User-guide for SILAM chemical transport model
Contents
1. Otherwise each line contains y4 m2 d2 h2 m2 sec real lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_namel gt lt ratel gt par_str_point 2007 6 25 0 0 0 1 800 1010 0 273 PASSIVE_COCKTAIL 2 par_str_point 2007 6 25100 La 800 1010 0 273 PASSIVE_COCKTAIL 3 Extra rate adjustment is possible hour_in_day day_in_ week month_in_year 24 hours in day duirnal relative intensity 7 days in week week day relative intensity 12 months in year monthly relative intensity hour_in_day_index b E E he kar ake To ba Ea aie Eo Eu Dus ee ie k the a Glin gt ed Ma Ea day_in_week_index 1 1 1 1 1 1 month_in year_index 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii ere END_POINT_SOURCE_5 MANDATORY Figure 10 SILAM s point source file source_name Source name The source name has to be different if there are other sources source_sector_name Normally according to EMEP s sector denomination May be empty source_longitude Source s geographical longitude degrees and decimals N positive E positive source_latitude Source geographical latitude degrees and decimals N positive E positive plume_rise PLUME_RISE_YES PLUME_RISE_NO Activates the buoyant plume rise routine release_rate_unit lt mass gt lt time gt no spaces 18 mass kg g t Bq mole number time yr mon day hr min sec e vertical_unit Unit2. lt control_file gt 2 gt lt program gt lt ini_file_name gt One argument which is treated as a main ini filename instead of silam ini This file must contain the namelist as described above 3 gt lt program gt lt control_file gt The file is given explicitly as an argument The user can simply click on the model executable if the silam ini file is available but it is recommend using command prompt for a better reporting of possible errors In case of Linux based users a run with SILAM can be set with several threads since the model is by default compiled with OpenMP based parallelization enabled By default the code will then use the default number of threads which is usually the number of physical or logical cores 29
3. means that the release will start from the closest 6 hour meteotime 00 06 12 18 UTC of the current day If direction_in_time INVERSE e The Source actually becomes a receptor receiving the pollution cloud inverse adjoint task e The main time direction in the model is backward e If the release time defines the period when the receptor receives the particles receptor is active It is from start till start duration e If at least part of the receptor active time must be covered by the simulation time So the simulation start must be AFTER the source receptor starts Then the model will go backward in time till the source receptor start e If the source start term NOW means that the receptor activity starts from the closest 6 hour meteotime 00 06 12 18 UTC of the current day Note that the simulation must start AFTER this moment This is dictated by the inverse advection time in the model e If the simulation start time is undefined it is set automatically to lt source receptor start gt lt release duration gt So the model will go from the end of the active receptor time backward Covered period is determined by the duration of the simulations 3 3 2 Namelist emission_parameters LISI emission_parameters emission_source INVENTORY lt list_source_files_name gt emission_source INVENTORY lt area point bomb_source_file_name gt emission_source VOID_SOURCE emission_sourc
4. an example of a boundary header file This file does not need a beginning and end namelist boundary file d data bc 2003_monmean_ragbc nc file_format NETCDF GRIB ASCII GRADS NETCDF boundary _ names NSEW NSEWIB ifClimatology YES YES NO climatologyTimestep MONTHLY MONTHLY STATIC only used if ifClimatology YES otherwise dynamic and timestamp has to be correct nBoundSpecies 7 Number jpecies to be read from the files ould have the following fields cies_subst_name gt lt boundary_species_mode gt lt transport_species_subst_name gt lt transport_species_mode gt lt factor gt par_str lt bo rs par_str 03 03 0 0 1 par_str CO par_str HCl par_str NO NO par_str NO2 NO02 0 0 1 par_str PAN PAN 0 0 1 par_str C5H8 ISOP 0 0 1 Figure 14 SILAM s boundary conditions header file boundary_file lt file path and file name gt e file_format GRIB ASCII GRADS NETCDF Format of the input files e boundary_names NSEWTB Description of which boundaries of the domain are emitting N north S south E east W west T top and B bottom the example here is for the case that all the boundaries are emitting e ifClimatology YES NO is the time resolution of the boundaries is climatological or not e climatologyTimestep MONTHLY STATIC this item will only be used ifClimatology YES and varies if the files are time dependent MONTHLY or no
5. and other necessary input files A control file is always starting and ending with CONTROL_V4 and END_CONTROL_V4 These lines mandatory The model will only read what is stated between these two command lines Grid and vertical definitions follow the standards of the GRID format A control file is a namelist group that contains eight namelists e general_parameters e emission_parameters e dispersion_parameters e meteo_parameters e transphormation_parameters e initial_and_boundary_conditions e optical_density_parameters e output_parameters that start and end respectively by LIST lt namelist gt and END_LIST lt namelist gt The model will only read what is stated between these two command lines Below sections describe the item_names for each namelist 3 3 1 Namelist general_parameters CONTROL_v4_7 LIST general_parameters case_name lt case_name gt system_setup d model silam_v5_0 ini standard_eulerian setup direction_in_time FORWARD start_time 2007 7 25 0 0 0 end_time 200971000 4 computed_period 65 day time_step 15 min nbr_of_particles 100 nbr_of_out_trajectories 0 progress_file name scratch tmp silam2 out_air_quality GEMS_cb4 progress END_LIST general_parameters Figure 3 SILAM s control file namelist general parameters e case_name name of the run system_setup full path and name of the lagragian or eulerian standard setup file in the silam_v5_0 in
6. commonly recognized by having character Example data hirfields feY ay4 am2 ad2 ah2 f2 data hirfields is the path to the files gt ay4 am2 ad2 ah2 f2 is file name itself The name depends on the analysis time and forecast length of the fields stored in it Templates pointing to the analysis time not allowed for the output files gt ay4 4 digit year of the analysis time e g 2002 gt am2 2 digit month of the analysis time e g 01 or JAN gt ad2 2 digit day of the analysis time e g O5 gt ah2 2 digit hour of the analysis time e g 07 gt f2 2 digit number of hours of the forecast length e g 015 re about templates Analysis time Forecast base time or first guess verification time all usually at synoptic hours 00 06 12 and 18 Templates pointing to the analysis time gt ay2 ay4 firmly 2 and 4 digit year of the analysis time e g 02 or 2002 gt am1 am2 amc 1 or 2 digit firmly 2 digit 3 character month of the analysis time e g 1 01 or JAN gt ad1 ad2 10r 2 digit firmly2 digit day of the analysis time e g 5 05 gt ah1 ah2 ah3 1 or 2 or 3 digit 2 or 3 digit firmly 3 digit hour of the analysis time e g 7 07 007 gt an2 2 digit minutes of the analysis time e g 15 gt f2 f3 2 and 3 digi
7. of the vertical release boundaries hpa or m e par_str is the time definition of the source if time of release is fixed in time source fixed in time release is defined via two lines with identical parameters and with start and end time of the release The source is activated at current moment NOW or at last most meteorological time LAST _METEO_TIME and will continue constant in time release during the given duration e par_str NOW LAST_METEO_TIME lt duration min gt lt rate gt lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_name gt e par_str NOW LAST_METEO_TIME lt duration min gt lt rate gt lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_name gt if time of release is varying source the first line determines the start of the release and last line determines the end of the release There are an arbitrary number of lines and if two sequential lines have different release parameters every parameter will be linearly interpolated between these times A varying source is defined by a 4 digit year and a 2 digit month day hour and minute seconds is a real value with mandatory decimal dot e par_str lt year gt lt month gt lt day gt lt hour gt lt minute gt lt sec gt lt rate gt lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_name gt e par_str lt year gt lt month gt lt
8. point sources and multi layer distribution that is fixed in time but allows split of emission between the layers see vertical_distribution and vertical_layer in the above example Another ambiguity is connected with the composition of the release Species mass fractions in cocktail may vary between the grid cells To take this into account another two option 21 selection is introduced switcher is the cocktail_composition line The first option is the same as in point source the cocktail name is taken from par_str its composition is taken from the cocktail description file section 3 8 and assumed the same for all grid cells Time variation of the composition is then reproduced via cocktail definition as is done in the point source The second option is to use fixed in time but varying in space cocktail composition In this case the cocktail name in the par_str lines defines only lists of species and aerosol size classes while the mass fractions are written in the val lines specifically for each grid cell In the latter case there must be an agreement between the number of mass fractions in the val lines and the number of species in the cocktail descriptors references in the par_str lines It is also possible to create sources with dynamical emission rates computed with regard to meteorological parameters which is mandatory for biogenic emission This is the case of e g sea salt as explained in the following sect
9. the levels by defining the following namelists level_type HEIGHT FROM _SURFACE ALTITUDE_FROM_SEA PRESSURE HYBRID There are 3 types of the output vertical allowed z p and hybrid systems with corresponding units as metres hectoPascals or hybrid relative numbers If the hybrid layers are selected they MUST exist in the meteodata The difference between the levels and layers is that levels are defined at one altitude while layers cover the whole range between two levels Dispersion output must be made into layers while meteorology makes sense at levels too Rules z p systems accept both THICKNESS of the layers and their CENTRAL POINTS hybrid system accepts the NUMBER of the meteo hybrid and model will get the central point layer_thickness Thickness of the output levels in m pa hybrid_nbr depending on the level type 11 3 3 4 Namelist meteo_parameters LIST meteo parameters END_LIST meteo parameters dynamic meteo file NETCDF d project ncdf nc_stuff WRF_OUT wrfout_d0oi dynamic meteo file GRIB d data meteo ec oper tay4 ectay4tam2tad2 tah2 f2 ml dynamic meteo file GRIB d data meteo ec oper tay4 ectay4tam2tad2 tah2 tf2 sfc static meteo file GRIB d data meteo hirlam 2006 fc20060419 18 006 static meteo file ASCII V1 e data emission 4SILAM salinity map fld static _meteo file meteo time step 3 hr if_wait_for data NO abl parameterization_method DRY_ABL DRY_ABL FULL PARA
10. 10 ACID_BASIC_COCKTAIL 011000 1 1 10 ACID BASIC_COCK coordinate_of_values GEOGRAPHICAL GEOGRAPHICAL or GRID val 44 5 0 15 1241 51 val 44 5 40 2 766 813 val 44 5 40 75 101 976 val 44 5 40 8 248 567 val 44 6 40 15 11173 6 val 44 6 40 2 6901 32 val 44 6 40 75 917 785 val 44 6 40 8 2237 1 val 44 7 40 15 1241 51 val 44 7 40 2 766 813 val 44 7 40 75 101 976 val 44 7 40 8 248 567 val 44 8 40 45 11791 val 44 8 40 5 14149 2 val 44 9 40 45 6474 78 val 44 9 40 5 10169 7 END_AREA_SOURCE_2 Figure 11 SILAM s area source description e source_name Source name The source name has to be different e source_sector_name Normally according to EMEP s sector denomination May be empty 20 e definition of the area source grid location resolution and rotation explained in section 3 3 3 e cocktail_composition COMMON SPECIFIC The cocktail composition cocktail_ composition describes the fractionation of the emission between the species can be defined in each time slot for all the cells COMMON or be specific for each cell SPECIFIC If cocktail_composition is SPECIFIC then the number of values is n_substances n_aerosol_modes n_gaseous_modes e emitted_substance WHOLE _COCKTAIL substance This defines if the definition of the source is for the whole cocktail or for just one substance e emitted_size_mode_nbr Number of sizes describing the aerosol e vert_level l
11. DIOACTIVE aerosol dynamics SIMPLE dry deposition scheme GRAVITATIONAL_ AND FULL DIFFUSION wet_deposition_scheme STANDARD 3D_ SCAVENGING if_actual_humidity for particle size NO default_relative humidity 0 8 compute_thermodiffusion NO mass_low_threshold HIGH_ACCURACY CRUDE_ACCURACY STANDARD ACCURACY HIGH_ACCURACY if_full_acid_chemistry YES passive_subst_ref lifetime 1 day passive_subst_ref tempr 288 passive_subst_dLifeTime_dT 1 min K ADB if compute_nucleation YES ADB nucleation _ scheme KINETIC BINARY TERNARY KINETIC ACTIVATION ADB if compute_coagulation YES ADB if compute_condensation YES ADB if compute cloud activation NO ADB if_recalc wet_d YES END_LIST transformation parameters Figure 7 SILAM s control file namelist transformation parameters e transformation PASSIVE PM_GENERAL DMAT_SULPHUR CB4 POP_GENERAL ACID BASIC sets the chemical and physical processes undergoing during the computation depending on the emissions available see section 1 Notice that several can be co existing except the chemical transformations e aerosol_dynamics SIMPLE sets the methodology for including aerosol dynamics processes e dry_depostion_scheme GRAVITATIONAL_AND_FULL_DIFFUSION GRAVITATIONAL_ONLY SIMPLE_DIFFUSION_ONLY FULL_DIFFUSION_ONLY GRAV ITATIONAL_AND_SIMPLE_DIFFUSION Sets the method for the dry deposition and includes gravitational settling or and diffusion SIMPLE _DIFFU
12. M number of precipitation fields 2 Figure 6 SILAM s control file namelist meteorological parameters dynamic_meteo_file lt file type gt lt file name gt File type GRIB ASCII NETCDF and is time dependent The filename format is described in section 3 1 static_meteo_file lt file type gt lt file name gt If static_meteo_file the dynamic file is used These files are not varying in time meteo_time_step Weather data time interval number and unit integer gt 0 if_wait_for_data YES NO if yes model will waits for the missing meteorological files abl_parameterization_method DRY_ABL FULL_PARAM Sets the methodology for the boundary layer height computation The methods available for the computation are DRY_ABL and FULL_PARAM DRY_ABL parameterization is computing atmospheric boundary layer without humidity correction and FULL_PARAM includes humidity correction DRY_ABL is the common used method number_of_precipitation_fields 1 2 If only large scale rain is required and available the user should use 1 if both convective and large scale rain required and available the user should use 2 Typically both fields are required 12 3 3 5 Namelist transformation_parameters LIST transformation_parameters transformation PASSIVE transformation PM_GENERAL transformation DMAT SULPHUR transformation CB4 transformation POP_GENERAL transformation ACID BASIC transformation RA
13. SION_ONLY is only considering viscous sub layer resistance GRAVITATIONAL_AND_FULL_DIFFUSION is typically used e wet_depostion_scheme STANDARD_3D_SCAVENGING The only wet deposition method available e if_actual_humidity_for_particle_size YES NO Sets if humidity is time resolving or not e default_relative_humidity Sets the default value for relative humidity with typically number of 0 8 e compute_thermodiffusion YES NO Sets if the model computes thermodiffusion or not Normally set to NO 13 e mass_low_threshold CRUDE ACCURACY STANDARD ACCURACY HIGH_ACCURACY Sets the accuracy for the computation of the low mass threshold for the Eulerian setup Normally set to HIGH ACCURACY e if_full_acid_chemistry YES NO Sets if nitrogen chemistry is computed or not method to compute biogenic VOC emissions only for transformations ACID_BASIC and CB4 Normally set as YES e passive_subst_ref_lifetime passive_subst_ref_tempr passive_subst_dLifeTime_dT are setting different parameters for the run with a passive tracer lifetime temperature and degradation with temperature If PASSIVE transformation is not set then these values are irrelevant Typical values are shown in Figure 7 e ADB_if_compute_nucleation ADb_nucleation_scheme ADB_if_compute_coagulati on ADB_if_compute_condensation ADB_if_compute_cloud_activation ADB_if_compute_recalcu_wet_d are set if aerosol dynamics is taken into account Figure 7 is showing the standard
14. This source term is compatible for forward and backward runs The source file may contain several sources of this type as well other types as long as each source is defined by starting and ending with PONIT_SOURCE_5 and END_POINT_SOURCE_5 these lines are mandatory 17 POINT _SOURCE_5 First point source starts source_name ETEX source_sector_ name source sector name e g SNAP_10 May be empty ETEX 1 source coordinates source_longitude 2 008 start geograph lat degrees and decimals N positive source_latitude 48 058 start geograph lon degrees and decimals E positive Plume characteristics horizontal size gas vertical velocity and temperature Used only if plume rise routine is activated and ignored otherwise Above source height boundaries are also involved in the plume rise computation plume_rise OFF ON OFF of the buoyant pume rise routine release_rate_unit g sec Unit of the release rate lt mass gt lt time gt kg g t bq mole mass radioactivity yr mon day hr min sec time units vertical unit m hpa unit of the vertical release boundaries hpa or m Time strength composition data Arbitrary number of lines The last line determines the end of the release If there is only one line it may be just NOW lt duration min gt lt rate gt lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_name gt
15. User guide for SILAM chemical transport model Contents 3 4 Source term fil S eee a a a a R A AAAA aE AA AAE AA AA Aia aA 17 oa L FOM SOOS V Su iriutaia diag desi dishaSin dea om sabaseaisonieaaeiadatdurdansiveiandediids 17 eh Aea SOUNE V en a a 20 3 6 Boundary header file nnnnnnnessonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrenenernnensrnenerneee 26 oe PMT saracia a ea aa S 27 29 SAGO GRY Cocktails aaia a eioduensasinans 27 a Runna ne Modol aucie eeian ny assis eral ers yes yeae imines 29 1 Substances and their transformation in SILAM v5 SILAM v5 is capable of computation of dispersion of up to 496 different nuclides together with their radioactive decays and transformations inert and chemically active size specific aerosol biological material pollen grains chemically active gases And this is so called the forward mode The model also computes probabilities where the source represents the measurements of a measurement site and the result is the probability of a certain grid cell to be contributing to that measurement The principles implemented in the model enable handling of virtually any species with any types of interactions between them A single specie or a mixture of species transported in air is called cocktail Each cocktail has specific species and characteristics regarding its composition see section 3 4 1 The chemical and physical transformations
16. _2 The cocktail may contain the gas and or aerosol description Standard cocktails can be used by their names in the source term files An example of cocktail description is given in Figure 16 Depending on whether the aerosol size classes are defined the fractions have somewhat different meaning A total mass fraction of each substance in the mixture comes as a sum of fractions of the substance in the aerosol classes and or gas phase 27 COCKTAIL_DESCRIPTION_V3_2 cocktail_name FIRE_FULL_COCKTAIL mass_unit kg gas_phase YES aerosol mode 1 0 01 2 5 1 5 mkm 1100 kg m3 aerosol _ mode 2 2 5 10 mkm 1500 kg m3 aerosol_mode 3 10 30 18 mkm 2000 kg m3 aerosol_distribution_shape FIXED_DIAMETER or GAMMA FUNCTION later component_fraction CO 0 0 0 0 83 component_fraction HCHO 0 0 0 0 4 012 component_fraction NO2 0 0 0 0 02 1 0 D BN OP o component_fraction NH3 0 0 0 0 component_fraction 02 0 0 0 0 component_fraction 04 0 0 0 0 component_fraction SOX 0 0 0 0 o ouow ou NQ on AH component_fraction 60 0 0 0 component_fraction CSH8_2 0 0 0 0 component_fraction OC 0 066 0 019 0 009 0 component_fraction EC 0 006 0 002 0 001 0 component_fraction SIA 0 006 0 002 0 001 0 END_COCKTAIL DESCRIPTION Figure 16 SILAM s standard cocktail description e cocktail_name random name e mass_unit Bq number mass e gas_phase YES NO e aer
17. _unit density density_unit 0 1 1 0 3 mkm 1000 kg m3 aerosol_mode 1 2 5 1 5 mkm 1000 kg m3 aerosol mode Zo ABS Gz mkm 1000 kg m3 aerosol mode 5 10 30 20 mkm 1000 kg m3 aerosol_mode E a e wN aerosol_distribution_shape FIXED_DIAMETER later also GAMMA FUNCTION aerosol default_density 1000 kg m3 if mode specific is not given END SEA SALT SOURCE_VS5 Figure 12 SILAM s sea salt initialisation file 22 3 5 Output configuration file The output post processor allows the user to select flexible averaging for each dispersion variable and to include any SILAM internal meteorological variable to the output The output variable categories are e general characteristics of the output variables e dispersion e meteorological e nuclides The output configuration file should be starting and ending with OUT_CONFIG_3 7 and END_OUT_CONFIG_3 7 These lines mandatory This file has a single namelist that should be started and ended by LIST OUT_CONFIG_3_7 and END _LIST OUT_CONFIG_3 7 The content between the namelist defines the output available 23 OUTPUT_CONFIG_3_7 LIST OUTPUT_CONFIG_3_7 General characteristics of the output variables aerosol_size_modes SEPARATE SUM or SEPARATE a way to report aerosol size modes in the output SILAM dispersion model variables Specific names of substanses see AFTER the meteorological variables there are too many of them to put them here Jb p oe oe
18. are free to choose each of them jout_var 0 silam cocktail M_256 AVERAGE out_var 0 silam cocktail_dep FM_256 AVERAGE END_LIST OUTPUT_CONFIG_3_7 END_OUTPUT_CONFIG_3_7 Figure 13 SILAM s area output configuration file The general characteristics of the output variables category basically describes how to report the aerosol sizes as one size SUM or different sizes as described in the cocktail description SEPARATE see section 3 8 e aerosol_size_mode SEPARATE SUM 24 The remaining categories have arbitrary number of lines containing three or four or five fields see Figure 13 depending of the output variable category requested The general format goes e out_var lt necessity_index gt lt variable_name gt lt substance_namel lists gt lt averaging gt with optical properties e out_var lt necessity_index gt lt variable name gt lt substance_namellists gt lt averaging gt lt wave_lenght gt with meteorological variables e out_var lt necessity_index gt lt variable_name gt lt averaging gt To request or not a variable there is a necessity index that is placed after the out_var item list e 0 quantity is not needed e 1 quantity is desirable but if is not available the model run will not be discontinued e 2 mandatory variable for the output if the variable is not available the model run will be interrupted The variable name is fixed by the model and the user just ha
19. day gt lt hour gt lt minute gt lt sec gt lt rate gt lt xy_size gt lt bottom gt lt top gt lt z velocity gt lt tempr gt lt cocktail_name gt The release rate lt rate gt is the value of the release in the units defined by release_rate_unit above The horizontal size lt xy_size gt is the diameter of the source since sources are assumed to be circles Bottom and top are the vertical boundaries of the emitted cloud unit meters or hPa If the plume rise routine is activated the boundaries must be the same and correspond to physical height of the source The vertical velocity z velocity is the velocity of the plume at the top of stack unit meters per second Temperature at the top of the stack of outgoing gases is defined by tempr The release composition cocktail_ name points to one of the standard cocktails e hour_in_day_index Diurnal relative intensity considering 24 hours in day e day_in_week_index Week day relative intensity considering 7 days in a week e month_in_year_index Monthly relative intensity considering 12 months in a year 19 3 4 2 Area source v 3 This form represents a SILAM source term type a spatially distributed emission source Following the general standards it is defined in some 3 dimensional grid while the time dimension is represented in a very similar way as par_str in the above point sources Grid and vertical definitions follow the standards of the GRID format The source f
20. dency the optical properties on relative humidity e optical_coefficients_depend_on_temperature YES NO dependency the optical properties on temperature e if_split_aerosol_modes not working yet e if_narrow_wave_bands not working yet 3 3 8 output_parameters namelist This namelist sets the output configuration variables and temporal and spatial resolution 15 LIST output_parameters source_id NO_SOURCE_SPLIT SOURCE_NAME SOURCE_SECTOR SOURCE_NAME AND SECTOR vertical_method CUSTOM_LAYERS level_type HEIGHT_FROM SURFACE layer_thickness 100 400 1000 2000 3000 output levels m pa hybrid_nbr reals output_time_step 1 hr output_times REGULAR file_types GRIB_NO TRAJECTORY_NO GRADS YES ENSEMBLE NO NETCDF_NO time_split DAILY_NEW_FILE template model 2011 silam_v4_9 output scase case_Ssource_ty43m2 d2 variable_list d model 2011 silam_v4_9 ini output_config ini grid method CUSTOM GRID If AREA BASED grid then area_borders 54 57 33 5 41 5 south north west east North positive east positive area_title out_area resolution 5 km horizontal gridsize of output grid km m deg real This is for CUSTOM GRID grid_type lon_lat grid_title GEMS output grid resol_flag 128 ifReduced 0 earth_flag 0 wind_component 0 reduced_nbr_ str 0 nx 265 ny 195 lon_start 17 lat_start 33 dx 0 2 dy 0 2 lat_s_pole 90 lon_s_pole 0 lat_pole_stre
21. e SEA SALT d model silam_v5_0 ini src_sea_salt ini emission_source BIOGENIC_VOC WILD_LAND FIRES lt fire_file_ name gt emission_source DESERT_DUST emission_source POLLEN d model silam_v5_0 ini src_pollen_birch ini emission_source POLLEN d model silam_v5_0 ini src_pollen_olive ini emission_source dp ih dp ie de die de de cut_area_source_if_outside_meteo_grid YES if_technical_source_dump ORIGINAL_GRID NONE ORIGINAL_GRID DISPERSION_GRID END_LIST emission_parameters Figure 4 SILAM s control file namelist emission parameters e emission_source lt type of source gt lt path and file name gt The type of source and file depends if the emissions are computed by SILAM or not SILAM s state of the art is that natural PM emissions such as sea salt SEA_SALT pollen POLLEN biogenic volatile organic compounds VOC BIOGENIC_VOC and dust DESERT_DUST are computed by the model When these types of sources are stated the model request specific initialization files found in the silam_v5_O ini directory see section 3 6 Wild land fires source are currently obtained by the Fire Assimilation System at the Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI and has specific physical and chemical information for this type of emissions Therefore if using FMI wild land fire emissions WILD_LAND_FIRE should be the type to be stated INVENTORY type is normally used for emissions stated in emission inventories The
22. file This file is the standard output of any SILAM v5 run For setting boundary conditions e boundary_type ZERO DIRICHLET Boundaries can be static ZERO or timeresolving DIRICHLET 14 e if_lateral_boundary YES NO If lateral boundary is or not set to the values prescribed in the boundaries file e if_top_ boundary YES NO If top boundary is or not set to the values prescribed in the boundaries file e if_bottom_boundary YES NO If bottom boundary is or not set to the values prescribed in the boundaries file e boundary_time_step lt timestep gt lt unit gt e boundary_header_filename Filename of the file describing the concentrations at the boundaries The boundary file itself maps input data concentration for boundaries and transport species See section 3 6 for the description of boundary header file 3 3 7 Namelist optical_density_parameters LIST optical_density_parameters F FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFSSFFFFFFFFFFSTTFFFFFTFFFSFTTTSSSFTFFSFFFFSSTTTF optical_coefficients_depend_on_relative_humidity YES optical _coefficients_depend_on_temperature YES if_split_aerosol_modes YES doesn t work yet if_narrow_wave_bands YES doesn t work yet END_LIST optical_density_parameters Figure 9 SILAM s control file namelist optical density parameters This namelist describes the parameters needed for the optical density calculation e optical_coefficients_depend_on_relative_ humidity YES NO depen
23. i directory depending of running an eulerian or lagragian type of dispersion direction_in_time FORWARD INVERSE The direction in time of the run start_time lt year gt lt month gt lt day gt lt hour gt lt minute gt lt sec gt end_time lt year gt lt month gt lt day gt lt hour gt lt minute gt lt sec gt computed_period number of hours hr days day months mon or years yr if end_time was not stated User can choose one of the item_names time_step number of minutes min time step of the model nbr_of_particles and nbr_of_trajectories if the user intends to use the lagragian dispersion the number of particles nbr_of_particles has to be stated and and number of trajectories nbr_of_trajectories has to be different than zero progress_file_name path and name of the file for debugging purposes common user should comment it out computation_accuracy 0 10 the user should state if the results should be computed with low 0 or high accuracy 10 5 is commonly used since the higher the accuracy the longer the computation time is Additional notes 1 2 If direction_in_time FORWARD If start and duration of the simulations are defined the model will follow them If source release is longer than the simulations the source will be cut out If source starts later than the simulations the cloud will be empty until the release start time Source start term NOW
24. ile consists of five main parts general parameters grid definition vertical definition time definitions and grid cell values A template of the file is below and the namelists are described The source file may contain several sources of this type as well other types as long as each source is defined by starting and ending with AREA_SOURCE_3 and END_AREA_SOURCE_3 AREA_SOURCE_2 source_name AM source_sector_name Slip release_rate_unit kmole yr vertical_unit m nx 600 ny 1000 dx 0 1 dy 0 05 grid_type lon_lat lon_s_pole 0 lat_s_pole 90 lon_pole_stretch 0 lat_pole_stretch 0 lon_start 10 lat_start 30 resol_flag 128 ifReduced 0 earth_flag 0 wind_component 0 reduced_nbr_str 0 cocktail_composition SPECIFIC size_class_split SPECIFIC emitted_substance NOX emitted_size_mode_nbr 2 hour_in_day_index 0 79 0 72 0 72 0 71 0 74 0 8 0 92 1 08 1 19 1 22 1 21 1 21 1 17 1 15 1 14 1 13 1 1 1 07 1 04 1 02 1 02 1 01 0 96 0 88 day_in_week_index 1 03 1 0280915 1 0375451 1 0411919 1 0900258 0 8872839 0 8773400 month_in_year_index 1 307 1 216 1 087 1 050 0 899 0 788 0 752 0 740 0 823 0 996 1 124 1 232 vert_level HEIGHT_FROM SURF 180 320 0 08 vert_level HEIGHT_FROM_SURF 320 520 0 46 vert_level HEIGHT_FROM_SURF 520 780 0 29 vert_level HEIGHT_FROM SURF 780 1100 0 17 vertical_distribution MULTI_LEVEL_FIXED SINGLE_LEVEL_ DYNAMIC or MULTI_LEVEL FIXED par_str 1900 12 25000 1 1
25. ion 3 4 3 Sea salt initialisation file The emission map of sea salt is computed internally by the SILAM model This type of source is so called a map source where the emission map is created by utilising GIS data and source functions In the case of the sea salt the GIS data is a a map for the salinity distribution and the source function is dependent of sea surface temperature and salinity The source contain the aerosol distribution of the substance emitted as well as other parameters describing the sea salt aerosol The example shown below is a standard file where the user just needs to change the path of the source_mask_area This file is provided within SILAM v5 package SEA_SALT_SOURCE_VS5 source_name sea_salt_standard source_sector_name natiral_emission free sector name source_area_mask ASCII_V1 e data emission 4SILAM v5 sea_salt_source_europe_10km sa2 sea_salt_emission_method HYBRID_WIND_10M Own development the only one available so far water_temperature_input_type FIXED VALUE FIXED VALUE FIXED MAP MONTHLY CLIMATOLOGY DYNAMIC sea_salt_emis_depend_on_water_salinity YES YES NO sea_salt_emis_ depend on_ice fraction NO YES NO default_water_salinity 0 033 as a fraction default_water_temperature 288 K min_open_water_area_fraction 0 0 fraction sea_salt_substance_name sslt must be in chemical database aerosol_ mode 1 0 01 0 1 0 03 mkm 1000 kg m3 mode_number Dmin Dmax Daver D
26. l file e output configuration file description of the output setup referred from the control file e internal model setup referred from the control file sets the internal model features usually read only or fully invisible for users e standard cocktails file defines the standard cocktails that can be used in the source description referred from the internal setup file Users are free to create their own cocktails adding to the existent file e GRIB or NetCDF code table depending of the type of files mandatory invisible for users referred from the internal setup file Depending of the configuration of the run there are different files that should be included in the setup configuration e nuclide data file for radioactive simulations invisible for users referred from the internal setup file e nuclide decay data file for radioactive simulations invisible for users referred from the internal setup file e land use data for chemical simulations of biogenic emissions invisible for users referred from the internal setup file e optical properties for chemical and aerosol simulation describes the optical properties of substances invisible for users referred from the internal setup file e chemical properties describes the chemical properties of the species available in SILAM invisible for users referred from the internal setup file Do NOT alter internal model files referred from the interna
27. l setup file their modification may lead the model to malfunction Only the source terms the control file the output configuration file boundary file and the standard cocktails file are open to everyone The structure of the mandatory files will be described in this document Nuclide data file nuclide decay file chemical and optical properties files land use data and GRIB NetCDF code table files must NOT be altered by the user in any circumstances and therefore are not included in the document 3 3 1 Mo Configuration files General rules for the configuration files All configuration files are in standard text ASCII files following one of the two standard formats fixed structure file or namelist type file Output configuration and internal files follow the fixed structure format and control and source files are following the namelist type format Each file consists of a set of lines with leading and trailing blanks ignored Lines are case sensitive yy Empty lines and commented lines are ignored All characters after signs or are aj considered as comments Note sign always starts comments while sign starts comments ONLY if it is placed at the beginning of line or preceded by the empty space Path and names of files are written in a usual format lt full_path gt lt file_name gt where both lt path gt and lt name gt can vary depending on their content In case of including templates
28. oh 4 Emission fields out_var 0 emission_flux TOTAL_WHOLE_ PERIOD IOTAL_WHOLE_PERIOD AS IS Permanent fields physiography out_var 0 physiography_field_set AS_IS Particle counter and vertically integrated particle counter out_var 0 particle_counter INSTANT out_var 0 areas_of risk AS IS Nuclides existing in the source inventory concentr and deposition out_var 0 concentration SOURCE_INVENIORY AVERAGE out_var 0 drydep SOURCE_INVENTORY AVERAGE out_var 0 wetdep SOURCE_INVENTORY AVERAGE All species from source inventory AND from transformation chain conc and dep out_var r concentration FULL_INVENTORY AVERAGE out_var 2 drydep FULL_INVENTORY AVERAGE out_var 2 wetdep FULL_INVENTORY AVERAGE Diagnostic optical depth out_var 0 optical_density FULL_INVENTORY AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 300 320 500 out_var 0 optical_column_depth FULL_INVENTORY AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 out_var 2 optical_column depth N02 AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 out_var 2 optical_column depth S04 AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 out_var 2 optical_column_depth NH4NO03 AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 out_var 2 optical_column_depth NH4_5 AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 out_var 2 optical_column_ depth NO3rad AVERAGE WAVE_LENGTH nm 550 wa 4 SILAM meteorological variables out_var 0 temperature AVERAGE out_var 0 temperature_2m AVERAGE een ee Full list of SILAM nuclides you
29. olation LINEAR NEAREST_POINI SECOND_ORDER CUBIC LOG LINEAR nuclide database_fnm lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini silam_nuclides dat chemical database_fnm lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini silam_chemicals dat standard _cocktail_fnm lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini standard cocktails grib_code_table_fnm lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini grib_code_table_v5 silam netcdf_name_table_fnm lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini netcdf_name_table silam land_use_data_meta_file lustre apps silam silam_vS5_0 ini land_use_features_USGS_Eurasia dat optical _properties_meta_data_file lustre apps silam silam_v5_0 ini optical_properties dat allow_zero_forecast_length NO Whether zero long forecasts may be used in the simulations Beware of zero valued accumulated fields precipitation_low_limit 0 1 mm hr Cut off limit for precipitation rate separate for large sc and conv print_debug_info DEBUG_INFO_YES DEBUG_INFO_YES DEBUG_INFO_NO cloud_report_interval 1 disregard_meteo_data_sources YES END_STANDARD_SETUP Figure 15 SILAM s standard Eulerian setup file 3 8 Standard cocktails Cocktail description files contain lists of cocktails Cocktail description consists of the cocktail name type unit of fractions and then a list of species with their fractions in corresponding unit in the cocktail The description starts from header and ends with end line COCKTAIL_DESCRIPTION_V3_2 and END _ COCKTAIL_DESCRIPTION_V3
30. osol_mode lt min gt lt max gt lt average diameter gt lt diameter_unit gt lt density gt lt density_unit gt e aerosol_distribution_shape FIXED_DIAMETER so far the only available e component_fraction lt Component name gt lt mass fraction in the mixture gt there should be as many component_fraction lines as the number of substances that the user is trying to simulate Only substances available in silam_chemicals ini file should be added to the cocktail If gas_phase YES and aerosol modes coexist e component_fraction lt Component name gt number_of modes lt mass fraction in the aerosol mixture gt lt mass fraction in the gas mixture gt If gas_phase NO e component_fraction lt Component name gt number_of modes lt mass fraction in the aerosol mixture gt If gas_phase YES and no aerosol phase e component_fraction lt Component name gt lt mass fraction in the gas mixture gt 28 4 Running the model There is only one argument to be given to run the model the control file name This can be done via one of the following command line constructions in a command prompt window Notations below are e lt program gt is the path and or name of the SILAM executable e lt control_file gt is the control path and or file name 1 gt lt program gt No arguments The program will open the file silam ini in the working directory and read the name of the control file from the namelist control_file
31. rid_title A name for the grid e lon_start and lat_start Area source s longitude and latitude of the first grid cell ksec2 5 ksec2 4 e dx and dy x and y direction increment lon and lat ksec2 9 ksec2 10 10 nx and ny Number of cells along the parallel and meridian varying lon and lat ksec2 3 ksec2 2 lon_end and lat_end Area source s longitude and latitude of the last grid cell ksec2 8 ksec2 7 Not needed if nx and ny are defined dx lon_start are defined lat_s_pole Latitude of the south pole of rotation 90 for geo ksec2 13 lon_s_pole Longitude of the south pole of rotation 0 for geo ksec2 14 lat_pole_stretch Latitude of pole of stretching 0 so far ksec2 15 lon_pole_stretch Longitude of pole of stretching 0 so far ksec2 16 resol_ flag Resolution flag DEFAULT 128 regular grid ksec2 6 ifReduced Regular reduced grid flag DEFAULT 0 regular ksec2 17 earth_flag Earth flag O sphere 64 oblate spheroid DEFAULT 0 ksec2 18 wind_component Wind flag O u v relate to east north 8 u v relate to x y growing ksec2 19 reduced_nbr_str Number of elements along the reduced direction in one line ksec2 23 vertical_method OUPUT_LEVELS METEO_LEVELS CUSTOM_LEVELS If OUTPUT_LEVELS it assumes the same vertical levels defined for the output If METEO_LEVELS it assumes the same vertical level as the meteorological files If CUSTOM_LEVELS the user has to set
32. s to use the necessity index to switch on or off that variable output request The substance namel lists is set according to the availability of substances and the user necessity If the run is not for an individual substance there can be requested e SOURCE_INVENTORY just the substances emitted e FULL_INVENTORY when requested all the substances present in the dispersion cloud The averaging type for the particular variable is set by the user according to the user s needs The available types of averaging are e AS_IS the field comes to the output exactly as it was stored in SILAM internal buffers at the moment of output collection e INSTANT cumulative field is converted to their mean rates between the last two model time steps while the instant variables go as they are e CUMULATIVE the variable is accumulated since the beginning of the simulations e AVERAGE the variable is averaged from the previous to the current output time e MEAN _LAST_ _HR the field is averaged over the given period preceding the current output The period must not be longer than the interval between the outputs 25 The wavelength units nm is set by the user The optical properties of the substance name list are set for this specific wavelength 3 6 Boundary header file The boundary header file describes the information about the boundary fields to be used by the model the user should edit this file accordingly The figure below shows
33. se files can be area point or bomb sources see section 3 4 These files can be stated individually or by a list of emission files see section 3 4 VOID_SOURCE is e cut_area_source_if_outside_meteo_grid YES NO depending if the user wants the model to reduce the source area to the meteo grid in case of the source are being bigger than the meteo grid Typically is YES e if_technical_source_dump for debugging purposes common user should comment it out if_tecnical 3 3 3 Namelist dispersion_parameters LIST dispersion_parameters grid method OUTPUT_GRID CUSTOM_GRID grid_type lon_lat grid_title GEMS output grid resol flag 128 ifReduced 0 earth _flag 0 wind_component 0 reduced _nbr str 0 nx 150 ny 100 lon_start lat_start dx 0 4 dy 0 3 lat_s_ pole 90 lon_s_ pole 0 lat_pole stretch 0 lon_pole_stretch D vertical method OUTPUT_LEVELS METEO LEVELS OUTPUT_LEVELS CUSTOM_LEVELS If CUSTOM_LEVELS fill in the below two lines level_type HEIGHT_FROM_SURFACE PRESSURE HEIGHT FROM SURFACE ALTITUDE_FROM_SEA HYBRID layer thickness 100 500 1400 4000 output levels m pa hybrid_nbr reals END_LIST dispersion_parameters Figure 5 SILAM s control file namelist dispersion parameters All geographical values are in degrees and decimal parts of a degree NO MINUTES SECONDS e grid_type lon_lat Geographical coordinates grid is so far the only available e g
34. setting if aerosol dynamics is requested 3 3 6 Namelist initial_and_boundary_conditions Both initial and boundary conditions can be void If existent the user must include a list of initialised constrained quantities and the list of input files LIST initial_and_boundary_conditions initialize_quantity temperature_2m acc if no such line initial conditions are void initialize_quantity daily_mean_temperature_2m if no such line initial conditions are void initialize_quantity degree_day if no such line initial conditions are void initialize_quantity concentration if no such line initial conditions are void initialization_file GRADS model 2011 silam_v4_9 output tst_acid_adv_v2 tst_acid_adv_v2_ALL_SRCS_20070829 grads super_ctl boundary type ZERO ZERO DIRICHLET if_lateral_boundary YES YES NO if_top_boundary NO YES NO if_bottom_boundary NO YES NO boundary _time_step 1 hr timestep unit boundary_header_filename d model 2009 silam_v4_5_4 ini boundary ini END_LIST initial_and_boundary conditions Figure 8 SILAM s control file namelist initial and boundary conditions For initializing a run the user can set e initialize_quantity Describes which quantity is being initialized The typical case is concentration e initialization_file lt file type gt lt file name gt The file type can be GRIB GRADS and POINT_DATA If GRADS type the file to be used is a super ctl
35. t STATIC e nBoundSpecies lt nro of species gt number of species to be read from the boundary files e par_str lt boundary_substance_name gt lt model_substance_name gt lt boundary_substance_mode gt lt model_substance_mode gt lt conversion_factor gt The same substance might have different name in the boundary fields and in the model therefore it is necessary to define the name of the substances required as well as their mode In case of gases the mode is zero the conversion factor might be necessary if the user finds it more suitable to convert the emissions to a e g SI unit 26 3 7 Internal model setup The internal setup file is the file that provides other configuration files that are needed for running SILAM model This file is only open for user to write the correct path for the files mentioned in this file see Figure 15 These files are included in SILAM v5 package and are essential for the model to run BEGIN _STANDARD_SETUP advection_method EULERIAN 3D_V2 dimension of advection LAGRANGIAN_2D LAGRANGIAN 3D random_walk_method FULLY_MIXED Random walk method IDIOT_SIMPLE FULLY_MIXED BULK_GAUSSIAN abl_height_method COMBINATION HIRLAM ABL CONSTANT COMBINATION RICHARDSON PARCEL TURBULENT_ENERGY horizontal_interpolation LINEAR NEAREST_POINT SECOND_ORDER CUBIC LOG LINEAR vertical_interpolation LINEAR NEAREST_POINT SECOND_ORDER CUBIC LOG LINEAR time_interp
36. t number of hours of the forecast length e g 15 O15 Observation time any combination in hours and minutes is valid subject to data availability in the archive Templates pointing to the valid time of the fields are constructed in the same way but without the a e g y2 y4 firmly 2 and 4 digit year of the analysis time e g 02 or 2002 3 2 Rules for the namelist type format A single file includes a group of namelists placed one by one in arbitrary order A single namelist starts from the line LIST lt namelist_name gt and ends with the line END_LIST lt namelist_name gt the blank spaces around the character are mandatory The namelist_name must be understood by the model The namelist content is placed between the LIST END _LIST lines with the following format lt item_name gt lt item_value gt the blank spaces around the character are mandatory The item_name must be understood by the model and the item_value format and meaning fully depends on the item_name The item_value may vary from a single number to a complicated line with several space separated fields The order of the namelist lines is arbitrary and unnecessary lines or lines with unknown item_name will be skipped by the model 3 3 Control file The control file is the main configuration file where the model set up is described This file will also provide the link between the model
37. t type gt lt layer_bottom gt lt layer_top gt lt fraction gt The type of vertical level type can be defined as HEIGHT _FROM_SURFACE height measured from the surface ALTITUDE_FROM_SEA height measured from the sea level and PRESSURE pressure levels The bottom layer_bottom and top layer_top of the layer sets how the model defines the position of the layer e vertical_unit hpa or m according to the type chosen e Time strength composition data and time variation coefficients see Point Source definition Section 3 4 1 e coordinate_of_values COORDINATES e val lt lon gt lt lat gt lt value gt All coordinates and emission value are REAL or e coordinate_of_values GRID_INDICES e val lt hor index gt lt vert index gt lt value gt All grid indexes are INTEGER and emission value are REAL There are a few critical differences between the above area source definition and the point source files They all originate from one more dimension of parameter variations spatial that has to be taken into account In the point source definition there is only one vertical layer where the emission goes to All sophisticated considerations are supposed to be solved via a plume rise routine Such approach does not work with the area sources Therefore there are two ways allowed for the description of the vertical distribution time varying single layer defined in par_str for corresponding times resembling the approach of
38. tch 0 lon_pole_stretch 0 END_LIST output_parameters END_CONTROL_v4_7 Figure 10 SILAM s control file namelist output parameters source_id NO SOURCE_SPLIT SOURCE_NAME SOURCE_SECTOR SOURCE_NAME_AND_SECTOR Controls mixing or splitting of the plumes from individual sources in the output files In case of MIX_SOURCES the plumes are mixed so that all the sources create a single output field or trajectory set If sources are split each plume from the corresponding source is put into its own file thus creating a surrogate for the source receptor matrix computations The source may have name and sector and they both can be used for the creation of the source ID NO_SOURCE_SPLIT or according to source name and or sector vertical_method level_type and layer_thickness are explained in section 3 3 3 output_time_step Output timestep and unit output_times REGULAR standard file_types GRIB_YES NO TRAJECTORY_YES NO GRADS_YES NO ENSEMBLE_YES NO NETCDF_YES NO This namelist defines the type of output file 16 required by setting the type of output to YES or NO The type of output can be GRIB GRADS NETCDF and ensemble for Eulerian setup and trajectories for Lagragian setup e time_split ALL_INCONE HOURLY_NEW_FILE DAILY_NEW_FILE MONTHLY _NEW_FILE YEARLY_NEW_FILE depending of how the user wants these files to be stored bearing in mind that this is just to store since the ouput averaging is set by output_
39. that a cocktail forward lt adjoint lt 4D Vary aa Aerosol dynamics Transformations Source types Map of species masses Deposition Figure 1 Structure of SILAM v5 can endure are PASSIVE used for probability computations In the case of probabilities the model is then set in the backwards mode where the source is representing the measurements of a measurement site and the result is the probability of probability of a certain grid cell to be contributing to that measurement e PM_GENERAL no chemical reactions involved only transport and deposition Emissions requested PM e DMAT_SULPHUR linear chemistry for SO2 and SO4 transport and deposition Emission requested SOx e ACID_BASIC inorganic chemistry transport and deposition Emissions requested CO NOx SOx and NH3 e CB 4 inorganic and organic chemistry transport and deposition Emissions requested CO NMVOC and NOx POP_GENERAL RADIOACTIVE cocktail has inherent radioactive transport and deposition features 2 Outline of the initialization configuration files SILAM v4 5 4 may have up to ten input files depending on the complexity of the setup see Figure 2 Figure 2 A structure of SILAM v5 configuration files The mandatory files for any run configuration are e control file sets the user defined parameters of the run e source term file describes the emission sources referred from the contro
40. time_step e template lt Path for output dumping gt case case_ y4 m2 d2 h2 time template depends on the time_split chosen e variable_list Path for output_config file e grid_method EMIS_GRID METEO_GRID AREA_BASED CUSTOM_GRID Grid definition for the output files The same definition as emission or meteorological files EMIS or METEO_GRID or according to specific needs If AREA_BASED the output area and required resolution have to be defined e area_borders lt south gt lt north gt lt west gt lt east gt North positive east positive all real e area_title A name for the area defined e resolution Horizontal grid size of output grid km m deg real If CUSTOM_GRID a full definition of the grid has to be described see section 3 3 3 3 4 Source term files The source file for SILAM v5 consists of a list of individual sources following one by one Each source is treated totally independently from the others The source is always started from the Header line and ends by End line There are three types of sources supported bomb source point source and area source They all can appear in the same emission file In SILAM v5 there is no limitation on the type of emitted species except if the species are chemically active where there can be only one type of chemistry involved sulphate chemistry DMAT_SULPHUR inorganic chemistry ACID_BASIC or inorganic and organic chemistry CB4 3 4 1 Point source v 5
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search