HeliCoPTER User Guide - Personal Webpages (The University of
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1. HeliCoPTER v1 0 Heliand Corpus a Partially Tagged Excel Resource User Guide George Walkden george walkden gmail com Clare College Cambridge CB2 1TL University of Cambridge October 2011 INTRODUCTION e 225 ae o4c n reed eaters tena ieeeteree hae ee eee e lt COLUMNS Az C THE CLAUSE fi cnncdncninnnniankuneGnauinannnnacnnGbnuinunnunnainGie s COLUMNS JD Gi V ERB POSITION erreren erener E ar EE AET T masts TTE E AEE COLUMNS H K CLAUSE TYPE scccssssssssssseseeseeseesaesecseesecsecsecseesecseesesseseessessecsecsesaesaeesessessesaecaesseeaeeaees COLUMNS LM MISCELLANEOUS sscsccesestescreinesctins re AEE inane eE EEEE E REEE s COLUMNS NP FORCE rsssgceisesnchecascaxaadenesthcd adaacgesateachacessashsdcennched EErEE NENEA EEE FEE KO AENEAS PEETER EREHE EN a TAEERE REE ERT COLUMNS Q X PROPERTIES OF THE SUBJECT ccccsssssssesessssssesesesesseseseseuescsesesesecseseseseeessesesesecseseneeeees S COLUMNS Y Z MISCELLANEOUS 3 s scscsecsscvepiesioecslece teat baceveesiecscvessesteisavuepGuistersdseyseedersguecdensadenr nveete O ON DN FB WN s KNOWN ISSUES ions degeseveseoiecdusedincseseucced 0cehbuscoudeue seveshucbesediessudsue sbecedvenzsceseersesedeeeeeteeeeees 1 Introduction The HeliCoPTER is an xls file containing the entire of the Heliand a 5 983 line verse gospel harmony that is our main source for the Old Saxon language It is separated out by finite clauses defined as units containing a finite verb which are2. e of y for Huat entails a value of y for Subordinate Column M Apposition A stylistic device used extremely liberally in the Heliand two constituents with the same function which may or may not be linearly adjacent This column might come in useful for someone at some point 6 Columns N P Force Values y or blank Column N wh q A value of y for wh q combined with a value of y for Root is a direct question A value of y for wh q combined with a value of y for Subordinate is an indirect question The latter category may subsume some free relatives see under 4 Column O yes no q There are only 8 of these disjunctive questions in the whole of the Heliand A value of y for yes no q entails a value of y for Root Column P Imperative A value of y for Imperative entails a value of y for Root 7 Columns Q X Properties of the subject Column Q No subject Values y or blank Used when no nominative constituent eligible for subjecthood is present A value of y for No subject requires a value of y in one and only one of the following Imperative pro con Expletive or Gap Column R Pron Values y y or blank No subject and Pron are mutually exclusive A value of y indicates that a nominative personal pronoun is the subject of the sentence other pronominals such as demonstratives do not count A value of y indicates that the nominative personal pronoun is present in only one of the two main manuscripts M a
3. for clauses containing at least one non finite verb in addition to the finite verb Known issues Adjacent apposition When two constituents in apposition are adjacent and preverbal they may be treated as one constituent or they may be treated as two with some inconsistency Dative experiencer constructions In some of these nominative nominals such as hugi and uuilleo are treated as subjects In others a null expletive is assumed to be present There is inconsistency but the former strategy is preferred Past participles Present participles are never treated as non finite verbs past participles usually are but there may be some inconsistency here Distinguishing between subordinate and root see section 4 Subordinate clauses introduced by AND THAT may be tagged inconsistently as coord or not Short unintroduced clauses in a sequence are tagged as coord when they contain a null subject coreferential with a preceding subject in order not to overestimate the prevalence of pro In contrast such clauses are not usually tagged as coord when the subject is overt and there is no reliable diagnostic for ascertaining whether they are second conjuncts or not Clauses coordinated with wh q and relative clauses may or may not themselves be tagged as wh q and relative clauses Overt expletive IT is not distinguished from referential IT
4. lues y or blank Column H Subordinate Subordinate and Root are mutually exclusive all clauses must have one and only one of the two Indirect questions are treated as Subordinate Column I Coord Any clause may be tagged as Coord in addition to Subordinate and Relative or Root Second and subsequent conjuncts are tagged as Coord first conjuncts are not This is because of the well known observation that second conjuncts in early West Germanic display a high proportion of Vlater orders see the literature on OE word order Clauses tagged as Coord may or may not be introduced by a conjunction clauses introduced by a conjunction should always be tagged as Coord Column J Relative All clauses tagged as Relative are also tagged as Subordinate Relative entails Subordinate but not vice versa The two main types are ordinary restrictive relatives and free relatives SO x SO Apparent free relatives introduced by Wh pronouns without SO wh SO are always tagged as indirect questions for simplicity of tagging Column K Root It is difficult to distinguish root and subordinate clauses in OS as in OE For my purposes using constituent order as a diagnostic would lead to circularity I have therefore tried to follow readings given in the base edition 5 Columns L M Miscellaneous Values y or blank Column L Huat Clauses introduced by interrogative HUAT but not other types of Auat There are only 25 of these A valu
5. nd C as judged by the Sievers 1878 edition A value of indicates that the subject is MAN which van Bergen has shown to pattern with pronouns in OE whether it does so in OS has yet to be investigated Column S Pers Values 1 2 3 All clauses must have a value Usually read off the finite verb where the subject itself is not overt Column T Num Values sg pl All clauses must have a value Usually read off the finite verb where the subject itself is not overt Column U pro Values y or blank A value of y is used for clauses with a value of y for No subject that cannot be analysed as involving con Expletive Gap or Imperative Column V con Value y or blank A value of y is used for clauses with a value of y for No subject and for Coord that cannot be analysed as involving Expletive Gap or Imperative Column W Expletive Value y or blank A value of y is used for clauses with a value of y for No subject that cannot be analysed as involving Gap or Imperative and in which the subject is non referential in the Heliand mostly clausal subjects Column X Gap Value y or blank A value of y is used for clauses with a value of y for No subject and for Relative in which it is the subject that has been relativized upon 8 Columns Y Z Miscellaneous Values y or blank Column Y Neg A value of y is used for clauses in which the preverbal clitic ni or ne is present Column Z Multi verb A value of y is used
6. t sort has been carried out e Column B Clause This contains the clause itself As in the base version marks a caesura and points of divergence between the two main manuscripts are indicated by putting the diverging material within square brackets Punctuation of course should not be assumed to be original In this version the finite verb is bold and in italics and marks a line break and are only retained where they occur clause medially indicates intervening extraclausal material as well as marking the beginning and end of clauses not treated by the base version as beginning or ending a sentence Non finite clauses are not excluded but are attached to the most appropriate seeming finite clause e Column C Lines This column contains the line on which the clause begins and the line on which it ends separated by a hyphen if non identical 3 Columns D G Verb position These columns are mutually exclusive all clauses must have one and only one of the four The negator ni is treated as a clitic and adverbial subordinators complementizers conjunctions relative pronouns and wh items preceding indirect questions are not treated as constituents virtually everything else is treated as a constituent V1 V2 and V3 are used even when followed by nothing i e verb final clauses are not necessarily tagged as verb later Column D V1 Column E V2 Column F V3 Column G Vlater 4 Columns H K Clause type Va
7. then tagged for a number of morphosyntactic properties of which the most important are e Verb position e Clause type e Force e Subject type e Negation e Presence of non finite verbs The base version is from http www hs augsburg de harsch germanica Chronologie 09Jh Heliand hel_hf00 html and is hence based on the Behaghel 1948 edition As well as being searchable the HeliCoPTER facilitates finding and counting relevant items using Excel s Sort feature The HeliCoPTER grew out of my research into verb position in Old Saxon It is not intended as an end product but will hopefully sooner rather than later be made obsolete by the development of a fully syntactically and morphologically annotated corpus of Old Saxon along the lines of the Penn Historical Corpora of English In the meantime I am making it available as a stopgap so that other linguists interested in the syntax of Old Saxon can gather data more easily than would otherwise be possible The rest of this document outlines the structure of the HeliCoPTER ending with a section on known issues If you find examples which in their tagging do not follow the principles laid out here or other errors or have any questions please contact me via email at george walkden gmail com 2 Columns A C The clause e Column A N This is simply a serial number assigned to each clause Its main purpose is to facilitate sorting the clauses back into order once a differen
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