 T1 0 740us T2 0 780us Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM h Slider Thumb can be used for a quick Goto button The zoom buttons on the Toolbar allow you to zoom in zoom out zoom all and zoom in between markers continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 40
38. and a message in the Silos GUI for each operator you can put each operator on a separate line in your Verilog HDL source code The lt and the gt operators failed to be true When expressions have more than one operator you can use separte lines to display the purple dot for each failed operator lolx Reports Options Window Help Silos c silos examples code_coverage spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine sA ore Sja l olem oc ss Ahr Code Coverage Operator apm 75 0 covesege of 8 operators Ane Module Task Function Name Line Number A Pfe Nay Fails Operator_ Failure Causes l select odg cove 1 never true 1 g select 7 pde_cove 1 never true 1 ff code_coverage y Ioj x select ode cove O A or B or C or D A gt B C lt D 2 A else if C gt D 7 Pe Operator gt For Help press F1 z T1 T2 Tdelta Time 0 130us NUM 4 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 62 Simucad Proprietary Operator Code Coverage e The Operator report can also be used to show which operands did not affect the corresponding operator Select the Code Coverage Operator Report menu selection again to open the Select Operator Report Options dialog box Next deselect the DEFAULT Operator 1 0 Result and select the remaining options in the Selec
39. and figure out the cause of the nonconvergence The Nonconvergence menu selection only reports the basic options for the nonconvergence report For additional options such as the INPUT option that reports the states for all inputs of devices which drive the oscillating nodes and the ITER val option that specifies the iteration number to the 1st of eight states for each node reported for nonconvergence see the Nonconvergence Summary on page 5 30 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 33 Simucad Proprietary Nonconvergence 3 8 5 2 Nonconvergence Hanging for Behavioral Designs When nonconvergence occurs in behavioral designs Silos may be able to stop the simulation and report an error stating that there has been nonconvergence For nonconvergence during behavioral simulation the Reports Nonconvergence Menu selection report may produce a report that states there is no data to report When this happens you can click on the Step button on the Main Toolbar and immediately begin to single step in the nonconverged source code Infinite loops in the user s behavioral code can cause Silos to hang and not respond When the infinite loop occurs at time 0 Silos will hang and never get to the Ready prompt When the infinite loop occurs during simulation Silos will hang and does not respond to the STOP button or the Esc key on the keyboard Different techniques are used to debug
40. code coverage Line report can be exported to a spread sheet program such as Microsoft Excel by using the File Export menu selection to open the Export Code Coverage Data dialog box which has options for comma or tab separated data Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 23 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu 3 6 5 Exporting Code Coverage Analysis The code coverage Line report and Operator report can be exported to a spread sheet program such as Microsoft Excel by using the File Export menu selection to open the Export Code Coverage Data dialog box which has options for comma or tab separated data For specifying the ccexport command see Exporting Code Coverage Results on page 5 12 3 6 6 Restricting Code Coverage Analysis There are several options which allow you to choose what code coverage analyzes The default is to analyze all code except for code from libraries 1 Identify the Device Under Test DUT to prevent Code Coverage plug in from including your testbench in the analysis You can add the following lines to your testbench to identify the Device Under Test ifdef silos initial fs_dut testbench chip endif 2 To exclude specific lines from code coverage enclose the lines that you do not want code coverage analyzed for with the directives for an example see Merging Code Coverage Reports on page 2 64 disable_codecoverage enable_codecoverage 3 To enabl
41. code_coverage spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer sjel if l allm foc ss Code Coverage Line Report 92 0 coverage of 14 lines Module Task Function Name Hits Line Number _ ia Export Code Coverage Data ct Bde ots Window Help select 43 26 select 44 22 ce p Delimiter select 44 23 ci Comma ch E always Gout E begin E 1 outi out File Name E 1 out2 outt C ASilos Examples code_coverage c E 1 out out2 o zi E and For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 0 130us NUM 4 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 59 Simucad Proprietary Operator Code Coverage 2 3 2 Generating Operator Coverage Reports The skills presented in this topic are e Selecting module instances to be covered using the Explorer e Displaying a report for operands that fail to affect the corresponding operator e Displaying a report for bits in the operands that fail to affect the corresponding operator Procedure To eliminate the testbench from code coverage click on the Open Explorer button on the Main toolbar to open the Explorer window Click with the right mouse button when the mouse cursor is over the top level instance testbench In the context menu select Properties to open the Module Properties dialog box Uncheck the Save code coverage data for this entry box and click OK
42. continues the simulation from the last specified time point Specifying TO t2 will continue the simulation until time t2 This can be useful to continue a simulation that was halted due to a breakpoint continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 41 Simucad Proprietary SIMULATE Logic Simulation Specification Application Notes 2 The SIMULATE command will automatically invoke the PREPROC command if PREPROC has not already been performed and no further topological data can be entered 3 Simulation can either be continued from the last time point or restarted from time 0 4 The SIMULATE command uses inertial delays which do not propagate level changes that occur faster than the gate output can change spike condition Examples simul O to 22k SIM 5KGG 10K SIM 5K sim 0 15k SI TO 5K Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 42 Simucad Proprietary SIZES 5 26 Size Of Data Reprint The SIZES command reports the memory usage for Silos To report the network size information enter TYPE STORE SIZES WTYPE NSTORE TYPE optional directs the size information to standard output STORE or to a disk file SIZES generates memory usage information Application Notes 1 Items reported include the total number of devices network names etc 2 The memory usage may be different after read in preprocessing and simulation 3 The memory usage is also reported in the
43. dialog box contains an edit box Scope to specify the scope for the signal The Specify Signal Expression dialog box also contains an edit box Signal Expression to enter a signal or an expression Any valid Verilog HDL expression can be entered If the expression or scope is not valid then the expression will list an Error The OK button closes the dialog box and displays the specified expression in the Watch Window The Cancel button closes the dialog box and does not display the expression 3 14 2 2 Set Value For Watch Window The Watch Set Value context menu selection can be used to force or set a vector in the Watch Window To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Watch Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Set Value menu item 3 14 2 3 Free Forced Wire For Watch Window The Watch Free Forced Wire context menu selection frees a wire that has been forced in the Watch Window To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Watch Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Free Forced Wire menu item continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 65 Simucad Proprietary Watch Context Menus 3 14 2 4 Clear All For Watch Window The Watch Clear All context menu selection clear
44. enter rtl and then click on the Save button to close the dialog box The Silos will automatically append the suffix spj to the project name if you do not add a suffix to the project name The Project Files dialog box will be automatically opened so that you can specify the input files for the project Project Files rtl spj 71x Look in a Examples amp l Al c Agl BI abc_100 v E venden v Double click on a file al analog v a vending v name to add it to 2 design v 3 vending_testbench v project A faulttst v vendtest v stimulus v N File name vend v Files of type Source Cancel File Group Drop down arrow for library files Source Files x Add Files Directories in Group EE vendtest v Input files for the vend v Move Up design Move Down Note You can edit paths to include defined constants that are defined in Project Settings e g top my file To input the files for project rtl spj e Double click on file vendtest v in the list box for the examples subdirectory to add vendtest v to the Files in Group list box e Next select file vend v in the list box for the examples subdirectory and click on the Add button to add it to the Files in Group list box e Now click on the Ok button to close the Project Files dialog box Silos User s Manual 20
45. for example data a zA Z matches any name that is upper and or lower case characters for example data DATA and Data a zA Z0 9 matches any name that has upper and or lower case characters and or digits for example data DATA Data 123 data1 a zA Z0 9 matches any name that has upper and or lower case characters and or digits and or _ for example data DATA Data 123 datal and DATA _ bus1 Some programming books such as AWK and Perl show regular expressions enclosed with slashes The Silos style of searching for regular expressions is a character search and forward slashes have no special meaning For example using the regular expression a to try to find any name that contains an a will find only the name a Regular expressions are not like the Unix style wildcards where matches any single character matches any pattern and list matches any character in list including ranges For example using the regular expression a to find any name that contains an a will not find any names 66 99 If you want use regular expressions to find every name that has an a you can enter wae 663699 For the above expression a means search for zero or more occurrences the first of any character the first followed by a single character a followe
46. hangs at time 0 and hangs during simulation When Silos hangs at time 0 and the Output Window never displays the Ready prompt this is usually due to an error in the behavioral code in an initial or an always block The below example hangs at time 0 due to the incorrect code i 1 which should be i 1 1 in the below for loop module hang _at_0 reg a integer I initial for i 0 i lt 10 i 1 a a endmodule To debug a design that hangs at time 0 use comments to comment out portions of the design until it no longer hangs at time 0 Then inspect the commented code and fix the problem in the behavioral code continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 34 Simucad Proprietary Nonconvergence When Silos hangs during simulation the program will not respond to the STOP button or the Esc key on the keyboard User errors in behavioral code are usually what cause Silos to hang These errors are usually caused by a loop with no delay such as in these code segments Code Segment 1 for i a b lt c i i 1 begin if d amp 9 h100 0 begin b b 1 end end Code Segment 2 always a b b always b a a Code segment 1 hangs when the if test is not true causing the for loop to infinitely loop at a time step Code segment 2 hangs because each always block is triggering the other always block and neither always block has delay To debug a hang
47. is hierarchically below the excluded module instance The format for the MEXCLUDE command is MEXCLUDE mname mname mname MEXCLUDE specifies module instances that will not have their internal variables and any variable that is hierarchically below the excluded module instance saved during logic simulation mname represents the name of a module instance Application Notes 1 The MKEEP command can be used to specify module instances for which the simulation state values to all variables are saved 2 The effects to the MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands are cumulative 3 The KEEP EXCLUDE MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands can be used with the CONTROL SAVSIM 1 option Examples CONTROL SAVSIM 1 MKEEP maci a MEXCLUDE mac1 a c Imexclude m1 bit0 m1 bit1 m1 bit2 m1 bit3 m1 bit4 m1 bit5 m1 bit6 m1 bit7 driver iobuf pin34 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 28 Simucad Proprietary MKEEP 5 17 Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values The MKEEP command saves the logic simulation state values for all variables in the specified module instances and the state values for all variables hierarchically below each specified module instance The format for the MKEEP command is MKEEP mname mname mname MKEEP specifies module instances whose logic simulation state values will be saved for all variables in the specified module instance and for all variables hierarchically below each s
48. letters to prevent ambiguity 5 1 2 Inputting SILOS Commands Most commands are a part of the menu structure However a Command window has been provided in the Main Toolbar for Silos to enter any command On Unix a command line executable silos is also provided that run Silos from the Ready prompt 5 1 3 Stopping Processes To discontinue or stop an interactive process when running Silos such as during a large report that is output to the terminal enter e Ctrl C simultaneously hold down the Ctrl key and the C key on the keyboard for the Unix command line version of HyperFault e Esc key on the keyboard for all Windows versions e STOP button on Toolbar for all Windows versions Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 1 Simucad Proprietary ACTIVITY 5 2 Activity Report For Nodes The ACTIVITY command pre grades the test vectors for fault simulation by reporting nodes that have no activity level transitions during a logic simulation for the test vectors The logic simulation is much faster to run than fault simulation The ACTIVITY command can also be used as an HDL code coverage report This section of the Activity report lists the number of times that each line of HDL code was executed as specified by the MXTRAN and MNTRAN keywords To obtain a node activity report enter TYPE STORE ACTIVITY tl TO t2 keywrd BLOCK TYPE STORE ACTIVITY tl TO t2 ke
49. license silos lic 1 flexlm log Where path to Silos license is the path to the silos lic security license from Simucad If you have problems you can review the flexlm log file for diagnostic messages and you can use the Imdiag program to run diagnostics on the license continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 4 Simucad Proprietary Installation Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation 1 2 1 4 Finding the Computer Name and HOSTID for PC Computers To obtain the FLEXIm hostid for a security code that uses the hostid for your PC computer instead of a security block open a DOS style Command Prompt window on your PC cd to the installation directory for Silos and enter Imutil Imhostid at the system prompt for your PC One method to obtain the computer network name for a machine is to open the Control Panel by selecting Start Settings Control Panel In the Control Panel double click on the Network applet Then read the Computer Name on the Identification tab in the Network dialog box 1 2 1 5 Finding the Size of RAM Memory for PC Computers One method to obtain the size of RAM memory for a PC computer is to open the Control Panel by selecting Start Settings Control Panel In the Control Panel double click on the System applet For the General tab read the RAM memory listed under the Computer heading 1 2 1 6 Accessing Unix Floating Lice
50. menu selections e Status Bar menu selection 3 4 1 Zoom selections The View menu has Zoom selections for the Data Analyzer Window A check mark appears next to the menu item that is used These zoom selections are also buttons on the Toolbar 3 4 1 1 Zoom all menu selection e Zoom all will display the entire simulation time range 3 4 1 2 Zoom out menu selection e Zoom out zoom out by a factor of two 3 4 1 3 Zoom in menu selection e Zoom in zoom in by a factor of two 3 4 1 4 Zoom markers menu selection e Zoom markers will zoom in between the T1 and T2 timing markers if they are displayed Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 9 Simucad Proprietary View Menu 3 4 2 Main Toolbar menu selections A check mark appears next to the Main Toolbar when it is displayed Many of the selections for pulldown menus can also be accessed by clicking on buttons on the Main Toolbar To obtain a text message of each button s function place the mouse cursor over the button for a few seconds and an explanatory text message will appear The location of the Main Toolbar can be changed by using the mouse to grab an edge of either toolbar and dragging the toolbar to the desired location 3 4 3 Analyzer Toolbar menu selections A check mark appears next to the Analyzer Toolbar when it is displayed Many of the selections for pulldown menus and context menus can also be accessed by clicking on buttons on the Analyzer Toolba
51. next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 7 Simucad Proprietary Stimulustable Stimulustable In the example below for stimulustable s1 register variable int and memory element in2 are driven by the data in the table Wire out is verified against the data in the table whenever the variable strobel is high To prevent possible race conditions the rising or the falling edge of the strobe signal strobe1 should not coincide with a change in the expected output for out in the stimulustable Icontrol ext stim timescale 1ns 100ps module test reg 7 0 in1 in2 1 0 wire 7 0 out1 in1 in2 0 reg strobe initial strobe1 0 always out1 begin 0 1 strobe1 1 0 1 strobe1 0 end initial begin 5 stimulustable s1 table 1 2 in1 in2 0 out1 strobe1 00 00 ff Oe Oa f6 ff ff 00 endtable endstimulustable end endmodule Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 8 Simucad Proprietary Radix 4 3 3 Radix Data in the table can be in hexadecimal h is the default octal 0 or binary b for register data types and integer or floating point for integer and real data types There must be one or more blank spaces between the radix symbol and the variable name it refers to such as h in2 Each row of values in the table is terminated by a semicolon Blank spaces and tabs not carriage returns can be used to delineate the values between different vari
52. of evaluation for always posedge clock always posedge clock Silos also supports the following command line option e nospec The nospec command line option eliminates all specify blocks see Windows Batch Execution on page 7 10 and Unix Batch Execution on page 7 12 for specifying the nospec option Eliminating the specify blocks will reduce the memory used and increase the simulation speed However eliminating the specify block delays may cause race conditions and non convergence due to zero delays If this happens the rise and fall delays for all gates whose delays are not explicitly specified can be set to 1 with the following Silos command e Idelay default 1 1 Silos also allows system commands to be entered from the command line i e system Is It continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 8 Simucad Proprietary Command line Options For library searching Silos also supports the uselib compiler directive The format for uselib is uselib file filename dir directory_name where filename is the full path name for a file containing one or more module definitions that are searched to complete unresolved instantiations directory_name is the full path name for a directory of files whose names are a concatenation of the name of a module definition and a file extension such as dff v Some examples of uselib are The
53. of the variables in that instance are displayed in the right window Symbols to the left of the variables distinguish port variables the symbol is a pad from non port variables the symbol for a wire is a wire connecting two points the symbol for a register is a flop symbol P is used for parameters R for real variables and I for integer variables Input ports have the pad symbol pointing to the right output ports have the pad symbol pointing to the left and inout ports have the pad symbol pointing in both directions Silos c silos examples rtl spj Explorer fd File View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Window Help 18 x te of ole alelml cef cm All Modules Scope stimulus vendyY Filter stimulus stimulu Z clock Output ports point left vendy ven 2 1 0 coin Non port variable symbols e dumbell symbol is a wire flop symbol is a register Go to Definition R is a real variable Add Signals to Analyzer P is a parameter Name Filter T is an integer Sort by Name v Sort by Type Tdelta Time 1 540us Use right mouse button Click here to expand and to see the context menu contract hierarchy 3 9 2 Go to Module Source Menu Selection i gt l For Help preds F1 T1 Context menu use right mouse button The Explorer Go to Module Source men
54. out why signal newspaper went from an Unknown level to a Low level at time 0 021micro seconds us in the gate level synthesized design for the newspaper vending machine e Select the Project Open menu to open the Open Project dialog box e Highlight the gate spj project file gate level design for the Newspaper Vending Machine FSM and click on the Open button in the Open Project dialog box e To increase simulation speed disable pushed out the Code Coverage plug in CC button and the single stepping breakpoints SS button on the Main toolbar Code Coverage applies only to behavioral code and Debugging enables single stepping and breakpoints for behavioral code neither of which apply to a gate level simulation Click on the Go button to simulate the design e Click on the Open Analyzer button to open the Data Analyzer unless the Data Analyzer automatically opens Silos c silos examples gate spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help b il j e Bl m cclss Command A Data Analyzer E Default clock stimulus coin 1 0 stimulus stimulus stimulus Highlight signal newspaper and click At time 0 02 lus with the right mouse button in the Signal newspaper changes Name list box Select Trace Signal from Unknown to Low Inputs when the context menu opens e To open the context menu click with the right mouse but
55. part of the Name list box The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Set Radix menu item 3 14 3 2 6 Add Signal Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Add Signal menu selection opens the Specify Signal Expression dialog box Adding a signal can be very useful for performing conditional searches The added waveform can be any expression whether the expression exists in your HDL source code or not For a conditional search you can then use the scan to change feature and the States List Box to review the signal values for the conditional search The Add Signal feature can also be useful for adding expressions that exist in your source code such as for an if test and then viewing then the expression is true high The Specify Signal Expression dialog box contains an edit box Scope to specify the scope for the signal The Specify Signal Expression dialog box also contains a Signal or Expression edit box to enter a signal or an expression Any valid Verilog HDL expression can be entered however the expression must be enclosed by parentheses You can copy and paste an expression that is in your source code window by highlighting the expression and using the Ctrl c keys on the keyboard to copy and the Ctrl v keys to paste the expression into the Signal or Expression list box If the expression or scope is not valid then the waveform will be blank The OK but
56. rrn e n EEE E E tes ieisa tba dae tek evade sedevteutee R E ae 2 45 2 2 21 Single Stepping isn rers nnie anin RRE E R a 2 47 2 2 22 Setting and Forcing Values ssssssesssesesessseeeesseseesrestsestenessreressesesreseesesses 2 51 2223 Break points ecen sens esia eoir A e NE EE been E E N es 2 53 2 3 Code CoVera Cees ices Ra E E E R aie Re A R E 2 55 2 3 1 Generating Line Coverage Reports cccceesseesseesceeeceeeceeceseceaeenseeeeeaeeenes 2 55 2 3 2 Generating Operator Coverage Reports ccccceescseceesceseceeceeeenseeneeeseeenes 2 60 2 3 3 Merging Code Coverage Reports ccccecssesssessceeeseeeeeceereeeeneeeeenseenseenaes 2 64 2 4 Finite State Machine FSM Entry ccceecesccsseesseeseeeseeeeeeseceeeesseenseenseenseceaeensecaeeaeeenes 2 66 2 4 1 Creating a Simple FSM verrerie a a atean 2 66 2 4 2 Debugging using a Finite State Machine ccesccesccesecsseeneeeeeeseeeeeeneeenes 2 75 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Contents e i Simucad Proprietary 2 5 Gate level Debupeini gfe scx hee acc Sec Ae Ae eee A SE eee ss 2 81 2 5 1 Trace Signal Inputs eenei eiiie iiie E i ni 2 81 2 6 Creating Smaller Save Files for Logic Simulation 0 00 0 cceececeecceseeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 90 2 6 1 Saving Across a Time Interval for a Constant Save File Size eee 2 90 2 6 2 Saving Selected Wires and Instances ccccceecesseessceeeceseeeeeeaeenseeseeeaeeenes 2 92 2 7 Example for Batch Logic Simulatio
57. s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 87 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging Three input nand gate Silos c silos examples gate spj Trace Signal Inputs nand stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 n3 out stimulus vendY PRES STATE_reg 0 03 Stl 4 Trace Input Signals T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Double click on the ck input to the nand gate The Low to High change on ck caused the nand gate to change e Signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE reg 0 03 is driven by a three input nand gate Double click on signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE _reg 0 ck because it goes High at time 0 020us causing the nand gate output to change continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 88 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging buf stimulus vendY APRES_STATE_reg 0 B5 out stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 ck St0 Sto T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Trace Input Signals lt c gt appended to a signal name represents an internal wire that SSE creates for its own use e Signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE reg 0 ck is driven by a buffer whose input is stimulus clock lt c gt The lt c gt appended to the signal name clock means it is a wire created for internal use by the Silos program This internal signal is used to represent the signal clock across the port boundar
58. see Interval Logic Resolving Uncertain Strength at a Node in the Logic Simulation chapter Transfer gates also have an uncertain conductance and their output will be resolved using interval logic For tri state gates the output level will be set to Unknown The output strength will be defined by the gate definition for a tri state gate continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 19 Simucad Proprietary CONTROL Application Notes 4 When the iteration limit is exceeded for CONTROL MXDCI or CONTROL MXITR a nonconvergence error stops execution Nonconvergence may be due either to circuit path length or problems with designs involving feedback To eliminate oscillations caused by problems involving feedback the circuit design must be corrected When nonconvergence is due to path length increasing the iteration limit should enable the circuit to converge In general each node in the serial path length requires one iteration to propagate a signal Arbitrarily increasing the iteration limits is not recommended as it may dramatically increase the execution time necessary to identify oscillating nodes 5 The NONCONV command can be used to identify which parts of the circuit have caused a logic initialization or logic simulation to stop executing Examples Ilcon mxd 200 mxp 200 CON DISK 2M MXOSC 30 EUNK Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 20 Simucad Proprietary
59. selection e Filters menu selection e Project List Size 3 5 1 New Menu Selection The Project New menu selection opens the Create New Project dialog box The Create New Project dialog box enables you to specify the name and working directory for a new project Projects provide a useful method for organizing your source files as the files and libraries for the project may be scattered across many directories The new project name can be typed into the File Name box Silos will automatically append the suffix spj to the project name if you do not add a suffix to the project name Click on Save to create the project name and exit the dialog box Click on Cancel to exit the dialog box without creating a project name After selecting the Save button the Project Files dialog box is automatically opened The Project Files dialog box enables you to specify all the source files library files and PLI library files associated with a project To create a new project that is similar to an existing project you may want to use the Project Save As menu selection see Save As Menu Selection on page 3 15 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 12 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 2 Open Menu Selection The Project Open menu selection opens the Open Project dialog box to specify the name for opening an existing project Click on the Open button to open the project
60. simulated before no convergence halted the simulation continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 30 Simucad Proprietary NOCONV Nonconvergence Summary Application Notes 1 The t s NOCONV command can be used to identify which parts of the circuit have caused a logic initialization or logic simulation to nonconverge 2 The t s NOCONV command reports the following information e names of the unresolved devices and nodes e the type of device and node as either a type data keyword NODE for a wired connection with at least one bi directional device or BUS for a wired connection between two or more unidirectional enabled gates e the node state values for the nonconvergence time point State values reported are preceded by a to indicate possible previous states 3 Nonconvergence only occurs when gate delays are zero Zero delays occur during logic initialization which forces delays to be zero or during zero delay logic simulation or when either zero delay or no delay is specified for devices the default delay for Verilog HDL devices is zero 4 When the iteration limit is exceeded while resolving node states at a time point a nonconvergence error stops execution Nonconvergence may be due either to the circuit path length or problems with designs involving feedback The circuit design must be corrected to eliminate oscillations caused by p
61. sse examples Then edit the project file spj file and put the define compiler directive before the path names such as Files 0 foo vendtest v 1 foo vend v Silos now preprocesses the information in the project file spj file and substitutes the string c sse examples for foo This feature will work for path names that are set in the Project Files dialog box such as the Source Files Library Files Include Directories and PLI Library Files This also works with path names that are set from the Project Settings dialog box such as Command Line Arguments Simulation Data File Path and the plusargs settings Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 14 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 4 Save As Menu Selection The Project Save As menu selection saves the project to the project name that you specify It does not save the simulation history for the Data Analyzer The Save As feature can be used to easily clone projects for testing purposes without having to modify the original project 3 5 5 Close Menu Selection The Project Close menu selection closes a project All child processes such as the Output Window and the Data Analyzer Window are also closed 3 5 6 Save Project State Menu Selection The Project Save Project State menu selection saves the simulation results and the current state of the simulator to disk This feature is very useful for preventing simulation data loss so that you do not have
62. state machine ASCII vectors can be displayed to create a timeline of events for the Data Analyzer display To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Name list box The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Set Radix menu item To set the radix for a vector e Click on the vector with the right mouse button to open the context menu e Next select the Set Radix menu selection in the context menu e The Set Radix dialog box will then be opened and you can select the Radix e Ifyou select the Symbol Table radix then select the correct symbol table in the Symbol Table box The OK button closes the dialog box and sets the vector to the selected radix The Cancel button closes the dialog box and does not affect the vector s radix Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 73 Simucad Proprietary Bit Menus 3 14 3 2 5 Bit Menu Selections The context menu for the Name list box for the Data Analyzer has the following selections e Add One Bit adds a single bit signal at a high level just ahead of the selected signal name e Add Zero Bit adds a single bit signal at a low level just ahead of the selected signal name e Reverse Bit Order reverses the signal order for the highlighted signals in the Name list box This is useful for reversing the bit order for a group To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any
63. that lists the lines of each file that were not executed This can be used to find problems with the HDL code or stimulus that is not exercising all of the HDL code e An activity summary that lists totals for the number of nodes at each level of activity count e An activity histogram that shows known and potential level transitions versus time Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 30 Simucad Proprietary Reports Menu Activity Menu Selection continued For the activity table for the Activity report you will see the following legend Legend for TRANSITION COUNT column value number of definite transitions value number of possible transitions H no definite transitions node High at Min time specified L no definite transitions node Low at Min time specified The legend is stating that a value is reported to the left of a node name A definite transition is defined as a change from a Low to High level or High to Low level even if it goes through an intermediate Unknown level A possible transition is defined as a change from a High or Low level to the Unknown level or from the Unknown level back to a High or Low level A H reported to the left of the node name means the node never had a definite transition and the node was High at the time specified as the minimum time for the time range for the report The default minimum time is time 0 A L reported to the left of the node name means
64. the Output Window and the source file window will be automatically opened if it is not already open with the error highlighted This can save time for locating errors in designs that have many files To report syntax errors for your design you can also select the Reports Errors menu selection and the syntax errors will be reported in separate report window Procedure For the Tutorial project rtl_err spj has a syntax error To view the syntax error e Select the Project Open menu to open the Open Project dialog box e Highlight the rtl_err spj project file RTL level design for the Newspaper Vending Machine FSM and click on the Open button in the Open Project dialog box e Click on the Go button to attempt to simulate the design continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 97 Simucad Proprietary Errors Silos c silos examples rtl_err spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Reports Window Help aL BI zka cefss Command Reading venderr v C Silos Examples venderr v 8 error 3 229 expecting Reading verd u sim to 6 error 2 188 errors are too severe to simulate ml Ready sim X 4 H 2 For Help press F1 w T2 Tdelta Time 0 NUM 4 Double click on the error message to automatically open the source file and see the error e Double click on the syntax error that is reported in the
65. the assignment out a b c d for each change of variable clock probe clock out a b c d The STORE command can be used to store the probe report to a file store probe a b stores the probe report to a file Some additional examples for the probe command are listed below probe main i1 a report variable a inside instance main i1 probe output result 0 out use string and octal radix formats probe 0 100 of a b c report concatenated variables as octal store probe b a 0 2 h a 3 6 vary the radix for reporting values Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 36 Simucad Proprietary QUIT 5 22 Quitting Execution The QUIT command enables you to terminate an unwanted session without that session affecting any active SAVE files To quit program execution enter QUIT Application Notes 1 The QUIT command aborts execution of the program and all program results since the last SAVE command are lost Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 37 Simucad Proprietary RESET 5 23 Resetting Selected Data The RESET command can be used to reset i e delete selected data information for the command line version of Silos For the graphical interface version the Silos use the Load Reload Files button The form of the command is ALL ERRORS RESET OUTPUTS PATTERN SAVFILE RESET resets selected program counters and or flags as specified by the
66. the node never had a definite transition and the node was Low at the time specified as the minimum time for the time range for the report For the Summary the percentages are based on the nodes listed that are within the range specified for the Activity report The default range is zero transitions for the maximum and minimum number of transitions The default is zero because the purpose of the Activity report is to report nodes that did not toggle for fault simulation If you want to set the maximum number of transitions to greater than zero so you can see how many times the nodes are toggling see the Activity Report For Nodes on page 5 2 3 8 2 Errors Menu Selection The Reports Errors menu selection reports the errors that occurred during read in preprocessing or simulation An error level of 1 indicates a warning Error levels 2 through 5 will prevent simulation until the error has been corrected 3 8 3 Fault Menu Selection The Reports Fault menu selection reports the fault simulation results 3 8 4 Iteration Menu Selection The Reports Iteration menu selection is useful for finding order of evaluation problems and race conditions This menu selection displays every signal that has more than one iteration at a timepoint from time 0 to the current timepoint To view a graphical display for iterations at a timepoint see Display Iteration Data Menu Selection on page 3 71 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 31 S
67. the save file This can be used to keep the save file size fixed during the portion of the simulation that is of no interest for the designer The resetstartsave system task can be used to reset the save file and then start saving the simulation history After the simulation is complete the simulation history that has been saved after resetting the save file will be available for display with the Data Analyzer The below example stops saving at time 0 and starts saving at time 1000000 ifdef silos initial stopsave initial 1000000 resetstartsave endif Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 23 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions 4 7 Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL Silos has a switch to issue syntax errors for extensions to the IEEE P1364 Standard Verilog HDL Language Reference Manual The default setting for the switch is to check for IEEE compliance To allow all extensions enter control ext all before inputting your model The parameters to allow individual extensions are reported in the syntax error for each extension On the pages that follow is a sample list of extensions that will be flagged as syntax errors 4 7 1 Global Variables example wire xX module endmodule Silos command to allow this extension control ext gvar For more information see section A 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 2 Global tasks and functions example function en
68. the state machine is saved 3 7 9 Transition Mode Menu Selection The State Machine Transition Mode menu selection chooses the Transition drawing tool for the FSM window A transition an arrow between two state symbols can be drawn by holding the mouse cursor over a state symbol and then click and release with the left mouse button to select it When a state symbol is selected passing the mouse cursor over the state symbol causes a small circle to appear on the state symbol to show where the transition line will begin To start drawing the transition click and hold down the left mouse button at the edge of the selected state symbol With the left mouse button held down a transition will be drawn as you drag the mouse cursor to the next state symbol where you can release the left mouse button An arrow will appear at the end of the transition next to the state that it is connected to When the transition is drawn a text box for entering a Verilog HDL expression is automatically attached to the transition An example expression would be A amp amp B Reset lines can be drawn by starting a transition away from a state and drawing it to the state Set lines can be drawn by starting a transition at a state but not connecting the transition to another state If you want to redraw a transition select the transition line by clicking and releasing with the left mouse button on the transition line A small circle appears on the transition
69. to model a bi directional I O pad In the example below for stimulustable s1 variable enable controls the bi directional I O pin bi_pad When enable is high 1 pin bi pad acts as an output pin and expected value checking is performed every time strobe goes high The stimulustable also ignores any values in the table for pin bi_pad when enable is high When enable is low 0 pin bi_pad acts as an input pin and the stimulustable applies the values in the table for pin bi_pad as input stimulus Expected value checking is ignored for pin bi_pad when enable is low chipside enable out control ext stim timescale 1ns 100ps module test wire chipside bi_pad enable out buf chipside bi_pad buf out in bufif1 bi_pad chipside enable bufif1 out in enable buf out chipside reg strobe initial strobe1 0 always bi_pad begin 8 strobe1 1 1 strobe1 0 1 end initial begin 5 stimulustable s1 table 10 chipside enable out strobe1 bi_pad enable strobe1 1 1 1 1 output cycle O 1 O O output cycle 1 0 1 1 input cycle 0 0 O 0O input cycle endtable endstimulustable end endmodule Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 13 Simucad Proprietary Expected Value Error 4 3 8 Expected Value Error Expected value errors trigger a global register named ExpectedValueError This register is simultaneously set with specific information about the expected
70. val is 1 for xl_order being on the same as Verilog XL and 0 for xl_order being off default This switch may be useful for obtaining the same simulation results as Verilog XL This option must be parsed before any modules are parsed An example would be the order of evaluation for always posedge clock always posedge clock Application Notes 1 When the disk storage limit set by CONTROL DISK is exceeded during logic the simulation will stop A message will be displayed showing the last simulation time point To continue the simulation you can increase the disk limit and re enter the SIMULATE command Another method would be to report the simulation results enter RESET SAVFILE to clear the disk file save sim saves the simulation history and then continue from the last simulation time point RESET ERRORS must be entered before continuing the simulation 2 DMAX and DMIN will not both affect the same simulation The one that is specified last will remain in effect for all netlist parsing and subsequent SIMULATE commands The DMAX or DMIN scaling factor should be specified before inputting the netlist so that the netlist is parsed correctly 3 If CONTROL EUNK has been defined and there is an Unknown level on the gate s enable MOS transistors will have an uncertain conductance and interval logic will be used to resolve their source and drain
71. value violated The ExpectedValueError variable can be accessed either e from the data file to cause immediate interaction with the simulation e g always ExpectedValueError stop e from the monitor system task or the Silos probe command the variable prints a terse string indicating the stimulus name and column name violated e g monitor time ExpectedValueError To obtain all violations at a single time point probe iter ExpectedValueError To obtain time points for which there is at least one violation probe ExpectedValueError Note other variables may simultaneously be probed e g probe out ExpectedValueError When the ExpectedValueError signal is displayed in the Data Analyzer value for the ExpectedValueError signal is none when there is no violation and x when there is a violation The Scan T1 Right and the Scan T1 Left buttons on the Analyzer Toolbar can be used to scan to expected value violations If the Expected ValueError signal shows a series of contiguous none values then the rising and falling edge of the strobe signal may be coincident with the changes for the expected value signal in the stimulustable For example the rising and falling edge of the strobe signal strobe1 does not coincide with expected output signal out1 in the next example continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 14 Simucad Proprietary Expected
72. 001 1xx Menus e 3 61 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Context Menus 3 14 1 8 Instance Name Filter Menu Selection The Explorer Tree Instance Name Filter menu selection is located in the context menu in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window This feature allows you to use a regular expression to filter the instance names to assist you with quickly finding an instance in the Explorer Window The Instance Name Filter menu selection opens the Name Filter dialog where you specify the filter for the instance that you want to find Then click on the Ok button and the Explorer Window will show only the instances you selected For more information on regular expressions see Name Filter Menu Selection on page 3 58 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 62 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Context Menus 3 14 1 9 Properties The Explorer Tree Properties menu selection is located in the context menu in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window The Properties menu selection opens the Module Properties dialog box The Module Properties dialog box enables you to specify which module instances you want to save the simulation data for during simulation See Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values on page 5 29 for an additional method of saving instances in the hierarchy s Silos c silos examples rtl__spj miy E oie Proverio E S il 3 es als General
73. 01 1xx Contents e iii Simucad Proprietary 3 122 Cascade Menu S lection 3 22 sscvie sac Rho oeees E A Ree ee cece 3 47 3 122 Tile Menu Selection iresi nni a 3 47 3 12 3 Arrange Icons Menu Selection ccccesccesececeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeteenaees 3 47 3 12 4 Open Explorer Menu Selection s ssnssssessesessseseesesseeressrsersresrssseesesseeeessese 3 48 3 12 5 Open Watch Menu Selection s s seseeseeeessesessseseesresrssseeresstsreseesesseeeessese 3 48 3 12 6 Open New Data Analyzer Menu Selection cccceeseesceseeeteeeteeeseeeneenees 3 49 313 Help MGHU oss 2cbe ce ena n ce eS ae Gg TR e O Ae 3 55 3 13 1 Contents menu Selection ccecceccesecsecsseeeeeseeeeeeesceeeceeceseceseceseenseeeeenees 3 55 3 13 2 Using Help menu selection ccceccesecssecsseeseeeseeeeeeeseeeeceeecseeneeneenseenaes 3 55 3 13 3 Quick Start Guide menu Selection ccccccccssscesscecsseceeeeceseceeseecsseeeeseeeees 3 55 3 13 4 User Manual menu selection cccccecccsseesseesseeseeeseeeeeeerceseeneeeeeneenseenaes 3 55 3 13 5 Verilog LRM menu selection ccccecccsseesseeeeeeceesceeeceseeeeeeereeeeeteeneenaees 3 55 3 13 6 SDF Manual menu selection ccccecseesecesecsceeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeenseeeeeeeeenaees 3 55 EE Ten l kO 52 22 hace socks tics ae ines ca losses uses fash es Seaton A satheotonases 3 55 3 13 8 User Registration sss tice E EE 3 56 BTA Context Menus is denies esiiee
74. 01 1xx Tutorial e 2 10 Simucad Proprietary Starting Simulation 2 2 5 Simulating a Design Benefit The Tool bar buttons have titles so that their function can be easily identified This reduces training time Clicking on the Go button is all that is required to simulate a design making it simple and easy to start debugging Procedure A Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Reports Window Help Simulation stopped at the end of time 6 666us Ready sim Start logic simulation T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us INUM 4 e Before starting the simulation ensure the SS button on the Main toolbar is enabled depressed in by clicking on it if necessary When the SS debug button is enabled then single stepping and setting breakpoint capabilities are available for this tutorial example If you do not need to use single stepping and breakpoints for your design then you should disable the SS button to increase the simulation speed for behavioral designs Next click on the Go button on the Toolbar to load the input files and run logic simulation you can see the text labels for each of the buttons on the Toolbar for the Silos by placing the mouse cursor over a button for a few seconds until the text label for the button appears The logic simulation will run until it encounters the finish system task in file vendtest v You could a
75. 01 1xx Tutorial e 2 77 Simucad Proprietary As the T1 timing marker is Open Instance FSM Scan button To select states dragged in the Data Analyzer button for scanning click on the state with the states change color as they the left mouse button and hold down become active the Ctrl key vending fsm stimulus nickel coin dime PE Sater aan coin nickel nickel oT 510 coin dime Z Data Analyzer Default clock reset coin 1 0 newspaper atk For Help press F1 T10 157us T2 Tdelta Time 1 450us continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 78 Simucad Proprietary FSM Debugging e To select states for scanning with the FSM Scan button on the FSM Toolbar click and release with the left mouse button on each state in the FSM windows Hold down the Ctrl key on the keyboard to keep each state selected as you select the states Each state will change to a white color when it is selected Another method to select states is to click and hold down the left mouse button in the background of the FSM window and as the mouse cursor is dragged a dotted rectangular box is created that will select anything within the boundary of the box When scanning change the focus to another window so the color for the active state will be green and the color for the inactive states will be black instead of every selected state be
76. 1 Default DISK 100M continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 16 Simucad Proprietary CONTROL Control Parameters For Logic Simulation DMAX DMIN EUNK NONCON MXDCI MXITR specifies that the maximum delay value will be used when parsing the netlist see note 2 specifies that the minimum delay value will be used when parsing the netlist see note 2 defines the conductance for bi directional transistors and unidirectional transfer gates when there is an Unknown level on the enable on when KUNK 1 off when EUNK 0 or Unknown when EUNK See note 3 Default EUNK when nonconvergence is detected the default is for Silos to issue a warning message pick a possible solution if this is possible and continue simulation If the CONTROL NONCON command is entered before logic initialization begins then if nonconvergence is detected Silos will issue an error message and stop the logic simulation assigns the maximum allowed iterations for each pass during LINIT See note 4 Maximum MXDCI 9999 Default MXDCI 100 assigns the iteration limit to reach convergence for each logic simulation time point See note 4 Maximum MXITR 999 Default MXITR 300 RECIRCULATE val this option specifies the maximum time interval for saving the simulation history results When the simulation time exceeds this interval the new simulation result
77. 1 1 7 xX amp amp stimutus G I gt RIQ Rl lt 2 lt i Scan to Change gt ujejel A Data Analyzer 000us 1 090us 1 180us 55 e Output IE For Help piess F1 T1015ius T2 Tdeta Time1 450us NUM 4 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 80 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging 2 5 Gate level Debugging The skill presented in this topic is e Tracing back through a gate design to find the cause of an Unknown level 2 5 1 Trace Signal Inputs Benefit When synthesizing an RTL design the resulting gate design may not be what the designer intended and the simulation results may differ from the RTL design Debugging the gate level design can be very difficult because there is no schematic Also the synthesis tool and the place and route tool may change existing names or create many new names Silos has the ability to trace the signal backwards through the topology to find the cause of the undesired state value Such as for the simple schematic shown below if signal newspaper is at an Unknown x level you could use the Trace Signal Inputs feature to trace backwards to find that input IN1 was the cause of the Unknown level x IN1 x newspaper continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 81 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging Procedure For the Tutorial let s use the Trace Signal Inputs menu to find
78. 1 1xx Overview Installation e 1 6 Simucad Proprietary Installation Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation FLEXIm Installation Problems e Ensure that nothing else on the parallel port is interfering with the Silos security block such as the security block from another program that is also attached to the parallel port If this is the problem you can resolve it by installing another parallel port Silos automatically searches all of the parallel ports for the security block or installing a straight through cable or switch box to make it easier to switch security blocks e Ifthe error message states License Error No such feature exists notice the License path entry for the path to the license file Try the following to correct the problem e Ensure the path for the license file is correct and the license file exists For Windows 98 the SIMUCAD LICENSE FILE environmental variable path for the silos lic file is set in the autoexec bat file For Windows NT the SIMUCAD LICENSE FILE environmental variable path for the silos lic file is set in the Environment tab for the System applet in the Control Panel For Windows 2000 the SMUCAD LICENSE FILE environmental variable path is set in the Environment button for the Advanced tab for the System applet in the Control Panel You may need to check that the SMUCAD LICENSE FILE environmental variable is set in both the System environment and the User e
79. 1 1xx Tutorial e 2 68 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry Enter the expression A amp B amp C amp D in the expression box between states s1 and s2 To enlarge the expression box put the mouse cursor on the left or right edge of the expression box and drag the double arrow by holding down on the left mouse button and moving the mouse Notice you can also enlarge the expression box vertically to allow additional lines for the expression Completed transition between states sl and s2 The left mouse button can be used to enlarge the expression box by dragging the double arrow PIES lex re SILOS c silos3 examples simple_fsm spj Fsm continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 69 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry To create a transition that changes unconditionally at the next positive clock edge draw a transition from state s2 to state s1 and use the Del key on the keyboard to delete the expression box for the transition Transition between states s2 and s1 will change at the next positive clock edge because the expression has been deleted Notice a state symbol can be moved when there is a circle with cross hairs If instead you see a star on the state symbol this will change the shape of the state symbol instead of moving it SILOS c silos3 examples simple_fsm spj Fsm con
80. 10 and FSM Toolbar menu selections on page 3 10 The location of each Toolbar on the screen can be changed by using the mouse to grab an edge of a toolbar and dragging the toolbar to the desired location e The menus for the Silos change depending on which window has the focus such as the Data Analyzer Window has different menus from the Output Window Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 4 Simucad Proprietary Debugging 2 2 RTL Behavioral Debugging Skills presented in this topic are e Setting up a project e Starting Silos and accessing the on line help e Running a simulation and viewing the waveforms with the Data Analyzer Window e Viewing bits to a vector and using symbolic names to display the vector s value e Setting up ASCII vectors to create a text timeline of the simulation progress e Organizing signals into groups e Scan to value for a waveform e Search on condition using a Verilog HDL expression and viewing the search condition as a waveform Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 5 Simucad Proprietary Starting Silos 2 2 1 Starting Silos Use the Windows Start menu to start Silos on the PC If you made a shortcut to the sse exe on the PC see Running Silos on page 1 6 you can double click on the Silos icon to start Silos 2 2 2 Accessing On line Help Benefit e The complete Silos Verilog HDL and SDF manuals available as on line help files These manuals are also in the
81. 2 x MIQ IR amp lt 2 lt i Scan to Change mek D 000us B6 090us 172 1 Default clock top sto down_up top std analog in top 0 000 A feedback top 0 000 count 0 top xx L gt For Help press F1 o m T2 Tdeta e 180 000us NUM 2 Double click to toggle Stepping function display of Piece wise linear display of between stepping function Janalog signal analog signal and piece wise linear To display the logic simulation results click on the Open Analyzer button on the Toolbar to open the Analyzer Window You should see both analog and digital waveforms displayed in the Waveform Display Window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 101 Simucad Proprietary Analog Waveforms You can double click on the analog signal names top feedback and top analog_in to toggle between a piece wise linear or analog display see Digital and Analog Signal Display on page 3 50 The integer top counter_value can also be displayed as an analog waveform by selecting the Options Analog Integer Display menu selection You can use the timing markers to display the analog values This concludes the analog behavioral modeling example To run the other examples for the Tutorial see e RTL Behavioral Debugging on page 2 5 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 102 Simucad Proprietary Exit 2 10 Exiting Silos Ex
82. 2 4 Creating a Project vcs scccccve cieie it iieo chested seed dessee RE RA steeds 2 9 2 2 5 Simulating a Design cccecccsseesseesceesceeeceeeceecesecesecaecsaeesecnaeceaecaeceeeaeeenes 2 11 2 2 6 Selecting Signals for Waveforms ccccecceesceecesseeesceeeceecesecesecaeceeeateeaes 2 12 2 21 Wavetotm Colors SA E ded hada an ieloes 2 15 2 2 8 Resizing the Name List BOKX oiec eper ie E R 2 18 2 2 9 Copying Waveforms eisenii i i a EREE A 2 19 2 2 10 Rearranging the Signal Names ccccesseesseesceesceeeceeeceecesecnaecseeeeeeaeeenes 2 20 2 2 11 Expanding Hiding Bits to Vectors ssesssessssseseessessrsreseesessrsresersessreeessesees 2 21 2 2 12 Displaying Vectors using Symbolic Names ccsccesessesseeeteeseeeseeeseeenes 2 22 2 2 13 Creating an Annotated Timeline for the Waveform Display 008 2 26 2 2 14 Organizing Signals Into Groups cccceeseessceseceeceseceecseeeseeeeeeeseeeeesseeeaees 2 28 2D 1I BUSES niea e S EE ak ie Resets G a ee Ree ieee oes take 2 30 2 2 16 Search on Condition cccesccesecsceeseeeseeeeeeeeceeeceeecseeesecnseceaeesaeensecseeeseeenes 2 33 2 2 17 Scan to Edge Scan to Value and Panning ccceeceescceseeeteeeseeseeeneeenes 2 36 2 2 V8 ZOOM BUUMONS T sts ecvete ates Revennevasaces Basvitiandsennelwabeshtenieenes cast pearessantese 2 40 2 2 19 Bookmark Timescale Goto Timepoint ccceecceesceesceeeceseceeeeeseeseeeseeenes 2 42 2 2 20 Data Tipsi
83. 2 8 Simucad Proprietary 2 2 4 Creating a Project Benefit New Project e Projects provide easy access to the input files and libraries for a design e Projects can be easily passed between designers on a team by simply providing the project file name e All of the settings to run the design and organize the signal names for viewing waveforms are saved by the project so useful debugging can be immediately started after simulating Procedure The circuit for this example is a RTL description of a newspaper vending machine The files used for this example are listed in the README file This section shows you how to create a new project for inputting your source files To specify library files see the Files Menu Selection on page 3 13 Save in a s gt Tl c mA analog spj a vending spj E fltsim spj E gate spj E rtl spj E rtl_ spi E rtl_err spj File name Save as lype Silos Proset spi Cancel Z Project name ttl 1 e Select the Project New menu selection to open the Create New Project dialog box e To change to the examples subdirectory of the installation directory use the drop down arrow for the Save in box and the Up One Level button in the Create New Project dialog box continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Simucad Proprietary Project Files e In the File name box
84. 3 28 State Machine 3 27 State Mode menu 3 29 Status Bar 3 11 Step menu 3 41 Tabs menu 3 44 Tile menu 3 47 Title Tips menu 3 45 Transition Mode menu 3 29 View menu 3 9 Window menu 3 47 zoom selections 3 9 MEXCLUDE command syntax definition 5 28 min typ max 2001 1xx Index e 8 5 Project Setting menu 3 18 min typ max command 5 17 MKEEP command syntax definition 5 29 N Name Filter menu selection 3 58 Name List Box resizing 2 18 natural logarithm function 4 21 netlist preprocessing 5 34 size 5 43 New Group 2 29 3 72 New menu 3 3 3 12 New menu State Machine 3 28 no convergence 3 32 no saved data project settings menu 3 19 No Saved Data 3 53 NOCONV command syntax definition 5 30 nonconvergence behavioral level designs 3 34 choosing a possible solution 5 17 command for report 5 30 gate level designs 3 32 initialization iterations 5 17 iteration limit 5 17 Nonconvergence menu selection 3 32 nospec command line option 7 8 Note Mode menu 3 29 NSTORE command 5 22 syntax definition 5 33 O OK button definition 3 2 Open Explorer menu 3 37 Open menu 3 3 3 13 Open menu State Machine 3 28 Options menu 3 44 order of execution switch 3 19 output file naming 5 22 saving additional nodes 5 27 saving additional nodes by macro 5 29 symbol specification for state values 5 48 Silos User s Manual Simucad Proprietary P Pan to Last View menu 3 67 Pan to T1 menu 3 67 Pan to T2 menu 3 67 Paste menu 3 7 3 76
85. 3 8 Copy menu 3 6 3 76 3 78 Copy Scope menu selection 3 61 cosine function 4 21 custom report savefile 5 16 Cut menu 3 6 3 76 D Data Analyzer Add Bookmark 3 69 analog amp digital signals 3 51 copy waveforms to Word 2 19 Delete Bookmark 3 69 different simulations 3 52 Fonts menu 3 44 Goto Timepoint 3 67 memory caching 5 16 multiple copies 3 52 No Saved Data 3 53 Print menu 3 4 Scope 3 49 signal thickness 3 50 strength color codes 3 50 Time Scale Dialog Box 3 68 Trace Signal Inputs 3 70 Value 3 49 Data Analyzer menu 3 49 Data Tip Radix menu 3 77 data tips 2 45 Data Tips menu 3 46 3 77 debug Break Simulation menu 3 40 Breakpoints menu 3 42 Data Analyzer menu 3 49 Display menu 3 48 Enable Single Step Breakpoints menu 3 39 Explorer menu 3 48 2001 1xx Index e 8 2 Simucad Proprietary Finish Current Timepoint menu 3 41 Go menu 3 39 Restart Simulation menu 3 41 Step menu 3 41 Debug menu 3 39 delay command syntax definition 5 21 delay default specification 5 21 maximum minimum delay command 5 17 preprocessing calculation 5 34 delay min typ max setting 3 18 Delete Group 2 29 3 73 Delete Item s menu 3 75 Delete menu 3 8 digital signals Data Analyzer 3 51 disable cache Project Setting menu 3 18 disk command syntax definition 5 22 Display Iteration Data 3 71 Display menu 3 48 E Edit menu 3 6 Enable Code Coverage for library modules menu 3 18 Enable Code Coverage menu 3 21 Enable Log File menu 3 18 E
86. 4 21 Maximum File Size 3 18 memory size of RAM on PC 1 5 size report 5 43 stimulustable 4 11 usage display 2 7 memory available on Unix 1 10 memory usage Data Analyzer caching 5 16 menus Analyzer Toolbar 3 10 Arrange Icons menu 3 47 Break Simulation menu 3 40 Breakpoints menu 3 42 Cascade menu 3 47 Close menu 3 15 Code Coverage 3 21 context menus 3 57 Data Analyzer menu 3 49 Debug menu 3 39 Display menu 3 48 Edit menu 3 6 Enable Code Coverage 3 21 Enable Operator Coverage 3 22 Enable Single Step Breakpoints menu 3 39 Explorer menu 3 37 3 48 Expression Mode menu 3 29 File menu 3 3 Silos User s Manual File Exit menu 3 5 File Export menu 3 4 File Open menu 3 3 File Print menu 3 4 3 5 File Print Preview menu 3 5 File Save As menu 3 4 File Save menu 3 3 Files menu 3 13 Filters menu 3 20 Finish Current Timepoint menu 3 41 Fonts menu 3 44 FSM Toolbar 3 10 Go menu 3 39 Go to Module Source menu 3 38 Help menu 3 55 Load Reload Input Files menu 3 16 Main Toolbar 3 10 New menu 3 12 New menu State Machine 3 28 Note Mode menu 3 29 Open Explorer menu 3 37 Open menu 3 13 Open menu State Machine 3 28 Options menu 3 44 Project List Size menu 3 20 Project menu 3 12 Project Settings menu 3 17 Reload and Go menu 3 16 Reports menu 3 30 Restart Simulation menu 3 41 Save As menu 3 15 Save As menu State Machine 3 28 Save menu State Machine 3 28 Save Project State menu 3 15 Select Files to Merge 3 22 3 23 Select Mode menu
87. 5 hostid on Unix 1 9 PC to UNIX 1 5 floating node messages Project Setting menu 3 18 2001 1xx Index e 8 3 Simucad Proprietary Fonts menu 3 44 Full Path Title menu 3 46 Functional Simulation menu 3 18 functions global 4 24 multiple outputs 4 25 no inputs 4 25 ports 4 25 G gate MOS Unknown levels on enables 5 17 XFR Unknown levels on enables 5 17 gate strength specification 5 46 global functions 4 24 tasks 4 24 variables 4 24 Go menu 3 39 Go to Definition menu selection 3 58 Go to Instance menu 3 77 Go to Module Source menu 3 38 Go To Scope menu 3 61 Goto Timepoint Tutorial example 2 43 Goto Timepoint menu 3 67 group creating buses and vectors in Data Analyzer 2 30 groups in Data Analyzer 2 28 3 72 H hanging behavioral level designs 3 34 HDL Code Coverage 3 30 help on help 2 7 Help menu 3 55 hyperbolic cosine function 4 21 hyperbolic sine function 4 21 hyperbolic tangent function 4 21 T O Pad stimulustable 4 13 implicit node created during preprocessing 5 34 input commands input from file 7 2 commands within the data file 7 2 Silos User s Manual input file order 7 3 relative paths to files 3 14 symbol specification for state values 5 48 Insert Group 2 29 3 73 installation requirements 1 2 windows 1 2 Instance Name Filter menu 3 62 integer and real waveform display 3 51 interactive debug report 5 35 scope 5 40 inverse cosine function 4 21 inverse sine function 4 21 in
88. Click on the Cancel to exit the menu Before opening a project Silos is automatically reset so that the results from any previous project are lost 3 5 3 Files Menu Selection The Project Files menu selection opens the Project Files dialog box for specifying the input files and library files for a project To select a project for the Project Files dialog box use the Project New or Project Open menu selections The File Group list box allows you to select Verilog HDL Source Files Library Files and PLI Library Files To add source files have the Source Files option selected in the File Group box Next double click on a file name in the list box or highlight a file name in the list box and click on the Add button to add the source file to the Files in Group list box Files can be deleted from the project by highlighting the file name in the Files in Group box and selecting the Remove button The Move Up and Move Down buttons allow you to rearrange the file names in the Files in Group list box Click on Ok to update the project and close the dialog box and Cancel to exit the dialog box without affecting the project To specify library files click on the drop down arrow in File Group list box in the Project Files dialog box and select Library Files Double click on library file names in the list box to add them to the Files in Group list box You can
89. Description 74BCT125 Quad Buffer Gates 74BCT126 Quad Buffer Gates 74BCT240 Octal buffers line drivers T4BCT241 Octal buffers line drivers T4BCT244 Octal buffers line drivers 74BCT245 Octal bus transceivers 74BCT373 Octal D type latches 74BCT374 Octal D type FFs 74BCT540 Octal buffers line drivers 74BCT541 Octal buffers line drivers 74BCT543 Octal registered transceivers 74BCT534 Octal D type FFs 74BCT620A Octal bus transceivers 74BCT623 Octal bus transceivers 74BCT640 Octal bus transceivers continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 13 Simucad Proprietary TTL BCT TTL BCT Parts List 74BCT652 Octal bus transceivers 74BCT760 Octal buffers line drivers 7T4BCT2240 Octal buffers line drivers 74BCT2241 Octal buffers 74BCT2244 Octal buffers T4BCT2827A 10 bit bus memory drivers T4BCT2828A 10 bit bus memory drivers 74BCT29827A 10 bit buffers 74BCT29828A 10 bit buffers 74BCT29833 8 to 9bit Parity Transceiver 74BCT29834 8 to 9bit Parity Transceiver 74BCT29843 Obit Bus Interface DLatches 74BCT29844 9bit Bus Interface DLatches 74BCT29845 8bit Bus Interface DLatches 74BCT29846 8bit Bus Interface DLatches 74BCT29853 8 to 9 bit Parity Xsciever 74BCT29854 8 to 9 bit Parity Xsciever T4BCT29861A 10bit bus transceivers 74BCT29862A 10bit bus transceivers 74BCT29863A Obit bus transceivers 74BCT29864A Obit bus transceivers continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Librari
90. IT COUNTER 74LS164 8 BIT SHIFT REG 74LS165A PARALLEL LOAD BIT SHIFT REG 74LS166A PARALLEL LOAD BIT SHIFT REG 74LS169B UP DOWN BINARY COUNTER 74LS170 4 4 REGISTER FILE OC 74LS171 D FLIP FLOP 74LS173A D FLIP FLOP WITH 3 STATE 74LS174 D FLIP FLOP 74LS175 D FLIP FLOP 74LS181 ALU 74LS183 CARRY SAVE ADDER 74LS190 UP DOWN COUNTER 74LS191 UP DOWN COUNTER 74LS192 UP DOWN COUNTER 74LS193 UP DOWN COUNTER continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx TTL LS Appendix A Libraries e 6 7 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS Parts List 74LS194A 4 BIT SHIFT REGISTER 74LS195 4 BIT SHIFT REGISTER 74LS196 BINARY COUNTER 74LS197 BINARY COUNTER 74LS8221 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 74LS240 TRI STATE BUFFERS 74LS8241 TRI STATE BUFFERS 74LS242 TRANSCEIVER 74LS243 TRANSCEIVER 74LS244 TRI STATE BUFFERS 74LS245 TRANSCEIVER 74LS8251 3 STATE MUX 74LS253 3 STATE MUX 74LS257B MUX 74LS258B MUX 74LS259B LATCH 74LS8261 MULTIPLIER 74LS266 XNOR OC 74LS273 D FLIP FLOPS 74LS279 SR LATCH 74LS279A SR LATCH 74LS280 PARITY GENERATOR CHECKER 74LS283 4 BIT ADDER 74LS290 DECADE COUNTER 74LS292 PROGRAMMABLE COUNTER continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx TTL LS Appendix A Libraries e 6 8 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS Parts List 74LS293 BINARY COUNTER 74LS294 PROGRAMMABLE COUNTER 74LS295B SHIFT REG 74LS298 MUX WITH STORAGE 74LS299 8 BIT SHIFT REGISTER 74LS322A 8 BIT SHIFT REG 74
91. LE BAT command Example file sav run5 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 26 Simucad Proprietary KEEP 5 15 Keeping Simulation Node States The KEEP command specifies wires whose state values will be saved during simulation To save state values to registers see Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values on page 5 29 The format for the KEEP command is KEEP name name name KEEP specifies wires whose state values will be saved during simulation name represents the name of a wire whose state changes will be kept during simulation Application Notes 1 The EXCLUDE command can be used to specify wires to be excluded from the saved simulation results 2 The MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands will keep and exclude all variables including registers and memory variables within a module 3 The effects to the KEEP and EXCLUDE commands are cumulative 4 The KEEP EXCLUDE MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands can be used with the CONTROL SAVSIM 1 option Examples CONTROL SAVSIM 1 KEEP MAC15 REGO8 MAC1 MEM ADDRO1 keep m1 bit0 m1 bit1 m1 bit2 m1 bit3 m1 bit4 m1 bitS m1 bit6 m1 bit7 iobuf pin34 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 27 Simucad Proprietary MEXCLUDE 5 16 Exclude Saving Module Instance Variable Values The MEXCLUDE command excludes the internal variable values from being saved during logic simulation for module instances and any variable that
92. LI subdirectory for the Silos installation or contact Simucad 4 1 2 Silos PLI Interface on the Workstation The PLI can be used with Silos on the Sun and HP workstations supported by Silos Contact Simucad for an updated list of supported platforms To use PLI on the workstation e Create one or more so files that contain the object code for the PLI For example to create a so file on Solaris enter the following load command ld o mylib so dy G o e The Silos pliload command is used to specify the so files for Silos at runtime The pliload command is cumulative so that one or more pliload commands is allowed before starting simulation The pliload command can be entered at the in the Command window for the Main toolbar from the Silos command line or from a file pliload mypli so example of entering the pliload command at the in the Command window for the Main toolbar silos exe myfile v pliload mypli so example of entering the pliload command at the command line module foo endmodule ifdef silos pliload mypli so entering the pliload command from a file endif e For more information see the README TXT file in the PLI subdirectory for the Silos installation e For an example of using PLI with Silos see file pli01 spj PLI subdirectory for the Silos installation or contact Simucad continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL
93. LS323 8 BIT SHIFT REG 74LS348 PRIORITY ENCODER 74LS352 MUX 74LS353 MUX 74LS354 MUX 74LS355 MUX 74LS356 MUX 74LS365A BUS DRIVER 74LS366A BUS DRIVER 74LS367A BUS DRIVER 74LS368A BUS DRIVER 74LS373 LATCH 74LS374 FLIP FLOPS 74LS375 LATCH 74LS377 D FLIP FLOPS 74LS378 D FLIP FLOPS 74LS379 D FLIP FLOPS T4LS381A ALU 74LS382A ALU continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx TTL LS Appendix A Libraries e 6 9 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS Parts List 74LS384 MULTIPLIER 74LS385 ADDER SUBTRACTOR 74LS386A XOR 74LS390 DECADE COUNTER 74LS393 BINARY COUNTER 74LS395A SHIFT REG 74LS396 FLIP FLOPS 74LS399 MUX WITH STORAGE 74LS422 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 74LS440 TRANSCEIVER 74LS441 TRANSCEIVER 74LS442 TRANSCEIVER 74LS444 TRANSCEIVER 74LS446 TRANSCEIVER 74LS449 TRANSCEIVER 74LS465 BUFFER 74LS466 BUFFER 74LS467 BUFFER 74LS468 BUFFER 74LS490 DECADE COUNTER 74LS540 BUFFER 74LS541 BUFFER 74LS590 BINARY COUNTER 74LS591 BINARY COUNTER 74LS592 BINARY COUNTER continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx TTL LS Appendix A Libraries e 6 10 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS TTL LS Parts List 74LS593 BINARY COUNTER 74LS594 SHIFT REG 74LS595 SHIFT REG 74LS596 SHIFT REG 74LS597 SHIFT REG 74LS598 SHIFT REG 74LS599 SHIFT REG 74LS604 LATCH 74LS606 LATCH 74LS607 LATCH 74LS620 TRANSCEIVER 74LS621 TRANSCEIVER 74LS623 TRANSCEIVER 74LS639 TRAN
94. Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 48 Simucad Proprietary Single Stepping Drag and drop expression clock from file vendtest v to the Data Analyzer and Watch Window Notice the Data Tip shows the instanteous value for expression clock is 0 at the current timestep However the Data Analyzer is not updated until the end of the timestep so its value for clock is 1 A f Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage DebGG State M amp chine Explorer Reports Options Window Help Stal i e Elegy cofss Orgad 2 Data Analyzer _ O x Default clock Stl clock Name vau Modified stimulus clock 1 stimulus clock 0 always begin end Jiarnii nantan tn 20 clock time 0 020us in Explorer ejoj x For Help press F1 T1 0 711us T2 0 780us Tdelta 0 069us gt Time 0 020us NUM h e Next click on the Open Watch Window button on the Toolbar to open the Watch Window Minimize the Explorer Window by clicking on its minimize button in its upper left hand corner e Select the Window Tile menu to tile the windows that are currently open for Silos To select a variable double click on variable clock in the source window Make sure that the space after variable clock is not highlighted as it would become clock with a space instead of just clock Drag and drop variable clock
95. Menu Selection The Debug Breakpoints menu selection opens the Breakpoints dialog box for setting breakpoints A typical method to debug a design using breakpoints would be to set a breakpoint in a module instance then click on the Go button on the toolbar and simulate until the simulation stops in the module with the breakpoint Next single step through the module to review how the source code is executing and watch variables change value in the Watch Window and the Data Analyzer Window The Go button could then be used again to simulate until the simulation stops in the module and single stepping is resumed There are four types of breakpoints Break at Simulation Time The Break at Simulation Time selection allows you to specify a simulation time and stops the logic simulation before the specified time is simulated To specify a stop time select Break at Simulation Time in the Type box and enter the stop time in the Timepoint box Then choose the Add button Break at Location The Break at Location selection stops logic simulation before the selected source line is simulated To select a breakpoint location you can use the Toggle Breakpoint button on the Toolbar or you can use the Breakpoints dialog box To use the Toggle Breakpoint button first open a source file window by single stepping with Silos or use the File Open menu selection or Open button on the To
96. Pan to Last View will return the Waveform Display Window to the preceding view These menus are useful during debugging for jumping between views of the simulation results To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the timeline display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Pan to T1 Pan to T2 or Pan to Last View menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 67 Simucad Proprietary Analyzer Context Menus 3 14 3 1 3 Timescale menu selection The Analyzer Timepoint Select Timescale menu opens the Time Scale dialog box for setting the number of time units per division of display Setting the timescale is useful for debugging the design The current time scale T1 time value T2 time value and delta time value can be displayed by holding the mouse cursor over the timeline for a few seconds To modify the time scale open the Time Scale dialog box and enter a value in the Time Div box You can use any standard time unit such as ns for nano seconds ps for pico seconds etc 1 e 12000 3ns The OK button closes the dialog box and causes the Data Analyzer to use the selected time scale The Cancel button closes the dialog box and does not affect the Data Analyzer To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the time point dis
97. SCEIVER 74LS640 TRANSCEIVER 74LS641 TRANSCEIVER 74LS642 TRANSCEIVER 74LS644 TRANSCEIVER 74LS645 TRANSCEIVER 74LS646 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS647 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS648 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS649 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS651 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS652 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 11 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS TTL LS Parts List 74LS653 TRANSCEIVER REGISTERS 74LS668 UP DOWN COUNTER 74LS669 UP DOWN COUNTER 74LS671 SHIFT REG 74LS672 SHIFT REG 74LS673 SHIFT REG 74LS674 SHIFT REG 74LS681 ALU 74LS682 COMPARATOR 74LS684 COMPARATOR 74LS685 COMPARATOR 74LS686 COMPARATOR 74LS687 COMPARATOR 74LS688 COMPARATOR 74LS690 COUNTER 74LS691 COUNTER 74LS693 COUNTER 74LS696 COUNTER 74LS697 COUNTER 74LS699 COUNTER Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 12 Simucad Proprietary TTL BCT 6 4 TTL BCT Parts List Simucad provides many of the popular TTL library models for the 74 BCT series The behavioral source for these parts is provided as two libraries e SN74BCT series without timing subdirectory library sn74bct e SN74BCT series with timing subdirectory library sn74bctt The list below shows the TTL BCT library parts provided with Silos Ref TTL Logic Data book SDLDO01A Revised March 1988 Ref BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic Data book SCBDO01A Revised July 1989 Name
98. Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 27 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions 4 7 11 UDP edge for High Z example for edges to High Z such as OZ 1 Silos command to allow this extension control ext udpstate For more information see section 7 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 12 UDP Multiple Edges in a Row example 01 01 1 Silos command to allow this extension control ext udpstate For more information see section 7 5 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 13 Non Constant Specify Block Delays example for non constant specify block delay such as in gt out delay_var Silos command to allow this extension control ext ncsd For more information see section 13 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 14 Parameter for Specify Block Delays example for parameter used for specify block delay such as parameter dly 8 in gt out dly Silos command to allow this extension control ext psd For more information see section 13 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 28 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 4 7 15 Stimulustable Extension example for using the stimulustable statement such as stimulustable endstimulustable statement Silos command to allow this extension control ext stim
99. Simucad Proprietary Silos User s Manual Version 2001 1 By Simucad Inc Simucad Proprietary Contents 1 Overview Installation 1 1 el Silos Overview 2 cece ben cine nos ihdcn baie ine a e sein eines 1 1 TD TiS tala ti Onn coe ss costes EN EE E deassgctecas dashes 128s cored dak AEE i Sh doce taal soatoe tee ge 1 2 1 2 1 How to Install Silos for Microsoft Windows ccscceseeeseceseeseeeeeeseeeeeeereees 1 2 1 2 2 FLEXIm Installation Problems ccecccesceesecesecececceeseeeseeseecaeeeaeeeseeeeeeeseees 1 6 1 2 3 Solaris Installation Instructions ccccceesceescesecesecesecesecceceecaeeeseenseenseeeeeees 1 8 1 2 4 Linux Installation Instructions ccccecccesceseeeecececseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeserenseenteensees 1 11 1 3 Accessing Technical Support 0 cccccesccscecssessecseecseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeseensecnaeeaecaeeaaecseeeneeenes 1 14 2 Tutorial 2 1 2 1 Overview for Debugging FPGA and ASIC Designs cccceecceeceeseceteeeseeneeeseeeeeeneeensees 2 1 2 1 1 General Items for Tutorial 0 0 0 cccceccceesceescessceeeceeceseceaecsaecaecaecaeeeeeaeeeneeses 2 4 2 2 RTL Behavioral Debugging ee eeecesecesecsceeseeeseesscececeseceseeeseceaeceaecseecaeeeseesseeeneeereees 2 5 2 2 Starting Silos sand ake Sted RRO ata aes Ea aE BURR hte nee 2 6 2 2 2 Accessing On line Help cccceccceeseesseeceesceeseeeecesecesecesecaecaeecseeeaeesaeeneeeereeas 2 6 2 2 3 Example Projects creea eee A eh ade Re ae 2 8 2
100. Value Error The below example shows how to use the ExpectedValueError variable with monitor Icon ext stim title example with monitor timescale 1ns 100ps module test reg 7 0 in1 in2 1 0 wire 7 0 out1 in1 in2 0 reg strobe initial strobe1 0 always out1 begin 0 1 strobe1 1 0 1 strobe1 0 end initial begin timeformat 9 3 ns 15 monitor t Srealtime ExpectedValueError 5 stimulustable s1 table 1 2 int in2 0 out1 strobe1 00 OO ff Oe Oa f ff ff 00 endtable endstimulustable 10 finish end endmodule The output from the monitor is shown below 6 300ns s1 out fb f6 6 400ns 7 500ns s1 out ff 00 7 600ns For the first line 6 300ns s1 out fb f6 The 6 300ns is the time the difference occurred the s1 is the instance name for the stimulustable the fb is the simulation value for variable out1 and the f6 is the expected value for outl Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 15 Simucad Proprietary 4 3 9 Expected Value Error Storage Incremental Update The expected values are stored in variables that use the root name of the variable whose value is checked with an lt expected gt lt number gt appended to the name These variables can be accessed with the probe or print commands or viewed in the Data Analyzer 4 3 10 Incremental Update stimulustable data can be incrementally replaced
101. Windows 98 Contact Simucad for an updated list of supported platforms You may also need a C compiler such as the MS Visual C compiler to compile any user written PLI routines and to create a dll file to link with Silos To use PLI on the PC platform Create one or more dll files that contain the object code for the PLI The object code must have been compiled for the type of platform you are using For example object code from the Sun will not work on the PC The Silos pliload command is used to specify the dll files for Silos at runtime The pliload command is cumulative so that one or more pliload commands is allowed before starting simulation The pliload command can be entered in the Command window for the Main toolbar from the Silos command line or from a file pliload mypli dll example for entering the pliload command in the Command window for the Main toolbar silos exe myfile v pliload mypli dll example for entering the pliload command at the command line module foo endmodule ifdef silos pliload mypli dll entering the pliload command from a file endif Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 1 Simucad Proprietary PLI Silos PLI Interface on the PC e For more information see the README TXT file in the PLI subdirectory for the Silos installation e For an example of using PLI with Silos see file pli01 spj in the P
102. Y x stimulus vendY x For Help press F1 4 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Rearrange the signal names by dragging and dropping them in the Signal Name list box Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 20 Simucad Proprietary Displaying Vectors 2 2 11 Expanding Hiding Bits to Vectors Benefit e The designer can display the individual bits for a vector without re simulating saving time and eliminating unnecessary interruption of the designer s concentration This is possible because Silos saves everything quickly and compactly to disk when simulating Procedure To expand the individual bits for a vector e Double click on vector name coin 1 0 e Double clicking on the vector name again will hide the vector signal bits To make the signals easier to view you can add blank lines by using the Add Blank Line menu selection in the context menu for the Name list box For more information on accessing context menus in the Data Analyzer see Open New Data Analyzer Menu Selection on page 3 49 and Data Analyzer Signal List Box on page 3 70 A Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help x ajajaja lt ef lt Sean wo Change D 2 ee 3 Default _ 120us ii on ho ne clock stimulus sto reset stimulus Stl stimulus 0 A es coin 1 s
103. a cc sec scccccceecicceecceieseacel ended vies teed edes cee die E E REE E 5 38 5 24 Scope For Printing Module Variables c cccceseescceseceseceeeeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeneeeneeneesees 5 40 5 25 Logic Simulation Specification cccecceeceseceseceseceeecseeesecaeecaeesaeeseeeeeeeeeeneeeneeneeaees 5 41 5 26 S1z Of Data Reprittt cc serieen ae E EEE EE EEE E S n 5 43 5 27 Spike Summary Q tputrs eee Avie e le ee 5 44 5 28 Storing Outputs annee inn ien i e e e ia 5 45 5 29 Symbol Modification For Output cccecceesceescescceeeceseceeeceeecaeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeenaees 5 48 6 Appendix A Libraries 6 1 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Contents e v Simucad Proprietary OI QV ELVIS W a RAE es eS dA ME as ene 6 2 Library Command 6 3 TTL LS Parts List 6 4 TTL BCT Parts List 7 Appendix B Command Line Arguments 7 1 Batch Execution Overview cccccccecssecessceeseccsssceeseecsseeeeneeees 7 1 1 Commands in Files ccccccecssecesceesseceteeeesseeeees 7 1 2 Command line Options cccecceeseeeeeeseeeseeeeeeees 7 1 3 Windows Batch Execution cccccccscccesceeseeeees 7 1 4 Unix Batch Execution ccccccccessceesseeeseeesseeeees 8 Index Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Contents e vi Simucad Proprietary 1 Overview Installation 1 1 Silos Overview Silos is a logic simulation environment developed for use in the design and verification of electronic circuits and systems Silos can s
104. a delimited or tab delimited files which can then be read into spreadsheet programs 3 2 6 Print menu The File Print menu selection uses a Windows common dialog box to print the Output Window the source windows and the report windows The Data Analyzer waveforms use the Analyzer Print Options dialog box for print Analyzer Print Options x Print Start Time Print Stop Time Pages o 000us 0 204us f C i ance V Title Rtl Waveforms MV Time Points Selecting this will print the time values for the T1 and T2 timing markers and the delta time The number of pages will automatically adjust to the print start and stop times The fonts for the Data Analyzer window can be modified by the Options Fonts menu selection The Analyzer Print Options dialog box will print multiple pages of the waveform display The number of pages to be printed is specified in the pages box When printing multiple pages the pages are automatically determined based on the Print Start and Print Stop times and the number of pages specified Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 4 Simucad Proprietary File Exit 3 2 7 Print Preview The File Print Preview menu selection displays a preview of the printout for the Output Window the source windows and the report windows 3 2 8 Print Setup The File Print setup menu selection uses a Windows common dialog box to setup the printer for the Output Window
105. ables however white space is not allowed between the values for a vector variable An example for specifying the radix is shown below table 1 2 bin1 in2 out strobe 0000000000 ff 000011100a f6 11111111ff 00 For single bit wires SILOS state symbols may be used to enter states other than 1 0 x z See Symbol Modification For Output on page 5 48 4 3 4 Delay Time The delay time for a constant increment of time delta time between application of subsequent table lines can be specified as a single expression table delta When the delta delay is specified on the table header then the first table line is applied immediately upon execution of the stimulustable statement The delay time can also be specified on each table line When no sign is specified on the table header then the delay values are added to the simulation time as the stimulustable is read The delay is applied prior to the application of the table line The time units for the delay value can be specified by preceding the module containing the stimulustable statement with a timescale statement Below is an example timescale 1ns 1ns 10 time 10 table in1 in2 out strobe 1 2 00 00 ff time 11 2 16 Oe Oa _ f6 time 12 8 2 14 ff ff 00 time 14 9 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 9 Simucad Proprietary Delay Time Delay Time If two signs are specified on the tab
106. acter that precedes the this matches one or more occurrences of the character that precedes the this matches zero or one occurrence of the character that precedes the e ordinary characters These are all the other available characters These characters match themselves such as a would match the letter a The character class has special rules Inside a character class all characters have their literal meaning except for the quoting character at the beginning and between two characters Each of the characters in a character class are treated as an or search For example ab will find 66 99 any single character name a or b The character class a z will match any single character lower case name The character class a zA Z will match any single character name that is not an alpha continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 59 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Name Filter Name Filter Some examples of using regular expressions are listed below a matches only the name lowercase a a matches any name that begins with a a matches any name that ends with a and the name a aa matches any name that has an a anywhere in the name abc matches only the names a or b or c a z matches any name that is a single lower case character such as b a z matches any name that is only lower case characters
107. ading that you wish to sort by Code Coverage button Double click on the first line in the Operator report to open the source file at that line Lines not executed have a purple dot Click on a column header to change the sort order f Silos c silos examples code_coverage spj Code Coverage Line Report 92 0 coverag lt of 14 lines 1 6 code coverage y code_coverage v code_coverage else if C gt D Z C else e When the Code Coverage Line Report comes up double click on the first entry in the report that has zero Hits This will open the code_coverage v file and display the line that did not execute with a purple dot to the left of the line e Place the mouse cursor over the purple dot in file code_coverage v and a yellow box will pop up stating Line not executed continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 57 Simucad Proprietary Line Code Coverage e A large number of hits in the Code Coverage Line Report may indicate a looping problem in the user s design To see an example of this double click on the last entry in the Code Coverage Line Report to automatically go to that line of file code_coverage v Notice that this line is in an always loop that triggers itself by recursively setting the variable in the sensitivity list To see how many times the line was executed place the mouse cursor over the green
108. age 7 12 To run the Graphical User Interface GUI version of Silos for logic simulation enter runsse Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 13 Simucad Proprietary Technical Support 1 3 Accessing Technical Support Simucad offers technical support to customers on maintenance It is most efficient to contact Simucad s technical support via e mail support simucad com When sending problem circuits to Simucad please send the complete circuit that can be run to duplicate the problem including any libraries and the spj file Also enclose a few sentences that precisely state the problem and how to run the circuit for example At time 200 node top out1 should be high instead of unknown To run the circuit use project problem spj From a PC system the following PKZIP commands may be the simplest way to e mail a circuit pkzip Pr foo zip directory_name Then e mail support simucad com and attach the file using uuencode From a Unix system the following Unix commands may be the simplest way to e mail a circuit tar cvf foo file1 file2 compress foo uuencode foo Z lt foo Z gt foo Edit file foo to briefly describe the problem then enter mail support simucad com lt foo Simucad s mailing address phone number and fax number are Simucad Inc 32970 Alvarado Niles Road Union City CA 94587 Phone 510 487 9700x206 Fax 510 487 9721 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx O
109. agram it can be animated to reflect simulation changes from state to state such as during single stepping After simulation the state machine diagram is animated as you move the T1 cursor in the Data Analyzer When the state diagram is animated the color is changed for the state that is active If the color for a state is red then the state is at an Unknown level 3 7 2 Open Menu Selection The State Machine Open menu selection opens an existing FSM window 3 7 3 Save Menu Selection The State Machine Save menu selection saves the FSM window that has the focus When you choose Save the FSM window remains open so you can continue working on it Each time that you save the FSM window the Verilog HDL source description for the FSM diagram is written to a v file that has the state machine s name To save the simulation results for logic simulation see the Save Project State Menu Selection on page 3 15 in the Project menu 3 7 4 Save As Menu Selection The State Machine Save As menu selection allows you to specify a state machine name and then save the FSM window that has the focus Each time that you save the FSM window the Verilog HDL source description to the FSM diagram is written to a v file that has the state machine s name When you choose Save As the FSM window remains open so you can continue working on it 3 7 5 Select Mode Menu Selection The State Machine Select Mode menu selection choos
110. al 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 6 Simucad Proprietary Activity Reports For Nodes Examples 3 Below is the simulation output for the example ACTIVITY Simulation Ouput for example on Activity report Highest level modules foo foo 6 total devices Linking 8 nets total 8 saved and 0 monitored 67 registers total 67 saved Done time in in 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 xxx xX XM PRX PRPRPRPRPEXxX x EG inl 0 1 PRK MxM OOK out L out_H xx MMM OOK XM xx xM XM PRK XX out_U 1 1 x x 1 1 T 1 1 that have been auto instantiated O G ct aay oO Px xX OOM XFE 26 State changes on observable nets in 0 10 seconds 260 Events second Simulation stopped at the end of time 50 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 7 Simucad Proprietary Activity Reports For Nodes Examples ACTIVITY 3 The below report is for the activity command in the example Activity Table for nets that do not toggle Min Transitions MNTRAN 0 Max Transitions MXTRAN 0 2 H foo in lt we gt 00 in_U lt we gt foo out_H foo out_L foo out_U continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Nets were reported that did not toggle Net in lt we gt is a net model input in a register The H means that the first transition was from unknown to high The 2 means net
111. also select more than one library file by clicking on a file name to highlight it and then hold down the Shift key or the Ctrl key on the keyboard while clicking on additional file names To specify a directory of library files whose file name extensions end in v enter the directory name followed by v in the File Name box and click on the Add button An example for specifying all the files ending with v for directory library would be library v For more information on specifying library files see the y and v Command line Options on page 7 4 or Silos Library Command on page 6 2 To specify PLI library files click on the drop down arrow in File Group list box in the Project Files dialog box and select PLI Library Files Double click on PLI library file names in the list box to add them to the Files in Group list box as PLI library file names To actually input the files for a project use the Project Load Reload Input Files menu selection or the Load Reload Input Files button on the Toolbar continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 13 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu Files Silos projects also allow relative paths to files so that the path names in a project will work at different sites To specify this you need to specify a define compiler directive in the Project Project Settings dialog box such as foo c
112. and Panning Benefit e The user can scan to change or scan to value Easy scanning and panning saves time when debugging Procedure Scan left buttons Scan right buttons Put the cursor here to display the timescale T1 N and T2 times and the delta time Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer Iof x File Edit View Reject Code Coverage Debug Explo Reports Options Windbw Help x amp jajaja lt 2 lt i Scan to Change can to Change EP T1 T2 2 Name SelScan to Change Tibus TE E Default Enter Scan Value fe a oJ on clock stimulus reset stimulus pF come stimulus a e aii clk_news T0 cents y T5cents 10cey Le 2 cents p Mens y newspaper stimulus NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve PRES_STATE 1 ale stimulus ve info 96 1 is on fa For Help press F1 Value for the signal T1 T2 and delta time T1 and T2 timing markers set by the left and right mouse buttons respectively Hold down the shift key to snap to edge continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 36 Simucad Proprietary Scan and Pan The Waveform Display window allows you to set two timing markers T1 and T2 which can be used to display the time that edges occur and the delta time between edges To set the timing markers e Place the mouse cursor in the Waveform Display e Click on the left and right mouse buttons to set the T1 blu
113. and Value columns can be resized by grabbing the vertical separator between them Each of the signal names can have its full hierarchical path Title Tips displayed when the mouse cursor is held over the name To turn the Title Tips on or off select Options Title Tips Resize the Signal Name list box by grabbing the SOs Explorer Reports Options Window Help le x vertical bar Scan toShange E 1 gt a EEES stimulus stimulus For Help press F1 Resize the Signal Name list box by grabbing the vertical bar Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 18 Simucad Proprietary Copying Waveforms 2 2 9 Copying Waveforms Benefits The user can use the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu to copy the Data Analyzer waveform display to the clipboard and paste it into Microsoft Word so the simulation results can be documented The user can use the Edit Copy menu to copy the full path name for a signal from the Data Analyzer to the clipboard and pasted into another document so the name do not have to be entered by hand in the other document Procedure T Copy window image to clipboard T1 RJA Ensure that the Data Analyzer window has the focus Select the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection Then open Microsoft Word and paste the Data Analyzer waveform display into a new or existing document Silos c silos examples
114. and integer variables in module ports There is no need to convert reals or integers to bit vectors This is an extension to the IEEE standard for Verilog HDL If you need the real or integer variables to behave as wires you can use the wire real or wire integer declaration For more information see Real and Integer Data Types on page 4 20 e Silos supports analog extensions that allow you to put most of the standard math functions such as sine cosine log power directly in your Verilog HDL code This is an extension to the IEEE standard for Verilog HDL for more information see Utility Transcendental Functions on page 4 21 The project for analog behavioral modeling is already set up To open the project select the Project Open menu selection Then change to the examples subdirectory of the installation directory select project analog spj and then click on the OK button to close the dialog box Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 100 Simucad Proprietary Analog Waveforms 2 9 2 Running the Analog Behavioral Modeling Simulation Click on the Go button on the Toolbar to load the input file and run logic simulation The logic simulation will run until it encounters the finish system task in file analog v Silos c silos examples analog spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help
115. and line option 7 7 pulse_r command line option 7 7 suppressfloat 7 7 suppressredef 7 7 timing checks command line option 7 7 typdelays command line option 7 6 width_ mismatches command line option 7 7 xl_order command line option 7 8 Silos User s Manual A abort Escape key 3 2 STOP button 3 2 activity Activity menu selection 3 30 Activity Report For Nodes 5 2 Add One Bit 3 74 Add Signal Expression menu 3 65 Add Signals to Analyzer menu selection 3 58 Add Zero Bit 3 74 Add Remove Breakpoint menu 3 77 analog behavioral modeling analog extensions 4 20 analog waveforms 2 101 3 51 Tutorial example 2 100 Analog Integer Display menu 3 45 Analyzer Symbol Table File 3 17 Arrange Icons menu 3 47 ASCII radix 2 26 B batch execution 7 1 Unix 7 12 Windows 7 10 batch logic simulation example 2 95 Black Background menu 3 45 3 46 blank lines Data Analyzer 3 74 bookmark Tutorial example 2 43 Break Simulation menu 3 40 breakpoints 2 53 Breakpoints menu 3 42 bundling creating buses and vectors in Data Analyzer 2 30 bus BUSCON command syntax definition 5 10 bus contention report 5 10 creating in Data Analyzer 2 30 Cc c command line option 7 4 Cancel button definition 3 2 Cascade menu 3 47 case u command line option 7 4 ccexport command syntax definition 5 12 2001 1xx Index e 8 1 Simucad Proprietary CCMEXCLUDE command syntax definition 5 13 ccmkeep command syntax definition 5 14 ce
116. at the top of the file containing the testbench or in a separate file Notice that the mkeep and mexclude commands use a left parentheses as the SILOS style of hierarchical delimiter ifdef silos control sav 1 mkeep testbench mexclude testbench top endif module testbench endmodule To save the variables in the testbench instance top and in instance cpu and below but not for instances alu and mem use the commands that follow ifdef silos control sav 1 mkeep testbench mexclude testbench top alu testbench top mem endif module testbench endmodule Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 94 Simucad Proprietary Batch Runs 2 7 Example for Batch Logic Simulation The below example sets up logic simulation for a batch run bold is required syntax plain is optional syntax italics is user specified When you simulate with the Silos GUI it automatically creates a command file project_name cfv that can be used to run your design in a batch mode The command file to run this example is automatically created when you run the example Gate level Debugging on page 2 81 using the Silos GUI In the gate cfv file make sure you set the flags to not save the simulation history it has little use in batch simulation as shown in the description for gate cfv in this example The command line option to run this example is silos f gat
117. ata Analyzer Signal List Box 3 14 3 2 1 Trace Signal Inputs Menu Selection The Analyzer Name box Trace Signal Inputs menu selection opens a Trace Signal Inputs Window The Trace Signal Inputs Window allows you to interactively trace an incorrect value at a net to its cause by displaying the waveforms of all the devices that are driving the net To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Name list box The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Trace Signal Inputs menu item When you wish to trace a net highlight a signal name in the Name list box of the Data Analyzer With the mouse cursor still in the Name list box click on the right mouse button to open the context menu Next select the Trace Signal Inputs menu selection in the context menu A Trace Signal Inputs Window will then be opened and it will display the signals that are driving the net you selected To continue the fan in tracing double click on any input and the waveform for that node will be displayed along with the waveforms for the devices driving it To undo your signal tracing double click on the node name that is being traced When the waveforms for the Trace Signal Inputs Window are displayed the name of the node being traced is listed first in the Name box Blank lines delineate each device listed in the Name box The format for each device is similar to the format for a module instan
118. ata Analyzer Window The waveforms for each signal will appear continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 13 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Silos c silos examples rtl spj Explorer fd Fie View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Window Help laxi S sj 98 alsm ccfss Command Input ports point right All Modules Output ports point left stimulus stimulu vendy ven Non port variable symbols e dumbell symbol is a wire Scope stimulus vendy Filter clock 1 0 coin flop symbol is a register Go to Definition R is a real variable b Buu Signals to Analyzer P is a parameter Name Filter T is an integer Sort by Name v Sort by Type Tdelta Time 1 540us Use right mouse button Click here to expand and to see the context menu contract hierarchy To drag and drop signal names from further down in the hierarchy i gt l For Help preds F1 T1 Context menu use right mouse button NUM 2 e Click on the sign to the left of instance stimulus to show the hierarchy beneath it You can also change the sorting for the signal names by clicking with the right mouse button in the right side of the Explorer to open the context menu and then selecting Sort by Type e Then select instance vendY to show th
119. ays the logic simulation results as waveforms The list box to the left of the waveforms shows the signal s Name its Scope and the Value of the signal at either the left axis of the waveform window or the T1 timing marker The Scope represents the hierarchical path for the signal name To copy the waveform display to Microsoft Word select the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection when the Data Analyzer Window has the focus and then paste it into Word Scan left buttons Scan right buttons Put the cursor here to display the timescale T1 Y and T2 times and the delta time Silos c silos examples rtl sp Data Analyzer Iof x File Edit View Reject Code Coverage Debug Explo Reports Options Windbw Help a x ajajaja lt 4 REM oll ujele Name Selcan to Change 306us Default Enter Scan Value me clock stimulus reset stimulus PSzBus coin 1 0 stimulus clk_news newspaper stimulus NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve info 96 1 stimulus clock amp amp coin 1 stimulus ae r 4 Bi For Help press F1 T1 0 300us T2 0 320us Tdelta 0 020us Time 1 540us NUM 4 Value for the signal T1 T2 and delta time T1 and T2 timing markers set by the left and right mouse buttons respectively Hold down the shift key to snap to edge Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 49 Simucad Proprie
120. below example uses define to specify macros for the uselib This makes it easier to change the library paths define asicl dir c actel lib vlog libext v define asic2 file d library udp v uselib asicl asic2 The below example uses specifies the same uselib without using a define Notice that the libext keyword for the library file name extensions is required when specifying a directory dir specification for a directory of library files uselib file test lib udp v dir test lib2 libext v Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 9 Simucad Proprietary Windows Batch 7 1 3 Windows Batch Execution Silos can be run as a batch execution from the Windows 2000 Windows 98 and Windows NT operating systems The command line syntax for running Silos as a batch execution on the Windows 2000 Windows 98 and Windows NT operating system is where silos exe options plusargs filename filename command command silos exe is the path to the silos exe executable on Windows options is one or more Verilog HDL style command line options for more information see Command line Options on page 7 4 An example of using command line options would be silos exe v examl udp v exam1 lib y library libext v exam1 v exam1 tst For the above example Silos will scan library files exam1 udp and exam1 lib and the v files in directory l
121. below options ALL resets everything as if you just began execution The program will not issue a warning ERRORS deletes data error flags and messages up through level 4 This can be used to continue a simulation after errors have been corrected and to clear unnecessary warning and error messages SAVFILE resets the logic simulation save file data to eliminate disk storage continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 38 Simucad Proprietary RESET Resetting Selected Data Application Notes 1 For RESET OUTPUTS new output commands can be entered from the menu selections or input from a file 2 Before using RESET SAVFILE reports should be generated and or the SAVE files should be copied to tape After RESET SAVFILE logic simulation can be continued from the last simulation time point but output reports are not available for simulation results prior to the last simulation time point Examples RES ERR res savfile Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 39 Simucad Proprietary SCOPE 5 24 Scope For Printing Module Variables The SCOPE command declares the module instance used when the PRINT or probe commands reports the values for variables and expressions in a module The format for the SCOPE command is SCOPE instance_name SCOPE declares the module instance used by the PRINT or probe command instance_name represents the instance name for the module w
122. ce when passing ports by name in Verilog HDL For example the name not top bit4 dff2 n6 out top bit4 dff2 q_ lt specify gt in top bit4 dff2 qbar_ lt specify gt the device is a not gate and the instance name is top bit4 dff2 n6 The output port name out has the instance name top bit4 dff2 q_ lt specify gt The input port name in has the instance name top bit4 dff2 q_ lt specify gt You can continue to double click on device inputs and trace your way back through the topology To undo your signal tracing double click on the signal name that was traced If you see No Saved Data instead of a waveform this may mean that the signal is inside of a celldefine boundary To save data within celldefine boundaries see the Save celldefine data option in the Project Settings Menu Selection on page 3 15 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 70 Simucad Proprietary Display Iteration 3 14 3 2 2 Display Iteration Data Menu Selection The Analyzer Name box Display Iteration Data menu selection is useful for finding order of evaluation problems and race conditions To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Name list box The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Display Iteration Data menu item When the Display Iteration Data menu selection is selected it opens an Iteration Data Wi
123. circuit that would cause nonconvergence is a ring of three inverters whose delays are set to zero Zero delays occur during logic simulation when either a zero delay or no delay is specified for devices the default delay for Verilog HDL gate devices is zero Zero delays also occur during logic initialization LINIT command which forces delays to be zero so that Silos can perform a steady state DC solution of the circuit at time 0 Nonconvergence may be due either to circuit path length or problems with designs involving feedback To eliminate oscillations caused by problems involving feedback the circuit design must be corrected When nonconvergence is due to path length increasing the iteration limit should enable the circuit to converge In general each node in a serial path length requires one iteration to propagate a signal The iteration limit during simulation is specified by the CONTROL MXITR command The iteration limit at time 0 is specified by the CONTROL MXDCI command Arbitrarily increasing the iteration limits is not recommended as it may dramatically increase the execution time necessary to reach nonconvergence continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 32 Simucad Proprietary Nonconvergence To debug a non convergence due to a problem in the circuit design you will need to use the NONCONV command to store the nonconvergence report see the Nonconvergence Summary on page 5 30 Ma
124. ck z d in Explorer ejoj x Output BNO xi For Help press F1 T1O7iius RAQ79 s Tdeta 0 069us gt Time0020us NUM Drag and drop expression reset 1 b1 into the Data Analyzer and Watch Windows Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 50 Simucad Proprietary Set and Force 2 2 22 Setting and Forcing Values Benefit e A variable can be set or forced to a new value saving time and allowing you to quickly try different conditions on your design Procedure When debugging you may need to set or force the value to a variable To demonstrate this we will set signal PRES STATE to 3 at time 0 so that it will cause a free newspaper to be ejected at the start of the program Silos c silos examples rtl spj Of x File View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Window Help ti l es 6 Ex se ccfss Command paza ala 15 cents DID fe E vend y RRE begin E Default if reset 1 b1 clock Stl oie MESSE x i ecet 161 St EAEE essre bs ee fy Register Value z _ O x E stimulus clock R Got i etup clock cycle time stimulus clock 0 fewptions l ays stimulus vendY reset 1 b1 1 I Force Wire State p E in p stimulus vendY PRES_STATE 3 ea aN 20 clock clock E Set wire State simulation step fy in Explorer ejoj x For Help press F1 T1 0 f11us T2 0 780us Tdelta 0 069us gt Time 0 020us NUM 7 Set the value f
125. ckel _ none Delete roup newspape Insert Group sents O AO A O U cents NEXT_ST Show Groups PRES_STi Ge Hadr s ts D cents info 96 1 adding coins __ _ newspaper adding coins Add One Bit E gt Add Zero Bit press F1 Reverse Bit Order N T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us INUM 4 Selections for groups Click with right mouse button in Signal list Box continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 28 Simucad Proprietary Groups e New Group This selection can be used to add a new group to the Name list box e Delete Group This selection can be used to delete a group e Insert Group This selection opens the Add Group dialog box This dialog box will insert a group within a group The inserted group is displayed as a bus which can be expanded and hidden by double clicking on it e Show Groups This selection opens the Select Signal Groups dialog box This dialog box can be used to select which groups are displayed in the Data Analyzer When the Data Analyzer Window is opened the Default group is displayed To save the signals that have been added to the Default group oe 99 e Click on the minus sign just to the left of the Default group in the Name list box e Silos will ask you if you want to save the changes to the Default group unless they have already been saved Click on the Yes button if the signals have not al
126. clock stimulus reset stimulus Timescale Snap to Edges coin 1 0 stimulus clk_news newspaper stimulus NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve info 96 1 stimulus clock amp amp coin 1 stimulus adding coins newspaper 4 K E gt For Help press F1 T1 0 740us T20 780us Tdelta 0 040us Time 1 540us NUM h continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 42 Simucad Proprietary Bookmarks Bookmarkers allow you to jump between views that display different timescales and time values Time value can be specified in units such as nano seconds ns Ea Cancel Alignment le Left Center Time Scale Ed Time Div Ens Goto Timepoint Add Bookmark pe Cancel The Data Analyzer Window has a context menu that includes selections for Goto Timepoint Timescale and Add Bookmark menu selections To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on the timescale just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the left mouse button is used to select a menu item The Goto Timepoint menu selection opens the Goto Timepoint dialog box The specified timepoint can be displayed either at the left or the center of the Waveform Display Window The Timescale menu selection opens the Time Scale dialog box When specifying the time scale
127. close the dialog box Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Default clock coin 1 0 newspa reset Output ajof gt pa Click with the right mouse button in the Signal name list box to open the context menu and select Set Trace Color T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us For Help press F continued on next page Silos User s Manual Options Window Help ajala lt o Name _ S ie Selected Trace Color sso m M Pesi yx MEAO M Kancel NUM 4 For signal coin 1 0 set the color for its trace to red Tutorial e 2 15 2001 1xx Simucad Proprietary Black Background e To change the background color to black select the Options Black Background menu selection Silos c silos examples rtl spj Snap to Edges Analog Integer Display Default Strength Color Coding clock aA Trace Color Coding coin 1 O newspa reset NEXT _ PRES _ White Background Output 2 O xl pee plol x Select black background for analyzer mST Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Use the Options menu to set the background to black continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 16 Simucad Proprietary Trace Colors e To change the waveforms so they are simply traces and their color does not denote strength select the Optio
128. code coverage is set Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 21 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu 3 6 2 Enable Operator Coverage Menu Selection The Code Coverage Enable Operator Coverage menu selection enables saving of operator coverage information to an ASCII file project_name codecov where project_name is the name of your current project The project_name codecov file is then used by the Operator report after simulation The Code Coverage Enable Operator Coverage menu selection is a separate option from Line coverage because saving operator information may slow down the logic simulation more than Line coverage Operator coverage must be selected before logic simulation begins such as when you first open a project If the Code Coverage Enable Operator Coverage menu selection is selected at simulation time 0 or later a message box will notify you that the project files will be automatically reloaded before code coverage is set 3 6 3 Select Files to Merge Menu Selection The Code Coverage Select Files to Merge menu selection can be used to merge the code coverage results from simulations using the same design This option merges the ASCII files project_name codecov where project_name is the name of each project If you do not change the project name for each simulation then you need to rename the project_name codecov file before simulating each testbench The Cod
129. csssceeseecseeesseceeeeesseceseeeeseecseeeeseeesees 3 6 3 3 3 Copy menu selectONnu s sisri teninin r e a oeaiei 3 6 3 3 4 Paste menu SeleCtiONn cccecccessccsssceescecseceesseceececssecesseecsseceeeeesaeceeeeessecesees 3 7 313 5 Cleat menu selectioner one a EOE sues E E E O e 3 7 3 3 6 Select All men selectionner ccc css isesecsecc cessedetesstceessetvaiteseccevessetendssducdsertevteads 3 7 3 3 7 Find menu Selection ccccccccccsecsssceessecessceesseceeceesseceeeeesaeceeeeesecetseseseeeses 3 7 3 3 8 Find Next menu Selection ccccccccesssccsssceescceseceessecseeceeseceeeeesseceeeeeeseeesees 3 7 3 3 9 Replace menu Selection ccccesccssecsseeseeeseesseeeseeecesecesecnaecaeeeesaeenaeeneeceeenes 3 7 3 3 10 Goto Line Menu SeleCtiOM sssi reien e E E S 3 7 3 311 Delete meniselectio mennene E E ER E e 3 8 3 3 12 Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection ss ssssssseeeesseeeesseserseesersesseeerssesees 3 8 E VITANA E AE E AE A A E N TTE ET 3 9 A A SAT E E TO EAEE EE S E E N EN EAE 3 9 3 4 2 Main Toolbar menu selections ccccccssccessecessceesseceseceeseecseeesseecsseeeaeenses 3 10 3 4 3 Analyzer Toolbar menu selections ccecccsseeseesseeseeeeceeeceeeeeeceeenseenaeenaes 3 10 3 4 4 FSM Toolbar menu selections ccccccccsscessseceseceessecesseeeseecsseeeeseccseeeeseecees 3 10 SASS Tats Babin ois 20h sees EE E A cts tetadandons E A A 3 11 EK 24 16 AAN Fo Bee ae ee eee ee 3 12 3S New
130. ctice to check the files for errors with the INPUT command before converting them to random access Examples LIBRARY d test asic v lib fast lib nmos lib ecl dat Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 3 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS 6 3 TTL LS Parts List The list below shows the TTL LS library parts provided with Silos The behavioral source for these parts is provided with unit delays and with full timing Ref TTL Logic Data book SDLD001A Revised March 1988 Ref BiCMOS Bus Interface Logic Data book SCBDO01A Revised July 1989 Name Description 74LS00 2 INPUT NAND 74LS01 2 INPUT NAND OC 74LS02 2 INPUT NOR 74LS03 2 INPUT NAND OC 74LS04 HEX INVERTER 74LS05 HEX INVERTER 74LS08 2 INPUT AND 74LS09 2 INPUT AND OC 74LS10 3 INPUT NAND 74LS11 3 INPUT AND 74LS12 3 INPUT NAND OC 74LS 13 4 INPUT NAND SCHM TRIG 74LS 14 HEX SCHM TRIG INVERTER 74LS15 3 INPUT AND OC 74LS19A HEX SCHM TRIG INVERTER 74LS20 4 INPUT NAND 74LS21 4 INPUT AND 74LS22 4 INPUT NAND OC 74LS24A 2 INPUT NAND SCHM TRIG continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 4 Simucad Proprietary TTL LS Parts List 74LS26 2 INPUT NAND OC 74LS27 3 INPUT NOR 74LS828 2 INPUT NOR 74LS30 8 INPUT NAND 74LS31 DELAY LINE 74LS32 2 INPUT OR 74LS33 2 INPUT NOR OC 74LS37 2 INPUT NAND 74LS38 2 INPUT NAND OC 74LS40 4 INPUT NAND 74LS42 BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER 74LS51 3 WIDE
131. cture e Code Coverage reporting for Line reports and Operator reports Double clicking on an entry in these reports opens the source window and displays a purple dot beside any line or operator that failed to execute e Silos provides a built in Finite State Machine entry tool that can be used to enter finite state machines generate the Verilog HDL source code and simulate and graphically debug the finite state machines Procedure The purpose of this Tutorial is to demonstrate the features of Silos that can be used to debug a FPGA or an ASIC design The general design flow for designing a FPGA or an ASIC is described on the pages that follow The Verilog HDL libraries for the FPGA or ASIC design can be obtained from the respective vendor Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 1 Simucad Proprietary Example FPGA ASIC Design Flow Phase 1 RTL Comprehensive Silos RTL Test Bench Debugging Design Verilog HDL Tools FSM synthesizable and Code Verilog HDL Coverage Phase 2 Synthesis Debugging Tools Netlist Vendor Verilog HDL Libraries Phase 3 Layout Silos Place and Route D i ebugging Netlist Tools Vendor Verilog HDL Libraries Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 2 Simucad Proprietary Example FPGA ASIC Design Flow Phase 1 e Create a Register Transfer Level RTL behavioral description using Verilog HDL to model the structure of the design Depending on how complex th
132. d after selecting the Project Load Reload Input Files menu or the Go button The simulation history is stored on disk in the file named project_name sim and the simulation state is stored on disk in the file named project_name cmm The project_name cmm file will be slightly larger than the size of your Silos simulation in RAM memory continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 15 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 8 Load Reload Input Files Menu Selection The Project Load Reload Input Files menu selection automatically resets Silos and inputs the files specified for the project that is open Logic simulation is then run to time 0 and you can begin debugging your project by setting breakpoints single stepping etc The Data Analyzer can be opened to display the results during simulation Choosing the Go button on the Toolbar will run logic simulation until a stop or finish is encountered in the design or until you choose the STOP button on the Toolbar 3 5 9 Reload and Go Menu Selection The Project Reload and Go menu selection automatically resets Hyperfault inputs the files specified for the project and then runs logic simulation until a stop or a finish system task is encountered or until you choose the STOP button on the Toolbar Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 16 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 10 Project Settings Men
133. d by zero or more occurrences the second of any character the second So with the search a you could find names such as a data read etc Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 60 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Context Menus 3 14 1 4 Sort by Name or Type Menu Selections The Explorer Signal Sort by Name and the Explorer Signal Sort by Type menu selections are located in the context menu in the right hand Signal side of the Explorer Window The Explorer Window supports the ability to sort the names in the right hand window by the type of variable port wire register etc or by name 3 14 1 5 Copy Scope Menu Selection The Explorer Tree Copy Scope menu selection is located in the context menu in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window When you select a hierarchical instance in the Explorer Window the Copy Scope menu selection or simultaneously holding down the Ctrl and the C keys on the keyboard will copy the hierarchical instance name to the Windows Clipboard This enables you paste the hierarchical name simultaneously holding down the Ctrl and the V keys on the keyboard To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the left hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Go To Source code menu item
134. d dragging the toolbar to the desired location Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 10 Simucad Proprietary View Menu 3 4 5 Status Bar The View Status Bar menu selection displays or hides the Status Bar at the bottom of Silos The left area of the Status Bar describes actions of menu items as you use the arrow keys to navigate through menus This area similarly shows messages that describe the actions of toolbar buttons as you depress them before releasing them If you wish not to execute the toolbar button after viewing the description of the toolbar button then release the mouse button while the pointer is off the toolbar button The right area of the Status Bar displays the time values for the T1 T2 the delta time and the current time The farthest right area of the status bar displays which of the following keys are latched down Indicator Description CAP The Caps Lock key is latched down NUM The Num Lock key is latched down SCRL The Scroll Lock key is latched down Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 11 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 Project Menu The Project menu provides the following menu selections e New menu selection e Open menu selection e Files menu selection e Save As menu selection e Close menu selection e Save Project State menu selection e Restore Project State menu selection e Load Reload Input Files menu selection e Reload and Go menu selection e Project Settings menu
135. d line There must be no whitespace between the and the Silos command Silos commands that contain an embedded space must be enclosed by quotes such as Ibat exam1 log Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 11 Simucad Proprietary Unix Batch 7 1 4 Unix Batch Execution Silos can be run as a batch execution from the Unix operating system The command line syntax for running Silos as a batch execution on the Unix operating system is silos options plusargs filename filename command command where silos is the path to the silos executable on Unix If you are running from a directory other than the installation directory you can set a link to silos on Unix In s installation_path silos options is one or more command line options supported by Silos for more information see Command line Options on page 7 4 An example of using command line options would be silos v exam1 udp v exam1 lib y library libext v exam1 v exam1 tst For the above example Silos will scan library files exam1 udp and exam1 lib and the v files in directory library and then input files exam1 v and exam1 tst Then Silos will automatically simulate the circuit report any errors and exit when there are no further commands to be executed from the command line or from a file the sim error and exit commands do not have to be specified p
136. data This feature determines if variables in celldefine endcelldefine boundaries are saved This feature is useful for excluding variables that are inside of library cells from the save file thus reducing the size of the save file on disk When using the Data Analyzer if you see No Saved Data instead of a waveform this may mean that the signal is inside of a celldefine boundary To correct this enable the Save celldefine data option and re simulate e Tabs This feature will set the spacing for tabs in the source file windows This can be useful for customizing the tab spacing e Use Alternate Behavioral Evaluation Order This instructs the simulator to evaluate selected behavioral code in a similar order of execution as used by other Verilog HDL simulators Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 19 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu 3 5 11 Filters The Project Filters menu selection opens the Recent Project List dialog box for specifying file name filters for the Project Files dialog box Project Files menu selection If you specify a file filter then the default filters are hidden for the Project Files dialog box The name filtering for the Project Files dialog box uses the standard Windows style wildcard characters for file name expansion 66 sk 99 e The asterisk character is used to match any pattern including null e The question mark character is used to match any singl
137. de Coverage Enable Code Coverage For Help press F a em ee Click with right mouse button in Save simulation entry should be checked left side of Explorer Window to to save the simulation history open context menu continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 92 Simucad Proprietary Saving Wires Saving Selected Wires and Instances Saving selected wires and selected module instances of the design s hierarchy can be specified also with the SILOS keep and mkeep commands for more information see Keeping Simulation Node States on page 5 27 and Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values on page 5 29 The user can also exclude parts of the design s hierarchy by using the SILOS mexclude command see Exclude Saving Module Instance Variable Values on page 5 28 The user usually puts the keep mkeep and mexclude commands at the very top of the file that contains the user s testbench or in a separate file that is read in to Silos An example for using these commands follows Example for Reducing Save File Size Design Hierarchy Testbench and top level instance for design module testbench Instances in user s design continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 93 Simucad Proprietary Saving Wires To save only the variables for the testbench for the example put the commands that follow
138. dfunction module endmodule Silos command to allow this extension control ext gft For more information see section A 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 24 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 4 7 3 Functions with multiple outputs example function xx in out2 input in output out2 Silos command to allow this extension control ext fmout For more information see section 9 3 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 4 Functions without any inputs example x funct Silos command to allow this extension control ext fzero For more information see section 9 3 4 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 5 Tasks and functions with ports declared like a module example task foo in1 in2 Silos command to allow this extension control ext formals For more information see sections 9 2 1 and 9 3 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 25 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions 4 7 6 Procedural assignment to wires example module foo wire w initial w 1 Silos command to allow this extension control ext paw For more information see section 8 2 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 7 Continuous assignments to register and memory variables example reg r assig
139. directory on the Silos CDROM Select silos rpm in the right hand window of the Add Packages dialog box Click on the Add button in the Add Packages dialog box and click on the Close button in the Add Packages dialog box after the Silos application icon is added beneath the Packages Applications Engineering menu in the Install dialog box Click on the Install button in the Install dialog box An Installing dialog box will appear that has progress bars for the installation When the installation is complete you will see the Silos application icon in the main window for the Gnome RPM dialog box Now you can exit Gnome RPM by clicking on the x in the upper right hand corner Silos has now been installed in the usr local simucad directory on your computer continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 11 Simucad Proprietary Linux 1 2 4 3 Silos Security File After the installation from the install script is complete you may need to do the following Change directories to the installation directory for Silos Use the security information provided by Simucad to create file silos lic in the installation directory If the security information does have SERVER or DEAMON lines then this is a floating license To test to see if FLEXIm is running enter bin Imstat at the Unix prompt If FLEXIm is not run
140. dows 3 11 2 Tabs menu selection The Options Tabs menu selection opens the Tabs dialog box for setting the number of spaces in the Tab Interval for the source windows 3 11 3 Snap to Edges When setting the T1 and T2 timing markers for the Data Analyzer they will snap to the nearest edge if the Options Snap to Edges menu selection is active When setting a timing marker you can hold down the shift key to temporarily toggle the Snap to Edges selection to its opposite effect Such as if the Snap to Edges is not selected you can have the timing marker snap to the nearest edge when you set it by holding down the shift key as you click on the left or right mouse button with the mouse indicator arrow in the Waveform Display Window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 44 Simucad Proprietary Options Menu Options Menu 3 11 4 Title Tips menu selection The Options Title Tips menu selection enables the title tips for the signal names in the Data Analyzer The title tips show the full hierarchical path name for a signal 3 11 5 Analog Integer Display Integer variables can be displayed as a vector type of waveform or as an analog waveform The Options Analog Integer Display menu selection sets the method of displaying integers 3 11 6 Strength Color Coding The Options Strength Color Coding menu selection will use different colors to denote waveform stre
141. dule Task Function Name Line Number FileName Fails Operator Failure Cause alu 10 cpu33 v 1 never true 1 Clicking on the heading will sort the contents displayed as follows Module Task Function Alphabetically by name Line Number Numerically by line number then by file name File Name Alphabetically then by decreasing failure Fails Decreasing failure count Operator Operator then by decreasing failure count Failure Cause Alphabetically by cause If you double click on one of the entries in the list box Silos automatically opens the source file and highlights the corresponding line Lines where an operator fails have a purple dot to the left of the line Lines that have no operators that fail have a green E to the left of the line Holding the mouse cursor over a purple dot shows one operator that failed on the line Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 25 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu Operator Coverage Options When you select the Code Coverage Operator Report menu selection the Select Operator Report Option s dialog box is opened This dialog box contains six options that determine how the Operator report is displayed You can select one or more of these options to obtain a combined report for the operators DEFAULT Operator 1 0 Result reports the result of the operator For example if the results for logical operators lt and gt were both true and false during the simulation then
142. during simulation run the simulation until it hangs and then note the simulation time value on the status bar in the lower right hand corner of Silos Next kill Silos restart Silos and press the Load Reload Files button When Silos stops at time 0 enter a simulation time to one less then when the simulation hangs in the Command window for the Main toolbar Such as if the simulation hangs at time 11251ns enter sim 11250ns so that Silos stops just before it hangs Then press the Step button Keep single stepping until you find the problem code If you single step past the time point where the simulation was hanging then the time value for the status bar had not yet been updated when Silos hung To find the true time value that Silos hangs at keep entering short simulation times at the Ready prompt until the simulation hangs such as enter sim 10ns or sim Ins until the simulation hangs Then restart Silos re simulate to just before the simulation hangs and single step until you find the problem Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 35 Simucad Proprietary Size 3 8 6 Size Menu Selection The Reports Size menu selection reports the memory usage for Silos A simpler method of obtaining the memory usage is to select the Help About Silos menu selection to open the About Silos dialog box which has the memory usage for Silos The memory usage will increase during circuit read in and preprocessing until simulation starts at ttme 0 A
143. dy started To open the example for the Code Coverage plug in select the Project Open menu selection to open the Open Project dialog box Select the project named code_coverage spj in the examples directory and click on the Open button to close the dialog box Since this example does not include single stepping or setting breakpoints these features can be disabled to improve simulation speed by clicking on the SS button on the Main toolbar to push the button out if it is not already pushed out To setup the Code Coverage plug in click on the CC button if it is not already selected If the CC button is selected after inputting the files for the design Silos will query if you want to reload the design and setup the Code Coverage plug in Click on the Go button to simulate the design continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 56 Simucad Proprietary Line Code Coverage e Select the Code Coverage Line Report menu selection to open the Code Coverage Line Coverage report This report is sorted by the number of times each line is executed Hits in ascending order Normally the user is interested in which lines are not executed 0 Hits However the report can also be used to see which lines have a high number of executions indicating a possible flaw in the user s design If you want to change the sort order you can click on the column he
144. e simulation history save file that is used to draw the waveforms in the Data Analyzer For example if you do a Zoom Full in the Data Analyzer the simulation information for the signals currently displayed is saved in RAM memory in a format that is faster to access If you then zoom in the information is taken from RAM memory instead of disk and the Data Analyzer is updated much faster However if your computer does not have enough RAM memory you may choose to disable this feature Disable floating node warnings This feature disables the warning message that informs the user that a wire is not driven by anything i e a floating node Enable Code Coverage for library modules This feature causes Code Coverage to be enabled for module definitions in libraries Enable log file This feature causes standard output to be written to a log file when the Silos program is exited The default log file name is the project name with the log file extension When this option is selected Silos will write to both standard output and the log file Enable Silos extensions This feature enables extensions to the Verilog HDL language such as assigning to wires in procedural code and global variables see Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL on page 4 24 Functional simulation This feature reduces the memory used and increases simulation speed by eliminating the specify blocks from logic simulation To prevent nonconvergence problems the unit dela
145. e Coverage Select Files to Merge menu selection opens the Code Coverage File Select dialog box This dialog box is additive so you can select more than one code coverage results file before closing the dialog box and you can use this dialog box more than once to add additional code coverage results files For an example on using this feature see Merging Code Coverage Reports on page 2 64 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 22 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu 3 6 4 Line Report Menu Selection The Code Coverage Line Report menu selection opens the Code Coverage Line Report list box This list box reports the execution of individual lines For Example Module Task Function Hits Line Number File Name Alu 10 24 foo v Clicking on a heading will sort the displayed lines as follows Module Task Function Alphabetically by name Hits Modules with the greatest number of zero hits Line Number Numerically by line number then by file name File Name Alphabetically by name then by hit If you double click on one of the entries in the list box Silos will automatically open the source file and highlight the line of behavioral code Lines that are not executed have a purple dot to the left of the line Lines that are executed have a green E to the left of the line Holding the mouse cursor over a green E will show the number of times that the line was executed Exporting Code Coverage Analysis The
146. e Finite State Machine FSM Documenting outputs for the FSM Specifying clock and reset line Saving the FSM and creating the Verilog HDL source code for the FSM continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 66 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry Procedure Creating a finite state machine FSM is simple using Silos e For this example select the Project New menu selection to create a new project named simple_fsm in the Create New Project dialog box Click on the Save button to close the dialog box When the Project Files dialog box appears click on the Cancel button as you do not need to add any files at this point e Select the State Machine New menu to open an FSM window Full screen the FSM so that you have room to work e To draw two states click on the State button on the FSM Toolbar Place the mouse cursor in the FSM window where you want to draw the state symbol and click and release the left mouse button to place the state When the state symbol is created it has a text box inside it with a highlighted question mark To name the state use the computer s keyboard to enter s1 as the state name Create a second state below the first state naming it s2 FSM Toolbar State drawing button to create the two states SILIS c silos3 examples simple_fsm spj Fsm OF x 3 Fil Edit View Project State Machine window bf elp lej x ou esxeey 7 ei
147. e activity write the activity report to file foo out 2 To store the Activity report to a file to report all of the nets that toggle disk test_toggle out specify file test_toggle out for the activity report store activity mxtran 99 write the activity report to file test_toggle out continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 5 Simucad Proprietary ACTIVITY Activity Reports For Nodes Examples 3 The following simple circuit will be used as an example for the activity report module foo reg in in_U in1_0 wire out_L out_H out_U out1_0 not out_L in buf out_H in buf out_U in_U buf out1_0 in1_0 initial begin display t ttime tin tin_U tin1_0O tout_L tout_H tout_U tout1_0 in 1 bx in_U 1 b1 in1_0 1 b1 10 in 1 b1 in_U 1 bx in1_0 1 bx 10 in 1 bx in_U 1 b1 in1_0 1 b0 10 in1_0 1 bx 10 in1_0 1 b1 10 finish end always in or in_U or in1_0 or out_L or out_H or out_U or out1_0 display time t in t in_U t jin1_O t out_L t out_H t out_U t out1_0 endmodule ifdef silos Imkeep foo save only the part of the design that is faulted control sav 1 save only what is specified to be saved mkeep Isim lactivity report all signals that do not toggle lactivity mxtran 99 report all signals lerror lexit endif continued on next page Silos User s Manu
148. e cfv for Windows NT runsilos f gate cfv for Unix Diagram of the Files for the Batch Logic Simulation Example Command and input file created by SILOS III GUI faultsim cfv vendtest v User s stimulus design and library continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 95 Simucad Proprietary Batch Runs Example for Batch Logic Simulation Command File gate cfv generated by Silos Simucad Generated Commands Start Here Simucad define define sse Defines sse as true when running the GUI Project Settings v abc_100 v Specify the library file typdelays Sets delay parsing for typical delays file ssav gate Renames the save file to the project name control sav 0 Set this to 0 so nothing is saved for batch simulation control savcell 0 Set this to 0 so nothing is saved for batch simulation control disk 1000M Limits the save file size to 1 gig Input Files vendtest v User file for testbench vend gv Description of gate level design Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 96 Simucad Proprietary Errors 2 8 Error reporting Benefit If you have syntax errors in your design the errors will be automatically reported to the Output Window standard output for Silos Whenever the file name and line number are reported with the syntax error you can double click on the error in
149. e character 3 5 12 Project List Size e The Project Project List Size menu selection opens the File Filters dialog box for specifying the number of recently used projects that are listed at the end of the Projects menu Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 20 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu 3 6 Code Coverage Menu The Code Coverage menu provides the following menu selections e Enable Code Coverage menu selection e Enable Operator Coverage menu selection e Select Files to Merge menu selection e Line Report menu selection e Operator Report menu selection The Code Coverage Plug in feature reports behavioral lines that did not execute and operators not fully exercised The Code Coverage plug in provides a fundamental functional analysis of the design it is limited to basic Verilog language constructs such as behavioral operators behavioral blocks and executable lines of code in the design The Code Coverage plug in examines the testbench s ability to fully exercise these language constructs For example in the Verilog expression a b which or s single bit s a and b the Code Coverage plug in examines if the operator is fully exercised during testbench application Each operand individually at some time must produce a 1 result and both operands at some time must be 0 to produce a 0 result Code Coverage vs Fault Simulation Use the Code Coverage plug in to improve your testbench and repo
150. e code coverage of libraries use the command line argument libcodecoverage The directives disable _codecoverage and enable_codecoverage in a library file have precedence over libcodecoverage continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 24 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage Menu Restricting Code Coverage Analysis 4 To exclude a module instance and every module instance below from contributing to coverage use the command for more information see Exclude Code Coverage for Module Instances on page 5 13 lccmexclude lt verilog instance name gt To include a module instance below one that is excluded use the command for more information see Keeping Code Coverage for Module Instances on page 5 14 lccmkeep lt verilog instance name gt Note the instance names on these commands must proceed from the top of the design downward To do the equivalent from the GUI explorer select a module instance right mouse click and go to the properties tab dialog Check or uncheck Save code coverage data for this entry Note this information is written into the cfv file to permit batch use at a later time 3 6 7 Operator Report Menu Selection The Code Coverage Operator Report menu selection reports exercising of each operator Only operators which have been executed are reported Use the line report to locate lines containing operators that have not been executed Mo
151. e total design is you may want to first create a Verilog HDL behavioral design to model the general functionality for your design optional You can use the Finite State Machine FSM entry tool for Silos to create and document finite state machines e Create a test bench that models the interface between your design and the total system e Run exhaustive tests using Silos to debug and verify that the RTL design is correct The RTL description and test bench are usually created by using a text editor or a high level tool For many designers 60 to 70 of the total project time is spent developing an exhaustive test bench and debugging the RTL design Code coverage can be used to verify the testbench fully exercises the behavioral design Phase 2 e Synthesize the RTL design into a Verilog netlist The synthesis tool will also require constraint files for area timing etc e Generate a Verilog HDL netlist from the synthesis tool e Simulate the netlist test bench and the vendor s Verilog HDL libraries with Silos Use the debugging tools provided with Silos to debug the netlist Ensure that the synthesized design gives the same results as the RTL design Phase 3 e Input the synthesis tool s output into the vendors tool kit to perform the place and route on the design The vendor s tool kit will generate a Verilog HDL netlist and an SDF file to back annotate the delays for post place and route simulation with Silos e Use Silo
152. e variable names in the right hand side of the Explorer Window The symbol to the left of each variable shows its function Input ports have the pad symbol pointing to the right output ports have the pad symbol pointing to the left and inout ports have the pad symbol pointing in both directions For non port variables the symbol for a wire is a wire connecting two points the symbol for a register is a flop symbol P is used for parameters R for real variables and T for integer variables e Select signals NEXT STATE and PRES STATE for instance vendY and use the Add Signals to Analyzer selection in the context menu for right hand window for the Explorer by clicking with the right mouse button in the right hand pane of the Explorer Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 14 Simucad Proprietary 2 2 7 Waveform Colors Benefit Waveform Colors e The color can be set for waveforms in the Data Analyzer window This lets the user easily follow a waveform across the Data Analyzer e The background color and signal traces can be set for the Data Analyzer which can make viewing waveforms easier for the user Procedure e Select signal coin 1 0 and click with the right mouse button in Signal Name list box to open the context menu and select Set Trace Color to open the Select Trace Color dialog box Choose red as the waveform color and click on the OK button to
153. e vertical line and T2 red vertical line timing markers Notice that whenever the mouse cursor is held next to a timing marker a text box displays the time next to the marker If you place the mouse cursor in the gray timeline area a text box will appear that displays the current timescale the T1 and T2 time values and the delta time between the T1 and T2 timing markers This information is also displayed in the Status Bar at the bottom of the Silos window The state value at the T1 timing marker for each waveform is displayed in the Value column for the Name list box for the Data Analyzer When setting the T1 and T2 timing markers for the Data Analyzer they will snap to the nearest edge if the Options Snap to Edges menu selection is active When setting a timing marker you can hold down the shift key to temporarily toggle the Snap to Edges selection to its opposite effect continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 37 Simucad Proprietary Scan and Pan Scan to Edge and Value e To demonstrate scanning to an edge highlight vector NEXT _STATE 1 0 in the Name list box and click on the 1 gt toolbar button to scan the T1 marker to the right The state value for each waveform in the Value column will change as you scan the T1 marker edge to edge The T2 marker has no effect on the state values in the Value column e To demonstrate scanning to a value click on the d
154. eesceseceseeeseeeeenees 3 41 3 10 5 Restart Simulation Menu Selection ccccccesseeseesceeeeeeeceeseeeeceneesseeeseenaes 3 41 3 10 6 Step Menu Selection cccscs cc ievevessccecesseteniesctesteeseeteacvecestdecteeteeseeseccesetes 3 41 3 10 7 Breakpoints Menu Selection ccccccececsseesceeeeeeceeeceeeceecesecnseesaeensecaeenaees 3 42 1 va 0 ER Eran Meee te A eee 3 44 3 1 1 1 Fonts menu Selection c aecitie anne oan a 3 44 311 2 Tabs menu selection 3 040 ceevn Sk tia E eke 3 44 3 113 Smap to Edges sce icccsccccccecscdiecviveceoecdscvevses see cua cucduesteesdudleeetdeuiasuieesliteiducevasees 3 44 3 11 4 Title Tips menu selection ccceceesccsseessecseeeseeeseceseeeeeeeeeeeeneeneeseenseenaes 3 45 3 11 5 Analog Integer Display 0 cceeceeecceseceseceseceeeeseeeseeeneeeececeeeeeneeeeeeseeaees 3 45 3 11 6 Strength Color Coding cceeeeccescceseceseceseceeeneeeseeeneeneeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeneenaees 3 45 31ST race Color Coding ccc 28 sade RO seine st a K 3 45 3 1128 White Back ground js cisc38i5 oaks ht tees neta ete tae eee 3 45 3 11 9 Black Background 00 c ce ecceecceeseeeeceseceseceseceeecaeecaeeeseeeseeeeeseeeeeeneeneeneeaees 3 46 3 1110 ADIE eE EE A A tess EE eaters be E A E T E 3 46 IJE Data Tipsare iesp ne e e E EEE A r a S 3 46 3 1112 Syntax Color Godin gei 8 seca cestid i e e e ath eo hance 3 46 312 Wandow Menina na a E cua Viseds A E EE wie oda Wi stone ote eee eee 3 47 Silos User s Manual 20
155. elect Silos To put the Silos icon on the desktop use the Windows Explorer to navigate over to the Silos installation directory Highlight file Sse exe using the Windows Explorer From the File menu for the Windows Explorer select Create Shortcut This will create a shortcut to the Sse exe in the Windows Explorer which you can then drag and drop onto the desktop To run logic simulation in the batch mode open a DOS style window and enter silos at the command prompt For information on running Silos in the batch mode see Windows Batch Execution on page 7 10 1 2 2 FLEXIm Installation Problems If you need to correct a problem with the installation the error message returned from FLEXIm is important e Ifthe error message states License Error Invalid host click on the OK button for the error message The User Registration dialog box will then appear If the Serial in the User Registration dialog box is 0 then the problem is FLEXIm cannot access the security block Try the following to correct the problem e Install the security drivers for FLEXIm from the Drivers directory on the Silos CD ROM e Ensure the parallel port is working by printing from it or trying another program that uses a security block e Ensure the Silos security block works by trying it with Silos on another computer or trying another Silos security block on your computer continued on next page Silos User s Manual 200
156. encountered in the data Therefore the order in which the commands are placed may be important e g PREP before SIM You should use the include compiler directive when inputting a file from another file In the previous example remove the Silos commands from the file test v and put them in file testl v shown below with an include compiler directive to include file test v for additional information see include in the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file File test1 v include test v ifdef silos Isim 200 lerrors endif Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 3 Simucad Proprietary Command line Options 7 1 2 Command line Options You can use Verilog style command line arguments for Silos The command line arguments can be entered from the Command Line Arguments box in the Project Settings dialog box see Project Settings Menu Selection on page 3 17 or from the command line if you are running a batch simulation Available command line arguments are c This option compiles the source files and then exits f file name This option instructs Silos to get the command line arguments from a file Silos has the ability to nest the command files For example command file logicsim silos f logicsim could contain the name of another command file logicsim1 that has additional command line arguments SILOS style command
157. endmodule enable_codecoverage The disenable_codecoverage compiler directive turns off code coverage for the lines that follow it The enable_codecoverage turns code coverage back on These compiler directives can also be used to turn off code coverage for testbenches libraries and other parts of the design that the user is not interested in Enabling operator coverage may increase the runtime so it can be an advantage to turn off those parts of the design that are not of interest continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 64 Simucad Proprietary Merging Code Coverage e To merge the results from this run and the previous run select the Code Coverage Select Files to Merge menu selection to open the Code Coverage File Select dialog box Select file code_coverage codecov and click on the Merge button to merge the code coverage results from the first run with those of the current run This dialog box is additive so you can select multiple files if you want and you can use this dialog box again to add additional results If you want to reset the code coverage results you would need to click on the Load Reload Input Files button on the Main toolbar to reload the design Code coverage results can be merged from simulations that use different testbenches for the same design Silos c silos examples code_coverage2 spj File Edit Vie
158. enu selection e Save As menu selection e Select Mode menu selection e State Mode menu selection e Expression Mode menu selection e Note Mode menu selection e Transition menu selection Several items that are on the FSM Toolbar but not in the State Machine menu are e The Page button can be used to add one or more pages to the Finite State Machine FSM window The pages can then be used to print different pages when you print the diagram for the state machine e The Delete button can be used to delete any drawing symbol that has been selected by the user e The Zoom In button can be used to zoom in on the FSM window To zoom in click on the Zoom In button and then click on the FSM window where you want to center the zoom in The Zoom Out button can be used to zoom out for the FSM window The Edit menu has a Copy Image to Clipboard selection that will copy the current image on the screen to the Windows Clipboard Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 27 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Menu 3 7 1 New Menu Selection The State Machine New menu selection opens a blank master FSM Finite State Machine window In the FSM window you can draw the diagram for a new state machine When you save the state machine diagram the Verilog HDL source code for the state machine is generated You can then include the source code into your design using a include compiler directive When you open an instance for the state machine di
159. er File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help l x alalala lt 2 lt i Scan to Change mele one ET a o Default reset st Symbol Table X Cancel coin 1 0 st Symbol Table Anickel newspape st NEXT_STATE 1 0 stem EES eNO o Ada PRES_STATEJ1 0 stimulus vendY x h XIN 0 E 1 KAN gt T1 T2 TAM Time 1 540us NUM 4 Use the drop down arrows to display Symbol Table and coin_values For Help press F1 Select coin 1 0 Click with right mouse button to see context menu Then select Set Radix continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 24 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Values Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help a x RJAR lt f lt sean to Change gt amle c D 000us D 120us Default lock stimulus Sto reset stimulus Stl coin 0 stimulus none fone jinickel newspaper stimulus Six ZZ N pp ASA EVENIS GRU stimulus vendY Sx xi Ocent k K AEA ERE stimulus vendY SX xi f Ogents Scents N gt Ti T2 Tdefa Time 1 540us INUM 4 Make sure you click on the minus sign Symbolic names for state to save the new radixes values for vectors For Help press F1 ce ce e Now use the Set Radix menu selection
160. er the expression This feature enables the designer to trace the cause of problems directly in a Verilog HDL source code window The Go to Source code menu selection can be used to quickly display the module definition for any instance in the hierarchy This saves time opening the source window for displaying the value for variables and expressions when there are numerous files in the design 3 11 12 Syntax Color Coding The Options Syntax Color Coding menu selection will set Verilog HDL keywords and constructs to different colors in the source windows for Silos thus increasing the readability of the Verilog HDL text Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 46 Simucad Proprietary Window Menu 3 12 Window Menu The Window menu provides the following menu selections Cascade menu selection Tile menu selection Arrange Icons Open Explorer menu selection Open Watch menu selection Open New Data Analyzer menu selection 3 12 1 Cascade Menu Selection The Window Cascade menu selection arranges multiple opened windows in an overlapped fashion 3 12 2 Tile Menu Selection The Window Tile menu selection arranges multiple opened windows in a non overlapped fashion 3 12 3 Arrange Icons Menu Selection The Window Arrange Icons menu selection arranges icons for the minimized windows Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 47 Simucad Proprietary Window Menu 3 12 4 Open Explorer Menu Selection The Wind
161. erilog HDL manual e pulse_quiet command line argument suppresses warning messages generated by pulse _e command line argument e suppressredef This option will suppress the warning message for redefinition of define macros e suppressfloat This option will suppress the warning message for floating nodes which may be caused by a gate input not having a driver or by declaring a variable as a wire and then never assigning a value to it e timing checks This option turns on all timing checks for fault simulation This will slow down the fault simulation and increase the memory used by fault simulation Note no_tchk msg turns off the printed message when there is a timing violation e width_ mismatches This option will issue a warning message if the widths for variables in an expression or assignment are inconsistent i e wire 3 0 a4 wire 2 0 a2 assign a4 a2 amp a4 caught assigna4 a2 caught assign a4 a2 amp a2 caught continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 7 Simucad Proprietary Command line Options e xl order specifies a switch so that the order of evaluation for always blocks is the same order as for Verilog XL This switch may be useful for obtaining the same simulation results as Verilog XL This option must be parsed before any modules are parsed This option automatically enters define xl_order 1 An example would be the order
162. erilog simulators Passing numerical values between behavioral modules is particularly useful when modeling analog behavior for circuits such as analog to digital converters phase lock loops charge pumps etc For an example of an analog to digital converter see file analog v in the examples subdirectory of the installation directory Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 20 Simucad Proprietary 4 4 2 Utility Transcendental Functions Analog To simplify the implementation of analog models Silos supports a full range of transcendental math functions The following functions accept a single floating point argument x and return a floating point value except for pow which has two floating point arguments x and y Function Name sin x cos x tan x asin x acos x atan x sinh x cosh x tanh x sqrt x exp x log10 x log x pow x y Silos User s Manual Description sine cosine tangent inverse sine inverse cosine inverse tangent hyperbolic sine hyperbolic cosine hyperbolic tangent square root exponential common logarithm natural logarithm power xy 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 21 Simucad Proprietary Analog 4 4 3 Examples for Transcendental Math Functions The transcendental functions are used in the same way as any other Verilog function The module below illustrates a simple use of displaying values for the math functions module math03 initial be
163. es e 6 14 Simucad Proprietary TTL BCT TTL BCT Parts List The following are from Preliminary Data sheets There is a total of 10 parts in 74BCT series which are not released products in the TI 1989 data book Name Description 74BCT544 Octal registered transceivers 7T4BCT756 Octal buffers line drivers 74BCT8244 SCAN Test with Octal Buffer 74BCT8245 SCAN Test amp Octal Xscievers 74BCT29821 10bit Bus Interface FF 74BCT29822 10bit Bus Interface FF 74BCT29823 Obit Bus Interface FF 74BCT29824 Obit Bus Interface FF 74BCT29841 10bit Bus D Latches 74BCT29842 10bit Bus D Latches Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 15 Simucad Proprietary 7 Appendix B Command Line Arguments 7 1 Batch Execution Overview Silos can be run on the host computer as e an interactive session for debugging a design e a batch session for running regression tests Running Silos as a batch execution may be useful for e Running regression tests This section explains how to run Silos as a batch execution in the Windows 2000 Windows 98 operating system Windows NT operating system or the Unix operating system Examples are provided for common tasks such as using Silos commands from a file to input and simulate the netlist and report simulation results Before reading the sections on running as a batch execution you may want to review the section on Commands Overview on page 5 1 to gain a better understanding of how to
164. es the select drawing capability for the FSM window The Select Mode lets you use the left mouse button to select a drawing symbol in the FSM window and to select the box at the top of page one to enter the clock name for the state machine To individually select more than one object hold down the Ctrl key on the keyboard as you select objects with the left mouse button To select portions of the window you can hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse cursor across the portion of the window that you want to select Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 28 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Menu 3 7 6 State Mode Menu Selection The State Machine State Mode menu selection chooses the State drawing tool for the FSM window The State Mode places an oval state symbol when you click with the left mouse button in the FSM window 3 7 7 Expression Mode Menu Selection The State Machine Expression Mode menu selection activates the Expression drawing tool for the FSM window The Expression tool creates a text box for entering a Verilog HDL expression such as A amp amp B If an expression box is dragged over the top of a transition line it is automatically attached to the transition 3 7 8 Note Mode Menu Selection The State Machine Note Mode menu selection lets you enter notes in the background portions for the FSM window The notes are written as comments to the Verilog HDL source description when
165. eseeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeneeeeeeens 3 29 3 8 Reports MENU nuoreen iiini n ce tni a E E ENEE NE AAR EENEN a 3 30 3 8 1 Activity Menu Selection ccceeccesccesecssecssecseeeseeeseesseeeeeeeeeeseeneeseeeeeeeeeensees 3 30 3 8 2 Errors Menu Selection ccccccescceseesseeseceseeeseceecaeecseeeeeeseeseeeeeseneeeeeeneenaees 3 31 3 8 3 Fault Menu Selection ccccecccesccesesesecseecseeeseeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneeneeenaees 3 31 3 8 4 Iteration Menu Selection cceccesccesecsseeseeeseeeseeseeeeeceeeceeeeseeeaeesseeeeeeeenaees 3 31 3 8 5 Nonconvergence Menu Selection cccesccesecssecsseeseeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeseesseenteenaees 3 32 3 8 6 Size Menu Selection cecesccesccesecesecseeceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeenaees 3 36 3 9 Explorer Menu BEE E EE Se eerie tess E E 3 37 3 9 1 Open Explorer Menu Selection ccccecccsccesseeseeeceeeseeseeseeeeeeeesesereneeeeeeenaees 3 37 3 9 2 Go to Module Source Menu Selection ccceccsseesseecseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeenaees 3 38 3 10 Debtig Menu snsc erinit iie eE R E E Sei i it 3 39 3 10 1 Enable Single Step Breakpoints Menu Selection ccceeeeseeseeeeenetereeee 3 39 3 10 2 Go Menu Selection deni sireseie tetioneirrsst sise tosar trr AEREE Sooo t r Ari RRIT TO Eae o raS 3 39 3 10 3 Break Simulation Menu Selection ssssesseesesseseeseeserseseeeessrsresseserseeseesese 3 40 3 10 4 Finish Current Timepoint Menu Selection ccccccecsseese
166. evice strg keyword is specified for an individual gate device the program defaults to a CMOS strength type DEFAULT sets the strength for all devices that do not have the strength explicitly specified The default is CMOS strength type strg represents any combination of D R or Z The first character indicates the strength of the Low level The second character indicates the strength of the Unknown level The third character indicates the strength of the High level D represents Strong strength R represents Pull strength and Z represents High Z strength Alternatively the characters N P or C can be used by themselves to indicate NMOS type DRR PMOS type RRD or CMOS type DRD defaults continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 46 Simucad Proprietary STRENGTH Strength Specification For Gates Application Notes 1 The device keyword can be any of the combinatorial gate devices 2 Supply strength cannot be defined Examples Istrength nor n nand n not c Istrength default ddd Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 47 Simucad Proprietary 5 29 Symbol Modification For Output SYMBOL The SYMBOL command allows you to use a unique symbol for each possible logic state To modify the output state symbols use SYMBOL sc char sc char sc char SYMBOL specifies that the state code symb
167. example see Analog Behavioral Modeling AHDL on page 2 100 e CODE COVERAGE SPJ Project file for demonstrating code coverage for the Line report and Operator report for Verilog HDL behavioral code To run this example see Code Coverage on page 2 55 e CODE COVERAGE2 SPJ Project file for merging code coverage results from two different simulations using the same behavioral model and different testbenches To run this example see Code Coverage on page 2 55 e FLTSIM SPJ Project file for circuit that demonstrates the features for fault simulation To run this example see Tutorial Fault Simulation Examples Overview in the on line help for the HyperFault User s Manual e GATE SPJ Project file for circuit that demonstrates traceback at the gate level Traceback is useful for finding problems after synthesis To run this example see Gate level Debugging on page 2 81 e RTL_ SPJ Project file for circuit that demonstrates features for debugging an RTL design To run this example see RTL Behavioral Debugging on page 2 5 e RTL_ERR SPJ Project file for circuit that shows how to automatically open the source file for displaying a syntax error To run this example see Error reporting on page 2 97 e VENDING SPJ Project file for circuit that demonstrates features for a finite state machine To run this example see Finite State Machine FSM Entry on page 2 66 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e
168. file and its relative position in the design s hierarchy would be module testbench initial sdf_annotate filename sdf testbench name1 endmodule When Silos reads file filename sdf to update the design the path testbench name1 is concatenated with path name2 name4 to form path testbench name1 name2 name4 Signals INO and OUT are then updated as specified in the above example Diagram of the Design Hierarchy for the SDF Example Top level of design mod name2 ports module testbench design namel ports mod2 name3 ports mod2 name4 INO OUT mod nameS5 ports SDF file is updating this instance Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 5 Simucad Proprietary Stimulustable 4 3 Expected Values and Stimulustable The IEEE Verilog specification does not describe any syntax for tabular representation of input data nor expected value information The stimulustable statement is a Silos enhancement which provides tabular format for input data The stimulustable statement also can combine expected value information with the tabular format for input data 4 3 1 BNF stimulustable lt id gt table lt delay expression gt lt probe gt lt lt probe gt gt lt delay constant gt lt data gt lt delay constant gt lt data gt endtable endstimulustable probe lt data format gt lt variable gt lt variable lt strobe g
169. fter simulation is complete minimize the Output window and close the vending testbench v window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 76 Simucad Proprietary FSM Debugging Animating the FSM states and viewing the state changes in the Data Analyzer e To view the animation for the finite state machine click on the Open Analyzer button on the Main Toolbar to open the Data Analyzer for viewing waveforms Next open the single instance named stimulus for the vending finite state machine by clicking on the Open Instance button on the FSM Toolbar Notice that the active state is colored green instead of black in the finite state machine window stimulus Please note that only an instance of a finite state machine can be used to view the animation The window that the finite state machine was created in is not an instance of the finite state machine and will not work with the animation Use the Window Tile menu to tile the Data Analyzer and FSM windows e To display which state is active at a time point in the Data Analyzer hold down the left mouse button to place a T1 timing marker in the waveform window With the left mouse button held down drag the T1 timing marker to the right in the waveform window Notice that the highlighting for the states in the Finite State Machine window changes as each state becomes active continued on next page Silos User s Manual 20
170. fter simulation starts the memory usage remains constant Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 36 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Menu 3 9 Explorer Menu The Explorer menu provides the following menu selections e Open Explorer menu selection e Goto Module Source menu selection 3 9 1 Open Explorer Menu Selection The Explorer Open Explorer menu selection opens a hierarchical Explorer Window The Explorer displays the name of every module instance and variable in the design in a tree structure similar to the directory structure for the Windows Explorer The shift and control keys can be used to select variable names in a similar manner to the Windows Explorer Names can then be dragged and dropped to the other windows such as the Data Analyzer Window and the Watch Window The Explorer Window also has context menus that can be accessed by using the right mouse button see Explorer Window on page 3 58 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 37 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Menu Open Explorer Menu Selection The hierarchical Explorer Window is divided into two vertical windows with the hierarchy of module instances and gates listed in the left window and the variable names listed in the right window To traverse the hierarchy of the design in the left window click on the plus sign to the left of the instance or double click on module instances As each module instance or gate is selected in the left window the names
171. gies the user can employ for limiting the size of the simulation history save file e Saving all of the simulation results for a specified time duration during simulation such as 4 000 nanoseconds The user would use this strategy to view the simulation results near the end of the simulation e Saving selected wires and selected module instances of the design s hierarchy for the entire simulation The user would choose this strategy to view the simulation results from time 0 to the end of the simulation 2 6 1 Saving Across a Time Interval for a Constant Save File Size A recirculating save file similar in concept to a FIFO can be used to keep the save file size constant while storing the simulation history for every variable across an interval of time When the current simulation information is written to the save file the earliest information in the save file is discarded keeping the size of the save file constant To specify the time interval for the recirculating save file select the Project Project Settings menu selection to open the Project Settings dialog box The Recirculate Start Time box at the bottom of the Project Settings dialog box can be used to specify the time interval continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 90 Simucad Proprietary Project Settings a ETE m eS f xl F a d E E m pC Cts Ss The time interval for saving the recirculating save fi
172. gin real pi pi 3 14159 display sin 0 0 0 sin 0 0 display sin 0 5 pi 0 01 0 99995 sin 0 5 pi 0 01 display cos 0 00234 0 999997 cos 0 00234 end endmodule The next example shows how to generate a sine wave using the sin function title example for generating a sine wave The example below generates a sine wave y based on the value of x module sine_wave real x y initial begin x 0 1000 finish end always begin 1 x x 0 1 y sin x Built in Silos sin function end endmodule Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 22 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions 4 5 silos and sse keywords Silos has a reserved keyword silos that is always true The silos keyword allows the user to enclose Silos specific code or commands within a ifdef else endif compiler directive so that it will be available for Silos but not other Verilog simulators e g ifdef silos initial stopsave initial 1000000 resetstartsave endif When running Silos the reserved keyword sse is always true so that the user can enclose code or commands that is specific to the GUI within a ifdef else endif compiler directive 4 6 Extensions to Turn off Reset and Turn on Saving When running a simulation that creates a large save file the stopsave system task can be used to turn off saving to
173. gn symbol will be placed to the left of the line next to the line number e Next continue to click on the Step button on the Toolbar until you leave file vendtest v e Then click on the Go button on the Toolbar to finish the timepoint Click on the Go button a second time and the logic simulation will stop on the breakpoint e Now you can continue to single step in module vendtest v Toggle Breakpoint button Put the cursor on this line and click on the Toggle Breakpoint button to set the red breakpoint stop sign symbol XN Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Cdgde Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Optiohs Window Help Skj e98 e alre ccfss Command El Default clock S0 reset 1 b1 Stl scope stimulus radis hex time 0 040us Name Value Modified stimulus clock 0 stimulus clock 1 stimulus vendY reset 1 b1 1 stimulus vendY PRES_STATE 0 fis put or the present t assign newspaper NEXT_ ffclock the state flipflc fuse synchronous reset vr Z TOL For Help press F1 T107lius T20 780us Tdelta 0 069us gt Time 0 040us INUM 4 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 54 Simucad Proprietary Code Coverage 2 3 Code Coverage The Code Coverage plug in feature for Silos offers the following benefits Code coverage reports behavioral lines that d
174. he process of installing Silos For the installation directory you can use any valid name without embedded spaces The installation will attempt to create the directory if it does not already exist continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 8 Simucad Proprietary Solaris 1 2 3 3 Silos Security File After the installation from the install script is complete you may need to do the following Change directories to the installation directory for Silos Use the security information provided by Simucad to create file silos lic in the installation directory If the security information does have SERVER lines then this is a floating license To test to see if FLEXIm is running enter bin Imstat at the Unix prompt from the Silos installation directory If FLEXIm is not running then you will need to run file bin startflexlm in the installation directory for Silos as a root user If you try to start FLEXIm and it is not running when you enter bin Imstat then review the bin flexlm log file to see if there are any problems If security information is not provided by Simucad then you may have to contact Simucad and provide your hostid and machine name to have a new file created for you 1 2 3 4 Hostid and Hostname for Unix To find out your host id in hex on the Solaris or Linux computer enter the following command at the Unix prompt hostid To find out your ho
175. hex value when displayed in the Data Analyzer is 001b then the symbol table entry must be also notice there are no blank spaces on either side of the equal sign 001b jump To view an example of the format for a symbol file use the File Open menu to open file rtl sym in the examples directory continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 22 Simucad Proprietary Project Settings WA a n r cd a n r C sse Examples rtl sym Enable log file File rtl sym contains symbolic names Browse button provides a log file for the state values for vectors Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 23 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Values e Click on the Ok button to close the Project Settings dialog box Click on the Yes button in the message box asking to reload the project e To open the context menu in the Name list box click with the right mouse button over top of signal coin 1 0 in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer Window Then select the Set Radix selection to open the Set Radix dialog box e In the Set Radix dialog box click on the drop down arrow for Radix and select Symbol Table For the Symbol Table box in the Set Radix dialog box click on the drop down arrow and select coin values and then click on the Ok button Silos c silos examples rtl_spj Data Analyz
176. hose variables will be reported by the PRINT or probe commands Example SCOPE main cpu cache Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 40 Simucad Proprietary SIMULATE 5 25 Logic Simulation Specification Logic simulation can be performed by entering the SIMULATE command To initiate the logic simulation enter SIMULATE tl TO t2 SIMULATE performs time response logic simulation that can use both finite and zero delay specifications Preprocessing PREPROC and logic initialization will be automatically performed if they have not been previously tl TO t2 represent the values of the first and last simulation time points see note 1 below The keyword TO is optional Application Notes 1 When specifying the simulation time point range the following items apply specifying neither t1 nor t2 or setting t2 to an arbitrary large number will cause Silos to simulate until stop or finish is encountered in the netlist You can stop the simulation by clicking on the STOP button or pushing the Escape key Esc on the keyboard for the PC and Ctrl C on Unix specifying a single time point indicates that simulation will be incrementally continued for that amount of time At time 0 this will start the simulation from time 0 for the specified amount of time Specifying tl and t2 with tl 0 runs the simulation from time 0 to time t2 Specifying tl and t2 with tl greater than zero
177. ibrary and then input files exam1 v and exam1 tst Then Silos will automatically simulate the circuit report any errors and exit when there are no further commands to be executed from the command line or from a file the sim error and exit commands do not have to be specified The above examples could also have used the f command line option to specify the file that has the command line options For example silos exe f design vc File design vc would then contain the following commands and file names for the above example v exam1 udp v exam lib y library libext_ v exam1 v examl tst plusargs is one or more arguments for the testplusargs system task in Verilog HDL continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 10 Simucad Proprietary Windows Batch Windows Batch Execution filename filename is the name of one or more input files for Silos The files can contain Verilog HDL at the behavioral gate and switch levels The files can also contain Silos commands Any Silos commands in the files will be executed as they are encountered command command is one or more optional Silos commands For information on how to use Silos commands in a file which may be simpler than from the command line see Commands in Files on page 7 2 The is required for all Silos commands that are on the comman
178. id not execute and operators not fully exercised Code Coverage plug in is simple to use flip a switch simulate and look for purple dots No preprocessing of files is required and the results are directly annotated into the source files Exporting of coverage results Sorting by execution count file name module name line number for the tabular presentation of coverage Double clicking on an entry in the line coverage report or the operator coverage report directly opens the corresponding source code Annotation of coverage results directly onto the source windows Independent reporting of operands Merging of coverage data from independent simulation runs Ability to turn off coverage for specific lines and blocks of behavioral source code Automatic elimination of spurious time 0 initialization from coverage results Selecting module instances to be covered is graphical with the Explorer Plug in 2 3 1 Generating Line Coverage Reports The skills presented in this topic are Setting up the Code Coverage plug in Displaying a report for lines that are not executed Revealing possible inefficiencies in the behavioral model Sorting by execution count file name module name line number for the tabular presentation of coverage Exporting of coverage results continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 55 Simucad Proprietary Line Code Coverage Procedure Start Silos if it is not alrea
179. ided as four libraries e SN7A4LS series without timing subdirectory library sn74ls e SN7A4LS series with timing subdirectory library sn74lst e SN74BCT series without timing subdirectory library sn74bct e SN74BCT series with timing subdirectory library sn74bctt Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix A Libraries e 6 1 Simucad Proprietary LIBRARY 6 2 Library Command Silos will search library files when module definitions are not found for the module instances in the design The LIBRARY command can be used to specify library file names and file name extensions for library files To specify the library file names enter LIBRARY filename ext LIBRARY defines disk file names for external libraries filename represents the name of one or more additional library disk files ext represents the file name extension When searching a directory for library files Silos searches for a file whose root name is the same as the module name on the module instance and whose extension matches the extension specified for the library search Application Notes 1 Library files can contain module definitions and module instances Commands are not allowed in library files 2 LIBRARY files are useful for e amethod of inputting library parts with specific timing e reducing memory by not loading unreferenced netlist data e encrypting data see Encrypting Library Files on page 5 15
180. ify blocks for delays from the module input to the module output will always be used as the pin to pin delay for the module input to output For examples of path delays see Chapter 13 on specify blocks in the Verilog LRM on line help file e delay_mode_unit command line argument sets all gate and specify block delays to one e delay_mode_zero command line argument sets all gate and specify block delays to zero e incdir directory1 directory2 If Silos can not find a file name that is specified on the user s include in the current directory then Silos will search the directories specified by the incdir command line option for the file continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 5 Simucad Proprietary Command line Options e ignore sdf interconnect delay specifies that SDF INTERCONNECT delays will not be used This can be useful for reducing the runtime and memory usage for fault simulation e ignore sdf port delay specifies that SDF PORT delays will not be used This can be useful for reducing the runtime and memory usage for fault simulation e libcodecoverage This option enables code coverage for libraries e linecov This option enables code coverage for line reporting e mindelays This option selects the minimum delay specification for delays min typ max e typdelays This option selects the typical delay specification for delays min typ max Default
181. ilos program to stop execution and exit normally Example EXI Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 25 Simucad Proprietary FILE 5 14 File Name Specification The FILE command enables you to redefine the default file names used for the SAVE STORE and BATCHFILE commands The format for the FILE command is FILE SAV filename STO filename BAT filename MODE APPEND MODE OVERWRITE FILE redefines the file name defaults SAV changes the file name prefix save to a user specified name for all of the save files including the save dictionary file STO changes the file name for subsequent STORE and NSTORE commands BAT changes the default BATCHFILE command file name MODE specifies whether a report STOREd will either append to the existing STO file or DISK command file or overwrite the STO file Default MODE OVERWRITE filename represents the redefined name of the file A file name can be unlimited in length However the name must conform to the syntax of your operating system Application Notes 1 The FILE SAV command must be entered before using a FSIM command Do not specify a file name extension the program will automatically provide the correct extensions Default filename SA VE 2 The FILE STO command is equivalent to the DISK command Default filename STORE OUT or STORE OUTPUT 3 A file name specified on a subsequent BATCHFILE command will override the FI
182. imucad Proprietary Nonconvergence 3 8 5 Nonconvergence Menu Selection The Reports Nonconvergence menu selection generates a report of any nonconverged nodes and their oscillating states for the time point that nonconvergence occurred The Nonconvergence menu selection can only be used to debug nonconvergence in gate level designs For behavioral level designs the Nonconvergence menu selection will produce a report that states there is no data to report To debug nonconvergence for behavioral designs see Nonconvergence Hanging for Behavioral Designs on page 3 34 3 8 5 1 Nonconvergence For Gate Designs The Reports Nonconvergence menu selection reports the following information e names of the unresolved devices and nodes e the type of device and node as either a type data keyword NODE for a wired connection with at least one bi directional device or BUS for a wired connection between two or more unidirectional enabled gates e the node state values for the nonconvergence time point State values reported are preceded by a to indicate possible previous states Nonconvergence only occurs when gate delays are zero Zero delays can cause the circuit to oscillate at a single timepoint As the circuit oscillates the simulator must iterate over the circuit trying to resolve the circuit to a single set of values When the iteration limit is exceeded the circuit nonconverges A simple example of a
183. imulate designs at the behavioral gate and switch levels that are modeled with the Verilog Hardware Description Language HDL Silos can also back annotate delays specified using the Standard Delay Format SDF During logic simulation Silos saves every changed event for every variable in a very compact binary save file The save file allows the Silos to display waveforms for any signal and to traceback on any gate The save file is random access so results are quickly displayed no matter how large the simulation A tutorial example is provided for demonstrating the debugging features see Overview for Debugging FPGA and ASIC Design on page 2 1 The debugging capabilities include e Single stepping through source code and setting breakpoints assists with the quick discovery of design flaws e Drag and drop from the hierarchical Explorer to the Data Analyzer and Watch windows provides easy access to the simulation results e Unlimited traceback for gate designs quickly isolates the cause of Unknown levels e A graphical Finite State Machine entry source code generation documentation and debugging tool e Code Coverage reporting for Line reports and Operator reports display a purple dot beside any line or operator that was not executed by the testbench Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 1 Simucad Proprietary Installation 1 2 Installation 1 2 1 How to Install Silos for Microsoft Windows 1 2 1 1 Min
184. imum System Requirements for the PC 1 P5 or P6 Personal Computer 2 Microsoft Windows 98 Windows 2000 or Windows NT version 4 0 or higher 3 Atleast 16 MB available memory recommended 4 The Silos installation requires less than 40 Mb of disk space The amount of disk needed during simulation will vary based on the size of the circuit and its activity 1 2 1 2 Materials Required 1 Silos CD ROM 2 Silos security block with serial number The security block is for the parallel port 3 Silos license file 1 2 1 3 Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation To install Silos do the following steps 1 Insert the Silos CD ROM into the CD ROM drive 2 Using the Windows Explorer double click on file SETUP EXE on the CD ROM 3 Answer the questions when prompted by the Silos installation program For the installation directory you can use any valid name The installation will attempt to create the directory if it does not already exist continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 2 Simucad Proprietary Installation Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation 4 To install the new security code that you obtained from Simucad e During installation of Silos from the CD ROM the installation will ask you if you would like the installation script to set the SIMUCAD_LICENSE FILE environmental variable path to the silos lic file in the installation directory
185. ing white For example click on the Data Analyzer window so it has the focus Now click on the FSM Scan button on the FSM toolbar and scan from state to state in the FSM window as the T1 timing marker is advanced in the Data Analyzer Window Normally the FSM Scan button will scan to the timepoint where a selected state becomes active However if you hold down the shift key when you click on the FSM Scan button the FSM Scan button will scan to the timepoint where none of the states that are selected are active For example if you selected states S0 and S5 when you hold down the shift key and click on the FSM scan button the scanning will stop at state S10 e To see more waveforms in the Data Analyzer window you can minimize the Finite State Machine window and select the Window Tile menu to tile the windows displayed by Silos Notice the minimized icon for the Finite State Machine window displays the active state name as you scan from state to state using the FSM Scan button This concludes the tutorial example for the finite state machine continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 79 Simucad Proprietary FSM Debugging The minimized Finite State Machine window shows the active state as you scan in the Data Analyzer f Silos c silos examples vending spj OF x File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help
186. ion on this input caused the output to change e Signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE _reg 0 qq is driven by a three input nand gate however only signal stimulus vendY PRES_ STATE _reg 0 qqbar changes from Unknown to Low so double click on signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE _reg 0 qqbar to continue tracing back continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 86 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging Three input nand gate Silos c silos examples gate spj Trace Signal Inputs stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 qqbar Six nand stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 n6 out stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 qq in stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 cir in stimulus vendY APRES_STATE_reg 0 qq 2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Double click on the o3 input to the nand gate because the High to Low transition on this input caused the output to change e Signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE_reg 0 qqbar is driven by another three input nand gate The qq signal and the qqbar signal form a latch of back to back nand gates so further back tracing the qq input is pointless Instead double click on signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE reg 0 03 to continue the traceback because this signal changes to Low at time 0 020us causing the output qqbar to change continued on next page Silos User
187. it Silos by selecting the File Exit menu selection This concludes the Tutorial for Silos Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 103 Simucad Proprietary 3 Menus 3 1 Menus Overview 3 1 1 Pull Down Menu Bar Silos provides the following top level pull down menus e File menu e Edit menu e View menu e Project menu e Code Coverage menu e State Machine menu e Explorer menu e Reports menu e Debug menu e Options menu e Window menu e Help menu The top level pull down menus for Silos change depending on which window has the focus the window that is in focus has its title bar highlighted For example when the Data Analyzer Window has the focus the available top level pull down menus are different from the Silos Window Many of the menu selections can be accessed by clicking on buttons on the Toolbar To see a label for each button on the Toolbar place the mouse cursor over the button for a few seconds and an explanatory text message will appear 3 1 2 Context Menus Many of the windows in Silos have a context menus that can be accessed by putting the mouse cursor in the window and then clicking on the right mouse button for more information see Context Menus on page 3 57 For example if you put the mouse cursor in the left hand side of the Explorer Window and click on the right mouse button you will see the context menu for the Explorer continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Men
188. ith the same or different timescale After opening the Add Bookmark dialog box you will see the default bookmarks i e Bookmark1 Bookmark2 etc You can specify any string of characters for the bookmark name and then click on OK to set the bookmark The bookmarks you have set are listed at the bottom of the context menu To go to a bookmarker select it with the left mouse button To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the time point display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Add Bookmark menu item 3 14 3 1 6 Delete Bookmark menu selection The Analyzer Timepoint Delete Bookmark menu selection enables you to delete a bookmarker After opening the Delete Bookmark dialog box you will see the bookmarkers i e Bookmark1 Bookmark2 listed in the Bookmarks list box You can delete a bookmark by selecting it with the mouse can clicking on the Delete button Click on the OK button to close the dialog box To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the time point display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Delete Bookmark menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 69 Simucad Proprietary Trace Signal Inputs 3 14 3 2 D
189. ks and functions with ports declared like a module ce ee eeeeeeeeeees 4 25 4 7 6 Procedural assignment tO Wires cccesseesseesceesceeeceeeceeceseceseesaeeaeeseeeaeeenes 4 26 4 7 7 Continuous assignments to register and memory variables ccecee 4 26 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Contents e iv Simucad Proprietary 4 7 8 Continuous assignments using intra assignment non blocking delays 4 26 4 7 9 Default state value fot UDP eiciia eii a 4 27 4 7 10 UDP additional states for High Z on inputs or output s ssssseseesssseeeseeeee 4 27 4 7 11 UDP edge for P A ee aa e aaa aE R ERER 4 28 4 7 12 UDP Multiple Edges in a ROW s sssesssesesssessesersesseeesssrsressesersesseesessreeessesees 4 28 4 7 13 Non Constant Specify Block Delays eccecccesceeseeeseceseeeeeeseeeseeeneeneeeaes 4 28 4 7 14 Parameter for Specify Block Delays 0 ceccceceesseesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeceseeneenseenaes 4 28 4 7 15 Stimulustable Extension 00 0 ceecesescesecseeeecsecseeecseeseceaseeceaecaeesesaeeeeenees 4 29 4 7 16 input output inout declarations after the variable s declaration 4 29 4 7 17 Using registers as module inputs ccecceesceesceesceesceeeceseeeeceseceeeeeenseenaes 4 29 4 7 18 Duplicate variable definitions 2 0 0 0 cceecceeeeseeeeceeeceseceseceseceseeeeeeeeaeeenes 4 30 4 7 19 Parameter used for sizing numbers cccceesseesceeseeeseeeeeeseeeseenseceeeseeene
190. l representation for the selected line of source code Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 77 Simucad Proprietary Output Window Context Menus 3 14 5 Output Window Context menus 3 14 5 1 Copy menu selection The Output Window Copy menu selection copies text from a document onto the Clipboard leaving the original intact and replacing the previous Clipboard contents 3 14 5 2 Select All menu selection The Output Window Select All menu selection selects all the text in a document at once You can copy the selected text onto the Clipboard delete it or perform other editing actions Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 78 Simucad Proprietary PLI 4 Verilog HDL Extensions 4 1 Silos PLI Interface Silos dynamically interfaces the user written or vendor supplied Programming Language Interface PLI routines with the Silos executable at runtime Interfacing the PLI routines at run time has the following advantages The user does not have to create a new Silos executable or have a different executable for each set of vendor supplied PLI routines Dynamically linking the PLI routines at runtime is faster than having to recompile and create a new executable each time Upgrading to new versions of Silos is simple because there is no need to recompile and create a new executable 4 1 1 Silos PLI Interface on the PC The PLI can be used with Silos on Windows NT version 4 0 and greater and on Windows 2000 and
191. lation Node States The EXCLUDE command specifies nets whose state values will not be saved during simulation To exclude registers see Exclude Saving Module Instance Variable Values on page 5 28 The format for the EXCLUDE command is EXCLUDE name name name EXCLUDE specifies nets whose state values will not be saved during simulation name represents the name of a net whose state changes will not be saved during simulation Application Notes 1 The KEEP command can be used to specify nets whose simulation states are to be saved The MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands will keep and exclude all variables including registers and memory variables within a module or macro instance 2 The effects to the KEEP and EXCLUDE commands are cumulative When an identical net name is specified in more than one KEEP or EXCLUDE command the last KEEP or EXCLUDE command will determine if the simulation states for that net are saved 3 The KEEP EXCLUDE MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands can be used with the CONTROL SAVSIM 1 command option to save simulation state values Examples CONTROL SAVSIM 1 EXCLUDE REG15 QBAR A15 exclude m1 bitO m1 bit1 m1 bit4 m1 bitS m1 bit6 m1 bit7 driver iobuf pin34 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 24 Simucad Proprietary EXIT 5 13 Exiting The Program The EXIT command is used for normal exit of Silos To exit the program enter EXIT EXIT commands the S
192. lation from any timepoint by using the save and restore feature see Save Project State Menu Selection on page 3 15 and Restore Project State Menu Selection on page 3 15 Using this feature eliminates the time required to re input and re simulate the design A debugging strategy may be to simulate to a timepoint and then use the Project Save Project State menu to save the state of the simulation You can then set variables to a value and continue simulation To restart the simulation exit Silos then restart Silos and select the Project Restore Project State menu to return the simulation to the timepoint the simulation was saved at To restart the simulation from time 0 you do not need to exit Silos Instead click on the Load Reload Input Files button on the Main Toolbar This will re input the design and simulate to time 0 Loss of Simulation Data To prevent the loss of the simulation results due to unexpected interruptions you can save the state of Silos after logic simulation When simulation has completed save the simulation results by selecting the Project Save Project State menu Then open the Data Analyzer review your simulation results and debug your design If you need to re enter Silos you can select the Project Restore Project State menu open the Data Analyzer and view the waveforms without re simulating 3 10 3 Break Simulation Menu Selection The Debug Break Simulation menu selection wi
193. le header then the delay values are relative to the time the stimulus table is started very much like delay values in a fork join statement For example 10 time 10 table in1 in2 out strobe 1 2 00 00 ff time 11 2 16 Oe Oa f time 11 6 2 1 ff ff 00 time 12 1 To have each delay value represent absolute time start the stimulustable at time 0 For example initial begin stimulustable s1 table in1 in2 out strobe 1 2 00 00 ff time 1 2 16 Oe Oa _ f6 time 1 6 2 1 ff ff 00 time 2 1 Note that mixing of both delay styles in the same stimulus is not allowed Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 10 Simucad Proprietary Memory 4 3 5 Memory Utilization Data specified in tables is not stored in RAM so as to reduce memory used when there is a large pattern 4 3 6 Strobe Expected value information is conditioned by a strobe When the strobe is high the variable must agree with the data in the column as follows 1 lt gt 1 0 lt gt 0 x lt gt don t care z lt gt High impedance strength 0 1 or x The expected value check is engaged when the stimulustable statement begins execution and persists through one strobe cycle following the conclusion of the stimulustable statement During engagement of the expected value check a high positive strobe is required to check that the variable agrees with the expected value data To prevent possible race conditio
194. le instance and every module instance below it The format for the cemkeep command is ccemkeep mname mname mname cemkeep specifies module instances that will be enabled for code coverage and any module instance that is hierarchically below the enabled module instance mname represents the name of a module instance in Verilog HDL syntax The instance names on these commands must proceed from the top of the design downward Application Notes 1 The ccmexclude command can be used to specify module instances for which code coverage results are disabled 2 The effects to the ccmkeep and ccmexclude commands are cumulative 3 The equivalent of the ccmkeep command can be specified from the GUI using the Silos Explorer To do this select a module instance right mouse click and select to the Properties menu selection In the Module Properties dialog box check or uncheck Save code coverage data for this entry Note this information is written into the cfv file to permit batch use at a later time Example To specify the ccmkeep command from a file enter Iccmkeep m1 alu m1 cpu Isim To specify the ccmkeep command from the command line enter Iccmkeep m1 alu m1 cpu sim Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 14 Simucad Proprietary CHGLIB 5 7 Encrypting Library Files The CHGLIB command can be used to encrypt and secure library files CHGLIB ENCRYPT SECURE feature NODEMOLIMIT
195. les is set to 4000ns Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 91 Simucad Proprietary Graphical Saving 2 6 2 Saving Selected Wires and Instances Saving selected module instances and or excluding selected module instances can be graphically specified by using the Silos Explorer To graphically save or exclude module instances open the context menu in the left side of the Silos Explorer by clicking with the right mouse button on the module instance name Next select the Properties menu to open the Module Properties dialog box When the Save simulation data for this entry in the Module Properties dialog box is enabled Silos will save the simulation history for every variable in that module and for all modules below it When the Save simulation data for this entry in the Module Properties dialog box is disabled Silos will not save the simulation history for any variable local to that module nor for the modules instances below it Port variables are still saved if the module instances above it are enabled e Silos c silos examples rtl_ spj aE miy Hie Fie vew Piviect Code Coversne A S E 23 al General All Modules Instance stimulus vend stimulus stimulus Type vend vendr vend greseeeseeseseecesesesessososceseseseesesoscesesesereeeesseseseeseseeesseseseeey Saxe code coverage data for this entry Note Cod amp Coverage option disabled See menu erty Co
196. line whenever you hold the mouse cursor over it To begin redrawing the transition place the mouse cursor anywhere on the transition line and hold down the left mouse button and the small circle will appear Next move the mouse cursor tangential to the transition line and then continue in the direction that you want to draw the transition Release the left mouse button when you have completed drawing the transition Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 29 Simucad Proprietary Reports Menu 3 8 Reports Menu The Reports menu provides the following menu selections Activity menu selection Errors menu selection Iteration menu selection Nonconvergence menu selections Sizes menu selection 3 8 1 Activity Menu Selection The Reports Activity menu selection can be used to pre grade the test vectors for fault simulation by reporting nodes that have no activity level transitions during a logic simulation The logic simulation is much faster to run than fault simulation An ACTIVITY report can be very useful for developing input test patterns to detect circuit faults for fault simulation The number of level transitions at a node indicates an input test pattern s effectiveness Faults at nodes which make no level transitions can not be detected The Activity menu selection can be used to generate the following report e An activity table that lists the node names of nodes that do not transition e An HDL Code Coverage table
197. ll stop the Silos program from simulating logic simulation The Escape key Esc on the keyboard or the STOP button on the Toolbar performs the same function Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 40 Simucad Proprietary Debug Menu 3 10 4 Finish Current Timepoint Menu Selection The Debug Finish Current Timepoint menu selection is used to continue the simulation until the end of the current timepoint This is useful to complete the time step during single stepping so that the Data Analyzer waveforms are updated 3 10 5 Restart Simulation Menu Selection The Debug Restart Simulation menu selection restarts the Silos program from time zero This is useful if you have reviewed the simulation results and want to rerun the simulation to set breakpoints or to force signals to a value 3 10 6 Step Menu Selection The Debug Step menu selection single steps through the HDL source code for the project As Silos single steps it places a yellow arrow to the left of the line Single stepping can be very useful when combined with breakpoints and the Watch Window for debugging behavioral code As you step through the HDL source code you can highlight variables and expressions and drag and drop them into the Data Analyzer Window and the Watch Window The Toolbar also has a Step button continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 41 Simucad Proprietary Debug Menu 3 10 7 Breakpoints
198. lldefine saving variables 5 18 CHGLIB command syntax definition 5 15 Clear Signal List menu 3 75 click on explanation 2 4 Close button definition 3 2 Close menu 3 15 code coverage enable libraries 3 18 example 2 55 excluding module instance code coverage 5 13 exporting results 5 12 line example 2 55 merge example 2 64 operator example 2 60 saving code coverage by module instance 5 14 Code Coverage 3 30 Code Coverage explanation 3 21 color signal strength 3 50 color coding Data Analyzer 3 75 colored traces Data Analyzer 3 75 colored waveforms 2 15 command line Unix 7 10 7 12 command line arguments 7 4 Command Line Arguments GUI 3 17 relative path names 3 17 command line options 7 8 commands input from file 7 2 input from the command line menu 5 1 comments respecifying comment character 5 16 common logarithm function 4 21 conditional search 2 33 context menus main menus 3 57 continuous assignment registers 4 26 Control command syntax definition 5 16 CONTROL command COM option 5 16 CUSTREPORT option 5 16 Silos User s Manual DISABLECACHE option 5 16 DISK option 5 16 DMAX option 5 16 DMIN option 5 16 EUNK option 5 16 HCHAR option 5 16 HIST option 5 16 MXDCI option 5 16 MXITR option 5 16 NONCON option 5 16 NSCHAR option 5 16 RECIRCULATE option 5 16 SAVCELL option 5 16 SAVSIM option 5 16 SYNONYM option 5 16 TPS option 5 16 convergence 3 32 Copy Image to Clipboard menu
199. lso have used the Debug Go menu to run the logic simulation Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 11 Simucad Proprietary 2 2 6 Selecting Signals for Waveforms Benefit e Any variable can be viewed as a waveform without re simulating saving time and allowing the designer to debug without interruptions This is possible because Silos s algorithms quickly and compactly save everything to disk when simulating e The design s hierarchy is displayed so that variables can be easily selected Procedure The Silos has the capability to drag and drop variable names from the Explorer Window and also from any HDL source window to the Data Analyzer Window To demonstrate this e Click on the Open Analyzer button on the Toolbar to open the Data Analyzer Window For more information on the Data Analyzer Window see Open New Data Analyzer Menu Selection on page 3 49 e Next click on the Open Explorer button on the Toolbar to open the Explorer Window Use the Window Tile menu to conveniently align the two windows You may want to minimize the Output Window first You may also want to list the variables by selecting the View List menu for Silos You can also change the sorting for the signal names by clicking with the right mouse button in the right side of the Explorer to open the context menu and then selecting Sort by Name continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 12 Simucad P
200. lusargs is one or more arguments for the testplusargs system task in Verilog HDL filename filename is the name of one or more input files for Silos The files can contain Verilog HDL at the behavioral gate and switch levels The files can also contain Silos commands Any Silos commands in the files will be executed as they are encountered continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 12 Simucad Proprietary Unix Batch command command is one or more optional Silos commands For information on how to use Silos commands in a file which may be simpler than from the command line see Commands in Files on page 7 2 The is required for all Silos commands that are on the command line however the has a special meaning on UNIX and must be escaped as There must be no whitespace between the and the Silos command Silos commands that contain an embedded space must be enclosed by quotes such as batch exam1 log In Unix there is an additional method for running Silos in the batch mode that is similar to the interactive mode To setup a batch session edit a file and enter the same Silos commands as you would have used for an interactive session Next submit the file as a batch run on your computer The following file would run Silos as a batch session on a UNIX operating system using C shell bin csh
201. lustable for the above example also uses the delay notation so that the time values are relative to the time that the stimulustable statement is started Notice also that you may need to be careful when applying the stimulus for inout bi directional pins in the circuit The inout pins bil and bi2 are defined as the left hand side of continuous assignments For this circuit the stimulustable values should be applied to the registers bil_ and pi2_ Otherwise registers bil_ and bi2_ will remain at an Unknown level and will continue to drive wires bil and bi2 to an Unknown level due to the continuous assignments Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 19 Simucad Proprietary Analog 4 4 Analog Extensions Simucad has added extensions to the Verilog Hardware Description Language HDL that allow Silos to model analog circuits at the behavioral level 4 4 1 Real and Integer Data Types Silos supports real and integer data types as defined by the IEEE P1364 Standard Verilog HDL Language Reference Manual To facilitate analog behavioral modeling Silos also supports the following unique extension to the Verilog language e Real floating point and integer variables can be passed between module ports The advantages of directly passing real and integer variables between modules are e ease of programming style e no loss of information as occurs with other V
202. mouse button With the left mouse button still held down press and release the F1 key and the on line help entry for Project New will pop up f Silos File View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Window Help Gave Project State Restore Project State Load Helcad input kiles tir Helcadand Go ena Tr 72 T eta NUM Highlight Project New and press and release the F1 key on the keyboard to see the on line help To see the memory usage for Silos e Select the Help About Silos menu selection to open the About Silos dialog box This box displays the Silos version number and the Sim Engine Mem value for the Silos logic simulation engine memory usage The first number listed for the Sim Engine Mem is the memory allocated for the Silos logic simulation engine The second number listed for the Sim Engine Mem is the total amount of memory that Silos thinks it can possibly allocate for your computer e Click on the OK button to close the dialog box Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 7 Simucad Proprietary Example Projects 2 2 3 Example Projects The examples subdirectory for the Silos installation has example projects to assist the user e ANALOG SPJ Project file for Analog to Digital converter circuit that models the analog portion at the behavioral level and the digital portion at the gate level To run this
203. mucad Proprietary Edit Menu 3 3 11 Delete menu selection When the Finite State Machine FSM window has the focus the Edit Delete menu selection will delete the selected object or objects in the FSM window 3 3 12 Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection When the Finite State Machine FSM window has the focus the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard selection will copy the current image on the screen for the Finite State Machine FSM window to the Windows Clipboard When the Data Analyzer window has the focus the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu selection copies the Data Analyzer window signal names scope values and waveforms to the Clipboard so it can be pasted into Microsoft Word Silos ee en Data Analyzer Gee ve Copy Image to Clipboard R a me SP A ge a ere Default clock Std newspaper KX reset maiis NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus vend PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus vendY 4 Copy window image to clipboard T1 IA Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Select the Edit Copy Image to Clipboard menu to copy the Data Analyzer so it can be pasted into MS Word You can use the Edit Copy menu or Ctrl C on the keyboard to copy the full path name for a signal to the clipboard Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 8 Simucad Proprietary View Menu 3 4 View Menu The View menu provides the following menu selections e Zoom menu selections Toolbar
204. n cccccceccceescessceeseeseceeceseeseenseenseesaeensecaeeeeenes 2 95 228 Error TE Porting is sek ie 052 a es SR cae ee LS 2 97 2 9 Analog Behavioral Modeling AHDL cccccessesseeesceesceeeceeceseceaeceecaeeeseeeeeeseeeneeees 2 100 2 9 1 Specifying the Analog Behavioral Modeling Project cee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 2 100 2 9 2 Running the Analog Behavioral Modeling Simulation cesses 2 101 210 EXtNE SUOS enne r ote oh Rives become sige AG i ee eee ween ee 2 103 3 Menus 3 1 3 1 Menus OA MTA A AASA RESE SO TE ET 3 1 3 1 1 Pull Down Menu Baisse e e E A E R 3 1 3 1 2 Context MEN S cessen eeta e e E ie ee e a 3 1 3 1 3 Dialog Box Conventions reiini iii e E E IEE E E 3 2 32 File Meni ses cieitiesccicsvesesccecaneevesecs sae in i a e a a tices ee e i e 3 3 EPA NT ANE EEN EA E E E E A E TA 3 3 S222 Opens MENU se 0062 a a aa E a a A a e AE aa r aea 3 3 Did Bs SAVE AE E A A NT E E A A E A Rael teh at Teal 3 3 Bd A Save AS e och coe E E a a one SE 3 4 SDD EXPOrtics sceavden arccvesseeatedescheceves E E E cheeuveatien iets heaton eke 3 4 3 2 6 Print MEM e nen sern raan eE Ea EE E N E A se E EERE 3 4 3227 PINE PTOVICW AESP EEE E A A E EET 3 5 3 2 8 Print Setup 2c ccesrnsestent acide nuit E E E E a EE S e 3 5 3 29 EX Meni Taerar i E e N AE E E 3 5 3 SSE at MEM aeih a a Se weak E E E Me E E ON N E A a t 3 6 33 1 Undo men selection meini esni iei E E E eE E 3 6 3 3 2 Cut menu selection c cccccccsscesssecsseceesce
205. n Bytes fi 000M Simulation Data File Path Recirculate Start Time Analyzer Symbol T able File rone ith sym Browse If the Data Analyzer reports No Saved Data for a waveform check the following e The Save celldefine data option in the Project Settings dialog box may need to be enabled Project Project Settings menu This will save the local variables for modules in library cells that are bounded by celldefine and endcelldefine e The Save all sim data option in the Project Settings dialog box may need to be enabled Project Project Settings menu This will save the simulation history for every variable continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 53 Simucad Proprietary Data Analyzer e The Save simulation data for this entry in the Module Properties dialog box may need to be enabled Explorer Window Tree Properties menu See Keeping Module Instance Simulation Variable Values on page 5 29 for a simpler method of saving instances in the hierarchy Silos c silos examples rtl a a o Mele Popes EY li 4 ls2 alk All Modules stimulus stimulus vendr vend For Help press F Click with right mouse button in left side of Explorer Window to open context menu Silos User s Manual mi w General Instance stimulus vend Type vend ie Code Coverage date for this entry N
206. n and holding the mouse cursor over the expression This lets the designer debug directly in a Verilog HDL source code window The Go to Source code menu selection can be used to quickly display the module definition for any instance in the hierarchy Procedure The Explorer Window can be used to open the source file for a module definition to display the value for a variable or expression To demonstrate this To open the context menu in the Explorer window select instance stimulus in the hierarchy in the left side of the Explorer window and click with the right mouse button while over the instance stimulus In the context menu that appears select Go to Source code This will open file vendtest v with the cursor just to the left of the definition for module stimulus Click on the text module stimulus so it is no longer highlighted Hold the mouse cursor over the variable clock The value scope radix and simulation time for variable clock will be displayed The simulation time for the value is determined by the following criteria e Ifthe simulation timepoint has not completed such as during single stepping then the current simulation time point is displayed e Ifthe Data Analyzer is not open then the last simulation time point is used to display the data tip value e Ifthe Data Analyzer is open then the time for the left axis of the Waveform window for the Data Analyzer is used t
207. n r in Silos command to allow this extension control ext aar For more information see sections 5 1 and 11 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 8 Continuous assignments using intra assignment non blocking delays example module foo wire o 01 assign o 4 assign 01 lt 4 i Silos command to allow this extension control ext assign For more information see section 5 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 26 Simucad Proprietary Silos Extensions Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 4 7 9 Default state value for UDP The default keyword for the UDP specifies the state value for the UDP s output when UDP input levels and transitions do not match any of the entries in the UDP table When the default keyword is not used the UDP default output state is x example primitive udp1 out in output out input in table llin out 0 1 default 0 endtable endprimitive Silos command to allow this extension control ext udpdefault For more information see section 7 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 10 UDP additional states for High Z on inputs or output example for row states other than O x 1 such as ZT lt HV gt 1 Silos command to allow this extension control ext udpstate For more information see section 7 1 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file
208. nable Operator Coverage menu 3 22 Enable Single Step Breakpoints menu 3 39 encryption CHGLIB command 5 15 error command syntax definition 5 23 Error menu selection 3 31 preprocessing check 5 34 reporting 5 23 reset all errors 5 38 turn off port connection warning 7 6 Tutorial example 2 97 exclude command syntax definition 5 24 excluding module instance node values 5 28 excluding simulation node states 5 24 exit command Silos User s Manual syntax definition 5 25 Exit menu 3 5 expected values 4 6 Explorer Add Signals to Analyzer 3 58 Explorer menu 3 37 Go to Definition 3 58 Go to Module Source menu 3 38 Open Explorer menu 3 37 Explorer menu 3 48 Explorer Window 2 12 exponential function 4 21 Export menu 3 4 Expression Mode menu 3 29 expressions Data Analyzer 3 70 3 74 Watch Window 3 65 extensions save file size 4 23 Verilog HDL extensions 4 24 extensions to Verilog HDL 3 18 F f command line option 7 4 Fault report 3 31 fault simulation Activity menu selection 3 30 activity report 5 2 fault exclusion 5 2 file FILE command syntax definition 5 26 file file name specification 5 26 output naming 5 22 File menu 3 3 Files menu 3 13 filter expressions 3 58 Filters menu 3 20 Finish Current Timepoint menu 3 41 Finite State Machine 2 66 FLEXIm license manager PC 1 4 floating license computer name on PC 1 5 host name on Linux 1 12 host name on Unix 1 9 hostid on Linux 1 12 hostid on PC 1
209. ndow that displays all of the iterations at a single timepoint for each signal in the Name list box The timepoint to display the iterations is specified by the T1 timing marker To display a text report for iterations at a timepoint see Iteration Menu Selection on page 3 31 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 71 Simucad Proprietary Groups 3 14 3 2 3 Groups of Signals Using groups provides a convenient method for organizing your signals in the Data Analyzer Window Not only does this help organize the display of your signals it also prevents you from losing your list of signals if the default group gets inadvertently changed or lost Display groups are also useful for assisting engineers who are unfamiliar with the design and for record keeping if the design is reused The context menu for the Name list box provides the following selections for groups Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer o om Irace Sianal lAputs Display Iteration Data coin 1 0 none nickel none Delete Group newspape Insert Group NEXT_ST Show Groups PRES_STi Set Hadik info 96 1 Sens Xd J cenis O beens J cents adding coins Y newspaper adding coins Add One Bit wl gt Add Zero Bit e anaiei N T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us INUM 4 Selections for groups Click with right mouse button in Signal list Box continued on next page Silos User s Man
210. nge the name to clk news and press and release the Enter key on the keyboard e Select signals clock and newspaper by holding down the Ctrl key and copy them to the new group clk_news by holding down the Ctrl key while you drag and drop them with the mouse e To reverse the bit order in group clk_news highlight signals clock and newspaper in group clk news Then open the context menu in the Name list box and select Reverse Bit Order A Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help alalala lt 2 lt i Scan to Change D 2 EAk J 215us a LL p 275us JA P 335us 4 Default clock S St0 reset S t0 coin 1 0 s none none nickel _ none clk_news i tyoyttoty rypoy syo nhewspap clock newspaper S St0 NEXT_STATE 1 0 Scents Scents 4 1 cents PRES_STATE 1 0 Scents Scents J cents info 96 1 S addin adding coins newspaper adding coins a clk_news 4 gt T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Drag group clk news into group Default so you can view clk_news as a user defined bus continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 31 Simucad Proprietary Buses e To save the group clk news click on the minu
211. ngth in the Data Analyzer e Supply strength black e Strong strength blue e Pull strength green e High Z Unset and Uncertain strength red e mixed strength for inserted groups and vectors purple 3 11 7 Trace Color Coding The Options Trace Color Coding menu selection will uses a single color to denote waveforms in the Data Analyzer e Black background white signal traces e White background black signal traces 3 11 8 White Background e The Options White Background menu selection will set the background color for the Data Analyzer to white continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 45 Simucad Proprietary Options Menu Options Menu 3 11 9 Black Background e The Options Black Background menu selection will set the background color for the Data Analyzer to Black 3 11 10 Full Path Title The full directory path for a source file can be turned on or turned off by using the Options Full Path Title menu selection 3 11 11 Data Tips The Data Tips feature for displaying the value scope radix and simulation time point for a variable or expression in the source window can be toggled on or off with the Options Data Tips menu selection Any variable or expression in a source window can be viewed by opening the source window and holding the mouse cursor over a variable or by highlighting an expression and holding the mouse cursor ov
212. ning then you will need to run file bin startflexlm in the installation directory for Silos as a root user If you try to start FLEXIm and it is not running when you enter bin Imstat then review the bin flexlm log file to see if there are any problems If security information is not provided by Simucad then you may have to contact Simucad and provide your hostid and machine name to have a new file created for you 1 2 4 4 Hostid and Hostname for Linux To find out your host id in hex on the Linux computer change directories to the bin subdirectory of the Silos installation and enter the following command at the Unix prompt Imutil Imhostid To find out your host name on the Linux computer enter the following command at the Unix prompt hostname To find out which version of Linux you are running on a Linux computer enter the following command at the Unix prompt uname a continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 12 Simucad Proprietary Linux 1 2 4 5 Running Silos To run the command line version of Silos for logic simulation enter runsilos The Silos copyright notice version number etc will appear on your screen You can then enter Silos commands at the Ready prompt for inputting files simulating etc see Example for Batch Logic Simulation on page 2 95 See also Inputting SILOS Commands on page 5 1 or Unix Batch Execution on p
213. nition line for the variable that is selected in the right side of the Explorer Window To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on a variable in the right hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Go to Definition menu item 3 14 1 2 Add Signals to Analyzer Menu Selection The Explorer Signal Add Signals to Analyzer menu selection is located in the context menu in the right hand Signal side of the Explorer Window The Add Signals to Analyzer menu selection is useful for adding signals to the Data Analyzer when it is difficult to drag and drop the signals due the screen size To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the right hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Add Signals to Analyzer menu item 3 14 1 3 Name Filter Menu Selection The Explorer Signal Name Filter menu selection is located in the context menu in the right hand Signal side of the Explorer Window The Explorer Window supports the ability to filter the names in the right hand window of the Explorer To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the right hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select
214. ns the rising or the falling edge of the strobe signal should not coincide with a change in the expected output signal in the stimulustable continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 11 Simucad Proprietary Memory For example in stimulustable s1 shown below variable strobel strobes out1 every 0 2 nano seconds This is faster than the input values change every 1 2 nano seconds for variables in1 and in2 When the second entry in the table is executed the calculated value for out1 f6 does not equal its expected value The violation is recorded at the next high pulse for variable strobel and then is not recorded again until after the next entry in the table occurs control ext stim timescale 1ns 100ps module test reg 7 0 in1 in2 1 0 wire 7 0 out1 in1 in2 0 reg strobe initial strobe1 0 always out1 begin 0 1 strobe1 1 0 1 strobe1 0 end initial begin 5 stimulustable s1 table 1 2 int in2 0J out1 strobe 00 00 ff Oe Oa f ff ff 00 endtable endstimulustable end endmodule Using the disable statement to disable the block containing the stimulustable statement immediately terminates expected value checking Each expected value column has one strobe however multiple columns may each have different strobes Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 12 Simucad Proprietary I O Pad 4 3 7 I O Pad The stimulustable can be used
215. ns Trace Color Coding menu selection For the remainder of the Tutorial select the Options White Background menu selection to set the background back to white and select the Options Strength Color Coding menu selection to reset the strength coloring Silos c silos examples rtl spj File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help Fonts 2 lt 1 Scan to Change LD 2 EN la s DD EA 2 Data Analyzer Analog Integer Display 1 000us 1 120 v TitleTips Deraunt Strength Color Coding clock _ Color Coding coin 1 0 newspa White Background reset i es Ee Black Background NEXT xi 2 ants PRES r Output eloj xi in Explorer ejol x Select trace color coding mode as default T1 T2 Tdelta ime 1 540us NUM 4 Use the Options menu to set the waveform traces to a default color white with black background Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 17 Simucad Proprietary Name List Box 2 2 8 Resizing the Name List Box Benefit e Many designers prefer to maximize the display area for waveforms Title tips let the designer still see the full path name for signals making it easier to debug designs when other tools automatically create long path names and signal names Procedure Resize the Name list box by using the mouse to drag the right vertical edge of the Name list box and slide it to the left or the right The Name Scope
216. nses from PC Computers If you have a purchased a floating license for your Unix computer and you wish to checkout a license from your PC computer that is on the same network e Install Silos on your PC computer if you have not already installed Silos The SIMUCAD_ LICENSE FILE environmental variable should be pointing to the silos lic file in the Silos installation directory e In the Silos installation directory on your PC computer rename the silos lic file to silos lic old just in case you have a node locked license on your PC and you want to keep a copy of it e Copy the silos lic floating license file from your Silos installation directory on Unix to the Silos installation directory on the PC computer e When you run the sse exe or the silos exe on the PC computer it will automatically use the information in the silos lic file to access across the network the floating license on the Unix computer If there is a problem verify if your PC can access the Unix machine using another method ftp ping etc and check that the HOSTS file is correct in the winnt system32 drivers etc directory continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 5 Simucad Proprietary Installation Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation 1 2 1 7 Running Silos To start the interactive version of Silos use the Windows Start menu then select Programs to access the Silos group and s
217. nu selection The Source Window Data Tips menu selection toggles the Data Tips capability on or off This feature enables the designer to trace the cause of problems directly in a Verilog HDL source code window The Data Tips capability displays the value scope radix and simulation time point for a variable or expression in the source window Any variable or expression in a source window can be viewed by opening the source window and holding the mouse cursor over a variable or by highlighting an expression and holding the mouse cursor over the expression If Silos does not know the scope for the variable or expression the Data Tips message will request the user open the context menu in the source window by clicking on the variable or expression with the right mouse button and select the Go to Instance menu to set the scope 3 14 4 7 Data Tip Radix menu selection The Source Window Data Tip Radix menu selection sets the radix for the Data Tips capability The allowed radixes are binary octal hexadecimal decimal and string This feature enables the designer to trace the cause of problems directly in a Verilog HDL source code window 3 14 4 8 Go to Instance menu selection When viewing source code you can select a line of source code and use the Source Window Go to Instance selection in the context menu of the source window to open the Explorer at the instance for that line This provides you with a hierarchica
218. nvironment for the System Applet e Ensure that the requested feature such as Feature Sse is in the license file e Ifthe error message states License Error Invalid inconsistent license key try the following to correct the problem e Ensure that the security code from the License Certificate from Simucad was correctly entered into the license file e Fora floating license you may have used the Imgrd exe program from an older release Make sure you are using the Imgrd exe program from the current release directory e Ifthe error message states the ordinal xyz could not be located in the dynamic link library dll_file_name dll try the following to correct the problem e Make sure that you have administrator privileges when installing Silos so that you have permission to overwrite the dlls You will also have to reboot the system to have the dlls updated Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 7 Simucad Proprietary Solaris 1 2 3 Solaris Installation Instructions 1 2 3 1 Material Required 1 Silos CD ROM 2 Silos security code 1 2 3 2 Silos CD ROM Loading Place the CD ROM into the CD ROM holder for your machine and close the CD ROM door For Solaris the CD ROM is automatically mounted To run the installation script on Solaris you will need to enter the following commands at the Unix prompt cd cdrom unix install The installation script will guide you through t
219. ny times an important clue in solving a nonconvergence is to know which signal started oscillating first The probe command can be used to find out which signal started oscillating see Probing Node States on page 5 35 Use following steps to debug your circuit e Inthe Command window for the Main toolbar enter the disk command to name an output file such as disk filel e Then in the Command window for the Main toolbar enter the nstore nonconv command to store the nonconvergence report in file1 e Next edit filel and copy and paste the net names from the nonconvergence report to another file file2 that you have the probe command in for example probe iter timel time_end net1 net2 net3 where time is the timepoint before the non convergence and time_end is the nonconvergence timepoint If the net names use the SILOS style to delimit hierarchy then you will have to change the to e Then in the Command window for the Main toolbar prompt input the file that has the probe command input file2 From the probe report determine which net is oscillating first e Next open the Data Analyzer and the Explorer Window In the Explorer Window select the signal that was first oscillated and drag and drop it to the Data Analyzer Then highlight the signal in the Data Analyzer and use the Trace Signal Inputs menu to trace backwards from the net that started oscillating so that you can draw the circuit for that net
220. o display the data tip value If the T1 timing marker is displayed in the Data Analyzer then the time associated with the T1 timing marker blue color set by left mouse button is used to display the data tip value Setting the T1 timing marker lets the user display the data tips value at different time points If you want to select the radix for the value displayed by the Data Tips open the context menu in a source window by clicking in the source window with the right mouse button and then select the Data Tips Radix menu selection to see the list of radixes If you want to turn the Data Tips on or off use the Opens Data Tips menu selection in the main menus or the Data Tips selection in the context menu for a source window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 45 Simucad Proprietary Silos c silos examples rtlspj Explorer fd File View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Window Help la x AAR dal fiscens AAE Scope stimulus Filter NeAMNAnNeEr J reset Copy Scope stimulus stimulug Instance Name Filter Properties IHT 0 740us Select instance stimulus open the context menu with the right mouse button and then select Go to Source a7 i dhcitlitinaaen tina spi yendtest Boot Ohne un Heb lL Sju 22 Slee ccfss Command timescale ins
221. olbar to open the source file window Next put the mouse cursor on an HDL source line you want to stop at Then click on the Toggle Breakpoint button on the Toolbar to set the breakpoint A red stop sign symbol will be placed to the left of the line next to the line number You can also see that the breakpoint has been set in the Breakpoints dialog box Break in Module Instance The Break in Module Instance selection allows you to select a module instance and then stop logic simulation each time a source line in the selected module instance is to be simulated To select a breakpoint location use the Explorer Window to highlight the module instance you want to select In the Breakpoints dialog box select Break in Module Instance for the Type box The name of the module instance that you selected from the Explorer Window will then appear in the Scope box Next press the Add button to add the name of the module instance to the list of breakpoints continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 42 Simucad Proprietary Debug Menu Breakpoints Menu Selection Break in Module Any Instance The Break in Module Any Instance selection allows you to select a module instance and then stop logic simulation each time a source line in any instance of the module is to be simulated To select a breakpoint location use the Explorer Window to highlight the module instance yo
222. ols are to be redefined sc represents one of the state type codes for the OUTPUT POUTPUT and probe reports and for the CLK and PATTERN stimulus specifications default state default stimulus symbols state report symbol char so Supply Low 0 0 S Supply Unknown Sl Supply High 1 1 SHV Supply High Voltage 1 DO Driving Low 0 D Driving Unknown D1 Driving High 1 DHV Driving High Voltage 1 RO Resistive Low 0 R Resistive Unknown RI Resistive High 1 RHV Resistive High Voltage 1 ZO High Z Low Z i High Z Unknown Z Z Z1 High Z High Z ZHV High Z High Voltage Z continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 48 Simucad Proprietary SYMBOL Symbol Modification For Output sc The following symbols are used only in the output reports No symbol can be defined to input these states for CLK or PATTERN stimulus state default default symbols state report symbol stimulus char 0 Uncertain Low ui FA Uncertain Unknown Uncertain High ss HV Uncertain High Voltage 0D Decaying Low D D Decaying Unknown D 1D Decaying High D HVD Decaying High Voltage D S Spike S char represents the single character you want to be used to indicate the state The comment character default a cannot be used as a char symbol Application Notes 1 Enter the SYMBOL command before the PATTERN and CLK specifications are entered to redefine symbols used for stimulus state
223. on The general format of the CONTROL command is CONTROL COMMENT c CUSTREPORT DISK val DISABLECACHE DMIN DMAX EUNK val MXITR val MXDCI val NONCON RECIRCULATE SAVCELL val SAVSIM val SKIP val SYNONYM val TPS qual XL_ORDER val val represents the numerical value assigned to the control parameter c represents a single character string represents the prompt string CONTROL indicates that the default simulation control parameters are to be modified COMMENT specifies the comment character Default CCOMMENT CUSTREPORT specifies that the save file will be used in a Custom Report Default not specified DISABLECACHE turns off the caching mechanism for the Data Analyzer Turning off the caching may reduce the RAM memory used by Silos however it may make the Data Analyzer slower The cache is used to remember in RAM memory the simulation data that you have viewed with the Data Analyzer For example if you do a zoom full then every change for the displayed signals is stored in memory If you then zoom in or zoom out for these signals the redraw time is much faster If you add additional signals to the Data Analyzer then the simulation data for the new signals has to be read from the simulation history save file on disk DISK assigns the approximate limit of disk storage in bytes that the simulation save file can use When the disk storage limit is exceeded the simulation will terminate see note
224. one jf none __ _ j clk_news 1 AO KT OAT AO AT KOKI KO AT KOS A2 AI AOA AO AT AO AT AO AT KOKI newspaper s St0 NEXT_STATE 1 0 Y Ocents cents y5 cens Ucens OO Y PRES_STATE 1 0 Y Ocents Ocents Scents Ocens _ info 96 1 a ne stimulus clock amp amp coin 1 iff clk_news Expression clock amp amp coin 1 Notice that if you click on the expression a second time you can modify the expression continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 34 Simucad Proprietary Search on Condition For example to create a search condition for when stimulus clock and stimulus coin 1 are both true e Click with the right mouse button in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer to open the context menu e Select the Add Signal menu selection to open the Specify Signal Expression dialog box e Set the scope in the Scope edit box to stimulus e Enter the expression clock amp amp coin 1 in the Signal or Expression edit box and click on the OK button The waveform for the expression clock amp amp coin 1 will then be displayed in the Data Analyzer e Ifyou single click on the expression that you added to the Data Analyzer pause then click on the expression again you can modify the expression Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 35 Simucad Proprietary Scan and Pan 2 2 17 Scan to Edge Scan to Value
225. or register PRES_STATE to 3 e To reset the simulation to time 0 click on the Load Reload Input Files button on the Main Toolbar continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 51 Simucad Proprietary Set and Force Drag and drop variable PRES STATE from file vend v to the Watch window e Inthe Watch Window click on signal stimulus vendY PRES_ STATE with the right mouse button to open the context menu e Select the Set Value menu to open the Set Value or Wire State dialog box e Change the Register Value of x to 3 in the Set Value or Wire State dialog box and click on the OK button The Modified column in the Watch Window will state Set Value 3 When you click on the Step button the Set Value 3 will disappear as variable PRES STATE is set to 3 As you continue to single step you will notice that signal PRES STATE in the Data Analyzer starts as 3 or 15 cents if you use the symbolic name instead of x Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 52 Simucad Proprietary Breakpoints 2 2 23 Breakpoints Benefit e Breakpoints let you skip over uninteresting source code so that you can focus your debugging time on the code that is causing the problem Procedure Breakpoints x Type Break at Location x OK Break at Simulation Time Cancel Location Break at Location Break in Module In
226. ote Cod amp Coverage option disabled See menu enty Code Coverage Enable Code Coverage Carel Boel Help Save simulation entry should be checked to save the simulation history 2001 1xx Menus e 3 54 Simucad Proprietary Help Menu 3 13 Help Menu 3 13 1 Contents menu selection The Help Contents menu selection opens the contents listing for the Silos User s Manual on line help file 3 13 2 Using Help menu selection The Help Using Help menu selection opens a Microsoft help file for an explanation of how to effectively use the Index and on line Help 3 13 3 Quick Start Guide menu selection The Help Quick Start Guide menu selection has instructions for opening a project creating a new project and simulating 3 13 4 User Manual menu selection The Help User s Manual menu selection provides the complete Silos User s Manual 3 13 5 Verilog LRM menu selection The Help Verilog LRM menu selection provides the complete OVI Verilog Language Reference Manual version 1 0 3 13 6 SDF Manual menu selection The Help SDF Manual menu selection provides the complete OVI Standard Delay Format SDF Manual version 2 0 3 13 7 About Silos The Help About Silos menu selection opens the About Silos dialog box This dialog box contains the Silos version number copyright notice and the Sim Engine Mem value for the Silos logic simulation engine memory usage The first number listed for the Sim Engine Mem
227. ow Open Explorer menu selection opens the hierarchical Explorer Window that displays the name of every module instance and variable in the design in a tree structure similar to the directory structure for the Windows Explorer for more information see Open Explorer Menu Selection on page 3 37 3 12 5 Open Watch Menu Selection The Window Open Watch menu selection opens the Watch Window that can be used to display the state value for specified variables and expressions as you single step through the design Variables or expressions can be dragged and dropped into the Watch Window from any source file window from the Explorer Window and from the Data Analyzer window The Watch Window also has a context menu for setting and forcing variables to a value The context menu can be accessed by using the right mouse button For more information on the Watch Window see Setting and Forcing Values on page 2 51 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 48 Simucad Proprietary Data Analyzer 3 12 6 Open New Data Analyzer Menu Selection The Window Open New Data Analyzer menu selection opens the Data Analyzer Window that can be used to display the waveforms for specified variables and expressions as you single step through the design Variables or expressions can be dragged and dropped into the Signal Window for the Data Analyzer from any source file window and from the Explorer Window The Data Analyzer Window displ
228. p l x B ee ajem ccfss Command error 3 229 i 8 file C Silos Examples venderr u reg clock a expecting Ee Hy or eu error 2 188 sim to 6 a errors are tod severe to simulate T1 T2 Tdeta TimeQ NUM _ Error report for SILOS MI To obtain a report for the error select the Reports Errors menu This concludes the logic simulation example To run the other examples for the Tutorial see e Analog Behavioral Modeling AHDL on page 2 100 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 99 Simucad Proprietary Analog Waveforms 2 9 Analog Behavioral Modeling AHDL This example demonstrates analog behavioral modeling using Silos for more information see Analog Extensions on page 4 20 Skills presented in this section are e Setting up a project for analog simulation e Using analog behavioral modeling in a gate level simulation e Viewing analog and digital waveforms in the Data Analyzer Window The file used for this example is listed below e analog v Shows a simple example of an A D converter modeled with analog behavioral modeling and gate level logic 2 9 1 Specifying the Analog Behavioral Modeling Project For this example file analog v shows an A D converter with comments For additional information see Analog Extensions on page 4 20 The essential ideas for analog behavioral modeling are e Silos has the ability to pass real variables
229. pecified module instance mname represents the name of a module instance Application Notes 1 The MEXCLUDE command can be used to specify module instances whose internal variables will not be saved during logic simulation 2 The effects to the MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands are cumulative 3 The KEEP EXCLUDE MKEEP and MEXCLUDE commands can be used with the CONTROL SAVSIM 1 option Examples CONTROL SAVSIM 1 MKEEP mac1 a b mkeep m1 bitO m1 bit1 m1 bit2 m1 bit3 m1 bit4 m1 bit5 m1 bit6 m1 bit7 driver iobuf pin34 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 29 Simucad Proprietary NOCONV 5 18 Nonconvergence Summary The t s NOCONV command generates a report of any nonconverged nodes and their oscillating states for the time point that nonconvergence occurred To obtain a nonconvergence summary for nodes and devices enter TYPE STORE NOCONV INPUT ITER val TYPE STORE NOCONV INPUT ITER val WTYPE NSTORE optional directs the nonconvergence table to standard output or to a disk file reports the oscillating states for nonconverged nodes optional reports the states for all inputs of devices which drive the oscillating nodes optional specifies the iteration number to the 1st of eight states for each node reported for nonconvergence The default iteration for val is computed such that the last of the eight states reported corresponds to the last iteration
230. play area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Select Timescale menu item 3 14 3 1 4 Snap to Edges Menu Selection When setting the T1 and T2 timing markers for the Data Analyzer they will snap to the nearest edge if the Analyzer Timepoint Snap to Edges menu selection is active When setting a timing marker you can hold down the shift key to temporarily toggle the Snap to Edges selection to its opposite effect Such as if the Snap to Edges is not selected you can have the timing marker snap to the nearest edge when you set it by holding down the shift key as you click on the left or right mouse button with the mouse indicator arrow in the Waveform Display Window To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the time point display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Snap to Edges menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 68 Simucad Proprietary Analyzer Context Menus 3 14 3 1 5 Add Bookmark menu selection The Analyzer Timepoint Add Bookmark menu selection enables you to place a virtual marker for the time and the timescale resolution of the center of the Waveform Display Window When debugging your design the bookmakers you set enable you to jump back and forth between waveform views w
231. ptions e libnonamehide This option causes Silos to read in the module and UDP definition names as they are written in the file without appending character strings e librescan Search all the library files again for undefined modules e libverbose This option prints information about the opening of files and the resolution of module and UDP definitions during the scanning of libraries e define text_macro_name macro_text This option allows you to specify define macros from the command line The text_macro_name is the macro identifier and the macro_text is the text substitution Double quotes must be used around the macro_text if the macro_text contains whitespace For example silos exe define sdf test sdf is equivalent to define sdf test sdf and silos exe definet declare reg a is equivalent to define declare reg a e delay mode distributed command line argument specifies the distributed delay mode for all modules in the source description This means that the distributed delays for gates connecting the module input to the module output will always be used as the pin to pin delay for the module input to output For examples of distributed delays see Chapter 13 on specify blocks in the Verilog LRM on line help file e delay_mode_path command line argument specifies the path delay mode for all modules in the source description This means that the path delays specified in the spec
232. r To obtain a text message of each button s function place the mouse cursor over the button for a few seconds and an explanatory text message will appear The location of the Analyzer Toolbar can be changed by using the mouse to grab an edge of either toolbar and dragging the toolbar to the desired location 3 4 4 FSM Toolbar menu selections A check mark appears next to the FSM Toolbar when it is displayed Many of the selections for pulldown menus can also be accessed by clicking on the buttons on the FSM Toolbar To obtain a text message of each button s function place the mouse cursor over the button for a few seconds and an explanatory text message will appear The Instance box on the FSM Toolbar provides the name of each instance for the FSM The drop down arrow to the right of the Instance box can be used to select an instance name The Open Instance button can be used to display a FSM window for the instance The state symbols in the FSM window are animated when the T1 timing marker is dragged in the Data Analyzer The FSM Scan button can be used to scan to each state symbol that has been selected in an instance As you click on the FSM Scan button the T1 timing marker is moved to the time the state changed in the Data Analyzer Editing changes that are saved for the FSM window will affect all instances of that FSM The location of the FSM Toolbar can be changed by using the mouse to grab an edge of the toolbar an
233. r all of the licenses into a single file The license file can be anywhere as long as it is visible to each user s machine Set the SIMUCAD_ LICENSE FILE environmental variable on each machine to point to the license file Note You can put the security license for more than one version of Silos in the same silos lic file and FLEXIm is smart enough to search all of the FEATURE lines to find the correct license continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 3 Simucad Proprietary Installation Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows NT Installation To install the new security code that you obtained from Simucad continued e Ifthe security code that you received from Simucad does start with the keyword SERVER then this is a floating license You can enter the security code for a floating license into the file silos lic in the installation directory for Silos or any other file and point the SMUCAD_LICENSE FILE environmental variable to the file An example security code would be SERVER yourhost 0020af0c4e31 27009 VENDOR simucad FEATURE Sse simucad 2000 1 01 jul 2000 3 6639804D2588 ck 125 To start a floating license the license server must be running Windows NT or Windows 2000 To start the floating license open a DOS command style window Change directories to the installation directory for Silos Then enter the following command at the DOS prompt Imgrd c path to Silos
234. r developing input test patterns to detect circuit faults for fault simulation The number of level transitions at a node indicates an input test pattern s effectiveness Faults at nodes which make no level transitions cannot be detected continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 3 Simucad Proprietary ACTIVITY Activity Reports For Nodes Application Notes 2 The t s ACTIVITY command can be used to generate the following reports e An activity table that lists the node names and their number of transitions changes in level The only nodes listed are those whose transition count falls between the minimum and maximum number of reported transitions specified by the ACTIVITY report MNTRAN and MXTRAN values Registers are not listed unless they are used to create an wire that is internal to the Silos program such as a register that is an input to a gate will create an internal wire for Silos that actually drives the gate The activity table lists the transition count and the node name for each node The Legend for the Transition Count column shows that a value is listed when the node has known definite transitions from a high to low or low to high The value is enclosed by parenthesis if the node had possible transitions A H is listed if the node toggled between an unknown level and a high level A L is listed if the node toggled between an unknown level and a low level A
235. r example if you use the module instance name top dffl then the instance names in the SDF file are relative to top dff1 If you omit module instance Silos uses the module containing the call to the sdf_annotate system task as the module_ instance for annotation When you run the simulation you will see the following lines in the Output window for Silos that shows the SDF file is read in Beginning sdf_annotate file into the hierarchy at testbench design Done sdf_annotate Where file is the name of your SDF file and testbench design is the hierarchical name of your design When errors or warnings occur during readin there will be an additional message Note If you have selected the Functional simulation check box in the Project Settings dialog box for Silos then the back annotation of SDF delays is disabled and the SDF file is not readin to Silos For examples on using SDF see the example on the next page and see project fltsim spj fault simulation example in the examples subdirectory for the installation continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 4 Simucad Proprietary SDF Standard Delay Format For the below example and diagram if the SDF file contained the following instance name INSTANCE name2 name4 DELAY ABSOLUTE IOPATH INO OUT 2420 2420 2420 2420 2420 2420 then the sdf_annotate system task to specify the SDF
236. race backwards on either input For the purposes of this example double click on signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE 0 Please note if you incorrectly double click on another signal and trace back a wrong path you can undo your signal tracing by double clicking on the signal name that was traced the signal name at the top of the Name list box continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 84 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging Sx buf stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 b1 out stimulus vendY PRES_STATE O Stx Stix 4 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Double click on the input to the buffer to continue tracing back through the topology e Signal stimulus vendY PRES STATE 0 is driven by a buffer gate so double click on the buffers input stimulus vendY PRES STATE reg 0 qq to continue tracing backwards through the topology continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 85 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging Three input nand gate Silos c silos examples gate spj Trace Signal Inputs nand stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 n5 out stimulus vendY PRES_STATE_reg 0 qq SX in stimulus vendY PRES_ STATE_reg 0 pre Stl Trace Input Signals Ti 2 4 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Double click on the qqbar input because the Unknown to High transist
237. rage for the specified module instance and every module instance below it The format for the ccmexclude command is cemexclude mname mname cemexclude specifies module instances that will be disabled for code coverage and any module instance that is hierarchically below the disabled module instance mname represents the name of a module instance in Verilog HDL syntax The instance names on these commands must proceed from the top of the design downward Application Notes 1 The ccmkeep command can be used to specify module instances for which code coverage results are saved 2 The effects to the ccmkeep and ccmexclude commands are cumulative 3 The equivalent of the ccmexclude command can be specified from the GUI using the Silos Explorer To do this select a module instance right mouse click and select to the Properties menu selection In the Module Properties dialog box check or uncheck Save code coverage data for this entry Note this information is written into the cfv file to permit batch use at a later time Example To specify the ccmexclude command from a file enter Iccmexclude m1 alu m1 cpu Isim To specify the ccmexclude command from the command line enter Iccmexclude m1 alu m1 cpu sim Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 13 Simucad Proprietary ccmkeep 5 6 Keeping Code Coverage for Module Instances The ccmkeep command enables code coverage for the specified modu
238. rce code into the Data Analyzer and Watch Windows Viewing variables as they change value in the Data Analyzer Window and the Watch Window Setting the value for a two bit register Using breakpoints to skip over uninteresting behavioral code continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 47 Simucad Proprietary Single Stepping To demonstrate the capabilities of single stepping for behavioral code e Click on the Load Reload Input Files button to restart the simulation to time 0 e Click on the Step button on the Toolbar Silos will automatically open the source window for file vendtest v and put a yellow arrow to the left of the source code line that was just executed Silos has a built in editor for basic editing in the source windows see Edit Menu on page 3 6 Click on the Step button to open the source window to the line that is currently executing sie Silos c silos examples rtl spj vendtest v Iof x File Edit View Project CodeToverage Debug StateMachine Explorer Reports Options Window Help x swal j me F 56 ccfss Command Hise clock cycle time 46 units always begin 26 clock clock E gt lend ffascii vector to explain stimulus always coin H begin coind coin1 1 X 4 gt Step to next source statement T1 0 740us T2 0 780us Tdelta 0 040us gt Time 1 560us NUM 4 continued on next page Silos User s
239. rce window for an existing file so that you can view or edit the file More that one source window can be open at the same time Use the Window menu to switch among the multiple open documents To simulate a project use the Project New menu to create a new project see New Menu Selection on page 3 12 for the Project menu Shortcuts Toolbar button Keys CTRL O 3 2 3 Save The File Save menu selection saves the contents of the source file window that has the focus When you choose Save the document remains open so you can continue working on it To save the simulation results for logic simulation see the Save Project State Menu Selection on page 3 15 in the Project menu Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 3 Simucad Proprietary File Print 3 2 4 Save As The File Save As menu selection allows you to specify a file name and then save the contents of the source file window that has the focus When you choose Save As the document remains open so you can continue working on it To save a project to a different project name see the Save As Menu Selection on page 3 15 for the Project menu 3 2 5 Export The File Export menu selection is used to export the results for the Code Coverage Line report and the Code Coverage Operator report to spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel The File Export menu selection opens the Export Code Coverage Data dialog box for writing comm
240. ready been saved continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 29 Simucad Proprietary Buses 2 2 15 Buses Benefit e New buses can be easily created without re simulating saving time and eliminating unnecessary interruption of the designer s concentration Procedure Groups can be used to represent a bus For example to create a bus that uses the signals clock and newspaper Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer E File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help lej x ajajaja lt f lt Scan to cl D nielo c Default E clk_news Trase Signal Inputs news Display eration Data New Group Delete Group Insert Group Show Groups Get Badin Add One Bit aia ao Bit ForHelp pn A delta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Reverse Bit Order menu New group clk news selection e Click with the right mouse button in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer to open the context menu continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 30 Simucad Proprietary Buses e Select New Group in the context menu This will add the group labeled New Group to the Name list box e To change the name of the new group with the left mouse button click on New Group once pause and if necessary click on New Group a second time The New Group label should allow you to change its name Cha
241. ressions in Data Analyzer 3 74 radix in Data Analyzer 3 73 scanning to edge 2 37 Simulation Environment 1 1 single stepping 2 50 Toolbar breakpoints 2 53 single stepping 2 50 Toolbar text 2 4 Toolbar zoom buttons 2 40 silos keyword 4 23 SIMULATE command syntax definition 5 41 simulation saving results 5 25 Simulation Data File Path 3 19 sine function 4 21 single stepping 2 50 size limits report 5 43 SIZE command syntax definition 5 43 2001 1xx Index e 8 7 Size menu selection memory usage 3 36 snap to edge menu selection 3 44 3 68 Sort by Name menu selection 3 61 Sort by Type menu selection 3 61 specify blocks eliminating specify blocks 7 8 variable delays 4 28 spike output report 5 44 SPIKES command syntax definition 5 44 square root function 4 21 sse keyword 4 23 State Machine Expression Mode menu 3 29 Note Mode menu 3 29 Select Mode menu 3 28 State Mode menu 3 29 Transition Mode menu 3 29 State Machine menu 3 27 state machine symbols 3 17 State Mode menu 3 29 Status Bar View menu 3 11 Step menu 3 41 stimulus converting behavioral to tabular values 4 18 inputting tabular values 4 6 stimulustable 4 6 4 7 extension setting 4 29 T O Pad 4 13 stop a process Ctrl C 5 1 STORE command 5 22 syntax definition 5 45 Storing outputs 5 33 5 45 strength mixed signal strength 3 50 strength default specification for gates 5 46 Strength Color Coding menu 3 45 STRENGTH command syntax definition 5 46 SYMBOL command s
242. rietary Silos Extensions Silos Extensions to Verilog HDL 4 7 21 Timing checks without edge specifications for selected variables example recovery CLR Silos command to allow this extension control ext neref For more information see section B 9 6 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 22 More precision in timeformat than timescale Silos command to allow this extension control ext tfmt For more information see section B 5 2 of the Verilog HDL Reference on line help file 4 7 23 Missing port connections for VCS compatibility Missing port connections are set to ground for VCS compatibility Silos command to allow this extension control skip gnd Note Wires which are otherwise floating still remain HiZ regardless of control skip 4 7 24 VCS compatibility extension VCS compatibility extension for comma at the end of the port list i e module xx a Silos command to allow this extension control ext portcomma Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 31 Simucad Proprietary 5 Silos Commands 5 1 Commands Overview The Commands section contains a short overview on command syntax inputting commands from the in the Command window for the Main toolbar and inputting commands from a data file 5 1 1 Command Syntax Usually only the first two characters are required when specifying a command A few commands e g FAN PRE PRO require three
243. ring Outputs When a command that generates a report is preceded by the NSTORE command the report output will be directed to a disk file To specify the NSTORE command enter NSTORE command NSTORE directs the output to a 79 column disk file As a default this file is named store out command represents a command structure which defines the type of data to be output These commands are described within this section of the manual Application Notes 1 If a command that generates a report is not preceded by the NSTORE command then the default output device is specified by the CONTROL command 2 To respecify the page width for the NSTORE command use the FORMAT NSTORE command 3 The default file name for the NSTORE command may be redefined using the DISK command or the FILE STO command Examples nstore output on change NSTO NETWORK FDD Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 33 Simucad Proprietary PREPROC 5 20 Preprocessing Data Normally data preprocessing is automatically performed prior to initialization or simulation i e when the SIMULATE command are entered However you may wish to use the PREPROC command to check for syntax errors without simulating To preprocess data enter PREPROC Application Notes 1 During data preprocessing the program resolves and checks all gate input connections calculates fan out connections and creates implicit nodes Generally
244. roblems involving feedback When nonconvergence is due to path length increasing the iteration limit should enable the circuit to converge In general each node in the serial path length requires one iteration to propagate a signal 5 The maximum iterations per pass for logic initialization can be redefined by the CONTROL MXDCTI command The maximum iterations at a time point for logic simulation can be redefined by the CONTROL MXITR command Arbitrarily increasing these parameters is not recommended as it may dramatically increase the execution time necessary to identify oscillating nodes continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 31 Simucad Proprietary NOCONV Nonconvergence Summary Application Notes 6 The maximum number of passes for logic initialization is defined by the CONTROL MXPAS command When this limit is exceeded the error message specifies the required number of passes to complete logic initialization To reduce the number of passes and execution time use INIT to preset the state for critical nodes Although arbitrarily setting CONTROL MXPAS to a large value will very likely converge a circuit that is theoretically solvable this is not recommended as the problem is usually due to incorrect circuit design Examples ty noc nocon iter 43 Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 32 Simucad Proprietary NSTORE 5 19 Narrow Sto
245. rop down arrow for the Scan to Change box on the Main toolbar and choose the Enter Scan Value selection Enter the value 15 cents in the box on the Main toolbar and click on the 1 gt button on the Main toolbar to scan the T1 marker to the right as it matches each value of 15 cents for the vector NEXT STATE 1 0 Scan to Value can be used to scan to the value for a bit a vector or a symbolic name because Scan to Value does a character match The character can be used as a don t care character such as ff would match with 1ff3 and ffff Scan to value does a character search so you can scan a signal that is a single bit a vector or that uses symbolic names S Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Cov tage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help x I728us P74us p 765us Hime Default clock stimulus reset stimulus coin 1 0 stimulus clk_news newspaper stimulus NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve cents cents PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus ve Ls cents info 96 1 stimulus adding coins newspaper clock amp amp coin 1 stimulus fs af gt For Help press F1 T1 0 740us T2 0 320us Tdelta 0 420us Time 1 540us NUM 4 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 38 Simucad Proprietary Scan and Pan The Pan to T1 Pan to T2
246. roprietary BUSCON Bus Contention Report Examples TYPE BUSCON 2K 100K nst busco Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 11 Simucad Proprietary ccexport 5 4 Exporting Code Coverage Results The ccexport command can be used to export code coverage results to other programs such as Microsoft Excel The format for the ccexport command is ccexport option option2 filename ccexport specifies exporting of code coverage results for use with another program option1 option can be either line which specifies to export a line report or oper which specifies to export an operator report The default is to specify a line report Both options can not be specified for the same ccexport command option2 option2 can be either comma which specifies a comma delimited report or tab which specifies a tab delimited report The default is to specify a comma delimited report filename represents the file name the exported results are written to The default is to write the exported results to standard output Example To specify the ccexport command from a file enter Isim Iccexport line tab test out To specify the ccexport command from the command line enter Isim ccexport line tab test out Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 12 Simucad Proprietary ccmexclude 5 5 Exclude Code Coverage for Module Instances The ccmexclude command disables code cove
247. roprietary Explorer Silos c silos examples rtl spj File View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explore ti eje 9 eee iz Explorer Open Explorer button Open Analyzer button Select signal clock Scope stimulus Filter stimulus stimulu lt 1 Olcoin Go to Definition 36 1 Jinfc Add Signals to Analyzer ls Name Filter Hold down Ctrl or Shift keys while using the mouse to select additional signals Click with the right mouse button to open the context menu and select Sort by Drag and drop signals to Name list box in Data Analyzer Output For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 Instance name stimulus in the left hand box of the Explorer Window is the top level module for the design To select the signal names for instance stimulus e Use your mouse to select instance stimulus e To highlight the variable names for instance stimulus click and release on the first name clock Next hold down the Ctrl key on the keyboard and then click and release on 393 66 additional signal names coin 1 0 newspaper and reset e To drag and drop signal names click on the highlighted variable names without releasing the left mouse button and drag them from the Explorer Window and drop them in the Name list box in the D
248. rt if the language components of your design are fully exercised by the testbench For example the Code Coverage plug in reports on whether a bit or operator and its associated operands are fully exercised by the testbench Because the Verilog language supports hierarchal constructs many instances of each operator can be used However the Code Coverage plug in reports only if all uses combined have fully exercised the operator The Code Coverage plug in does not report on each specific instance of an operator Fault Simulation should be used to tell you if each operator is fully exercised and if your testbench would detect chip failures due to specific chip defects 3 6 1 Enable Code Coverage Menu Selection The Code Coverage Enable Code Coverage menu selection enables saving of line coverage information to an ASCII file project_name codecov where project name is the name of your current project The project_name codecov file is then used by the Line report after simulation The CC button on the Main toolbar is a shortcut to the Code Coverage Enable Code Coverage menu selection The Code Coverage plug in must be selected before logic simulation begins such as when you first open a project If the Code Coverage Enable Code Coverage menu selection or the CC button is selected at simulation time 0 or later a message box will notify you that the project files will be automatically reloaded before
249. s 4 30 4 1 20 Null statements ncini iena ceneie Aiea Ech esata te teen aes 4 30 4 7 21 Timing checks without edge specifications for selected variables 4 31 4 7 22 More precision in timeformat than timescale ceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 31 4 7 23 Missing port connections for VCS compatibility ccc ceeseeeseesteeneeeeee 4 31 4 7 24 VCS compatibility extension esseseessseseesseseesesseeessstsresresesessersessreressesees 4 31 5 Silos Commands 5 1 SOO eTR OAE aAA AE SE E EE 5 1 S21 Command Symtars ef sors a a Aa E EES 5 1 5 1 2 Inputting SILOS Commands sssseesseseesseserseesetserstetesstsressesetsteseesessreeessesees 5 1 5 1 3 Stopping Processes oneei a see E E EE E e REA aR 5 1 5 2 Activity Report For Nodes sc ccssces cceccccstescescecstcescedenceddecaccvteeseeseteectvasteetiessduedcesedenieess 5 2 5 3 B s Contention R OO E a e a cia hanes n a ai EAEE ae oad 5 10 5 4 Exporting Code Coverage Results ss nsssseessseseeseeesssesetssesersesteressesresresetssseenessreressese 5 12 5 5 Exclude Code Coverage for Module Instances ccccescceseesseesceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneensees 5 13 5 6 Keeping Code Coverage for Module Instances ccesceeseesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeneees 5 14 5 7 Encrypting Library Files cc sc cg cccseecsdicsdeeestdecescesceeduevesscccceddecusdecdescteeddeusesvicessesedevceeteces 5 15 5 8 Control Parameters For Logic Simulation
250. s all of the expressions from the Watch Window To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Watch Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Clear All menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 66 Simucad Proprietary Analyzer Context Menus 3 14 3 Data Analyzer Context menus 3 14 3 1 Data Analyzer Timeline Area 3 14 3 1 1 Goto Timepoint menu selection The Analyzer Timepoint Goto Timepoint menu selection opens the Goto Timepoint dialog box for specifying the time point for the left axis or the center of the Waveform Display Window The Goto Timepoint dialog box enables you to precisely position the Waveform Display Window for debugging and printing The time value for the Time Point box can be specified in any standard time unit such as ns for nano seconds ps for pico seconds etc 1 e 12000 3ns To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the timeline display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Goto Timepoint menu item 3 14 3 1 2 Pan to T1 Pan to T2 and Pan to Last View menu selection The Analyzer Timepoint Pan to T1 menu selection and the Pan to T2 menu selection will center the Waveform Display Window around the T1 or T2 timing marker The
251. s are saved and the earliest simulation results are discarded so that the save file interval and file size on disk stay relatively constant very much like a FIFO The interval can be specified in time units such as 100ns for 100 nanoseconds i e control recirculate 100ns continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 17 Simucad Proprietary CONTROL Control Parameters For Logic Simulation SAVCELL Causes Silos to not save SAVCELL 0 or to save SAVCELL 1 the simulation history for variables listed between the celldefine and endcelldefine compiler directives Caution Saving all variables between celldefine and endcelldefine compiler directives may slow down simulation and create larger save files on disk Default SAWCELL 0 SAVSIM sets the logic simulation save option to determine which simulation node state changes are saved on the SAVE disk file The savsim option must be specified before simulation begins Default SAVSIM 0 SAVSIM 0 specifies that no simulation node values are to be saved This has limited use as no data is available SAVSIM 1 specifies that node simulation values logic type integer type and double type are to be saved only for nodes named in the TABLE PLOT GNAME TESTER KEEP MKEEP HEX and OCT commands Output results can be obtained only for the saved nodes This option decreases simulation disk file size and reduces execu
252. s can be used in a command file by enclosing the command with double quotes silos command i e control sav 2 k file name This option saves the text that has been entered from standard input to a file l file name This option writes the standard output from Silos to a log file An exit or quit command must be encountered for Silos to terminate la This option appends the standard output from Silos to a log file instead of over writing the log file and also to standard output This option must appear before the 1 lt fn gt option r save file name This option restores Silos to the last saved simulation state from a previous Silos save command s This option causes Silos to enter the interactive mode after executing any commands that have been input to Silos u This option converts every name to upper case v file name This option specifies a library file name w Specifying w means that Silos will not display any warning messages y directory_path This option specifies a directory of library files libextt extension extension2 This option names the file name extensions for library files in the directory specified by the y option An example of specifying the library path and extension would be y c sse examples library libextt v continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 4 Simucad Proprietary Command line O
253. s sign to the left of the group clk_news and answer Yes e Now drag and drop group clk news into group Default You can also add blank lines before and after clk news Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 32 Simucad Proprietary Conditional Search 2 2 16 Search on Condition Benefit e The designer can define a search condition using any Verilog HDL expression without re simulating Scanning to the condition and viewing it as a waveform gives the designer quick access to important conditions of the design s operation Searching on any Verilog HDL expression is possible because Silos saves everything quickly and compactly to disk when simulating Procedure A unique feature of Silos is the ability to view a search condition as a waveform You can use any valid Verilog HDL expression to create a search condition and then display it as a waveform continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 33 Simucad Proprietary Search on Condition Specify Signal Expression x Scope stimulus Cancel di Signal or Expression clock amp amp coin 1 S Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help 8 x ajajaja lt lt Scan to Change D 2 Fe S 1 555us 745us 1 935us E Default clock s Stl reset S St0 coin 1 0 S none none n
254. s to simulate and debug the routed gate level design with the test bench for the RTL design If the synthesized or routed design does not perform as expected you can use the trace back feature for Silos to trace the problem back through the topology to its cause Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 3 Simucad Proprietary Tutorial 2 1 1 General Items for Tutorial The flow for running the Tutorial assumes that you will follow the topics in the order they are listed If you skip some topics then you may not have performed the necessary steps for each topic The files used for the Tutorial examples can be found in the examples subdirectory for the Silos installation directory For information on additional examples provided in the examples subdirectory see the README file in the installation directory Please note e Actions that you should do to run this tutorial are in bold e Click on means place the mouse cursor on the appropriate item and click and release on the item using the left mouse button e You can see the tool tips text labels for each of the buttons on the Toolbars for the Silos by placing the mouse cursor over a button for a few seconds until the text label for the button appears Then move the mouse along the Toolbar and stop at each button to see the text label There can be more than one Toolbar see Main Toolbar menu selections on page 3 10 Analyzer Toolbar menu selections on page 3
255. se the Open File button on the Main toolbar to open file vendtest v e Scroll to the bottom of file vendtest v and view the case statement used to set the vector info to ASCH strings This illustrates how to setup the ASCII vector in your source code so that you can use it to display a timeline continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 26 Simucad Proprietary Waveform Annotation s Silos c silos examples rtl spj Data Analyzer EJ Eile Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help 6 x RIQIQ lt 2 lt i Scan to Change 1 gt miele Et Default clock S reset S coin 1 0 Ss newspaper S NEXT_STATE 1 0 Y J cents PRES_STATE 1 0 Y J cents info 96 1 s addin adding coins X newspaper adding coins F For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdo Time 1 540us NUM h ASCII text describes the simulation e In the left hand side of the Explorer Window click on instance stimulus with the left mouse button Next in the right hand side of the Explorer Window click on signal info with the right mouse button to open the context menu Select the Add Signals to Analyzer menu selection in the context menu to add signal stimulus info at the bottom of the Default group in the Name list box for the Data Analyzer Window e To change the radix for signal name info
256. seesnes 3 22 3 6 3 Select Files to Merge Menu Selection cccecceessessceeceeeceseeeecsereneeeeeeneees 3 22 3 6 4 Line Report Menu Selection cccecccsseesseeseeeeceeeeeeeceeeeeeeceeceseeeseenseeneeeaees 3 23 3 6 5 Exporting Code Coverage Analysis ccccesccsseeseeseeeseeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeteenseeaees 3 24 3 6 6 Restricting Code Coverage Analysis ccsceesesceesseenseeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeensees 3 24 3 6 7 Operator Report Menu Selection ccceccecccsseesceeceeseeeeceeeceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeteensees 3 25 3 7 State Machine Menu ccceccesecsseeseeeseeeseeseceecescensccesecaecaaecaeecaeeeaeeeaeeeeesereneeneeeeeentens 3 27 3 7 1 New Menu Selection cccecccescceseessecseecsceeeceseecaeeeseeeneeeeeeeseeeseneeseeseeenaees 3 28 3 7 2 Open Menu Selecto sia erie ea a eE E EES Erias 3 28 3 7 3 54 Ve Menu Selection senros ee eis he ee 3 28 3 7 4 Save As Menu Selection ceccescsseesseeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeceeseeeeneenseeeaeenseeneeenees 3 28 3 7 5 Select Mode Menu Selection ccccecccssecsseesseeseeesceeeeeseeeeeeeeceereneeeeeneenaees 3 28 3 7 6 State Mode Menu Selection cccecccescssecesecseeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeereneeeeeeeeensees 3 29 3 7 7 Expression Mode Menu Selection c ccccccsseessescseesceeseeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeseeeaees 3 29 3 7 8 Note Mode Menu Selection cccecccescesecsecseeeseeeseeeeceeeeeeseeeeeneeeeeneenaeenaes 3 29 3 7 9 Transition Mode Menu Selection ccccccceessesseesee
257. ser can generate the data for the Code Coverage plug in reports by simulating with the Silos GUI sse exe or by simulating with batch runs silos exe The results for the different simulations can be combined and displayed with the Silos GUI To demonstrate the merging for two code coverage runs with different testbenches select the Project Open menu selection to open the Open Project dialog box Select project code _coverage2 spj and click on the Open button to open the project Click on the Go button to simulate the design When merging the Code Coverage plug in results it is important put the testbench in a separate file so that changing the testbench does not change the code coverage results It is also important to disable code coverage for the testbench as there may be problems in trying to merge the testbench after it changes and it is unlikely the user wishes to see code coverage for the testbench To see how to disable code coverage for the testbench select the File Open menu selection to open the Open dialog box Select the testbench for this run file testbench2 v and click on the Open button to open the file Notice that file testbench2 v contains the following compiler directives for code coverage file testbench v the testbench for the previous simulation also contained these compiler directives disenable_codecoverage module testbench
258. silos lt lt mark batch exam1 log redirects standard output to file exam 1 log library exam1 lib exam1 udp library v input exam1 v exam1 tst sim disk run01 out store probe q 4 1 exit mark Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 13 Simucad Proprietary 8 Index resetstartsave system task 4 23 stopsave system task 4 23 celldefine saving variables 3 19 define Project Setting menu 3 17 uselib 7 9 define command line option 7 5 delay_mode_distributed command line option 7 5 delay_mode_path command line option 7 5 delay_mode_unit command line option 7 5 delay_mode_zero command line option 7 5 ignore_sdf_interconnect_delay command line option 7 6 ignore_sdf port _delay command line option 7 6 incdir command line option 7 5 libcodecoverage command line option 7 6 libext command line option 7 4 libnonamehide command line option 7 5 librescan command line option 7 5 libverbose command line option 7 5 linecov command line option 7 6 maxdelays command line option 7 6 mindelays command line option 7 6 no_default_variables command line option 7 6 no_pulse_msg command line option 7 6 no_tchk_msg command line option 7 6 nodoldisplay command line option 7 6 nolibfaults command line option 7 6 notimingchecks command line option 7 6 nowarntfmpc command line option 7 6 oprcov command line option 7 7 pulse_e command line option 7 7 pulse_quiet comm
259. sim 2 Isim Idisk stim v Iscope foo Istore probe in1 in2 bi1_ bi2_ continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 18 Simucad Proprietary Behavioral to Tabular Next edit file stim v and remove the report header for the probe report and any messages from the probe report Then include file stim v into a stimulustable statement control ext stim timescale ins 100ps module foo reg in1 in2 reg bi1_ bi2_ wire bi1 bi1_ bi directional inputs wire bi2 bi2_ bi directional inputs initial begin timescale 100ps 100ps timescale for stimulustable stimulustable s1 table in1 in2 bi1_ bi2_ include stim v endtable endstimulustable timescale 1ns 100ps respecify the circuit s timescale 10 finish end endmodule When converting behavioral stimulus to tabular stimulus you need to ensure that timescale for the tabular stimulus is correct The units for the time values from the probe command are equal to the smallest resolution for the simulation This may require a timescale compiler directive before the stimulustable statement so that the delay values are scaled correctly In the above example the resolution of the timescale Ins 100ps compiler directive for the circuit is 100ps so a timescale 100ps 100ps compiler directive must be used before the stimulustable statement Notice that the stimu
260. size of the Name Scope or Value buttons by grabbing and moving the vertical edge for the buttons e Increase the size of the Waveform Display by grabbing the vertical line that separates the Name list from the Waveform Display and moving the vertical line to the left or right e Use the View menu to hide the Status Bar or Tool bars e Grab the Tool bars and move them to any part of your monitor display even outside of the Silos program Multiple Data Analyzers To open one or more Data Analyzer windows you can use the Open Analyzer button on the Toolbar Each time the Analyzer is started it can be used to simultaneously display another copy of the simulation results continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 52 Simucad Proprietary Data Analyzer No Saved Data Project Settings Ea plusargs define s e g silos 1 OK C ee Cancel Remove ib m Text Files IV Auto File Save Delay Selection Typ X i I Functional simulation T Enable Silos extensions m Simulation Data File s Ensure these items are M Save all sim data Leas CECRL 1 gothae I Disable floating node warnings No Saved Data in M Save celldefine data Data Analyzer Retain so de ie M Use Alternate Behavioral Evaluation Order Bova l Enable Code Coverage for library modules Maximum File Size Command Line Arguments Size I
261. st box and reload the group information from the project file This is useful when a user written program is used to modify the groups while the Silos is running Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 75 Simucad Proprietary Source Window Context Menus 3 14 4 Source Window Context menus 3 14 4 1 Undo menu selection The Source Window Undo menu selection undoes your last editing or formatting action including cut and paste actions If an action cannot be undone Undo appears dimmed on the Edit menu 3 14 4 2 Cut menu selection The Source Window Cut menu selection deletes text from a document and places it onto the Clipboard replacing the previous Clipboard contents 3 14 4 3 Copy menu selection The Source Window Copy menu selection copies text from a document onto the Clipboard leaving the original intact and replacing the previous Clipboard contents 3 14 4 4 Paste menu selection The Source Window Paste menu selection pastes a copy of the Clipboard contents at the insertion point or replaces selected text in a document continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 76 Simucad Proprietary Source Window Context Menus Source Window Context menus 3 14 4 5 Add Remove Breakpoint menu selection The Source Window Add or Remove Breakpoint menu selection places or removes a simulation breakpoint at the location of the cursor in the source window 3 14 4 6 Data Tips me
262. st name on the Sun or Linux computer enter the following command at the Unix prompt hostname To find out your host id in decimal on the HP computer enter the following command at the Unix prompt uname l continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 9 Simucad Proprietary Solaris 1 2 3 5 Available Memory and CPU Speed for Solaris To find out the amount of memory available on a Sun computer running Solaris enter the following command at the Unix prompt dmesg The available memory will be reported along with other statistics For example the below entry shows this Sun has 3 gig of available memory avail mem 3183763456 Memory usage during logic simulation is different for every circuit and set of vectors Contact your local distributor or Simucad for benchmark data on circuit size and memory usage To see how much memory Silos is using during preprocessing the easiest way would be to enter ps el periodically at the Unix prompt On the ps output from Unix there will be a line with silos in the COMD column On that line write down the number under the SZ column For some Solaris computers every 6000 units in the SZ column corresponds to about 50Meg i e memory in use SZ 50 6000 where the resulting number is in units of MB For example if SZ is 109958 then memory in use is 109958 50 6000 916MB You can find out the speed of your Sun computer by en
263. stance Expression Break in Module Any Instance Ca r r PCOpPE stimulus Himepamt Breakpoints il c silos3 examples vendtest y 51 Delete Enable pe ae EN Clear All Breakpoints can be set using the Debug Breakpoints menu selection or the Toggle Breakpoint button on the Toolbar Silos has the following breakpoints for debugging behavioral code e Break at Simulation Time stops logic simulation before the selected time is simulated e Break at Location stops logic simulation before the selected source line is simulated e Break in Module Instance allows you to select a module instance and then stop logic simulation each time any source line in the selected module instance is to be simulated e Break in Module Any Instance allows you to select a module instance and then stop logic simulation each time a source line in any instance of the module is to be simulated continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 53 Simucad Proprietary Breakpoints One of the uses for setting a breakpoint is to skip over uninteresting code so that you can continue to single step in the code of interest For example to keep single stepping in file vendtest v in the examples subdirectory e Put the mouse cursor on the line near the bottom of file vendtest v 20 clock clock e Click on the Toggle Breakpoint button on the Toolbar A small red stop si
264. t Recently Used list of projects at the end of the Project menu The Module Properties dialog box also has a check box for Save code coverage data for this entry When this is checked code coverage information is saved for this instance and the Silos Explorer has a CC to the left of the instance name If this box unchecked code coverage information is not saved for this instance and the Silos Explorer has a CC covered by a red stop symbol to the left of the instance name The Save code coverage data for this entry will be grayed out if the module instance is outside of the device under test fs_dut system task or if code coverage is not enabled To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the left hand side of the Explorer Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Properties menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 64 Simucad Proprietary Watch Context Menus 3 14 2 Watch Window 3 14 2 1 Add Signal Expression Menu Selection The Watch Add Signal Expression menu selection opens the Specify Signal Expression dialog box To invoke this menu selection use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Watch Window to open the context menu The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the Add Signal Expression menu item The Specify Signal Expression
265. t gt if lt data format gt is omitted then h is assumed data format h 0 b For replacing an existing stimulus table after prep stimulustable lt id gt table lt delay expression gt lt delay constant gt lt data gt lt delay constant gt lt data gt endtable endstimulustable Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 6 Simucad Proprietary Stimulustable 4 3 2 Stimulustable stimulustable is a behavioral statement and can be located anywhere any statement can be placed e g for i 1 i lt 8 i i 1 repeat 8 times the input pattern stimulustable endstimulustable There is no limit to the number of stimulustable statements They are not required to be located in top level modules The syntax for the stimulustable keywords must be lower case Such as the keyword table must be lower case Variable names are upper lower case sensitive Any number of input or expected value columns may appear in a stimulustable Each input column is identified by a variable which is driven by the data in the column Each expected value column is identified by an sign The variable on the left side of an sign is verified against the data in the column The variable on the right side of the sign is used as a strobe Variables used in the table can be a wire register memory element integer or real variable of any width and they can have any valid Verilog name continued on
266. t Operator Report Options dialog box This will display a purple dot on each line where an operand failed to affect an operator Deselecting the DEFAULT option and selecting the other options for the Operator report will show which operands did not affect their corresponding operator 7 Silos c silos examples code_coverage spj OF x File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine f4ploet Reports Options Window Help E l of alel fc sor Code Coverage Operator Report 0 0 covezage of 3 operators olx Module Task Function Name enurba f Fiorano Fat Jo select left operand never T select bit 1 never 1 select right operand never inda Pile Es A a ONA code cove code_coverage ____wf_out2 outt D 1 out out2 outi end Operator left operand never independently toggles result right operand never independently toggles result 3 For Help press F1 TI T2 Tdelta Time 0 130us NUM 4 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 63 Simucad Proprietary Merging Code Coverage 2 3 3 Merging Code Coverage Reports The skill presented in this topic are Merging the code coverage results from two simulations using different testbenches for the same design Procedure The user may want to run different testbenches on the same design and merge the results The u
267. t Sacees sents exseteas teestitant tanta coveted one where a E 3 57 IAAT Explorer WMdOW ponite aO EREE E co ees cess 3 58 3 14 2 Watch Window oc ccs c cces ceeceesisdeccdeces i a RE R i 3 65 3 14 3 Data Analyzer Context Menus se sessessseseeresseseesreserssseeressesresseserseesrese 3 67 3 14 4 Source Window Context Menus ccceeeesecsseeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneenaees 3 76 3 14 5 Output Window Context menus sss sesssesersseseesessteresstsresresersesseeresseeeessese 3 78 4 Verilog HDL Extensions 4 1 4 1 Silos PLI Intetf c n ninn erinnere E EE E hed E a E e Es 4 1 4 1 1 Silos PLI Interface on the PCi inie e ieri aie 4 1 4 1 2 Silos PLI Interface on the Workstation ceccceseeseeseceseeeseeeeeceeeaeeeseeneeees 4 2 4 1 3 List of Implemented PLI Routines 0 ceeceecceseceseesceeeceeseceeeseeeseeeeeeneeeeeeees 4 3 4 2 Standard Delay Format cerien ke abies coe ei E E E eea one eee 4 4 4 3 Expected Values and Stimulustable ccccccecsseecseesceesceesceeecesecesecesecseeeseesseeeeeenseeneeses 4 6 AS BBN ccc Y POER A AE hea eee eos EA eB EI EE BEES 4 6 4 32 Stimulustable c a ce seees coded tach i een a a aa a eee oases 4 7 EARE a a aa aaa a a a a Waheveduacadade vanteuhavesndvea webs 4 9 43 A Delay Tieren a E E E EE E A E EE 4 9 4 3 5 Memory Utilization ccccccc cccccccccccesssasessecccccesedeeieeseccecesaeevacensncctevscnteniesseesieesce 4 11 AEK ISINE TEET ds Siciah a tales Sseraut E T AE
268. t disk file until another file name is specified 2 Each time a STORE or NSTORE command is specified any existing data on the DISK file in effect may be overwritten default appended or a new cycle will be created 3 The file name can be unlimited in length but must conform to the file name syntax of your operating system For the UNIX operating system the file name is case sensitive 4 The FILE STO command can also be used to change the default file name Examples DISK sim results DI PATTERN INP Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 22 Simucad Proprietary ERRORS 5 11 Error Summary When the program indicates that errors occurred during read in preprocessing or simulation you should enter the t s ERRORS command to determine their error level and type For input errors the line number and the input file name will also be reported To check the errors enter TYPE STORE ERRORS LEVEL value WTYPE NSTORE TYPE optional directs the error messages to standard output STORE or to a disk file ERRORS reports any error and warning messages LEVEL optional indicates that only those errors with a severity level equal to value are to be output If not specified all errors will be output value represents a value from 1 to 5 Examples STOR ERROR LEVEL 2 ty er Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 23 Simucad Proprietary EXCLUDE 5 12 Exclude Saving Simu
269. t menu for the Goto Timepoint Pan to T1 Pan to T2 Pan to Last View Timescale Snap to Edges Add Bookmark and Delete Bookmark menu selections To invoke this context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the time point display area the gray area just above the Waveform Display Window The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select a menu item The Data Analyzer has a context menu for the Trace Signal Inputs Display Iteration Data New Group Delete Group Insert Group Show Groups Set Radix Add One Bit Add Zero Bit Reverse Bit Order Add Signal Add Blank Line Set Strength Color Coding Set Trace Color Delete Item s Clear Signal List and Reload Groups To invoke this context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Signal List Box The context menu will remain open while the left mouse button is used to select a menu item Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 57 Simucad Proprietary Explorer Name Filter 3 14 1 Explorer Window 3 14 1 1 Go To Definition Menu Selection The Explorer Signal Go to Definition menu selection is located in the context menu in the right hand Signal side of the Explorer Window The Go to Definition menu selection will automatically open the source file and highlight the defi
270. t specific such compare sdf etc For example suppose you wanted to specify the SDF file only if you entered sdf in the plusargs box for the Project Settings dialog box Then your test bench may look like module test_ bench initial if test plusargs sdf sdf_annotate test sdf only execute if sdf is an argument endmodule The plusargs arguments can make use of relative names see Files Menu Selection on page 3 13 e Retain simulation data file This prevents the simulation history save file from being deleted from disk when Silos is exited The default is to delete the simulation history file when Silos is exited Checking this option is not recommended as it has no use and may clutter up your disk with large save files e Save all sim data This feature will save the simulation history for every variable If Save all sim data is not enabled then the only variables saved are those specified on each instance in the hierarchy by the Properties menu selection in the Explorer context menu e Simulation Data File Path This specifies the directory where the simulation history file is stored This enables you to use disk drives with more space or that are more convenient The simulation data file path can make use of relative path names so that projects are independent of the file systems they are run on see Files Menu Selection on page 3 13 e Save celldefine
271. t specify gt appended to the end of the signal name this is the specify block for the delay from the input pin to the output pin For this example double click on signal stimulus vendY U118 out lt specify gt Please note If you see No Saved Data instead of a waveform this means the simulation history was not saved for the variable A possible cause for not saving the simulation history is that the signal may be inside of a celldefine boundary To save data within celldefine boundaries see the Project Settings Menu Selection on page 3 17 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 83 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging and stimulus vendY U118 out stimulus vendY U118 out lt speci in stimulus vendY PRES STATE O in stimulus vendY APRES_STATE 1 Sx Trace Input Signals X Tdelta Time 1 540us i in is the local Instance name for Since both inputs change from Unknown to Low name for the input the input pin at time 0 020us for this example double click on pin input stimulus vendY PRES_STATE 0 e Signal stimulus vendY U118 out lt specify gt should now be at the top of the Trace Signal Inputs window Listed below signal stimulus vendY U118 out lt specify gt is the two input and gate whose output is driving the signal Since both inputs for the and gate go from Unknown to Low at time 0 021us you could t
272. tary Waveforms 3 12 6 1 Digital and Analog Signal Display Digital Signals For digital signals simulation results are displayed with waveforms denoting signal levels and colors denoting signal strength on color monitors e Supply strength black Strong strength blue e Pullstrength green e High Z Unset and Uncertain strength red e mixed strength for inserted groups and vectors purple Either the High level or Low level for the signal trace can be displayed as a thicker horizontal line The default setting is for the High level to be a thicker line For group names that are inserted into other groups vector names and the name for real or integer variables the value is displayed in the center of the waveform resolution permitting Double clicking on an inserted group or vector name will show or hide the individual bits Color is used to denote the strength for vector signals Purple is used to represent a vector whose bits are at different strengths If the timing markers have been set then the vector value is provided at the top of the display along with the vector strength If the bits for the vector are at different strengths then Mixed Strength is displayed at the top of the display When the timing markers have been set their value is shown in the status bar at the bottom of the Data Analyzer If the bits are at different strengths then Mixed Strength is displayed for the timing marker value
273. tch in the number of port connections continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 6 Simucad Proprietary Command line Options e oprcov This option enables code coverage for operator reporting This option may slow simulation speed you may not want to use it unless you wish to obtain a code coverage report for operators e plusargs You can enter command line arguments that are project specific such compare sdf etc For example suppose you wanted to specify the SDF file only when you entered sdf in the plusargs box for the Project Settings dialog box Then your test bench may look like module test_bench initial if test plusargs sdf sdf_annotate test sdf only execute if sdf is an argument endmodule e pulse_r lt n gt and pulse_e lt n gt command line arguments specify a range of pulse widths that will propagate to the path destination For pulse_r lt n gt n specifies a number in the range 0 100 This will reject any pulse whose width is less than n percent of the module path delay For pulse_e lt n gt n specifies a number in the range 0 100 This will flag as an error and drive unknown x any path pulse whose width is less than n percent of the module path delay but whose width is greater than pulse_r lt n gt For more information see PATHPULSES in the IEEE 1364 V
274. tering the following command at the Unix prompt usr sbin psrinfo v 1 2 3 6 Running Silos To run the command line version of Silos for logic simulation enter runsilos The Silos copyright notice version number etc will appear on your screen You can then enter Silos commands at the Ready prompt for inputting files simulating etc see Inputting SILOS Commands on page 5 1 or Unix Batch Execution on page 7 12 To run the Graphical User Interface GUT version of Silos for logic simulation enter runsse Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Overview Installation e 1 10 Simucad Proprietary Linux 1 2 4 Linux Installation Instructions 1 2 4 1 Material Required 3 Silos CD ROM 4 Silos security code 1 2 4 2 Silos CD ROM Loading Place the CD ROM into the CD ROM holder for your machine and close the CD ROM door To run the installation script on Linux you will need to be the root user One method of installing Silos is to bring up the Linux installation GUI by entering the following command at the Unix prompt gnorpm In the Gnome RPM dialog box select the Packages Applications Engineering menu Next click on the Install button to bring up the Install dialog box Click on the Add button in the Install dialog box to bring up the Add Packages dialog box Navigate in the Directories box for the Add Packages dialog box until you get to the mnt cdrom Unix
275. that states lt ADD YOUR CLOCK EXPRESSION HERE gt to highlight the text and replace the entire text string with the name of the clock The symbols are for positive edge clock and reset lines Click on the ce 99 sign to change it to a sign for a negative edge reset clock SILOS c silos3 examples simole_fsm_spj Fsm 3 File Edit View Project StateMachine Window Help a Bxjaai gs CLOCK clock l l l continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 72 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry Using Notes to Document Outputs for the FSM FSM outputs can be implemented manually in two steps Step 1 Show the outputs on the FSM diagram using Notes use the Note button on the FSM Toolbar Notes can be used to document output signals on the diagram SILOS c silos3 examples simple_fsm spj simple_fsm fsm 3 File Edit Vikw Project State Machine Window Help l x aon lanxe y Note outa 1 outb 0 ey Note outa 0 outh 1 Step 2 Manually code the combinatorial output block for the outputs and insert it after the include for the Finite State Machine see Debugging using a Finite State Machine on page 2 75 e g always SO or S1 begin if SO begin outa 1 outb 0 end else if S1 begin outa 0 outb 1 end end continued on next page Silos User s
276. the Name Filter menu item The name filtering in the Explorer Window uses regular expressions Explanations for regular expressions can be found in many programming books A short description of regular expressions is provided in this help file continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 58 Name Filter Simucad Proprietary Explorer Name Filter A regular expression is a notation for specifying and matching strings Regular expressions have two basic kinds of characters e special characters These are characters that have special meaning for matching strings The special characters for regular expressions are S where pis 2 2 this escapes or quotes other characters such as matches the A useful quoted string is which means or Another useful quoted string is and which allow the parenthesis to be used to group regular expressions For example ac means the character a and zero or more characters of c However ac means zero or more occurrences of the character string ac this matches the preceding character at the beginning of a string When is the first character in a character class it means the compliment of the character class this matches the preceding character at the end of a string this matches any single character characters enclosed in brackets are a character class this matches zero or more occurrences of the char
277. the data is reformatted for more efficient simulation 2 Once preprocessing has been performed additional topological data cannot be entered 3 Note that at least the first three letters of this command must be specified i e PRE 4 If serious errors occur during a phase of the preprocessing you should correct the errors before proceeding If the errors were corrected interactively enter RESET ERRORS and then reissue the PREPROC command to continue preprocessing Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 34 Simucad Proprietary probe 5 21 Probing Node States The probe command reports the value of variables and expressions in tabular format The format for the probe command is STORE STORE STORE STORE probe STEP dt ITER tl t2 format expression probe tl t2 format expression expression probe ITER tl t2 format expression expression probe STEP dt tl t2 format expression expression optional directs the probe output to a disk file Use the DISK command to specify the file name for the stored output reports the value of variables and expressions in tabular format Default report the on change values optional causes the values to be reported between time t1 to time t2 at intervals of dt optional causes values of variables and expressions to be reported for each iteration at a time point optional represents an op
278. the operator had no failures and a green E is placed to the left of the line with the operator If the results of the operator were only true or only false during the simulation then the operator had a failure and a purple dot is placed to the left of the line with the operator Logic Operand Independence reports when either operand fails to independently of the other operand cause the operator to be true or false Logic Operand Bit Independence reports when the operands are vectors report when any bit in either operand fails to independently of the other operand cause the operator to be true or false Bit Operand Independence reports when either operand fails to independently of the same bit in the other operand toggle the resulting bit Math Result Bits reports any bit in the result never or never 0 Reduction Operand Independence reports when operand bits fail to independently toggle the result Exporting Code Coverage Analysis The code coverage Line report can be exported to a spread sheet program such as Microsoft Excel by using the File Export menu selection to open the Export Code Coverage Data dialog box which has options for comma or tab separated data Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 26 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Menu 3 7 State Machine Menu The State Machine menu provides the following menu selections e New menu selection e Open menu selection e Save m
279. the simulation at any time The Go button can be useful during single stepping to skip across uninteresting source code to the next breakpoint at which point the single stepping can be resumed 3 10 2 1 Simulation Suggestions Libraries To increase the speed of processing your design use the library feature to specify large library files from vendors Any file of Verilog source code can be specified as a library file To specify library files see the Files Menu Selection on page 3 13 Library files can also be specified from the command line see Command line Options on page 7 4 continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 39 Simucad Proprietary Simulation Simulation Save File Size Silos is very efficient in saving the simulation results to disk In general there is only a 10 to 15 difference in speed between the saving every variable in the hierarchy and saving nothing However if the save file on disk becomes large enough over a few hundred megabytes then the time spent writing to disk may be significant To reduce simulation save file size on disk you can select which parts of the hierarchy that you want to save the simulation results for To specify which instances to save information for during simulation select the Properties menu selection in the context menu for the left hand side of the Explorer Window Restarting Simulation Silos has the ability to restart the simu
280. til the finish in file test v File testl v stimulustable s1 table 20 001100000 0O 011010000 x 111111111 x 100010001 1 endtable endstimulustable Isim 0 2100m Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 17 Simucad Proprietary Behavioral to Tabular 4 3 11 Changing Behavioral Stimulus to a stimulustable Format Using a stimulustable statement instead of behavioral stimulus has the following advantage e The stimulustable is input in chunks so it requires less memory To change behavioral stimulus to a stimulustable format you can simulate the behavioral stimulus with Silos and then store the results from the probe command as a file of tabular ones and zeros The file can then be edited to remove the title for the probe command report Each line of tabular values in the file must end with a semicolon To add a semicolon at the end of each line put a at the end of the probe state i e store probe inl in2 bil_ bi2_ For example for file stimulus v timescale 1ns 100ps module foo reg in1 in2 reg bi1_ bi2_ wire bi1 bi1_ bi directional inputs wire bi2 bi2_ bi directional inputs initial begin in1 0 in2 0 bi1_ 0 bi2_ 0 10 in1 1 bi1_ 1 10 bi2_ 1 bz 10 finish end endmodule The following commands would be used from a file to simulate the stimulus include stimulus v Icontrol sav
281. timulus coin 0 stimulus newspaper stimulus Sx WFA NEXT_STATE 1 0 stimulus vendY x xh O 12 1 PRES_STATE 1 0 stimulus vendY x xi OO y d gt T1 T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 For Help press F1 Double click on vector coin 1 0 to expand and hide the bits Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 21 Simucad Proprietary State Machine Values 2 2 12 Displaying Vectors using Symbolic Names Benefit e Vectors and buses can be displayed with meaningful state machine names such as 5 cents This eliminates constantly looking up the state machine symbol corresponding to a hex value for a vector Procedure To display the state machine values for vectors coin 1 0 NEXT _STATE 1 0 and PRES STATE 1 0 e Select the Project Project Settings menu to open the Project Settings dialog box Use the Browse button in the Project Settings dialog box to open the Select Symbol Table dialog box Double click on file rtl sym to set the Analyzer Symbol Table File box The format for the symbol table file is a hex value equals symbolic name i e 001b jump The hex values are listed as hex numbers i e 1 8 b without any size or base specification Note the hex value in the table must exactly match the hex value for the vector that is displayed by the Data Analyzer when the Hex radix is used For example if a vector was nineteen bits wide and its
282. tinued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 70 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry e You can also redraw a transition line by moving the mouse cursor tangentially across the transition line and using the left mouse button to redraw the transition The transition can be redrawn by moving the mouse cursor tangentially across the transition line with the left mouse button held down SILOS c silos3 examples simple_fsm spj Fsm continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 71 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry Specifying the Clock and Reset Line e Each finite state machine needs to have at least one reset line and a clock line You can specify a reset line by clicking on the Transition mode button on the FSM Toolbar Then click and hold down the left mouse button in the background area of the FSM window and draw a transition line that is only connected to the state s0 and not from any state This will create a blue reset line that you can give any name The tail of the reset line has a symbol for a positive edge reset line For a negative edge reset line click on the symbol on the tail of the reset line to change it to a symbol The clock is specified in the upper left hand side of the first page for the finite state machine To specify the clock name click on the Select button on the FSM toolbar and then pass the mouse cursor over the box
283. tion time SAVSIM 2 specifies that all logic type simulation node states are to be saved for all nodes in the circuit This option prevents saving integer and floating point values SAVSIM 3 specifies that all logic type integer type and double type simulation node values are to be saved Output values can be retrieved for any network node SYNONYM Causes Silos to retain the hierarchical node names synonyms in addition to the real node name for the upper most level that the node is connected to in the hierarchy When all synonyms are saved Silos will recognize the hierarchical name as well as the real name to each node in the design Caution Saving all synonyms may slow down input parsing and memory usage may go up Default SYNONYM 1 SYNONYM 0 don t save synonyms SYNONYM 1 save all synonyms continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 18 Simucad Proprietary CONTROL Control Parameters For Logic Simulation SKIP Causes Silos to set a skipped port to a level The default level is High Z unknown An allowed level is ground for compatibility with VCS control Skip gnd Default SKIP gnd TPS specifies the default command for redirecting report outputs to standard output or disk file Allowed qualifiers are TYPE WTYPE STORE NSTORE XL_ORDER val specifies a switch so that the order of evaluation for always blocks is the same order as for Verilog XL where
284. tional time point range over which the values will be reported When t1 and t2 are not specified the probe command will use the simulation time values or the time values specified on the last probe command optional specifies the format for reporting the expressions Any of the format specifications for display and monitor are allowed Default radix h specifies any legal Verilog HDL expression The parentheses around the first specified expression are not required when it is just a single variable Full hierarchical path names can be used otherwise the module instance selected by the SCOPE command will be used A can be used instead of a name to insert a blank column in the report When an sign is used in front of any expression then values are reported when those expressions change continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 35 Simucad Proprietary probe Probing Node States Examples A typical way the probe command can be used is to declare the scope for a module instance and then list variables in the module that you want to report on Using two commas between variables would leave a blank column between variables scope main declare module instance main pro a b c blank column between variables The probe command can be used to report the value for any expression such as you could use the following probe command to report the value for
285. to re simulate your design if you exit Silos or if Silos crashes The Project Save Project State menu can be selected at any time after simulation has halted When Silos is restarted the Project Restore Project State menu selection can be used to reload the simulation up to the last time point that was saved The Data Analyzer can then be used to view the simulation results and the simulation can be continued The Project Restore Project State menu must be selected immediately after Silos is reopened or a project is opened The Project Restore Project State menu can not be selected after selecting the Project Load Reload Input Files menu or the Go button The simulation history is stored on disk in the file named project_name sim and the simulation state is stored on disk in the file named project_name cmm The project_name cmm file will be slightly larger than the size of your Silos simulation in RAM memory 3 5 7 Restore Project State Menu Selection When Silos is restarted the Project Restore Project State menu selection can be used to reload the simulation up to the last time point that was saved by the Project Save Project State menu selection The Data Analyzer can then be used to view the simulation results and the simulation can be continued The Project Restore Project State menu must be selected immediately after Silos is reopened or a project is opened The Project Restore Project State menu can not be selecte
286. to set the radix for the vectors NEXT _STATE 1 0 and PRES STATE 1 0 To set the radix for both vectors at the same time select both vectors by holding down the Ctrl key on the keyboard as you select them and then use the Set Radix menu selection to change the radix Make sure you click on the minus sign for the default group to save the new radixes Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 25 Simucad Proprietary Waveform Annotation 2 2 13 Creating an Annotated Timeline for the Waveform Display Benefit e An annotated timeline displays the design s operation in meaningful symbols as the designer reviews the waveforms making it much easier to find and debug the design s operations Procedure Whether you are debugging your own design or someone else s design displaying a vector of ASCII text that explains what the simulation is doing can be very useful To demonstrate this Silos c silos examples rtl spj yendtest File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug State Machine Explorer Reports Options Window Help la x a 8 aksa ccfss Command ffascii vector to explain stimulus always coin begin coind coin1 1 case coin1 6 info off 1 info adding coins 2 info adding coins 3 begin info newspaper coint 6 end E endcase 4 gt Open an existing file Ti T2 Tdelta Time 1 540us NUM 4 case statement for ASCII vector info e U
287. ton closes the dialog box and displays the specified expression in the Data Analyzer The Cancel button closes the dialog box and does not display the expression If you single click on the expression that you added to the Data Analyzer pause then click on the expression again you can modify the expression 3 14 3 2 7 Add Blank Line Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Add Blank Line menu selection inserts a blank line in the Data Analyzer just above the signal name that is highlighted Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 74 Simucad Proprietary Clear Signal 3 14 3 2 8 Set Strength Color Coding Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Set Strength Color Coding menu selection uses color to denote waveform strength 3 14 3 2 9 Set Trace Color Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Set Trace Color menu selection opens the Select Trace Color dialog box which can be used to select a color for a waveform 3 14 3 2 10 Delete Item s Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Delete Items menu selection deletes all of the signal names that are selected by the user in the Name list box 3 14 3 2 11 Clear Signal List Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Clear Signal List menu selection deletes all of the signal names in the Name list box 3 14 3 2 12 Reload Groups Menu Selection The Data Analyzer Name box Reload Groups menu selection will cause the Data Analyzer to clear the li
288. ton on signal newspaper in the Name list box e Then select the Trace Signal Inputs menu to open the Trace Signal Inputs window continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 82 Simucad Proprietary Gate Level Debugging S Silos c silos examples gate spj Trace Signal Inputs File Edit View Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports Options Window Help l alalala lt 2 lt i Scan to Change amS 000us 4 i L L 4 4 p 1 00us 1 L Sata stimulus newspaper YAND stimulus vendY U118 out stimulus newspaper st out stimulus newspaper Sx inl stimulus vendY PRES_STATE 0 Stx inl stimulus vendY PRES_STATE 1 Stx stimulus vendY U118 out lt specify gt S J X RNI gt For Help press F1 T1 T2 Tdekta Time 1 540us INUM 4 The lt specify gt appended to the end of a signal name means this is the signal for the specify block delays from the input to output To view the full signal name use the mouse to drag the vertical bar and increase the size of the Name column pins Double click on this signal to display the gates that are driving the module output e Since signal newspaper is a module port the Trace Signal Inputs window displays every variable for module vend However you can find the gate that is driving signal newspaper by double clicking on the signal that has the word l
289. u Selection The Project Project Settings menu selection allows you to set the command line options and other options for Silos For these settings to take effect you must click on the Load Reload Input Files button or select the Project Load Reload Input Files menu selection Available options for the Project Settings dialog box are e Analyzer Symbol Table File This specifies a file that substitutes text strings for state values for vectors displayed in the Data Analyzer The text strings can be symbols for a state machine making the state machine much easier to debug For an example see Displaying Vectors using Symbolic Names on page 2 22 e Auto File Save Enabling this feature will cause Silos to automatically save any source file you have modified whenever you click on the Load Reload Input Files button on the Main toolbar or select the Project Load Reload Input Files menu selection e Command Line Arguments You can use Verilog style command line arguments for Silos The command line arguments can be entered from the Command Line Arguments box in the Project Settings dialog box or from the command line if you are running a batch simulation For a list of the available command line arguments see Command line Options on page 7 4 The command line arguments can make use of relative names see Files Menu Selection on page 3 13 e define s The user can enter define statements that are project specific These
290. u selection opens a source window that displays the source code for the hierarchical instance you selected in the left hand Tree side of the Explorer Window This enables you to quickly find the source code for a module instance when you have a large design that spans many files scattered across many directories Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 38 Simucad Proprietary Debug Menu 3 10 Debug Menu The Debug menu provides the following menu selections e Enable Single Step Breakpoints menu selection e Go menu selection e Break Simulation menu selection e Finish Current Timepoint menu selection e Step menu selection e Breakpoints menu selection 3 10 1 Enable Single Step Breakpoints Menu Selection The Debug Enable Single Step Breakpoints menu selection turns on or off the single stepping capability and the breakpoints capability The advantage of turning of the debugging would be to increase simulation speed perhaps by as much as 25 3 10 2 Go Menu Selection The Debug Go menu selection performs logic simulation The Go button is also available on the Toolbar When Go is selected the files specified for the project are automatically input into Silos unless they have already been input Logic simulation is then run until a stop or finish is encountered in the design During simulation the Go button will change into a Stop button which can be clicked on to halt
291. u want to select In the Breakpoints dialog box select Break in Module Any Instance for the Type box The name of the module instance that you selected from the Explorer Window will then appear in the Scope box Next press the Add button to add the name of the module instance to the list of breakpoints The Add button adds the specified breakpoint to the Breakpoints list Active breakpoints are preceded by a plus sign Inactive breakpoints Disable button are preceded by a minus sign Individual breakpoints can be deleted with the Delete button All breakpoints can be deleted by the Clear All button The OK button closes the Breakpoints dialog box and saves the changes The Cancel button closes the Breakpoints dialog box without saving the changes Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 43 Simucad Proprietary Options Menu 3 11 Options Menu The Options menu provides the following menu selection e Fonts menu selection e Tabs menu selection e Snap to Edges e Title Tips menu selection e Analog Integer Display e Strength Color Coding e Trace Color Coding e White Background e Black Background e Full Path Title e Data Tips e Syntax Color Coding 3 11 1 Fonts menu selection The Options Fonts menu selection opens the Fonts dialog box for setting the fonts for the Data Analyzer Window and the source win
292. ual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 72 Simucad Proprietary Groups Groups of Signals e New Group This selection can be used to add a new group to the Name list box e Delete Group This selection can be used to delete a group e Insert Group This selection opens the Add Group dialog box This dialog box will insert a group within a group The inserted group is displayed as a bus which can be expanded and hidden by double clicking on it e Show Groups This selection opens the Select Signal Groups dialog box This dialog box can be used to select which groups are displayed in the Data Analyzer To invoke the context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Name list box The context menu will remain open while the mouse is used to select the group menu item of interest When the Data Analyzer Window is opened the Default group is displayed To save any signals that are added to the Default group click on the minus sign just to the left of the Default group in the Name list box Silos will ask you if you want to save the changes to the Default group 3 14 3 2 4 Set Radix Menu Selection The Analyzer Name box Set Radix menu selection is located in the context menu for the Name list box Setting the radix for a vector can assist with debugging the design The radix can be set to binary octal or hexadecimal to conveniently display the vector Symbolic names can be used to represent the values for a
293. ug in Answer Yes to the query Enabling the Operator Coverage plug in can increase the simulation time so normally the user would not enable this until he is ready to review operator coverage If the files were reloaded click on the Go button on the Main toolbar to run the simulation e Select the Code Coverage Operator Report menu selection to open the Select Operator Report Options dialog box The DEFAULT Operator 1 0 Result option is already selected so click on the OK button to close the dialog box and open the Code Coverage Operator Report list box The DEFAULT Operator 1 0 Result option will report the result of each operator except for math operators continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 61 Simucad Proprietary Operator Code Coverage e Double click on the first entry in the Code Coverage Operator Report list box to go to the corresponding line of file code _coverage v In the code_coverage v file a purple dot shows that the result for the gt operator for the expression C gt D failed to be true The two green E s in file code_coverage v show that the result for the gt operator and the operator were completely executed both true and false When there is more than one expression on a line the Operator Report will list them separately However if you want to visually see a purple dot
294. ull path for the selected signal name from the Data Analyzer window to the Clipboard Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 6 Simucad Proprietary Edit Menu 3 3 4 Paste menu selection The Edit Paste menu selection pastes a copy of the Clipboard contents at the insertion point or replaces selected text in a document 3 3 5 Clear menu Selection The Edit Clear menu selection deletes selected text from a document but does not place the text onto the Clipboard Use Clear when you want to delete text from the current document but you have text on the Clipboard that you want to keep 3 3 6 Select All menu selection The Edit Select All menu selection selects all the text in a document at once You can copy the selected text onto the Clipboard delete it or perform other editing actions 3 3 7 Find menu selection The Edit Find menu selection searches for characters or words in a document You can match uppercase and lowercase letters and search forward or backward from the insertion point 3 3 8 Find Next menu selection The Edit Find Next menu selection repeats the last search without opening the Find dialog box 3 3 9 Replace menu selection The Edit Replace menu selection replaces one string with another 3 3 10 Goto Line menu selection The Edit Goto Line menu selection goes to the source line number that was specified Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 7 Si
295. us e 3 1 Simucad Proprietary Menus 3 1 3 Dialog Box Conventions The following conventions should be noted for the dialog boxes e Selecting the OK button will close the dialog box and any active options or specifications will be used e Selecting the Cancel button will close the dialog box and not affect any options or specifications e Selecting the Close button will close the dialog box however options selected for the dialog box are not canceled e Selecting the STOP button on the Toolbar or the Escape key Esc on the keyboard will stop the current process such as inputting a file or running logic simulation If Silos hangs and does not respond to the STOP button see Nonconvergence Hanging for Behavioral Designs on page 3 33 For the command line version silos exe on the PC and silos on Unix pressing the Ctrl and c keys on the keyboard will stop the current process Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 2 Simucad Proprietary File Menu 3 2 File Menu The File menu provides the following menu selections New menu selection Open menu selection Save menu selection Save As menu selection Export menu selection Print menu selection Print Setup selection Exit menu selection 3 2 1 New The File New menu selection opens a new source window for editing 3 2 2 Open Menu The File Open menu selection opens a sou
296. use Silos commands Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 1 Simucad Proprietary Commands In Files 7 1 1 Commands in Files Silos commands can be entered in the Command window for the Main toolbar for more information see Commands Overview on page 5 1 or from a file Commands entered from a file must be directly preceded without any white space by a ora Preceding a command by will cause the command to be echoed to standard output as it is executed Usually only the first two characters are required when specifying a command A few commands e g PRE PRO require three letters to prevent ambiguity For more information on the commands available for Silos see the Silos Commands on page 5 1 629 An is shown below For this example file test v will automatically simulate to the finish and report any error messages Enclosing Silos commands with a ifdef silos compiler directive allows you to maintain Verilog compatibility the keyword silos is defined as true by default in Silos File test v title simple circuit module foo reg clock initial begin clock 0 10 clock 1 10 finish end endmodule ifdef silos Isim lerrors endif continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Appendix B Command Line Arguments e 7 2 Simucad Proprietary Commands In Files Commands are executed immediately upon being
297. values 2 The SYMBOL command can redefine node state symbols either before or after simulation for the t s OUTPUT probe and t s POUTPUT reports continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 49 Simucad Proprietary SYMBOL Symbol Modification For Output Application Notes 3 When the same symbol is used to represent the different states as in the defaults of 0 1 for the input stimulus for a CLK or PATTERN specification the program resolves the ambiguity in the following order e the most recent symbol specified by the most recently entered SYMBOL command is used e for the default symbols not specified by a SYMBOL command the higher strength is used and within a strength the higher level is used For example if SYMBOL D1 R0 is entered then the symbol would mean Resistive Low If SYMBOL D1 D is entered then the symbol would mean Driving Unknown 4 Note that the Unset state symbol cannot be changed it will always be a question mark Examples SYMBOL Z0 Z Z1 symbol r U z U d U r1 H z1 H d1 H dO L rO L zO L SYM OD L D U 1D H SO O S X S1 l ISYM DO O D X D1 I S Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 50 Simucad Proprietary 6 Appendix A Libraries 6 1 Overview Simucad provides many of the popular TTL library models for the SN74LS series The behavioral source for these parts is prov
298. verse Bit Order 3 74 S s command line option 7 4 save automatically delete simulation history file 3 19 by hierarchy 3 63 control command saving 5 18 recirculating save file for batch 5 17 recirculating save file for GUI 3 18 save all variables 3 19 save file path 3 19 saving node states 5 27 saving node states by macro 5 29 simulation results 5 25 variables in celldefine 3 19 save turn off turn on reset 4 23 Save As menu 3 4 3 15 Save As menu State Machine 3 28 save file renaming 5 26 resetting simulation results 5 38 save file turn off turn on reset 4 23 save file size 3 18 save file size smaller 2 90 Save menu 3 3 Save menu State Machine 3 28 Save Project State menu 3 15 scanning to edge 2 37 SCOPE Silos User s Manual syntax definition 5 40 Scope for Data Analyzer 3 49 scoping node states 5 40 SDF sdf_annotate system task 4 4 search on condition Tutorial 2 33 security code computer name on PC 1 5 host name on Linux 1 12 host name on Unix 1 9 hostid on Linux 1 12 hostid on PC 1 5 hostid on Unix 1 9 license manager PC 1 4 node locked 1 3 PC to UNIX 1 5 sharing node locked 1 3 Select Files to Merge menu 3 22 3 23 Select Mode menu 3 28 Show Groups 2 29 3 73 signal color 3 50 Signal List Box rearranging names 2 20 signal names hierarchical expansion of name 3 45 Silos analog behavioral modeling 2 100 2 101 blank lines in Data Analyzer 3 74 breakpoints 2 53 errors 2 97 Explorer Window 2 12 exp
299. verse tangent function 4 21 Iteration menu selection 3 31 K k command line option 7 4 KEEP command syntax definition 5 27 Keeping simulation node states 5 27 L l command line option 7 4 la command line option 7 4 library example 3 13 file encryption 5 15 overview 6 1 specify from menus 3 13 TTL BCT parts 6 13 TTL LS parts 6 4 license computer name on PC 1 5 host name on Linux 1 12 host name on Unix 1 9 hostid on Linux 1 12 hostid on PC 1 5 hostid on Unix 1 9 PC node locked 1 3 PC to UNIX 1 5 license manager PC 1 4 Linux installation 1 11 Load Reload Input Files menu 3 16 lockup behavioral level designs 3 34 log file enable disable 3 18 logic initialization maximum iteration limit 5 17 logic simulation 2001 1xx Index e 8 4 Simucad Proprietary batch example 2 95 control specification 5 16 excluding selected modules for code coverage 5 13 excluding selected nodes 5 24 excluding selected nodes by module 5 28 exporting code coverage results 5 12 functional simulation 3 18 iteration limit 5 17 maximum minimum delay command 5 17 node synonym names 5 18 preprocessing 5 34 renaming save file 5 26 running logic simulation 5 41 save file limit 5 16 save file reset 5 38 save file size 5 18 save variables in celldefine 5 18 smaller save file example 2 90 specification 5 41 spike report 5 44 Unknown levels on enables 5 17 xl_order command 5 19 xl_order command line option 7 8 math functions
300. verview Installation e 1 14 Simucad Proprietary 2 Tutorial 2 1 Overview for Debugging FPGA and ASIC Designs Benefits e The Silos logic simulation plug ins provide a low cost solution for quickly debugging FPGA or ASIC designs that are written using Verilog HDL e Silos s ability to display any variable without re simulating makes the user interface easy to learn and saves invaluable development time by not interrupting the designer s concentration during debugging e The intuitive debugging environment is made possible because the simulation algorithms are optimized to save information quickly to disk Other simulators may run fast only when they save nothing e The superior debugging capabilities of Silos can save valuable design time even though designers may already have access to regression style Unix simulators because debugging the RTL code can take 60 to 70 of the total design time e Silos is available on Windows so that the designer can use the faster and more cost effective PC platforms Silos is also available on Unix Silos has a variety of highly integrated tools to assist with debugging behavioral designs Single stepping through your source code e Drag and drop variables directly from your source code into the Data Analyzer or a Watch window e Breakpoints so that you can conveniently skip over uninteresting source code e Explorer Window which displays the design s hierarchy in a convenient tree stru
301. w Data Analyzer Window Output Window and the source windows The context menus for the Output Window and the source windows allow you to Cut Copy and Paste The context menus for windows are The right hand side of the Explorer Window has a context menu for the Go to Definition Add Signals to Analyzer Name Filter Sort by Name and Sort by Type menu selections To invoke this context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the right hand side the side with the signal names of the Explorer Window The context menu will remain open while the left mouse button is used to select a menu item The left hand side of the Explorer Window has a context menu for the Copy Scope Go To Source code Go To Scope Instance Name Filter and Properties menu selections To invoke this context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the left hand side the side with the hierarchical tree of the Explorer Window The context menu will remain open while the left mouse button is used to select a menu item The Watch Window has a context menu for the Add Signal Expression Set Value Free Forced Wire and Clear All menu selections To invoke this context menu use the right mouse button to click on any part of the Watch Window The context menu will remain open while the left mouse button is used to select a menu item The Data Analyzer has a contex
302. w Project Code Coverage Debug Explorer Reports s E Data Analyzer code_coverage codecoy a code_coverage2 codecovl Default 2 1 0 testbencl A 1 0 testbencl B 1 0 testbencl C 1 0 testbencl D 1 0 testbencl File name Jcode_coverage codecoy Files of type Code Coverage codecoy x Cancel L h For Help press F1 e Now that code coverage results have been merged you can select the Code Coverage Line Report menu selection or the Code Coverage Operator Report menu selection to review the combined code coverage results Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 65 Simucad Proprietary FSM Entry 2 4 Finite State Machine FSM Entry Using a Finite State Machine FSM entry tool simplifies documentation and debugging The animation between the Finite State Machine window and the Data Analyzer simplifies debugging Scanning from state to state in the Finite State Machine window moves the T1 timing marker in the Data Analyzer making it simple to view the waveforms for the Finite State Machine states As the T1 marker is moved across the Data Analyzer the Finite State Machine window shows which state is active The Finite State Machine window can be minimized and still show which state is active allowing the user to display more waveforms in the Data Analyzer 2 4 1 Creating a Simple FSM The skills presented in this topic are Creating a simpl
303. without having to re input all the files in the design This allows quick iteration of different stimulus expected value patterns The incremental stimulustables can be specified at any time after preprocessing the prep command When specifying the incremental stimulustables each incremental stimulustable must be specified outside of any module and the variable names can not be put on the table line The name of the stimulustable is used to determine which stimulustable is updated The file below test v shows the top level module with a stimulustable that is simulated until the finish is encountered File test v Icon ext stim timescale 1ns 100ps module main reg 8 0 r9 reg r1 initial begin stimulustable s1 table 10 b r9 000000000 000010000 111111111 100000001 endtable endstimulustable 10 finish end endmodule Isim include test1 v continued on next page Silos User s Manual r1 Oxon 2001 1xx Verilog HDL Extensions e 4 16 Simucad Proprietary Incremental Update The next file testl v shows the new stimulustable values To simulate the new values use include to input file testl v Notice that the delta delay value was changed from 10 for the first version of stimulustable s1 to 20 for the second version of stimulustable s1 The command sim 0 2100m will restart the simulation at time 0 and simulate un
304. x Silos Commands e 5 44 Simucad Proprietary STORE 5 28 Storing Outputs When a command that generates a report is preceded by the STORE command the report output will be directed to a disk file To specify the STORE command enter STORE command STORE directs the output to a 132 column disk file As a default this file is named store out command represents a command structure which defines the type of data to be output These commands are described within this section of the manual Application Notes 1 Ifa command that generates a report is not preceded by the STORE command then the default output device is specified by the CONTROL command 2 Torespecify the page width for the STORE command use the FORMAT STORE command 3 The default file name for the STORE command may be redefined using the DISK command or the FILE STO command Examples store output on change STO NETWORK FDD Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 45 Simucad Proprietary STRENGTH Strength Specification For Gates The STRENGTH command allows you to modify the default strength types To respecify default strength types for gate devices use STRENGTH device strg device strg DEFAULT strg STRENGTH indicates that default strength types are to be assigned to unidirectional gate devices device represents a device keyword see note 1 below If no device N device P or d
305. y from module stimulus into module vend Since we have traced back to the input stimulus signal clock it appears the clock signal going High at time 0 020us propagated through the design causing the stimulus newspaper signal to go from an Unknown level to a Low level at time 0 021us Had this been a design problem the user would either correct the gate level design or more likely the RTL level design and re synthesize Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Tutorial e 2 89 Simucad Proprietary Smaller Save Files 2 6 Creating Smaller Save Files for Logic Simulation Silos is very efficient in writing the logic simulation results to the simulation history save file project_name sim The difference in simulation speed between saving everything and saving nothing is a maximum of 10 so saving information to disk has a minimal impact on simulation speed However once the save file size exceeds one to two gigabytes the user may see slower painting for the waveform display in the Silos Data Analyzer For this reason and if there is not enough available disk space the user may wish to limit the size of the simulation history save file The save file for the simulation history is only used by the Silos GUI The simulation history save file is not used by batch simulations so by default it is turned off when running batch simulations see the Example for Batch Logic Simulation on page 2 95 There are two strate
306. y mode is used for all modules When this command is used the back annotation of SDF delays is disabled Maximum File Size You can select one of two options to control the maximum simulation save file size on disk the Size In Bytes or the Recirculate Start Time The Size In Bytes option sets the maximum size on disk for the simulation history save file This prevents Silos from crashing when all available disk space is used Silos will return to the Ready prompt when the simulation history save file reaches the limit The reset savfile command can be entered in the Command window in the Main Toolbar to reset the simulation history save file to a few bytes The simulation can be continued and the simulation results that are after the reset savfile can be reviewed The Recirculate Start Time option specifies the maximum time interval for saving the simulation history results When the simulation time exceeds this interval the new simulation results are saved and the earliest simulation results are discarded so that the save file interval and file size on disk stay relatively constant very much like a FIFO The interval can be specified in time units such as 100ns for 100 nanoseconds continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Menus e 3 18 Simucad Proprietary Project Menu Project Settings Menu Selection e plusargs You can enter command line arguments that are projec
307. yntax definition 5 48 symbol names for vectors 2 22 Syntax Color Coding menu 3 46 T Tabs menu 3 44 tabular outputs probe command 5 35 Silos User s Manual Simucad Proprietary tangent function 4 21 tasks global 4 24 ports 4 25 technical support how to access 1 14 test pattern activity report 5 2 Tile menu 3 47 time Add Bookmark 3 69 Delete Bookmark 3 69 Goto Timepoint 3 67 Time Scale dialog box 3 68 Timescale dialog box 2 43 timing checks turn off messages 7 6 turn off timing checks 7 6 turn on timing checks for fault simulation 7 7 Title Tips menu 3 45 Toolbar Analyzer Toolbar 3 10 explanatory text 2 4 FSM Toolbar 3 10 Main Toolbar 3 10 trace Trace Signal Inputs 3 70 Trace Color Coding menu 3 45 Trace Signal Inputs 2 81 transcendental math functions 4 21 Transition Mode menu 3 29 TTL library BCT parts 6 13 LS parts 6 4 U u command line option 7 4 UDP default value 4 27 High Z 4 27 Undo menu 3 6 3 76 Unset state symbol 5 50 upper case u command line option 7 4 uselib 7 9 User Registration menu 3 56 V v command line option 7 4 Value for Data Analyzer 3 49 variables displaying values in text window 2 45 global 4 24 2001 1xx Index e 8 8 Simucad Proprietary vector creating in Data Analyzer 2 30 vectors ASCII radix 2 26 expanding and hiding bits 2 21 symbol names 2 22 Verilog HDL extensions analog 4 20 expected values 4 6 Silos extensions 4 24 stimulustable 4 6
308. ywrd val keywrd optionally directs the activity report to standard output or to a disk file generates a node activity report represent the minimum and maximum time point values for reporting node activity This time point range must be within the logic simulation time point range If the time points are not specified the logic simulation times are used The TO keyword is optional represents an optional keyword used to define a condition or specify a value The first keyword must be preceded by a slash Allowed keywords are reports the activity only for nodes that are included within fault blocking continued on next page Silos User s Manual 2001 1xx Silos Commands e 5 2 Simucad Proprietary ACTIVITY Activity Report For Nodes keyword MNTRAN val _ specifies the lower limit for reporting node activity Only nodes which have known level transitions greater than or equal to this minimum limit will be reported Default MNTRAN 0 MXTRAN val specifies the upper limit for reporting node activity Only nodes which have known level transitions less than or equal to this maximum limit will be printed Default MXTRAN 0 val represents the user specified numerical value for MNTRAN or MXTRAN NOHIST suppresses output of the activity versus time histogram NOSUM suppresses output of the activity summary NOTAB suppresses output of the node activity table Application Notes 1 An ACTIVITY report can be very useful fo

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