FDS+Evac – User's Guide
Contents
1. EVACUATION TRUE TopExit 1 55 SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE LeftExit 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE RightExit 22 KRREKKKKKKKEEE Second floor evac vents kkkkkkkkkkkkkxk NOTE MESH ID is given because we have also additional evac flow fields on this level which have different doors open amp VENT XB 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 45 4 55 SURF _ID OUTFLOW MESH ID FF2ndFloor EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit amp VENT XB 4 0 6 0 30 0 30 0 4 45 4 55 SURF _ID OUTFLOW MESH ID FF2ndFloor EVACUATION TRUE TopExit Additional evac flow fields for the 1st floor i e the fields where only one door is open amp VENT XB 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 45 4 55 SURF _ID OUTFLOW MESH ID FF2ndBottom EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit amp VENT XB 4 0 6 0 30 0 30 0 4 45 4 55 SURF_ID INERT MESH ID FF2ndBottom EVACUATION TRUE TopExit amp VENT XB 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 45 4 55 SURF_ID INERT MESH ID FF2ndTop EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit amp VENT XB 4 0 6 0 30 0 30 0 4 45 4 55 SURF _ID OUTFLOW MESH ID FF2ndTop EVACUATION TRUE TopExit KKEKKKKKKKKK evacuation node input kkkkkkkkkkkkxk k kkkkkkkkkkxk First Floor Doors kkkkkkkkkkkkkxk amp DOOR ID BottomDoor IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FFlstFloor TO_ NODE 2ndBottomDoor XB 15 0 17 0 0 00 0 00 1 45 1 552. 3 1 MW FUEL 87 EPUMO2 11020 EVACUATION FALSE Evacuation grids are not reading these lines 19 One can use this keyword in the To be sure amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT The amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST The amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST amp OBST CB XBARO SURF _ID OPEN EVACUATION CB XBAR SURF_ID OPEN EVACUATION CB YBARO SURF _ID OPEN EVACUATION CB YBAR SURF_ID OPEN EVACUATION CB ZBAR SURF_ID Concrete EVACUATION CB ZBARO SURF _ID Concrete EVACUATION 2nd floor z 3 0m 5 0m XB 0 07 0250 0 0 22 0 30 5 4 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete if XB 020 0 50 42 0 302 3 075 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 29 50 30 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 29 50 30 0 6 0 30 3 0 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 50 3 0 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 4 0 15 0 0 0 0 50 3 0 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 17 0 30 0 oe 0 50 3 0i 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 SURF_ID Concrete XB 0 0 4 0 28 50s 30s 32 0 5220 7 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 SURF_ID Concrete A XB 6 0 17 0 2
3. amp DOOR ID TopDoor IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FFlstFloor TO NODE TopCorr XB 17 0 19 0 30 00 30 00 1 45 1 55 amp DOOR ID LeftDoor IOR 1 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FFlstFloor TO NODE 2ndLeftDoor XB 0 0 0 0 2 00 4 00 1 45 1 55 amp DOOR ID RightDoor IOR 1 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FFlstFloor TO NODE 2ndRightDoor XB 30 0 30 0 4 00 6 00 1 45 1 55 23 KeKEKKEKEEKK Connection between the floors kki x kkk kk kx TopDoor gt TopCorr gt 2ndTopDoor amp CORR ID TopCorr MAX HUMANS INSIDE 20 XB1 17 0 19 0 29 50 29 50 1 45 14 55 XB2 17 0 19 0 29 50 29 50 4 45 4 55 TO_NODE 2ndTopDoor EFF LENGTH 7 0 FAC SPEED 0 5 KKKKKKKKKKK Second Floor Doors and Exits kkkkkkkkkkkkxk k Humans are going outside of the building using these two exits amp EXIT ID 2ndBottomExit IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndFloor COUNT _ONLY FALSE XB 2 0 4 0 0 00 0 00 4 45 4 55 amp EXIT ID 2ndTopExit IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndFloor COUNT _ONLY FALSE XB 4 0 6 0 30 00 30 00 4 45 4 55 These 4 doors are needed because humans are entering this floor via these doors from the 1st floor amp DOOR ID 2ndBottomDoor IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndB
4. 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE RightExit i e the fields 0 0 0 0 1 45 1 55 SURF _ID INERT D FFlstTop EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit 30 0 30 0 1 45 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW D FFlistTop EVACUATION TRUE TopExit 2 0 4 0 1 45 1 55 SURF_ID INERT D FFlstTop EVACUATION TRUE LeftExit 4 0 6 0 1 45 1 55 SURF _ID INERT D FFlistTop EVACUATION TRUE RightExit 0 0 0 0 1 45 1 55 SURF_ID INERT D FFistLeft EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit 30 0 30 0 1 45 1 55 SURF_ID INERT D FFistLeft EVACUATION TRUE TopExit 2 0 4 0 1 45 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW D FFistLeft EVACUATION TRUE LeftExit 4 0 6 0 1 45 1 55 SURF _ID INERT D FFistLeft EVACUATION TRUE RightExit 0 0 0 0 1 45 1 55 D FFlistBottom 30 0 30 0 1 45 D FF1istBottom 2 0 4 0 1 45 D FF1lstBottom 4 0 6 0 1 45 D FF1istBottom 0 0 0 0 1 45 D FFlstRight 30 0 30 0 1 45 D FFlstRight 2 0 4 0 1 45 D FFlstRight 4 0 6 0 1 45 D FFlstRight SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit 1 55 SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE TopExit 1 55 SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE LeftExit 1 55 SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE RightExit 1 55 SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit 1 55 SURF_ID INERT
5. CHID evac fed are assuming that the grids and geom etry are exactly the same in the new calculation than was in the one which wrote the files 5 FDS Evac Output Files FDS Evac produces a file CHID_evac csv which has information on the number of humans on the different floors and stairs at a given time as well as the total number of humans inside the building The file also list the number of humans gone through each exit and door The first column is the time and the second column is the number of humans inside the whole building Then the number of humans in each main evacuation grids floors and in each corridor stairs CORR namelists are given After these the number of humans gone through various exits and doors are reported The last three columns are printed only if the FED is used i e the smoke and toxic gas information is available The first of these columns reports the number of dead humans i e those whose FED values is larger than unity The next columns is the maximum value of FED among all humans dead or alive Note that the FED value of the dead humans will continue to build up as if they would be alive Finally the last column is the maximum FED value of the humans which are alive Human movement may be visualized by Smokeview where Evacuation is shown on the Load Save menu The humans are saved on part files During the run of FDS Evac lots of evacuation information is printed on the standard erro
6. FDS fire calculation mesh es amp GRID IBAR 60 JBAR 60 amp PDIM XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 two floors KBAR 10 FIRST FLOOR grids for evacuation The amp GRI amp PDI Additional human flow fields of the 1st floor D M main evacuation mesh of the ist floor IBAR 60 JBAR 60 EVAC HUMANS TRUE XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 is the default NOTE The 1st floor has 4 exits and or doors so we want to have an evac flow field for each of them gt 4 additional grids exit the floor amp GRID IBAR 60 JBAR 60 amp PDI amp GRI amp PDI amp GRI amp PDI amp GRI amp PDI M D M D M D M XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 IBAR 60 JBAR 60 XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 IBAR 60 JBAR 60 XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 IBAR 60 JBAR 60 XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 SECOND FLOOR grid for The main evacuation mesh of the 2nd floor amp GRID IBAR 60 JBAR 60 EVAC HUMANS TRUE EVACUATION FALSE ZBARO 0 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID FFlstFloor 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 ZBARO 1 is the default 0 ZBAR 5 0 EVAC_HUMANS TRUE 45 ZBAR 1 55 EVAC_HUMANS FALSE KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID ZBARO 1 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID ZBARO 1 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID ZBARO 1 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 evacuation ZBARO 1 KBAR
7. Now the fire and evacuation simulations are done at the same time Check that the results of the evacuation simulations are similar to the results which were calculated without the fire simulation Note that the results are not exactly similar because humans have random initial positions 2 2 Error Statements Reporting Bugs and Getting Help e Send bug reports to Timo Korhonen vtt f i The subject line should start with the characters FDS Evac Bug e Send help requests to Timo Korhonen vtt i The subject line should start with the characters FDS Evac Help 3 Setting up the Input File for FDS Evac This section is a short manual to the FDS Evac program Read first the FDS manual because here only those features and keywords are presented which differ from the ordinary FDS fire input The optional keywords are presented with a slanted typewriter font like GAMMA and the normal keywords with upright typewriter font like XBAR One can use the optional keywords to override the default values of different parameters Note that the FDS Evac is still under construction Read the Readme txt file at the source code directory for additional quite technical information See and read through the example FDS Evac input files These files contain many comment lines which explain all the major features of the FDS Evac input file format and how to do a FDS Evac simulation Some general notes on FDS Evac and some special features and w
8. e A better description of the human body i e by three spheres see Figure 1 and Reference 10 e A more realistic CORR object Record the 1D position of each human inside the corridor stairs and use the human density versus walking speed correlations e More pre defined human classes especially those refered in the IMO circular 11 The users should notice that the beta versions are under development and the features and user input may change in the future This is especially true before the release of the first official versions 27 References 1 Korhonen T Hostikka S and Keski Rahkonen O A Proposal for the Goals and New Techniques of Modelling Pedestrian Evacuation in Fires Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science International Association for Fire Safety Science pp 557 567 2005 2 Helbing D and Molnar P Social force model for pedestrian dynamics Physical Review E 51 4282 4286 1995 3 Helbing D Farkas I and Vicsek T Simulating dynamical features of escape panic Nature 407 487 490 2000 4 Helbing D Farkas I Molnar P and Vicsek T Simulating of Pedestrian Crowds in Normal and Evacuation Situations Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics Schreckenberg M and Sharma S D eds Springer Berlin 2002 pp 21 58 5 Werner T and Helbing D The social force pedestrian model applied to real life scenarios Pedes trian
9. evacuation Each floor should have its own grid The z co ordinate for these grids should be at a level where the most obstacles for the movement are usually about one meter above the floor Put T 0 0 on the TIME namelist group comment out the fire grids and run FDS Evac Use Smoke view to see if the 2D geometry is looking right You can play around with the ZBARO and ZBAR to take the evacuation layout at a different height Define additional obstacles with EVACUATION TRUE where you do not want humans walking Make additional holes with EVACUATION TRUE where they are needed Usually these are needed at exits or doors See Fig 2 Run FDS Evac T 0 0 and see if the 2D geometry is looking correct If not correct it by adding OBST and HOLEs Define evacuation flow field vents EVACUATION TRUE that suck fluid out of the evacuation grids at the places where you want humans to go These vents should be placed at the doors and exits If you are using multiple human flow fields on a floor then you should also specify the MESH ID on the VENT lines This specifies the evacuation grid where this vent is put Same applies to holes and obstacles as well but usually one can use same obstacles and holes on each flow field Remove CHID evac eff file if it exists Run a short simulation i e put T 1 0 Check the human flow fields by using Smokeview Check also that your evacuation geometry looks fine If not add obstacles or holes to th
10. floor evac ventS xk kxkxkkkkkkxk NOTE MESH_ID is given because we have also additional evac flow 21 fields on this level amp VENT XB 15 0 17 0 amp VENT XB 17 0 amp VENT XB 0 0 amp VENT XB 30 0 Additional evac flow fields for the 1st floor MESH I 19 0 MESH I 0 0 MESH _I 30 0 MESH_I 0 0 0 0 1 45 FFlstFloor 30 0 30 0 1 45 D FFlstFloor 2 0 4 0 1 45 D FFlstFloor 4 0 6 0 1 45 D FFlstFloor D where only one door is open amp VENT XB 15 0 17 0 amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT amp VENT XB 17 XB 0 XB 30 XB 15 XB 17 XB XB 30 XB 15 XB 17 XB XB 30 XB 15 XB 17 XB XB 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MESH I 19 0 MESH I 2 O03 MESH I 30 0 MESH I 17 0 MESH I 19 0 MESH I 0 0 MESH I 30 0 MESH I PLT 304 MESH I 19 0 MESH I 0 0 MESH _I 30 0 MESH I Pe by OA MESH I 19 0 MESH I 0 0 MESH _I 30 0 MESH I which have different doors open 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE BottomExit 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE TopExit 1 55 SURF_ID OUTFLOW EVACUATION TRUE LeftExit
11. s Default is 0 05 s 3 3 The SURF Namelist Group One should always define a new surface type for the evacuation calculation which is used to construct the flow fields that guide the humans to the doors or to other targets see Figure 4 and the FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide for details The following line should be given on the input file amp SURF ID OUTFLOW VEL 0 00001 TAU V 0 1 Note that VEL should be a really small number otherwise one might not get a nice potential flow solution 3 4 The MISC Namelist Group EVAC_SURF_DEFAULT is the surface default for the evacuation grids The default is INERT EVAC_PRESSURE_ITERATIONS is the number of Poisson solver iterations at each human flow field time step If you human flow fields do not look nice you might need to increase this Too large number makes the human flow field calculation to take too much CPU time Default is 50 11 ee ae ee ae PPPS PFUVNNNN PSP FT ERR EN 1 I l thjnenaz e rAR amp F OS ST FAiys 2 Ff FY fry f 4 x is Figure 4 A 2D flow field used to guide humans to the doors exits In this case only the left exit has an outflow vent i e this fictitious human flow field is used to find the left exit only EVAC TIME ITERATIONS is the number of human flow field calculation time steps One should have a nice converged human flow field so some iterations are needed Too large number means too long CPU
12. time Default is 50 The flow fields which are used to guide humans out of the building or to some other targets are cal culated before the actual fire and evacuation simulation i e flow field calculation has t lt 0 The product thow EVAC_TIME ITERATIONS X EVAC DT_FLOWFIELD defines the duration of the evacuation flow field calculation The fields should become steady state during this time Note that the ramp up time of the boundary conditions TAU_V 0 1 given on the amp SURF ID OUTFLOW line should be well below the duration of the flow field calculation tgo Default tgoy is 50 x 0 01 s 0 5 s 3 5 The VENT Namelist Group Because one needs to specify special VENTs for the evacuation calculation the VENT namelist group has an additional logical item EVACUATION If itis TRUE then this VENT is omitted in the fire calculation By default the value is FALSE The item MESH_ID should also be given if the VENT is not needed in all evacuation flow field calculations on this floor If an evacuation VENT is needed only in some human flow fields then a separate VENT line is needed for each of these fields Note that an evacuation VENT without MESH_ID is put on every evacuation flow field on this floor This means that it is better always to have the item MESH_ID specified if EVACUATION TRUE is given 3 6 The HOLE Namelist Group This is similar to the VENT namelist group Only difference is that the HOLE lines should be d
13. 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID FF2ndFloor 18 where humans may FFlstTop 45 ZBAR 1 55 FF1lstBottom 45 ZBAR 1 55 FFlstLeft 45 ZBAR 1 55 FFlstRight 45 ZBAR 1 55 EVAC_HUMANS TRUE amp PDIM XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 ZBARO 4 45 ZBAR 4 55 Additional human flow fields of the 2nd floor EVAC_HUMANS FALSE is the default NOTE The 2nd floor has 2 exits and or doors where humans may amp GRID amp PDIM amp GRID amp PDIM amp TIME T amp MISC amp PL3D amp SURF amp SURF amp REAC exit the floor so we want to have an evac flow field for each of them gt 4 additional grids IBAR 60 JBAR 60 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID FF2ndTop XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 ZBARO 4 45 ZBAR 4 55 IBAR 60 JBAR 60 KBAR 1 EVACUATION TRUE ID FF2ndBottom XBARO 0 0 XBAR 30 0 YBARO 0 0 YBAR 30 0 ZBARO 4 45 ZBAR 4 55 TWFIN 200 0 DT 0 1 SURF DEFAULT Concrete REACTION WOOD TMPA 20 0 TMPO 20 0 RADIATION TRUE DTSAM PART 0 5 NFRAMES 200 DTSAM 10000 ID OUTFLOW VEL 0 000001 TAU V 0 1 ID Concrete FYI Normal Weigth Concrete RGB 0 66 0 66 0 66 C P 1 00 DENSITY 2300 0 KS 1 6 DELTA 0 1 ID WOOD FYI Ritchie et al 5th IAFSS C 3 4 H 6 2 O 2 5 SOOT_YIELD 0 01 NU_O2 3 07 NU_CO2 3 4 NU_H20
14. 19 2 30 0 29 60 30 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete TopExit x 17 19m amp OBST XB 0205 300 5 0 0 30 2 0 3 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete Ceiling Hole in the ceiling smoke flows to the second floor NOTE You should define EVACUATION FALSE on the holes of the fire calculation amp HOLE XB 8 0 10 0 4 0 6 0 1 90 3 10 EVACUATION FALSE FIRE amp OBST XB 20 0 21 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 SURF_ID INERT amp VENT XB 20 0 21 0 4 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 SURF ID Fire RGB 0 9 0 2 0 2 amp SURF ID Fire HRRPUA 1000 0 TAU _Q 15 0 Boundary conditions for evacuation grids flow fields amp VENT CB XBARO SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE amp VENT CB XBAR SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE amp VENT CB YBARO SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE amp VENT CB YBAR SURF _ID INERT EVACUATION TRUE Hole in the ceiling This is a duplicate of the fire geometry hole but should be given here with the parameter EVACUATION TRUE amp HOLE XB 8 0 10 0 4 0 6 0 1 90 3 10 EVACUATION TRUE Humans are not walking on top of the fire NOTE humans are walking at z 1 45 1 55m i e ZBARO ZBAR NOTE No MESH ID is given because this OBST should go to every evac flow field meshes amp OBST XB 19 5 21 5 3 5 5 5 1 45 1 55 EVACUATION TRUE SURF_ID INERT RGB 1 0 0 0 0 0 above the fire KKEKKKKKKKKK First
15. 9 5073 0an 340 5 20 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 19 0 30 0 29 50 30 3 0 5 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete ist floor z 0 0m 2 0m XB 0 0 0 40 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete fe XB 0 0 0 40 4 0 30 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF ID Concrete XB 29 60 30 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 29 60 30 0 6 0 30 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 0 0 15 2 0 0 0 40 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete XB 17 2 30 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete the overall boundary conditions be defined using EVACUATION FALSE EVACUATION TRUE OBST VENT 20 and HOLE cb xbar etc for the fire grids and and with for evacuation grids FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE xbar0 wall xbar0 wall xbar wall xbar wall BottomExit BottomExit lines should with door with door with door with door x 2 4m x 15 17m TopExit x 4 6m TopExit x 17 19m xbar0 wall xbar0 wall xbar wall xbar wall BottomExit BottomExit with door with door with door with door x 15 17m x 15 17m amp OBST XB 0 0 17 2 29 60 30 0 0 2 0 RGB 0 3 0 8 0 2 SURF _ID Concrete TopExit x 17 19m amp OBST XB
16. P Social force parameters A Bi Ai see FDS Evac Technical Ref erence Guide C_YOUNG GAMMA KAPPA Contact force parameters k y k see FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide FAC A WALL A for walls is FAC A WALL A for humans FAC_B WALL B for walls is FAC_B WALL 5 for humans NOISEME NOISETH NOISECM Gaussian noise see FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide 13 I_FRIC_SW Friction force switch 1 K dij rig Avy tij Default value 0 yAuj tij NOT RANDOM If true do not use random seed when generating the initial positions and characteristics of humans Default is false NOTE FAC_x WALL I_FRIC_SW NOISExx NOT_RANDOM the last values read from PERS lines are used So it is nice practice to give these numbers just in one PERS group or have same numbers in every PERS groups NOTE If no PERS_IDis given on EVAC lines then the default values are used for the properties of persons These default values are given inside the code and they might be changing during the development of the code So one should not use the default values WARNING change only the pre evacuation time parameters PRE EVAC_ DIST PRE MEAN PRE PARA PRE LOW PRE HIGH other parameters should have the default values and use the pre defined person types unless you know what you are doing 3 9 The EVAC Namelist Group Places humans in the evacuation grids i e the initial positions of the humans ID ID string of the group of humans NUMBER INITIAL PERSONS how many p
17. R Direction of the door e g 1 humans are going 2 direction 2 humans are going y direction direction means room exit outside of the building COUNT ONLY If true humans are not removed they are just counted default is false The CHID_evac csv file has a column for each EXIT regardless if COUNT_ONLY is true or false FLOW_FIELD_ID Used if this exit is a target for some other evacuation element For example if it said that some corridor is connected to this node then the humans entering the room via this exit will follow the given flow field If FLOW FIELD_ID is not given then the main evacuation grid flow field is used NOTE The humans are introduced in the IOR direction WARNING It is better to use a door or an entry instead of an exit if it is a target of some other evacuation element XB Co ordinates should be a line in the x y plane the z should be main evac grid z coordinates It is better that the line is not at the boundary of the calculation domain one should put it a little bit inside the mesh boundaries 3 12 The ENTR Namelist Group Defines an entry An entry can enter humans to the calculation at a constant frequency An entry with frequency zero can just be used as an end point of a corridor or some door This case corresponds to a one way door i e humans can only come out from this door Do not use ENTR is usually better ID ID string of the entry One can refer to this entry by its na
18. TIAL PERSONS 100 XB 1 0 29 0 2 0 28 0 1 5 1 5 QUANTITY BLACK FLOW FIELD ID FF1stTop PERS ID Male 25 00 PRE HIGH 35 00 PRE HIGH 35 00 PRE HIGH 35 00 PRE HIGH 35 00 PRE HIGH 35 amp EVAC ID XB EVACI1st2 NUMBER INITIAL PERSONS 100 1 0 29 0 QUANTITY FLOW FIELD ID PERS _ ID 2 0 28 0 BLUE FFlstRight Adult Le Sigh iS NNNNNnNNNNMN NHN Next lines are used to plot the evacuation flow fields The z coordinate should be whithin ZBARO ZBAR amp SLCF PBZ amp SLCF PBZ 1 500 4 500 QUANTITY QUANTITY VELOCITY VECTOR VELOCITY VECTOR Next lines are ordianry Fds fire output TEMPERATURE DTSAM 5 0 LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF LCF PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ PBZ 1 l AeA Ae eAeEPEEEBREEA 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QU QU VTITY VTITY soot density oxygen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide of course TRUE TRUE TEMPERATURE DTSAM 5 0 soot density oxygen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide 26 7 Conclusion The FDS Evac is still pretty much under construction The next things to be implemented are
19. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland FDS Evac User s Guide FDS 4 06 Evac 1 00b Timo Korhonen and Simo Hostikka VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P O Box 1000 FI 02044 VTT Finland 25th August 2006 Disclaimer VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland makes no warranty expressed or implied to users of FDS Evac and accepts no responsibility for its use The mention of computer hardware or commercial software does not constitute endorsement by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland nor does it indicate that the products are necessarily those best suited for the intended purpose Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 Getting Started 1 2 Special Features 2 Running FDS Evac 2 1 Updating an Existing FDS Input File toa FDS Evac Input File 2 2 Error Statements Reporting Bugs and Getting Help 0 3 Setting up the Input File for FDS Evac 3 1 The Numerical Evacuation Grids 2 0 0 0 0 000000 000 2 eee ees 3 2 The TIME Namelist Group 3 3 The SURF Namelist Group 3 4 The MISC Namelist Group 3 5 The VENT Namelist Group 3 6 The HOLE Namelist Group 3 7 The OBST Namelist Group 3 8 The PERS Namelist Group 3 9 The EVAC Namelist Group 3 10 The EVHO Namelist Group 3 11 The EXIT Namelist Group 3 12 The ENTR Namelist Group 3 13 The DOOR Namelist Group 3 14 The CORR Namelist Group 4 Additional FDS Evac Input Files 5 FDS Evac Output Files 6 Sample Calculation 7 C
20. and Evacuation Dynamics Proceedings of the Seconnd International Conference University of Greenwich London 2003 pp 17 26 6 Simulex Evacuation Modelling Software User s Guide Integrated Environmental Solutions Ltd Glasgow Scotland UK 1996 48 p 7 P A Thompson and E W Marchant A Computer Model for the Evacuation of Large Building Popu lations Fire Safety Journal 24 131 148 1995 8 P A Thompson and E W Marchant Testing and Application of the Computer Model Simulex Fire Safety Journal 24 149 166 1995 9 P Thompson H Lindstrom P Ohlsson S Thompson Simulex Analysis and Changes for IMO Compliance Proceedings of 2nd International Conference Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics pp 173 184 2003 10 P A Langston R Masling B N Asmar Crowd dynamics discrete element multi circle model Safety Science 44 395 417 2006 11 IMO Interim guidelines for evacuation analyses for new and existing passenger ships MSC Circ 1033 International Maritime Organization London 6 June 2002 28 Acknowledgements The Evacuation Module of the Fire Dynamics Simulator has been under development for three years Dr Kevin McGrattan of NIST is acknowledged for the help during the implementation of the evacuation sub routine in the FDS code and Dr Glenn Forney of NIST is acknowledged for the modifications needed in the visualization program Smokeview University
21. arnings are listed below New grids must be defined for the evacuation calculation part These grids are not related to the fire calculation grids i e their dx and dy may be different and the spatial extent of the grids may also be different Usually one defines one main evacuation grid per one floor of the building if the spaces on this floor are connected If there are more than one evacuation zone on a floor then different grids may be used but these grids should not be overlapping The evacuation input should be matched to the evacuation floor grid definition Check the actual locations of the obstacles using Smokeview The evacuation related input namelists DOOR EXIT ENTR and EVAC is not moved to the closest grid points For now Smokeview do not show these evacuation related objects In the evacuation grids all obstacles are thick i e they fill at least one grid cell in each direction x and y This is forced in the code THICKEN_OBSTRUCTIONS TRUE for the evacuation grids The evacuation grids are two dimensional i e they should have KBAR 1 The present version of FDS Evac places the different evacuation objects to the different evacuation grids according to their x y z co ordinates One object should belong only to one main evacuation grid thus the main evacuation grids should not be overlapping Do not place the evacuation objects like exits and doors at the boundaries of the grids where two grids are touching each
22. cuation geometry where no door or exit is defined e Check your EVAC lines that you are not trying to put too many humans on a too small area Humans are treated as circles whose diameters are given as an input Typical human diameter is somewhere between 0 5 0 6 m so you can not put more than two and a half person to a square meter If you are trying to populate the floor more dense the program will stop after the initialization phase and report an error User can use Smokeview to see the initial positions of those humans who were positioned succesfully Those humans where the error ocurred i e which were the first ones of each EVAC line that failled to find some empty space are shown with yellow For now it is better just do a separate evacuation calculation after or before the fire calculation if you do not use smoke and or FED i e the consentration of the gases CO CO2 and Oz affecting the calculation Doing them at the same time might be a little bit tricky especially when the fire geometry input and fire grids are not coinciding with the evacuation grid points I e dz and dy should be nice numbers and also the co ordinates of OBSTs VENTs etc should be matched to the grid points 3 1 The Numerical Evacuation Grids The fire and evacuation grids are separate ones One can do only a fire calculation only an evacuation calculation or both at the same time The calculation mode is chosen by activating the grids or deactivating t
23. e one can not use multiple processors Work is in progress to enable the calculation of the smoke and toxic gas consentration using multiple processors so that these can be later read in when doing a single processor evacuation calculation One should have a version of the FDS Version 4 installed which could be obtained from the URL http fire nist gov fds Especially the visualization software Smokeview should be installed The FDS Evac executable for Windows based PCs can be obtained from the URL http www vtt fi fdsevac This page contains also the User s Guide of FDS Evac and some examples on the use of FDS Evac 1 2 Special Features FDS Evac is under construction For now it is best suited to do calculations of buildings whose floors are horizontal Sports halls with spectator stands or concert halls are not yet easy to define It is also assumed that the different levels of the building are almost separated from each other This means that there are not wide stairs or inclines connecting them Narrow corridors and stairs can be placed between different levels of the building There are no merging flows allowed in the exit stairways so FDS Evac is not yet good for tall buildings The exit corridor stairs algorithm is still very simple and it should not be trusted too much if the stairs get crowded At this point this is not a problem because there are no merging flows in the corridor stairs i e the exit door at the floor restr
24. e evacuation calculation Remember to define slice output files at your evacuation grid locations e g amp SLCF PBZ x x QUANTITY VELOCITY VECTOR TRUE Define your person classes the PERS namelists Define your doors exits corridors and entries the DOOR EXIT CORR and ENTR namelists Place the humans inside the building the EVAC namelists Use EVHOs if needed Note that humans should not be placed behind the exits or doors This might happen accidentally because humans are placed randomly to the rectangle which is given by the XB keyword Once again run a short simulation i e put the simulation time e g equal to 1 0 s See that your humans have correct initial positions Edit the initialization file of Smokeview smokeview ini to make the squares that represent humans larger by changing the value of PARTPOINTSIZE Note that now you had the file CHID_evac eff on your disk so this file was read in i e the human flow fields were not recalculated Run a longer simulation and see that the humans are moving correctly i e they are following correct flow fields and the exits corridors and doors are working correctly Note that the pre evacuation time distributions given on the PERS lines should be shorter than the simulation time to see some human movement e Do a full evacuation calculation and save the results After this activate the fire grids remove the CHID _evac eff file and do a full FDS Evac simulation
25. ee Table 1 DEFAULT PROPERTIES Adult Male Female Child or Elderly If not given default values are used see Table 1 Note that these values are overridden if they are explicitly given in the PERS namelist input line Properties like human diameter walking speed pre evacuation time and force constants are given here Some of the values might be given as distributions The distribution types are chosen by keywords DIAMETER DIST VELOCITY DIST TAU EVAC DIST and PRE_EVAC DIST where the choices are 0 no distribution x MEAN is used 1 uniform distribution x LOW and x_ HIGH are used 2 normal distribution x MEAN is the mean x_PARA is the std dev x LOW and x_ HIGH are the cut offs i e the values are within the interval x _LOW x_HIGH If x_LOW is not given gt x_LOW 0 0 If x_HIGHis not given then x HIGH is a very large number Above x refers to one of the strings DIA VEL TAU or PRE PRE MEAN PRE PARA PRE LOW PRE HIGH reaction time parameters of the distribution pre evacuation time VEL MEAN VEL PARA VEL LOW VEL HIGH The target walking speed v parameters of the distri bution see FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide DIA_MEAN DIA_PARA DIA_LOW DIA_HIGH Diameter of humans d humans are circles parame ters of the distribution TAU MEAN TAU_PARA TAU LOW TAU_HIGH relaxation time 7 parameters of the distribution see FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide FCONST_A FCONST_B L NON_S
26. eir computers in order to view the output of FDS and FDS Evac calculations performed by others In this case Smokeview may be obtained at the web site http fire nist gov smokeview This site contains a set up program just for the Windows PC installation of Smokeview I I bF AH F I I Mss Sle ee l Outflow MSN H VENT b 4 b ap Teea l RRRS oet l jese Sed Human Wall teen Evacuation a Forces oceans HOLE esd pooeeeged EN KoE pocese oeod Lodo LO Neg i AM I EXIT I I I PSS Rae or l DOOR I I I oe ee eee I l Figure 2 How to make an exit or a door 2 Running FDS Evac Running FDS Evac is similar to running FDS i e relatively simple All of the parameters that describe a given fire and egress scenario are typed into a text file that will be referred to as the data or input file In this document the data file will be designated as CHID data In practice the user chooses the ID string CHID so that all of the files associated with a given calculation all have a common prefix In Section 6 an example data file will be presented Several other example files exists at the FDS Evac web site http www vtt fi fdsevac It is suggested that a new user start with an existing data file run it as is and the
27. ersons are put in the area XB XB where the humans are put z should be in the main evac grids QUANTITY Color of the squares in Smokeview Note that if a person is dead it is colored as YELLOW PERS ID From which person class the properties are generated randomly If no PERS _IDis given then the default values are used FLOW FIELD ID Flow field in the room floor which this person is initially following i e specifies to which door a person tries to go 3 10 The EVHO Namelist Group ID ID string XB where the humans are not put z should be in the main evac grids PERS_ID This hole apply just for this person type i e has effect only on those EVAC lines whose PERS ID matches EVAC_ID This hole apply just for on that EVAC line If both PERS_ID and EVAC_ID are given they are treated using the logical operator OR 14 3 11 The EXIT Namelist Group Defines an exit Note that a sucking vent is not automatically created so the user should have a separate VENT line which makes such a human flow field that some humans are guided to this exit Exits might be used just to count humans then the keyword COUNT _ONLY TRUE is used and thus these can be placed anywhere inside the building Humans which move through an exit COUNT_ONLY FALSE are removed from the calculation i e they are supposed to be gone outside of the building and be safe ID ID string of the exit One can refer to this exit by its name IO
28. es are shown in Table 1 These values are drawn randomly for each generated human from uniform distributions whose width is given as d Ad d Ad etc The averare diameters and moving speed distributions are taken to be same as in the Simulex program 6 7 8 9 Table 1 The default properties of the pre defined human types adult male female child and el derly The last line contains the default parameters of humans if no pre defined human type is specified on the human input EVAC namelist group Human type d Ad vo Avo T AT m m ms w s s s Adult 0 51 0 07 1 25 0 30 1 00 0 20 Male 0 54 0 04 1 35 0 20 1 00 0 20 Female 0 48 0 04 1 15 0 20 1 00 0 20 Child 0 42 0 03 0 90 0 30 1 00 0 20 Elderly 0 50 0 04 0 80 0 30 1 00 0 20 Default 0 51 0 00 1 25 0 00 1 00 0 20 Figure 1 The true shape of the human body blue ellipse is approximated as a circle red circle in FDS Evac In the Simulex model the elliptical shape is approximated by three spheres black circles 1 1 Getting Started The Evacuation module Evac developed at VTT is implemented as subrutines of FDS Thus the running of FDS Evac is done similarly as an ordinayry FDS fire simulation see the FDS User s Guide for details FDS Evac uses also Smokeview to visualize the results and also the computer hardware requirements are similar with FDS Note that for now FDS Evac can only be run on a single processor mode i
29. hem i e commenting the corresponding amp GRID and amp PDIM lines out Evacuation grid lines have a keyword EVACUATION TRUE on the amp GRID line The default in FDS fire calculation is FALSE i e the fire grids do not need the keyword EVACUATION This is true also more generally i e one can always run a fire simulation using the fds4 exe executable even if there exists evacuation input in the input file The FDS4 fire calculation ignores all evacuation lines and keywords Main evacuation grids have also a keyword EVAC_HUMANS TRUE which says that this grid will contain humans For now the main evacuation grids should not overlap Usually one main evacuation grid represents a floor You need more main evacuation grids on a floor if there exists separate parts of the floor where the humans are not going to be using same exit routes In principle you could manage by one main grid but the calculation is faster if you define different grids for the parts which do not interact with each other Future versions of FDS Evac may have overlapping evacuation grids which will be a useful feature if the building geometry is complex All evacuation grids should have a name i e a keyword ID NameOfTheGrid should be given on the GRID line The name of the grid should not be too long max 26 characters Of course the names of different grids can not be the same The ID is used later to specify the grid where some additional evacuat
30. icts the flow to the corridor quite efficiently How to define an exit door See Fig 2 One should make a small hole in the wall where an exit or a door is put Note that the width of the exit will depend on your grid resolution One should define the XB parameter of the exit such wide that it will cover the whole width of the hole Because the obstacles are put in the grid but the exits or doors are not be sure that exits are wide enough Use Smokeview and activate grid lines It does not matter if the end points of the exits or doors are somewhat inside solid obstacles For now FDS Evac has limitations on the number of humans which can be in the same main evacuation grid The program stops and writes out an error message if more than 10000 humans are tried to put to the same evacuation grid Usually one main evacuation grid extends over a whole floor of the building There may be many main evacuation grids e g different floors of the building in the FDS Evac calculation and the total number of humans is not restricted by the program the only limit is the available computer memory The user should know that if there is more than a couple of thousands humans on an evacuation floor then the calculation is going to be very CPU expensive because there are some double loops over the humans on the same evacuation grid This will be remedied in the future versions of FDS Evac Some Windows PC users may want to just install Smokeview on th
31. ion objects are placed Evacuation grids should have KBAR 1 i e they are two dimensional horizontal grids see Figure 3 Choose IBAR JBAR XBARO XBAR YBARO and YBAR so that the dx and dy are nice round num bers which will fit nicely to your geometry FDS Evac does not move the evacuation objects to the closest grid points yet this will change in later versions Also you should give the positions of all evacuation objects as multiple of dz and dy This is not obligatory but one makes less mistakes this way Evacuation grids which are only used to calculate additional human movement flow fields should have EVAC_HUMANS FALSE or just no EVAC_HUMANS keyword at all False is the default These grids should also have names i e the keyword ID NameOfTheGrid Note that these grids should have exactly the same IBAR JBAR XBARO XBAR YBARO YBAR ZBARO and ZBAR as the main evacuation grid This is not checked so the user should do the check 10 Figure 3 A 2D evacuation grid 3 2 The TIME Namelist Group EVAC_DT_FLOWFIELD is the time step for the calculation of the flow fields for human movement These fields are calculated before the fire and evacuation calculation i e time has negative values The actual fire and evacuation calculation starts at t 0 0 s Default is 0 01 s EVAC_DT_STEADY STATE is the maximum time step for the human movement this should not be too large should not be larger than 0 1
32. me IOR direction of the entry e g 1 humans are entering towards 2 direction 2 humans are entering towards y direction direction means somewhere entry room MAX FLOW persons per second actual flow may be smaller if the area in front of the entry is crowded FLOW FIELD ID Humans will follow this flow field on this floor XB coordinates should be a line in the x y plane the z should be main evac grid z coordinates QUANTITY color of the squares in Smokeview of the humans which are entered at a specific flow rate If the humans are coming to this entry form some other node then their original color is used instead of QUANTITY PERS _ ID the properties of humans are generated using these parameters if they are not coming to this entry form some other node i e they are new humans 15 3 13 The DOOR Namelist Group Defines a door Similar than EXIT but the humans are not removed from the calculation but they are put to some other part of the calculation e g to a corridor to a different room etc ID ID string of the door One can refer to this door by its name IOR direction of the door e g 1 humans are going 2 direction 2 humans are going y direction direction means room door some other place FLOW FIELD ID Used if this door is a target for some other evacuation element For example if it said that some corridor is connected to this node then the humans entering the room via this do
33. n make the appropriate changes to the input file for the desired scenario By running a sample case the user will become familiar with the procedure learn how to examine the results and ensure that his her computer is up to the task before embarking on learning how to create new input files The FDS Evac executable is a single CPU executable fds406evac100b exe which works like the FDS4 single processor executable Assuming that an input file called CHID data exists in some directory the user must run the program in a DOS command shell as follows Open up a Command Prompt window and change directories to where the data file for the case is then run the code by typing fds406evacl00b exe lt CHID data to begin a run which will output some text on the Command Prompt window If the user wants to save the text output going on the Command Prompt window he she should type fds406evacl00b exe lt CHID data 2 amp gt 1 gt CHID txt to begin a run 2 1 Updating an Existing FDS Input File to a FDS Evac Input File e Make a FDS fire input file for your project and do the fire smoke spread calculations as usual e Save the fire input file to some other name and change also the CHID on the HEAD namelist group Put a keyword EVACUATION FALSE to every HOLE line which you fire input has Make a copy of each HOLE line and change EVACUATION value to TRUE Define amp SURF ID OUTFLOW VEL 0 00001 TAU V 0 1 Define grids for the
34. of Helsinki and Helsinki University of Technology are acknowledged for the co operation The development work of FDS Evac has been funded by the VTT Technical Research Centre of Fin land the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation the Finnish Fire Protection Fund the Ministry of the Environment and the Academy of Finland The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at NIST is acknowledged for the hospitality during the visits of one of the authors T K 29
35. onclusion References Acknowledgements 17 17 18 27 28 29 1 Introduction This document describes how one does an egress calculation by using the Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS developed at National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST and the evacuation module 1 devel oped at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland This combined fire and evacuation simulation program is called as FDS Evac in this document The basic algorithm behind the egress movement is to follow each person by an equation motion i e do some kind of an artificial molecular dynamics for humans The forces acting on humans are both physical forces like contact forces and gravity and psycholigical forces exerted by the environment and other humans This approach allows each person to have its own personal properties and escape strategies i e persons are treated as agents The model behind the movement algorithm is the social force model introduced by Helbing 2 3 4 5 and its implementation as a module of FDS is described in the FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide The default values of the parameters of the evacuation calculation are given in the FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide Humans are modeled as circles moving in a 2D geometry This is just an approximation of the elliptical shape of the human body see Figure 1 The body dimensions d the unimpeded moving speeds vo and the relaxation time constant 7 of typical human population typ
36. or will follow the given flow field If no FLOW FIELD IDis given then the main evacuation grid flow field of this floor is used XB coordinates should be a line in the x y plane the z should be main evac grid z coordinates TO NODE Where humans are going when going inside this door TO NODE can be DOOR EXIT CORR or ENTR 3 14 The CORR Namelist Group Defines a corridor One uses these to move humans from one floor to the next one The corridor actually stairs model is a really simple one One gives the length of the stairs and reduces the movement speed Also one gives the maximum number of persons inside the corridor For now there is no relation between the density and the movement speed or human flow inside the corridor ID ID string of the corridor One can refer to this CORR by its name MAX HUMANS INSIDE how many humans fit inside the corridor XB XB1 XB2 Used to specify the points where the smoke and FED data is taken for this corridor stair If only one value is used for the corridor stair give XB If the values at the beginning and at the end of the corridor stair is used give both XB1 and XB2 EFF LENGTH length of the corridor movement time EFF_LENGTH speed FAC SPEED How much slower humans move in the corridor e g stairs compared to the target speed v in floors TO NODE Where humans are going when leaving this corridor To_node canbe DOOR EXIT CORR or ENTR Note that CORR should be alway
37. other because this is ambiguous There are many keywords which might be given in the FDS Evac input file and these are also read in but the values are not used yet So this manual only contains keywords which actually have some effect on the calculation If one looks the evac f source file one finds a quite many non used keywords The positions of doors and exits are not checked i e the user should give VENTs and OBSTs so that in the final FDS Evac calculation geometry there is an evacuation VENT or empty space behind an EXIT or a DOOR See the FDS Evac Technical Reference Guide how the evacuation flow fields are defined and used to guide human movement It is good idea to put an exit or a door a little bit inside a hole in the wall see Fig 2 This makes the door flow better because the door posts will exert forces on humans and humans are removed when they cross the exit door line When a human is removed the other humans do not anymore feel any forces from that human If an exit door would be on the same level as the wall then the exit door would correspond to a hole in the wall where humans are jumping down to the street i e the exit would be a very efficient one but unsafe e Check your EVAC lines that you are not putting humans in areas where humans should not be For example humans should not be put behind doors or exits Check also that humans can not go out of bounds i e that there are no openings in the eva
38. ottom TO NODE BottomDoor XB 15 0 17 0 0 00 0 00 4 45 4 55 amp DOOR ID 2ndTopDoor IOR 2 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndTop TO NODE TopDoor XB 17 0 19 0 30 00 30 00 4 45 4 55 amp DOOR ID 2ndLeftDoor IOR 1 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndBottom TO NODE LeftDoor XB 0 0 0 0 2 00 4 00 4 45 4 55 amp DOOR TD 2ndRightDoor IOR 1 FYI Comment line FLOW FIELD ID FF2ndBottom TO NODE RightDoor 24 XB 30 0 30 0 4 00 6 00 4 45 4 55 amp PERS amp PERS amp PERS amp PERS D Adult FYI Male Female Diameter and velocity DEFAULT_PROPERTIES Adult PRE_EVAC_DIST 1 PRE MEAN 30 0 PRE PARA 5 00 PRE LOW 25 ID Male FYI Male Diameter and velocity DEFAULT PROPERTIES Male PRE EVAC DIST 1 PRE MEAN 30 0 PRE PARA 5 00 PRE LOW 25 ID Female FYI Female Diameter and velocity DEFAULT PROPERTIES Female PRE EVAC DIST 1 PRE MEAN 30 0 PRE PARA 5 00 PRE LOW 25 ID Child FYI Child Diameter and velocity DEFAULT PROPERTIES Child PRE EVAC DIST 1 PRE MEAN 30 0 PRE PARA 5 00 PRE LOW 25 ID Elderly FYI Elderly Diameter and velocity DEFAULT PROPERTIES Elderly PRE EVAC DIST 1 PRE MEAN 30 0 PRE PARA 5 00 PRE LOW 25 Initial positions of the humans amp EVAC ID EVACIst NUMBER INI
39. r If you want to save this information you should redirect the standard error to some file Read your DOS or Unix Linux manual how to do this 2 amp gt 1 gt CHID txt The file CHID_evac eff contains the converged human flow fields and the file CHID_evac fed contains the smoke and gas concentration information These might be used later if more evacuation calcu lations are done using same geometrical information e g if one is doing a Monte Carlo simulation of the egress scenario 17 6 Sample Calculation Below an example input fire to do a FDS Evac calculation is given The input is not representing any real building it is just used to show all the keywords and parameters which can be used in FDS Evac egress calculation The input file specifies a two floor building each floor consisting of one human movement area i e only one main evacuation grid per floor is needed There is a fire in downstairs and the smoke is going to the second floor by an open hatch at the ceiling The first floor is connected to the second floor in the egress calculation i e the first floor humans are transfered to the second floor by the combinations of doors and corridors The first floor has four doors and the second floor has two exits The EVAC lines specify that humans are using only two of the four doors at the first floor amp HEAD CHID fdsevac_examplela TITLE Fds4Evacl00beta ex 1 2 floors x 0 30m y 0 30m z 0 5m Test case
40. s a part in an evacuation node chain Doorgnago Corr gt Doorystgoor 16 4 Additional FDS Evac Input Files The FDS Evac calculation might have also other input files than the CHID data file These files are not needed but they may be used to speed up the calculation and also to separate the fire and evacuation parts of the calculation The file CHID_evac eff contains the converged human flow fields which are calculated at the begin ning of the FDS Evac calculation If this file exist and there are no fire grids EVACUATION FALSE it is read in Otherwise it is re calculated and saved on the disk This file is useful if one is doing many human egress calculations using exactly the same geometry but with different human input e g varying the number of humans the democraphics of humans etc It is very useful when doing Monte Carlo calculations in a quite complex buildings One do not need every time to calculate the human flow fields and thus one is saving some CPU seconds The file CHID_evac fed contains the smoke and gas concentration information from the FDS4 fire calculation This file is tried to read in if there are no fire grids EVACUATION FALSE speci fied in the input If there is at least one fire grid specified and also at least one main evacuation grid EVAC_HUMANS TRUE and EVACUATION TRUE specified then this file is re calculated and saved on the disk Note that both files CHID evac eff and
41. uplicated once with an item EVACUATION FALSE and once with EVACUATION TRUE If the evacuation flow fields need different holes for different fields then the item MESH_ID should be given for the evacuation calculation holes Holes are treated in the FDS input a little bit different than the obstacles i e first all obstacles are read in and after this the holes are created This is true for all meshes so the evacuation meshes can mix holes and obstacles incorrectly if there are no EVACUATION FALSE on the fire calculation holes 12 If you have aan ordinary FDS4 input file and want to use this as a starting point of a FDS Evac input file you should add EVACUATION FALSE keyword to every HOLE line which you have in the FDS4 fire input After this you should duplicate these hole lines and change the kewyword EVACUATION value to TRUE if you want the same holes to appear correctly in the evacuation geometry 3 7 The OBST Namelist Group This is similar to the VENT namelist group If the evacuation flow fields need different obstacles for different human flow fields then the item MESH_ID should be given for the evacuation obstacles Usually these additional evacuation obstacles are introduced at places where humans are not allowed to walk 3 8 The PERS Namelist Group This namelist group is used to define human types There are five default human types defined and they are Adult Male Female Child and Elderly s
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