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HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide

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1. The timeseries that is evaluated has to be chosen by clicking the name of the timeseries on the left window press control to select more than one The timeseries is selected when it appears in grey background For Compute One timeseries the actions available include for example 1 Cumulative series This action produces a new timeseries in the picture showing the cumulative value of the timeseries chosen 2 Grouping statistics With this action you can calculate for example monthly and yearly averages maximums and minimums You can also group the timeseries to winter and summer or this action can also be used to group to dry season and wet season and change the start dates of these periods Choose the time period and statistics you want to evaluate from the dropdown menus in Grouping and in Statistics Then press OK The action will produce a new timeseries in the old picture GER Computations Grouping month v Statistics avg v Summer winter grouping Summer start day MMDD 0515 Winter start day MMDD 1015 OK Cancel 3 Histogram Produces a histogram of the selected timeseries In the Histogram parameters window opening the number of divisions minimum and maximum limit can be changed if necessary 136 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Histogram parameters H x Number of divisions minimum and maximum limit Me 1 2 720 Cancel a Th
2. 1 River cross section is a modified trapezoid Figure 30 Figure 30 River cross section River parameters d Wi W2 D D2 mn mno river bank height m river bottom width m river width at bank height w 2d tan b m river bank slope floodplain slope Manning s friction parameter for river channel Manning s friction parameter for floodplain River cross section area is calculated from the water height A y w y tan b y lt d A d w d tan b y d w2 y d tan b y gt d y river depth m www eia fi 38 39 169 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 2 The flow speed depends only on bottom slope and water depth kinematical wave approximation y p S E 40 The river model is solved numerically from upstream cells to downstream direction using a method that iterates the flow speed and water depth from the side flow and the upstream flow using above equations This method enables usage of a reasonably large time step and therefore shortens computation times 16 2 LAKE MODEL Any of the grid cells can be set to be a lake Lakes are handled as storages that keep account of the water level as a difference from the reference water level Water level changes are linearly related to volume changes which are computed from inflow outflow precipitation and lake evaporation Evaporation from lake occurs at potential rate Outflow from a lake de
3. VC appli O Documents and Settings E O ElAmodels O vy O IVH 9 VMODEXAMP O hyddata i Flexlm gt Program Files sl le gt Make sure that the model grid vmd is in the same folder than the model application file vmp file In case it is in different folder its path has to be defined properly in Source data Application setup part of the menu Models can be started by opening a preferred model directory under the application directory and double clicking a model parameter file For example to start the example model open the C ElAModels example_model directory and double click example _model vmp file this is a flow model parameter file File types listed below are found in the model application directories Double clicking files marked with underlined bold type in windows explorer will start associated model user interface with the selected file IWRM model directory e vmp IWRM model parameters Data file types for example in hyddata subdirectory e txd timeseries data files see txd format below e ijpd RLGis geographic data 5 2 3 TXD file format TXD file format a text file format for storing structured table data The file contains contain two parts the file header and the file data The file header contains any number of file identification information and a data definition The data part contains any number of data rows divided into data fields as define
4. xpos s411 Sypos 1 99537e 06 2 zpos 0 10 time date omtptieng 11 real DEEG mm 10 L real ERAN mm 10 13 real TAVG_C 10 14 data 15 199901011200 Le 1999017021200 Le 199901031200 18 199901041200 19 199901051200 20 199901061200 3 5 4 Data preparation with the DTT Toolbox Data Transfer Tool using the ToolBox Knowledge Base data 1 Start the DTT tool Osoite C Program Files IKMP ToolboxiDTT Tiedosto ja kansiotehtayvat Muut sijainnit CH IKMP Toolbox Omat tiedostot CH Jaetut tiedostot 4 Oma tietokone a Verkkoymparist Tiedot www eia fi Temp tempi WRM 3 tempke adaptor4DMs exe Adaptor4DMs xml adaptor41515 exe adaptor4kB exe Adaptor4kB ini adaptor4swaT exe Adaptor4SwiAT xml Ci Common dll C1 Win C1FlexGrid dl DataTransferTool exe DataTransferTool xml DSFCryption d 2 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 28 2 Select source application normally KB ToolBox Knowledge Base Data Transfer Tool Step 1 Application selection 1 0 2 0 x Fie Quality Assurance Help Source Model Source Applicator KB Start Date 00 00 01 Jan 2010 End Date 00 00 21 Dec 2010 Destination Model Output Destination Application Destination Folder Timezenes Status 3 Select source scenario start and end dates and destination application this must be DMS Data Transfer Tool Step 1 Application selection
5. E Ze weather_1 txd E 19930806 24 32 5 0 19930807 24 32 5 0 19930808 24 31 4 0 19930809 24 29 5 5 19930810 24 32 4 0 19930811 25 33 5 0 19930812 25 33 4 0 19930813 25 32 3 22 si 19930814 23 30 4 24 Min 19930815 24 27 4 20 Max E 19930816 23 27 4 0 19930817 23 26 3 8 19930818 22 30 3 2 19930819 5 0 The table itself shows the date of the data and data itself As can be seen the Menu bar and toolbar have changed from the one which is available when model window is open Te jolxi Table Edit Data Window Store Cancel date rec Ol x 0 E 460 05 04 1980 0 461 06 04 1980 0 462 07 04 1980 0 463 08 04 1980 0 464 09 04 1980 0 465 10 04 1980 24 9 466 11 04 1980 0 467 12 04 1980 15 4 468 13 04 1980 0 1 The information data table window can be plotted as picture and statistics can be calculated a The properties of the timeseries name coordinates etc can be seen from Table Properties b To plot the weather timeseries select the entire column with the variable you want to plot to select an entire column click the left www eia fi 63 DMS Project Mekong River Commission mouse button on top of the name of the column or the time period of that column Then press from the menu Data plot as line plots as a line for example for temperature or Data plot as bar plots as a bar for example for precipitation To calculate the statistics Sum average min
6. Grid info from the menu The following window appears Gs Grid info Save grid nx 161 boxsize 1000 m _Seve gid ny 164 nactive 13128 _ Lance area 13128 km2 m Location vo 1202000 yO 1 865e 06 Do not change the grid data in the Grid info box since it will affect the function of the grid For modification of the grid data use the RLGis program as detailed previously 7 9 2 Grid modification some grid data can be changed by selecting Data Grid modification Grid data modification xf River data OK Conductivity multipl Cancel River width multipl Lake outpoints Conductivity multipl 1 River width multipl 1 1 River data of conductivity and river width can be changed by changing the multiplier of this data This action will multiply all the data with the same factor 2 Lake output point s conductivity and river width can be changed by changing the multiplier of this data This action will multiply all the data with the same factor Grid values can be also edited by selecting Modify layer data tool button pressed in the figure below selecting the layer to be modified Landuse in the figure below selecting area to be modified in the map by mouse and specifying new value New grid is greated by the GrMake button tool The new grid needs to be specified as the model input and the model re loaded before it is in use 100 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV
7. Model parameters j Control definitions including hydropower reservoirs irrigation water transfers groundwater pumping river discharges k Timeseries and field drawing management Statistics output definitions 4 Model computation and optimisation Model menu a Computational parameters b Model computation c Model optimisation 5 Examination of results Results menu a Flow comparison with measured values b Timeseries results www eia fi 57 DMS Project Mekong River Commission c Animation results d Statistics results e Running of macros for automated output processing and reporting 6 Window control Window menu a Window management The main menu bar and tools menu bar change according to the GD active window 5 4 2 Tools menu bar The tools menu bar shows several tools related to picture handling and data item management CSET idle PRS n 58 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide These tools are available when the model main window is active The tools are described below Function Zoom Magnify or zoom into the picture Click the button and then drag a rectangle with mouse to the window Zoom back Maximum view or Zoom out Click this button to return to the no zoom state No effect if no already in maximum view Move view Click this button and drag the view in the desired direction Copy as metafile Copy the picture to clipboard as a picture
8. Y 1 0 2 0 x Fie Quality Assurance Help Source Model Source Application KB Select a scenario Demo Scenario 5 China Dams Start Date 00 00 01 Jan 1986 End Date o0 00 31 Dec 2000 sl Destination Model Output Destination Application MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 4 Select destination folder this should be the same where you run the HBV model Data Transfer Tool Step 1 Application selection 1 0 2 0 Demo Scenario D China Dames e 00 00 01 Jan 1986 E 00 00 21 Dec 2000 EN www eia fi 29 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 5 Press Next button and select points and variables for instance precipitation Data Transfer Tool Step 2 Timeseries Selection 1 0 2 0 Project Name Usemarne Remarks Today Available source n for cenario Demo Scenario 5 China Dame time senes 2556 eead l e Vientiane to Mukdahan MOUAD an Precipitation Ban Ken ok mm WLUPAD ataFreparation Day Precipitation Nakhon Pom Degrees LL WUPADataPreparation Daily Max Temperature Luangnamtha Ha WLUPAD ataPreparation Annual Crop Ubon Ratchathani mm WUPAD ataPreparation Daily FET 417 Vientiane to Mukdahan Unfactored rrr Daily 217 Chiang Sen to Luang Prabang mm MOUAL Precipitation i Med WLUPAD ataPreparation Daily Solar Radiation O E O E O WOUPADataPreparation Daily Precipitation Add to Destination gt gt Remove from Destinatio
9. and suitability of the modelling approach to the modelled catchment Below is a summary of the input data required and output data produced by the IWRM model Input data e digital elevation model of the catchment e g 50m resolution e land use data for the catchment e soil type data for the catchment new version of IWRM only e catchment boundary line e shorelines of lakes in the catchment e optionally digitized river network of the catchment e precipitation mm d at least one station e average temperature C if snow calculation is used e potential evaporation computed from one of the following pan evaporation mm d min and max temperature C average temperature C cloudiness average temperature C short wave radiation MJ d wind speed m s relative humidity e average outflow m s at least one station for calibration of the model e water quality measurements for calibration of the water quality model Computed result daily values www eia fi 43 DMS Project Mekong River Commission e average daily river flow m s at any point within the catchment e other model variables at any point within the catchment for example evaporation mm d corrected precipitation mm lake surface height m and ground water height m 4 1 3 Model user interface 44 With the model user interface Figure 10 one can set model parameters drive the model and look at the model results The basis o
10. parameter The daily growth of a plant i e the production of new biomass depends on the incoming amount of solar radiation and is limited by lack of water and the average air temperatures deviation from the optimum growth temperature of the plant B i B i 1 Brew Kbio 0 02092 Kin 1 exp 0 65 LAI Bnew 0 001 cb Keio MIN Swaters Stemp 12 Swater Ey PET www eia fi 157 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Stemp sin K 2 Tavo Tbase T opt Tbase Kio radiation available for growth B biomass for day Bnew amount of produced biomass LAI leaf area index Cp utilization coefficient of radiation Topt Optimal growth temperature for the plant C Swater Stress coefficient for lack of water Stemp Stress coefficient for temperature For seasonal crops the daily development of leaf area index is calculated based on the phase of growth In the beginning of growth the leaf area index increases rapidly When the temperature sum is high enough the plant is mature leaf area index does not increase any more and the plant starts to wither LAI LAlmax B B 0 552 exp 6 8 B PMI lt PMlaec 11 LAI LAlsmax 1 PMI 1 PMlgec PMI gt PMlaec LAl max maximum leaf area index LAlsmax maximum leaf area index the plant has reached during this growing season PMlgee fraction of growing season when leaf area index starts declining e g 0 75 For perennial plants such as deciduous trees the
11. 0 62 2 46 6 0 5 0 19 0 4 0 8 0 2 8 0 2 first calibration parameters usually data contains most uncertainty secondary important calibration parameters all flows increasing or decreasing baseflow increasing or decreasing cumulative and peak opposite 114 mixed flow changes MRCS IKMP December 2010 5 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 0 00 0 00 3 00 3 00 0 00 1 00 1 00 0 00 8 00 0 00 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The table is based on the following baseline values e cumulative flow 1 1 2004 31 12 2005 591 527 m3 s sum of daily discharges e base flow dry season flow 1 1 15 3 2005 388 m3 s e peak flow 3702 m3 s e peak time 21 9 2005 00 00 e laimethod 4 water Only one land use and soil class is used in the sensitivity analysis for the whole basin Table 2 shows model parameter values for snow calculation These parameters are needed in the Mekong for the Tibetan Plateau Table 2 Model parameters for snow calculation rainsnomi minimum temperature for liquid precipita e 3 0 0 1 rainsnoma maximum temperature for snow Ze 0 1 3 0 snoevapm snow evaporation multiplier non dim Snow melt snomeltco snow melt coefficient mm C d snomeltm minimum temperature Tor snow melt a Liquid water content snowcom maximum snow water holding capacity non dim snotrzcoet snow retreezing coefficient mim C d snotrzmax maximum retreezi
12. 002 mnover coefficient for surface runoff non dim 0 0 2 0 035 rmn2 river Manning friction non dim 0 02 0 3 0 2 rmn2 river Manning friction non dim 0 02 0 3 0 2 pbare fraction of bare soil non dim 0 1 0 03 pcanopy fraction of high vegetation non dim 0 1 0 4 SOIL Infiltration intkz vertical surface conductivity mid 0 001 5 2 vertical surface conductivity mid 0 001 5 2 pressure parameter for infiltration m 0 2 5 2 Soil over layer thickness m 0 1 100 0 5 wilting point residual storage fracofdz1 0 05 0 2 0 08 field capacity gravitational water lit frac of dz1 0 1 0 5 0 2 maximum water content frac of dz1 0 1 0 8 0 4 vertical conductivity md 0 001 5 2 vertical conductivity mid 0 001 5 2 x horizontal conductivity m d 0 001 500 0 25 Soil layer2 layer thickness m 0 1 100 5 wilting point residual storage fracofdz2 0 05 0 2 0 1 field capaciy frac of dz2 0 1 0 3 0 2 maximum water content frac of dz2 0 1 0 8 0 5 l vertical conductivity not in use mid 0 001 5 2 horizontal conductivity m d 0 001 500 0 25 exponent shape parameter for non dim 0 1 0 1 the exponential flow new change cumul base peak D D D D L3 30 90 14 120 07 104 81 1 100 0 84 2 09 0 49 100 2 48 1 84 0 94 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 0 04 0 07 100 0 12 4 48 0 34 0 3 50 0 16 5 69 0 55 0 02 90 0 353 AL 1 05 0 3 900 0 00 4 07 0 03 0 8 100 0 00 0 00 0 00 4 100 0 30 3 80 1 75 0 2 0 2 1 0 16 0 3 50 4 59 0 8 100 4 100 0 00 0 10 0 03 0 2 90 0 26
13. 49b shear stress Pa Pa kg m SH density of water keim acceleration of the earth gravity 9 81 m s Slope equal to tan 6 where B slope angle sin x tan x at angles below 15 degrees Mana 174 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide For sheet flow shear stress in point x can be calculated from formulas 49b and 48 t pgdS pg X Po qup HS 50 If qup 0 the location x where critical shear stress of the soil is exceeded is Xc 1 N Po to pg ST Du 51 The detachment of solid material due to shear stress caused by the flow is evaluated with the following formula e ke T To 52 e detachment of solid material per unit area kg s m ke erosion coefficient T flow shear stress Pa Te Critical shear stress Pa The solid material in the flow is deposited in the following way Dp Vs 53 D sedimentation per unit area kg s m C concentration of solid material kg m Vs sedimentation speed m s Since the mass of the sediment is conserved the change in the amount of transported material in a small slice of slope with the width of dx can be written as follows Mout Min erosion deposition side Cs 54 Mout amount of substance flowing in kg Min amount of substance flowing out kg Aside Side flow m s Cs concentration of side flow kg m Aside IS GX Po where Po is the overflow of the pond storage m s
14. 6 Land use characteristics and parameterization were taken from the MRC WUP FIN Nam Songkhram model except leaf area index LAI LAI for various land surfaces have been defined by Hageman An improved land surface parameter dataset for global andregional climate models Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Report 336 Hamburg 2002 and these values were used in the model with some adaptations 84 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Table 6 Landuse classes GLC2000 www eia fi Class Title number 1 Water 2 Decidious forest 3 Evergreen forest 4 Shrub and grassland 5 Irrigated agriculture 6 Agriculture 7 Floodplain 8 Urban 9 Glacier Explanation 1 Tree Cover broadleaved evergreen 2 Tree Cover broadleaved deciduous closed 3 Tree Cover broadleaved deciduous open 4 Tree Cover needle leaved evergreen 5 Tree Cover needle leaved deciduous 6 Tree Cover mixed leaf type 7 Tree Cover regularly flooded fresh water amp brackish 8 Tree Cover regularly flooded saline water 9 Mosaic Tree cover Other natural vegetation 10 Tree Cover burnt 11 Shrub Cover closed open evergreen 12 Shrub Cover closed open deciduous 13 Herbaceous Cover closed open 14 Sparse Herbaceous or sparse Shrub Cover 15 Regularly flooded Shrub and or Herbaceous Cover 16 Cultivated and managed areas 17 Mosaic 18 Mosaic 19 Bare Areas 20 Water Bodies natural amp artificial 21 Snow and Ice natural
15. A A A A A A Ai Seele Precipitation petcorr Geesse See ett E d pee rainmult d AAA Flow from 2i overflow grid boxes Ye Ee above VL PEA dees interflow Deeg Ad me ground water flow LX E Ke kx2 Wilting ele JI Flow to river Field capacit ce Maximum cap ths Figure 15 Main model processes and parameters A selection of the model parameters are given in the Table below The Table lists model parameters their explanations units and ranges Also sensitivity analysis is presented see next Chapter Colours signify main calibration parameters orange and light green and change of the flow indicators www eia fi 113 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Table Selection of model parameters their explanations units and ranges Table shows also sensitivity analysis results for the 3S basin see the next chapter Parameter parameter explanation unit range base class value LU Precipitation rainmult precipitation correction coefficient non dim 0 7 1 3 1 intercomul fraction of area for interception non dim 0 1 0 5 intercpma gt maximum interception size mm 0 10 2 Evaporation evaporation correction non dim 0 7 1 3 1 Vegetation minimum leat area index value non dim 0 8 0 5 maximum leaf area index value non dim 0 8 3 leaf area method 1 constant non dim 1 4 d leat area method 2 annual non dim 1 4 4 leaf area method 3 perennial non dim 1 4 4 Surface model pond storage m 0 0 1 0
16. MODEL 1 Open program IWRM or IWRM2 IWRMstart ip 2 select File New from the menu a Add the name of the vmd file created earlier with RLGis to cell Gridfile Diet Data files ahs OK Gridfile noname ymd Browse pn Landuse changes none Cancel Precipitation area none Output files Common output file noname_out txd Timeseries output noname_ts txd Field output noname_fields txd Messages vmod err EE H System files Parameter frame file Model executable ymod2 exe 3 Select Data Weather Data files a Press Add to add each Precipitation Evaporation and Temperature file must be type txd b Make sure the stations have the right coordinate systems 4 Select Data Landuse types a Press Add to add each landuse type make sure the number of types is the same as the landuse types in the grid www eia fi 89 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 5 Do the same for all the soil types by selecting Data Soil types and adding each type 6 Set the parameter values outputs computational parameters and surface model as detailed in the following chapters The instructions on the use of the IWRM model are found in the following chapters 90 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide IWRM MODEL DATA MANAGEMENT Most of the actions for data management can be found in menu Data a Mod 2 File View Data Model Results Window General
17. The disk space fields reflect the requirements of the options you have selected Aviv base system Flow amp Water quality models Je vMod Total disk space required 6468 KB SetupBurlder Print lt lt Back Cancel 6 Choose destination location Select the location you want to install the model software The suggested directory C EIAModels VIV is recommended to be selected as it is also used in this manual as the reference directory Thus by selecting this directory it would be easier to follow the manual as well Also some parts of the model and data processing don t support spaces in the file names and thus it is not recommended to install the programme for example under the programme files lf you wish to change the directory press Browse and select the folder and location you want to install the software to Press Next gt gt to continue 7 Start installation You can check once more the target directory and user information to be sure that everything is ok before starting the installation Press Next gt gt to start the installation You can follow the installation process from the Installation process window 48 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Installation process Please wait while Setup is installing E l i on your computer i Executing installation process CAE LaModele TV rlcommor ip Copying e SetupEuilder Frint
18. Windows metafile Can be used to transfer pictures to text processing and drawing programs Copy as bitmap Functions often better than the metafile copy option Layer data info Gives information on the data of the selected layer to the command window Modify layer data Change the values of the layer data in the selected area Cancel layer modification in the selected area Add data item Click the button and press with the left mouse button the location you want to add a data item Select the type of data item Remove data item Click the button and select the data item to be removed with the right mouse button Does not work yet RS KK PG To release the selected tool click it You can see the selected tool as pressed down E g zooming tool is selected in illustration below FS U9 3 a You can also click right mouse button when the mouse cursor is over the map and the zoom is released pt Teer EP S Cs gt I al www eia fi 59 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 5 4 3 Model window The model window shows the computational model grid where usually water is displayed with blue and land with different colours The colours depend on whether soil land use or DEM is selected to be displayed The grid is decorated with symbols representing different model input and output data items for example Time series site output Weather input Water quality load input River discharg point add subtract o
19. a a N e O fom em A em P an DA ue OI em OON m D ea G em o oo er K es NNNNNNNNNNN ND wD in in in in Go Go Go Gm o om in o PAIR 1l l 1 1 E l d 1 1l 1 4 1l For selecting the parameters available for optimisation the value in the field use should be set 1 The value 0 means that the parameter is not available for optimisation To set the limits of the parameters change the values in columns min and max for the desired parameter To get good results N should be at least 100 200 which also means that the optimisation time will be several hours even days To start optimisation open the Model Optimise dialog cell and press Optimise For changing the optimisation loops the value of N can be changed The optimisation algorithm is slow since the model evaluation usually takes a long time and tens or hundreds of evaluations are needed to optimise the model It is advisable to optimise only few up to five parameters at one time 14 3 CALIBRATION STEPS Effective calibration depends on the application However it is possible to give some general guidelines and steps for effective calibration procedure 1 www eia fi Calculate long enough to eliminate impact of the initial state compare to the model menu Data Start and end states for giving initial values Maintain first proportionality of the class parameters use for instance Group modification tool presented next chapter fine tune later by changing paramet
20. air temperature at 2m height C e TMIN min daily air temperature at 2m height C e MAX max daily air temperature at 2m height C e TLR temperature lapse rate kim e SWIN incoming shortwave radiation MJ m2 d e CLOUD cloudiness 0 1 e RHUM relative humidity 0 1 www eia fi 19 DMS Project Mekong River Commission e WIND wind speed m s e ATMP atmospheric pressure at sea level mb e ERAN pan evaporation mm d The actual data required depends on the evaporation method selected see below The model parameters are e Petmethod potential evapotranspiration computation method o Off pet is given directly in a time series file o Prla Priestly Taylor method required TAVG KIN and CLOUD o Epan pan evaporation requires EPAN o Tminmax requires TMIN and TMAX o Penman requires KIN TAVG WSPEED RHUM CLOUD e Latitude latitude in degrees for radiation computation e Petcoor multiply potential evapotranspiration by this value usually 1 e Albedo land surface albedo for incoming radiation computation e Z0 roughness coefficient m for pbenman PET computation e Zd roughness displacement height m for penman PET computation e Zm wind speed measurement height m for pbenman PET computation e Rainmult multiply precipitation values by this number e Intcomult fraction of the precipitation that fills interception storage water caught by vegetation 0 no interception e Intcpmax inte
21. and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide a lod File View Data Model Results Window Ql PEP STG SCAB 103 7653 18 15299 369392 200 Ser Se i er jorma proposals dms modelling e E Flow direction a TSOutput fe Weather fe WO loads E River discharge 0 Groundwater use Free ES e Irrigation areas oi Reservoirs Grid value at 5 25 D Cancel You can also use the RLGis program for grid modification It has much more options than the IWRM model user interface 7 10 LOADS Loads are used as input for the water quality calculations New loads can be defined in two ways in the same way as new timeseries points 1 For adding water load points Click Add data Item Tool ei a Click the location you want the load point to be placed Click the left mouse button Select the new LoadPoint Give name to the point Define the variable and unit co o pop Give the name of the data file or then constant value www eia fi 101 DMS Project Mekong River Commission SEA SE Oo i Location Cancel x coordinate y coordinate map gt grid Grid x coordinate Grid coordinate grid gt map Load Variable SSED Unit kg d or tnd Landuse fo 0 all types C Constant value 1 GG From file load dat Browse Multiply values by Add to values 2 All the Load points in the model can be seen from Data Loads The Loads 7 11 FLOWS can be edited
22. and given with the daily temperature data as a time series T EE D Leip B po int Diseaa 1 T corrected temperature Tmeas Measured or interpolated temperature for grid cell C Apoint location height m Nmeas Measurement location height m Limp temperature lapse rate 0 0059 0 0098 K m 15 3 PRECIPITATION Daily precipitation measurements are used for precipitation information The measured precipitation is corrected against systematic measurement errors and elevation effect and divided into snow and water partitions using corrected air temperature 154 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 1 T Lr Ry BR KEREN eee l EH ek KC lra 2 0 he ae ee Rw precipitation water content Tmax Maximum temperature for snow precipitation C Tmin Minimum temperature for water precipitation C P F 1 Livre D po int 7 h meaa P R C P P 3 R C P P height corrected precipitation measurement mm Loree Precipitation height correction multiplier Npoint location height m Nmeas Measurement location height m precipitated water estimate mm precipitated snow estimate mm correction coefficient for precipitated rain correction coefficient for precipitated snow measured or interpolated precipitation for grid cell mm Wa n oe ge 3 15 4 INTERCEPTION Interception is modelled using one layer interception model Only liquid precipita
23. below Weg Water level in next grid cell s centre point m Wlinis Water level in this grid cell s centre point m Updating space variables ds 0 dt yield fs1 qret1 es qlatO ds 1 dt fs1 f12 e1 qret1 qret2 qlatt 31 ds 2 dt f12 e2 qret2 qlat2 lf grid cell has ditches or under drains the outflow from them is calculated by Hooghoudt s formula urain 4Kh 2D h L 32 drain Outflow from ditch or drain m d K water conductivity m d h height difference between the drain and ground water level m D soil depth under the drain m L drain spacing m MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The water leaving from each grid cell can continue on to a river in the grid cell or to lower grid cell determined by the flow net If the grid cell has a stream or a river the division of water between the river and the lower grid cell is determined by the slope of the grid cell and the river slope The calculation principle is shown in Figure 28 Figure 28 The fractions of water flowing from a grid cell to the river and to next grid cell Dnext 0 25 sin B sin a 33 Driver 1 Dnext Pnet fraction flowing to lower grid cell Driver fraction flowing to river a ground surface slope in the grid cell to the river B river slope in the grid cell Especially if and B are equal flow to the river is 75 and to next grid cell 25 15 10 SOIL TEMPERATURE A
24. deep clayey red soils with an argillic B horizon Dystric Nitosols have a base satur 283365 PLd ACg Planosols bleached light coloured eluvial surface horizon signs of periodic water stagnation 255000 PTd Plinthosols iron rich humus poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents 255376 PTd ACf Plinthosols iron rich humus poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents 259000 PTdh Plinthosols iron rich humus poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents 241000 PZg Podzol ashgray subsurface horizon bleached by organic acids on top dark accumulation horizon 6 3 USEFUL RLGIS ACTIONS 6 3 1 Calculating upper areas RLGis can be used to calculate the upper area of a point or a subcatchment The calculation is based on the flow net of the model so make sure the flow net is correct and modify it if it is incorrect modifying river network is described in chapter 2 2 3 1 Select the point which upper area you want to calculate or the lowest point of the subcatchment Select the flow layer from the window in the left Select GeogrComp Flow Flow calculate upper area GeogrComp Help Window Grid gt 41991 PR ONPPA1AFAY 1APARI 1 Flow Downstream heightprofile Line gt Flow Compute Upper area Models gt Flow Extract Upper area grid data Flow Sthraler classification Flow make polyline From Flownetwork Flow create empty flow from DEM Flow
25. dz i depth of soil layer m tano tangent to soil surface slope tan slope n Manning s friction coefficient for surface runoff defined in RiverData in RLGis program f coefficient of exponential runoff for lowest soil layer Conduced parameters Mn 86400 n smx i water storage capacity of layer i in cubic meters Im area ths i thr i dz i sfc i field capacity of layer i in cubic meters Im area thf i thr i dz i thd i fraction emptied by gravitation for layer i ths i thf i Initial values Yield amount of water coming to the surface of the top soil layer m d Pet potential evaporation m d qin i horizontal discharge from upper grid cells to this grid cell for layer i m d www eia fi 163 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 164 Vertical flow qret1 max s 1 smx 1 0 qret2 max s 2 smx 2 0 fs1 min yield s 0 area kz 1 27 f12 max min kz 2 area max s 1 sfc 1 0 max s 2 smx 2 0 0 Storage size hO max s 0 smx 0 0 area hi max s 1 sfc 1 0 area thd 1 28 h2 max s 2 sfc 2 0 area thd 2 LU LU Horizontal flow dsurf tanb wlhext Wltnis IX fo0 pow h0 1 667 saqrt dsurf mn ly fo1 h1 kx 1 tanb ly 29 fo2 h2 kx 2 exp f dz 2 h2 tanb ly if h2 lt 0 fo2 0 if h2 gt h2max fo2 return kx 2 1 dz 2 f h2 kx 2 f dz 2 qlatO qin 0 foO qlat1 qin 1 fo1 30 qlat2 qin 2 fo2 fdrain fdrain under drain flow see
26. for saving the changes press Close Normal Copy Paste commands can be used for managing the values Snow model Vegetation 7 7 SOIL TYPES AND PARAMETERS 7 7 1 Soil Types Soil types have to be defined in the model 1 For managing the soil types Select Data Soil types 2 For each soil type the name and code number need to be defined Soil types are managed in the same way as LU types a When setting up a new application add new soil types for every soil class by selecting Add Give name and code number different number for every type for each soil type b To change the name or number of soil types select Edit To remove soil type select Remove To change the order of soil types select MoveUp or MoveDown 7 7 2 Soil Parameters The IWRM model has separate parameters for every soil class 1 The parameters can be found Data Soil type parameters 98 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide a Parameters in Soil type parameters are divided to Infiltration Soil layer 1 Soil layer 2 and Erosion parameters Type parameters i el Ei m Parameter categories Coen infpratemult Precipitation eet i impervious Evaporation SA mnover rmnz ddepth dspacing fe Surface model soilpl soilp2 phare pcanopy C Snow model Vegetation 2 To change the parameter value s write the new value and then for saving the changes pr
27. h OObouE timesteps zech mer dateouk E aily Computation options sail model two level river model kinematic lake model dynamic Max landtype Max soiltype 1 Check the computation options In normal calculations soil model should be two level river model kinematic does not take into account downstream water levels or kinematic wlevel takes downstream water levels into account and lake model dynamic 2 The startdate and enddate of the calculation have to be given in YYYY MM DD mode 3 The Max landtype accords the maximum number of landuse types rows in Data Landuse types The landuse types with a higher code number will be reduced to the highest code number in calculation 11 2 RUNNING THE MODEL To run the model Select Model Run from the menu MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide BER Cancel shartdate 1989 01 01 enddate 1992 12 3 Compute fh dateformat vuuu mm dd 1 It is still possible to change the start and end date of the calculation in this window To run the model press Compute The model run will typically take some minutes to be finished 2 To view the report generated during the calculation Select Data Files Messages Show or Results Run message file 131 www eia fi DMS Project Mekong River Commission 12 RESULTS 12 1 VIEWING TIMESERIES The results from the model calculations can be v
28. lengths do not include this space character Below is an example of a complete txd file String fields in the middle of the row may not contain spaces within the string for the last field of the row this restriction does not apply EE Location KOlyarva 2 XPOS 2271383 VOOS EE Mis Sing 9999 time date YYYYMMDD hhmm Imo wdir degr Ss real wspeed m s 5 DATA LOO9O0LO1 1200 234 54 0 LI O90 WO2 AZO 34 3 EE 1200 45 8520 19990104 1200 43 450 Summary of standard file ids location data location name statid Station identifier usually 4 characters long string is used xpos measurement point x coordinate can be UTM or longitude ypos measurement point y coordinate can be UTM or latitude coordsys optional defines the coordinate system for xpos and ypos variables MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide dbname optional defines measurement data file in measurement point file pidfile defines measurement point file in measurement data file missing identifies missing data value used in file Summary of standard field names date contains time value of measurement depth contains measurement depth in meters variable contains variable code if several variables are in same file value contains variable values used together with variable field pid contains a unique identifier for the location usually a 4 character long st
29. lt lt Back Cancel 8 Ifthe following window appears the ElAviv has been successfully installed to your computer Press Finish to exit the installation Eraviv o x Elvi has been successtully installed to C NEMAModels ly Viv Kl Grs Flow amp Waq Press the Finish button to exit this installation EIA Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Center of Finland SetupBuilder Print lt lt back i Cancel lf the model software setup is not working or there comes an error message the reason can be following e Some of the Viv software components are gt check this by going to Task manager and there processes If you see a process of Viv end that process and try to install the software again You haven t had the administrator rights when installed the software gt sign in to the computer as administrator You dont have enough space in your hard disc gt release space in your hard disc and try to install again www eia fi 49 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 5 2 FILESYSTEM In many Setups two folders VIV and VIVH will be installed The VIV folder contains the programs for the EIA 3D model and the VIVH programs for the IWRM model Make sure you have the right folder selected when you use the model otherwise it will not open properly The folder used can be changed with VivDirSetup exe which is provided in VinSetup exe The IWRM model system consist two groups of fi
30. max etc of the weather data select the entire data or part of the data and select Data Statistics F statisties 015 n sun avg 3 2 min max O 5766 70640 77 8 058495 385 7577 0 195 2 2 Sometimes it is necessary to modify the data files add missing data take away measurement errors These actions can be done by modifying this data table window a You can save the changes you have made to the table by pressing Store button To insert new rows go to the place where you want new rows for example where there is dates missing select Edit Insert Row To remove rows go to the correct place and select Edit Remove Row s Data can be copied from one weather file to another by selecting the data and using commands Edit Copy and Edit Paste Make sure that the same day does not occur several times Press Store to save the changes To save part of the weather data to another file select the desires time period select the dates as well Then select Data Write selection to file Then import data from file select Data Import lines from file and select the correct file lf you do some changes to data table which you want to keep you must always save the changes by pressing Store on the toolbar Sometimes when you want to modify the files shown in the data table window more it may be easier to open the data file in Excel or similar program do the modifications and safe the file again in txd form 5 4 7 Timeseries wind
31. model crop monthly factors Similar to the crop types user can define ponding depth types and daily ponding water depths in cm Figure 21 and Figure 22 www eia fi 121 DMS Project Mekong River Commission PondingTypes Uniform pat 1 H AE Add T1 DR L 3 T1 WR U 4 Add set types T1 WR L 5 copy T2 DR U 6 Copy T2 DR L 7 Remove T2 WR U 8 __Bemove T2 WR L 9 Movellp T3 DR U 10 T3 DR L 11 Movepown T3 WR U 12 T3 WR L 13 T4 DR U 14 T4 DR L 15 Figure 21 IWRM model rice paddy water ponding types Ponding depth patterns i iE J Ok Uniform pat C Tl DR U 23 25 26 28 30 31 33 34 36 38 39 Al 43 44 46 47 Cancel Tl DR L 14 15 16 1 18 19 20 21l 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 K Tl WR U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C Tl WR L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T2 DR U 23 25 26 28 30 31 SCH 34 36 38 39 Al 43 44 46 47 T2 DR L 14 15 16 1 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 E T2 WR U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T2 WR L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T3 DR U 1 1l 1l 1l L T 1l 1l 1 T L L L L 1l L l T3 DR L L d I 1l d T L J L 1 E 1 J 1l l 1l H T3 WR U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T3 WR L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T4 DR U 1l 1l 2 3 3 4 6 7 8 10 12 ES 15 17 18 20 Z T4 DR L 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 H T4 WR U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C T4 WR L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C TS DR U 36 38 39 Al 43 44 46 47 49 51 53 S
32. of the modeling is to plan storage Capacity for accommodating maximum discharge situations em md fa en VU Ciel ti LAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC THEUN HINBOUN HYDROPOWER PROJECT Project Area Figure 6 Location of the Theun Hinboun hydropower development area ADB www eia fi 37 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 38 Hands on exercise After obtaining discharges calculate weekly monthly and flood season average discharges using the Modelingloolbox DMS time series analysis tool Hint locate HBV model txd output file double click it select time series layer use Compute One timeseries Grouping statistics analysis tool MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 4 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING The IWRM model is a distributed physically based conceptual hydrological model based on grid representation of the modelled catchment Hydrological processes in the catchment are simulated using simplified physically based formulations The catchment is described in the model as a group of grid cells and water balance runoff and leaching of nutrients are calculated separately for each grid cell From the grid cells runoff is collected to the catchment s outflow point with a river net model where calculation of lakes is included as well The model can be used for example to inspect the effect of land use changes to catchment hydrology The model includes also a nut
33. radiation o Wind speed o Relative humidity 7 2 FILES For managing program files select Data General files from the menu 15 x Data files SE Cancel Gerben L wech gege Sec F Output files Geer FE Field output noname_fields txd Messages vmod err Sh ow _Show System files Parameter frame file Model executable i D 1 Gridfile which has been made in RLGis see previous chapter includes e g the land use soil DEM and flow information for the model 2 There are three output files common time series and fields In common output file the computation parameters are stored when computation finishes Time series output file includes the values for selected output variables Field output file includes the data for selected field variables 3 The Files do not usually need to be modified Only when a new project is Started is the gridfile changed 92 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The information in the Files window do not usually need to be O modified Only when a new project is started or the gridfile has been modified in RLGis is the Gridfile changed 7 3 WEATHER DATA 7 3 1 Weather data format Weather data includes data of precipitation temperature and optionally evaporation used as input for the hydrological model The model needs data from at least one precipitation and one temperature station If
34. river properties can be changed Compute river data Computation Cancel Specific discharge l s km2 Parameters wmult width wmult Q wexp WERXp dmult depth dmult Q dexp dexp nexp 0 n nmult O nexp nmult b Parameters wmult and wexp define the width of the river c Parameters dmult and dexp define the depth of the river d Parameters nmult and nexp define the Manning friction of the river 3 The variable shown in the RiverData layer can be changed a Click the right mouse button while on top of the RiverData layer in the layer window and select Properties b Choose the variable you want to display from the Display Data and press OK www eia fi 19 DMS Project Mekong River Commission River data draw options Title Ok Colors __ Lancel Edit palette black is transparent e Geometry x0 302000 dim yO 1 665e 06 Om bovs 1000 Coordinate display Text grid coords V active data all data Display data overbank manning s bankslope overbank slope length 4 River data can be modified if necessary in selected grid cell a Select the variable you want to modify as described above b Select the Modify Gridded data tool Wi Select the grid cell you want to modify with the left mouse button Change the value of the variable and press OK GridData Grid value at 80 33 1 56529 Cancel 6 1 9 Creation of the grid file 1 Set DEM soil type an
35. saturation 3 Histosols Organic material 4 Argic Argic Ochric horizon sand on top clay below 5 Ferrasols Deep strongly weathered soils 6 Alluvial Permanent or temporary wetness 7 Lithosols Limited soil development 8 Cracking Hard when dry plastic when wet FAO class Explanation Reclassified as 1 Ferric Acrisols 1 2 Gleyic Acrisols 1 3 Orthic Acrisols 1 4 Ferrasols 4 5 Gleysols 5 6 Lithosols 6 7 Fluvisols 9 8 Luvisols 3 9 Nitosols 7 10 Histosols 2 11 Vertisols 7 12 Planosols 3 Once the textural classes percentages were identified parameters for the IWRM model such as thr soil residual water content thf field capacity and ths maximum water content saturation were estimated by using the Soil Water Characteristics Hydraulic Properties Calculator found in Working Paper No 5 Sarkkula 2006 and developed by Saxton and Rawls 2006 www eia fi 83 DMS Project Mekong River Commission SOIL LAYER 1 Parameter Water Acrisols Histosols Argic Ferrasols Alluvial Lithosols Cr Sw dai E 0 50 thri 0 11 thf1 0 27 thsi 0 46 kz1 D d 1 8 kx i g pclay1 0 15 psilt1 0 54 psand1 pgravel1 porgc1 SOIL LAYER 2 Parameter Water Acrisols Histosols Ferrasols Alluvial Lithosols Cr Sw dz2 thr thf ths2 kz2 kx pte2 pclay2 psilt2 psand2 pgravel2 CH SE CH SE CH SES CH SE CH SES porgc2 6 2 2 Land use reclassification Land use reclassification is based on previous modelling work in the Mekong Basin Table
36. the evaporation calculation method is set to pan evaporation the model requires data from at least one evaporation station as well The weather data can be seen by clicking the correct weather data point blue square from the map and selecting timeseries Weather timeseries The weather data can is shown in a data table window which can be managed as described in the chapter 5 4 6 Data table window Weather data files usually files having an extension txd contain measured weather information used to drive the hydrological model The model then combines the data from several sources using given algorithm such as use the closest data point Weather files are ascii text files in a specific txd2 format containing a file header followed by data lines A weather file can contain measurements of several variables from one point for several moments in time The data lines in the file must be ordered by time in ascending order The different variables can also be in separate files The file header defines what variables the following data lines will contain The following data lines have each a time value and the data values of measured variables defined in the header The different data items on a line are separated by on or more spaces or tabulators The file header contains a number of header lines followed by a header item name and header item value Header item names may be any character strings but the header line havi
37. the loads ending up from the grid cell to a river are calculated For modelling loads caused by population and fallout a constant load not dependable on flow can be defined for a grid cell The concentration of water flowing out of the grid cell is calculated as follows cout c0 fo0 c1 fol c2 fo2 c3 fdrain fo0 fol fo2 fdrain 42 cout concentration of runoff water g m CU concentration of surface runoff parameter om c1 concentration of interflow parameter g m c2 concentration of groundwater flow parameter g m c3 concentration of drain flow parameter g m fo0 amount of surface runoff m fol amount of unsaturated layer runoff m fo2 amount of groundwater runoff m fdrain amount of ditch runoff m In the model the leaching of nutrients is calculated with the previous method In the calculation of soluble phosphorus the concentrations depend on both land use and soil type In the calculation of solid material a more physically based approach is used by using an erosion model described below In the river and lake models the leached substances can in the case of soluble substance be used for biological activity or in the case of particle substances deposited in the bottom of a lake or a river Biological processes are not taken into account in the model The concentrations of different flow components can be defined in several different ways for the calculations The si
38. the new color from the opening dialog window and pressing OK To delete the colors not in use change the number in the number of colors cell To save the changes made press OK 86 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The reclassification in the above figure is based on the 3S soil classification Below is a corresponding table that shows the original soil code soil type reclassfication number and soil type explanation The whole table contains altogether nearly 250 soil classes 394000 LVI Luvisols surface horizon being depleted of clay and accumulation of clay in subsurface argic horizon 399000 LVx Luvisols surface horizon being depleted of clay and accumulation of clay in subsurface argic horizon 419000 LXf Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 414000 LXg Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 421000 LXh Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 421383 LXh ACh Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 421222 LXh ARa Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 422000 LXh C Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 422365 LXh C AC Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 412000 LXp C Lixisols strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 413000 LXpg Lixisols 3 strongly weathered soil in which clay has washed out 333000 NTrm Nitosols 8 Nitosols are
39. well as forecasts can be made for each subbasin The standard model uses a rather crude weighting routine and lapse rates for computation of areal precipitation and air temperatures In HBV 96 a geostatistical method based on optimal interpolation e g Daley 1991 was introduced not available in the EIA implementation The runoff generation routine is the response function which transforms excess water from the soil moisture zone to runoff It also includes the effect of direct precipitation and evaporation on a part which represents lakes rivers and other wet areas The function consists of one upper non linear and one lower linear reservoir These are the origin of the quick superficial channels and slow base flow runoff components of the hydrograph Level pool routing is performed in lakes located at the outlet of a subbasin Although the automatic calibration routine is not a part of the model itself it is an essential component in the practical work The standard criterion Lindstrom 1997 is a compromise between the traditional efficiency R2 by Nash and Sutcliffe 1970 and the relative volume error RD RV BR w L In practice the optimisation of only R2 often results in a remaining volume error The criterion above gives results with almost as high R2 values and practically no volume error The best results are obtained with w close to 0 1 The automatic calibration method for the HBV model developed by Harlin 199
40. 1 used different criteria for different parameters With the simplification to one single criterion the search method could be made more efficient The optimisation is made for one parameter at a time while keeping the others constant The one dimensional search is based on a modification of the Brent parabolic interpolation Press et al 1992 www eia fi 17 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Figure 4 The dots represents either HBV operational forecasting applications consulting studies or scientific tests In different model versions HBV has been applied in more than 40 countries all over the world Figure 4 It has been applied to countries with such different climatic conditions as for example Sweden Zimbabwe India and Colombia The model has been applied for scales ranging from lysimeter plots Lindstrom and Rodhe 1992 to the entire Baltic Sea drainage basin Bergstr m and Carlson 1994 Graham 1999 The model is used for flood forecasting in the Nordic countries and many other purposes such as spillway design floods simulation Bergstr m et al 1992 water resources evaluation for example Jutman 1992 Brandt et al 1994 nutrient load estimates Arheimer 1998 HBV has been used for the following applications e flood warnings streamflow and volume forecasting for appraisal of flood risks and development of flood risk maps e hydropower short term inflow forecasts for operational hydropower planning at di
41. 7KB FRMFile 4 7 2005 3 23 PM vmod2 exe 272 KB Application 4 19 2005 5 57 PM Se A ymodstart ip 1KB IP File 7 29 2004 1 59 PM Details el wadata class 8KB CLASS File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM EI wOdata java 12KB JAVA File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM E wapaikat class SKB CLASS File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM EI wapaikat java GER JAVA File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM Don t make any changes to the files in VIV folder nor move these files or the software may not work properly anymore The model application files define the actual model application grids and contain also model related data These files are installed in C EIAModels directory under each model application sub directory Illustration below shows the model application directory structure C EIAModels 50 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide VIV model system files Example_model model application files hyddata time series data files IWRMexamp vmp flow model parameters Be C EIAModels MODEXAMP Ioj x File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Ei EE Q peck k Ki 4 Search W Folders E Address D CAEIAModels VMODEXAMP D Go Folders x Name a Size Type Date Modified EI Desktop SN Ohyddata File Folder 3 16 2006 9 14 4M E vmodexamp vmd 35KB YMD File 5 17 2005 11 15 AM CH My Documents A ymodexamp mp 10KB YMP File 5 17 2005 4 41 PM E 4 My Computer RB 314 Floppy 4 Se Local Disk C
42. AND DISTRIBUTED MODELLING ssssnnnensennereonennrrenrnnrrrennnrrrernrnnenes 12 3 2 NOOA EXPERIENCES OF LUMPED AND DISTRIBUTED MODELLING sssssunnnnnreesorrnnrerreenne 14 3 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LUMPED HBV MODEL 15 3 4 EIA HBV MODEL A 19 3 5 EIA HBV MODEL Ee le 21 351 Instalmodeling Ee EE 21 3 5 2 Prepare input data into the HBV model Tomat 21 3 5 3 Data preparation using the 3D model user interface ccccccseeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 21 3 5 4 Data preparation with the DTT Toolbox Data Transfer Tool using the ToolBox Knowledge Base data 27 3 5 5 Create model applcaton 31 3 5 6 EIA HBV model calibration 0 0 0 ccccccccecccccecceeseeeeeeeeaeeeeeeesseeeeeceeeseeaeeseeeessaseeeeesaaaess 35 3 6 APPLICATION OF THE EIA HBV MODEL TO THE THEUN HINBOUN WATERSEHD IN THE LAO PDR 37 4 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING 0 eee sceeceeeeseeenneeeeeeeeenseeeseeeeneeeeesees 39 4 1 1 Water quality and erosion Compulaton cc cccccccneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeesaaaees 42 412 and OUUU gt aaa tate eee once ere een a eee ee ree eee ee 43 4 1 3 Model user ING Te 44 5 BASICS FOR USING THE IWRM MODEL nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nenn nnne 47 5 1 SOFTWARE Eege 47 5 2 SIN E 50 E Moder yole nm MNCS iss ceyeenecesscostoncecssaosencesnccascassenseasseasenssonceascanscasaaaseqssaaseaseescosseassanscass 50 5 2 2 Model application files c cc cccccccccccsssseceee
43. Ampt delta function diffusivity infiltration rate and cumulative storage Water Resources Research 30 9 2661 2663 Simon A Wells R Langendoen E 2004 Data collection and monitoring of Stream channel Processes in support of Numerical models and developing water quality targets for sediment 2004 National Monitoring Conference Uusi Kamppa J Kilpinen M 2000 Suojakaistat ravinnekuormituksen v hent j n Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja Sarja A 83 Whiting Peter J Bonniwell E Chris Matisoff Gerald 2001 Depth and areal extent of sheet and rill erosion based on radionuclides in soils and suspended sediment Geology Vol 29 no 12 1131 1134 Woodall S L 1984 Rainfall interception losses from melaleuca forest in Florida USDA Forest Service Research Note SE 323 SE For Exp Stn Asheville North Carolina 12p 180 MRCS IKMP December 2010
44. CO Je CO Di Kgl Ka Kgl Ka KH ER d F am L D A ze e ze es OH o OH www eia fi 145 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 13 For instance calculate change in cumulative baseline and peak flow and timing of flood pulses a Mod File Edit view Compute Window One timeseries Linear transform Two timeseries Grouping statistics dd Redray Selected timeseries Cumulative series a eon 4dd to time Select using depth bh qriver Pakse Histogram Moving average Gaussian average Minimax limits RangeFilter Treshold Same time average Monthly average Dry season average flow baseline flow SES Computations Cancel Grouping winter E Statistics avg SS Dummmer wlrter grouping Summer start day MM ah Winker start day MMBC 1731 Yearly peak flow SES Computations OK Grouping year ES Cancel Statistics Summerjwinter grouping Summer start day MMOD 0501 Winter start day hd 1 1231 146 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Timing of a peak YYYYMMDD hhmmss value 1993 0902 235422 15907 6552 2 www eia fi 147 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 14 CALIBRATION IWRM model is mostly physically based model but it has some simplifications and usually the data available is not sufficient to determine the values of the parameters Hence calibration of the model is usually
45. ES www eia fi 179 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 19 REFERENCES Croley T E Il 1989 Verifiable evaporation modeling on the Laurentian Great Lakes Water Resources Research 25 5 781 792 S L Dingman 1994 Physical Hydrology Gilley J E E R Kottwitz and J R Simanton 1990 Hydraulic characteristics of rills Trans ASAE 33 6 1900 1906 Govers G Takken and K Helming 2000 Soil roughness and overland flow Agronomie 20 131 146 online Guang hui Zhang Bao yuan Liu Guo bin Liu Xiao wu He and M A Nearing 2003 Detachment of Undisturbed Soil by Shallow Flow Soil Sci Soc Am J 67 3 713 online Havlin J L 2004 Technical basis for quatifying phosphorus transport to surface and groundwaters Journal of Animal Science 82 E Suppl E227 291 Kamphorst E C Jetten V Guerif J Pitk nen J Iversen B V Douglas J T and Paz A 2000 Karvonen T 2004 Esitys hydrologian seminaarissa 20 1 2005 TKK Vesitalouden laboratorio Onstad C A 1984 Depressional storage on tilled soil surfaces Transactions of the ASAE 27 3 729 732 Predicting Depressional Storage from Soil Surface Roughness Soil Science Society Of America Journal vol 64 1749 1758 online Rafael Gim nez and Gerard Govers 2002 Flow Detachment by Concentrated Flow on Smooth and Irregular Beds Soil Sci Soc Am J 66 1475 1483 online Salvucci G D and D Entekhabi 1994 Explicit expressions for Green
46. Files Start and end skates Weather data Files Flow di Weather data interpolation Oo T5Outp Surface model fe Weath Landuse types 0 Wo los Landuse parameters o River d 20 types E ouni Soil parameters Group parameters Trrigati fei Pecery Crop types o Rivers rop paramerar Rice ponding types E ol Rice ponding patterns Elewati Wide Water quality variables Water quality parameters Min Loads River discharge Groundwater use Irrigation areas Reservoirs Grid info Grid modification TsPaints TsQutput Field utput StatisticsOutouet 7 1 REQUIRED MODEL INPUT DATA For the grid file made in the RLGis e Land height data formats bil tiff ascii text e Land use data formats bil tiff ascii text e Soil type data bil tiff ascii text e Digitized watershed borders e Optional Digitized river data formats Esri shape file SHP ascii text www eia fi 91 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Other input data besides the gridfile e Daily precipitation Several stations formats ascii text txd2 e Daily temperature average or minimum and maximum formats ascii text txd2 e River flow measurements m s formats ascii text txd2 e Incase water quality is computed River water quality measurements formats ascii text txd2 e Optional data can be used for verification and also for more accurate computations o Pan evaporation formats ascii text txd2 o Incoming short wave or total
47. G EE 74 6 16 Soilsdata DrOCCSSING sossar ENEE 75 Ser JRMIVERNECIWONG COMPUIATI ON EE 76 6 1 8 Create river data laverie 79 CLI Greatlom Ol WN GHG DOE 80 6 2 SOIL AND LAND USE RECLASSIFICATION ssssannnnnnesosennnrnrrnoorennnrnrrrrernnrrrrrensernnrrrreensnnnnrereno 81 6 2 SOP ECIASSINICa NOM eyrna ARARA NEARER RARA RNR RA 81 622 LANG USe VeClassiliCallON WE 84 6 2 3 Reclassification steps ENEE 86 6 3 BE Oe rer Ee e 87 6 3 1 E ee Laien 87 6 3 2 Create a new landuse DEM layers for catchment 88 6 4 USAGE OF THE CREATED GRID IN THE IWRM vMOpDEL 89 7 IWRM MODEL DATA MANAGEMENT cccccceeesssccsssseseeeeeeeeeeessseeeeeseeeoeassneeeeesseooes 91 7 1 REQUIRED MODEL INPUT DATA E 91 7 2 SIE 92 L3 WEATHER DATA csie A ahaa ule earner ert e uae ur ls 93 7 3 1 Weather data format 93 7 3 2 Weather data tile management E 95 e GC een ele Le EEN 95 7 4 START AND END STATES wicctecstsnshicatdccbdasddnatduntducbdevtduntsenddedtdadddnntduntdachdudtdnntdenededtduadtsnalutads 96 T5 SURFACE MODE Laisar N A R A NN ean a A E A A A E nN RR 97 7 6 LANDUSE TYPES AND PARAMETERS ee 97 EH EE 97 162 L ndu useparamMete S oxi seeres cee sceerusmcesecenranatauahanahsuandeundiobdyakubshabetdusindnabdaeednotubebdedneheuaues 98 7 7 SOIL TYPES AND PARAMETERS eebe 98 Fee me til ba arn RT Rene ee aN oC ae 98 Ee TUE Gomera meee Comte gE a TT OE i ED oa ei ne CE EB EE 98 7 8 WATER QUALITY VARIABLES AND PARAMET ERS n nnnnnnnn
48. Iobe CompFlow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng comp Meas Flow r 2 0 785757 obs Meas Flow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng comp Comp Flow Ban_Th xyplot 2 0 805637 obs Comp Flow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng comp Meas Flow Figure 13 Comparison of measured and calculated time series 46 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 5 BASICS FOR USING THE IWRM MODEL 5 1 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION Prior to use of the IWRM hydrological model software the software has be installed to the computer Follow the steps provided below in order to fulfil the setup procedure 1 Double click the VivSetup exe or VivSetupFull exe file 1 547 KB Application with administrator s rights to be able to install the software properly You have to be signed to the computer as an Administrator or user 2 Press Next gt gt in the Welcome to setup window 3 Software License Agreement Read carefully the Master end user license agreement prior to accept the agreement by pressing Yes eS UU E Software License Agreement Please read the following License Agreement Use the scroll bar to view the rest ge of the agreement MASTER END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT THE EIA LTD Modeling Software This End User License Agreement EULA is a legal agreement between you either an individual or a single entity and EIA Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Center of Finland Ltd for the ELA Ltd software product identified above which
49. Ka Fa _ th _ rh Kg Q i 2 Kg Kg C Co E Gc SA ES 126 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 10 GROUNDWATER Previously IWRM model VMOD has had different groundwater formulations but there exist public domain groundwater models that could be also used in combination with the model The two main issues with groundwater modelling are i applicability of any specific groundwater model to a selected modelling scale basin wide to sub basin scale and ii existence of necessary soil data In general soil characteristics such as soil type and soil thickness are poorly known in the Mekong region and groundwater model has been designed taking this into account Also there is indication that aquifers play minor role in comparison to saturated soil water Model results in a groundwater irrigation case corresponding to the Figure 16 are shown in the following figures The time series in Figure 24s hows crop demand in case of using groundwater for irrigation Observe that the demand is seriously limited by the groundwater availability Figure 25 shows corresponding change in downstream irrigation area river discharge Figure 26 shows the groundwater depth in the water diversion groundwater pumping point The groundwater amounts are not able to provide for the large irrigation demand in the case study and ground water is depleted fast when irrigation is applied Groundwater use is sel
50. Mekong River Commission HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Sc BR Bes CA CH g NW MRC Information and Knowledge Management Programme DMS Detailed Modelling Support for the MRC Project December 2010 Finnish Environment Institute in association with EIA Centre of Finland Ltd DMS Project Mekong River Commission DMS Detailed Modelling Support to the MRC Project HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide MRC Information and Knowledge Management Programme December 2010 Jorma Koponen Hannu Lauri Noora Veijalainen and Juha Sarkkula Finnish Environment Institute EIA Ltd Mechelininkatu 34a Tekniikantie 21 B 00260 Helsinki 02150 Espoo Finland Finland Tel 358 9 403 000 Tel 358 9 7001 8680 Fax 358 9 40300 390 Fax 358 9 7001 8682 www environment fi syke Wwww ela fi sarkkula yahoo com jorma koponen eia fi 2 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTIN E 3 1 STRUCTURE OF THE USER GUIDE simsa 7 1 1 STRUCTURE OF CHAPTER AND INFORMATION BOXES n nnnnsnnennnnensenrrresrrnrnrenrnnrrrrsrnnrrernenreeen 7 1 2 EE 8 2 IWRM MODELLING BACKGROUND cccccsssssssssseeeeeeeecceeenseeeeeeeeeeoeessseseeesseeoonnsseeeeeesseooes H 2 1 ag EE OT ee le 9 2 2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE MRC IWRM MODEL DEVELOPMENT 10 3 LUMPED HYDROLOGICAL MIGCDESEHINES gengen gegegeteeneieuge egedege d r de dr nnmnnn 12 3 1 OVERVIEW OF LUMPED
51. Mm 01 01 1901 Max 101 01 2099 EE A9 A www eia fi 55 DMS Project Mekong River Commission If the El AModels doesn t open as shown above there are few options A to check e Your installation of the model software hasn t been completed successfully gt re install EIA model software to your computer During your installation you haven t been logged in as an administrator and part of the software registration hasn t been finished and thus the software doesn t work properly gt log on to the computer as Administrator and install the model software again You have the wrong program directory selected With VivDirSetup exe select the correct folder the default folder is C EIAMODELS VIV 5 4 IWRM USER INTERFACE The IWRM model user interface main window is shown below The window contains a menu a toolbar and a work area The menu is used to select actions to be performed The toolbar contains for example tools for moving around in the model grid area The work area may contain different type of windows for example model window time series windows and data table windows Figure 14 Main menu e View Data Model Results Window PARA 396073 66 2005915 63 37 07 28 92 Tools menu bar 02 01 1961 0 03 01 1961 0 04 01 1961 0 Data table window Weather 1 10 11 01 1961 0 1 12 01 1981 0 2 13 01 1981 0 A Layer window ei 5 x R
52. Mung Bean 5 T1 Soybean 6 Copy T1 Wet Rice 7 __Remove__ T2 Dry Rice 8 T2 Groundnut 9 Movelp T2 Kenaf 10 T2 Maize 11 MoveDown T2 Mung Bean 12 T2 Soybean 13 T2 Wet Rice 14 T3 Dry Rice 15 13 Groundnut 16 Close Figure 19 IWRM model crop type definitions Irrigation Parameter categories effi Jan Feb Mar Ap H d J Aug Sep D oy P Ok Tl Dry Rice 1 1 16 1 26 0 94 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 5 0 93 Crop Factors T1 Groundnut 1 0 91 1 01 0 7 D 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 0 63 Cancel AE 4 Tl Kenaf 1 0 o 0 o i 0 95 0 67 0 51 0 o 0 o Tl Maize 1 1 28 1 23 0 69 0 0 0 0 o o 0 o 0 68 Tl Mung Bean 1 0 61 1 13 0 39 0 0 0 o o o o 0 o On Farm loss Tl Soybean l 1 22 0 92 0 64 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 72 Tl Wet Rice 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 93 1 16 1 26 0 94 O o T2 Dry Rice 1 1 16 1 26 0 94 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 5 0 93 T2 Groundnut 1 SE 1 01 DF 20 0 0 o 0 o o 0 0 63 T2 Kenaf 1 0 o 0 o 1 0 95 0 67 0 51 0 0 o o T2 Maize 1 1 28 1 23 0 69 O 0 0 o o o o o 0 68 T2 Mung Bean 1 0 61 1 13 0 39 0 0 0 0 o 0 o o o T2 Soybean 1 1 22 0 92 0 64 0 0 0 o 0 o o 0 0 72 T2 Wet Rice 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 93 1 16 1 26 0 94 O o T3 Dry Rice 1 0 5 0 93 1 16 1 0 0 o o 0 o o 0 5 T3 Groundnut l 0 91 1 01 0 7 o 0 0 0 o o o o 0 63 T3 Kenaf 1 0 0 0 o 1 0 95 0 67 0 51 0 0 o 0 T3 Maize 1 1 28 1 23 0 69 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 0 68 T3 Mung Bean 1 0 61 1 13 0 39 0 0 0 o o o o o o T3 Soybean 1 0 72 1 22 0 92 D 0 0 0 o o o o o Figure 20 IWRM
53. ND SOIL WATER FREEZING Soil temperature is calculated in a separate grid The height of the grid cells correspond to the height of the first soil avers grid cells The model calculates soil surface temperature temperature conductance to the soil from the surface and soil water freezing and melting The lower boundary value for temperature is given by a sin curve and the range and average of the sin curve are given as parameters The conductance of heat in the soil is calculated with diffusion equation OT oO oT mars 34 ot Oz oz T temperature C ks temperatures diffusivity m s Temperature diffusivity is calculated as follows k S 35 www eia fi 165 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 166 c p c 0p c 0 lt T l c p c 9p o UHT TL lt T lt 0 f C p C FDC T lt T C Specific heat capacity for soil J kg K Vs coefficient for soil heat conduction m d about 0 25 0 3 for dry land d density of dry soil material kg m about 1600 kg m Pw density of water keim pi density of ice kg m Co specific heat capacity for dry soil J kg K Cw specific heat capacity for water J kg K 0 soil moisture content liw water latent heat of fusion J kg T soil temperature C T temperature below which all water is ice C When the temperature drops below zero the soil water begins to freeze The actual freezing point for water in soil material is not always zero but depends on the moisture con
54. River Commission qo surface runoff per unit width in point x from grid cell s upper side m s X distance from upper side of the grid cell Po amount of surface runoff precipitation or melting m s 0 001 3600 mm h up amount of surface runoff from upper grid cell to this grid cell per unit width m s Soil erosion begins when flow shear stress exceeds the soil type dependable value of critical shear stress t The critical shear stress in the model is a parameter dependable on soil type When the shear stress exceeds the value of critical shear stress the flow is able to change the bottom shape and starts forming rills Surface runoff is assumed to be sheet flow until critical shear stress is reached and after this the flow is assumed to be rill flow Flow speed of sheet flow can be calculated from the Manning s equation u R 812 in d el In 45 U flow speed m s R hydraulic radius A P where P wetted perimeter for sheet flow the flow depth can be used m d flow depth m n Manning s friction coefficient S slope Based on conservation of mass Q Au 46 Q discharge m s A flow cross section area m For sheet flow per unit width q d u d S n X Po dis 47 q flow discharge per unit width m s When flow depth d is solved we get d X Po dup nS be 48 The flow shear stress is calculated as follows t pgRS for channels 49a t pgds for flow where R d
55. S Project Mekong River Commission thf1 field capacity of soil layer 1 ths1 maximum water content of soil layer 1 kz1 vertical conductivity of soil layer 1 kx1 horizontal conductivity of soil layer 1 pclay1 fraction of clay in soil layer 1 psilt1 fraction of silt in soil layer 1 psand1 fraction of sand in soil layer 1 pgravel1 fraction of gravel in of soil layer 1 porgc1 fraction of organic matter in soil layer 1 dz2 depth of soil layer 2 thr2 wilting point of soil layer 2 thf2 field capacity of soil layer 2 ths2 maximum water content of soil layer 2 kz2 vertical conductivity of soil layer 2 kx2 horizontal conductivity of soil layer 2 pfe2 coefficient of exponential runoff for soil layer 2 pclay2 fraction of clay in soil layer 2 psilt2 fraction of silt in soil layer 2 psand2 fraction of sand in soil layer 2 pgravel2 fraction of gravel in of soil layer 2 porgc2 fraction of organic matter in soil layer 2 8 3 2 Erosion model parameters 112 tau0 critical shear stress ksd soil splash detachment Ker soil erodability The main parameters correspond to the schematic model processes shown in the figure below MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Evapotranspiration 4774 Tig T A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ee A A A A d d d d d d d d di i di i di i d d i d dd dd dd d dd dd d d d d i i i ZA A A A A A A A A A A A A A
56. S ST 59 61 64 e TS DR L DA DA DA io DA da A in tM nh tm A A LO i CH i be tw tM tw i iw on to tw LO d be v i k eT TT A Figure 22 IWRM model rice paddy water daily ponding depths cm Each irrigation area can contain many different crop areas The pump capacities and crop areas crop mixes can be defined in the model in a crop mix dialog Figure 23 The pump capacities and crop areas can be specified either as constant or yearly time series 122 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 1997 30 1998 0 define ts_ er E on Figure 23 Definition of the IWRM model pump capacities and crop mixes www eia fi 123 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 9 3 WATER TRANSFERS Water diversion is defined upstream of the transfer point 124 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Select constant diversion or time series in the irrigation dialog window river zl irrigatg txd www eia fi 125 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Black line is baseline and red with 10 m s diversion Diversion location flow River disch point Diversion 01 07 1996 01 01 1997 01 07 1997 01 01 1998 01 07 1998 01 01 1999 Flow downstream of the transfer location River disch point Ts2 LO Fa Fa co co om oO Oo om o oO om oH mH oO mH oO Mm am sam Ka Ce KM
57. Total 815 789 Table 4 Soil reclassification Soil Type FAO Number New Soil Class 1 Acrisols 1 2 3 Acrisols Soils with subsurface accumulation of low activity clays and low base saturation Histosol 14 Histosols Organic material Planosols Luvisols 18 12 Argic Argic ochric horizons Deep strongly weathered soils with a chemically poor but physically stable subsoil Permanent or temporary wetness Ferrasols 7 Ferrasols Gleysols Fluvisols 8 10 Alluvial Very limited soil development Over hard rock or in unconsolidated material Nitosols Vertisols 13 17 Cracking Swelling Hard when dry very friable to firm when moist and sticky and plastic when wet Lithosols 9 Lithosols Properties such as sand silt and clay percentages were obtained from the soil profiles mentioned earlier for the case where two soil classes were merged into a new one based on their similarities their properties were averaged As a summary of the above two tables Table 5 shows Mekong model soil classes and Original FAO class reclassification into the 8 model classes It should be noted that users are not limited to these 8 classes but can use any classification and number of classes relevant to their application MRCS IKMP December 2010 Table 5 Soil classes HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Model class Title Explanation 1 Water Permanent water body 2 Acrisols Subsurface accumulation of clays low base
58. U Tei Sfreeze Ktreeze freeze 7 rel Re T t lt Tireeze 7 Streeze 0 T t gt Tireeze Ssnow t 1 Ssnow t Streeze Smot Ps Swater t 1 min Swater t Smelt Streeze Pw Kret Ssnow t 1 8 Syiela t MAX Swater t Smet Streeze Pw Kret Ssnow t 1 0 Smet snowmelt mm Kmet degree day coefficient mm C T t average daily air temperature C Tmet snowmelt minimum temperature C Tireeze refreezing maximum temperature C Sireeze amount of refrozen water mm Ssnow Snow water equivalent mm Swater Snow water content mm Kret maximum snow water content coefficient about 0 1 Syieid yield mm Snow depth can be modelled if required using following equations Asnow t 1 Ssnow t Psnow t Scompr Anewsnow Dnewsnow Ps Pnewsnow Pw Pwater 9 Psnow t 1 Sgnow t 1 Asnow t 1 Nsnow snow depth m Osnow Snow density kom Anewsnow New snow depth m Pnewsnow density of new snow kg m Ssnow Snow water content m Scompr Snow compression coefficient kg m MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 15 6 VEGETATION MODEL In the model vegetation water uptake depends on the leaf area index LAI Table 2 For the computation of leaf area index in the model several different methods can be used Parameter laimethod in Landuse parameters defines the different methods for calculating leaf area index which are leaf area calcu
59. accuccuccueaeeaes 177 18 3 SOLID MATERIALS IN RIVERS AND LAKES cccceccecceccecceccecceccccccucceccucceccecaecuccuccuusunaeeess 178 PART M APPEND COE EE 179 19 RPFP RENO EE 180 6 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 1 STRUCTURE OF THE USER GUIDE The user guide contains three different types of material e Model description the model equations and theory are described in detail e Software operation the main model controls and functions are described in detail with practical examples e Background information includes broader modelling context and research results The material has been constructed and structured as user friendly as possible to serve the needs of users with different backgrounds and purposes of model use The material includes illustrative figures and diagrams to make it easier for the user to follow and apply the information The linkages between model operation and model description have been established to facilitate the better understanding of the theory behind the different parts of the model 1 1 STRUCTURE OF CHAPTER AND INFORMATION BOXES Each chapter begins with the small text box with short introduction to the chapter and list of the sub headings in the chapter including links to the places in text where the sub headings are The example of the small white text is provided boxes presented below Text box at the beginning of each chapter works as a chapter introduct
60. age m3 e Vegetation www eia fi 107 DMS Project Mekong River Commission o lal leaf area index o T index temperature sum C o T neg index temperature sum calculated from 5 C C e River amp Lake o runoff unit m3 s o river A lake V river cross section or lake volume 7 15 FIELD ANIMATION OUTPUT The variables can also be printed as a 2D animation for the calculation period Field output defines the outputs for animation 1 To choose the parameters to be stored as a field output Select Data FieldOutput from the menu Field output variables 7 Sail Meteorology River amp Lake runoff surface OK runoff li Cancel E interception E precipitation p as water IT storage surf p as snow storage depr runoff l2 I Taverage M storage It river Flow storage l2 drainage T min T max shortwave water level river A lake Y IT T surface M Tit Th IT T water cloudiness rel humidity ice lt Water quality variables Water usage wind speed ice lz Var Conc Load pet gw depth OP I river use etr PPAR M gw use atmpressure irrigation use clay Sic Vegetation silt crop Use lai sand l reservoir dech IT water equiv TWWWWWW WWW cover plant maturity PTOT reservoir storage depth I T index T55 reservoir wl T ne
61. al rate 4 1 1 Water quality and erosion computation 42 IWRM has been configured to compute following water quality variables e suspended sediment SSED divided into clay silt and sand e total phosphorous PTOT e total nitrogen NTOT e dissolved inorganic phosphorous DIN e dissolved inorganic nitrogen DIN IWRM model has been also used to simulate algal growth eutrophication Several different methods can be used for water quality computations These are listed below from simplest to more complex methods e Flow dependent concentration where the concentration of a water quality variable in output depends on the outflow value The concentration may have linear or non linear dependency on the outflow amount Calibration to water quality measurements or pre calibrated parameters is required e A method where ground water and overflow may have different and flow dependent concentrations Calibration to water quality measurements or pre calibrated parameters is required MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide e Erosion modelling is provided for suspended sediments and nutrients Soil type erosion parameters are required from literature or calibration Water quality measurements are helpful in model verification The above methods deal with nutrient leaching from the soil The nutrient transport in rivers is computed with mass conservative advection equation Lakes are handled as pools wher
62. ame 6 Specify the grid filename in Data General files menu Data Files Cridfile Browse Landuse changes Precipitation area 7 Save the project file File Save menu and open it File Open to start using the new grid file 8 Add time series point to the outflow point el Results Window SSA ba 204831 Add data item JIS ake www eia fi 143 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Ki vweaomt new LoadPoint new RiverQPoint new COP one new TrrigatGPoint new ReseryoirPoint 9 Select the baseline parameters in Data Landuse parameters and Data Soil parameters Modifications are needed only for selected landuse 2 and soil type 10 Run the baseline for two years period e g startdate 19960101 enddate 19971231 11 Plot time series of discharge by clicking outflow point timeseries River disch 144 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide River disch point Outflow 0107 1820 01 10 1888 01011887 0110887 0101 1828 01041887 0107097 12 Change one parameter at a time for instance Data Land use parameters Change only for the selected land use and soil class 13 Change the output filenames for the new scenario run in Data General files 14 Compute the model and check the flow change compared to the baseline situation Compare the last year of the simulation period that the initial state does not affect the results P P F Di a3 ia Ei Di
63. amp artificial 22 Artificial surfaces and associated areas Reclassified as N N N O NN oo A O0 O O N A A A A A N N 85 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 6 2 3 Reclassification steps Reclassification can be done in the RLGis software for instance for soil classification a Select the soil layer from the layer list b Select GeogrComp Grid Grid reclassify command from command menu c RLGis will check values in the grid layer and displays a reclassification table containing grid data values in the first column of the table and new values in the second column of the table EX Table Edit Data Window Store Cancel 3 c jormaproposalstdms modellinge3s eis datat3s ein E Elk EEX Odd layer 394000 399000 419000 414000 421000 4213505 galz 422000 422565 412000 4135000 3535000 203365 420000 259376 s9000 241000 Time selection Range i van mm dd hh mi 1 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 D 4 4 4 4 d Change the values of the second column of the table to new values and the click Store button in the toolbar To cancel the classification click Cancel e The reclassification replaces the original values of the selected layer f To modify the colors of the new classification press the right mouse button while on top of the layer and choose Color palette Colors can be modified by pressing the left mouse button on top of the cell showing the current color choosing
64. and cs is the concentration of the overflow q dq c dc q c dx we dX Wi Vs C dX Po Ce 55 q flow discharge per width meter m s Wi flow width m m Vs speed of descent m s e amount of erosion kg s m Term dg dc is small and is left out We now get q dc dq c dx we dX Wi Vs C dX Po Ce 56 dq is the same as Ode by Substituting this in the above equation we get www eia fi 175 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 176 q OC dx wi e Vs C Po Cs C Wy Wi Vs Po C Po Cs 57 For numeric solution the grid cell is divided into n slices 0 n Ax with index i Ci Ci 1 AX 1 qi Wi ei Wii Vs Po Ci Po Cs 58 After simplification and by substituting w with P we get the following equation Ci 1 Qi Ci 4 AX w PoCs qi AX PiVs Dell 59 The concentration of surface runoff in the lower edge of the grid cell can be calculated with this formula In the previous formula the terms H Pe and c are unknown According to Gilley et al Gilley et al 1990 the rill density is approximately one rill per meter The width of the rills can be calculated with the formula w c OP 60 Wi width of the rill m m Q flow in the rill mie C 1 13 d 0 303 According to Govers et al 2000 Flow speed in the rills can be calculated with the formula Uc 9 OI 61 U flow speed in the rill m s a 3 54 b 0 294 for homogenous l
65. ated The picture can then be pasted to appropriate application for ex MS Word by selecting paste in that application 12 2 RESULT COMPARISONS 134 Different results can be brought together from separate windows by clicking one picture with the left mouse button holding that button down and dragging and dropping from to the other picture window This way results from different timeseries points can be brought to one window You can compare the results from different runs in the same window in two ways 1 Keep the window from the previous run opened while you calculate the model again Then draw the new results in a different window and bring the results form the two windows together by dragging and dropping one window to another 2 The second way is to save the timeseries you want to compare as a txd file MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide a Click the right mouse button on top of the selected timeseries and select Save as from the list opening the timeseries a name and press Save b Do the changes necessary run the model again and draw a new picture from the new results c While the picture with the new results is active push the Add button on top of the small window on the left select Timeseries txd Steet eee eeeeeeeeee i Add ea ee D EEI Seccccsseccces Timeseries txd fe M Other formats gt bi Comp Flow Ban_Tha_Ko d Select the timeseries you saved ear
66. ately or coupled together for integrated assessment The IWRM model integrates quite a lot of factors but for instance detailed flooding processes aquatic productivity and river bank and coastal erosion are modelled with the 3D model using the DSF or IWRM model results as boundary values The ToolBox development is a continuous process Some of the system modules are more developed than others Especially groundwater habitats and socio economics tools need further development Also application of the existing models is an on going process One of the main needs and challenges is integrated and comprehensive modelling of the Mekong Delta Country exercise Select a national priority area for IWRM modeling identify main inter connected issues build a conceptual model present the result for discussion Exercise Initiate preparation of a scientific article on IWRM modeling Publish it in a peer reviewed scientific journal 2 2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE MRC IWRM MODEL DEVELOPMENT The EIA IWRM hydrological model is developed by Environmental Impact Assessment Centre of Finland Ltd EIA Ltd in cooperation with different research organisations especially the Aalto University Technical University of Helsinki The current development is conducted under and in cooperation with the MRCS The incentive for creating the IWRM model originates from a River Iljoki watershed modelling project in Finland 1991 1994 The project was realised in co
67. ayer using map data change where needed a To change the existing flow network select the flow layer and use the Modify Gridded data tool to select the grid cell to be modified The arrow showing the flow direction in the selected grid cell will show in different color b The flow direction of the grid cell is defined by the outflow direction To change the outflow direction of the grid cell click the mouse in the new outflow direction c To change the flow direction of a river the outflow direction of several grid cells may have to be changed d Make sure that the flow network is continuous and there are no loops e Save the modified flow network layer by choosing the layer clicking the right mouse button and choosing Save 78 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The way the flow network is shown in the model window can be changed by selecting the flow layer from the list and click right mouse button by select Properties and by changing the Threshold value With a smaller threshold value the flow network is shown in more detail If the value is set to O flow network in every grid cell can be seen By ticking the arrows cell the flow direction can also be seen 6 1 8 Create river data layer 1 Select the flow layer and dem layer 2 Create new river data layer from the flow data layer using command GeogrComp Models Models create river data a The parameter defining the
68. ceeeseeeeeeseesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeseaeeeeesssaeseeeesssaaees 50 DCS EG EAR EC el E E 51 53 STARTING THE IWRM MODEL SOFTWARE cccccceesseceeeceesseceeceeeeeceeeeeeessecessseeaeeceeesaaaees 53 5 3 1 Starting the software from ElAModels desktop Shortcut won 53 5 3 2 Starting the software from vmp le cc eeeeeeccceeeeeeeessseeceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeseeaeaseeeeeees 55 5 4 IWRM USER INTEREACE 56 SEN MIMEO WEE 56 Da2 WO CIS FSI EE 58 5 4 3 ele Et ele TEE 60 2AA LE le Le Te E 61 5 4 5 Command wimndow s n ssssennnneseennnnessnnrrrosennrrrornnrnrersnnrrreosnnrrrerennrrrrnnnnrreonnnnrrenennni 62 www eia fi 3 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 5 4 6 Datta table WiINKOW cccccssccccsseeeceseeeceeeeeceuseecsuseecsaeeseageessaeessageessagsessaueessaaeessaes 63 Of PNM SSIS WI ele EE 64 5 5 OPEN EXISTING MODEL APPLICATION ENEE 66 5 6 SAVING MODEWAPPLICATION sxc essiecetcen Seni asdlanateanceacd yardage deensseadeasSansdeentscateasdeasdeestueatasteeees 67 6 CREATING NEW IWRM APPLICATION 00 00 ccccseeeeesseessssneeeeeseeeceesseeeeeesseoonenseeeeeesssooes 68 6 1 CREATING NO Ex Gr ID EE 68 Gilt RLOLgetingstanted necne 68 6142 Data ngeded ersen A ie a ier e aaa a aaia 69 6 1 3 Creation of raster data files from ESRI shapefiles cccccccccceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 70 614 DEMPrOceSsSIN fossteictntotvcomditieieerietediteieeddvastndeiwiedndoininindaiinindsinbniedyonbniedvenbniedobotes 70 6 1 5 Land Use PrOCESSIN
69. circle in the middle of the square tells if the timeseries is active or not Only active timeseries are shown in the picture 2 To select a timeseries click the left mouse button on top of the timeseries name so that the background turns grey 3 To save the timeseries select the correct timeseries by clicking that timeseries in the window in the left and press the right mouse button Select Save as from the menu give a name to the timeseries and press Save www eia fi 133 DMS Project Mekong River Commission TT File Edit View Compute Window l Meas Flow Ban_Tha_Ko Il Comp Flow Ban_Th Edit Remove MoveUp MoveDown Min 119890101 0000 Max 119920706 0000 01 07 19681011990 1 07 19901 011990107 1990 101 198 07 NA BER dgws 59 0336 drws 140 898 check 3077 38 4 To manage the timeseries select the correct timeseries by clicking that timeseries in the window in the left and press the right mouse button From hear he timeseries can be edited Edit removed entirely Remove and their order can be changed MoveUp and MoveDown The timeseries window can be managed using the timeseries window tools which are described in chapter 5 4 7 Timeseries window The appearance of the timeseries window line colors and types axis etc can be modified using the Picture properties tool The picture can be saved by clicking the copy as metafile tool By while the correct picture is activ
70. ck the cell next to the derided variable 106 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Timeseries output variables Sail Meteorology River amp Lake ik runoff surface runoff l Cancel IT runoff l2 h river flow drainage precipitation interception p as water storage surf storage derr E D as smo T average storage li T min T max shortwave storage l2 I water level M river A lake v F T surface Tl CW iell ice l2 gw depth PR T water cloudiness rel humidity nind speed E pet etr Li almpressure Water quality variables Water Usage Load Var Conc E river Use DP PPAR QW Use Irrigation use clay SMO vegetation silt crop Use lai sand l reservoir dech water equiv WWW WWW cover plant maturity PTOT reservoir storage depth I T index T55 reservoir wl T neg index albedo Below is a list of additional clarifications to the time series output names e Meteorology o shortwave shortwave radiation o pet potential evaporation mm d o etr evapotranspiration mm d o atmpressure atmospheric pressure e Snow o water equiv snow water equivalent mm o cover water content of snow layer mm o 11 soil layer 1 o l2 soil layer 2 o storage water stor
71. ct from data processing RLGis The RLGis new application window will open MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide BEE File Edit View WoComp GeogrComp Help Window 0 33 54 64 0 000492581 100 513 cist BER Timeseries Import File Decorations gt Time selection Range tmax yyyy mm dd hh mi 6 1 2 Data needed Required input data Following data is required to create a IWRM model grid e DEM in one or more files for the target area e Watershed boundary for the target area or larger watershed including the target area e Land use data in one or more files for the target area e Soil data in one or more files for the target area Raster data e g DEM land use and soil data must be in BIL or TIFF format Vector data e g boundaries rivers and lakes must be in ESRI shape file format lf land use or soil data is not available a single class land use or soil type can be used for testing purposes In this case a dummy land use or soil data grid is created by copying the DEM grid and setting values of the grid to one The DEM land use data and soil data have to be in the same grid size to create the IWRM grid The grid sizes can be changed to the same size in the RLGis www eia fi 69 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 6 1 3 Creation of raster data files from ESRI shapefiles 2 Arc iew GIS 3 3 Jos Eile Edit View Theme Graphics Window Help KE RI IN AAEE
72. cur as one continuous event with a constant intensity The intensities have the following parameters lo Mow Pw 9 exp 0 1Mpw Pw 1 26 lsm MsmSm lp intensity of precipitation cm h lech intensity of melting cm h Mpw Correction coefficient for intensity of precipitation Msm correction coefficient for intensity of melting Pi daily precipitation cm h Sm daily melting cm h With the computation method the fraction of infiltrated water and fractions of water in pond storage and as surface runoff are obtained for each precipitation event Surface runoff is assumed to occur as sheet flow in the width of the entire grid cell The depth of the flow is calculated by dividing the water amount in excess of the pond storage volume evenly on the grid cell area The slope is the grid cell slope subtracted with remainder of water levels in the grid cell being calculated and the grid cell below it Flow speed is assumed to depend only of water depth and slope The calculation formulas for surface runoff are presented below together with the soil calculation 15 9 SOIL CALCULATION 162 In the model the soil has been divided into two layers and the depths of these layers can be defined freely Typically the upper layer is approximately 20 80 cm deep and the lower layer 1 15 meters deep For example in a field the surface layer is typically around 20 cm and represents the ploughed layer Lower layer is around 1 15 meters and repres
73. d land use grid types in the layer options dialog of each grid if not already set a Select each layer press the right mouse button and select properties or alternatively double click each layer Rename the layer in the new window opens Select dem landuse and soil from the drop down list 80 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide to the appropriate layers RLGis needs this information when creating a model grid TT Is 7 Cancel Edit palette Lo Black Weise eg soil Geometry r Edit exclude value x0 302000 dim 161 yO 1 868e 06 Ydim 164 boxsi 1000 Coordinate display Text grid coords IV data value palette text Giored as BIL file Float b Save the layer by clicking the right mouse button on the top of the layer name in the list on the left Select DEM soil type land use flow and river data layers from the layer list Select GeogrComp Models Models create IWRM2 grid from the menu Write a name for the model grid file in the file window and click OK aoe S Ze vmd format file with the name you gave will be automatically created in the same directory as the layer files 6 2 SOIL AND LAND USE RECLASSIFICATION Available land use and soil classes are in most of the cases based on geological vegetation habitation etc types In contrast hydrological modelling requires hydrological classes Becau
74. d model results in the Baron Fork catchment at Eldon USA NOOA 2010 3 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LUMPED HBV MODEL The material in this chapter is based on the SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute original documentation The HBV model Bergstr m 1976 1992 is a rainfall runoff model which includes conceptual numerical descriptions of hydrological processes at the catchment scale The HBV model was originally developed by SMHI in the early 70 s to assist hydropower operations The aim was to create a conceptual hydrological model with reasonable demands on computer facilities and calibration data The HBV approach has proven flexible and robust in solving water resource problems and applications now span a broad range The HBV model is named after the abbreviation of Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning Hydrological Bureau Waterbalance section This was the former section at SMHI the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute where the model was originally developed Figure 3 shows the schematic structure of the HBV model Each catchment area receives precipitation which can be divided into different areas and into snow and water fractions The precipitation is routed through surface and deep storages to the catchment outlet www eia fi 15 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Figure 3 Schematic representation of the HBV model structure SMHI Each catchment area receives precipitation which ca
75. d the file header txd2 identification l ne identification line www eia fi 51 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 52 field definition field definition data Gata line data line The file should always start with a row containing the text txd2 After this line come the file identification lines where each line consists of an item identifier and an item value The item identifier must be a string starting with a letter and containing no spaces or tabs The item value can be a number or a string For example location EE Ire 2 EE ES XPOS UE Additional identifiers such as data source missing value identifier and coordsys explanation can be added to further identify the data A field definition is composed of a field type field name and field length format Following field types are available str string bool integer 0 1 byte integer 0 255 int integer 32 bit real real number time time e g date and clock values together date date value Time type fields have a format definition instead of length definition The format definition is a string in double quotes containing letters D M Y h m s meaning date month year hour minute and seconds for example YYYYMMDDhhmmss time date YYYYMMDD hhmm After the field definitions there is a line containing the word data and after this the data lines Data values must be always separated by at least one space character the field
76. del applications e good applicability for operational water resources and flood monitoring systems also in national scale When a watershed is represented with a lumped system no spatial description is included except lump parameters such as total area of the watershed The disadvantages of a lumped and more conceptual approach are e lumped model can t describe heterogeneity of the watershed including land use topography precipitation soil properties and different time scales in different parts of a watershed 12 MRCS IKMP December 2010 www eia fi HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide because the lumped model parameters describe actual physical watershed parameter values in average sense and the lumped process correspond to the watershed processes in a conceptual averaged or statistical way model ability to forecast changing conditions and future is limited for the same reason lumped system may not be able to describe correctly extreme events the possibilities for scenario modelling are limited for instance the impact of land use change is impossible to take into account if land use is not explicitly included in the model obviously the lumped model is less accurate for large catchments but this can be circumvented if a watershed can be divided into smaller sub catchments because of absence of spatial resolution lumped model is more difficult or impossible to combined with GIS data 13 DMS Project Mekong Ri
77. delling software package needs to be installed for the user interface analysis tools and the HBV model lf the MRC ToolBox DTT Data Transfer Tool is utilised for preparing the model input and output data then DTT needs to be installed 3 5 2 Prepare input data into the HBV model format HBV model as well as the IWRM and 3D models use txd ASCII file format The txd format is presented in Chapter 5 2 3 Starting from any ASCII format the txd files can be prepared by three different ways 1 edit and format data with a text editor 2 use 3D model user interface to import data 3 use the DSF DTT Data Transfer Tool the preferred method 4 use the TXD time series tool by Tess Sopharith The first method is error prone and is not recommended The second method is presented here in case the DTT is not available The third method is preferred as it utilises standard data management tools and procedures facilitates linking of different models and utilises the MRC ToolBox Knowledge Base The third method is also easies once data is in the Knowledge Base The last method is easy and practical and has been proven quite popular in practical work 3 5 3 Data preparation using the 3D model user interface 1 Select ElAModels on the Windows desktop or Start Programs menu Ler a dh ET4Models ip Or www eia fi 21 DMS Project Mekong River Commission El4Models ESRI Exact Audio Copy 22 kl pa ELoModels ip d ei Remov
78. density of new snow 8 2 4 Vegetation model topt optimum temperature for plant growth tbase minimum temperature for plant growth hemerg temperature sum where after the plant will start to grow hmature temperature sum when mature pmidec temperature sum where after the plant will start to wither etob energy to biomass conversion efficiency minbm minimum biomass laimethod method for leaf area calculation constant depends on the temperature sum laimin minimum leaf area index value laimax maximum leaf area index value SEAN the amount of roots in soil layer 1 EAR the amount of roots in soil layer 2 8 2 5 Surface model Inforatemult intensity factor of precipitation Infsratemult intensity factor of snow melt impervious fraction of impervious ground of the grid area dz0 size of the pond storage mm mnover coefficient for surface runoff rmn2 ddepth Drainage depth for ditched areas dspacing Drainage spacing for ditched areas soilp1 phosphorus number for soil layer 1 soilp2 phosphorus number for soil layer 1 pbare fraction of bare soil of the grid area ocanopy fraction of high vegetation of the grid area 8 3 SOIL TYPE PARAMETERS 8 3 1 Soil model infkz vertical conductivity for the infiltration model infpsis pressure parameter for the infiltration model dz1 depth of soil layer 1 thr1 wilting point of soil layer 1 soil residual water content www eia fi 111 DM
79. development of leaf area index is calculated similarly to seasonal crops except that a minimum leaf area index can be given to the plant LAI LAlmin LAlmax LAlmin B B 0 267 exp 13 6 B PMI lt PMlaec 12 LAI LAlmin LAlsmax LAlmin 1 PMI 1 PMldec PMI lt PMldec LAImin minimum leaf area index The withering of perennial plants can be set to start from a certain day of the year or from reaching the maturity index which ever is reached first LAI LAlmin LAlmax LAlmin B B 0 267 exp 13 6 B PMI lt 1 jadn lt dmax 13 LAI LAlmin LAlsmax LAlmin max 1 0 05 dn dmax 0 PMI gt 1 tai dn gt dmax dn number of the day 1 365 from beginning of the year dmax day number when LAI starts declining 15 7 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 158 Evapotranspiration is calculated in the model by first calculating the potential evapotranspiration PET with an appropriate method depending on the available input data lf air temperature incoming radiation humidity and wind speed data are available Penman Monteith formulation can be used MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide s T R YPC e sat T IW PET ror PA SC 7y 14 PET potential evaporation using Penman equation mm ds air temperature C Ca heat capacity of air J kg Cat atmospheric conductance m s Wa relative humidity Ow density of water keim Da density of air kg m dy water lat
80. e The analysis of the performance of the various calculation methods reveals the need for formulating a standard method for the computation of ET The FAO Penman Monteith method is recommended as the sole standard method It is a method with strong likelihood of correctly predicting ET in a wide range of locations and climates and has provision for application in data short situations The use of older FAO or other reference ET methods is no longer encouraged Allen et al 2000 The actual crop water demand is obtained with the help of a specified crop coefficient eet ES where ET is crop evapotranspiration mm d K crop coefficient dimensionless and ET reference crop evapotranspiration mm d The irrigation demand Dreg needs to take into account farm loss lost water between diversion point and irrigation area and excess water use that is returned to the drainage system The total demand is then Dreq Treg 1 Fir 1 For where lreg Is irrigation requirement Fir is the factor for return water and For the factor for farm loss Example of the return flow and farm loss impact on downstream river discharge is shown in Figure 18 The black line shows baseline without irrigation and the red one with irrigation included for dry and wet season rice Irrigation requirement is the difference between the naturally available precipitation and natural flow provided water and the actual crop requirement The crop requirement
81. e ORATOR es eel Ty Seale 1 2010 F Q Yiewl New E Pa _ Ge 2003 zbko EH Agriculture La Forest Dense Forest Mosaic L Forest Open TT Lowland Pade J Mosaic of Gre L Plantation J Seten ent Ar EI Water Body GR Wood amp Stru Soiltype sho EH Oysiric CAME TT Oystric GLEY L Oystric LETO L Oystric REGC TT Eutric Fis EZ Zeck ALisoi L Ferric ACRIS EZ Ferric Lixiso PZ Ferric LU vise GE Gleyic ACRIS GE Gleyic ALSO EI ie sie LO WS BS ai ALiso ES Haptic LUIS _ Cortourskp _ a0_sirnk sho s _ 0_se skp e CT Go osbo LV _ La0o a aperror skp o vil ao_ct sko _ Aoi a0 sko Origin 201 438 39 2 011 145 48 Extent 11 077 62 19 265 42 Area 213 415 030 92 sq ag 6 1 4 DEM processing 1 Import DEM data raster with command Add Layer Import file bil or tif Add Layer button is in the sidebar above layer list Dees WT eo GIS data Timeseries gt Import file Decorations E a A file selection window opens Select preferred file in the file window and click Open 70 MRCS IKMP December 2010 www eia fi HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide b A Import grid data window opens select preferred coordinate area or just click OK A new layer containing the selected data is opened in the window C 2 Combine files to a single layer if required a Select the two raster layer to be combined to single layer from the layer li
82. e El wviv V ei Remove ELQ3DMekong MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 2 Select Models 3D in the EIA dialog window and press OR button EIA modelling system Startup Application setup www eia fi 23 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 3 Give the path of the Data directory where the HBV application data is e g c temp press OR button Application setup x Project title NewProject O Directories Cancel di Flow directory Data directory M Use relative paths Flow model Model executable exe Control Frame Fer Gr control Frame Jor frm LFilenam Frame lFilenarm frm 4 Select Source data Timeseries data files Flo d File view Source data Model Results Help Flows Additive flows wa New Z boundaries Concentrations Loads Atmospheric data Ice data Particle release parameters Initial values Timeseries data Files Datapoint handling Weather interpolation Application setup 24 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 5 Select Import data from the dialog window CT etx Edit data __Editheader header ge copy Create new new Remove __ Import data __ Import data __Export data __Export data Oo oe 6 Check New file give files to read from and write to path must be included how many header lines there are in th
83. e all incoming nutrients immediately mix to whole lake volume Sedimentation in rivers depends on flow speed in each river segment Sedimentation in lakes occurs in given lake sedimentation rate The IWRM erosion model calculates the amount of soil material detached from the soil by surface runoff The soil material is assumed to be detached in two ways by the motion energy of rain drops and by surface runoff as rill flow Usually the flow cannot transport all the detaching material and some of the sediment is deposited on the bottom of the rill The erosion model is calculated for every grid cell in the case that surface runoff occurs 4 1 2 Input and output data The IWRM model setup requires a lot of geographical data at least an elevation model is required to set up the model grid Land use data is needed as well often sufficient land use information can be obtained from normal maps but satellite image based information is often the best alternative If detailed soil information is not available values based on land use types and typical soil parameters from literature can be used Long time series of meteorological and hydrodynamic data are required the longer the time series used for modelling are the more reliable the results usually are As a result hydrological variables at any point in the watershed during the computation period are obtained Reliability of the results depends on quality of the input data success of the calibration
84. e histogram will be drawn in a separate window The properties colors titles etc of the histogram picture can be managed with the picture properties tools in the same way as for timeseries pictures Ts4 Comp Flow Ban_Tha_ Kok Daeng E ol x histogram of Comp Flow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng For Compute Two timeseries the options are for example 1 r 2 of common points Calculates the r2 measure of fit between the two timeseries chosen in a result window The r2 measure of fit can be used to evaluate the model performance when it is used between the measured and the calculated series The r2 fit will appear in a TsComputeReport window Gi TsComputeReport E Oj x r2 0 895166 obs Meas Flow Ban Tha Kok Daeng comp Comp Flov 2 subtract Subtracts the second timeseries from the first and produces a new timeseries in the picture with this subtraction Can be used to evaluate the differences between the two timeseries www eia fi 137 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Ts3 Meas Flow Comp Flow Ban_Tha_K Meas Flow Ban_ Tha Kok D ll x 0107 989 01011990 01071990 0101 991 0101 992 0107 992 0107 991 3 x y plot Plots the two timeseries selected in an x y plot in a separate window Ts5 Comp Flow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng E D x J ae el Me as Flo Ban _Tha_Kok_Daen 0 100 200 300 400 300 600 700 Comp F low ba Ta kt Daag For Compute Selected timeseries one two or more 4 Statistics Calcu
85. e input file input file time format e g DD MM YYYY define station information station location name lat long or UTM coordinates and station elevation if available Read timeseries data Ioj x Read from File Ctempiweather Taksan csv Read Cancel Show Find write to File a New File Show Find Time read format Skip First lines M No duplicate times xyz coordinates Skip lines containing 341172 1 99532e 06 fo Example MMOD yy File statid 180305 variable information Example DEMM AY bb day MM month 4 vv vear Definitions For a new File Station ID 160305 Import File list IT Run list Show list hh mm ha hour mm min www eia fi 25 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 7 Push Variable information button and edit add variables For each variable give name unit and variable number in the input file UL x PREC mm 1 EFAN mm AWG C3 Yariable name and unit TAYO 7 File is created and can be edited with Edit data and Edit header buttons CUEMDOWEATHED T OA 26 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 8 Edit the output file with a text editor and delete unnecessary lines in the header for instance in the example below lines doname lat lon and zpos should be deleted Ke C Tempi Weather Loakeaootvd 1 txdz2 d location Laksag 3 stat d 180305 d dbname dbname Flat O 6 lon
86. e opening dialog window and pressing OK To delete the colors not in use change the number in the number of colors cell To save the changes made press OK Combine land use grid boxes to model resolution with GeogrComp Grid Grid combine grid using the option Median a Note that the amount of area used for each land use do change in this process especially if there usually are many land use classes within a combined grid box Cut Land use to target watershed with GeogrComp Grid Grid Extract data using polygon and save the layer 6 1 6 Soil data processing The Soil data is processed in a similar way to the land use and DEM processing www eia fi 1 SE Import Soil data with command Add Layer Import file bil or tif Combine files to a single layer if required with GeogrComp Grid Grid join two adjacent grids Cut Soil data to enclosing rectangle with GeogrComp Grid Grid Extract data using polygon 19 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 4 Make sure DEM and soil data left bottom corner coordinates match Adjust if necessary When feasible reclassify soil data to obtain a smaller number of soil classes with GeogrComp Grid Grid reclassify Combine Soil data grid boxes to model resolution with GeogrComp Grid Grid combine grid using the option Median a Note that the amount of area for each soil class do change in this process especially if there usuall
87. ected in the irrigation dialog window m Diversion point Water From groundw ater v Map coord 385500 1985500 map gt grid SES grid gt map _ www eia fi 12 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Irrig use point DIDIER i 01 01 1997 01 07 1997 01 01 1998 01 07 1996 01 01 1999 Figure 24 Irrigation demand in case of groundwater pumping River disch point Ts2 Ry 01 05 1997 01 06 1997 01 07 1997 01 08 1997 01 09 1997 01 10 1997 Figure 25 Impact of groundwater irrigation on downstream irrigation area discharge Black line without irrigation red line with irrigation 128 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Groundw depth point Diversion 01 07 1996 01 01 1997 01 07 1997 01 01 1996 01 07 1996 01 01 1999 Figure 26 Groundwater soil saturated water depth in case of no irrigation black line and with groundwater pumping red line in the groundwater diversion point www eia fi 129 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 11 CALCULATION The actions in this section can be found under the Model menu 11 1 COMPUTATIONAL PARAMETERS To manage the computation parameters Select Model Computation parameters from the menu Computation parameters j Computation period Computation timestens Ok startdate 19900101 dtmin h enddate 20001231 dtsurf h Cancel dtsoil h dtriver h dtlake h dtstats
88. ent heat of vaporisation J kg esal T Saturation vapour pressure of water mb S Ta ga dT y psychrometric constant 0 66 mb C Riot total radiation J d Cat Va 6 25 IN Zm Za Soll Zy 0 hveg 15 Zo 0 1 hveg Va wind speed m s Zin wind measurement height m Zg displacement height m Zo roughness length m Deg vegetation height m Potential evapotranspiration can also be calculated using pan evaporation measuremenis PET an PanCorrection M E 16 pan PET pan potential evapotranspiration Pan Evaporation method mm Epan Measured pan evaporation mm PanCorrection M monthly pan correction coefficient M month number 1 12 If daily average temperature and total radiation are known the Priestly Taylor method can be used PET Apr S T OK PyA S y 17 HE Ier potential evapotranspiration Priestly Taylor method mm OPT 1 26 parameter lf daily maximum and minimum temperatures are available the Hargreaves Samani method can be used www eia fi 159 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 160 8 0 6 PET 00082 Ko T 17 8 Tnn 18 2 5 0 00227 DE Ius potential evapotranspiration Hargreaves Samani method mm Tmin daily minimum air temperature C Tmax daily maximum air temperature C K clear sky shortwave radiation J m d Radiation data if missing can be approximated from temperature and cloudiness data using following met
89. ents the depth where the ground water normally moves The water storage of both layers is divided into two differently behaving parts at field Capacity water content When the water content is smaller than the field capacity between withering point field capacity the soil water can be used by plants but does not flow away from the soil layer When the water content is above field capacity between field capacity maximum capacity the water flows from soil to the next lower grid cell or to a river In surface runoff the amount of water leaving from the grid cell to the next grid cell or to a river depends on ground surface flow resistance and ground slope In flow through soil the amount of flow is influenced by horizontal conductivity of the soil ground water height and grid cell slope The calculation variables for a grid cell are shown below in Figure 27 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Le Hee GE Figure 27 Calculation variables for grid cells Soil model calculation Variables s 0 pond storage m s 1 first soil layer storage m s 2 second soil layer storage m Parameters area grid cell area m ly grid cell width m Ix grid cell length m Kz i vertical conductivity of saturated soil layer i m d kx i horizontal conductivity of saturated soil layer i m d ths i maximum water content saturation of soil layer i thf i field capacity layer
90. enu Parameters Model Results Window Files Weather Files Initial stake Hoy parameters Lake parameters Lake Flow Files Timeseries output variables variables available For optimisation 3 5 6 EIA HBV model calibration Model parameter optimization methods can be used to find optimal values for the parameters An optimization method is able to automatically go through a set of parameter values and find the best possible fit to measured data with a given criteria An optimisation algorithm is also included into the HBV model interface To select optimization variables select Parameters Variables available for optimization Not too many variables should be selected because finding a global optimal set of parameter values becomes more difficult and uncertain more there are variables ariables available for optimisation ll x Iw petcorr T nom OK albedo rainsnomin Cancel Je rainmult rainsnomax inteproult snowcormult intcprax snomeltcoeff I psurfmax T snomeltmin lw pinfexp T snofrzcoeff lw pkmid T snofrzmax lw plmido snoevapmult I pkmidi T roonewsnow lw pkperc T snowecomp Iw pkground snowwedens Je pkriver To start the parameter optimisation select Model Optimize from the menu The maximum and minimum allowed values can be specified for each parameter The ranges can be set also automatically Small ranges or Full ranges buttons The maximal number of iterations can be also specif
91. eport window l Ty Figure 14 IWRM hydrological Model graphical user interface 5 4 1 Main menu The menu structure of the model reflects model usage which is divided into six main menu item 1 File handling and model grid importing File menu 2 View control options View menu 56 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Input data definition an setting model parameters Data menu Model computation and parameter optimisation Model menu Examination of results Results menu oo ot eS Window control Window menu Mod2 File View Data Model Results Window Each main menu item is divided into main functional classes listed below 1 Application handling File menu a Application file handling opening and saving applications b Editing files and selecting editor to be used c Exit application 2 View control options View menu a Set map marker size for items e g reservoirs irrigation areas time series points b Set application coordinate system c Open report and command windows 3 Data definitions Data menu a Define grid file land use change precipitation area files Define output files and locations Define system files model and processing files Start and end states Weather data files weather interpolation and correction co o pop Definition of evaporation method Soil land use crop crop pattern classes and types gt Water quality variables i
92. er 12 2 Result comparisons 5 5 OPEN EXISTING MODEL APPLICATION Existing model application can be opened by selecting from the menu bar File Open and selecting the application in vmp format Mod2 File View Data Model F New Save Save As Exit Existing model application can also be started directly by double clicking the application name vmp 66 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 5 6 SAVING MODEL APPLICATION The model application can be saved by selecting from the menu bar File Save or if you want to save the application with a different name File Save As You are not able to undo the saved model settings Thus if you are making big changes on the parameters or other model settings it is always good to keep the original model application saved with another name see above Save as www eia fi 67 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 6 CREATING NEW IWRM APPLICATION In this chapter the basics for creating a IWRM model are presented including creation of the model grid with RLGis application and set up of a new IWRM application The chapter is divided to two parts 6 1 Creating a model grid 6 3 Useful RLGis actions 6 4 Usage of the created grid in the IWRM 6 1 CREATING A MODEL GRID This chapter is made for the user guide for creating the grid for EIA IWRM Model Below the process is described The model grid is a division of the catchment to be m
93. er proportions between main classes Calibrate first rainmult and petcorr rain and evaporation correction coefficients for obtaining rough correspondence with the observed flow amounts Calibrate first baseflow during the dry season use Table 1 base flow column to identify what parameters should be used and how much Calibrate then wet season flow Calibrate first rainmult and petcorr and soil layer thicknesses pond storage on the surface dz0 dz1 and dz2 as they represent uncertainty in data 149 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 7 Other soil properties may need to be calibrated because uncertainties of the soil data water content related parameters and horizontal hydraulic conductivity 14 4 CALIBRATION TOOLS 1 Set the calibration time series point and corresponding discharge observations Results Comparison options Flow comparison options Saks Ok Flow datafile ObservedOutflow ted Browse Multiply measurements by Cancel Ts point Outflow point M 2 Compute the model and compare with measurements Results Flow comparison The time series window shows the modelled and observed discharge The Report window shows statistical fit R and average observed and computed flow el Results Window Flow comparison Amiparisan options Show rupdog Summary kimeseries Timeseries points Field data Statistics data Run macro Step macro 150 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Wat
94. ershed Modelling User Guide q Mod E Ioj sl File Edit View Compute Window Was d PaE af 19920429 083730 112256 0547 Add Redraw GrMake a e mbwz 5k_runsi 1mbwS5k_bas selin z 0 Meas Flow StungTreng fe Comp Flow Stung reng Test Meas Flow StungTreng Comp Flow Stunglreng 1 l oj x Min 19900101 0000 Max 20001230 0000 SHE EEE EE MAWAN 01019992 010119334 01019996 01019995 01 01 2000 r2 0 920756 avgtlow m3 3 comp 13554 9 meas 133526 ratio 1 01716 Summary data mm ndays 4017 prec 17729 5 evap lLO330 5 rech gwout overfl O dows 335 9221 drys 7624 97 check 259 0064 3 Change model parameters and run model again to find a better fit Group parameter tool Data Group parameters can be used to change parameter values in all land use or soil classes Value in the modification window see below either multiplies or adds value to a parameter in all classes Modtype defines modification type 1 multiplies and 2 adds the value to the parameters Modification type 1 maintains the ratio of the parameter values across the different classes www eia fi 151 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 152 Is Oo M on d wh re CH Ww Data Model Results Window laimnin lainax snomeltcoett snome ltmin snoevapnmult rainnult snomult rainsnomin rainsnoMax det narameter Hetcore intercpmult intercpmax General Files Stark and end skates Weat
95. ershed boundary selection 6 Cut DEM data raster to enclosing rectangle polygon a 72 Select polyline or polygon layer containing the cutting polygon from the layer list Use the Select Edit Lines tool N to select the cutting polygon Select the line layer containing the cutting polygon and a raster layer to cut from the layer list Select GeogrComp Grid Grid extract data using polygon command from the menu MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide GeogrComp Help Window Grid rotate mirror Flow gt Grid add rows and columns on sides Line b Grid remove rows and columns on sides Models gt Grid crop empty borders Grid set border values to zero Grid remove one dot spots Grid reclassify Grid reclassify inside polygon Grid change grid type Grid extract data using polygon Grid transform values Grid combine grid boxes Grid double resolution Grid DEM shading Grid DEM slope in degrees Grid extract data From 1st using 2nd as mask Grid sample data From 2nd to 1st Grid set single class data from 2nd to 1st Grid missing values if 1st grid 0 fill 2nd grid with near value Grid two grid computation Grid join two adjacent grids Grid boundary to polyline e A new layer containing raster data inside the selected polygon is created 7 Combine DEM grid boxes to model resolution using Min a Select
96. ervious dzo mnover rung ddepth dspacing soilpl soilp2 pbare poanopy HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Edit Add Copy Remove Movellp MoveDown DE import Edit DB Close Dialog for land use types where a list of the land use types in use can be seen Setting of land use parameters on the left parameter classes on the table in columns land use types and on the rows individual parameter values The model results are provided as time series and 2D animations For the processing of time series there is a separate time series window where time series can be drawn and analysed Typical tasks that can be performed in the time series window are for example the comparison of two time series visually or with different goodness of fit tests and the calculation of monthly and yearly averages In the Figure 13 below a flow comparison in two time series windows is shown www eia fi 45 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Mod2 File Edit View Compute Window CU Og ly Ay 19940517 174845 1577 611084 Add Redraw Bounds Ts6 Meas Flow Ban_Tha Kok 0 Meas Flow Ban_Tha_Ko Il Comp Flow Ban_Tha_Ko S B Min 119890101 0000 Max 119920709 0000 b c a m a l 5 y Bn I ar a E m a 2 u a E O O Meas F low Bar_Tha_kok_Daeig 0107 989 01011990 0107 1990 0101991 01074991 0101 992 0107 992 Bi TsComputeReport ci xyplot 2 0 805637
97. ess Close Normal Copy Paste commands can be used for managing the values 7 8 WATER QUALITY VARIABLES AND PARAMETERS Water quality variables are managed in a similar way to landuse and soil types 7 8 1 Water quality variables Water quality parameters can be defined in the model optional 1 For managing the water quality variables types Select Data Water quality variables 2 For each land use type the name and code number need to be defined a When setting up a new application add new soil types for every soil class by selecting Add Give name and code number different number for every type for each soil type b To change the name or number of soil types select Edit c Toremove soil type select Remove 7 8 2 Water quality parameters Water quality parameters are defined for each land use type 1 Water quality parameters are found in Data Water quality parameters 2 Parameter in Water quality parameters are divided to Character loads and Constant Concentration Model Water quality parameters E oo x Parameter categories DPO4 chload PPAR chload 300 chload S51 chload nae Chload Ce Character loads ConstCons model www eia fi 99 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 3 The water quality parameters can be changed in the same way as landuse and soil parameters 7 9 GRID DATA 7 9 1 Grid info The information of the grid data can be viewed by selecting Data
98. ette text Stored as BIL file Float www eia fi 61 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 2 Toremove the layer choose Remove 3 To move the layers up or down in the window and in the order they are drawn select MoveUp or MoveDown 4 To draw a histogram from the layer data choose Histogram Select use palette data by ticking the box next to it and if you like select otherwise will be number of grid cells Press Compute and the histogram in table showing the percentage or number of cells in each class will appear in a separate window Compute histogram ell x Options Compute Iw use palette data Cancel r MV off nboxes nsteps 0 auto Minimum value Maximum value 5 4 5 Command window Command window informs the possible errors within the model use User can also give commands to the programme if needed Most of the commands however will be given through the GUI and Command window provides mostly information from the programme to the user You can open the Command window from View Show Cmd window BER ol wi wi ww wi Iw wi wi gt 62 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 5 4 6 Data table window The model input data as discharge measurements water level etc can be accessed and or edited and analysed through the data table window Te iolx Table Edit Data Window Store Cancel Add EEN Bounds
99. f the model interface is a map window which shows the model grid and related information for the chosen model case Land use soil tyoe elevation model and flow net can be chosen to be shown on the map The user guide for the IWRM model and user interface can be found in chapter 3 Additionally any kind of GIS information can be added to IWRM in raster or vector format For the more advanced modification and analysis of the GIS data and for building model grids RLGis application can be used user guide in chapter 2 7 File view Data Model Results Window oi DS Ss Alba 446765 08 1953672 88 144 8 85 67 Lu 0 E SAKON_NAKHON BER a Computation ready 685 seconds used d Z Figure 10 Model user interface Model window where land use and flow layers and time series and weather points can be seen Mode s land use and soil types and parameters associated with them are in a central position in the use of the model For placing and modifying the parameters there are similar dialogs for both parameter groups Below Figure 11 and Figure 12 are the dialogs associated with land use types MRCS IKMP December 2010 Figure 11 Figure 12 Type parameters Parameter categories C Precipitation C Evaporation C Snow model C Vegetation e Surface model lu 2 agriculture 2 lu 3 irrigated agriculture 3 lu 4 evergreen mixed forest 4 lu 5 deciduous forest scrub ID Ar infpratemult infsratemult imp
100. file Runoff in year mm noname_end yms none if no output to file 1 Inthe beginning an initial state file is not available Hence the file name has to be none After the first run end state of that can be used as the initial file for the next run a Run the calculation first without an initial state file give none in the initial file field then copy the name of end state file to the initial state file and give the end state file a new name The calculation will start in the same state as it ends b Make sure the end state is appropriate to be used as initial state For example if the calculations are started during the dry season the end state should be from dry season as well 96 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 7 5 SURFACE MODEL For setting common parameters Select Data Surface model r D eet e precunit mmid lt Ok petmethod Pan evaporation ll snomethod Off lt 1 The latitude of the application area can be defined The petmethod and snowmethod can be chosen as well Normally if measured evaporation data is available petmethod Pan evaporation 7 6 LANDUSE TYPES AND PARAMETERS 7 6 1 Landuse types Landuse types have to be defined in the model 1 For managing the landuse types Select Data Landuse types BER Edit Add lu 3 irrigated agriculture 3 c lu 4 evergreen mixed forest 4 apy lu 5 deciduo
101. g index albedo 108 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 2 To select the desired field output variables tick the cell next to the desired variable For further explanations refer to the explanations in the time series menu above 3 The field output can be viewed as an animation for the whole watershed Results Field data www eia fi 109 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 8 MODEL PARAMETERS Model parameters can roughly be divided into three sets model grid data such as elevation slope etc included in the vmd gridfile general parameters such as computation time and land use and soil type parameters such as vegetation data for each land use type Grid parameters are included in the vmd gridfile and are set using the RLGis program General parameters including latitude computations time and computation timesteps and can be set in Data Surface Model and Model Computation parameters dialogs Land use type parameters are set in a table that accessible through Data Landuse parameters soil tyoe parameters are found in Data Soil type parameters and water quality parameters in Data Water quality parameters In the landuse and water quality parameter tables each land use type has an own row of parameters and in the soil type parameter table each soil type has an own row of parameters Below is a list of the parameters 8 1 SURFACE MODEL PETmethod potential evapotranspi
102. han with the previous parameter values the parameter values are adopted Usually only one or two parameters are changed at once This process is continued until the model performance is deemed adequate or it cannot be improved without going out of the physical limits of the parameters 14 2 AUTOMATIC OPTIMISATION 148 The model has an automatic optimisation routine which can be used to calibrate the model The optimisation criteria is to maximize the r2 fit to measured flows so in order to perform optimisation the measured flow and the corresponding timeseries point in the model should be defined in the Results Comparison options dialog Flow comparison options i Ioj x Flow datafile hq290102 txd Brows Multiply measurements by Cancel Ts point Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng e MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide To optimise model parameters select the Model Optimise The column use defines the parameters that are included in the optimisation The column value defines the starting value for the parameter and min and max define the minimum and maximum values for the parameters Optimisation O x Optimise di parameter Cancel intercpnult intercpmax laimin laimax snomeltcoeff snomeltmin snoevapnult rainnult snomult 10 rainsnomnin Bi rainsnomax 12 dz0 N evals 1 auto Small ranges VD OO A Oh o d Go P kO Full ranges GLECK 2 0 0 0 N m A c
103. her data files Weather data interpolation Surface model Landuse types Landuse parameters Soil types Soil parameters Water quality variables Water quality parameters Group parameters ka ka katakatakatakata ka Fa 4oply modification Cancel Restore old Save current kk kk RP RPP RP RP eB MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide PART Il MODEL DESCRIPTION www eia fi 153 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 15 RUNOFF MODEL This chapter gives the model description of the runoff model component of the IWRM hydrologic model including equations and theory The chapter is divided to ten parts 15 1 Meteorological data interpolation 15 2 Temperature 15 3 Precipitation 15 4 Interception 15 5 Snowpack 15 6 Vegetation model 15 7 Evapotranspiration 15 8 Infiltration 15 9 Soil calculation 15 10 Soil temperature and soil water freezing 15 1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA INTERPOLATION Meteorological data is given to the model as point measurements which are then used to compute a separate value for each model grid cell Supported computation methods include using closest measurement point data and inverse of distance weighted interpolation not yet in new model version 15 2 TEMPERATURE Measured temperature values are corrected to model area using elevation data with given temperature lapse rate The lapse rate can be time dependent
104. hly pattern Edit the rule curves and patterns You can also specify discharge as a time series Specify volume are average depth relations volume depth is used in reservoir sedimentation 103 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 557329 2778981 map gt grid_ o ams Reservoir Rule curve edit Ce Monthly rule curves edit Pattern edit pat edit rc j i From File Reservoir bed Reservoir rule curve Multiply values by Add to values BOO9S0 63555860 670790 6TAlTU b7eeal0 651340 696050 j Sedim 710210 edit wolume area aa 747060 BsO3970 551850 Priority OO h in da GA P ka CH Reservoir information can be also read automatically from IQQM files by the command use command window readlIQQMreservoir filename where filename is an IQQM sqo file 7 13 IRRIGATION AND GROUNDWATER Irrigation and groundwater are discussed in separate chapters 104 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 7 14 TIMESERIES The model gives the results for each timeseries point after the calculation Hence the desired variables can be observed in any point of the watershed 7 14 1 Adding new timeseries points New timeseries can be added in two ways 1 For adding timeseries points Click Add data item tool ei a Click the location of timeseries point preferably a point with flow measurements b Click the left mouse button c Select Ts point d Give
105. hod Croley 1989 R l a K L K 1 a 0 355 0 68 1 C K ug L e Doft 273 15 g 0 53 0 065 e Sat T 1 0 4C C 1 1 25 K K 0 2 If C not measured but K is C cloudiness 0 1 A surface albedo Eat emissivity of atmosphere o Stefan Bolzmann coefficient J m d K K incoming shortwave radiation J m d Kes clear sky shortwave radiation computed from date and latitude J m d L long wave radiation J m d Relative humidity data if missing can be approximated from daily minimum temperature Wa Csat T min sat T avg 20 Actual evaporation is calculated from potential evapotranspiration If the pond storage is large enough or if there is enough water in the root zones of plants i e the water content is at or above field capacity and leaf area index is greater than two evaporation occurs in the potential rate Otherwise the water content deficit or the leaf area index limits the amount of evaporation E max min s 0 PET 0 E min s 1 sfc 1 1 min 0 5 LAI 1 fz14 PET Es 21 E gt min s 2 sfc 2 1 min 0 5 LAI 1 f 22 PET Es E evaporation from pond storage mm s 0 amount of water in pond storage m s 1 amount of water in soil layer 1 m s 2 amount of water in soil layer 2 m E evaporation from soil layer 1 mm E gt evaporation from soil layer 2 mm sfc i field capacity of layer i in cubic meters area thf i thr i dz
106. i m MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide fz fraction of roots in soil layer 1 frz2 fraction of roots in soil layer 2 f z1 f z2 1 15 8 INFILTRATION Infiltration is the process by which water arriving at the soil surface enters the soil Water that has reached the soil surface is absorbed in the soil or if this is not possible accumulated in pond storage After the pond storage has been filled the water flows as surface runoff to a river or next grid cell as defined by the flow net If the ground is saturated by water in the entire profile all the precipitation will end up in the pond storage and as surface runoff The infiltration model is needed when the there is more water coming to the surface of a soil layer than the layer can infiltrate When the infiltration begins the soil layer water content is assumed to be a constant 8 in the entire layer Generally as the infiltration progresses the soil layer is saturated to depth L t at moment t and the edge of the saturated layer progresses downwards with a speed defined by soil parameters The amount of infiltrated water at moment t can be expressed as follows Dingman 1994 F t Ksat Ho L t Pwi L t 22 f t the amount of infiltration at moment t m s W conductivity of saturated soil m s Ho thickness of water layer on soil surface usually assumed to be small m L t thickness of saturated layers m Fai Capillary pres
107. ied www eia fi 35 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 36 Parameter Do Value Optimise N Hetcorr l1 1 0 5 l 5 1 rainmult l 1 10045 0 3 E 2 psurfmax 1 155 235 So 500 Cancel E pintexp 1 3 00062 1 5 4 pkperc 1 4 43581 0 01 5 5 pkmid 1 0 3 0 05 0 5 i eale t e a 6 plmid 1 10 2347 0 5 50 Gg 7 pkmidl l1 0 3 0 05 0 5 S pEqround 1 0 05 0 01 DU H Driver 1 O 45 0 1 0 59 Small ranges ih Full ranges The optimized model run can be compared to the measured values by selecting Results Comparison The Results report window provides r2 of the fit See previous chapter and average computed and measured discharge l0 x Fie Parameters Model Results Window FE Sa ere HB model Theun Hinboun HBV discharge Measured Computed r2 0 920096 avgflow m3 3 comp 495 467 meas 564 22 ratio 0 878145 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 3 6 APPLICATION OF THE EIA HBV MODEL TO THE THEUN HINBOUN WATERSEHD IN THE LAO PDR Hands on exercise Given data in csv format prepare HBV model input data The files are Weather_Laksao csv weather data and THPP csv for catchment outflow reservoir inflow Hands on exercise Given data and instructions in previous chapters apply the EIA HBV model to the Theun Hinboun catchment area 8920 km including model calibration Identify peak catchment flows for the data given Objective
108. iewed in two ways 1 Click the desired timeseries point yellow square from the map with the left button of the mouse and by choosing the desired variable from the list that opens under timeseries a All the variables chosen from Data TsOutput are shown in the list dn Tsp Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng timeseries F prec tawg Emin tmax pet etr lai Surry qriver 2 If you have a measurement file you want to compare the results against use the comparison option a Flow comparison options can be managed from Results Comparison options from the menu Is Ok Flow datafile hg290102 txd Ge Multiply measurements by Cancel Ts point Ban_T ha_Kok_Daeng e sl 132 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide b Give name of the comparison measurement file of the point you want to see in Flow datafile Select the time series point you want to compare with from Ts point dropdown list c To compare the measured and calculated flow defined above Select Results Flow comparison from the menu Ts2 Meas Flow Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng Comp Flow Ban Tha Kok E eng 3 O x 01 07 1989 01 01 1990 01 07 1990 01 01 1991 01 01 1992 01 07 1992 01 07 1991 The timeseries drawn in the picture are listed in the small window on the left 1 The timeseries can be deactivated and activated by clicking the square on the left of the timeseries name The
109. includes computer software and may include associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation Product An amendment or addendum to this EULA may accompany the Product YOU ARE Do vou accept all the terms of the preceding License Agreement If you choose No Setup will close To install ElAviv you must accept this agreement Setupbuilder Print lt lt Back jes Ho 4 User information Write your name and company organisation university you are based in to the User information window Accept the user information by pressing Next gt gt 5 Select components Select the programme components you want to install You have to select at least the following components to be able to run the IWRM model a Viv base system b IWRM Also the RLGis component is advised to be installed RLGis is GIS programme supporting the files used in the IWRM model and needed for data preparation of some of the model input data www eia fi 4 DMS Project Mekong River Commission The Flow amp Water quality models component can be left out if you don t need to use the EIA 3D hydrodynamic model This can be also installed later if needed When you have selected the components you want to install press Next gt gt to continue Elaviv x Select Components Select components you would like to install S In the options list below select the checkboxes for the options that you would like to have installed
110. includes crop evapotranspiration and ponding water in case of rice In the model ponding water is transferred to available surface water and evapotranspiration is not double counted in the crop water demand www eia fi 119 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Irrig use point Crop 01 07 1996 01 01 1997 01 07 1997 01 01 1998 01 07 1998 01 01 1999 River disch point Ts2 01 07 1997 F 01 01 1998 01 07 1998 ri 01 07 1996 01 01 1997 01 01 1999 Figure 18 Irrigation water demand for dry and wet season rice as well as downstream flow in case of no irrigation black line and irrigation included red line Use can specify crop types and corresponding crop return and farm loss monthly factors Figure 19 and Figure 21 Model system contains default DSF crops and their factor values that can be added by Add set types button Figure 19 Crop types are defined through the menu Data Crop types PE Mod2 File View Data Model Results Window 120 General files Start and end states Weather data Files Weather data interpolation Surface model Landuse types Landuse parameters Soil types Soil parameters Group parameters Crop types Crop parameters Rice ponding types Rice ponding patterns MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Croplypes E T1 Dry Rice 1 E T1 Groundnut 2 Add T1 Kenaf 3 T1 Maize 4 Add set types T1
111. indow in the left hand corner of the main window The colour of the timeseries can be changed from Colours Line Color and Fill Color for dots and areas The timeseries can be drawn as line www eia fi 65 DMS Project Mekong River Commission bar column or line and the sizes and widths of these can be changed from the right hand corner of the window To change the coordinates of the picture choose CoordSystem from the list TE Coordinate System Cancel x axis Header Flow at Show line explanations EE Title TC Grd Date V Vertical Min 19890101 00 Max 19920707 00 ad mm yyyn y axis Title IT Grid Min Jos Max 922 4 O Meas Flow Ban 1 Comp Flow Ban 2 Coords vstem Remove 1 The Header of the picture can be given from Header The titles of the x axis and y axis can be given from Title The minimum and maximum values of the x and y axis of the picture can also be changed from Min and Max The picture can be saved with the copy as metafile tool bai While the correct picture is activated press the copy as metafile button Then go to the application where you want the picture to be for example a Microsoft Word document and select Paste The picture will appear in the application Different tests and comparisons can be performed for the results while in the timeseries result window with the options of the Compute menu Some of the options are described in more detail in the chapt
112. ion Each sub heading as shown below is linked to the place in question in text Thus it is easy to move to the point interested 0 1 link to the sub heading The steps to guide user through use of certain part of the model are described with the numbered lists 1 the main steps are described with numbers a the sub steps are described with letter The text boxes provide more detailed information for example the parameters and other functions The boxes also provide model examples based on the projects the model has been applied Box 1 Example of text box Aim of text boxes to provide more detailed and in depth information or theory background of the parameters to offer modelling examples etc The links between Model operation and Model description parts are marked as an underlined blue text following the page number inside the brackets page number where the link is pointing to This is the example of the link See Box 1 7 www eia fi T DMS Project Mekong River Commission The information box is marked with the blue info symbol d illustrated below The information box provides important information of the programme of the programme which should be taken into account when running the software The text box with the blue info symbol provides important information The trouble shooting information box is marked with the orange no symbol Q as illustrated below The information box provides informatio
113. ist To convert the data to float format select GeogrComp Grid Grid change grid type command and select the To format to singlepr float and click OK lf the DEM data is not meters use the command GeogrComp Grid Grid transform values to change the values to meter After giving the command enter a suitable computation formula to the dialog window and click OK For example to convert from decimeters to meters set the transform values computation formula to X 0 1 71 DMS Project Mekong River Commission d The DEM is now of float type and in meters 4 Import watershed boundary shape file a D C Select command Add Layer Import file shp A file selection window opens Select preferred file in the file window and click OK The shape file is opened and drawn on the screen 5 Decide on enclosing rectangle that contains the target watershed It should be at least 2 x target model box size larger than bounding box of the watershed boundary The enclosing rectangle bounding box can be created using the following steps a e Select the watershed boundary line using the Select Edit Lines tool Select GeogrComp Line Line bounding box command from the menu To expand the bounding box give a suitable number meters for example 3000 to the dialog window and then click OK A new layer containing the watershed boundary bounding box is created Click Select None tool x to cancel wat
114. lates the statistics average standard deviation minimum maximum of the selected timeseries in a separate results window 162321 3 126 51 177 0243 0 5 562 143924 9 112 1764 166 9311 1 169 716 9 A 5 Correlations Calculates the correlation between the selected timeseries in a separate result window 1263 138 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 12 4 NUMERICAL TIMESERIES OPTIONS To view the timeseries results in numerical format select one option of the following list e Results Summary timeseries these are sum time series for the whole application area e Results Time series points all points and variables e After drawing a time series select a time series on the left time series layer window and right click it 12 5 ANIMATION OPTIONS To view the animation for selected field variables select Results Field Data Add animation f Variable Colorscale Draw M Draw colorscale Ce Autoscale New window Scale range min max lo Close ha Color palette jet C Read from File Browse Draw ype Read all Tsofill Ce Bitmap One can select the variable to be animated scale and color palette from the menu This opens the animation window www eia fi 139 DMS Project Mekong River Commission io x File View Animation Window alm S 46 86 48 71 E EE 23 10 97 Drawing options such as the color scale and date font and p
115. lation off O LAI off constant leaf area index Al const annual leaf area index 2 LAI annual and perennial leaf area index S LAI_ perennial At the moment if lai calculation is off lai is constant 3 and if lai is constant then lai is 1 Laimethod can be set separately for each land use type Table 2 Leaf area index in different environments Dingman 1994 Community LAI Desert lt 1 Tundra 1 Grassland prairie 1 Savannah 1 3 Deciduous hardwood forest 3 7 Tropical forest gt 9 Temperate conifer forest 10 47 The model describing the growth of seasonal crops or annual plants is also used to describe the leaf growth and withering during the growth period of perennial plants and deciduous trees The computation method used to calculate the leaf area index of annual and perennial plants is an adaptation of the commonly used EPIC crop model The development of crops is based on daily average temperature sum The temperature sum is put to zero in the beginning of the year where after it is calculated from the average temperature T sumi Tsum I 1 Max Tavg i 1 T base 0 10 Tsum i temperature sum for day i C Tag average daily temperature for day i C Tpase Minimum growth temperature C usually about 5 C Plant maturity index is directly dependable of the temperature sum PMI max Tsum H matures 1 1 1 PMI plant maturity index 0 1 Hmatue heat sum value for mature plant degree days plant dependent
116. les 5 2 1 The model system files are installed during the model software installation Section 5 1 model system files e model application files Model system files and are typically located under C ElAModels VIVH folder The model system files contain the models and user interface programs d i 5 2 2 Model application files Se C EIAModels I H Iof ES File Edit view Favorites Tools Help ae Bak P gt Search Ki Folders y Address CEI Modelsivtun D Go Name Size Type Date Modified 2 File and Folder Tasks a W rliayers ip SOKB Ip File 4 7 2005 3 22 PM 3 Make fold A rlmain ip 63KB IP File 4 7 2005 3 22 PM ake a new folder BA i rlpointload ip SKB IP File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM a SE this Folder to the W ritims ip 126KB IP File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM W ritsdata ip 39KB IP File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM EJ Share this folder Es GH ei UNINST ESE 25KB Application 4 7 2005 3 23 PM VIV2ZHELP HLP 158KB Help File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM Other Places n IV bmp 9KB Paint ShopPro9Image 4 7 2005 3 23PM D viv exe 1 368KB Application 4 7 2005 8 03 4M i ElAModels S vivbmp dll 48KB Application Extension 4 7 2005 8 03 4M B My Documents EI ivSetup log 215K6 Text Document 3 13 2006 11 34 4M Shared Documents vivstart bmp 59KB Paint Shop Pro 9 Image 4 7 2005 3 23 PM A ymzdlg ip 21 KB IP File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM d My Computer SR Se A vm2main ip 121KB IP File 4 7 2005 3 23 PM S My Network Places E vm2par Frm
117. lier Press OK in the window that opens You don t need to change the variable or the dates in the window even if they are not correct Timeseries O x Variable Comp foe sl U Location Ban Tha Kok Daeng Cancel Starttime pyyymmdd 19700101 Endtime yyyymmdd 21000101 Depth range 0 9999 e This timeseries will now appear in the new result picture as a new timeseries 12 3 COMPARISON TESTS Different tests and comparisons can be performed for the results while in the timeseries result window with the options of the Compute menu There are several options and only the most commonly used one s are described below www eia fi 135 DMS Project Mekong River Commission File Edit View Compute Window e D alll el One timeseries b Moving average Two timeseries VW Gaussian average Add Reda Selected timeseries gt Split Cumulative series fe giver hg290102 tad Dir amp Speed to UA 0 onver Ban_Tha_Kok_Da Select using depth Same time average Linear transform Dir amp Speed transform Grouping statistics Differentiate self Autocorrelation Partial autocorrelation FastFourierTransform FFT i Lag plot Min 19890101 0000 S SE SS Split using day in year Min max limits Histogram Clorofyll Biomass 01074989 014011990 Mod2 Origer Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng Iof x 01011991 01 07 1991 014014992 01074992 CH D OC de rm 2 CH
118. ll ale Kohde IC Temp e Dier ES Vumesimmal osgeo tiedostot Tyopoyta DMS Update Files LME mat tedostot WE Oma tietokone Eer Tiedostonimi TheunHinboun hb J Tallennusmuota Files D br ll Peruuta 3 In Parameters Files menu provide Name of the application area area in km and out initial end and cmp files The out and cmp files are in txd format The cmp file is the observed discharge of the catchment outlet Name Theun Hinboun Ok area kmz S920 Cancel outrile TH out ted initFile endrile TH end txt cmpfile ObservedFlow _THPP t www eia fi 33 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 4 Give weather files for the model in Parameters Weather files Use Add button to add one or more files File Parameters Model Results Window Copy Remove Kohde Temp e SZ EZ DMS Update Files LME Yiimeizimm t Ci osgeo tiedostot EA weather _Laksao txd Tyopoyta Oma tietokone Heisei Tiedostonimi Weather_Laksao ted Y Avaa J Tiedostotyyppr Files D td Peruuta 5 Model is ready to be run in Model Run menu The computational time should correspond to the weather file information Compute Dates YY MMDD OK Startdate 19990101 Cancel Enddate 19991251 34 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 6 Additional parameters can be defined through the Parameters menu For instance a lake can be defined in the m
119. mplest way is to use values found in literature and correct them according to water quality measurements in the area modelled www eia fi 171 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 17 2 CALCULATION OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS 172 The soluble phosphorus is assumed to be mainly from fields point sources and population load In forested areas the soluble phosphorus is mainly from decomposing organic matter Corrected soluble phosphorus concentrations are calculated in the model for each fraction of flow i e surface runoff interflow drain and groundwater flow based on the soil type of the field The relative differences between soil types correspond to values reported by Havlin Havlin 2004 while the absolute values are calibrated in the model to fit the local conditions Concentration of soluble phosphorus for surface runoff cPO4surf 0 43 kpo4 Psoil For clay soils cPO4surf 1 00 kpo4 Psoil For silt soils 43 cPO4surf 1 40 kpo4 Psoil For sand soils cPO4surf 2 33 kpo4 Psoil For peat soils Psoil soil surface layer s phosphorus value mg l kpo4 phosphorus concentration of the runoff water per soils phosphorus unit ug mg The phosphorus concentrations from field for other flow fractions are also calculated in a way corresponding to surface runoff however with separate concentration coefficients kpo4 for each flow fraction Separate phosphorus values are given to surface and bottom soil In the calculation of surface ru
120. n 7 Add Sitename and Frequency by pushing button in the Sitename column Save COSY node link list Load CS node li Destination Application DMS Northing O00 00 00 Precipitation SE Source KE Add time series destination Ser ane Jiang Sen to Luang Prabang Frequency Parameter Remarks 30 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 8 Add Easting Northing and Elevation if they are missing by double clicking the corresponding column and typing in information Save CSV node link list Load Destination Application C Parameter Easting Northing Elevation Precipitation 9 Press the Run button to create the file the filename is the output parameter sitename Save Froject Close Aun Mimi Koko Tyyppi k prec Chiang Gen Io Luang Prabang txd lid kt TxD tied 3 5 5 Create model application select ElIAModels on the Windows desktop or Start Programs menu Le a Co EI4Models ip en ELAModels kl pa ELOModels ip e ESRI e Remove Ell Exact Audio Copy V ei Remove EL430Mekong www eia fi 31 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 2 Select Watershed conceptual HBV in the EIA dialog window and press Ok button EIA modelling system Startup 3 Save the file in the HBV application directory Pi Moname 32 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Tallenna nime
121. n flow regime changes land use changes climate change rainfall intensity and reservoir sediment trapping impact sediment input to the system and deposition erosion balance e water quality land use changes diffuse load fertilisers pesticides municipal and industrial wastes aquaculture saline intrusion river flow reservoirs and climate change among others impact water quality e agriculture crop yield and value irrigation erosion and agrochemicals are some of the issues e forestry hydrology watershed erosion forest production diffuse load of nutrients and sediments are the main interest issues e hydropower and other reservoirs flow regime changes sediment trapping water quality erosion fisheries production and greenhouse gas production are some of the local issues e habitats basis for biodiversity and productivity of natural systems e valuation of losses and benefits basis for socio economic impact assessment monetary valuation tells only part of the story for instance vulnerability needs to be considered DMS Project Mekong River Commission e socio economics model results and socio economic data can be integrated in GIS tools vulnerability livelihoods and cost benefit analyses are part of the socio economic assessment It is not practical or even possible to include all of the factors in one model The MRC modelling ToolBox is based on the idea of using number of models either separ
122. n be divided into different areas and into snow and water fractions The precipitation is routed through surface and deep storages base flow to the catchment outlet SMHI The general HBV water balance can be described as P Q T sps SM UZ LZ lakes P precipitation E evapotranspiration Q runoff SP snow pack SM soil moisture UZ upper groundwater zone LZ lower groundwater zone lakes lake volume dt time step The left side of the equation describes hydrological dynamic processes and right side change of the storages including snow soil groundwater and lake storages 16 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The time step is usually one day but it is possible to use shorter time steps The input information to the HBV model is e Precipitation records on daily or shorter timestep e Air temperature records if snow is present e Evapotranspiration can be also calculated from for instance minimum and maximum temperatures e Runoff record catchment outlet discharge for calibration e Geographical information about the river catchment The model consists of subroutines for meteorological interpolation snow accumulation and melt evapotranspiration estimation a soil moisture accounting procedure and routines for runoff generation It is possible to run the model separately for several subbasins and then add the contributions from all subbasins Calibration as
123. n from the example grid layer and will be preset using the example grid Select as WriteOpti the option new grid A new grid will be created MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Polygon to Grid conversion ll xi Options xpos 370559 ypos 1 97936e 06 boxsize 1000 matrix type Ion Grid value setto sl D Draw lakes polygon data to the grid obtained in previous step using the GeogrComp Line Polygon convert to grid command while the grid is selected As WriteOpti select the option set to grid The data will be set to the grid created in the previous step c Multiply the new river lake grid values with for example 5 by selecting GeogrComp Grid Grid transform values and setting the multiplying factor to the selected value and pressing OK Modify grid data x Enter computation formula use Xx to mark data bes Cancel 6 Subtract grid obtained river lake grid from DEM using GeogrComp Grid Grid two grid computation command From the two matrix computation window select the operator as sign and Result area as Second the DEM This operation will produce a new DEM which is used from here on gas Operator K p x Ok Result area Cancel 7 Ensure that the lowest grid point of DEM is at the target watershed outflow point at the boundary of the watershed grid Second a If necessary you can lower the outflow point eleva
124. n of the trouble shooting when possible malfunction of the programme occurs The text box with the orange no symbol provides information of the SH trouble shooting when possible malfunction of the programme occurs The additional information box is marked with the blue computer symbol gt as illustrated below This box provides e g more detailed information of the parameter description of some term etc The text box with the blue computer symbol provides additional information of the issue dealt in the text This can be e g explanation de as of the parameter description of some term etc Whether you should have any further comments and or questions related to the IWRM model system this material or other matters related to the model or modelling work please contact to EIA staff by email 1 2 EXERCISES The text box with the gears defines exercises The exercises are aimed at illustrating the main concepts and training for model use and application 8 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 2 IWRM MODELLING BACKGROUND 2 1 WHAT IS IWRM MODELING www eia fi IWRM modelling can be understood in two ways First of all it is a tool for supporting the IWRM approach and process For this reason IWRM modelling needs to link different water uses environment and socio economic factors together For instance IWRM modelling needs to address impacts of hydropower development in terms of h
125. needed to find the combinations of parameters within their physical boundaries that give the best possible results for the model For calibration discharge observations from at least one point in the watershed are needed The discharges the model calculates are then fitted as closely as possible to the observed discharges by calibration Calibration of the model can be done either manually or by automatic optimisation routine included in the model The calibration process starts with the identification of the most important parameters to be calibrated The amount of parameters in the model is so large that the calibration of all of them either manually or automatically is very time consuming Some of the parameters have only very little effect on the results or are set by physical limitations and can be left out of the calibration The possible limits of the chosen parameters should also be estimated 14 1 MANUAL CALIBRATION Manual calibration can be time consuming and difficult but if there is some data available to determine the approximate parameter values and the modeller has an adequate understanding of the model and the modelled watershed it can give good results The manual calibration process involves changing the values of the most important parameters chosen for calibration calculating the model and evaluating the model performance by for example calculating the r2 of measured and calculated flows If the model performance is better t
126. needs this information when creating a model grid Save the new land use layer by clicking the right mouse button on the top of the layer name in the list on the left Do the same with DEM from point Select the sub catchment border and DEM layer from the list on the left use shift to select both The sub catchment border must also be selected on the map Select GeogrComp Grid Grid extract data using polygon Extract the desired river layer a Select the sub catchment border AND river layer from the list on the left use shift to select both The sub catchment border must also be selected on the map Select Edit Select inside polygon Edit View WaqComp GeogrComr Cut Copy Paste Delete Select inside polygon Select all Select none Transform layer coordinates b Select Edit Copy c Select Edit Paste and select Add as new layer MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide e Add as new layer Add to selected layer Lancel 7 This river layer will be used only for comparison Often this layer contains loops or other anomalies and it cannot be used by the model 8 Remove the original layers the whole basin layers by clicking the right mouse button and selecting Remove 9 Zoom to the sub catchment with Zoom to selected layers tool 10 Save the project as gip file format from File Save As 6 4 USAGE OF THE CREATED GRID IN THE IWRM
127. neseannsennreesavdesabesinansenoceesuvdednbeseancenaeceauvtedsboseaesienmcnewne 154 15 3 PRECIPITATION cceeccceecccceeeceeeecueeeeeeeeueecueeeeueeeenseeeueeeeneeeuaeeenseeeneeeuseeeneeeeneeeeneeeenaess 154 TOA MINTER TOI HEEN 155 EC SNOW PACK sidecases ccccssnssicrs uncadnsease aansseamaana ania ameseuesinareiounte ene deioeane une amonanaaanacensmeueneuneommenanes 156 15 6 VEGETATION MODEL ssssssesssesennionniorrenrttnrinr rronte rrn e rAr E AEn E AEREE EEEE D EAEE EEEAE EEEE DEEE EEEE E EEEE EnEn 157 Ee GE GT eu Ee e 158 15 8 INFILTRATION 0cccceeccceececeeeeceeeceeeecuceeeueeeeneeeeueeeenseeeueeeeueeeeaaeeeneeeueeeueeeaeeeenseeenseeenaess 161 www eia fi 5 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 15 9 SOIL CALCULATION aranana nanara CADA LALALALA RERE a AAAA nara rarae a nannan 162 15 10 SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL WATER FREEZING ccccceccecceccececccceccecceccuccecuecucceccacsueaeeass 165 16 RIVER AND LAKE COMPONENT cscsscsscescescnscnscsensensenscnscnscnscnsccensensensenscnscnscnsensnnes 168 16 1 PN RE 168 EE Ee 170 17 NUTRIENT LEACHING MODE L oeiiii 1 1 cccceceseneenscnccnscnscsensensenscnscnscnscnsenennensenscnscnsenscnens 171 17 1 EE OI EE 171 17 2 CALCULATION OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS asansnnnnnnnnenennnnnnnnenrnrnrnrnrnnrnrnrnrnrnrninnrnrnrnrnrnnne 172 18 EROSION MODE EE 173 18 1 SURFACE RUNOFF INSIDE AcGRID CEL EE 173 18 2 THE SOLID MATERIAL DETACHED BY PRECIPITATION cccccceeceececcecceccuccecceceec
128. ng temperature a Snow depth snocomp snow compression coefficient keim dayi snoweden density coefficient for snow non dim roonewsnc density of new snow kelim i NOTE Evaporation from snowpack is approximately 2 mm month Most important erosion parameters are pbare see Table 1 and ksd ksd sedim soil detachability index gf 0 10 0 3 0 6 100 www eia fi 115 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 9 CROP IRRIGATION AND WATER TRANSFER MODELLING 9 1 116 BASIC MODEL DIVERSION STRUCTURE AND CONTROLS Irrigation industrial and municipal water consumption and inter or intra basin water transfer can be defined in the user interface Inter basin transfer and other water uses where water is not returned to the modelled area can be defined with a river discharge control With it water can be added or subtracted from any grid point or river flow specified The addition subtraction or set discharge can be specified to be either constant or read from a time series The second option specifies water diversion into irrigation or other use with impact on basin hydrology and flow User selects first the irrigation or other area where water is diverted to either by giving the grid cell coordinates numerically or specifying the area on map with mouse Figure 16 The coordinates can be changed in the dialog window in the Irrigation area block Figure 17 Diversion point is specified by giving either the map or grid coordinates in the Di
129. ng type definition int or real followed by a variable name are used in reading the file Each of these lines says that in the following data lines there is a variable www eia fi 93 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 94 named here The order of the lines defines the order in which the data values appear on the data line As an example below a data file header and few data lines txd2 location BAN_THA_KOK_DAENG statid 180305 xpos 341172 ypos 1995322 zpos 145 time date DD MM YYYY real PREC 8 real EPAN 8 data 01 01 1981 0 3 5 02 01 1981 0 4 03 01 1981 0 4 04 01 1981 0 4 05 01 1981 0 3 5 The fist line is always txd2 identifying the file format The next header lines define the measurement point name station id and point location coordinates for the model The following lines define what the following data lines hold first defines time column and time format next lines real variable Precipitation and Pan Evaporation Time format is given in quotes Weather variables recognized by the model e PREC mm d mm h daily or hourly precipitation e TAVG C daily average temperature at 2m height e TMIN C daily minimum temperature at 2m height e TMAX C daily maximum temperature at 2m height e EPAN mm daily Pan evaporation e SWIN Md m2 d incoming shortwave radiation MJ m2 d e CLOUD fraction of the sky covered by clouds 0 1 e RHUM relative humidity 0 1 e WIND m s wind speed m s Variable combinations
130. noennnnnnnensrrnnrenrrnssrnnrrrrrernsnnnrrrreeenen 99 7 8 1 Water quality Variables ccccccccccccescseseeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeceeesseaeeeeesesaseeeeessaaess 99 Proce Water QUAIITY parameters ee Een Wola ln nei ona a rn re 99 7 9 SEENEN 100 ZI erte Biere E 100 FeO E e e elei NICATION BE 100 PO ee eeeectey eect cue eg ere ome Pe Oane eR eaeR a CaS eC OT Eee ee ITeC ERS 101 Gs KI ge E 102 TN Te 103 7 13 IRRIGATION AND GROUNDWATER nss nnnnnennosennnnnnrrosrrrnnrrrrronsrnnrrrrrersrnnnrrrrreorrnnrrrrrennnnnnnni 104 Ge E mee i ATI 105 7441 Adding New tiIMeGSereS Le ln CC 105 4 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 7 14 2 Editing timeseries cece cece cc neeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeaaaseeeeeesaaaeeeeeessaaeeeesessaeeeeseneas 105 ga eel rer e e EN 106 7 19 MEL DANIMATION OUT ee EE 108 8 MODEL PARAMETE RG ccccccseccceeccceescceeeeceeeeceeeenseeeneeeeneeeeneeeeneeeeneeeeneeeenaeeeneeeeneeeeneesenes 110 8 1 SURFACE MODEL EEN 110 8 2 LANDUSE TYPE PARAMETEHO reece setae eee E 110 8 2 1 Precipitation and INterCeption ccc ceccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeaeaeeeeeeesaaeeeesessaaees 110 8 2 2 Evaporaton AAEEen EEEE 110 e TONINO EE 111 8 2 4 Vegetation model 111 ro yd EE a Een ee TEE 111 8 3 DOME TY PE PAR AMET BAS ee dose cece E tan canes etwas eee eaten eeceenee 111 8 3 1 Soil model 111 8 3 2 Erosion model parameters ccccccssssecccccses
131. noff and interflow the soil type and phosphorus value of surface soil is used In the calculation of drain flow the phosphorus value of surface soil and the soil type of bottom soil is used and in the calculation on bottom flow the bottom soil parameter are used Parameters Soil quality division into clay silt sand and moraine soils based on a soil map soilsurfP concentration of phosphorus for surface runoff per surface soils phosphorus value unit soilbaseP concentration of phosphorus for groundwater flow per bottom soils phosphorus value unit soilditchP concentration of phosphorus for ditch flow per surface soils phosphorus value unit soilmidP concentration of phosphorus for interflow per surface soils phosphorus value unit soilo1 phosphorus value for surface soil soilo2 phosphorus value for bottom soil Nutrients in rivers and lakes Soluble phosphorus is assumed to be carried in rivers without changes In lakes soluble phosphorus can be used partly or entirely by algae and sediment in the bottom along detritus This process in however not included in the model MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 18 EROSION MODEL This chapter gives the model description for the erosion model component of the IWRM hydrologic model The chapter is divided to three parts 18 1 Surface runoff inside a grid cell 18 2 The solid material detached by precipitation 18 3 Solid materials in ri
132. ocessed in a similar way to the DEM processing 1 Import land use data with command Add Layer Import file bil or tif 2 If required combine files to a single layer with GeogrComp Grid Grid join two adjacent grids see more details above in chapter 6 1 4 3 Cut land use to enclosing rectangle with GeogrComp Grid Grid Extract data using polygon 4 Make sure DEM and land use left bottom corner coordinates match Adjust if necessary 74 MRCS IKMP December 2010 5 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide When feasible reclassify land use to obtain a smaller number of land use classes a Select the landuse layer from the layer list b Select GeogrComp Grid Grid reclassify command from command menu c RLGis will check values in the grid layer and displays a reclassification table containing grid data values in the first column of the table and new values in the second column of the table d Change the values of the second column of the table to new values and the click Store button in the toolbar To cancel the classification click Cancel e The reclassification replaces the original values of the selected layer f To modify the colors of the new classification press the right mouse button while on top of the layer and choose Color palette Colors can be modified by pressing the left mouse button on top of the cell showing the current color choosing the new color from th
133. odel 16 2 Lake model 16 1 RIVER MODEL 168 The river model uses river network that is calculated from model grid elevations and digitized river network If needed the calculated river network can be modified to better fit the actual river network When runoff from sufficiently large area goes through one grid cell a stream or a river is formed in that grid cell An example of a river grid is show in Figure 29 below For a watershed all the river nodes are connected to a single outflow point at watershed area border Figure 29 Part of the flow and river network and elevation model in Nam Songkhram IWRM model application Rivers are described in the model with a kinematical model simplified from the St Venant equations The flow speed in rivers depends on channel cross section bottom slope and water depth Optionally also the water level in the downstream grid cell can be taken into account MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide The St Venant equations representing the river discharge are OA Ou u A q Ot OX Ou Oy u u u g gs6 Ot Ox SE CR C R n A cross section m u flow speed m s y water depth m qs side flow m s So bottom slope m m R hydraulic radius A P m P wetted perimeter m g gravitational acceleration 9 81 m s n Manning s friction parameter The equations have been simplified with the following assumptions
134. odel parameters are not known from measurements and must be determined by calibration In grid cells containing ground the calculation is divided vertically from top down to vegetation layer ground surface layer and two soil layers In permanent lake areas there is only one water layer in use In the calculation following processes are taken into account see also Figure 8 e Interpolation and correction of meteorological data Temperature www eia fi 39 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 40 Precipitation Interception of precipitation in vegetation Infiltration of water in the soil Water accumulation in pond storage and surface runoff Evaporation From interception storage From ground surface Through vegetation from soil Plant growth Seasonal crop growth based on temperature sum Perennial plants leaf area index change based on temperature sum Crop water demand FAO56 method of calculating evapotranspiration for different crops rice paddy water ponding return flows and farm losses included sub division of basic grid cells into crop areas with full calculation of hydrology for each crop area Water movements Between soil layers From grid cell to another From grid cell to river or lake In winter conditions Accumulation and melting of snow Effect of soil freezing on soil properties Glacier melting MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Evapotranspl
135. odelled In order to generate the grid a digital elevation model DEM of the target area is needed The model grid cell size is usually larger than the DEM grid so the model grid elevations need to be computed from the DEM grid Typically arithmetic average is used to combine height values After averaging the model grid should modified so that it has the following properties e For each model grid point that is not the outflow point there is a neighbouring grid point that has a lower or equal elevation than the point in question e There is one outflow point into which all the other points flow The outflow point is at the border of the modelled area Land use data if imported from satellite picture also needs grouping For this data averaging is not feasible instead land type distribution preserving computation is used to group the data into larger grid cells The computation aims to preserve the relative sizes of different land use types To create the grid the original data can be in many different forms digital elevation model DEM depth points contour lines and in many different file types shp bil ipd dg etc Thus basic knowledge of the GIS in general should be known as well as the basics about the use of some common GIS applications 6 1 1 RLGis getting started 68 The description of the RLGis programme can be found in the appendices To open the RLGis program select rlstart ip or select E Amodels and sele
136. oose soils a 4 19 b 0 344 when soil contains rocks From formulas 46 and 61 we get A 1 aQ 62 If the rills cross section is assumed to be rectangular the depth of the rill can be calculated with the following formula h Q w u 1 ac OUT 63 h depth of the water in the rill m a b c d parameters The shear stress of the rill per length unit can be stated as follows Gimenez amp Govers 2002 tin P pgRSP pgAS pgSQ a 64 The term e P in the mass balance equation can now be written as P e P ke t te ke pgSQ a P te 65 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide lf we assume the rill to have a rectangular cross section P w 2h cQ 2Q ac 66 Because d 0 303 and 1 b d 0 35 0 4 depending on the soil type the term can be approximated as P c 2 ac Q 67 The mass balance equation can now be calculated 18 2 THE SOLID MATERIAL DETACHED BY PRECIPITATION The solid material concentration of side flow and pond storage water is evaluated based on detachment of solid materials caused by precipitation Ds ksa Ke P exp bh 68 Ds detachment of solid materials caused by precipitation Ksg SOU type detachment sensitivity for precipitation g J Ke kinetic energy of precipitation J m mm E amount of precipitation mm B parameter values 0 9 3 1 here a value of 2 0 has been used H water depth at ground surface mm Wa
137. operation with the Helsinki University of Technology HUT National Board of Waters and Environment and Oulu Water and Environment District During the project a semi distributed hillslope model for a large watershed was developed by HUT The model included a sub grid land type distribution In connection with this EIA Ltd developed of fast solution for complicated river network hydrodynamics and water quality first version of the graphical user interface and visualisation software for river water quality distributions including animations The objectives of the project were to study dynamics and distribution of nutrients from agriculture forestry and peat mining under different development scenarios and to support obligatory water quality monitoring The modelling approach was in practice complicated and slow To improve the approach accuracy and usability of watershed modelling a distributed model development was initiated The model system development intensified in 1999 2001 when a project Decision Support System for River Basin Management RiverLife was executed The project was financed by the European Commission the four Ostrobothnian Province Associations and Technology Development Centre TEKES The project developed support tools for cost effective river basin management in co operation with 12 other institutes The developed system combines river base modelling database connections decision support modules and internet technologie
138. osition can be changed by double clicking the layers in the left layer menu Animations can be drawn either continuously or stepped forward or backward with the play menu on the upper left hand corner of the animation window 25 10 49 140 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 13 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Model sensitivity analysis shows how much model outputs change in relation to the model parameter and input changes The sensitivity analysis will be easier and results more clear if only one land use and soil class is used The class values can be edited in the IWRM model user interface by 1 Select land use layer from the layer list The layer needs to be active white circle in the land use box is visible if not click the box with mouse Coe TP EP IG ag 193278 20 Add Redraw GrMake ae 0 TsPaints H WeatData fe Loads 0 RiverQs 0 ils Irrioatt ie ei Reservoirs 0 Rivers sci ity Elevation Landuse Model Results Window www eia fi 141 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 3 Select the whole model area by dragging the mouse Type in the land use class number for instance 2 a c work2 watershed namton_test vmp GridData arid value at UU E Cancel 142 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 4 Do the same for the soil layer 5 Save modified grid by clicking the GrMake button and by giving a new grid filen
139. ow 64 Timeseries window shows the output data timeseries as picture MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Are File Edit View Compute Window DIP W ANET 19930123 175422 14 89008999 Add Red Bound ol giver Output 16 15 Min 119890101 0000 Max 119911230 0000 Coliseo DIOU Io oroS The picture handling tools are available when the timeseries window is active The tools for picture handling are The first three tools from left and the fifth tool are the same as in IWRM main window toolbars see chapter 0 The functions of the other two tools are Tool Function A Picture properties Displays a format window where picture properties line colour type name etc can be modified t Copy as textdata Copies the picture data in text format to clipboard Works only for timeseries pictures Can be used for example to transfer picture data to spreadsheet Picture properties can be changed with the Picture properties tool A A format window where the outlook of the picture can be managed will open EE ltems Matrix View O Meas Flow Ban Title Meas Flow Ban Tha Kok Daeng 1 Comp Flow Ban 2 CoordS ystem Colors Remove Line color lt FlowUy C FlowDS Fill color Line wi 0 E ae k Sumdata Dot dee 0 01 The window shows all the timeseries drawn in the picture in the window on the left The timeseries being managed can be changed from the w
140. pends on the lake water height Water level is calculated from lake volume based on a volume water level curve which can depend on the lake area or can be given separately Viake t Viake t 1 Qin Qout Elake ViakerzON oke Viake 41 Alake AAtake Viake 2 3 Qa Au yw ytany T KG where Vo lake reference volume m Yolake lake surface height reference level m Ao lake reference area m Vue lake volume difference from reference volume m Viake lake surface height difference from reference height m Ake lake area difference from reference area m dViak lake volume difference to surface height difference multiplier Oe lake volume difference to area difference multiplier Qiout lake outflow m s y lake surface height lake outlet bottom height m W Y 99 lake outlet parameters 170 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 17 NUTRIENT LEACHING MODEL This chapter gives the model description for the nutrient leaching component of the IWRM hydrologic model The chapter is divided to two parts 17 1 General 17 2 Calculation of soluble phosphorus 17 1 GENERAL The calculation of leaching is based on calculated flows and the distribution of the flows to different flow components In the model concentrations based on the properties of the grid cell are given to each component of flow i e surface flow interflow drain and groundwater flow Based on these concentrations
141. pproach in a number of ways e Simulation of the crops irrigation demands and hydrology is done within one model In the DSF reference evapotranspiration is calculated with SWAT then provided for the IQQM for crop demand calculation which is in turn provided back to the SWAT e Crop modelling is fully coupled with hydrological simulation In the IQQM hydrology is not simulated Full coupling enables crop and irrigation feedback on the hydrology for instance irrigation return flow can affect available irrigation water or water availability can impact crop growth and crop status in turn water demand e In SWAT a watershed is divided into conceptual HRUs Hydrological Response Units that describe characteristic areas with similar hydrology In the IWRM a watershed is divided into grid cells that use elevation land use and soil type specified for each location e In practice the description of the watersheds and river systems is much more accurate in the IWRM than in the SWAT For instance in the basin wide application SWAT modelling area has been divided into about 800 sub basins but in the IWRM with 5 km resolution in about 23000 grid cells and in the 2 km resolution into more than 200 000 cells 9 2 CROP MODELLING Following the FAO56 the crop water demand modelling is based on calculation of the reference evapotranspiration The Penman Montheit method for the evapotranspiration has been identified as the most universal and applicable on
142. r set input Irrigation water transfer and water diversion input Groundwater pumping input Hydropower reservoir input gt gt OVO 60 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 5 4 4 Layer window The IWRM layer window is in the left hand side of the IWRM main window It displays the layers and controls in the model their order and activity The layers can be either the model inputs or outputs hl river flake level hl Flow direction fe River discharge 0 Groundwater use 8 Irrigation areas fel Elevation Different layers can be activated by clicking the square next to them at the left window with the left mouse button The layer is active if there is a circle in the middle of the square The layers are shown in the window in the order they will be drawn upper layer will be drawn on top of the lower layer The layers can be managed by clicking the right mouse button on top of the layer and choosing from different options 1 To view and modify the layer properties choose Properties The properties window is different for different layers In the properties window for grid data layers one can change the name of the layer and modify palette colours WEE 171 E fem 3 D Colors Cancel Edit palette JV Black is transparent Geomety e Edit exclude value a xim 15 yO 1 868e 06 Ydim 164 boysi Coordinate display Text grid coords Iw data value pal
143. ration method required data must be available Off Priestly Taylor TMinMax Minimum and maximum temperature must be available Penman Penman Monteith Pan evaporation Pan Evaporation data must be available PET in weather file Snomethod snow accumulating and melting calculation method o Orff o Degreeday O O O O O O 8 2 LANDUSE TYPE PARAMETERS 8 2 1 Precipitation and Interception rainmult correction coefficient for precipitated water 1 05 1 1 snomult correction coefficient for precipitated snow 1 325 intercomax interception storage maximum size intercomult fraction of area where interception occurs 8 2 2 Evaporation 110 petcorr potential evapotranspiration correction coefficient 1 alba surface albedo for shortwave radiation 0 6 ZO aerodynamic roughness coefficient zd aerodynamic roughness zero plane displacement zm wind measurement height MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 8 2 3 Snow model snomeltcoeft snow melt coefficient snomeltmin minimum temperature for snow melt snofrzcoeff snow refreezing coefficient snofrzmax maximum refreezing temperature snoevapmult snow evaporation multiplier rainsnomin minimum temperature for liquid precipitation rainsnomax maximum temperature for snow snowcomult maximum snow water holding capacity snocomp snow compression coefficient snowedens density coefficient for snow roonewsnow
144. rator to check approve or update the forecasts depending on how critical the inflow situation really is 3 seasonal inflow volume forecasts Based on the HBV model the technique uses historical statistics to calculate forecasts of up to a year for seasonal reservoir planning or appraisal of flood risks The service improves profitability but also allows provision of reliable information to the public In case of high discharge this is an important factor for good relations with the community 3 4 EIAHBV MODEL The EIA HBV model is a modified version of original SMHI HBV model The EIA application includes a simple graphical user interface that uses the same data formats and system software as all other EIA models Figure 5 shows the schematic structure of the EIA HBV model The model uses four storages surface middle groundwater and river lake ones Surface water can infiltrate to the middle storage and middle storage water can be passed through a porous soil or small holes perlocation to the groundwater storage The middle and groundwater storages discharge to a river lake storage and catchment outflow is finally obtained from the river lake storage Precipitation yield Ssurf surface storage J Infiltration i qmid Smid mid storage mem J Percolation qriver qgw Sground groundw st Figure 5 EIA HBV model schematic structure The model input data are e PREC precipitation mm d e TAVG average daily
145. rception storage maximum value mm e Psurfmax surface storage max value e Pinfexp infiltration exponent e Pkperc percolation rate coefficient for emptying mid storage to ground water storage e Pkmid1 mid storage emptying coefficient e PkmidO storage limit value for additional mid storage emptying coefficient saturation point or increased emptying when storage fills up e PlimidO additional mid storage emptying coefficient e Pkground ground water storage emptying coefficient e Pkriver river water storage emptying coefficient e Hemd mid storage concentration coefficient e Pcground ground water concentration coefficient Using these parameters the processes in the Figure 5 can be expressed as e Infiltration yield Ssurf Ssurfmax e Percolation Pkperc Smid e qmid Pkmid1 PkmidO Smid 20 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide e qgw Pkground Sground e qriver Pkriver Sriver e etr PET Ssurf Ssurfmax e yield precipitation interception e d Ssurf dt yield etr Infiltration Surface storage change per time unit precipitation yield evapotranspiration infiltration to the middle storage e d smid dt Infiltration qmid Percolation e d sground dt Percolation qgw e d sriver dt qmid qgw qriver 3 5 EIA HBV MODEL APPLICATION STEPS 3 5 1 Install modelling software The VIVSetup exe mo
146. re spatial variables In this case we will be solving partial differential equations PDEs A semi distributed model describes watersheds as inter connected sub catchments The current DSF SWAT applications are semi distributed whereas the IWRM model applications and fully distributed based on a regular computational grid A conceptual model is a descriptive model of a system based on qualitative assumptions about its elements their interrelationships and system boundaries A physically based model is a numerical model based on physical equations describing the system under study Contrast a numerical model to physical scale model In many cases both lumped and distributed models are a mixture of conceptual and physically based components The distributed models are in general more physically based because their structure corresponds more closely to the physical processes occurring in any watershed For instance a rainfall runoff process is a function of terrain that can be described with a distributed model but not with a lumped one The advantages of lumped approach are e fast application e automatic calibration of the model parameters e easy understanding of the watershed system as a whole e easy accounting of main water amounts and dynamics e often quite good or at least reasonable results compared to measured values e first order approximation of parameters for distributed modelling e fast checking of more complicated distributed mo
147. removed and added in the same way as timeseries Flow points can be used to add subtract or set the flow in the river They are used to simulate pumping of the water for example for irrigation diversions which add water to river and dams that regulate the river or lake To add a new flow point Click Add data Item Tool ei a b C d e h 102 Click the location of flow point Click the left mouse button Select the new river discharge option Give name to the point Select whether you want the flow point to subtract or add discharge or set the discharge Give the constant value which is subtracted or added or to which the outgoing discharge is set to or give the name of the data file MRCS IKMP December 2010 7 12 RESERVOIRS HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Flow data LI Location Cancel coordinate 323500 y coordinate 1904500 map gt grid Grid x coordinate Grid y coordinate grid gt map Flow Flow type e Constant value C From file Multiply values by Add to values Reservoir points are used to specify reservoir dimensions and operational rules To add a new flow point Click Add data Item Tool e a b CG d e www eia fi Click the location of reservoir point Click the left mouse button Select the new reservoir option Give name to the point Select whether you want to use simple rule curve monthly rule curve or rule curve with mont
148. rface www eia fi 117 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Irrigation and diversion data RK vn x caresi Irrigation area Start map x 377500 1987500 map gt grid End map x y 377500 1987500 Start grid x 18 1 grid gt map End grid x y 18 Diversion point Water From river Map coord 385500 1985500 map gt grid or grid gt map _ Diversion amount Crop driven Define crop mix and pump C Constant diversion majs C From file irrigatg txd Browse Multiply values by Add to values jp priority lo v Figure 17 Irrigation diversion and water use definitions in the IWRM model user interface Crop modelling is based on the FAO56 Allen et al 2000 and DSF IQQM Beecham 2003 approach It includes the following factors e How much area and what crop type is planted each year The area and crop mix may also be specified as a time series file that changes each year e How much water each crop type needs for evapotranspiration and ponding How much water needs to be diverted from the river system lake reservoir or groundwater to meet the crop requirement e How much water is actually diverted from the river system depending on the water availability 11 8 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide e How much water is either returned to the river system as irrigation return flow or farm losses The approach differs from the MRC DSF a
149. rient leaching and transport module that enables for example simulation of the effect of land use changes to water quality The model is based on rectangular grid Figure 7 where each grid cell is individually computed and has an own set of parameters such as ground slope and aspect vegetation type and soil type These grid values are obtained from digital elevation model land use data and soil type data In each of the grid cells simulated hydrological process include precipitation snow hydrology infiltration evapotranspiration seasonal vegetation development soil water content groundwater height and flow into streams Groundwater flow and stream flow are computed between grid cells Typical grid cell sizes range from 0 01 to 1 km Computation time resolution depends on input data resolution for daily data 3 to 6 hour time step have been used An application can include any number of grid cells However computational time increases with increasing number of grid cells a b Figure 7 Visualisation of a IWRM model grid displaying a land elevation with colours and stream flow network and b surface flow routing directions Typical model setup requires digital elevation model and land use data from the target catchment Running and calibration of the model requires meteorological and hydrological time series e g precipitation daily average temperature and river flow The model requires calibration since usually some of the m
150. ring is used e g BAT1 KCHS xpos in measurement point file contains point x coordinate ypos in measurement point file contains point y coordinate name in measurement point file contains location name Summary of some of the standard codenames and units for variables PREC precipitation QRIVER measured flow HRIVER water level EPAN pan evaporation TAVG daily average air temperature TMIN daily minimum air temperature TMAX daily maximum air temperature SWIN incoming shortwave radiation MJ m2 d CLOUD fraction of the sky covered by clouds 0 1 RHUM relative humidity 0 1 WIND wind speed m s 5 3 STARTING THE IWRM MODEL SOFTWARE 5 3 1 To start the IWRM program select IWRMstart ip from the start menu or desktop The main window of the IWRM model user interface can be seen below There are two options to start the IWRM model application e From the ElAModels shortcut icon on the desktop e By open the model application and at the same time the model software by open the vmp file under the C ElAModels model_application name directory Starting the software from ElAModels desktop shortcut icon 1 double click the El AModels shortcut icon on your desktop Ley Ed EL4Models www eia fi 53 54 DMS Project Mekong River Commission If the ElAModels shortcut icon doesn t exist in your desktop there are A two options e Your installation hasnt been completed successfully gt re install EIA model
151. s The main tool was MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide the EIA distributed gridded physical river basin model including hydrology nutrients and sediments Special feature of the system was utilisation of GIS raster data Special emphasis of the project was on the model validation both hydrology and water quality and usability of the tools for decision makers authorities and research scientists The developed system is the basis for the current IWRM model framework In the Mekong the distributed model VMOD and the system tools RiverLife were applied and further developed in 2001 2004 as part of the MRC WUP FIN modelling project The model was applied to 13 sub basins of the Tonle sap The distributed model was applied to Nam Songkhram in 2004 2007 during the second phase of the WUP FIN project The model was used in combination of the 3D model for climate change scenario Mekong impact and reservoir studies The model was applied to the Lao Nam Ton area 2007 as a pilot study for the MRC and German GTZ land management project The data is utilised in the IWRM regional training course for exercises The 2009 2010 MRC DMS project has integrated some of the DSF data precipitation reservoirs irrigation and functions IQQM reservoirs in the model system The model has been applied to the whole Mekong Basin and used for the BDP scenario studies The modelling system has proved to be qui
152. se of this mapping of original classes to hydrological ones is required Another reason for using reclassification is facilitation of calibration through reduction of classes Because many classes differ only slight hydrologically it makes sense to group them togehter It should be noted that for instance SWAT model uses reclassification and large number of original classes are grouped into a few representative ones for model simulations 6 2 1 Soil reclassification From the FAO soil types present in the Mekong River Basin Table 3 a new classification has been obtained by analyzing the hydrological behaviour of each soil class and associating those that had common characteristics The new classification was based on the document Lecture Notes on the Major Soils of the World Driessen 2001 and its associated CD ROM containing sample soil profiles for each of the 30 World Reference Base WRB soil types Figure 18 Table 4 shows the proposed soil classification for the Mekong River Basin www eia fi 81 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 82 Table 3 Soil types in the Mekong basin Soil name Area km Ferric Acrisols 119 957 14 70 Gleyic Acrisols 119 869 14 70 Orthic Acrisols 295 970 36 30 Ferrasols 11 180 1 40 Gleysols Lithosols 97 693 68 440 8 40 12 00 Fluvisols Luvisols Nitosols Histosols Planosols Vertisols 41 030 22 545 21 399 1 675 E 12 855 5 00 2 80 2 60 0 20 0 40 1 60
153. sececcceeusecececeuuseeeessseausesecssaaaeeeeesssaaess 112 9 CROP IRRIGATION AND WATER TRANSFER MODELLING c ccccsescssssessssenseeeees 116 9 1 BASIC MODEL DIVERSION STRUCTURE AND CONTROLS ceccceececeeeeeeceeeeeeesaeeeseeeeeaeeseaes 116 9 2 CROP MODELLING E 119 9 3 WATER TRAN E 124 10 GROUNDWATER is eet eee cece sees cacosasecscecosessescnnosesnencewosessencososeaneucesoseseencososesneuaneosamenanees 127 11 CALCULATION EE 130 11 1 COMPUTATIONAL PARAMETERS EE 130 11 2 RUNNING THE MODEL trent onn nr A Enr A PERED EAEE EE EEEE EE REDEE E EEEE EnEn n nenn 130 12 RESULTS cerea 132 12 1 VIEWING TIMESERIES ccccccceeeceeeeceeeecececeeeeneeeeneeeeueeeeueeeeaeeeeuseeeneeeeueeeneeeenseesnseeenaess 132 12 2 RESULT COMPARISONS ccccceeeccceeeceeceeneeeneeeueeeeneeeueeeeueseueeenseeeueeeueeeeueeeeneeeenseeeneess 134 12 3 COMPARISON E KE 135 12 4 NUMERICAL TIMESERIES OPTIONS nrto rtre rrn nro rnrn rr nner n nren n nnn 139 12 5 ANIMATION OPTIONS 139 13 SENSITIVITY FINALLY d LEE 141 14 CALIBRATION EE 148 14 1 W OI 7 ETag e EN 148 14 2 AUTOMATIC el le ON 148 er E Rer ER GE 149 ge me eg Eege tele E 150 PART Il MODEL DESCRIPTION cccecccsesecceseeceseeceeeeeseeeseeeeseeenseeeeuseeeseeeueeeseenuseneuseneess 153 15 RUNOFF len BE 154 15 1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA INTERPOLATION c0cccceececeececeecececceceueececeeeaeeetaneeeaneeeuseeeaneetans 154 15 2 TEMPERA TU RE sec evnveonaccewonessnnedanveesencoe
154. set lakes using polygons Flow set lakes From landuse Flow clear lakes Flow clear flow directions Flow set rivers using lines Flow compute From lowest point Flow check Flow Flow modify DEM using flow www eia fi 87 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 4 This action will create a new grid layer with the grid cells that are upstream of the point chosen selected The border of this area can be modified to a line Select the grid layer you created earlier and select GeogrComp Grid Grid boundary to polyline This action will produce a new line layer with the boundary line of the upstream area or sub catchment This boundary line can then be used to extract the smaller area from the entire catchment as is described next 6 3 2 Create a new landuse DEM layers for catchment 88 To extract the desired catchment or sub catchment 1 Select the sub catchment border and select the border layer also from the window on the left Select the sub catchment border from the map with Select Edit Lines tool From the window on the left select the sub cathement border AND land use layer from the list on the left use shift to select both The sub catchment border must also be selected on the map Select GeogrComp Grid Grid extract data using polygon The new layer name appears in the list on the left Double click it and the new window opens Rename the layer Select landuse from the drop down list RLGis
155. software to your computer Someone has removed the shortcut icon from your desktop gt go to folder C EIAModels VIV gt click right mouse button the file named ElAModels ip gt select Create shortcut and the shortcut is created to the folder you are in gt copy cut drag the shortcut into your desktop EIA modelling system Startup i A eE x Models C Water Quality model Cancel OK Flow model C Watershed HBY model emm apn SP ED aap S Watershed VMOD model zw N be mem am am P m Data visualization and analysis m Data processing C Timeseries RLGis Model analysis and draw C Datamap C Section draw Digitedit C Animation C Animation to bmp files 2 Select the Watershed IWRM model and press OK 3 The IWRM2 window opens with the main menu tool bar and noname vmp model window MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide RT lolx File View Data Model Results Window Min Jo 01 1901 Max 01 01 2099 noname ymp 5 3 2 Starting the software from vmp file 1 go to the directory of the model application you want to open e g C EIAModels IWRMEXAMP 2 double click the model application you want to open e g river1 vmp 3 The model software opens with the model application you wanted to open Mod2 ioj xj File Edit Window Add Redraw Bounds c eiamodels vmodexamp ymodexamp ymp __
156. spatch centers and volume forecasts of up to a year for seasonal reservoir planning e pre feasibility studies quality control of water stage and discharge records extension of historical records and ground water simulations e irrigation determination of evapotranspiration and forecasting inflow to reservoirs and storage pounds to aid regulation of irrigation schemes e dam safety design flood computations including reservoir management strategies e climate change studies of the effect of changing climate conditions on run off patterns soil moisture ground water change and evapotranspiration In Scandinavia the HBV system is the standard operational run off forecasting tool in nearly 200 basins The HBV model is the standard forecasting tool in Sweden where some 45 catchments are calibrated for the national warning services mainly in small and unregulated rivers Forecasting for hydropower companies are made in an additional 60 catchments Hydrological forecasts can be divided into 1 short range forecasts For small catchments and local inflows forecasts can be issued for timesteps down to one hour a number of days ahead depending on requirements and the resolution of the meteorological forecasts MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide 2 medium range inflow forecasts Most commonly used application with time steps from 12 to 24 hours for a period up to ten days The system allows the ope
157. st Use control to select both layers b The grids must be next to each other and have same size grid box C Select GeogrComp Grid Grid join two adjacent grids GeogrComp Help Window Grid Flow Line WaterQuality Models d d d d gt Grid rotate mirror Grid add rows and columns on sides Grid remove rows and columns on sides Grid crop empty borders Grid set border values to zero Grid remove one dot spots Grid reclassify Grid reclassify inside polygon Grid change grid type Grid extract data using polygon Grid transform values Grid combine grid boxes Grid double resolution Grid DEM shading Grid DEM slope in degrees Grid extract data From Let using 2nd as mask Grid sample data From 2nd to 1st Grid set single class data From 2nd to 1st Grid missing values if 1st grid 0 fill 2nd grid with near value Grid two grid computation Grid join two adjacent grids Grid boundary to polyline d Anew raster layer will be created containing the combined grid data 3 Convert DEM to float type and meters Often DEM data is encoded to decimeters or centimeters and stored as integers IWRM requires meters to be used in the DEM and the DEM must be of float type To convert layer first the layer type must be set to float and then if not already in meters the data values must be converted to meters a D First select the DEM layer from the layer l
158. sure at the lower edge of the saturated layer m In the beginning phase of infiltration until the moment t time of ponding the soil layer can absorb water in a rate corresponding to precipitation After moment tp infiltration slows down and part of the precipitation accumulates in the pond storage or ends up as surface runoff Time of ponding can be calculated in the following way Dingman 1994 ty Ksat Pw Osat Qo w W 7 Ksat 23 to time of ponding s Ww amount of precipitation m s Osat soil layer maximum saturation water content Oo soil layer moisture water content in the beginning of infiltration The amount of water infiltrated during the entire precipitation event can be calculated as follows F t L t Osat Qo 24 Fi t infiltrated amount of water at moment t m When we take into account that f t dF t dt L t can be eliminated from the equation and the following equation is reached OP dt Ksai 1 Fe Fi t Osat 90 25 www eia fi 161 DMS Project Mekong River Commission The value of F t can not be calculated directly from this equation Explicit Green Ampt formulation Salvucci and Entekhabi 1994 which approximates the implicit solution of Fi t with less than 2 error is used in the model lf daily precipitation measurements are used precipitation intensity and duration need to be estimated In the parameterisation melting and rainfall are both assumed to oc
159. tallon ee ee Gate Ster ae NEE Aaf Precipitation EREEREER EREEREER EEE PEPE EE EE EE EE SPREE EE E Daaf ae Dee Ae Le aerer Flow from SECHS grid boxes WTS above GE interflow Soil Layer fo oe eee N as eg SE ground water flow ee Field capacity Maximum capacity Figure 8 Components of grid cell water balance For each day the model first interpolates daily meteorological data to each grid cell using height correction when required In the surface model interception is first estimated using a simple storage model and vegetation leaf area index If needed snow model is then applied Infiltration is computed using Green Ampt model possible overflow is accumulated into pond storage and surface runoff Evaporation is estimated using interpolated potential evaporation pond and interception storages soil moisture and vegetation data in the grid cell In the model the soil has been divided into two layers and the layer depths can be defined freely The water storage of both layers is divided into two differently behaving parts in field capacity water content In flow through soil the flow amount is influenced by horizontal conductivity of the soil ground water height and grid cell slope The water leaving from each grid cell can continue on to a river in the grid cell or to a lower grid cell determined by the flow net In surface runoff the amount of water leaving from the grid cell to the next grid cell or to a ri
160. te useful especially for sediment impact studies reservoir sediment trapping but the model has given also good results for hydrological studies China dams and year 2010 low flow The IWRM model has been integrated under the DSF in 2010 in cooperation with the Halcrow Consultants The DSF IQQM and FAOS56 crop model has been integrated in the model system The model has been tentatively selected as a primary tool for Lao PDR line agency IWRM land management and climate change adaptation work and will integrate economic evaluation of water resources and crops Previously the hydrological and water quality part of the IWRM has been called VMOD Because of the new functionalities and uses and to avoid confusion it is considered better to use the IWRM for also the VMOD part of the system www eia fi 11 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 3 LUMPED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING The lumbed hydrological HBV model concepts methods and parameters are largely applicable for the IWRM modelling Starting from more simple model helps focusing on the main model principles and getting prepared for the more advanced tools and methods 3 1 OVERVIEW OF LUMPED AND DISTRIBUTED MODELLING A lumped model is one in which the dependent variables of interest are a function of time alone In general this will mean solving a set of ordinary differential equations ODEs A distributed model is one in which all dependent variables are functions of time and one or mo
161. tent of the soil Here a simplified method where freezing is assumed to take place between temperatures 0 and T is used The proportion of frozen soil and water conductivity of partly frozen soil can be calculated from 36 I 1 1 T T T lt T lt 0 I 1 Tad Kice water conductivity in partly frozen soil m d K water conductivity in entirely unfrozen soil m d proportion of ice T soil temperature C ay exponent for freezing curve default value 2 During summer measured air temperature is used as soil surface temperature While the ground is covered by snow the surface temperature is calculated by discretion of the equation describing heat conductivity for snow layer and soil models first grid cell The following formula is then reached a Ksnow dsoil Ksoil dsnow Tsut soil surface temperature C Tsoil temperature in soil surface layer 1 C Ta air temperature C Ksnow heat conductivity of snow m d new snow 0 08 old snow 0 42 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Kso heat conductivity of soil m d for mineral soil 0 27 m s soil soil layer depth m Date SNOW depth m www eia fi 167 DMS Project Mekong River Commission 16 RIVER AND LAKE COMPONENT This chapter dives the model description for the river and lake component of the IWRM hydrologic model including equations and theory The chapter is divided to two parts 16 1 River m
162. ter raining from an open sky has a kinetic energy K 8 94 8 44 lOg10 1 69 intensity of precipitation mm h For water stopped by vegetation and dripping from there to the ground the kinetic energy Is Ket 15 8 sqrt h 5 87 h gt 0 14m 70 Ker 0 h lt 0 14m Ka kinetic energy J m mm H effective height of vegetation m The values of soil type detachment sensitivity Ksa for different soil types have been tabulated below in Table 3 www eia fi 177 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Table 3 Detachment sensitivities of soil types Soil type Detachment sensitivity g J Low Average High Clay 1 7 2 0 2 4 Clay loam 1 4 1 7 1 9 Silt 0 8 1 2 1 6 Silt loam 0 8 1 5 2 3 Loam 1 0 2 0 2 Sandy loam 1 7 2 6 3 1 Loamy sand 1 9 3 0 4 0 Fine sand 2 0 3 5 6 0 Sand 1 0 1 9 3 0 Solid materials are handled in the model with three solid material variables representing different size classes The size classes are the following Table 4 Fractions of solid material Class Variable Size mm Sed speed m d Clay SSO Silt SS1 Sand SS2 0 006 0 1 0 02 1 3 0 2 10 18 3 SOLID MATERIALS IN RIVERS AND LAKES In the waterway the solid materials settle down according to a sedimentation speed given as parameter The sedimentation speeds in the model can be set separately for river channels lakes and surface runoff 178 MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide PART Ill APPENDIC
163. that can be used to in the model e PREC goes with anything EPAN and TAVG or TMIN and TMAX TMIN and TMAX TAVG and CLOUD TAVG and SWIN TAVG SWIN and CLOUD Weather files can be combined in the model in any way as long as there is at least one point having precipitation information and at least one point having temperature information However if there are several files containing temperature information each of there files must have same variables defined otherwise data interpolation cannot be done For missing data values the value 9999 should be used Time format can be changed using header item time format The time formats may contain the items YYYY MM DD hh mm ss in any order separated by spaces or some other characters The characters in the string are interpreted as follows Y years M months D days h hours and m minutes Below some examples YYYYMMDD hhmm this is the default time format MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide YYYY MM DD hh DD MM YYYY hh mm 7 3 2 Weather data file management For managing and editing the weather files Select Data Weather Data files Is SAHATSAKHAN G_H PHANNA_NIKHOM Copy GER Ee Remove Name SAHATSAKHAN pn Markers Location Cancel Coode x coordinate y coordinate map gt grid Grid x coordinate Grid y coordinate grid gt map el Close File Filename p1 60306 t
164. the DEM raster layer from the layer list b Select GeogrComp Grid Grid combine grid boxes command from the menu c Inthe appearing dialog give number of grid boxes to combine together combination method and click OK The combined grid box value is computed from the set of values in the original grid using one of the following methods Min minimum of the values Max maximum of the values Avg average of the values Median count values in each class select one that has the largest count Diff difference between Max and Min BER Combine n x n boxes n Compute Select Min Cancel www eia fi 13 DMS Project Mekong River Commission d A new raster layer will be created in which the grid boxes are combined 8 Cut DEM to target watershed using the same procedure as in point 6 but with the watershed boundary as the polygon 9 Save the layer by clicking the right mouse button on the top of the layer name in the list on the left and by selecting Save Add layer i 0 landuse 0 ns_bou Remove lr me MoveTop bh ns_der MoveUp MoveDown Properties File Histogram Time selecti Color palette Attributes tmin WE 10 Save the project as RLGis application in gip file format from File Save As Save in ipd e e ES File name Name0fT heProject gipl Save as type Files gip Cancel 6 1 5 Land use processing The Land use is pr
165. the name of the measurement file if available Give the timeseries point a name if the measurement file does not include a name already or if there is no measurement file BER Cancel Location x Coordinate 372500 y coordinate 2006500 map gt arid Grid x coordinate Grid y coordinate grid gt map Measurement 2 If you know the coordinates of the timeseries point or have them defined in the measurement file you can also add timeseries by selecting Data TsPoints or double click the TsPoints layer in the layer window a Click Add b Define the name location and or the measurement file for the timeseries point 7 14 2 Editing timeseries All the timeseries in the model can be seen from Data TsPoints www eia fi 105 DMS Project Mekong River Commission IT ix Edit Ban_Tha_Kok_Daeng 67 108 Nam_Oon_Dam 65 44 Ts2 138 80 Add Ts3 105 100 Ts4 90 107 Copy Ts5 104 67 Remove Markers Close 1 To edit timeseries select the button Edit Same window as when adding a new timeseries will open Here you can change the name location and input file for the timeseries To remove timeseries select the button Remove and press OK You can also add new timeseris from the button Add as described above 7 14 3 Timeseries output To choose the parameters to be stored in timeseries points Select Data TsOutput from the menu To select the desired output variables ti
166. tion by using the Modify Gridded data tool when the DEM layer is selected and setting the value to the lowest grid point value 8 Create an empty flow layer www eia fi T1 DMS Project Mekong River Commission a Activate the DEM Select GeogrComp Flow Flow Create empty flow from DEM GeogrComp Help Window Grid d BAP 7 AN 2R PNABRGAN 1A 1A ANAI 1 Flow Downstream heightprofile Line d Flow Compute Upper area Models gt Flow Extract Upper area grid data Flow Sthraler classification Flow make polyline From flownetwork Flow create empty flow From DEM Flow set lakes using polygons Flow set lakes From landuse Flow clear lakes Flow clear Flow directions Flow set rivers using lines Flow compute from lowest point Flow check flow Flow modify DEM using Flow l 9 Iflake data is available set lakes to flow layer using lake data a Select the lake polygon layer and the new flow layer from the layer list and select GeogrComp Flow Flow set lakes using polygons command from the menu b Lakes and also be set from land use raster data using GeogrComp Flow Flow set lakes from land use command 10 Compute flow layer from lowest point a Select the flow layer and the DEM layer b Select GeogrComp Flow Flow compute from lowest point c The computation may take quite long time depending on the size and complexity of the DEM 11 Verify flow l
167. tion is affected by interception intercepted snow is expected to eventually fall on the snow pack on the ground as snow or water or to evaporate Interception is applied only to part of precipitation namely that falling on canopy Rest of the precipitation is considered as through fall directly on the ground surface Interception parameters are set in the model based on land use type The interception storage has a maximum size given as parameter and after it is filled all precipitation ends up in ground surface Table 1 While computing evapotranspiration the potential evapotranspiration is first tried to be satisfied from the interception storage and after this the remainder is used to compute transpiration I t dt min Imax max dt Ag Pw PET I t 0 5 Imax laise LAI t Pw precipitated water mm I t Canopy interception storage mm Imax canopy interception storage capacity mm Ac area covered by canopy 0 1 PET t potential evapotranspiration laie leaf area interception storing capacity LAI leaf area index www eia fi 155 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Table 1 Interception storage maximum size Woodall 1984 Vegetation Interception Moist tropical forest 0 19 Grasses 0 13 Soil cover 0 03 15 5 SNOWPACK 156 Wintertime conditions require modelling of snow pack Snow melt is currently computed using degree day approach Smelt Kmeit T t S Teen T t gt T met 6 Smett 0 T
168. us forest scrub 5 Hemoa Movellp MoveDown DB import Edit DB Close 2 For each land use type the name and code number need to be defined lu 1 water 1 lu 2 agriculture 2 Landuse type identification 5 x Name deciduous forest scrub Ok CodeNo Cancel a When setting up a new application add new landuse types for every landuse class from Add Give name and code number different number for every type for each landuse type b To change the name or number of Landuse types select Edit To remove landuse type select Remove d To change the order of landuse types select MoveUp or MoveDown www eia fi 97 DMS Project Mekong River Commission defined in this field The number of the landuse classes should correspond to the number of landuses in the model grid d i All the land use types which are in the landuse grid have to be 7 6 2 Landuse parameters The IWRM model has separate parameters for every landuse class 1 The parameters can be found Data Landuse parameters a Landuse parameters are divided to Precipitation Evaporation Snow model Vegetation and Surface model parameters Type parameters d a x m Parameter categories A infpratemult Precipitation infsratenult Evaporation ea mnover rung ddepth dspacing Surface model soilpl soilp2 phare pcanopy 4 3 2 To change the parameter value s write the new value and then
169. ver Commission 3 2 NOOA EXPERIENCES OF LUMPED AND DISTRIBUTED MODELLING Distributed Lumped Listnbuted Lumped Figure 1 Relative research and application effort for distributed and lumped models NOOA 2010 Figure 1 shows relative research and application efforts for distributed and lumped models It can be seen that there is a lag between development and application and distributed modelling effort is clearly increasing after the end of the 1990 ies It is also interesting to notice that number of distributed applications has not decreased significantly although the research effort has decreased dramatically since 1990 NOOA gives one reason for the success of the distributed models most successful models in an operational use are models which have well developed parameterization tools MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide Figure 2 shows comparison between lumped and distributed model results for a catchment It can be observed if the initial flood event is not considered that the distributed model describes better the peaks and falling floods However the difference between the lumped and distributed models is not dramatic Selected flood events for Baron Fork nr Eldon 795 km2 Jan 1996 Jun 2000 2000 Discharge cms co LC S00 SO 1700 1300 1500 Time hours Observed Distributed Lumped Figure 2 Comparison between observations and distributed and lumpe
170. ver depends on ground surface flow resistance and ground slope The river model uses river network that is calculated from model grid elevations and digitized river network An example of a river grid is shown below in Figure 9 All the river nodes in a watershed are connected to a single outflow point at watershed area border www elia fi 41 DMS Project Mekong River Commission Figure 9 Part of a river network digitized river and watershed boundaries shown in blue and red and computed flow network with black arrows The river flow computation is based on kinematic wave approximation of the St Venant equations flow speed depends only from slope and flow depth with trapezoid river cross sections The river model is solved numerically from upstream cells to downstream direction so downstream surface height does not affect the upstream flows This method enables usage of a reasonably large time step and therefore shortens computation times Lakes are handled separately Any set of neighbouring grid cells can be set to be a lake Each lake is a storage that keeps account of the water level as a difference from the reference water level Water level changes are linearly related to volume changes which are computed from inflow outflow and lake evaporation Outflow from the lake is computed as a function of the water height using river section equations or a given surface height flow amount curve Evaporation from lakes happens at potenti
171. vers and lakes The IWRM erosion model calculates the amount of soil material detached from the soil by surface runoff The soil material is assumed to be detached in two ways caused by the motion energy of rain drops and as scour from rill bottoms caused by surface runoff as rill flow The detachment caused by rain drops depends on the intensity of rain and soil properties The detachment of solid materials caused by rill flow is proportional to the shear stress caused by the flow Usually the flow cannot transport all the detaching material but some of the sediment is deposited on the bottom of the rill The upper boundary for the sediment transport capacity is reached when material is deposited at the same rate as it is detached The erosion model is calculated inside each grid cell for every grid cell in the case that surface runoff occurs In the erosion model the grid cell is divided into smaller slices in the flow direction and mass balance is calculated for each slice between the incoming leaving detaching and depositing material Figure 31 sheet flow Figure 31 The function of the erosion model 18 1 SURFACE RUNOFF INSIDE A GRID CELL Surface runoff begins when ground surface pond storage has been filled If the slope angle and grid cell width inside the grid cell are constants flow in location x from the upper edge of the grid cell can be stated as follows Qo X Po Qup 44 173 www eia fi DMS Project Mekong
172. version point dialog Water extraction can be defined from river groundwater lake or reservoir Diversion amount can be defined with 3 options crop demand constant diversion or time series based diversion Constant and time series based diversions are distributed to the specified irrigation or other water use area When crop demand is selected crop mix can be defined for the selected irrigation area When crop demand is selected only one grid cell can be selected for the irrigation area because otherwise the distribution of the crop areas within multiple basic grid cells would not be well defined The most important feature of the crop model is that the crop areas are calculated as any other grid cell with full hydrology including infiltration soil moisture lateral surface and soil water flow etc The crop areas enable practical modelling not only of many different crop types but also in general different land use types The crop cells are sub divisions of the basic grid cells and can be considered to increase the model grid resolution MRCS IKMP December 2010 HBV and IWRM Watershed Modelling User Guide a E Jorma Proposals DMS Modelling Examples IrrigationDiversion Riverirrigation wmo EE m ooo e BS Bervoirs ers vation duse AT d Irrigation and diversion data river 385500 1985500 Figure 16 Definition of an irrigation and water diversion areas in the model user inte
173. xd Browse Multiply values by Show Add to values eo 1 To edit the weather file first select the desired weather file and then click Edit a In Weather file window it is possible to reset the location of the weather file b If needed multiply the measured data with desired coefficient Also the file where the measurements are found can be redefined 2 To add new weather file select Add b Define the file name location and measurement file lf the measurement file includes the location of the weather station in correct format the program will read it automatically In this case you do not have to define the location but press the map gt grid button to move the location information of the x and y coordinated to grid coordinates 7 3 3 Weather data interpolation Weather data interpolation is managed from Data Weather data interpolation www eia fi 95 DMS Project Mekong River Commission BER Add Copy Peles SE Variable PREC Ok Intepolation type Cancel Close O first found 1 closest additive height correction TAYG 1 0 006 2 closest multiplicative height correction Height correction oY unitsm 1 Here you can set the interpolation type and height correction for different variables 7 4 START AND END STATES Initial and end state files can be managed from Data Start End states from the menu 23 Initial state file none if no file Cancel Initial data if no
174. y are many soil type classes within a combined grid box Cut Soil data to target watershed with GeogrComp Grid Grid Extract data using polygon and save the layer 6 1 7 River network computation 1 2 4 5 76 Open the processed DEM layer done in step 1 To get the river network right it is advisable to carve rivers and lakes to DEM that is to lower the elevation in locations where there is river or lake This is done in steps 4 11 If the DEM is accurate enough it can be used directly to calculate the river network In this case steps 7 11 are used To successfully compute flow directions for a DEM layer the DEM must fill following criteria a The DEM represents some real watershed so that all the grid boxes of the DEM flow to single outflow point The DEM must be cut using the boundary of the watershed b The outflow point of the watershed is the lowest point in the DEM and is located at the boundary of the DEM c The computation algorithm is able to solve sinks and flat areas however the results may not be realistic if the DEM too coarse or inaccurate Import any river and lake data you have on the area Add Layer Import file Create a new grid layer from river lines a Select the river line layer and an example grid data layer from the layer list for example the DEM and select GeogrComp Line Polyline convert to grid command The resulting grid type position and box size will be take
175. ydrology flow regime flooding water quality irrigation erosion fisheries and agriculture productivity forestry habitats losses and benefits and livelihoods Both local and cumulative regional impacts need to be addressed Specific requirement for IWRM modelling comes from the participatory nature of the IWRM process IWRM should be able to support all levels of governance also the grass root level This requires that IWRM model should be easy to use transparent and should provide illustrative results that can be utilised in a decision making process and in communicating information to different stakeholders The second way in defining IWRM modelling is to consider it without reference to the established IWRM process and concept In this way the integrated aspects of modelling are highlighted The modelling can and should integrate the following components e hydrology natural water cycle is the basis for all other model components e land use land use impacts the hydrological response of the watershed and is an integral part of environmental and socio economic assessment e flooding flood pulse is the basis of the high productivity of the Mekong system flooding has both positive and negative socio economic impacts e ground water ground water can be an important asset for communal and agricultural water usage ground provides important dry season base flow e erosion watershed river bank river bed and coastal erosio

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