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Smart Decisions User Guide

1. Can you change the method A Does This To B ls the function necessary Could B do it How currently used for the function Moves Switch Yes Could it switch automatically Yes Yes Different switch types Switch Controls on off Battery Yes Could the battery switch itself Yes Battery Provides Energy Bulb Yes No Yes Lots of alternative energy sources Barrel Contains Battery Yes Possibly Bulb Holder Constrains Bulb Yes No Bulb illuminates lluminated Object Yes Yes Fluorescent paint Yes different methods of illumination Lens Protects Bulb Yes Yes Stronger bulb Yes different protection methods It is a table with six columns the first three of which come from the System Map A and B are the components and Does this to is the Function There is then space to add text and comments against each row in the final three columns Here there are three questions to ask e Is the function necessary e Could B do it e Ifthe function is necessary is there a different technique available instead of the existing one If you have used colour coding for the functions in the system map these will also be reflected here Smart Decisions User Guide 37 Can you change the method i it ls the function necessary Could B do it How currently used for the function Functions Database Functional analysis is about looking at a problem based on what the goals of each element are The software has a lis
2. Ideas Pane h Xx New Idea 1 Ideal 2 Idea2 It is designed to be visible when using any of the Ideas Generation tools so that as you have an idea it can be recorded Just type each new ide into the New Ideas box at the top and press return This adds it to the list You can add additional Notes using the Notes Pane if you need to explain more You can see how many ideas you have by then going to the Ideas Bank button It will show all ideas as hexagons You can add ideas from here by double clicking in the window and typing from there This will automatically update the Ideas Pane You can of course drag the hexagons around the window Ideas Pane t Xx Ideas Smart Decisions User Guide 41 To group similar ideas together click on an idea and then ctrl click the other ideas This turns all the fonts bold Then right click and choose Create Idea Group Edit Idea 7 Convert to Option Add link to gt Remove link to Delete Idea 7 Notes This then puts a solid black line around the group You can also drag the group around to create an affinity map You can name the Group when creating them if required Alternates Smart Decisions User Guide 42 G gentus The default colour for ideas is yellow but if you want to colour code them to differentiate them right click and choose a suitable colour J EENEN miola E ALLL EEHEHE TEEREE
3. ogentus Smart Decisions User Guide V3 2 5 May 2015 A problem is the difference between where you are now and where you want to be Where we want to be We are here Smart Decisions supports a structured approach to solving problems Smart Decisions User Guide 1 Contents Introduction Framework Comparisons Editions Installation Basic Principles Settings Focus Ribbon Formatting Ribbon Colour Coding Import Structure data Export Saving Models Restore Methodology Resource Allocation Further Information Define 5Ws H Nine Windows Resources Stakeholders ideality System Mapping Root Cause Analysis Export Explore Brain Writing Common Themes Challenge Random Connections Superheroes Perspectives Analogy Inventive Principles Technical Contradictions Physical Contradictions Standard Solutions Trimming Functions Database Groupworks Ideas Bank Add Select Options Smart Decisions User Guide 2 ogentus Creating Options Option Notes Option Right Click Functions Categories Rating Options Ignoring Options Multiple Groups Reorder Options Option Views Mind Mapping Options Criteria Creating Criteria Creating Topics Nodes Criteria Properties Textual Scales Our of Scale Range Setup Criteria Notes Multiple Value Trees Weights Direct Weighting Pairwise Weighting Swing Weighting Top Down Weighting Weight Sets Scoring Scoring Methods Numerical Slider Numerical Sco
4. the same product does both The Priorities Tab is ranking and the Portfolio Analysis is resource allocation Costs are treated differently in the background and it is only important for you to make sure that if a criterion is a cost then this box is ticked in the criteria properties box right click on a criterion Smart Decisions User Guide 97 Portfolio Definition This tab is used to set up the resource allocation model In the first instance you need to have already created options and criteria and scored them Oeakh 4 Smart Decisions Platinum DOE Prioritisation 2012 o Z Definition Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities Pro Elements Pro Analysis MOE Tools a a i Relationships buffer J Portfolio Reorder Category All ba H Insert D buffer in CJ amp amp Insert L t are he Hi Remove g bufferout M Remove View F Filter a Relationships r Buffers F Portfolios F tll 31_14 33 11 44 26 31_11 33 12 44 29 32_10 31_12 33 14 44 31 32 11 View Here you can select how the options are shown which depends on the number you have and personal preferences The layout drop down allows for a variety of displays Relationships lf there are dependencies between the options you create them using Relationships be Relationships ba B Insert a Hi Remove Relationships j Although it is most common to have a single set
5. m gB Remove Portfolios p Once you ve created a portfolio name you can add options to it by clicking insert and then clicking on the option It will put a blue circle on the option Moulding Assy to Cc Cracking t i 51 2 52 2 EE i 53 2 If you try to create a portfolio which has options included that can t exist e g because you ve buffered them out you ll end up with grey circles instead which means you have to correct the error until they all go blue Moulding Assy to Cracking t i 51 2 s l 52 2 g 53 1 l 53 2 The results of this will be seen later in the Portfolio Analysis tab You choose which portfolio is in focus i e what one is displayed and modelled using the Focus Ribbon on the bottom left of the screen It is the 7 one across a Portfolio Analysis This is the tab where the results can be seen and analysis takes place Feasible Set Display It defaults to the Football which is a display of all the possible combinations of options The lines represent the boundary of costs and benefits of these combinations Smart Decisions User Guide 102 cogentus forward thinking In the example below this is the feasible set where we have no relationships no buffers and no portfolios selected Benefit 11000 pr i _ ae are pa 7 a a a al moatt pey To look at the model with the Relationships in place choose the relevant one from the
6. A Benefits Map shows how benefits relate to each other and to the project outputs and business changes that will enable them to be achieved The dependency relationships in a Benefits Map show how project outputs ultimately lead to the achievement of strategic objectives Ideally this would be done in the stages prior to implementation as part of the selection amp evaluation process Often however benefits mapping is carried out subsequent to selection or even implementation in order to try and justify the decision in retrospect The mapping tool uses the same methods as the other mapping tools such as system diagrams and root cause analysis Double click in the window to create an object and drag the objects to create links There are five different types of objects each of which is a different colour Web development D Objectives Benefits Dis Benefits Actions Outputs Enablers ok A benefits map might look like the one below Smart Decisions User Guide 94 cogentus forward thinking OUTPUTS ENABLERS New organisational structure Structured training programme Barcode scanner Web development BENEFITS Increased staff skill level Reduced numbers of lapsed members DIS BENEFITS Reduced operating costs Improve service offering More service users Net cost reduction Improved customer satisfactio Smart Decisions User Guide 95 Keep The final stage is to cr
7. Focus Ribbon The bottom ribbon has to the left buttons for focus This is where you choose which Time Slice Value Set Weight Set and Group you want to look at ii Ti Ti Value Set f Initial We Group Formatting Ribbon On the bottom ribbon to the right hand side are buttons for formatting making criteria and options double height widening or narrowing options and criteria copying the window image to clipboard zooming and changing colours showing the Notes Pane and showing Ideas Pane etc B B zZ zm _ Colour Coding The software uses colours to assist in understanding the data Blue font input data numbers only text is black Black font calculation or fixed data Red background mapped values Purple background mapped and weighted background Import You can import data from a spreadsheet Structure data The first thing you have to do is structure the data you are going to import in a way that will be recognised There are 3 data elements you can import e options e criteria e scores It is important that the soreadsheet is organised correctly You need options in the first column and then criteria in the other columns If you have scores to import as well make sure that the spreadsheet cells are formatted Smart Decisions User Guide 10 cogentus forward thinking correctly A number must be a number and text must be text If you leave it on the default GENERAL setting t
8. Increase or decrease the right hand bar to meet what you would be preferred to accept Top Down Weighting Top Down v Bottom Up If you have a large value tree with many criteria and several topics it may be easier to do the weighting at the topic level rather than at the criteria level The Convert button changes the weighting method That way if one topic has twice as many criteria as another in a top down method both topics are treated equal Weight Sets You can create multiple different weights This may be because different stakeholders place a different importance on criteria and you want to establish whether the decision is robust from these perspectives or you may wish to carry out sensitivity analysis maybe be zero weighting one or more criteria to see its effect You select which weight set is in focus using the bottom ribbon Smart Decisions User Guide 64 Cogentus forward thinking scoring Use the Back and Forward buttons to move through the criteria The default view for scoring is set in criteria properties but can be changed using one of the buttons on the scoring method gt 29 ada GES A Delete Table Score Slider Uncertainty Input Mapped HeatMap Card Scores Values Back Forward ra Time Slice z Scoring Method r Views a Progress on scoring is shown by a progress bar This is a percentage based on the number of options and number of criteria Scoring Methods Numerical Slider
9. 40 Very Good ibaia TER 15 0 74 4 Whoosh 100 21 35 Good ner sai 13 5 ae Xcel 120 25 40 Fair ibaa ow 12 9 56 7 Yippee 120 22 35 Fair aed aed 11 6 53 5 Zapem 110 24 40 Good aiii i 11 5 50 5 Uncertainty lf the scoring has some uncertainty associated with it you can use the Uncertainty button This uses three point estimating to give a range rather than a single point estimate Here you ll be asked to score the Most Likely High and Low either by actual score or a percentage of the most likely score This data is used in the priorities tab to show the uncertainty around a particular score Purchase Cost Audi A3 VW Polo Seat Ibiza Ford Focus Skoda Fabia View Scores You can view but not edit the data in three ways Input Scores This shows a table of the scores Y Gaicrty Initial Weights 100 61 10 61 100 100 100 532 Units mph Seconds to 60 mpg Total Victor 130 17 40 Very Good 15 0 74 4 Whoosh 100 21 35 Good EEE 13 5 52 5 Xcel 120 25 40 Fair a 12 9 56 7 Yippee 120 22 35 Fair TES R 11 6 53 5 Zapem 110 24 40 Good ii _ 11 5 50 5 Mapped Values This shows the mapped values The major usage for this view is to ensure that your model is set up as it should be For each option and each criteria you should check that the value is in accordance to where it should be namely that 100 is the best you can have and 0 is the worst Smart Decisions User Guide 67 f ega re Initial
10. C ratio on the table if displayed reflects the benefit score divided by the cost If the cost units are very large it might display zero so consider using thousands or millions if that s the case In general terms the bigger the number the better value Overall Prie BEJAT B C Ratio cE lscisielemecie 11 99 2 0 F Coop Truly Irre 5 24 6 0 Jamie Oliver 2 59 Tesco Finest 8 99 Monari 4 99 M amp S 9 99 Waitrose 14 99 Tesco LAP Simonini Pay Belazu 9 74 Carlo Magno 0 99 Waitrose Essen 1 79 Asda 4 00 M amp S 1 65 Acetum 9 99 Tratoria 0 99 Lidl 0 50 Rocca 1 09 Sainsbury 1 79 Ponti Aceto 2 49 Asda 2 1 00 14 89 58 0 6 81 6 47 5 41 53 54 104 00 27 93 gt Pe N i 3 Smart Decisions User Guide 82 G gentus Sensitivity Analysis This ribbon has three ways of looking at the sensitivity of the results to changes in input values Perspectives Perspectives This is used to looking at the sensitivity of the results to different stakeholder values their weighting of individual criteria It compares results for the different options based on different weight sets Pie Charts Model Order titi All Category i i Model Order All Options Highlight None v Alphabetic View z Filter 3 Display a Sort Weight Sets m Sort Options If you have created different weight sets you can see if a single option wins every time or whether the results change depending on the different stakeholders A robus
11. Decisions User Guide 99 The results of this will be seen later in the Portfolio Analysis tab You choose which relationship group is in focus i e what one is displayed and modelled using the Focus Ribbon on the bottom left of the screen It is the 5 one across 4 jig TL GE Objectives ig Initial We Te Processes A ALO g Buffer O Buffers Buffers are options that you want to force in or out Maybe they are options that are Must Do for some reason or there are options you wish to exclude for analysis In the same way as for other areas you can have multiple buffers Buffer In changes the colour to green and buffer out changes the option to red For the example we will force in S1 1 and S2 1 We will exclude BL3 and BL4 It is good practice to record the rationale behind buffering in or out What we might say for forcing in is that we have already purchased S1 1 and S2 1 and so won t be using any of the alternatives even though theoretically it might produce a better solution We might argue that we will exclude BL3 and BL4 because these options are just broken and we need a different choice but we re not sure which one is best To add a buffer click on the icon at the top of the left hand column Choose a name and click okay g buffer puffer In e buffer out Buffers Then click the Buffer button on the top right which displays which options have been buffered To buffer in click the Bu
12. Delete Reorder Top to Ver a Left to Horizon oe Table List Bottom List Rig Mind Mapping A Insert A Views 3 Layout Group Double click in the space and add an option name a bea Promax 3 1 Standard o g Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools 4 9 ait a Layout v Add Delete Reorder Topto Vertical Leftto Horizontal Table Bottom List Right i Mind Mapping 4 Insert Views Option 1 Smart Decisions User Guide 45 Add more options as required by double clicking in a spare space on the page Ba beak Promax 3 1 Standard 2 a Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools 9 ait ct amp 3 oe Add Delete Reorder Top to Vertical Leftto Horizontal Table Bottom List Right i Mind Mapping M Insert A Views Option 1 Option 3 Option 4 Option Notes To add Notes to explain more about an option right click an option box and choose Notes This will bring up a window on the right hand side where you can add text images links to websites and attachments Smart Decisions User Guide 46 ogentus Notes g x oS a Audi A3 Edit Font Layout Audi A3 Hatchback1 4 TFSI 125 SE S S 5Dr www audi co uk Option Right Click Functions Smart Decisions User Guide 47 Edit Ford Focus Convert Ford Focus to Category Remove Option Ford Focus from Category Small Family Remove link to Delete Ford Fo
13. Num Slider Scoring progress 100 How many widgets are there 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Number Option 1 E i 10 Option 2 amp 12 Option 3 i H f 18 To score simply drag the orange dot to where it needs to be Do this for each option and then click the Forward button to move to the next criteria Carry on until all options for all criteria have been scored You can also enter the scores in the space to the right of the slider Numerical Score Card The score card input boxes instead of a slider which is useful if the scores have a very large range Num Scorecard Scoring progress 100 How many widgets are there Option 1 10 Option 2 20 Option 3 50 Smart Decisions User Guide 65 Textual Slider This looks the same as the numerical slider except that the scores are snapped to the nearest text Text Slider Scoring progress 100 Do you agree that text is good Strongly disagree Option 1 Option 2 Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree E i Undecided E i Undecided E i Undecided Option 3 Textual Radio This uses radio buttons instead of a slider Text Radio Do you agree Scoring progress 232 3 100 Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Textual Scorecard This uses a drop down to enter data but has the advantage o
14. SEEEER I1SEEES i i EE EE tne Finally you can also turn an idea into a fully fledged option for subsequent prioritisation Right click an idea and choose Convert to Option This turns the idea grey and it will automatically appear on the Options Tab Edit Idea 2 Convert to Option Add link to Remove link to Delete Idea 2 Notes Create Idea Group Smart Decisions User Guide 43 Add The Add button allows you to add new examples to the Triz databases provided you have purchased the necessary access Import You can import ideas from a tab separated file if you have captured data in an alternate way The file format is name tab R tab G tab B tab notes may include tabs carriage return RGB are integers between 0 and 255 inclusive Smart Decisions User Guide 44 Cogentus forward thinking Select This stage is used for the evaluation of potential solutions Options Criteria Weighting scoring Analysis of Results Sensitivity Analysis ot a a Options Options are the ideas that are to be taken forward and evaluated and aa t o oe 3 Layout Delete Reorder Top to ia Left to Miers Table Bottom List Right List Mind Mapping ss Insert ss Views a Creating Options Click the options tab and it will open onto a workspace a Deak 5 Promax 3 1 Standard o p Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools 4 moe tht ate oS Add
15. The links indicate the flow from one box to another box Traditionally different icons are used for different elements of the mapping but in Smart Decisions you use the standard available boxes MRP System Pallet Assembly 2 In the example we ve added the method of transport and the timings for the flow coloured blue The information system is modelled in purple As in system mapping you can use the Trimming tool to identify areas for improvement Smart Decisions User Guide 27 Su Field Analysis Substance Field mapping is used in Triz In this representation the boxes are the Substance and the field is the link between the two In this case instead of writing the Function that describes the relationship you write the Field instead Traditionally the substances are shown in circles but in Smart Decisions you use the standard available boxes s2 Pulsed Air O p H Hammer F Me Rock Rock Too Small U Rock Broken Pulsed Air F Me S1 S2 Hammer Rock aa H Flying Partides The example above was taken from Triz Journal 2000 authored by John Terninko There is a hydraulic hammer in which a metal piston can be moved by the power of pulses of compressed air And there is a rock If the air pressure is turned off or if the hammer is not in contact with the rock nothing will happen Our task is to break a rock Function Break Rock Rock S1 Hammer S2 You can analyse the diagra
16. Wei ght 5 61 Units mph Seconds to 60 mpg Total Victor 100 0 90 0 90 0 85 0 100 0 80 0 0 0 74 4 Whoosh 30 0 60 0 70 0 50 0 100 0 60 0 15 0 52 5 Xcel 75 0 30 0 90 0 30 0 80 0 80 0 21 0 56 7 Yippee 75 0 50 0 70 0 30 0 60 0 60 0 34 0 53 5 Zapem 50 0 40 0 90 0 50 0 80 0 40 0 35 0 50 5 Heat Map This shows the mapped and weighted values Feature Initial Weights 100 61 10 61 100 100 100 532 tir iimis Units mph seconds to 60 mpg Total victor 1 69 0 00 74 4 Whoosh 5 64 6 88 1 32 2 82 52 5 Xcel 3 44 1 69 3 95 56 7 Yippee STe 1 32 6 39 aa Be Zapem 4 59 1 69 6 58 50 5 The major usage for this view is to compare how discriminatory the criteria are from one another It is colour coded such that the darker the blue the higher the mapped and weighted value Therefore any colours that are similar in shade will give the same contribution to the overall score If you analyse the colours vertically in a single column you can see when options are all the same for a single criteria and it s worth considering if indeed that is the case particularly if the colour is dark since it will contribute a lot to the results yet won t discriminate the options Then you can compare two or more columns to see whether there are any that contribute little light shade which again indicates that that particular criteria is non discriminatory Time Slices You can score options over multiple time periods perhaps to carry out what ifs or to
17. above are in three stages with the darkest being the strongest correlation There is an Abort button available for very large models Smart Decisions User Guide 86 cogentus forward thinking cos Ww D 5 p Ps 2 Aa 2 E a oO E a D 2 _ O 1Y e N g gt o 6 O lg 2 ea g obs S BE ay e al ed ewe flict gt la lZ S z le gt A C E gt c gt DP 2606 li 4ifizioa isiz E E OPEX CAPEX Annula CO2 Emissions Total Power Demand Availability On Stream Days LNG Produced Proven Technology in Industry S Mapping This display creates an s curve for each criterion s value map and uses it to compare against the value mapping created by the user In many cases users default to a linear value mapping for ease yet this can often underplay the best options and overplay the middling options An s curve gives much higher value to the higher scores than those in the middle The example below illustrates that the results change dramatically if the value mapping is changed meaning that more effort needs to be placed on the value mapping of criteria 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FW Value Smart Decisions User Guide 87 Execute Having selected the most preferred option in the previous tabs the organisation will implement it Depending on the size of the implementation it will often be created as a p
18. box Smart Decisions User Guide 29 Bulb not bright enough Battery too small Incorrect bulb Add as many causes as you need To create links between right click on the box and choose the box you want to link to and it will bring up a box to choose the type of link A Fact gives a solid red line and Opinion give a dashed line By default no link box is shown but if desired you can add some text and show the box by checking the Show Link Box Bulb not bright enough Incorrect bul Fact Opinion Battery too small To edit the links if you don t have a link box to click go to the box from where the arrow originates from and right click Then choose Edit link to from the menu ox Show link box Bulb not bright enough a A Battery too small Incorrect bulb Export The Export button exports the text from the Definition tools It works on the window you have open at the time and saves a text file where you choose The mapping diagrams can be copied to clipboard using the button on the bottom right hand ribbon and then pasted into your document The copying takes an image of the whole visible window Smart Decisions User Guide 30 Cozen US Explore Generating ideas is the lifeblood of solving problem The more ideas you have the more chance that you ll hit upon a really good one All too often ideas are generated based on brainstorming a group of peop
19. box around the option and the Table button shows the table Better 100 Car Purchase Total Cost ae al Audi 43 2 VWPolo Seat Ibiza 4 FordFocus S Skoda Fabia Worse 0 Better 100 80 0 20 0 Worse 0 The position of the options will move slightly when choosing uncertainty because the PERT value will be different from the single point estimate Highlight Category If you have a number of categories you can use the Highlight Category button to show those Smart Decisions User Guide 79 Better 100 80 0 Total Benefit Worse 0 Better 100 80 0 60 0 40 0 20 0 Worse 0 Total Cost Bubble Charts You can add a third criterion to the display to create a bubble chart Smart Decisions User Guide 80 ogentus Better 100 Iele anes 50 0 amp s Worse 0 Better 100 50 0 Worse 0 Total Cost Value For Money You can plot the actual input score on the axes that is particularly useful for looking at costs compared to benefits Please note that this will only work by selecting a single criterion on a particular axis Obviously for multiple criteria you have to use mapped amp weighted values in order to add them together This also means the Frontier will not display Smart Decisions User Guide 81 Better 100 Total Benefit 20 0 Worse 0 12000 0 16000 0 20000 Purchase Cost GBP The B
20. coatings and concrete substrate in a single step process Groupworks Groupworks is a list of cards that provide techniques and advice for working in groups This is ideal for facilitators and managers who need to use the idea generation tools within a group environment see www groupworksdeck org for more information Smart Decisions User Guide 39 This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image anes Intention Context 2 Relationship linia Commitment Creativity Perspective Modelling Inquiry amp Synthesis Faith A group dedicated to its work persists through obstacles distractions and lulls Remind yourselves of your larger purpose and what you really care about As the group moves toward action support effectiveness by getting clear on who will do what by when and how to ensure it really happens Ideas Bank This is the place where all the ideas generated from using the tools listed earlier are stored so nothing is lost There are two ways to add ideas The first is to use the Ideas Pane click on the button far right in the bottom ribbon This brings up a window on the right hand side though you can move it to other areas of the screen if you wish Smart Decisions User Guide 40 G gentus
21. down to choose your mitigation strategy for the risk Strategy i Accept Transfer Eliminate Mitigate Share Avoid e Action Plan Use this cell for writing in what you propose to do to implement the strategy What are the activities and who will be doing them Once you have completed you risk register you should concentrate on the High Risk ones These are risks that firstly have a high impact on the Smart Decisions User Guide 91 project Then look at the ones with the highest probability The combination of high probability and high impact are the highest risk Issues The Issues Log records things that need to be done Issues aren t risks They are problems that have already happened within the project and need to be resolved It is good practice to have an up to date issues log in all projects in order to keep control of the myriad of issues that will cop up As in the risk register the issues log is a table with a number of columns to be completed Issue Date Raised Severity Action Plan OOOO o J e Issue Write the actual issue in the first column e Date Raised Write the date the issue was first raised e Severity Use the drop down to select how important the issue is to the success of the project Severity a Must Do Important Nice to Have Cosmetic None e Action Plan Write the activities and who will be doing them in order to resolve the issue Smart Decisions User Guide 92 ogent
22. group button from the ribbon aa aid Add Delete F Insert The bottom focus ribbon is used to choose which one you look at jig T1 gt TB Car Purcha gt y fg Me t Cars Reorder Options You can reorder the options which may be useful for presentation purposes by clicking the Reorder button Click on the option you want to move and then use the up and down arrows to position Smart Decisions User Guide 50 ogentus Smart Decisions User Guide 51 Option Views There are several ways of viewing but not editing the options 4 Ai eto s A_ Top to Vertical Leftto Horizontal Table Bottom List Right List Views m These are useful to filter the view by clicking on the sign Small Family Audi A3 Ford Focus Seat Ibiza VW Polo Mind Mapping Options Use the Brain button to go back to the display where you can edit details and drag options around This is the freeform view You can tidy up the display if required by going to Layout From this you can then drag options around again Any changes will be lost if you redo the layout again en UR male Top to Bottom i Mind Mi Vertical List Left to Right Horizontal List Da es Sh a Smart Decisions User Guide 52 Cogentus forward thinking Criteria Criteria are the factors that are used to differentiate between options aut Gawd amp Layout Delete Reorder Left to wae to Top To Top To Table R
23. importance of criterion the weight is applied after the mapping to give a weighted value or contribution Weights Within the model every real world score is mapped onto a scale of 0 100 Weights allow users to adjust the relative scales so that 100 on one scale is equivalent to 100 on another scale Smart Decisions User Guide 109
24. of dependencies you can have multiple relationship groups often to carry out what if s or different scenarios To create a new group click on the icon at the top of the left hand column Smart Decisions User Guide 98 G gentus If desired you can choose At Least One Option which will then force the model to have at least one option from each sub category To create a relationship you click Insert the click the two options that are linked Double click the line and you can choose what sort of relationship it is a Interaction Type rae C fa 31_6 has undefined relationship with 33_1 Undefined D Exclusion D Dependency D Modifier e Exclusion means you can t have both together at the same time e Dependency means you have to have both at the same time e Modifier means that if you have both together at the same time the combined benefit and or cost is different from simply adding them together maybe you get greater benefit if two are carried out together for instance e Undefined means there s a relationship but it still needs to be decided what sort It is In the example below we have created dependencies between options that are Exclusions We have set up the model so that for each option in grey under the blue category you can only ever have one of the options at any one time rI N 2g You can drag the options about to make it easier to see relationships Smart
25. of standard solution and the left hand column lists the ways to carry them out The middle column lists the available methods Then on the right are the examples with a forward and backward either side of the image Type of Problem Class 1 Improvements to systems which are difficult to change z Improve an inadequate system 1 Complete the system A system must have at Eliminate harms least two components and an energy source 2 Use an internal additive This can be permanent or temporary and it is incorporated into one of the components 3 Use an external additive This can permanent or temporary and is used to change one of the components 4 Use an additive that is a resource from the environment 5 Change the surrounding environment of the A person sitting on a chair is a em complete system There are two 6 Modify the amount of material used Control components the person and the chair small quantities by applying and removing the Gravity is the energy field that surplus completes the system 7 Moderate the energy field Apply the energy elsewhere to prevent damage or act on a different component 8 Use protection Utilise another component to protect from harmful effects Trimming Trimming is the technique of refining and improving an existing system It uses as its basis the System Map from the Definition ribbon So whatever you have drawn there will be reflected in the Trimming window
26. see if the technology can be used for their particular problem Or it might be possible to use a technology in combination with other technologies or slight modifications The ability to Smart Decisions User Guide 38 cogentus forward thinking reuse existing technologies to some extent will soeed up development time considerably and save costs Mobile Platform Land Wheel and Tracks Snakes Decontamination Database This database was designed mainly for the nuclear industry for the decontamination of contaminated plant and equipment There is a huge number of techniques available and some are better than others for different circumstances The ratings of performance have come from the US Department of Energy report Decommissioning Benchmarking Report 1997 Stephen Warren This has been updated based on information from Contamination Control Fixative List 2011 FIU and Decontamination Agents Materials for Radiological Surface Decontamination 2013 Leonel E Lagos Concrete z Floors Large Area gt 3mm Floors Large Area lt 3mm Floors Tight Area gt 3mm Floors Tight Area lt 3mm Walls Ceilings Large Area gt 3mm Walls Ceilings Large Area lt 3mm Walls Ceilings Tight Area gt 3mm Walls Ceilings Tight Area lt 3mm Piston Scabbler 4 5 High speed reciprocating tungsten carbide tipped pistons are used to pulverize protective
27. the up and down arrow to get to a point on the frontier that is roughly the same cost as the manually generated portfolio Compare the green stars with the blue dots Benefit Processes 600 Moulding i Assy to Curing Cracking to Dim fLens Removal to CFE to vacuum p a e i Fi gt a ra 1 2 2 2 Pa ki af f Fa 400 a r a ti ral 4 Paj 4 Pa i _ pe i 4 Ill d In this example you can get a portfolio that has more benefit yet is cheaper by choosing the green stars over the blue dots You will need to investigate with the people who developed the manual portfolio whether the green stars could be used instead Scores Display This displays the actual scores for each option A total line at the top provides a summation that is used to generate overall cost data for the combination of options You can view the input scores mapped values or mapped amp weighted values View v Portfolio Buffer Modifiers Category l Scores Display a Smart Decisions User Guide 106 Cogentus forward thinking Buy In This display show the order in which options appear using the benefit to cost ratio The best ratio appears first So in the example below we ve removed any buffers and portfolios and left the relationship group where you can have only one option per category Thus the first combination to appear is all the BL s they re cheapest and BL4 give the be
28. value tree a E SmE Promax 3 1 Standard Se Ee Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools 2ath yid i 58 Add Delete Reorder Left to Left to Top To Top To Table Right View RightList Bottom View Bottom List Mind Mapping A Value Sets z View Criteria 2 Creating Topics Nodes If you want to group criteria simply create a new criteria attach it to the value tree then right click and select Convert criterion into a Topic You ll be reminded that any data associated with the criteria will be lost but click yes to continue The box will turn a different colour and you can then drag the criteria you want to sit under that Topic onto it Smart Decisions User Guide 54 G gentus Criteria Properties By default the scale for criteria is 0 10 You can change the scale type and related value mapping by right clicking and selecting Properties This opens up a completely new window Firstly you need to decide whether the criterion is a cost a benefit or a harm This choice affects the way the calculations and the results are displayed Below that choice are two tabs that are used to set up the criterion One is for how the criterion will be measured and the second is how the measurement will be valued ead maxspeed Cost Benefit Harm Allow changes What question will you ask when scoring What display do you want for scoring Slide
29. ING THE UNCONNECTED TA E This technique connects the unconnected Choose an image and determine the main characteristics Then ask how those characteristics can apply to your own problem Superheroes This is another technique for teasing out the less obvious and more unusual ideas that uses the connection of something not real with the real world This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image Smart Decisions User Guide 33 SUPERHEROES STRETCH BOUNDARIES AND EXAGGERATE THINKING This technique encourages boundary stretching and exaggerated thinking For each one identify their particular strengths and weaknesses Draw parallels between those and the problem being considered Perspectives Looking at the problem from other people s perspective can result in new ideas that wouldn t have been thought of This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image PERSPECTIVES WHERE ARE OTHERS COMING FROM Different stakeholders will have different viewpoints experiences and objectives For each one determine a few of their main c
30. Slightly Better 5 Better 7 Much Better 9 Definitely Much Better Complete the assessment for all the combinations The right hand table shows you the calculated weights When you are done and satisfied click the Accept Calculated Weights Smart Decisions User Guide 60 cogentus forward thinking Left better Right better Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration pa pmb ree f ree te tt tet th tek tet tet tet et et tee ree te te te pa pa Pl Pll lel ele lel ele ple le lel le le le le Reliability Swing Weighting 14 286 14 286 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 Accept calculated weights Swing Weighting is the only weighting method that is truly correct for MAUT That is to be able compare a 0 100 scale on one criteria with a 0 100 scale on another Click on the swing weighting button to show the criteria and current weights on the left hand side and the fist criterion in the value tree on the right hand side 5 Jany Ajajes O JWOD paads Hi ALIGelyay U01213 3307 yduwnsuo 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 jig T1 Important ig Initial We UB Cars Smart Decisions User Guide 61 First choose the yardstick the weight against which all others will be compared Right click on the criterion name and choose Set as Yardstick Then
31. a value of 50 The mappings do not have to be linear if there is very little value at the bottom end and also no extra value to be gained at the top end The speed Smart Decisions User Guide 16 G gentus of a car is a good example where normally once you get above a certain speed it doesn t matter if it can go faster 4 Sse Sse l l I I l L l 60 80 Speed mph The measurement scale does not have to be numerical with units It can be textual based on descriptions These descriptions still have to be converted to a value scale so you can add a Good to a Very Good for instance Safety 100 S Nm 0 B i l Very Poor Poor Fair Good Very Good It is worth noting that scales such as 0 5 or 0 10 are really textual scales The numbers themselves have no units and no meaning It is implicit that these scales are linearly mapped so that a 4 is worth 20 more than a 3 In Smart Smart Decisions User Guide 17 Decisions you can choose to have a non linear scale instead which is often more appropriate A 4 or 5 is often worth much more than a 3 for instance Resource Allocation Smart Decision Platinum has a resource allocation capability This is used to produce a graph of all the possible combinations of options which can then be used to determine the most efficient mix for a given level of resource This would commonly be used to choose a portfolio of projects within a limited bu
32. ck on the button and respond to the questions given Stakeholders Who are the people you have legal financial or management responsibilities to Who are the people who would like to influence the solution Who are the people currently affected by the problem Who are the people who will be directly affected by the solution Are they supportive of any change Are there any other people who are important but haven t yet been mentioned ideality Ideality is where we want to be It is the ideal solution that has everything we want and nothing we don t want As an equation Ideality Benefit Costs Harms The prompts help to elicit the ideal solution and this information is used in the prioritisation stage to define criteria that will select between the best options Click on the button and respond to the questions given Smart Decisions User Guide 21 Ideality What is the main objective you are trying to achieve Describe the objective in functional terms what is it that is needed What are all the things you want from the solution Benefits What are all the things you don t want from the solution Costs and Harms System Mapping This tool is used for mapping or modelling your problem Developing a visual representation of the problem can be immensely useful in solving the problem later on You can use this tool in a number of ways depending on
33. click the criterion you want to compare Click the name once and it will appear next to the yardstick Fuel Consumption 2 40 35 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 mpg ndwnsuop jan N Fo o co The way you read the right hand side is that 10 000 is worth the same as 60mpg This can be seen more clearly particularly if the starting position isn t equal weights by clicking on the blue line The software then plots the comparison Smart Decisions User Guide 62 G gentus Fuel Consumption mpg 35 mpg To weight correctly you need to say how much fuel consumption is worth In this case you can actually calculate the value quite accurately Assume you do 10 000 miles per year and fuel is 6 00 per gallon and the car does 60 mpg That will cost 1 000 Therefore drag the blue line down click on the orange dot until you reach 1 000 on the left hand scale The weight is shown in the box below i e 10 and not 100 Fuel Consumption mpg 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 ap 0 0 0 100 10 Smart Decisions User Guide 63 Although it is easiest if you have a yardstick that is in monetary units the principle applies to all criterion You have to ask We would be just as happy with a car that accelerated from 0 60 in 27 seconds as we would be with one that had a fuel economy of 60mpg Fuel Consumption Seconds to 60mph mpg 0 17 21 22 24 25 27 60 35 30 0 61 10
34. cus Add Add Option Ford Focus to Category gt Rating gt Show ratings Ignore Ford Focus Properties Notes Categories For larger model with many options you can create categories to assist with subsequent data analysis These are represented in light blue To create a category add an option and then right click and choose convert to category Drag it onto the top dark blue group Then drag the options that are included in that category onto it Small Family Skoda Fabia Ford Focus Seat Ibiza VW Polo Audi A3 Smart Decisions User Guide 48 ogentus Rating Options lf you wish to use a simplified approach to prioritisation i e just a single criterion you can right click and rate the option directly Small Family a Skoda Fabia Ford Focus Seat Ibiza VW Polo gt Audi Aa Ignoring Options If you wish to use the same model to track the record of decision as you move through the downselection phase you can choose to ignore an option This puts a line through the option and means it doesn t show up in results but all the data is still available for viewing Smart Decisions User Guide 49 Small Family Ford Focus Seat Ibiza VW Polo Audi A3 Multiple Groups You can create multiple groups where you have a different cut of categories This is useful of you want to look at the results from different perspectives To create a new group click the Add new
35. dget The methodology used is to calculate the benefit to cost ratio of each option The software then calculates all the possible combinations using an exhaustive algorithm The efficient frontier can then be calculated by plotting the combinations that offer the best benefit for its associated cost Further Information Our website contains a significant amount of supporting material e Support Page that has sections for software support but also information on creativity Triz and decision making http www cogentus co uk support e Smart Decisions templates which contains a number of examples to help start the process http www cogentus co uk products uses for smart decisions e Online Help which covers in more detail some of the features and frequent questions http www cogentus co uk support online help Smart Decisions User Guide 18 G gentus Define Definition is the place where the problem is analysed to understand exactly what the problem is It is extremely common to assume you know what the problem is and then to look for solutions right away However experience suggests that the problem often lies somewhere else from the initial thinking that then results in solutions to the wrong problem It is good practice to step back and spend some time looking at the perceived problem from a number of different directions Smart Decisions contains a number of useful tools to help with this problem definition pha
36. e what combinations appear P Frontier Down Up Move z l Benefit Processes 600 Moulding j Assy to Curing Cracking to Dim Lens Removal to CFE to vacuum to Vacuum Plasma a E BL4 BLS BL6 l a d p a l P a a p EPa i r Fi i Fra F F 7 af e 200 7 rd f fj Fd a O d pe ase ie aa 0 4 40 50 60 70 5 7 B till E In this model there is a clear point at which you are getting no more benefit for spending more money This is the most efficient portfolio you can construct So why not just go for this combination The main reason is that even though it s efficient you can t afford it so you have to go for a combination that costs less but of course give you less benefit Other reasons are that for practical purposes you might not be able to implement Smart Decisions User Guide 105 one of the options or common in Government projects that political pressure forces you to do something else The purpose of the model is to establish how close you can get to efficient and demonstrate this point It is rare to implement the most efficient portfolio To compare the manually generated portfolio with the computer generated one click Display Portfolio to show the portfolio on the football The put that portfolio into focus via the bottom ribbon and finally choose the Portfolio button on the Category Display block This will put blue circles on to the options on the left hand side Move
37. e decision All the criteria taken together represent the overall objective of the DM Decision Maker Example For cars Speed is a criterion associated with the attribute Maximum Speed Dependency If Option B cannot be in a solution unless Option A is also present then it is dependent on Option A In Promax E we show this by a Green arrow linking Option A to B All calculations then respect this link and prevent B being in a solution without A Exclusion An Exclusion Interaction between two Options means that only one of the Options linked can be included in a Solution The Option included is likely to vary from Solution to Solution Exclusions can be made between as many Options as you need for example if you have ten Options and only want one of these in each Solution every Option would need an Exclusion to the other nine Options Mapping Each criterion is associated with a measurable attribute However the actual scores of the options on the attribute might not represent the DM s Decision Maker s preference for that option A mapping is a value function that maps the score of an option on the attribute onto a value that represents the strength of the DM s preference for that option on the criterion Smart Decisions User Guide 108 G gentus Example The value of increasing a car s maximum speed from 90 to 100 is likely to be more valuable than increasing it from 150 to 160 unless you are racing So maximum speed cannot be u
38. e examples with a forward and backward either side of the image 1 Segmentation A Divide an object into independent parts B Make an object easy to assemble or take apart C Increase the degree of segmentation PC s Replace mainframe computer by personal computers Technical Contradictions This is for contradictions where when one thing improves another one gets worse By choosing the competing parameters the software will highlight the inventive principles that are most likely to solve the problem Smart Decisions User Guide 35 This uses the same method to access the example as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the parameter that gets better and the parameter that gets worse The left hand column lists the inventive principles that apply and the middle column lists the choice of the available methods Then on the right are the examples with a forward and backward either side of the image Improving Feature Speed X Weight of moving object z 2 Taking out A Separate an interfering part or properties from an 8 Anti Weight 15 Dynamics 38 Strong Oxidants object or single out the only necessary part of an object or property Fibre optics Separate the hot light source from the location where light is needed Physical Contradictions This is for contradictions where you have opposing parameters competing hot and cold strong and li
39. eate the Record of Decision For this you can export the content of the model into a formal report for subsequent issue Choose the element or elements you want and follow the export prompts Time Slices F T1 Mapping Mode Ranking Resource Allocation Value Sets FW Value Weight sets Cost Benefit Current Alternate Tree D a Output Table E Scores E Mapped Values Weighted Values indude E Weights E Topics Groups Output List Options E Categories Interactions indude Criteria E Mappings E Weights Scores Output Notes E Options E Categories E Time Slices Criteria E Topics E Value Sets Mappings E Scores Model Smart Decisions User Guide 96 ogentus Smart Decisions Platinum The Platinum version of Smart Decisions is used for resource allocation This means it looks at combinations of options rather than looking at ranking Combination of options is most often found in project or programme portfolios and this software is used to identify the best mix of projects for a given level of funding Platinum is used in exactly the same way as Gold you need to create options and criteria and then score everything Platinum has everything from Gold plus a resource allocation capability Smart Decisions Platinum is unlike any existing products in that you don t need two packages to do ranking and resource allocation
40. ections IL FAUT COMMON THEMES Aa a The Concept Tool is a way of generating ideas from other ideas It considers what other ideas are based on the same principle This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image Challenge Challenge is all about asking questions This is a very well proven technique which uses the acronym SCAMPER Substitute Combine 0090900090 Adapt SS x Modify Distort i Put to Other Purpose Eliminate Rearrange Reverse What can you substitute Smart Decisions User Guide 32 G gentus This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image Random Connections This technique starts to move the thinking away from what is obvious to the less obvious It is an extremely powerful technique to link the apparently unconnected This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image yy aa RANDOM CONNECTIONS CONNECT
41. ents It assumes a beta distribution and is calculated thus PERT Average Upper Bound 4xScore Lower Bound 6 Smart Decisions User Guide 75 So for a scheduling problem if the most likely duration is 13 days the optimistic is 10 days and the pessimistic is 25 days the PERT average 10 52 25 6 15 days In the software this would then plot the upper bound as 25 the lower bound as 10 The single point score would be at 13 and the new PERT Score would be at 15 VAY 220 e Skoda Fabia Audi A3 Seat Ibiza Ford Focus For information the standard deviation can also be calculated using the formula SD Upper Bound Lower Bound 6 Scatter This chart allows you too look at the relationship between two criteria f is Ti fi 2x2 5x5 tai x axis Total Cost D 3x3 Table Reverse Cost axis we F o p E View P r Comparison Display Scatter Custom Size 4x4 Frontier Labels The default display plots all the benefit criteria on the y axis and the cost criteria along the x axis The circles are the options and clicking on them colours them in Car Model Focus Value Set Car Purchase Weight Me Group Cars 2 T1 Filters Category No Highlight G Better 100 Worse 0 Better 100 Worse 0 The chart offers tremendous flexibility in what is shown Smart Decisions User Guide 76 ogentus Axes You can change what two elements are dis
42. ertaken to implement the solution The table has 4 columns to add the Date Costs Duration and Benefits Date Expected Cost Duration remaining Expected Benefits To start split the project into sensible time slots monthly is the most suitable unless the project is of extremely short duration Add the different time slots into the first column Time Period Oct 13 Nov 13 Dec 13 Jan 14 Feb 14 Mar 14 Apr 14 May 14 fF Juni4 Then for each date add in the costs expected to be spent by that date so that the final number matches the expected project cost shown in the project brief Do the same for schedule In this case you should put the expected duration in months remaining at each time slot Finally the fourth column is for the expected benefits accrued at the end of each month In almost all projects actual benefit won t be seen until the project is finished and so every month will be zero For the final month or you can add extra months after the project is completed the expected benefit is that shown in the project brief Smart Decisions User Guide 89 Expected Time Period Expected Cost Expected Duration Benefit Oct 13 1000 8 0 Nov 13 2000 7 0 Dec 13 3000 6 0 Jan 14 6000 5 0 Feb 14 8000 4 0 Mar 14 9000 3 0 Apr 14 11500 2 0 May 14 12500 1 0 Jun 14 15000 0 73 Actual This table is for entering data on actual performance when implementing the solution To use this first enter the same dates a
43. es with a Smart Decisions User Guide 70 ogentus different colour per option A bigger score is better and shown higher up the graph The background vertical lines reflect the weighting given to the criteria so a long line means a high weight Weighted Value 66 1 Audi As VW Polo Seatlbiza 4 Ford Focus Skoda Fabia A Ta X 4 0 amp S O ve Ce I Ya ko SY A my 4 On As in previous displays you can filter the options and criteria to show only what you want In this display you can also use the sort buttons to reorder the displays in a number of ways Model Order Model Order Alphabetic Alphabetic Sort Criteria p Sort Options p You can add to the display a number of different things Smart Decisions User Guide 71 Background Scales Option Lines Comparison Lines Time Slices i Display p Option Lines is used to show all the other options on the same graph Differences Weighted Value 66 1 Audi A3 VW Polo Seat Ibiza 4 Ford Focus Skoda Fabia Background scales and differences are used when you use the comparison display This allows you to compare in more detail two options The green band means it is better and the red means it is worse Smart Decisions User Guide 72 ogentus Weighted Value 66 Audi A3 VW Polo Seat Ibiza Ford Focus Skoda Fabia 0 amp A th E A O G Ce Dp We ey Ure Ye g A E We ey y Eto Masa C ayy ny Osy Add
44. f the slider or radio buttons of showing the definitions for the textual points Gated Approach Scoring progress O 2000 92 A robust gated approach to sanctioning which specifically addresses technology and engineering aspects Fully meets requirements Exactly as the specification DSRL A LLYWR E MXL A RSRL A SL D Compliant A Meets requirements but isn t clearly stated as per the specification Therefore the information needs to be searched out and extracted Could include alternatives that have been provided Makes reference to the requirement but it isn t clear in the documentation that it is fully met This could be because its missing or the wording is significantly different to the the specification which means it isn t certain that the specification has been met Could include alternatives that have been provided Doesn t meet requirements but they have provided an alternative However this alternative is inadequte for the requred intent or the information provided makes it difficult to be sure ie takes more than 10 mins to read and assimulate and you re still not sure Haven t provided the information Smart Decisions User Guide 66 cogentus forward thinking Table This is a spread sheet style method of data entry Speed Acceleration Fuel Consumpt Safety Reliability Cost enter 10 Initial Weights 100 61 61 100 100 100 532 Units mph Seconds to 60 mpg Victor 130 17
45. ffer In button and then click the options you want always included they ll turn green Smart Decisions User Guide 100 Cogentus forward thinking Moulding Assy to C 51 2 52 2 To buffer out click the Buffer out button and then click the options you don t want they ll turn red Cracking t Lens Rem Moulding Assy to C The results of this will be seen later in the Portfolio Analysis tab You choose which buffer is in focus i e what one is displayed and modelled using the Focus Ribbon on the bottom left of the screen It is the 6 one across 4 0 jig TL gt TB Objectives f Initial We Tg Processes A aLo g Buffe O Portfolios A portfolio is a combination of options generated manually You choose a name for your portfolio and then select which options you want to include these are represented by blue circles You can have multiple different portfolios You use manually generated portfolios to compare proposed combinations with what the computer generated most efficient portfolio suggests They will almost always appear to be less efficient and the challenge is to understand why and whether you can improve the manual one As for Relationship Groups and Buffers you add a portfolio by clicking the icon at the top of the left hand column and you view the solutions by click the button at the top of the right hand column Smart Decisions User Guide 101 j Portfolio TJ Insert
46. focus ribbon at the bottom In this case we ll look at the model where we have At Least One Option from each category and each option within that category is mutually exclusive Benefit 600 5 ee ae ee aem peann o _ j FO Ye ra f Fo a 7 200 oe fat PFE F aee _ _ 0 z r 7 l l l l 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 Cost You ll notice the shape has changed and the origin no longer starts at zero If you then add a buffer the one where we forced in some options and forced out others it will generate a smaller football this time in green It is smaller because the number of potential combinations is less Smart Decisions User Guide 103 Benefit 600 5 a a SE ere eee eee ae nn nna aaa EE ren a ane F 400 p m 7 d s on P pee re P A A M f 7 pect yf a a 200 i a a a ee ae ee Linen tnt O ne eee 04 7 T l f 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 Cost Finally you can then see where the portfolios lie by choosing it from the Display button in the ribbon It will then plot the portfolio in blue Benefit E anin E E pe ne A nena we l we i 400 7 0 Prat a ae aS A a a o oa m P a pe ae i A re p j ee ae Ong i a aa a GE aiena ee ee Ler o a5 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 35 90 05 100 105 110 Cost Category Display You can show the options at the same time as the football by clickin
47. g Category This is the display used to find out what options appear at different points in the football For the example we will use the buffered display and no portfolio selected so make sure the current relationship group and buffer is selected then click Category This will split the screen into two with the options on the left and the football on the right There ll also be a new block on the ribbon that allows you to choose what is displayed on the left hand side View O F Frontier Frontier Buyin Portfolios Portfolio Down U i Scores Buffer Relationships Move Dashboard a Display Category Display Smart Decisions User Guide 104 cogentus forward thinking The first action is to walk up the frontier This shows which options are bought into first Since we have created a model where there ll always be one option per column the first point is the combination that is cheapest Click on the first point on the green football and then click the Frontier button in the category display block This shows the combination of options at that point Benefit Processes 600 e a 4 a5 f Fa Pa 2 Pi is a 4 v 3 F P A f 400 4 Fi a i d i Pa Cir a 4 p Fa F i o A if Ea re Fa xi dl 200 4 EP Z E 7 ae 7 f meee ee S a _ 0 T T 40 50 60 70 90 100 110 4 Hil gt Cost Then use the Up arrow in the Move block to move up the frontier and se
48. ght etc By determining when the opposing parameters occur the software will highlight the inventive principles that are most likely to solve the problem This uses the same method to access the example as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the type of contradiction This then generates a list if the inventive principles Clicking on one of them gives a choice of the available methods Then on the right are the examples with a forward and backward either side of the image Contradiction at the same time Separate in Space v 1 Segmentation 2 Taking out B Make an object easy to assemble or take apart 3 Local Quality 4 Asymmetry C Increase the degree of segmentation 7 Nested Doll 13 The Other Way Round 17 Another Dimension 24 Intermediary 26 Copying 30 Flexible Shells and Thin Films A Divide an object into independent parts 030900000000 PC s Replace mainframe computer by personal computers Standard Solutions These are used for when there isn t a contradiction just a problem that needs to be solved By choosing the type of problem and degree of flexibility to change the software can highlight solutions that have been proven to be successful in the past Smart Decisions User Guide 36 cogentus forward thinking This uses the same method to access the example as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the type
49. haracteristics For your particular problem ask how that particular group would differ from your own perspective Analogy This technique creates made up worlds to explore in order to see if it generates new ideas Smart Decisions User Guide 34 cogentus forward thinking This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image l a ANALOGY SEEKING INSPIRATION FROM PARALLEL WORLDS Aa alE This technique helps to imagine comparisons and similarities between different worlds Look at the word and construct a real world example Try to be as specific and realistic as you can Then list as many features characteristics and interesting points you can in a couple of minutes Finally look for similarities and connections between this example and your particular problem to generate ideas Inventive Principles These are categories of solutions that can be used to solve a problem where there is a contradiction A contradiction is something where you want two things at once or you want one thing and the absence of another This uses the same method to access the example as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the inventive principle and then a choice of the available methods Then on the right are th
50. he import may not work correctly Speed mph Acceleration Fuel Safety Rating Ride amp Reliability Cost seconds to Consumption Handling Rating 60mph mpg Rating FordFocus 10 8 7 3 Good pe Highlight the cells required to be imported and copy to the clipboard Then in the software create a new model Then go to the file menu and click Import from Clipboard or File You can import data from previous models cpr or from packed files amp New a from CPR Ta from Clipboard or File From Packed Smart Decsions File A yart Decisions Settim Em Exit This brings up a new window as below Smart Decisions User Guide 11 M Update scores j Add textual scores Tj Append text V Add new Categorie Preserve V N Decimal separator Click Paste from Clipboard and it pastes in the table on the right hand side Smart Decisions User Guide 12 ogentus Process Options MW Update scores M Add textual scores Vi Append text V Add new Categories Preserve V N yew Option Jew O pti on Jew Option New O pti on In this table you should ensure that the columns are what you need Right clicking on the top of each column gives a range of things that can be done Set as title column Option Notes Map to gt Set to Textual Cost Risk Extract Numbers Ignore this column Map to Category gt You should ensure that criteria are marked correctly as a Benefi
51. ight View RightList Bottom View Bottom List Mind Mapping a Value Sets v View This ribbon operates in a similar way to the options ribbon You can create multiple value trees reorder and view Creating Criteria Click the criteria tab and it will open onto a workspace a D w 3 b 2 z Promax 3 1 Standard P Framing Ideas Options Criteria Scores Priorities MOE Tools a But gig 8 Layout Add Delete Reorder Left to aoe to Top To Top To Table Right View RightList Bottom View Bottom List Mind Mapping ry Value Sets x View Double click anywhere and a box will appear Type your criteria into the box a ODeoa Promax 3 1 Standard 2 5 Framing Ideas Options Criteria Scores Priorities MOE Tools a Tun g af Layout a Add Delete Reorder Left to ft to p To Top To Table Right View ae List ee View Bottom List Mind Mapping A Value Sets A View Criteria 1 Repeat this until you have all your criteria listed in the window Smart Decisions User Guide 53 Oea Promax 3 1 Standard 2 a x Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools 4 Tunt goog amp Layout 4 aa Add Delete Reorder Left to Left to Top To Top To Table Right View RightList Bottom View Bottom List Mind Mapping A Value Sets A View Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Criteria 4 Then drag each of the criteria onto the top left box called Value Set to create the
52. ing background lines option lines and differences provides a rich picture Smart Decisions User Guide 73 Weighted Value 66 Audi A3 VW Polo Seat Ibiza Ford Focus g Skoda Fabia 0 Difference 17 2 41 PERT Description for Uncertainty Definitions score Most likely value for any single instance of the criteria The most likely value is the mode of the distribution Lower Bound Most pessimistic value that yet has some small probability of happening Upper Bound Most optimistic value that also has some small probability of happening For numeric criteria the three points are input scores The score for the upper and lower bounds may be stored as a number or calculated from an offset or percentage depending on how the user has set it up Smart Decisions User Guide 74 G gentus Purchase Cost Audi 43 VW Polo Seat Ibiza Ford Focus Skoda Fabia These scores are then treated exactly the same way as the actual score That is the input number is mapped onto a model value and then weighted So any bound which falls outside the range of the mapping will be treated according to the rules of that mapping just the same as ordinary scores For textual criteria the three points are mapped values since it is not possible to calculate an offset from a word They can be stored as mapped values offsets or percentages In the uncertainty tool you can edit the actual bound the offset or the percentage offset and
53. ing the filter drop down Display There are a number of different things you can look at neces Ten Oobre What If All Options Weight Space Table Display p Ranges Displays the range where the weight change will alter the results COST 1 14 68 1 Oto30 1B 53 0 Never IC 34 2 Never 2A 58 2 Never 2B 67 2 30to 100 What If Click on the left hand side to move the red line and change the weight You can see how it alters the results Smart Decisions User Guide 85 Scores 100 5 COST Current What If Project Team 25 60 68 1 48 5 53 0 38 8 34 2 18 3 58 2 44 0 67 2 54 0 90 4 80 70 20 4 10 4 0 T T T T T h T T T 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Weights Weight Space The darker colours represent the selected item For a bottom up tree this will form a triangle zero at the left and full height at the right If a node has been chosen the individual criteria belonging to this node will be indicated by the varying shades showing that all the weights on the criteria are reduced in proportion The paler colours represent the rest of the tree Scores 100 5 0 T T T T T T T T T 1 10 100 0 of total weight Weights 100 Correlation This display looks at the correlation between criteria It uses Pearson correlation Positive correlation is red negative blue and unrelated is white All coefficients below 0 5 are coloured grey Those
54. ion Lean Waste Reduction Value Engineering Function Development Presentation Analysis Editions There are currently two editions available Smart Decisions Gold used for where there is a single choice option Smart Decisions Platinum used for multiple choice and combinations of options resource allocation Installation Download the software to your computer and follow the prompts to install Please note the software is Windows only and uses the NET Framework that is usually already installed on Windows machines The installation process checks for the relevant files and prompts for downloading from the Microsoft website if required You will be provided with a serial number that will be required for activation Smart Decisions User Guide 6 cogentus forward thinking Basic Principles The software is arranged with separate tabs to fulfil the necessary functions of the Cogentus Framework Problem Definition Evaluation of Potential Solutions Effectiveness of Solution Generation of Potential Solutions Implementation of Preferred Solution Where we want to be We are here e Define Problem Definition e Explore Ideas Generation e Select Multi Criteria Decision Aiding MCDA e Execute Project Management e Check Benefits Management e Keep Record of Decision QO lt Smart Decisions Gold a x Home Help Contents About Online Support Help 3 Product z DAE What i
55. le sit in a room and try to come up with solutions to the problem Time and time again research has proven that brainstorming is an extremely poor technique and is no better and often worse than a single individual trying to come up with ideas The software has a number of tools that are ALL better than standard brainstorming We run courses to make the most of understanding how these tools are best applied but this guide should help the knowledgeable user get the most out of the software CG re e e awe A E ions Sas Brain Common Challenge Ra fi om Superheroes Perspectives Analogy Inventive Technical Physical Stan rd Trimming Function botics Decontam Groupworks Add Example Writing Themes Connections Principles Contradictions Contradictions Solutions Database es staba ase Da ar nse ary saan Triz A Tools Brain Writing This technique is the staple for all group activities Guaranteed to generate more ideas than traditional brainstorming with the added benefit of drawing in the quieter members of the group This uses the same method to access the cards as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the category and then a forward and backward either side of the image Finally there s a random button below the image BRAIN WRITING Smart Decisions User Guide 31 Common Themes A technique for generating ideas from ideas already presented This quickly increases ideas in many different dir
56. m to look for improvements and also use the Trimming tool In this case you re looking at ways to reduce the harmful effects Conflict Resolution Diagram This is a technique from the Theory of Constraints and is particularly useful in finding contradictions Smart Decisions User Guide 28 ogentus Reduce inventory Produce small costs batch runs Have a profitable company Stabilise production Produce large batch runs In Smart Decisions purple lines represent the conflicts You would then use either technical or physical contradictions from the Ideas Ribbon to look for suitable solutions Multiple Maps You can create multiple maps in a similar way to additional tabs in a spread sheet The software allows you to copy from other maps to save time in developing new ones This feature is useful for value stream mapping where you generally have an As Is map and a To Be map It s also useful for system diagrams where you want to drill down from the super system to a system and then explain the various sub systems Root Cause Analysis Root Cause Analysis is a common technique and Smart Decisions uses a mapping technique To add an item double click in the window It will bring up a box where you can enter a cause or the problem Bulb not bright enough Problem Cause OK lf you choose Problem it will produce a Red box and if you choose Cause it will produce an oval
57. monitor have things have improved or deteriorated over time Adding a new time slice gives you the option to score all the options again you can copy previous scores and overwrite the ones that have changed Use the bottom ribbon to choose which time slice you re looking at Smart Decisions User Guide 68 G gentus Priorities Click the Priorities Tab to see which option gets the best score The default chart is a bar chart The longest bar is the most preferred option The number at the end is the mapped and weighted value Right clicking on the option name you can change it to a percentage 100 is the best option and all others are compared to that The button on the left is a dropdown that has the available graphs All All Results Chart Results Table Strength Weakness Scatter Diagram Perspectives Sensitivity Results Chart 2 Results Chart View gt Topic Show 3Point Model Order Category Alphabetic Highlight Highlight Topic None v 2 stom oj Filter Display A Sort Sue Car Model Focus Value Set Important Features Weight Initial Weights Group Cars Filters Topic Category No Highlight 74 57 Victor Xcel Yippee Whoosh Zapem 52 51 Of WN Fe If you have set up the model with a value tree consisting of a number of topics or if you have multiple groups you can use the drop downs to filter the display The custom button allow
58. ngs Scores Model Save as Text Save as HTML Close Saving Models Models are saved using the cps extension All models also have an associated folder which is used to store information from Notes such as Smart Decisions User Guide 14 ogentus attachments and images If you are sharing or moving files you need to have both the cps file and the folder of the same name Alternatively you can save as a Saved Smart Decisions File which will automatically create a zip file containing both the cps file and its associated folder Restore By default the software automatically saves a back up The time between saves and the number of saves before overwriting is adjusted in Settings If you want to restore a previous version go to the File menu and click Restore This will give you the choice of backups t use a Restore ol lam Date and time of backup 04 03 2014 13 45 06 04 03 2014 13 46 06 04 03 2014 13 47 06 04 03 2014 13 48 06 pu OK p Cancel Methodology Smart Decisions uses multi criteria decision analysis MCDA for prioritising options Smart Decisions specifically uses multi attribute utility theory MAUT to aggregate data first defined by Keeney and Raiffa in 1976 The foundation of MAUT is the use of utility functions Utility functions transform criteria that have units e g feet pounds gallons per minute dollars etc to ones without units i e dimensionle
59. nt Type 0 5 Copy POSEE Numerical Safety _ Star Share Fuel Economy Acceleration ee Likert agreement max speed Existing scores may be lost if accept you change the Frequency measurement type Importance Allow changes j Likelihood Multiple choice user defined What question will you ask when scoring j Very Impressed What display do you want for scoring Quite Impressed Little Impressed Slider Radio Not Impressed Score Card Drag amp Drop Dropdown Up Down Add Delete The multiple choice button is used for adding your own text Click Add and write the words For an explanation enter text into the large grey box Then add a new one Use the Up and Down button to reorder The second tab is for Value Mapping This is the place where you convert the measurement scale into a value scale so all the criteria have no scale dimensionless which allows them to be added together For numerical scales there is a range of mapping available The default is linear which means it s a straight line from the bottom of the range to the top The range can be altered by a Fixed you select what measurement value is the best 100 and what is the worst 0 b Anchored the software automatically makes the lowest score a zero You select what score is worth the best 100 c Relative the software automatically makes the lowes
60. ond to the questions provided System Present What system are we looking at What s the problem Who has asked us to solve the problem What promises been given What components or objects make up the system Click on the Nine Windows button to return to the start Then repeat for the other boxes If there is content then the relevant box or boxes with have black lines shown Resources Resources are things that are available to use to solve the problem that are free or nearly free to use It is useful to understand what you already have to hand that may help rather than always bringing in something new Click on the button and respond to the questions given Smart Decisions User Guide 20 cogentus forward thinking Resources What objects materials and items aren t being used Are there any energy sources in the environment that could be utilised Isthere any space not being fully utilised ee Isthere downtime you could use rs Isthere data information or knowledge available but may not be used at the moment Stakeholders Stakeholders are people who have some involvement with the problem They might be interested in the problem affected by the solution or otherwise wield some influence over what goes on It is good practice to understand the different groups to inform the final solution and also for larger projects help devise the communications plan Cli
61. ons Smart Decisions User Guide 59 Weights Weights are used in order to be able to add criteria together that have different units and scales Though not strictly correct weights are essentially related to the importance of criteria where one criterion is more important than another By default the weights for each criterion are set to the same equal weights You can alter then easily by going into the weights tab and directly entering the number into the table provided a Depa Promax 3 1 Standard o fF E y Framing Ideas Options Criteria Weights Scores Priorities MOE Tools ramin li ic E WI 2 Kw Add Delete Reorder Top Bottom Direct Swing Pairwise Weighting Weighting Weighting Weight Set Weighting Method 3 Convert Weighting correctly is one of the most important aspects of prioritisation There are three different ways available depending on what is required direct pairwise and swing Direct Weighting Add in the weights you want to use per criteria You can start with them all at 100 and alter down from there in which case the software will automatically normalise the weights Or you can choose to make them all add up to 100 Example 100 90 40 80 30 70 0 410 Pairwise Weighting In pairwise comparison you work through all combination of criteria Use the left hand table A common method is to use the following nine point scale though you can use any scale you want 1 Equally important 3
62. played by using the Comparison block y axis Total Benefit x axis Total Cost v Size None v Comparison Filter If you have multiple categories you can choose which ones to show from the dropdown The custom button allows you to be extremely precise All Category Custom Filter Display You can alter the display considerably 2x2 5x5 Uncertainty Input scores 3x3 Table 4x4 Frontier Labels Highlight Category None na Display First you can add grid lines The default is a 2x2 matrix but you can make it 3x3 4x4 or 5x5 if that helps to differentiate By default the x axis has the lowest value to the left If you prefer to have this to the right then use the reverse cost axis button Labels These add the option title onto the display Use the zoom to increase the font sixe if it s too small Smart Decisions User Guide 77 Better 100 vile Focus eaa 50 0 so Worse 0 0 10000 0 20000 GBP Frontier The Frontier button adds an overlay that plots the extent of where the options lie Options on the frontier are the most efficient i e for a given cost they are the best options to choose Any options that lie within the grey are less good Better 100 Total Benefit 20 0 Worse 0 Better 100 80 0 60 0 40 0 20 0 Worse 0 Total Cost Smart Decisions User Guide 78 G gentus Uncertainty The Uncertainty button adds an uncertainty
63. r Radio Score Card Drag amp Drop Dropdown There are a number of boxes that are available a Property This optional box is used to describe the property attribute of the criterion So a criterion might be called Space The property might measure space in square centimetres the number of suitcases it can hold or any other measure b Evidence This optional box is used to record where the evidence for the measure will come from i e how can you obtain the data so that it would stand up to an external review c Measurement Type You choose whether the measurement is numerical textual or preference Depending on what criterion have already been added you can choose to copy one to save the effort in setting it up again The Share allows you to share the attributes d If you have chosen a numerical scale you use the box to the right for adding the units and the number of decimal places to display e What question will you ask when scoring This optional box allows you to create a question that will be shown in the scoring ribbon It helps to clarify what is required f What display do you want for scoring This allows you to choose the more appropriate display for the scoring ribbon Smart Decisions User Guide 55 If you have a textual scale then you can chose what scale to use om Brand Cost Benefit Harm Measurement Value mapping Property Brand What is the scale Evidence 0 10 Measureme
64. re Card Textual Slider Textual Radio Textual Scorecard Table Uncertainty View Scores Input Scores Mapped Values Heat Map Time Slices Priorities Results Chart Three Point Estimate Highlight Sort Results Table Strengths and Weaknesses PERT Description for Uncertainty Scatter Axes Filter Smart Decisions User Guide 3 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 50 52 52 53 53 54 55 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 64 64 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 74 76 77 77 Display Labels Frontier Uncertainty Highlight Category Bubble Charts Value For Money Sensitivity Analysis Perspectives Criteria Weighting Correlation S Mapping Execute Project Brief Plan Actual Risks Issues Check Benefits Data Benefits Profile Benefits Mapping Keep Smart Decisions Platinum Portfolio Definition View Relationships Buffers Portfolios Portfolio Analysis Feasible Set Display Category Display Scores Display Buy In Glossary 77 77 78 79 79 80 81 83 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 90 92 93 93 93 94 96 97 98 98 98 100 101 102 102 104 106 107 108 Smart Decisions User Guide 4 ogentus Introduction Smart Decisions is software for systematic problem solving It provides assistance and guidance for solving all sorts of problems whether technical strategic or managerial The software supports the Cogentus Framework which is a
65. roject and the implementation will use standard project management methodologies Note that traditional project management methodologies are primarily about efficiency Is the project delivered to budget time and quality If however the scope is wrong the project will not be successful even though it may be delivered on time and to cost i E D Project Plan Actual Risks Issues Brief Implementation Stage Project Brief This is where you enter details about the project MOE Project Title Background Scope of work Deliverables Outline Business Case f Expectation Expected Benefit Score e Project Title use this to write down the title of the project that will be implemented in order to solve the original problem e Background use to explain more about the project and the objectives e Scope of Work use this section to outline the scope of work List the activities to be carried out e Deliverables use this to write down the key deliverables e Outline Business Case use this to explain why the project is to be carried out and what the expected benefits will be Smart Decisions User Guide 88 ogentus e Expectation Use this to state the cost duration and benefit of the project The costs and benefits should use the mapped and weighted values derived from the prioritisation carried out earlier Plan This table is for adding the key activities being und
66. s the problem Explore Select What are the potential What is the preferred solutions that can solution solve the problem Execute 5 Check j Keep i Does the solution x Create the formal effectively solve the dia a Record of Decision problem g A a gt ja T1 Gg Valueset fig Initalwe TEE Group aa z J Zom H0 The software follows the standard Windows conventions with the circular button top left representing the traditional File menu This is where you create a new file open up existing ones or save files Smart Decisions User Guide 7 FW Model cps Torch Example cps Balsamic Vinegar cps DOE Prioritisation 2012 cps Car Model cps First CBIS Survey Rev 1 230811 TBuRD Analysis cps ONO bw N pe rNYLRUNRUL Ss MOY EAEL Settings ES ext Settings The Settings button allows you to change the default words or the default colours or the auto save timings Smart Decisions User Guide 8 Cogentus forward thinking Words Colours Auto Save oe Criterion on Category Category co Weight Weight Tree Background Colour Ea Test Colour APM SS Restore Defaults OK Cancel Words Colours Auto Save M Set AutoSave ON Delay between saves minutes 1 Ea Number of generations 4 Smart Decisions User Guide 9
67. s up another window that allows you to choose the type of link you need Enter the Action i e a verb that describes what the first component is doing to the second component and then what type of link you need The default is a straightforward Dependency Smart Decisions User Guide 23 Switch Bulb Powers Battery Dependency D Useful Insufficient Excessive Wasteful Harmful Physical Contradiction Technical Contradiction Show link box F Minimize Link or This then produces a black solid arrow between the two components with the Function shown in the yellow box To edit the link right click on the box This is also where you can reverse the link and where you can add more detailed Notes if you don t want to show the box on a diagram uncheck the check box The different links can be used in a number of ways to describe more clearly your problem e Useful a green solid arrow e Insufficient a green dotted arrow e Excessive a green double arrow e Wasteful Harmful a red solid arrow e Physical Contradiction a purple arrow with circles at either end indicating that two opposites are needed Smart Decisions User Guide 24 G gentus e Technical Contradiction a purple arrow with a Plus at one end anda Minus at the other representing a trade off If you want to reverse the line then right click on the function box or middle of the line and choose rever
68. s you put in the Plan table Then at the end of each month add in the actual costs the duration remaining noting that the project may start to run later than planned or earlier and the benefits accrued Add in the expected benefit at the end of the project as well You can then use the plan table and the actual table to carry out a variance analysis on the project Ask questions such as e Are costs in line with plan e Are we on track or running late e Are we delivering the benefits we thought we would Any substantial deviation from the plan will require management action on the project to attempt to bring it back into plan Risks This is a risk register used for identifying and classifying the risks associated with the project The risk register should be done before the project starts and reviewed regularly normally monthly Smart Decisions User Guide 90 ogentus The risk register is set out as a table where each row is a separate risk The columns are e Risk Write the risk in the space available Risks should be events that could happen that will impact on the project e Probability Use the drop down to select the likelihood of the risk occurring Probability Remote Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Impact Use the drop down to select the impact on the project if the risk occurred Impact Almost None Minor Of Concern Major Significant e Strategy Use the drop
69. s you to choose exactly what is shown in the display providing unrivalled flexibility Three Point Estimate If you have entered scores as a three point estimate the results are display with the range shown in blue and the PERT score as an orange diamond Smart Decisions User Guide 69 VW Polo a Skoda Fabia Saas Audi A3 aS SSS 4 56 C ee Seat Ibiza Uf Wn Ford Focus O ee 42 Highlight You can highlight the contribution of individual criteria or topics 1 _ VWPolo E S 2 2 Skoda Fabia EE 0 3 Audi A3 ee 6 4 Seat Ibiza A se 1 5 Ford Focus Mm o SR 4 Sort You can order the results in one of four ways Model Order Alphabetic Highlight Sort pP Results Table This lists the results in tabular format As in the previous display you can filter to show only what you want to Strengths and Weaknesses This display is used for gap analysis It allows you to see the differences between options on individual criteria Topi B d Scal Model Ord Model Order s eee Option 1 100 v ao eons nee Differences Eaa naaa All Category Option Lines Alphabetic Alphabetic Strength j az v gt Baii Custom Option 2 0 Comparison Lines Time Slices Results Results View FP Filter Fy Comparison a Display a Sort Criteria a Sort Options 7 Click on the button and then choose two options to compare by clicking directly on the options It will plot the mapped and weighted valu
70. se The User Guide only describes how the software works Training Courses are available to help understand how to use the tools w E gt eR S amp S 2 5W s H Nine Windows Resources Stakeholders Ideality System Root Cause Export Mapping Analysis Text Framing Mapping Tools 5Ws H This is a particularly good method to quickly try and get to understand the problem and the root causes Simply answer the questions in space provided You can minimise a question by clicking on the minus sign and expand again by clicking on the plus sign 5W s H What is the problem Who has the problem When does the problem occur Where does the problem occur E Why does the problem occur What s the cause Ask why five times How does the cause occur Right click to attach relevant documents Nine Windows This is a powerful technique to look with a broader perspective than normal It looks at the problem in terms of time and space first asking about the problem now what is needed for the future and what it was like in the past It Smart Decisions User Guide 19 then considers the broader picture the super system and then the parts that make up the current system the sub system Often the problem is best solved somewhere completely different to where you first look Super System System Sub System Start in the centre box Click on the box and resp
71. se from the menu You can highlight boxes in two ways to draw attention to them Either add a red border to illustrate an issue concern harm etc or add a yellow border to illustrate an area of focus Right click on the box to change the border colour Bulb Holder Wanta bight Wanta light light battery For more complex mapping you can add multiple lines to join boxes Smart Decisions User Guide 25 The function boxes can be coloured according to the type of function it is This provides a mechanism for identifying similar functions within the system Default Branch Separate Channel Move Connect Mix Control Magnitude Adjust Convert Process Provision Store Signal Detect Measure Support Secure To tidy the display the boxes can be moved up and down each line simply by dragging Finally if the display is overly complex you can minimise the function boxes by right clicking and choosing the Edit and then clicking Minimise Link Smart Decisions User Guide 26 G gentus 4 H You can of course use the mapping tool to carry out different types of mapping that are briefly described below You add the boxes and lines in exactly the same way as for Functional Modelling Value Stream Mapping Value Stream Mapping VSM is used primarily in Lean and Six Sigma The major difference is that the function AND the object subject is written in the box
72. sed directly as a measure of the DM s preference on the criterion Speed Modifiers These capture the effects where if two options are included in a solution then some elements of their cost or benefit mapped world can be modified When a Modifier Interaction is added between two Options it affects the combined Benefit and Cost the Options contribute to the Solutions they are in For instance the effect of a mail shot can be enhanced if it is accompanied by television advertisements Option This is the label given to a physical object or a concept Within the model these are the things that you make decisions about Such as best supplier next strategy or the right person for the job Score To identify the overall performance of the options against all the criteria the options must be scored by entering the level of the attribute that each option achieves Scores can be factual speed height weight time cost or subjective judgment or preference To identify the overall performance of the options scores are transformed to values with the use of the mapping scale which is consequently multiplied by the weight to give the weighted mapped value of the option in each criterion These are then added up to come up with the overall value of the option Value Tree A tree that consists of branches and nodes representing all the criteria and criteria topics of the decision problem Weighted Value To enable the user to independently manipulate the
73. ss You cannot simply add criteria of diverse units together they have to be dimensionless Traditionally the unit less scale value scale is 0 100 but it can be any range you want Smart Decisions User Guide 15 With MAUT the decision is based on the overall utility of each option which in turn is based on the sum of the weighted utilities for each of the criteria The mathematical expression is n U X Au Au A U j l In the above Ui is the overall utility of the i th option and is determined by sum of the weighted utilities on each of the j criteria The utility of one option against a particular criterion is derived by the evaluation of the score on the criterion based on a specific mathematical function This function expresses the utility derived by the decision maker of different levels of input data For example the utility of money generally increases as the amount of money increases even though this is not necessarily linear What this means in practice is that for each criterion you convert the measurement scale into a value scale This mapping then allows you to calculate a value from a measurement that can then be added up You typical set the top and bottom of the ranges to be the best and worst imaginable Fuel Consumption 100 80 60 Value 40 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Fuel Consumption mpg So in the example above you use the graph to deduce that a fuel consumption of 40 has
74. st benefit to cost ratio You can also see that BL4 is bought in with all combinations up to 8 where it is then replaced by a different option S4 1 Benefit Smart Decisions User Guide 107 Glossary Buffer Buffers enable you to focus on a particular area within the Solution space by calculating points using only the Options that you want included This is particularly useful for excluding Options from a decision without removing them from the model entirely It is also possible to use Buffers to always force in Options for example projects that you have already undertaken and therefore must be in all the Solutions A Buffer can be created in a similar way to a Solution from the Model components section of the Main Window the Solution space or Overview windows Each buffer contains two sets of options Buffered In those that will always be included and Buffered Out those that will never be included The effect is to reduce the solution space to those options that MIGHT be included The reasons are usually either the ratio of the option is very high and it always gets included or there is some factor outside the model which mandates that it is chosen even though it scores badly Using buffers both reduces the solution space and hence calculating time for the Full Frontier It also gives you greater insight into the nature of the problem Criteria These are the factors that need to be taken into account when making th
75. t decision would be insensitive to different weight sets but if there are differences you need to decide how to manage the predicable fall out when one stakeholder sees they don t get the option they want Click on the options on the left to compare two or more of the options Filter As with the other displays if you have complex models you can choose what criteria and what categories and options to display You can use the sort block to arrange the order Pie Charts and Highlight You can choose to highlight the contribution of a single criteria or topic The proportion of weights is shown on the pie charts below Smart Decisions User Guide 83 8 8 8 8 83838388E Criteria Weighting This display looks at the sensitivity of individual weights on the result wy anges Top Optone COST Criterion What If All Options Criteria Weighting 7 Weight Space Table Views p Filter p Display p This is a more detailed look at weights and robust decisions will have the best option shown for a range of weights which are very unlikely to exceed If the line is short then it means a small change in weight will alter the result Scores 100 5 Smart Decisions User Guide 84 ogentus Filter You can change which criteria or topic you want to look at us
76. t of technologies that can carry out the same function on the same materials such that you can see if improvements can be made to the existing technology This uses the same method to access the example as in other Ideas Generation buttons There s a drop down to select the Function The left hand column lists the available materials that the Function is acting on The middle column lists the available techniques for carrying out that function Then on the right are the examples with a forward and backward either side of the image Separate x Separating solids Separating liquid mixtures Separating mixtures of solids Shearing Separating liquids from gases Hydraulic Separating solids from gases Thermal Explosives a Chemicals Drilling Milling Surface Finishing Cryogenics Bow Saw a crosscut saw with the thin blade held in tension in a frame Robotics Database This is a more detailed version of the Functions Database Its purpose is to provide a catalogue of technologies that could be useful in dealing with problems where there are significant safety issues As such human intervention is hazardous and some form of remote working is preferred This could apply in a number of problems ranging from nuclear cleanup chemical and biological incidents and explosive devices The tool can be used to identify what technologies already exist to solve a similar problem and it is then up to the development team to
77. t or a Cost by looking at the Criterion Type You can also change the criterion names and option names if you wish Smart Decisions User Guide 13 When you ve checked then click Apply Changes and then close the box Options Criteria and Scores will then be available You can also import directly from Excel rather than pasting and also import Tab Separated Files just by clicking on the relevant button In all cases you MUST go to the criteria properties and set up the measurement and value scales You will also need to add weights The process options allow you to update existing scores if the current model is not blank and you need to update the data add textual scores or even add new categories Export You can export data from the prioritisation part of the model options criteria weights scores and notes by going to the File menu and clicking Report This gives a large range of combinations depending on what you want Use the checkboxes to choose You can save the output as a text file excel or HTML i j gt Export Report Text Excel HTML Time Slices Ti Mapping Mode Ranking Resource Allocation Value Sets Value Set Weight sets Current All Output Table Scores Mapped Values Weighted Values indude Weights Topics Groups Output List Options Categories Interactions indude Criteria Mappings Weights Scores Output Notes Options Categories Time Slices Criteria Topics Value Sets Mappi
78. t score a zero and the highest score 100 d Identity all scores are in the range 0 to 100 and these are mapped o to 100 You can choose to invert the scale by click the check box if for instance a bigger score is of less value Note do not do this if you ve chosen the criterion to be a cost or harm Smart Decisions User Guide 56 cogentus forward thinking Fuel Economy Cost Benefit Harm Measurement Value mapping Mapping Shape Linear Mapping Type Linear Fixed Relative E Inverted scale Custom Anchored Identity 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0 50 0 100 0 Fuel Economy mpg Rationale for value mapping The box at the bottom is optional and allows you to record your reasoning for choosing that particular measurement scale and value mapping For non linear mapping custom you can create what is called a utility curve ce max speed Cost Benefit Harm Measurement Value mapping Mapping Shape Linear Custom Out of Range 0 0 0 27 5 80 0 100 2 130 0 max speed mph Criterion Scale z a 80 100 130 Mapped Value _0 0 13 5 50 o 100 0 100 0 Rationale for value mapping You can enter data directly into the table or click on the dot and move them to the right or left and up and down Add new points by right clicking on an existing dot Move them around and use the table un
79. the other columns will be updated accordingly You can also specify how the bounds should change if you change the score You may keep the same offset the same percentage or the same actual bound In the last case the bound will change if you move the score outside the range of lower bound to upper bound because the score cannot be less than the lower bound or greater than the upper bound In the Uncertainty tool right click on the table title row to get a menu with only one item in it Advanced to set up the three point calculation mode You can also set a fixed offset or percentage for all scores on the current criterion This is a one off process and new scores will not be automatically set for example when you add a new option So the upper and lower bound give rise to two mapped values Since the mapping may be inverse or non linear nothing can be deduced about their size relative the ordinary mapped value For showing the uncertainty in the results the range from the lowest of the three mapped or weighted values to the highest of the three mapped or weighted values is taken To get bounds for topics the weighted values from the sub topics or criteria are added up using all the lowest values and then all the highest values The methodology used is called PERT This is an old method dating back to the 1960 s developed by NASA but has been surprisingly resilient and accurate in spite of advancements made in probabilistic assessm
80. til you create a curve that meets your values Textual Scales For textual scales the display is similar You can drag the bars up and down to change the value Smart Decisions User Guide 57 aie Brand Cost Benefit Harm Value mapping Very Impressed Quite Impressed Little Impressed Not Impressed Rationale for Our of Scale Range Setup lf your eventual score is outside the range you ve chosen for the criteria the software will by default extrapolate the value You can change the way this operates by clicking on the Out of Range button _ Inverted and Flipped Below Low Reference Above High Reference Extrapolate Extrapolate Truncate Truncate Map tod Map to 100 Ignore Ignore Map to Map to 0 0 100 0 Scores that are too small are mapped in same way as scores inside range Scores that are too large are mapped in same way as scores inside range Smart Decisions User Guide 58 G gentus Criteria Notes You can add notes to criteria to provide more information by right clicking on a criterion and choosing Notes This brings up the Notes Pane to the right Multiple Value Trees You can create multiple value trees to reflect the value systems of different stakeholders You no longer need to get consensus and can determine the impact of different points of view on the final decision You do this in the same manner as you would for creating multiple groups in opti
81. us Check Once implemented the project will finish and the implemented solution will be used in day to day operation Benefits management is then used to see whether the solution is in fact achieving what it set out to do i e has the solution been effective This is also referred to as Measures of Effectiveness MOE 4 E Benefits Benefits Data Profile Benefits Management F Benefits Mapping Benefits Data This is where the benefit and cost data is collected There are two mandatory points where we are and where we want to be Thereafter you can add additional points depending on the date the measurement was taken Initial Weights Where we are Where we want to be Lee liz T3 T4 ie T6 ler TS Benefits Profile This is the graphical representation of the benefit data entered earlier Where we are now is represented by the red dot and the blue star represents Where we want to be Typically the blue star should have greater benefits that the red dot and often will have less cost as well Then the different time periods are represented by the yellow dots in various shades with the newest time period having the lightest colour Smart Decisions User Guide 93 Better 100 Overall Where we ar Where we wa TA O T2 O E C T4 T5 O T6 T7 mea 50 0 T8 Worse 0 Better 100 50 0 Worse 0 Total Cost Benefits Mapping
82. well proven methodology for problem solving which combines techniques from several different disciplines into a user friendly and effective system It moves in a stepwise manner through everything that is needed to get from where you are now to where you want to be Problem Definition Evaluation of Potential Solutions Effectiveness of Solution Generation of Potential Solutions Implementation of Preferred Solution Where we want to be We are here Cogentus Framework This user guide covers what the software does but doesn t explain how best to solve a problem We run training courses that supplement and enhance this document A problem is anything for which it isn t immediately obvious what to do and can apply to just about anything in all industries and sectors The diagram below illustrates how the Cogentus Framework and Smart Decisions software ties in with two common frameworks for business improvement You ll see that we cover more on generating ideas and then prioritising them Smart Decisions User Guide 5 Framework Comparisons Smart Decisions can be used for Lean and Six Sigma business improvement initiatives It can also ben used for value analysis and value engineering It can help in all areas of those frameworks particularly in the identification of potential solutions and the prioritisation of them forward thinking Comparison of Frameworks ogentus Smart Decisions Lean Six Sigma Variation Reduct
83. your previous experience and preference Functional Mapping This is the reference mapping methodology for Smart Decisions since it integrates into tools later on for generating ideas particularly Trimming In this methodology the system is represented by three elements Subject Action Object The Subject and Object are the items or components in the systems and the Action is verb associated with what the Subject is doing to the Object To generate a model of the systems first identify all the different components in the system Double click in the workspace to open a window to enter the component Item Objective Input OK Smart Decisions User Guide 22 ozentus The different radio buttons are choices that change the colour of the resulting box Item boxes are grey Objective boxes are green and Input boxes are Black You can drag the boxes around to move then within the window You can add Notes to provide as much extra information as you need Use the Notes Pane either right click on the box or ring up from the menu on the bottom right hand side Once you have all the components in the system mapped you can draw lines between the boxes to represent the Action Right click the Subject one of the boxes and choose Link To and then choose which box to link Edit Battery Delete Battery Notes for Battery Remove link to Switch Edit link to Bulb This then open

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