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ADMS - Airport User Guide

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3. Source Group Source Name 5 Power Load Factor Fuel Type Hours per Year Aircraft GSE AII GSE 400 Hz ground power unit 105 149 kW 50 Diesel 4051 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Air climate unit 150 kW 50 Diesel 182 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Baggage belt loader 33 kW 25 Diesel 2847 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Baggage cart tractor Electric 3723 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Cabin cleaning truck 132 kW 10 60 Diesel 346 75 Aircraft GSE All GSE Cabin cleaning van 61 kW 10 75 Diesel 930 75 Aircraft GSE All GSE Cargo delivery 33 kW 25 Diesel 1277 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Cargo loader 62 kW 25 Diesel 985 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Cargo loader main deck 59 kW 25 Diesel 456 25 Aircraft GSE All GSE Catering truck 85 130 kW 10 25 Diesel 511 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Fork lift 66 kW 25 Diesel 219 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Generator for vacuum cleaner TYPE 1 2 2 kW 80 Gasoline 182 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Generator for vacuum cleaner TYPE 2 3 5 kW 80 Gasoline 547 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Large fork lift 30 120 kW 25 Diesel 219 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Lavatory truck 117 kW 25 Diesel 730 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Line maintenance truck 70 120 kW 25 Diesel 766 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Passenger stairs 30 65 kW 25 Diesel
4. m nn us m um a mn mmn iu un an D m Cn nn Pm a vo xi vi 21 NT voc NOx 502 NO2 10 7 651E 05 0 0016709 0 0237966 0 0012854 0 00356949 0 0001839 0 0001741 0 0046489 0 0897725 0 0038478 0 01346587 0 0005443 6 53 05 0 0017434 0 033665 0 0014429 0 0050497 0 0002041 0 0001761 0 0062337 0 0362475 0 0026292 0 0054373 0 0003717 2 71 05 0 0009591 0 0055764 0 0004045 0 00083649 5 72 05 6 11E 05 0 0004462 0 0121124 0 0004822 0 00181682 8 71E 05 5 561 05 0 0002025 0 0133817 0 0004387 0 00200729 8 44 05 6 68 05 0 0012121 0 0357081 0 0016531 0 00535604 0 000664 1 00E 19 0 000376 0 0099731 0 0004445 0 00149595 0 0001027 1 00E 19 0 000376 0 0099731 0 0004445 0 00149595 0 0001027 0 000207 0 0016905 0 091134 0 0028964 0 0136701 0 0011874 1 00E 19 0 0010471 0 0605986 0 001743 0 00908961 0 0006585 W mm 7 es 20 DE 737300 26 3790 2886 905 4747 DE 737400 26 3790 2886 905 4747 DE 737400 8 618 3018 347 169 DE 737500 26 3790 2886 905 4747 DE 737500 8 618 3018 347 169 DE 737700 8 618 3018 347 169 DE 737800 26 3790 2886 905 4747 DE 747400 8 618 3018 347 169 DE 757300 26 3790 2886 905 4747 DE 757300 8 618 3018 347 169 DE 767300 26 3790 2886 905 4747 618 3018 347 169 72 5601 2839 352 737 7989 75 6408 2709 0784 714 8282 75 6408 1699 5119 537 8156 70 6257 2847 1564 739 1751 7
5. 34 Inputting Emissions into 8 202 2 0 1 49 0 0 0 0 08882 tnnt 35 ADMS Airport User Guide Contents 5 1 35 22 The 5 source sereen 35 9221 Aort SOURCES Ge 37 35 227 39 5 3 Using source oriented grids with Air File 0 40 5 4 Using ADMS Airport with ArcGIS 9 44 5 4 1 Starting ADMS Airport with ArcGIS sse 44 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study 47 Example 7 Modelling an Aircraft Source ek ba HERR uA 47 Example 8 Using EMIT to build an Emissions Inventory Database 57 Example 9 Modelling a Simple Airport esses eee 70 Example 10 Modelling Complex Airport 77 Gase study CABPDOE s e ee omne trol Uo Ye eri 95 SECTION 7 Technical Summary eee eee eee eee ee eee renes etta se tese sete 117 7 1 AIR BILD erede ad unde dice 117 Jul Format obedece bees 117 7 1 2 Default AIR FILE Categories eet rete 122 7 1 3 Creat
6. Point x Coordinate y Coordinate 10000 10000 7821 54 8973 21 Ref2 12665 46 10183 29 1 11620 26 11629 06 Receptor2 10537 72 11003 62 Receptor3 9455 192 10378 18 Receptor4 10727 5 13175 35 GridExtentl 7000 7000 GridExtent2 15000 15000 7 Reference points are included for completeness these are not receptor locations Grid extents are provided for the annual average NOx contour plot ADMS Airport User Guide Page 98 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Grid Extent2 ES Receptor4 Receptor1 Receptor2 Grid OE 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Metres Figure 6 23 CAEPport case study receptor locations and grid extents metres Airport sources considered The following emission sources were considered at CAEPport e Aircraft main engine emissions up to 3000ft Approach Landing Deceleration Take off nitial climb Climb out e Aircraft APU emissions e Aircraft GSE emissions e Airport stationary sources ADMS Airport User Guide Page 99 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Airport power plant Airport fuel farm Urban emissions Landside roads Airpor
7. Editor a ER e D Layer Grid Source 9 Select an emissions inventory ANNS IN Ariat fo yy amp gr ee 21 29275 449 13137 725 Meters Figure 6 9 Example 9 ADMS Airport Sources Step 3 9 Adding a contour map l In ArcGIS to add a contour to the plot from the ADMS Airport toolbar by selecting the icon to Generate Contours Ensure that the Long Term button is selected at the top left of the ADMS Contour Plotter window Navigate to the location of the up file saved in Step 3 7 and select the example9a git results file click Plot A ADMS Airport User Guide Page 72 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 window is shown asking for a raster dataset name enter example9a and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save 3 Change the contour levels by double clicking the left mouse button on the contour layer Select 7 classes from the dropdown Classes menu and click Classify Enter the following values for the break values 0 1 0 2 0 5 1 2 5 and 10 Click OK select the yellow blue colour ramp from the dropdown menu and click OK The plot will look as in Figure 6 10 example9 mxd ArcMap ArcView Edt View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help
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9. 1 1 1 1 Lis 1 1 1 1 0 D 0 Runvay 1 Profilei Runvay 2 Profile2 Sourcei 999 Profile3 For Help press F1 Figure 7 7 An example file A source cannot be listed in both the hfc and fac files ADMS Airport User Guide Page 136 SECTION 7 Technical Summary If a default road profile is used in the fac file then this default profile is applied to any road sources that are not explicitly listed in either the fac or hfc files 7 4 1 The top of the annual hourly profile file The top of an file can contain up to 500 profiles with emission factors Input data requirements for the top part of an fc file are shown in Table 7 8 The hourly emission factors are normalised and as such the sum of the annual emission factors must be equal to the number of lines in the file The order must match the order of the Julian day hour data in the met file used Figure 7 8 shows an example of a top of an file opened in Microsoft Excel The example contains nine profiles for a 24 hour period Column Heading Data Restrictions Year Year 4 digits Day Julian day Integer 1 366 Hour Hour of the day Integer 0 23 Profile names Hourly emission factors 20 Table 7 8 Column headings for the top of the hfc file Qa id 9 c Example hfc Read Only Microsoft Excel 5 X Home Insert Page Layout
10. PROMS jg JE 18 ADMS Receptor 2127 ADMS Point Source e ADMS Receptor E ADMS Road Source E ADMS Aircraft Source ADMS Volume Source a Ki ADMS Area Source CAEPport tif Value mo 10 1 Display Source Selection gt j editor v task c Vila Drawing gt 10 amp by se Refresh All Data 716815 10728 32 Meters Figure 6 29 CAEPport case study ADMS Airport inputs close up ADMS Airport setup Basic airport set up including Monin Obukov length roughness source types met background grids different resolutions and source oriented points and output ADMS Airport User Guide Page 111 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Setup The basic setup parameters used were as described in Table 6 39 ADMS Airport Setup Parameter Value Surface roughness m 0 3 Latitude 49 917 Minimum Monin Obukhov length m 20 Table 6 39 CAEPport case study basic setup parameters Sources The airport sources were defined in the groups shown in Table 6 40 This table also indicates whether the source details were defined in the air file or imported via EMIT CAEPport Source Input Via EMIT Input Via
11. groups Source Group Source Name Depth Elevation X2 Y2 Y3 X4 Y4 m m Aircraft Taxiing A320 Taxiing 3 5 1 75 1200 3200 1200 1200 5400 11200 5400 3200 Aircraft Taxiing 737 500 Taxiing 3 5 1 75 1200 3200 1200 1200 5400 11200 5400 3200 Aircraft Taxiing Emb145 Taxiing 3 5 1 75 1200 3200 1200 1200 5400 11200 5400 3200 Aircraft Taxiing 146 100 Taxiing 3 5 1 75 1200 3200 1200 1200 5400 11200 5400 3200 Aircraft Takeoff 20 Takeoff 3 5 1 75 550 3175 550 3225 7150 3225 7150 3175 Aircraft Takeoff 737 500 Takeoff 3 5 1 75 550 3175 550 3225 7150 3225 7150 3175 Aircraft Takeoff Emb145 Takeoff 3 5 1 75 550 3175 550 3225 7150 3225 7150 3175 Aircraft Takeoff 146 100 Takeoff 3 5 1 75 550 3175 550 3225 7150 3225 7150 3175 Aircraft Climb A320 Climb 900 450 4200 3120 4200 3280 10800 3280 10800 3120 Aircraft Climb 737 500 Climb 900 450 4200 31201 4200 3280 10800 3280 10800 3120 Aircraft Climb Emb145 Climb 900 450 4200 3120 4200 3280 10800 3280 10800 3120 Aircraft Climb BAe146 100 Climb 900 450 4200 3120 4200 3280 10800 3280 10800 3120 Aircraft Takeoff and Aircraft Climb ADMS Airport User Guide Page 62 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Step 2 6 Adding APU sources to an EMIT emission group 1 I
12. ADMS Airport User Guide Page 51 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 Step 1 12 Remove industrial sources from project l Move to the Source screen by clicking on the Source tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window Select the Show industrial sources option to display the industrial source table Click on the Delete All button to remove all industrial sources from the project Step 1 13 Creating an AIR file 1 2 Open example air from the Data directory in Microsoft Excel To transform the data into the correct format for editing highlight column A Select Text to Columns from the Data menu Check delimited click Next Check comma click Next Click Finish Amend example air to contain aircraft engine parameters for a single category as given in Table 6 3 This information describes the buoyancy of the exhaust plume In Excel enter three Air File sources as given in Table 6 4 Once entered the information should look as in Figure 6 2 From the File menu choose Save As select CSV Comma delimited csv from the Save as type drop down menu enter a new file name e g example7b csv and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Open Windows Explorer and navigate to the directory where your file is saved Change the file extension from csv to air in Windows Explorer Open the file in Notepad Remove any trailing commas from the bottom of the Air File
13. 9999 9999999909909 Figure 6 25 CAEPport case study receptor locations for generation of contour plots Outer grid point Inner grid point Source oriented grid point 209 0097 00 o 407 05 209 o o o o o Figure 6 26 CAEPport case study receptor locations for generation of contour plots close up on aircraft runway and aircraft taxiing sources Outer grid point Inner grid point Source oriented grid point ADMS Airport User Guide Page 109 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Figure 6 27 CAEPport case study receptor
14. 15 Time Varying 5 iode re ebrei ride 15 Dispersion EGG ss oeste eati istae queam 16 ZU FANG SOURCES eoru 16 Generating an Emissions Inventory 1 eerte seen 19 Introductionis ierit i ae sk RR 19 Aircraft Main EOS CS oec S dinde te d 19 Quantification of aircraft CMMISSIONS ederet d re e eat 20 Landing Take off cycle LTO ctn ede tre ene iis 20 Bdsic 21 Intermediate Soenori0A ee oan ut I bn a eU a 25 Complex Seendriocn eie tenor 28 Compiling Air File source daba dus eu sed oo on 28 Aircraft Auxiliary Power secte uet ses cou Hd bna 31 Magnitude of emissions 31 Spatial allocation of 6111551018 31 Using EMIT to generate an emissions 3l Aircraft Ground Support Equipment 32 Magnitude of 32 Spatial allocation of emission sss 32 Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory eee 42 Airport Statie SOURCES vos o aia a ades 33 Magnitude of CHIISSIOHSS 33 Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory 35 Urban 34 The Complete Emissions
15. Deus B am X 10548 Segen Layers Emissions Invento X 5 EI Point Source EI Road Source EI Volume Source KJ NOx 2 5 10 000000 10 000001 0 000000 E 0 000001 0 000000 0 000001 0 000000 Wil 0 000001 0 000002 4 gt gt Task Create New Feature Targe 1 Drawing v d Dv Ar rxz 0 Arial 71107 B7 U Avy 545 1 7333 56 1675 20 Meters Figure 6 7 Example 8 fictional airport sources and gridded emissions detail Air file sources are not entered into EMIT as such the emissions specified in the Air File are not aggregated into the emission totals and aren t disaggregated in the model ADMS Airport User Guide Page 69 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 Example 9 Modelling a Simple Airport In this example you will model a simple airport from the emissions database developed in example 8 In particular you will learn how to add source data from an emissions inventory e how to plot results in ArcGIS e howto enhance concentration results around aircraft volume sources Step 3 1 Start ADMS Airport and define basic setup data 1 Start ADMS Airport by double clicking on the Vicon 2 Enter the name of the site and the project Step 3 2 Import source data from an emissions inventory 1 From the toolbar select File Prefe
16. profile2 monthlyl point2 0 1 1 profilel 350 10 0 1 roadl profile2 default road profile3 profile2 Figure 7 6 Example time varying emission factors file fac Page 135 ADMS Airport User Guide SECTION 7 Technical Summary 7 4 Annual hourly time varying profiles Annual hourly profiles can be used to vary aircraft road and industrial source emissions in ADMS Airport using an file The annual hourly profile file is a comma separated file with a carriage return between the top and bottom parts of the file An example annual hourly profile file is shown in Figure 7 7 There are two parts to an Afc file The top part defines a profile and its emission factors This will usually be 8761 lines long if modelling one year 8760 hours in one year plus a header line The bottom part lists the sources and profile to be applied to each source Example hfc WordPad File Edit View Insert Format Help Dc E 464 4 fm B fear Day Hour Profilei Profile2 Profile3 2006 247 0 0 0 0 5 2006 247 1 0 2006 247 2 0 2006 247 3 0 2006 247 4 0 2006 247 5 0 2006 247 6 2 2006 247 7 2 2006 247 8 2 2006 247 9 2 2006 247 10 2006 247 11 2006 247 12 2006 247 13 2006 247 14 2006 247 15 2006 247 16 2006 247 17 2006 247 18 2006 247 19 2006 247 20 2006 247 21 2006 247 22 2006 247 23 Cn
17. Set Depth m to 450 and Elevation m to 900 In the Aircraft tab click Add From the Aircraft engine UID num of engines dropdown menu select Airbus A320 100 Series V2500 A1 11 001 2 in the Thrust field enter 30 in the LTO field enter 1095 and in the TIM min field enter 4 Click Apply in the lower right corner of the left hand panel The number of LTO cycles is input as an annual figure In the Emissions tab click Recalculate to calculate the aircraft emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 59 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 In the Vertices tab check the box marked Edit Vertices Enter the following vertices 26700 3150 26700 3250 32900 3250 and 32900 3150 Click Apply in the lower right corner of the left hand panel Click Close Add further sources to the Aircraft Approach group as shown in Table 6 6 Enter the spatial information as shown in Table 6 7 Return to the group overview screen by clicking Close in the source screen Source Source Data Item Field Name Group Aircraft engine UID num of engines Thrust LTO TIM 99 min Aircraft A320 Airbus A320 100 Series 2500 1 114001 2 30 1095 4 Approach Approach Aircraft 737 500 Boeing 737 500 Series CFM56 3C 1 Rerated 1CM006 2 30 12190 4 Approach Approach Aircraft Emb145 Embraer ERJ145 AE3007A1 1 6AL009 2 30 2190 4 Approach
18. Up x dt In the moving frame the plume speed is Up so the position x in the moving frame after time dt is represented by Up x dt Up and Up are related by Up Va Solving the above three equations leads to Vaxdt Up Up Va C o gt Figure 8 3 Schematic of the translation between moving and stationary frames of reference for an aircraft engine travelling with speed Va where the ambient wind and the aircraft speed are in opposite directions In the more general case where the ambient wind and the aircraft are not travelling in opposite directions refer to Figure 8 4 if f is the angle from the aircraft direction of travel to the effective wind direction measured anticlockwise then ADMS Airport User Guide Page 145 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification 8 0 2 0 X V tcos Y Y V tsin B where X Y has already been rotated to the effective wind direction and is the elapsed time since the plume left the source Figure 8 4 Schematic representation of the relationship between the movement of the aircraft and the rotated frame of reference aligned with the effective wind direction Transformation of the plume velocity between moving and stationary frames of reference The plume velocity as calculated by the plume rise calculations is of course the plume velocity in the frame of reference moving with
19. hfc file Detailed annual hourly emissions profiles can be applied to aircraft road and industrial source emissions using an fc file The file is a comma separated file ADMS Airport User Guide Page 39 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport Details on how to set up an file are provided in Section 7 4 of this User Guide 5 3 Using source oriented grids with Air File sources As concentration gradients across linear sources such as roads and runways are significant ADMS Airport includes an Intelligent gridding option When activated this model feature adds additional receptor points within the study area in order to help resolve particular features of the pollutant concentration distribution such as concentration gradients Figure 5 4 shows how the Source oriented grids gridding option for Road Line Aircraft sources can be selected in the Grids screen of the ADMS Airport interface File Run Results Utilities Pollutants Emissions Inventory Help Select output Gridded Specified points Gridded output Grid spacing Regular C Variable A Y Z m Minimum m Maximum Number of points 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 Adds extra output points close to the road line and aircraft sources Figure 5 4 Grids screen with Source oriented grids for Road Line Aircraft gridding option activated A
20. 1 21 V1 Tto NT NOx NO2 PM10 IC 747400 26 8 1342 06539 473 7352 0 102 3167 7537 6776 1092 1068 794 3557 122 6161 85 4809 12 1 58E 01 8 38E 03 2 31E 03 A320 26 5 2743 7899 720 7933 0 82 8191 1799 241 80 2656 455 5999 117 286 52 0635 12 2 79E 01 1 48E 02 9 52E 04 IC A320 8 5 1664 8005 531 8504 0 82 8191 6207 8314 1332 9094 455 5990 117 286 52 0635 12 1 12E 01 5 91E 03 3 B1E 04 LD A320 26 9 4076 6803 955 9733 15 24 65 702 3790 2886 905 4747 0 65 1875 4 7488 5 1 40E 04 2 10E 05 4 75E 06 TO 747400 26 4 4282 7191 992 1481 0 0 1342 6539 473 7352 0 102 3167 63 4624 12 6 22 02 3 30 03 1 18 03 TO_A320_26 1 4282 7191 992 1481 0 0 2743 7899 720 7933 0 82 8191 41 9019 12 3 14E 01 1 66E 02 9 19E 04 TO A320 8 1 125 8713 260 4957 0 0 1664 8005 531 8504 0 82 8191 41 9019 12 1 26E 01 6 66E 03 3 68E 04 Figure 7 1 An example Air File The top of the Air File The top of the air file is shown in more detail in Figure 7 2 The column headings are described in Table 7 1 This part of the file assigns a category number to different engines and their operating conditions In the example there are four different airframe engine types each with four different operating conditions that in this example represent take off roll initial climb landing and taxiing When sec file is used the EmissionCurvelD column contains a non zero value Information in the top of Air F
21. 1 Select the Show Aircraft Sources option to display the aircraft source table 2 Check the box marked Model aircraft sources Browse to locate the air file from the lDatalExamplel0 directory provided in your ADMS Airport installation location click on the file and select Open Step 4 10 Enter meteorological data from a file 1 Move to the Meteorology screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Set the Surface roughness to 0 3m and the latitude to 52 Make sure that the Use advanced options box is ticked then click the Data button and set the Minimum Monin Obukhov length to 20m 3 Select the From file option further down the screen Click on the Browse button and select the file oneday met from the supplied Data directory This file contains 24 lines of hourly sequential meteorological data 4 Make sure that the Met Data are hourly sequential box is ticked Step 4 11 Enter a background concentration 1 Move to the Background screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Check that the None option is selected Step 4 12 Define output grids 1 Move to the Grids screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Select Both output with Regular spacing Select the Road Line Aircraft option in the Source oriented grids section ADMS Airport User Guide Page 89 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 3 Enter th
22. 180 170 0 3 6 10 16 99 Wind peed 0 15 31 51 82 mg Figure 6 24 CAEPport wind rose of meteorological data CAEPport Study Input into ADMS Airport This section describes the processes required to input the information provided for the CAEPport study into ADMS Airport Summary of Emissions Emissions from the various airport sources were calculated using a flight performance model for the aircraft sources EMIT version 2 3 for APU GSE road traffic and car parking sources while the emissions from the airport stationary sources were provided Table 6 33 gives the emissions at CAEPport from the sources specified as used by ADMS Airport for dispersion modelling ADMS Airport User Guide Page 102 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport CO SO kg yr kg yr kg yr kg yr kg yr Aircraft Take off 2 943 374 74 501 2 322 554 Aircraft Initial Climb 3 553 374 79 500 2 552 608 Aircraft Climb Out 3 602 261 58 691 2 230 479 Aircraft Approach 82 014 10 862 10 080 1 689 294 Aircraft Deceleration 1 865 225 21 733 999 225 Aircraft Taxi Out 138 117 15 323 23 273 4 384 1 376 Aircraft Taxi In 68 264 8 371 11 675 2 174 706 Aircraft APUs 11 060 838 5 975 GSE 6 148 1 538 10 590 797 Power Plant 7 200 362 34 800 70 200 1 440 Fuel Farm 112 Roads 32 392 5 263 19 753 228 803 Parking 20 740 8 393 1 363 8 40 Subtot
23. 9 9999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 o Figure 6 11 Example 9 receptor locations for generation of contour plots Regular grid point Source oriented road grid point Additional specified point Step 3 11 Run ADMS Airport l Run the model by choosing Run from the menu bar Step 3 12 Compiling result to include additional specified points l 2 Open the example9b glt and example9b pit files in Microsoft Excel For each file in turn highlight column A from the Data menu select Text to Columns option Select Delimited and click Next Select the Delimiter as Comma and click Next Then select Finish ADMS Airport User Guide Page 74 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 3 Now append the results to the g t results by copying all the x y z and concentration information as shown in Figure 6 12 Now paste this data to the bottom of the g t file 4 Save this new as comma delimited file named example9b_ AdditionalPoints glt Gp d 9 lt Microsoft Excel Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View B A Calibri n eB General 27 dm ri oom 2r d PAEA BB rene cote Been qum ce Fae Se Clipboard f Font Ir Alignment Number Styles Cells Editing a 82 fa 2500 example9b pit 3500 3245 3500 3155 3500 3400 3500 3000
24. SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Derivation of the exit velocity The aircraft thrust is equal to the rate of change of momentum of air passing through the aircraft engine Thrust N V V where is the mass flow rate V is the flow velocity and the subscripts 0 and e refer to values at entry and exit from the engine respectively relative to the moving aircraft Vp is the aircraft speed Rearranging this gives y Thrust e The exit velocity relative to a stationary observer on the ground is therefore Ti psp Brust Engine thrust N and mass flow rate kg s data during take off are both available in the spreadsheets accompanying the textbook Civil Jet Aircraft Design CIVIL 2008 Derivation of the source temperature T The amount of heat per second produced by the combustion of aviation fuel in the engine Q J s can be derived from the fuel flow rate during take off f kg s ICAO 2007 and the known heat of combustion of aviation fuel 43 5 MJ kg from Aircraft Fuel 1997 O f x43 5x105 J s The thermal efficiency 7 of an aircraft engine 15 the ratio of the total work done by the engine to the total amount of energy from fuel combustion This can be estimated as Power to the engine Kinetic energy gained by the air Energy from fuel combustion Thermal efficiency can also be written _ Thrust x V t Li V V y Q The amount of heat avail
25. e 12 remote stands 1 12 GSE e 20 pier stands TO1 T29 e 10 general aviation stands G01 G10 Central De icing Pad with 2 widebody or 3 narrowbody lanes S DIP B for all aircraft de icing operations De icing 1 Met Location of the met sensors that provide meteorological data Instruments 2 Engine Run up U shaped engine run up silencer for engine test runs X Silencer 3 Aircraft Maintenance building for servicing washing painting X Maintenance repairing aircraft 4 Catering Catering facility to provide all necessary amenities for flights 5 Fuel Farm Kerosene and fuel farm with 5 tanks kerosene for aircraft and 1 v tank fuel for the power plant Tanks are equipped with either sealed fixed or sealed floating roofs Fuel is delivered by electrical block trains fuel transfer is in a Kerosene tanks tained system fuel vapour recovery system contained system fuel va Diesel tanks 6 Power Plant Oil fuelled power plant providing electrical and process energy including heating and cooling to all airport buildings 7 Airport Airport maintenance and service facility containing repair Maintenance service paint shops and vehicle fuel station This fuel station is for direct fuelling of vehicles and fuelling of tanker trucks for some aircraft 8 Cargo Building Cargo exchange building with limited storage capacity 9 Passenger Passenger terminal building with pier
26. emissions databank for jet engine larger than 26 7 kN thrust Details of these generic relationships are available in Section 8 4 By creating your own air file categories you can reflect the majority of aircraft operating at your airport and potentially reduce the number of categories required hence improving run time You can also better reflect the aircraft operating at your airport by choosing engine exhaust conditions that match your aircraft fleet using either estimated exhaust conditions or engine manufacturer s data if you have it available 1 2 Emission Curve File The emission curve file describes the development of speed and emissions of Air File sources with non constant acceleration The emission curve file is a comma separated the file must be located in the same directory as the upl with the same file name as the and with the file extension sec 7 2 1 Emission Curve File Format An example of a sec file is shown in Figure 7 4 In the file one set of parameters is entered to describe the speed curves for all aircraft types whereas parameters for multiple aircraft specific emissions curves can be entered ADMS Airport User Guide Page 128 SECTION 7 Technical Summary example sec Notepad File Edit Format View Help PEED 0 23 1 0 0 015 0 8 3 1 0 25 0 4 POLLUTANTS 2 NOx NO2 EMISSIONS 2 1 0 05 0 15 0 005 1 2 0 06 0 16 0 007 1 1 0 1 0 Figure 7 4 An example
27. landing and taxiing The BPR of the engines was taken from the ICAO Engine Emissions Databank ICAO 2005 for the engines specified The engine BPRs and exhaust velocity and temperature conditions were plotted see Figure 8 7 There is a clear linear relationship between BPR and exhaust conditions Engine exhaust velocity and temperature can be estimated using the following equations and data given in Table 8 1 This method allows engine exhaust method parameters to be estimated for jet engines larger than 26 7 kN thrust contained in the ICAO Engine Emissions Databank Engine Exhaust Velocity m BPR c Engine Exhaust Temperature m BPR c BPR bypass ratio m C exhaust temperature coefficients exhaust temperature coefficients Aircraft Mode Thrust Setting m Cy mr Take off 10096 25 27 485 8 86 141 Initial climb 8596 22 65 446 8 17 133 Landing 3096 12 44 260 4 98 95 Taxiing 7 5 52 117 4 1 77 Table 8 1 Coefficients for estimating engine exhaust parameters from bypass ratio ADMS Airport User Guide Page 152 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Exhaust Velocity m s Exhaust Temperature C 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 120 100 80 60 40 20 e Take off A Initial climb Landing Taxiing Linear Fit
28. t time s take off time s As Bs Cs Ds Es Fs and Gs speed development coefficients 8 3 3 Emission development during take off Development of emissions can be defined each of the Air File take off categories and applied to specific pollutants The development of emissions during take off is assumed to be governed by the equation 3 2 t aver vat esr ee Jn Qfactor emissions factor Vito take off speed m s t time s take off time s Ag Cr De Gy normalised emission development coefficients The area under the curve against Qfactor must be equal to 8 4 Estimating engine exhaust parameters 8 4 4 Introduction Engine exhaust parameters required for modelling aircraft sources using the ADMS jet model may not always be available from the manufacturer As such a method has been developed of estimating engine exhaust temperature and engine exhaust velocity from the engine bypass ratio BPR a more widely available metric ADMS Airport User Guide Page 151 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification 8 4 2 Estimating parameters In lieu of manufacturer data aircraft engine exhaust parameters can be estimated from the bypass ratio of the engine As part of the DfT Air Quality Studies for Heathrow DfT 2007 manufacturer data were provided for 10 airframe engine combinations in 4 modes of operation take off initial climb
29. 01 5 25 04 3 31E 01 2 01E 01 Table 6 27 Example 10 EMIT annual emissions The total annual airport emissions are a combination of the airport emissions input via EMIT and input via AIR file Step 4 6 Export an EMIT emissions inventory for import into ADMS Airport and viewing in ArcGIS 1 In EMIT from the source groups overview screen select the Aircraft Approach All MCATs group Click Export Group select To ADMS Airport User Guide Page 87 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Inventory from the dropdown list Click New and name the new inventory 10 Inventory mdb Save the inventory to a suitable working location Ensure that the All Pollutants button is checked and click Export Export the remaining source groups to this inventory Selecting each group in turn click Export Group select To Inventory from the dropdown list If not already selected click Browse to find the file 10 Inventory mdb just created Ensure that the All Pollutants button is checked and click Export Select Export Totals Export total emissions to 10 Inventory mdb set the Grid Depth to 10m and click Export This exports aggregated grids of the emissions from all EMIT sources to the ADMS emissions inventory database The file Examplel0 Inventory mdb contains the emissions inventory compatible for import into ADMS Airport Click Close and then from the toolbar
30. 1204 50 Aircraft GSE All GSE Refuelling tanker truck 200 kW 10 Diesel 2920 00 Aircraft GSE All GSE Water truck 117 kW 25 Diesel 730 00 Table 6 11 Example 8 source details for Aircraft GSE group Source Group Source Name DepthElevation X1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 4 Y4 m m Aircraft GSE GSE 2 1 3050 1200 3450 1200 3450 1950 3050 1950 Table 6 12 Example 8 vertex details for Aircraft GSE group Step 2 8 Adding power plant and part A sources to EMIT emission groups 1 Input power plant and fire training and part A source emissions as described in Table 6 13 Select the Airport Power Plant source group and then click Open Group Click Add to add a source 2 Enter the Source Name Power Plant Enter a Stack Height m of 25m Stack Diameter m of 1 8 Exit Velocity m s of 10 and Exit Temperature of 130 4 Select the Emissions tab on the right hand side of the window Click Add and select NOx from the dropdown menu Enter 2 2 in the Emission rate tonnes yr box Click Apply in the left hand window 5 In the Vertices tab check the box marked Edit Vertices Enter the following vertices 1200 1200 Click Apply in the lower right corner of the left hand panel Click Close 6 Click Close to exit the Airport Power Plant source group ADMS Airport User Guide Page 64 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 7 Repeat this process for the Part A So
31. 1818 18 e pe 17 18 9 jo pu 122 pa ps pe 7 pe HS example7a example7a VALUE 10 0 0001 0 0001 0 0002 E 0 0002 0 0005 I8 0 0005 0 001 0 001 0 002 10 002 0 005 WI 0 005 0 01 11548 ET CR a 190 de apros qi amp example b example7b example7b lt gt 10 0 0001 0 0001 0 0002 0 0002 0 0005 E 0 0005 0 001 0 001 0 002 Wil o 002 0 005 Wi 0 005 0 01 2 n 2 aj gt j z szujA 95 4 jmasBmBDH sisp J o 0 69 10 23 Centimeters Figure 6 4 Example 7 results of modelling an aircraft departure with aircraft sources ADMS Airport User Guide Page 56 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Example 8 Using EMIT to build an Emissions Inventory Database In this example you will set up and populate a simple airport emissions inventory in EMIT In particular you will learn how to plan an EMIT emissions inventory for an airport how to launch EMIT how to add emission groups to EMIT how to enter airport emissions sources into emission groups in EMIT how to calculate emissions for the complete inventory in EMIT how to convert an EMIT database into an emissions inventory for import into ADMS
32. 21 2 9 9 2 4 21 2 9 9 2 4 49 B787 3 GENx 59 63 35 932 364 0 2 19 3 8 3 22 19 3 8 3 22 50 A340 600 Trent 556 69 46 48 92 934 0 2 26 3 15 35 2 95 26 3 15 35 2 95 51 A350 800 500 71 32 37 31 2 292 0 2 21 4 9 6 2 6 21 4 9 6 2 6 52 737 800RE Trent 500 65 12 38 7 1 83 0 2 15 3 4 9 1 9 15 3 4 9 1 9 53 120 CFM56 X 50 85 39 2911 838 0 2 12 9 5 4 1 5 12 9 5 4 1 5 54 INew150s CFM56 X 63 58 40 32 1 662 0 2 17 6 7 55 2 17 6 7 5 2 53 180 56 X 70 52141 96 1 601 0 2 16 6 7 2 1 9 16 6 7 2 1 9 56 INew450s GE90 130B 73 0737 662 991 0 2 23 1 11 4 3 23 1 11 4 3 Table 7 7 Default top of Air File categories 43 56 for taxiing ADMS Airport User Guide Page 127 SECTION 7 Technical Summary 7 1 3 Creating your own AIR FILE categories To improve the accuracy and efficiency of your model you may wish to create your own air file categories specific to your modelling situation This will allow you to incorporate the mix of aircraft operating at your airport and incorporate specific aircraft engine data that may be available to you Aircraft engine exhaust velocity and temperature data are not freely available However a generic relationship between jet engine bypass ratio BPR and engine exhaust velocity and temperature has been developed by CERC for use in ADMS Airport Engine BPRs are readily available in the
33. 3400 3245 3400 3155 3400 3400 3400 3000 3300 3245 3300 3155 3300 3400 3300 3000 3200 3245 3200 3155 3200 3400 3200 3000 3100 3245 3100 3155 3100 3400 3100 3000 3000 3245 3000 3155 3000 3400 3000 3000 2900 3245 2900 3155 2900 3400 2900 3000 2800 3245 2800 3155 2800 3400 2800 3000 922 Ready Average 1925 281655 Count 10256 Sum 19745688 65 j 0 0 gt Step 3 13 Figure 6 12 Example 9b copying p t results to append to a glt file Viewing results in ArcGIS l 2 Return to ArcGIS z From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon ed to Show ADMS Airport In ADMS Airport from the File menu select Open navigate to find the upl file saved in Step 3 10 Click Open to open the file Return to ArcGIS From the ADMS Airport toolbar the icon to Refresh All Data Deselect the example9a contour layer by clicking on the check box to remove the tick 2 From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon Generate Contours to add a contour to the plot ADMS Airport User Guide Page 75 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 Ensure that the Long Term button is selected at the top left of the ADMS Contour Plotter window Navigate to the location of the up file saved in Step 3 10 and select the example9b AdditionalPoints glt results file click Plot A window is shown asking for a raster dataset
34. Aircraft Approach MCATs then click Add A message New inventory contents have been saved appears click OK Repeat this for each of the groups in Table 6 24 Once all source groups are added click Close 5 Return to the inventory overview screen by clicking Close in the group overview screen ADMS Airport User Guide Page 84 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Group Source Emissions EMIT factors Greenhouse Year Fleet Route Type Gas Sector Components Type Aircraft Approach IVOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCATs manually Aircraft ClimbOut IVOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCATs manually Aircraft Deceleration VOLUME emissions 2008 MCAT 0 manually Aircraft InitialClimb VOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCAT 0 manually Aircraft Landing IVOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCAT 0 manually Aircraft Takeoff IVOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCAT 0 manually Aircraft TaxiIn IVOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCATs manually Aircraft TaxiOut VOLUME Enter emissions 2008 MCATs manually Aircraft APUs VOLUME Calculate with IAPU 2004 2004 emissions factors Aircraft GSE VOLUME Calculate with IAIRPORT GSE 2007 emissions factors 2007 Airside Vehicles Not to be modelled Airport POINT Enter emissions Energy 2008 Power Plant manually Roads amp Parking _ ROAD Calcu
35. Approach Aircraft 146 100 146 100 ALF 5026 5 1TL003 4 30 21901 4 Approach Approach Table 6 6 Example 8 source details for the Aircraft Approach group Source Group Source Name Depth Elevation X2 Y2 Y3 X4 4 m m Aircraft Approach 320 Approach 900 450 1 2630013150 26300 3250 32900 3250 32900 3150 Aircraft Approach 737 500 Approach 900 450 1 26300 3150 26300 3250 32900 3250 32900 3150 Aircraft Approach Emb145 Approach 900 450 1 2630013150 26300 325032900 3250 32900 3150 Aircraft Approach 146 100 Approach 900 450 26300 3150 26300 3250 32900 3250 32900 3150 Table 6 7 Example 8 spatial details for the Aircraft Approach group The aircraft sources used in this example have the same location of emissions for all aircraft types This is a simplification and when modelling an airport you may wish to add more detail by describing the emissions from different aircraft types with different geographical extents Step 2 5 Adding aircraft sources to an EMIT emission group using the import wizard l 2 the remaining aircraft source and spatial details shown in Tables 6 8 and 6 9 can be input as described in Step 2 4 However for a large number of sources it may be preferable to use the EMIT import wizard Import file formats are discussed in Section 5 of the EMIT U
36. Restrictions Src Name Source name Limited to 20characters Up to 500 unique values per air file Category Category number Match to top of air file X0 X coordinate of aircraft starting position m 9 999 999m 9 999 999m YO Y coordinate of aircraft starting position m 9 999 999m 9 999 999m Z0 Starting height of the aircraft m gt VO Starting velocity of the aircraft m s gt 0m s X coordinate of aircraft finishing position m 9 999 000m 9 999 999m 1 Y coordinate of aircraft finishing position m 9 999 000m 9 999 999m 71 Finishing height of the aircraft m gt VI Finishing velocity of the aircraft m s gt 0m s Tto Time to take off s Os for take offs only else value ignored NT Number of jets modelled 0 lt NT lt 400 Num Of Engines Pollutant names Emissions rates for different pollutants g s gt 08 8 Table 7 3 Column headings for the bottom of the air file 7 1 2 Default AIR FILE Categories The default aircraft engine exhaust conditions are provided in this section to be used in the top of the Air File The default conditions provided are suitable for a large airport with a high proportion of large passenger aircraft The 14 airframe engine combinations considered are Airbus A320 with International Aero Engines V2527 A5 engines Airbus A330 with Rolls Royce Trent 772 engines Airbus A340 300 with CFM International CFM56 5C4 en
37. Vehicles Vehicles Surrounding Roads Road A 20 50 21 525 297510258475102562751025 30 1900 70 Surrounding Roads Road 10 30 2975 10252975 1 1503475 115034751025 15 1220 45 Step 2 11 Table 6 15 Example 8 source details for the Surrounding Roads group 11 Click Close to exit the Surrounding Roads source group Calculating emissions for the complete EMIT emissions inventory l Set up the geographical extents of the EMIT emissions inventory by clicking Inventory Properties in the source group overview window Leave the Cell Size set as 1000 In the boxes South West set X to 30000 and Y to 1000 In the boxes North East set X to 33000 and Y to 5000 Check the Specific time period button Set the Start Date to 06 Sep 2007 and the Start Time to 00 00 Set the Stop Date to 07 Sep 2007 and the Stop Time to 00 00 Click OK This is set as we are only interested in 1 day of emissions Usually we are concerned with a year of emissions in which case the Annual average emissions button would be checked Click Calculate to calculate total emissions for all source groups in the inventory over the selected extents Click View Totals the total emissions should be as given in Table 6 16 Click Close to exit the total emissions screen ADMS Airport User Guide Page 66 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Group
38. full details of how to set up the air file are given in Section 7 1 In general the aircraft is modelled as moving at constant or zero acceleration However non constant acceleration at take off can also be modelled by use of an additional sec file For further details please refer to Section 7 2 Air File source properties In the Air File the user must assign each Air File source a particular engine category In addition the source geometry must be given i e the start and end locations of the straight line along which the aircraft travels further the start and end aircraft speeds must be specified For further details please refer to Section 7 1 Aircraft emissions The emission rates for each Air File source are specified in units of g s For further details please refer to Sections 4 2 and 7 1 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 17 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory This section describes the methods used to generate an airport emissions inventory and building an inventory using the emissions inventory tool EMIT The complete emissions inventory can be stored in EMIT plus the Air file The data in EMIT will be the magnitude and spatial information on emissions sources The magnitude of the emissions may be calculated from emission factor datasets stored in EMIT and or user specified based on information supplied by the airport operator 4 1 Introduction An airport emissions inventory contains information regard
39. layout other airport features emissions inventory and meteorology inputs Airport layout Figure 6 22 shows the layout of CAEPport with runways taxiways stands terminals roads and car parks Table 6 28 describes the airport features shown on the layout in more detail and indicates whether the emissions from the feature were modelled Figure 6 23 shows the output parameters required for the CAEPport study including 4 receptor locations and the extents for concentration contours Further details of these parameters are given in Table 6 29 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 95 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Airport Name CAEP Model Airport IATA ICAO CMA CAEP Location ARP 49 55 00 0 6 19 00 0 S Elevation 300 AMSL Figure 6 22 CAEPport case study airport layout ADMS Airport User Guide Page 96 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Airport Feature Description Modelled Runway Runway with multiple rapid exit taxiways v Taxiways e main parallel taxiways B connected to the runway with rapid exit taxiways and access taxiways on each side A1 A7 e main access taxiways to the aircraft stands 1 to maintenance 1 to cargo 1 to remote pier 1 to pier 1 to general aviation C G e 3secondary access taxiways to the maintenance area 1 C3 Apron Total of 47 aircraft stands 5 stands 01 05
40. name enter example9b and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save Change the contour levels by double clicking the left mouse button on the contour layer Select 7 classes from the dropdown Classes menu and click Classify Enter the following values for the break values 0 1 0 2 0 5 1 2 5 and 10 Click OK select the yellow blue colour ramp from the dropdown menu and click OK The plot will look as in Figure 6 13 example9 mxd ArcMap ArcView Ele Edt Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Wi D g amp ex oc 6 amp Layers ADMS Point Source ADMS Road Source ADMS Volume Source ADMS Grid Source 0 example9a lt VALUE gt 10 000062116 0 1 210 1 0 2 02 05 Wios 1000000001 2 2 000000001 5 Wl 5000000001 10 10 000061797 0 1 1 000000001 2 Wil 2 000000001 5 Wl 5 000000001 10 Fae lt BIRO BA Eg d Layer examplesa Q 9 select an emissions inventory 4 j o anaj 2 ec Create new Feat Jome Arial zm ez ulA 2 SRB EE l Sho 1 88 8 3457 062 6856 305 Meters _ Figure 6 13 Example 9b NO contour plot for a simple airport ADMS Airport User Guide Page 76 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Exa
41. 2839352 3790 2886 9054747 27090784 618 3018 347154 16935119 3790 2886 9054747 28471564 618 3018 347169 1561434 618 3018 347169 21411512 37302886 9054747 29083908 618 3018 347154 22200057 37302886 905 4747 2851 3591 618 3018 347154 15566313 Time varying emission factors This button allows you to enter time varying emission factors Figure 5 3 Selecting a air and sec file sec file A sec file is a comma separated file used to apply speed and emissions curves to take off emissions Figure 5 3 shows how to select a sec file in the interface The og file reports whether a sec file has been used in a model run For the full sec file format see Section 7 2 The sec file gives in depth information about the aircraft speed and emissions development along the runway and would be supplied by the airport or aircraft operators where required ADMS Airport User Guide Page 38 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport 5 2 2 Time varying Emissions Depending on the complexity of the modelling and the available emissions data time varying emissions for aircraft sources can be approached in various different ways Simple diurnal and monthly profiles can be applied using a file It can also be used to apply profiles based on wind direction as aircraft will usually take off and land into the wind More detailed profiles based on annual hourly
42. 4 There are usually a number of movements within a particular aircraft weight category A choice must be made as to whether to treat each movement separately or to average out the movements over a number of aircraft It is quite common to e Treat the majority of the take off Air File sources separately in terms of aircraft weights and consequently representation in the file e Average out the landing climb out Air File source movements and e Average out movements from sources with lower emissions for example smaller aircraft The simplification of the landing and climb out movements is motivated by the fact that the emissions from these modes are elevated from the ground However clearly the above assumptions are emission inventory dependent and it is important to consider whether or not such simplifications are appropriate for a particular modelling study Note on output from ADMS Airport when modelling Air File sources If contoured concentration plots are required as output from the model run then with regard to the Source oriented grids Road Line Aircraft output option it is important to be aware of the following ADMS Airport User Guide Page 30 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory By default when the Source oriented grids Road Line Aircraft output option is selected additional output receptors will be placed along all Air File sources If a number of Air File sources are modelled w
43. Air File source means that ADMS Airport will accurately model the emissions from the aircraft engines as a moving jet as outlined in Section 3 4 1 A full description of the air file is available in Section 7 1 1 4 2 6 Compiling Air File source data There is a large range of aircraft at most airports If a detailed methodology has been used to calculate the quantity and spatial allocation of emissions at a particular airport then significant emissions data will have been generated In contrast to the basic volume source approach where emissions are aggregated together modelling aircraft trajectories as Air File sources means that each particular aircraft trajectory can be modelled However in terms of data quantities and model run times the number of Air File sources may become restrictive 1f every aircraft movement is modelled separately ADMS Airport User Guide Page 28 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory For example consider an airport with 250 movements per day It may be appropriate to model at least the landing take off and initial climb modes as separate Air File sources leaving approach and climb out as volume sources and each aircraft may have up to 7 weight categories If only one runway is considered with take offs in two directions 1 e into the wind then this leads to up to 250 x3 x7 x 2 10500 different sources that could in theory be modelled separately In order to reduce the number of sou
44. Airport how to plot the sources in ArcGIS Step 2 1 Planning an EMIT emissions inventory for an airport l Firstly decide the types of airport sources to be considered at the airport This example includes airport sources as described in Section 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory of this User Guide The following emission sources will be considered Aircraft main engine emissions Aircraft APU emissions Aircraft GSE emissions Airport static source emissions Urban emissions Next consider these source types in more detail see Figure 6 5 In this example the aircraft main engine emissions will be calculated using the simple scenario described in Section 4 2 3 using EMIT emission factors The aircraft APU aircraft GSE airport static source and urban emissions will be calculated using EMIT emission factors ADMS Airport User Guide Page 57 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Airport Emissions Inventory Aircraft APUs Aircraft GSE APUs GSE Airside Vehicles Airport Static Sources Urban Sources Part A Sources Landside Traffic Power Plant Fire Training Aircraft Main Engines Approach Taxiing Climbout Figure 6 5 Airport emissions inventory plan Boxes shaded grey represent the different types of airport emissions discussed in Section 4 and boxes shade blue represent the emissio
45. BENZENE BUTADIENE CO NO2 NOx 10 PM2 5 502 CO2 METHANE 0 Aircraft Approach 8 36E 03 2 85E 03 1 90E 02 1 08E 04 1 08E 04 2 19E 03 3 23E 04 Aircraft APU 1 69 02 8 07 04 8 07 03 7 88 04 Aircraft Climb 1 80E 03 3 14E 03 5 93E 02 1 52E 04 1 52E 043 33E 03 1 88E 04 Aircraft GSE 5 23 03 9 03 04 9 03 03 6 98 04 6 98 04 0 1 30E 03 Aircraft Takeoff 6 58E 04 1 21E 03 2 68 02 5 82 05 5 82E 05 1 27E 03 7 17E 05 Aircraft Taxiing 1 79E 01 8 73E 03 2 33E 02 3 36E 04 3 36E 04 5 63E 03 1 88E 02 Airport Fire Training 5 48 07 5 48 06 Airport Power Plant 6 03 0416 03 03 Part A 1 37E 02 1 37E 01 Surrounding Roads 8 30E 05 3 29E 05 1 46 02 6 45 04 6 45 03 2 33 04 8 77E 052 34E 03 2 42E 00 1 63 04 1 11 04 TOTAL 8 30 05 3 29E 05 2 27 01 3 26 02 2 95 01 1 58 03 1 35 03 1 25 02 2 38 02 2 42 00 1 63E 04 11 11 04 Step 2 12 Step 2 13 Table 6 16 Example 8 total emissions in tonnes Export an EMIT emissions inventory for import into ADMS Airport and viewing in ArcGIS l In EMIT from the source groups overview screen select the Aircraft Approach group Click Export Group select To Inventory from the dropdown list Click New and name the new inventory Inventory mdb Save the inventory to a suitable working location Ensure that the All Polluta
46. ClimbOut 3 12 00 4 03 001 7 61 01 5 95 01 2 81E 00 1 52 0111 11 04 MCATs Aircraft Deceleration 1 54 01 4 59 02 3 06 01 2 61E 03 2 46 02 3 28E 03 9 69 01 0 Aircraft InitialClimb 7 09 01 1 28 01 2 42E 00 1 07E 02 9 84E 01 1 13 01 4 75E 03 4 44E 02 MCAT 0 Aircraft Landing 1 06 00 2 55 0111 70 00 1 36 02 1 40E 01 6 78 02 5 53 02 0 Aircraft Takeoff 3 61E 01 8 32 02 1 57 00 6 38 03 7 30 02 2 81E 02 2 88E 02 MCAT 0 Aircraft TaxiIn 7 04 01 5 24 00 1 40 01 6 12 01 2 46 00 5 63 00 9 69 03 MCATs Aircraft TaxiOut 1 32 02 9 65 00 2 57 01 1 24 00 4 64E 00 1 06 0111 83 04 All MCATs Airport GSE 7 56 00 1 30 00 1 30 01 9 84 01 1 89 00 0 00 00 Power Plant 7 20E4 00 3 48E 00 3 48E 01 1 44E 00 7 02 01 3 62 01 Roads amp Parking 3 98 02 7 10E 03 9 87 00 5 55 02 5 55 01 1 38 02 1 38E 02 7 03E 00 Hot amp Cold Area Roads amp Parking 2 93 02 6 29E 03 8 75 00 4 92 02 4 92 01 1 22 02 1 22E 02 2 54 00 Hot amp Cold Volume Roads amp Parking 7 4 74 02 2 42 02 1 77 01 1 44 00 1 44 01 5 86 01 2 69E 01 2 02 00 6 42 03 3 31E 01 2 01E 01 obile TOTAL 1 17E 01 3 76E 02 3 37E 02 2 76E 01 2 00E 02 5 73E 00 1 01 E 00 8 21 01 3 79
47. DC10 8 753 MDSI C525 28 IL76 YK40 MD82 C550 PA34 YK42 MD83 D328 SB20 MD87 DH8C SWA MD90 DH8D T134 Table 6 35 CAEPport case study assignment of aircraft to aircraft modelling categories Modelling of emission sources in ADMS Airport Modelling of the emission sources in ADMS Airport requires that the source type location of the emission and temporal distribution of the emission be defined Table 6 36 shows the source types used for each of the sources at CAEPport Table 6 37 shows the basis for the spatial distribution of sources described in ADMS Airport at CAEPport Table 6 38 shows the way in which the nature of the time varying emissions was applied in ADMS Airport ADMS Airport User Guide Page 105 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport CAEPport Source ADMS Airport Source Type Parameters Aircraft Take off 0 MCATI 9 Volume source Aircraft jet source MCAT 0 height 1 75m depth 3 5m MCAT 1 9 specified by MCAT Aircraft Initial Climb 0 Volume source 0 height and depth dependent on aircraft trajectory MCATI 9 Aircraft jet source MCAT 1 9 specified by MCAT Aircraft Climb Out MCATs Volume source All height and depth dependent on aircraft trajectory Aircraft Approach All MCATs Volume source MCATS height and depth dependent on aircraft trajectory Aircraft
48. Formulas Data Review view 3 x AE Oa da Br AA 3 lg 38 aste TD e E umber es Cells X 188 109 A Clipboard Font Alignment Editing Al yi Year f LJ B C D E F G H Year Day Hour Profilel Profile2 Profile3 2 2006 247 0 0 0 0 5 3 2006 247 1 0 0 0 5 4 2006 247 2 0 0 0 5 5 2006 247 3 0 0 0 5 6 2006 247 4 0 0 0 5 7 2006 247 5 0 0 0 5 8 2006 247 6 2 0 0 5 9 2006 247 7 2 2 1 5 10 2006 247 8 2 2 1 5 11 2006 247 9 2 2 ES M 4 Figure 7 8 Example top of hfc file opened in Microsoft Excel ADMS Airport User Guide Page 137 SECTION 7 Technical Summary 7 4 2 The bottom of the annual hourly profile file Information in the bottom of hfc file includes a list of the profiles to be applied to sources during modelling Where the source is contained in the Air File the category number must be used and for all other sources a value of 999 must be given There are no column headers input into the bottom of the hfc file Figure 7 9 shows an example of a bottom of an file opened in Microsoft Excel Column Contents Data Restrictions Source Name Source name Must be an Air File source industrial source road source or grid source Category Category number Where source is an Air File source this must match the category in the air file Otherwise this must be set to 999 Profile
49. H J K L M 1 Category Aircraft Engine V EmissionCurveld NumEngines XE1 YE1 ZE1 XE2 2 ZE2 YE3 ZE3 XE4 YE4 2 4 2 1 A320 V2527 A5 257 1 77 9 1 359 0 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 3 4 Src Name Category X0 YO 20 vo 181 21 Vi Tto NT NOx 5 A320 TakeoffRoll 1 0 0 0 0 1500 0 0 82 0 40 5 83 05 6 A320 InitialClimb 1 1500 0 0 82 6500 0 450113 0 40 5 17 05 7 A320 Climbout 1 6500 0 450 113 10000 0 900113 0 40 2 38 04 8 9 M 4 gt 7 2 4 Ready Figure 6 2 Example 7 AIR file inputs ADMS Airport User Guide Page 53 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 File Edit Format Help rategory Aircraft Engine V T D Emise ioncunvard XH Mart ZEL XE2 YE2 ZE2 XE3 YE3 ZE3 4 YE4 ZE4 1 A320 V2527 A5 257 774912 359 0 2 10 5 Src_Name Category 0 0 20 0 1 1 21 1 0 A320 _TakeoffRoll 1 0 0 0 0 1500 0 0 82 0 40 5 83E 05 0 0 82 6500 0 450 123 0 40 5 17E 05 0 A320 Climbout 1 6500 0 450 113 10000 0 900 113 0 40 2 38 04 Figure 6 3 Example 7 AIR file Step 1 14 Adding aircraft AIR FILE sources 1 In ADMS Airport move to the Source screen by clicking on the Source tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window Select the Show Aircraft Sources option to display the industrial source table 2 Check the box marked Model aircraft sources Browse to locate the Air File
50. Landing MCAT 0 Volume source 0 height and depth dependent MCATI 9 Aircraft jet source 0n aircraft trajectory MCAT 1 9 specified by MCAT Aircraft Deceleration MCAT 0 Volume source MCAT 0 height 1 75m depth 3 5m MCATI 9 Aircraft jet source MCAT 1 9 specified by MCAT Aircraft Taxi Out All MCATs Volume source height 1 75m depth 3 5m Aircraft Taxi In MCATs Volume source MCATS height 1 75m depth 3 5m Aircraft APUs Volume source Height 6m depth 12m GSE Volume source Height 1m depth 2m Power Plant Point source Stack height 25m stack diameter 1 8m exhaust temperature 130 C exhaust velocity 10m s Fuel Farm Area source Height 10m velocity 0m s Roads Mobile Road Road width 20m speed as specified Stationary Area Height 10m velocity 0m s Parking Mobile Road Road width 20m speed as specified Stationary Area Height 10m velocity 0m s Table 6 36 CAEPport case study sources types ADMS Airport User Guide Page 106 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Source Group Spatial Distribution Aircraft Take off Generated based on straight departure trajectory specific to aircraft type Aircraft Initial Climb Generated based on straight departure trajectory specific to aircraft type Aircraft Climb Out Generated based on straight departure trajectory specific t
51. Name of the diurnal profile up to 20 characters long Line 3 24 hourly factors for weekdays in order from hour 0 to hour 23 Line 4 The 24 hourly factors for Saturdays in order from hour 0 to hour 23 Line 5 The 24 hourly factors for Sundays in order from hour 0 to hour 23 Line 1 must always be included even if no diurnal profiles are included in the file Lines 2 5 are repeated for each diurnal profile After all the diurnal profile data there is one blank line before the monthly profile data 7 3 2 Monthly profiles Line 1 Number of monthly profiles included in the file maximum 50 Line 2 Name of the monthly profile up to 20 characters long Line3 The 12 monthly factors for the 12 months in order from January to December Line 1 must always be included even if no monthly profiles are included Lines 2 3 are repeated for each monthly profile ADMS Airport User Guide Page 132 SECTION 7 Technical Summary After all the monthly profile data there is one blank line before the source specific data 7 3 3 Source specific data Line 1 SrcName HourlyFlag MonthlyFlag WindFlag SrcName the source name this should be grid for the grid source HourlyFlag 1 if a diurnal profile should be applied to this source 0 otherwise MonthlyFlag 1 if monthly factors should be applied to this source 0 otherwise WindFlag 1 if the source is only operational for a specific range of wind dire
52. SHS BX amp 9O0rw RQauizcO e9PokeALA cm 4 amp a 2 1 c 7 select anemissions inventory 9 BE EO ADMS Point Source e ADMS Road Source ADMS Volume Source KJ ADMS Grid Source example9a lt WALUE gt 10 000062116 0 1 210 1 0 2 02 05 05 1 1000000001 2 Wil 2 000000001 5 Wl 5 000000001 10 Display Source 00 Jamie IRR ne i oj ID Y A Cx 210 8 1 4 9 2 2 4 E EX b oos d o m m Editor Task Now Feature 3505 97 5666 207 Meters Figure 6 10 Example NO contour plot for a simple airport Step 3 10 Enhancing concentration results around aircraft volume sources 1 The results currently show that the runway concentrations are quite a lot lower than those from the road emissions Since source oriented gridding was selected for road line and aircraft sources the roads are treated as regions with high concentration gradients There were further receptor points located around the roads and therefore a better resolution is achieved The aircraft sources were described with industrial volume sources and there are no further points added around the runway A better resolution around the runway can be achieved by defining additional receptor points around the aircraft volume sources
53. air file source entry locations for the constant acceleration case Figure 8 6 shows example velocity curves for accelerating full line and decelerating dashed line aircraft The emission rate Q g s is apportioned according to the time taken for the source to travel between jet locations This means that if a plane is accelerating for example during take off or climb out the emission rates for individual jets decrease along the source conversely when a plane is decelerating for example during the landing roll the emission rates for individual Jets increase along the source ADMS Airport User Guide Page 148 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Distance showing jet locations Time Figure 8 6 Example velocity curves with the full line indicating an accelerating trajectory and the dashed line indicating a decelerating trajectory 8 2 Source oriented grids for Air File sources 8 2 1 8 2 2 Introduction The concentration gradients across a runway are significant therefore ADMS Airport includes a gridding tool called Source oriented gridding to increase output grid resolution around runways Source oriented grids also applies to road and line sources this section deals only with Air File sources Source oriented grids parameters for Road Line Aircraft source types are summarised in Section 5 3 of this User Guide with further details given in the ADMS Urban User Guide ADMS Airport also cont
54. based on aircraft arrival runway Aircraft Taxi Out Hourly profile 1 profile based on all taxiing on arrival Aircraft Taxi In Hourly profile 1 HFC profile based on all taxiing on departure Aircraft APUs Hourly profile 46 HFC profiles based on aircraft arrival departure stand GSE Hourly profile 46 HFC profiles based on aircraft arrival departure stand Power Plant Constant emission N A Fuel Farm Constant emission N A Roads Hourly profile 1 HFC profile based on number of aircraft Parking Hourly profile movements Table 6 38 CAEPport case study temporal distribution of emissions Source oriented eridding To produce detailed contour plots ADMS Airport used regular grids and source oriented grid points A regular outer grid was applied over the whole area with a receptor point every 163m A regular inner grid was applied close to the airport with a receptor point every 83m To improve the resolution around aircraft and road sources irregular source oriented grid points were applied along the runway main taxi routes and roads Figure 6 25 shows the distribution of receptor points used to generate contour plots in ADMS Airport Figure 6 26 shows the use of source oriented grid points around aircraft sources in greater detail Figure 6 27 shows the use of source oriented grid points around road sources in greater detail ADMS Airport User Guide Page 108 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport
55. emissions can be applied using fc files Table 5 2 summarises the various ways in which the time varying emissions data can be entered into the model Note that A fac file and an fc can be used together in the same run e Sources may be entered in the fac or the file but not both e If time varying emissions data for road and grid sources are entered via the interface neither a fac nor file can be used e A default road profile may only be entered via the fac file please refer to Section 4 1 of the ADMS Urban User Guide for further details of the fac file Time varying emissions data Source Type entered via the fac file hfc file Interface Aircraft 4 v x Road v v Industrial v v Grid Table 5 2 Time varying emissions options for different source types A default road profile can be entered in the fac file This profile will then be used to vary the emissions from all road sources unless a road source is explicitly defined as using another profile in either the fac or hfc files Jac file For simple time varying emissions monthly and diurnal profiles can be applied to aircraft emissions using a fac file With a more detailed description of aircraft sources a fac file can also be used to apply wind direction preferences for take offs and landings Details on how to set up a fac file are provided in Section 7 3 of this User Guide
56. example take offs being into the wind The combination of Number of Aircraft Runway aircraft x x 1 weights usage categories defines the number of entries in the air file Further details are given below ADMS Airport User Guide Page 29 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory For each aircraft type the take off speed and time to achieve take off speed varies with aircraft weight Figure 4 3 shows two example LTO cycle trajectories for the same aircraft one for a shorter distance Stage 1 flight with less fuel on board and one a longer distance Stage 2 flight with more fuel As the take off initial climb and climb out modes have different locations they have to be modelled as different sources i e they are different entries in the air file Stage 1 take off 7 5 Stage 2 82 02 take off Figure 4 3 Example trajectories for aircraft with different weights The term Stage is used to denote the length of the trip an aircraft is completing on departure i e stage 1 refers to a short trip length and stage 2 refers to a longer trip length Further it is clear that LTO cycles in one direction on a runway must be treated as a different source from LTO cycles in the opposite direction Finally it is important to consider the time varying nature of the emissions from the aircraft which are modelled in ADMS Airport by use of an file further details given in Section 7
57. exhaust temperature T and exhaust diameter D These can be calculated from typically available data as described below 8 1 3 Air File source jet component parameters Background information Commercial passenger aircraft tend to use high bypass ratio turbofan jet engines such as the one sketched in Figure 8 1 for their superior fuel efficiency The term bypass refers to the air that passes through the fan at the front of the engine but bypasses the engine core itself gaining momentum from the fan only The core flow is the air that feeds the engine core which is first compressed to very high pressures in the compressor and then mixed with fuel and burnt in the fuel burner This hot gas is used to drive the turbine that powers the compressor and fan shaft and then the nozzle converts the high pressure to high velocity generating thrust The ratio of bypass flow to core flow is termed the engine s bypass ratio In the derivations below the exhaust flow 1s assumed to be the mixture of the hot core and cool bypass flows and this mixture is assumed to be uniform in temperature and velocity Engine casing Fuel burner Nozzle Bypass flow Exhaust flow Free Stream Engine exhaust diameter D Turbine drives fan Fan Compressor and compressor shaft Figure 8 1 Schematic diagram of the airflow through a high bypass ratio turbofan jet engine ADMS Airport User Guide Page 140
58. inventory in EMIT is to aggregate all the emissions on to a grid source A grid source will usually be used in ADMS Urban and ADMS Airport if the Trajectory model chemistry is to be used for modelling NO chemistry over large areas and or if all the sources in the inventory are not going to be modelled explicitly The grid sources calculated by EMIT containing the total emissions can then be exported to ADMS Airport using the Export Totals button Section 8 3 2 of the EMIT User Guide Sources held in EMIT to be modelled explicitly in ADMS Airport should be exported to ADMS Airport using the Export Group button Section 8 3 1 of the EMIT User Guide Aircraft emissions that will be modelled as moving jet sources are entered into ADMS Airport using the Air File The grid source total emissions exported from EMIT and imported into ADMS Airport must not include the Air File emissions Whilst industrial and road sources defined explicitly in ADMS Airport are subtracted from the grid totals during the calculation the Air File source emissions are not If Air File source emissions are included in the grid totals in error there will be a double counting of emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 34 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into 5 1 ADMS Airport Introduction The Setup Meteorology Background Grids and Output screens of the ADMS Airport interface are identical to the corresponding screens in ADMS Urban described in Section 4 of
59. is selected and check the fac box Click the corresponding Browse button to locate the time varying emission factors file provided DiurnalProfiles fac Step 4 15 Add an hourly profiles file 1 In this example a complex file is used with 54 profiles to describe temporal emissions for Approach landing deceleration initial climb climb out to from each runway Take off by each aircraft type from each runway nbound and outbound use of the taxiing routes APU and GSE by stand group Figure 6 18 shows the fc file provided ADMS Airport User Guide Page 90 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 HourbyProfiles hfc WordPad DER File Edit Yiew Insert Format Help DEH SRA Bo Year Day Hour AP_26 AP_8 CO_26 CO B DE 26 DE 8 IC 26 IC 8 IN LD 26 LD 8 0 737300 26 737300 8 TO 737 2006 247 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 1 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 2 0 0000 0 4230 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 9241 0 0000 0 0000 0 1591 0 0000 0 6319 0 0000 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 3 0 0000 1 3824 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 1 7226 0 0000 0 0000 1 2683 0 0000 2 0814 0 0000 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 4 0 0000 12 0765 0 0000 4 9820 0 0000 16 1983 0 0000 4 5444 2 8253 0 0000 7 0885 0 8353 0 0000 24 2006 247 5 0 0000 1 4328 0 0000 6 5095 0 0000 1 2328 0 0000 2 7397 0 783
60. locations for generation of contour plots close up on road sources Outer grid point Inner grid point Source oriented grid point Modelling source groups separately The airport was also assessed for source apportionment of different airport sources e Aircraft sources e Gate sources e Airport stationary sources e Road traffic sources This was achieved by running ADMS Airport for the sources appropriate for the different source groups separately View inputs in ArcGIS Figures 6 28 and 6 29 show the inputs to ADMS Airport in ArcGIS for the CAEPport study ADMS Airport User Guide Page 110 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Untitled ArcMap ArcView fe Eat E Os S SEX css amp amp 1 4 76 11 WD Layer ADMS Area Source 9 fa BE ADMS Point Source ADMS Receptor ADMS Road Source ADMS Aircraft Source ADMS Volume Source ADMS Area Source Ea CAEPport tiF Value mo 00 1 zi anal gt e Jz eges Drawing zajo A 1 gt BIU gre anton no n Makave Figure 6 28 CAEPport case study ADMS Airport inputs ViewSources mxd ArcMap ArcView Ele Edi View Insert Selection Tools Window Help 2 cse 2338
61. num of engines Thrust LTO TIM min Aircraft A320 Airbus A320 100 Series V2500 A1 114001 2 7 1095 26 Taxiing Taxiing Aircraft 737 500 Boeing 737 500 Series CFM56 3C 1 Rerated 1CM006 2 7 2190 26 Taxiing Taxiing Aircraft Emb145 Embraer ERJ145 AE3007A1 1 6AL009 2 7 2190 26 Taxiing Taxiing Aircraft 146 100 BAE 146 100 ALF 502R 5 ITL003 4 7 2190 26 Taxiing Taxiing Aircraft A320 Airbus A320 100 Series V2500 A1 114001 2 100 1095 0 7 Takeoff lTakeoff Aircraft 737 500 Boeing 737 500 Series CFM56 3C 1 Rerated 1CM006 2 100 2190 0 7 Takeoff lTakeoff Aircraft Emb145 Embraer ERJ145 AE3007A1 1 6AL009 2 100 2190 0 7 Takeoff lTakeoff Aircraft 146 100 BAE 146 100 ALF 502R 5 ITL003 4 100 2190 0 7 Takeoff lTakeoff Aircraft A320 Airbus A320 100 Series 2500 1 114001 2 8511095 22 Climb Climb Aircraft 737 500 Boeing 737 500 Series CFM56 3C 1 Rerated 1CM006 2 85 2190 22 Climb Climb Aircraft Emb145 Embraer ERJ145 AE3007A1 1 6AL009 2 85 2190 22 Climb Climb Aircraft 146 100 146 100 ALF 502R 5 1TL003 4 85 2190 2 2 Climb Climb Table 6 8 Example 8 source details for Aircraft Taxiing Aircraft Takeoff and Aircraft Climb Table 6 9 Example 8 spatial details for Aircraft Taxiing groups
62. of a sec file The file is split into three sections e The first describes the development of speed for all Air File categories referring to an emissions curve Denoted by the header SPEED and followed by the coefficients As Gs e The second describes the pollutants affected by the emission development curves Denoted by the header POLLUTANTS and followed by the number of pollutants affected and the names of those pollutants e The third describes the development of emissions for Air File categories referring to an emissions curve Denoted by the header EMISSIONS and followed by a line for each emission curve ID including the emission curve ID and coefficients Ag Hr The number of take off categories is limited to 20 The equation for the development of speed is as follows 2 445 c TOKA V speed m s Vito take off speed m s t time s take off time s As Bs Cs Ds Es Fs and Gs speed development coefficients ADMS Airport User Guide Page 129 SECTION 7 Technical Summary The equation for the development of emissions 18 as follows 3 2 Qfactor Zr CoD Emi e Jt to to to to Qfactor emissions factor Vito take off speed m s t time s take off time s Ag normalised emission development coefficients Pollutants in the modelling run but not included in the pollutant
63. out 457 1000 160 Table 4 5 Example volume source parameters It is advisable to split approach and climb into two or more volume sources as indicated in Table 4 5 Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory Emissions data provided by external sources should be manipulated into a format compatible with EMIT input csv shp mif using the required spatial detail the data can then be imported into EMIT using the EMIT Import Wizard Once the emissions data are in the EMIT database the ADMS Airport User Guide Page 25 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory emissions can be viewed using the EMIT GIS links to ArcGIS or MapInfo and imported into ADMS Airport ADMS Airport User Guide Page 26 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory a 1000m 3000ft 460m Approach Climb out 15008 ALTITUDE Ground Landing roll Take off roll Land Initial climb Thrust cutback DISTANCE ALONG RUNWAY b 1000m 3000ft 460m Approach 1500ft ALTITUDE Ground Initial climb Thrust cutback DISTANCE ALONG RUNWAY Figure 4 2 Intermediate spatial allocation of emissions a LTO cycle b LTO cycle with example volume sources overlaid ADMS Airport User Guide Page 27 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory 4 2 5 Complex Scenario Magnitude of emissions The most sophisticated approach to modelling aircraft emissions is to generate emissions ba
64. power units GPU e Mobile sources for example crew buses GSE emissions are usually modelled as volume sources EMIT can be used to develop an aircraft GSE emissions inventory 3 2 4 Airport Static Sources Airport static sources may include power plant any heating plant and a fuel farm These can be modelled as point line area or volume sources within ADMS Airport ADMS Airport User Guide Page 14 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport 3 2 5 Urban Sources Airports are often located in or near to an urban environment Treatment of the sources external to the airport is as described in the ADMS Urban User Guide 3 3 Time Varying Emissions Emissions associated with an airport are subject to large variations with time Variations may be Diurnal for example there are usually more flights during the day than the night e Weekly for example business flights are more common on weekdays e Seasonal for example charter flights are busier at holiday periods and e Wind direction dependent aircraft usually take off into the prevailing wind ADMS Airport can model these variations if details are known using hourly annual profiles with the file diurnal monthly profiles or wind direction dependence with the fac file In addition to aircraft emissions APU and GSE emissions also vary with time these variations can be modelled in the same way Table 3 4 summarises the way in which time vary
65. select File and then Exit to exit EMIT Step 4 7 Start ADMS Airport and define basic setup data 1 Start ADMS Airport by double clicking on the Vicon 2 Enter the name of the site and the project Step 4 8 Import source data from an emissions inventory 1 From the toolbar select File Preferences Inventory Database 2 Select Browse to locate inventory database 10 Inventory mdb click Open and then click OK 3 Move to the Source screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 4 From the toolbar select Emissions Inventory Import from Emissions Inventory 5 No pollutants are to be imported from the emissions inventory click Next gt 6 Import all sources from the emissions inventory by selecting Add All then click Finish The warning message is shown as in Figure 6 17 click OK to continue Select Show Industrial Sources to see that sources have been added ADMS Airport User Guide Page 88 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Only emissions of pollutants that are defined in the Pollutant Palette can be imported The sources you have selected For import emit the Following pollutants that are not defined in the Pollutant Palette Co2 N20 Emissions of these pollutants will not be imported Figure 6 17 Example 10 warning message when importing sources from an emissions inventory Step 4 9 Adding aircraft AIR FILE sources
66. source table Name the source A320 TakeoffRoll and change the source type to a volume source Change the source height to 1 75m This defines the height of the vertical mid point of the volume source Change L1 to 3 5m This defines the vertical length of the volume source Keep the source temperature as its default value ADMS Airport User Guide Page 47 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 4 Click on the Geometry button Click New four times to add four new vertices for the source enter the coordinates 0 50 1500 50 1500 50 and 0 50 Click the OK button and return to the Source screen 5 Add two further volume sources named A320 InitialClimb and A320 ClimbOut with details as given in Table 6 1 Source Name Height L1 Geometry m m xXx Y2 X3 4 Y4 A320 TakeoffRoll 1 75 3 5 0 50 1500 50 1500 150 0 50 A320 InitialClimb 225 450 1500 50 6500 50 6500 50 1500 50 A320 ClimbOut 675 450 6500 120 10000 120 10000 120 6500 120 Table 6 1 Example 7 volume source details Step 1 3 Define source emissions 1 Click on the A320 TakeoffRoll source in the source table 2 Click on the Emissions button to enter pollutant emissions for the source 3 is already selected as default enter an emission rate of 1 11048e 10g m s Click the OK button and return to the Source
67. such that the file looks as shown in Figure 6 3 Top of AIR FILE AIR FILE Header Category 1 Category 1 Aircraft A320 Engine 2527 5 V 257 1 T 77 9 1 359 EmissionCurveld 0 INumEngines 2 XEI 10 5 YEI 5 7 ZEI 1 8 XE2 10 5 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 52 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 YE2 5 7 ZE2 1 8 XE3 YE3 ZE3 XEA YEA ZEA Table 6 3 Example 7 top of AIR file category details Bottom of AIR FILE AIR FILE AIR FILE AIR FILE Header Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Src Name A320 TakeoffRoll A320 InitialClimb A320 ClimbOut Category 1 1 1 X0 0 1500 6500 YO 0 0 0 Z0 0 0 450 VO 0 82 113 X1 1500 6500 10000 Y1 0 0 0 Z1 0 450 900 V1 82 113 113 Tto 0 0 0 NT 40 40 40 NOx 5 83E 05 5 17E 05 2 38e 04 Table 6 4 Example 7 bottom of AIR file source details id 9 c example7b air Microsoft Excel TUUS P3 Hom Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View M FACT S gt enera 271171 23 4 i u gt El Generar E d om M 7 d y 811 o gt Ax md 43 59 2 50 panes Mu styles 27 Clipboard Font a Ta Alignment Ta Number Styles Cells Editing 4 1 X amp Category _ B D E F G
68. the ADMS Urban User Guide The ADMS Airport Source screen is described in Section 5 2 together with methods to incorporate the airport emission sources described in Section 4 Source oriented gridding can be selected to enhance resolution around areas with high concentration gradients such as aircraft jet sources and roads The additional functionality from ADMS Urban to enable source oriented gridding of aircraft jet sources is described in this section ADMS Airport has links to both ArcGIS and MapInfo A large number of emission sources are often included in a single run when setting up a dispersion model of an airport For this reason it is useful to view sources within a GIS prior to running the model in order to check that the sources have been positioned correctly A GIS 18 also a useful tool for checking other source properties such as relative magnitude of emissions 5 2 The ADMS Airport source screen Figure 5 1 shows the ADMS Airport source screen Aircraft sources are relatively complex because the emissions from engines vary significantly with the different thrust settings associated with take off climb out approach and taxiing A large number of aircraft types may have to be considered when modelling an airport and each aircraft engine type has different source properties For this reason the aircraft source data are compiled in a separate air file rather than being entered directly into the interface details of the air fi
69. the centreline of the aircraft m ZEI Height of engine 1 m gt XE2 Horizontal distance along aircraft of engine 2 Blank if not required relative to the foremost point of the aircraft m YE2 Horizontal distance across aircraft of engine 2 Blank if not required relative to the centreline of the aircraft m ZE2 Height of engine 2 m 7 Om blank if not required XE3 Horizontal distance along aircraft of engine 3 Blank if not required relative to the foremost point of the aircraft m YE3 Horizontal distance across aircraft of engine 3 Blank if not required relative to the centreline of the aircraft m ZE3 Height of engine 3 m 7 Om blank if not required 4 Horizontal distance along aircraft of engine 4 Blank if not required relative to the foremost point of the aircraft m YE4 Horizontal distance across aircraft of engine 4 Blank if not required relative to the centreline of the aircraft m ZE4 Height of engine 4 m gt Om blank if not required Table 7 1 Column headings for top of air file Each category described in the top of the Air File represents aircraft engine exhaust conditions and the location of the engines on the aircraft Users may require several categories to describe aircraft exhaust conditions throughout all phases of flight For example you may require a separate category for take off initial climb approach landing and taxiing ADMS Airport User Guide Page 120 SECTION 7 Tec
70. 0 8 32 Speed development during take OofF i d eed eene ian ren 150 8 3 3 Emission development during take off esses 151 8 4 Estimating engine exhaust parameters sess 151 Sab lia NS niv erat 151 8 42 Bstimating pa rametets decederet ecco dee ote ede aide 152 SECTION 9 GROSS AY 155 ADMS Airport User Guide Page ii Contents SECTION TURefeFeICeS eren ceo eo ento Po opea eaa aaa a Go ao Ua eo neue L57 ADMS Airport User Guide Page iii Contents ADMS Airport User Guide Page iv SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction ADMS Airport is a PC based air quality management system for airports It includes emissions tools GIS tools and a model of dispersion in the atmosphere of pollutants released from aircraft road traffic industrial and domestic sources for airports in rural or complex urban environments ADMS Airport models these using aircraft jet point line area volume and grid source models Aircraft engine jet sources are modelled as jets from an accelerating source ADMS Airport has been used to model air quality at London s Heathrow airport for the 2002 base case and future year scenarios as part of the Department for Transport s DfT Project for Sustainable Development of Heathrow PSDH Adding Capacity at Heathrow DfT 2007 This followed the recommendations of the PSDH Model Inter comparison Study DfT 2006 ADMS Air
71. 0 0 7096 0 9431 0 0000 1 2270 0 0000 0 2006 247 20 1 5049 0 0000 2 1710 0 0000 1 1433 0 0000 3 7876 0 0000 0 8639 1 3306 0 0000 1 3718 0 0000 0 2006 247 21 1 4690 0 0000 0 5712 0 0000 1 0024 0 0000 0 3371 0 0000 0 9106 1 5574 0 0000 0 3900 0 0000 0 2006 247 22 0 1755 0 0000 0 0211 0 0000 0 2087 0 0000 0 0144 0 0000 0 1135 0 2304 0 0000 0 0428 0 0000 0 2006 247 23 0 0000 0 0000 0 0445 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0266 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0855 0 0000 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 o 0 737300 26 999 26 737400 26 999 26 737500 26 999 26 737800 26 999 26 757300 26 999 26 767300 26 999 26 A319 26 999 26 A320 26 999 26 A340 26 999 26 BAE146 26 999 26 CL601 26 999 26 172 26 999 26 For Help press F1 Figure 6 18 Example 10 ADMS Airport hourly profile hfc file 2 Inthe Time varying emission factors screen check the hfc file box 3 Click the corresponding Browse button to locate the time varying emission factors file provided HourlyProfiles hfc 4 Click OK Step 4 16 Using non standard source oriented grid point options 1 In this example since there are many Air File sources we wish to use non default values in the igp file This will allow us to specify the Air File sources to which to apply source oriented gridding points The following keywords have been changed from the
72. 0 6257 1561 434 513 4687 69 2157 2141 1512 615 6885 71 1557 2908 3909 749 9724 81 1215 2220 0057 629 5927 71 3615 2851 9591 740 0219 71 3615 1556 6313 512 6219 71 5685 2804 2321 731 6064 63 2838 1954 0556 582 6985 15 6587 24 2391 15 6587 26 5322 15 6587 26 5322 15 6587 24 6366 15 6587 24 6366 15 6587 34 9553 15 4351 22 9355 15 6587 36 8522 15 4351 24 3356 15 4351 24 3356 15 6587 25 4511 15 4351 38 8684 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Figure 7 3 Bottom of air file opened in Microsoft Excel ADMS Airport User Guide Page 119 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Column heading Data Restrictions Category Category number Must be sequential starting from 1 Aircraft Aircraft name Engine Engine name V Exit velocity of the engine exhaust relative to Om s to 1000m s the aircraft m s T Exit temperature of the engine exhaust C 100 C to 5000 D Engine diameter m effective diameter at gt exhaust exit EmissionCurveID Emission curve reference for sec file take off 0 for non take off or no only sec file used Match in sec file for take off NumEngines Number of engines modelled per aircraft 1 to 4 XEI Horizontal distance along aircraft of engine 1 relative to the foremost point of the aircraft m YEI Horizontal distance across aircraft of engine 1 relative to
73. 00 12000 25 25 83 83 Table 6 41 CAEPport case study grids Output An output of long term averaged NO results was selected Runs To improve the time taken to run the study the airport area was split into five different grids In total there were five runs to process the dispersion The runs were performed on five machines and took several days to process The results of these runs were then post processed This type of grid resolution is suitable for an isolated airport Further grid detail may be required in areas other than the airport if the airport is in an urban environment Results Annual mean and 95 percentile NO concentrations at receptor locations are provided in Table 6 42 for all airport sources Annual mean NO concentrations at receptor locations are provided in Table 6 43 for aircraft gate road traffic and stationary sources separately Receptor Annual Hourly Mean 95 Percentile ng m ug m 2 39 11 92 R2 2 06 10 39 R3 1 13 5 05 0 55 3 15 Table 6 42 CAEPport case study concentrations of NO at receptor locations for all source groups ADMS Airport User Guide Page 113 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Receptor Aircraft GSE amp APU Road Traffic Stationary Sources ug m mg m mg m 96 ug m 2 106 88 0 0 129 5 4 0 097 4 196 0 060 2 5 R2 1 6
74. 0000001 NOx ug m3 VALUES 0 131215155 0 0 500000000 E 1 000000001 2000000001 5 000000001 E 10 00000001 20 00000001 E 50 00000001 100 0000001 200 0000001 jen G el Oy A v rx ji ial 1 0 a7 27 Figure 6 21 Example 10 NO contour plot for a complex airport ADMS Airport User Guide Page 94 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Case Study This case study shows the ADMS Airport submission to one of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CAEP model exercises CAEP 2008 The purpose of this study was to test the candidate models ability to develop emissions and disperse pollutants at an airport A fictitious generic airport was created for the study known as CAEPport This airport did not represent a specific airport but similarities to real airports could not be discounted The study presents NO concentrations at receptor locations and as contours from four modelling groups for the year 2004 AII modelling groups used common airport layout airport operation data and meteorological data The case study shown presents the inputs processes and outputs from the ADMS Airport dispersion model CAEPport Layout Operations and Meteorology This section gives a summary of CAEPport including aircraft usage airport
75. 15 3 35 34 777 Trent 892 196 75 65 22 2 525 0 2 212 9 9 2 4 21 2 9 9 2 4 35 787 3 GENx 131 4647 932 364 0 2 19 3 8 3 22 19 3 8 3 22 36 A340 600 Trent 556 153 23 58 442 934 0 2 26 3 15 35 2 95 26 3 15 35 2 95 37 A350 800 500 156 2844 652 292 0 2 214 9 6 2 6 21 4 9 6 2 6 38 737 800RE Trent 500 146 1147 94 1 83 0 2 15 3 4 9 1 9 15 3 4 9 1 9 39 120 CFM56 X 114 7147 23 1 838 0 2 12 9 5 4 1 5 12 9 5 4 1 5 40 INew150s CFM56 X 139 3247 571 662 0 2 17 6 7 5 2 17 6 7 5 2 41 180 CFM56 X 155 36 51 97 1 601 0 2 16 6 7 2 1 9 16 6 7 2 1 9 42 INew450s GE90 130B 162 01 47 582 99 0 2 23 1 11 4 3 23 1 11 4 3 Table 7 6 Default top of Air File categories 29 42 for landing ADMS Airport User Guide Page 126 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Category Aircraft Engine V T DjEmissionCurveIDNumEngines 17 1 XE2 27 2 7 4 47 4 43 A320 2527 5 70 99 60 4711 359 0 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 44 A330 Trent 772 88 46 51 81 859 0 2 224 9 1 1 4 22 4 9 1 1 4 45 340 300 56 5 4 84 7155 58 1 97 0 2 24 45 14 35 2 7 24 45 14 35 2 7 46 B737 56 3 1 85 83 63 02 1 15 0 2 13 1 4 9 1 3 13 1 4 9 1 3 47 B747 RB211 524GH 95 14 55 392 298 0 2 26 35 16 15 3 35 26 35 16 15 3 35 48 777 Trent 892 87 5248 44 2 525 0 2
76. 1722 1369 548 4836 Widebody Towbarless Aircraft Tug GSEEF036 0 0 365 639 0 1004 Table 6 23 GSE annual operating times at each source group in hours Other sources Other sources include the airport power plant the roads outside the airport perimeter and the airport car parking facilities These sources complement the aircraft operations described These other sources are not explained further here because they are not specific to an airport Step 4 1 Start EMIT and create a new emissions inventory 1 Start EMIT by double clicking on the icon ADMS Airport User Guide Page 83 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 2 From the File menu choose New enter a new file name e g examplel0 mdb and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save to save the file Create a new inventory by clicking New 4 Enter the name and a description of the inventory Step 4 2 Adding emission groups to an EMIT emissions inventory 1 From the Data menu select Groups 2 Enter a new group by clicking New Enter the group name Aircraft Approach All MCATs Select Volume from the Source Type dropdown menu Ensure that the button Enter emissions manually is selected Set the Year to 2008 Click OK 3 Add further new groups as detailed in Table 6 24 Once complete click Close 4 Click Add from the Group dropdown menu select the group named
77. 2 0 2 1 2 1 Boeing 767 300 2 096 1 496 1 796 Airbus A340 300 1 496 1 496 1 496 Boeing 757 200 1 496 1 496 1 496 Embraer 120 1 496 1 4 1 4 McDonnell Douglas MD87 1 496 1 496 1 496 De Havilland 8D 0 7 1 4 1 0 Piper 34 1 4 0 7 1 0 Other 7 aircraft 596 596 5 Table 6 17 Example 10 aircraft movements at airport Runway Arrivals Departures 08 20 18 26 80 82 Table 6 18 Example 10 aircraft movement use of runways Stand Group Arrivals Departures 196 190 2 2496 25 3 34 36 4 28 25 5 12 13 Table 6 19 Example 10 aircraft movement use of stands stands are labelled 1 to 5 from left to right in Figure 6 14 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 79 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 596 e Arrivals Departures 596 4 4 3 3 2 2 Movements 1 1 SAN 096 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of Day Figure 6 15 Example 10 temporal distribution of daily aircraft movements for given met data 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Movements e Runway 08 Runway 26 00 40 2 5 5 5 5 5 55 5555 55 555 555 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of Day Figure 6 16 Example 10 temporal distribution of daily ai
78. 2 0 0000 1 0851 0 8324 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 6 0 0000 3 7925 0 0000 9 2836 0 0000 1 1499 0 0000 13 4463 0 6458 0 0000 5 6214 0 9862 0 0000 0 0 2006 247 7 0 0873 4 8927 0 0000 3 2248 0 0669 2 7722 0 0000 3 2696 1 0431 0 1077 7 4916 0 6197 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 8 1 6127 0 0000 2 1531 0 0000 2 2805 0 0000 1 8537 0 0000 1 8028 1 8949 0 0000 2 1761 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 9 1 8465 0 0000 2 7078 0 0000 1 0655 0 0000 2 2040 0 0000 1 3568 1 9855 0 0000 1 7782 0 0000 0 00 2006 247 10 2 3489 0 0000 4 1767 0 0000 3 7236 0 0000 2 3549 0 0000 1 9162 2 0432 0 0000 2 3860 0 0000 0 0 2006 247 11 0 9654 0 0000 3 3037 0 0000 0 4650 0 0000 4 3407 0 0000 0 4452 1 1943 0 0000 3 3699 12 0000 0 2006 247 12 2 1460 0 0000 0 7125 0 0000 0 8220 0 0000 0 3755 0 0000 1 1621 2 7508 0 0000 0 4299 12 0000 0 2006 247 13 2 2223 0 0000 1 2304 0 0000 1 4915 0 0000 1 2762 0 0000 1 2284 1 9151 0 0000 0 6567 0 0000 0 2006 247 14 1 8151 0 0000 1 9413 0 0000 3 1567 0 0000 1 5668 0 0000 2 2899 1 4668 0 0000 2 0649 0 0000 0 2006 247 15 1 3261 0 0000 1 2798 0 0000 1 4801 0 0000 1 8384 0 0000 0 9833 1 2926 0 0000 1 7772 0 0000 0 2006 247 16 2 2281 0 0000 0 7584 0 0000 1 2575 0 0000 1 1871 0 0000 1 7827 2 4547 0 0000 0 7546 0 0000 0 2006 247 17 2 2853 0 0000 0 7030 0 0000 3 2253 0 0000 0 9701 0 0000 0 8386 1 6443 0 0000 0 6781 0 0000 0 2006 247 18 1 2042 0 0000 1 1749 0 0000 0 8820 0 0000 0 9929 0 0000 0 8716 1 1888 0 0000 1 5375 0 0000 0 2006 247 19 0 7628 0 0000 1 0505 0 0000 1 7289 0 0000 0 8741 0 000
79. 2 298 0 2 26 35 16 15 3 35 26 35 16 15 3 35 20 777 Trent 892 332 08 84 55 2 525 0 2 212 9 9 2 4 21 2 9 9 2 4 21 787 3 GENx 212 28 54 16 2 364 0 2 19 3 8 3 22 19 3 8 3 22 22 A340 600 Trent 556 251 23 68 672 934 0 2 26 3 15 35 2 95 26 3 15 35 2 95 23 A350 800 500 256 08 55 992 292 0 2 21 4 9 6 2 6 21 4 9 6 2 6 24 737 800RE Trent 500 239 9 57 84 1 83 0 2 15 3 4 9 1 9 15 3 4 9 1 9 25 120 CFM56 X 185 17 53 3511 838 0 2 12 9 5 4 1 5 12 9 5 4 1 5 26 INew150s CFM56 X 223 73 56 1411 662 0 2 17 6 7 5 2 17 6 7 5 2 27 180 CFM56 X 254 79168 55 1 601 0 2 16 6 7 2 1 9 16 6 7 2 1 9 28 INew450s GE90 130B 266 12 57 442 99 0 2 23 1 11 4 3 23 1 11 4 3 Table 7 5 Default top of Air File categories 15 28 for initial climb ADMS Airport User Guide Page 125 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Category Aircraft Engine V T D EmissionCurveIDNumEngines XE1 17 1 XE2 27 2 7 4 47 4 29 A320 2527 5 157 5 68 711 359 0 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 30 A330 Trent 772 198 13 68 15 1 859 0 2 224 9 1 1 4 22 4 9 1 1 4 31 340 300 CFM56 5C4 1185 67 66 42 1 97 0 2 24 45 14 35 2 7 24 45 14 35 2 7 32 737 56 3 1 188 51 74 88 1 15 0 2 13 1 4 9 1 3 13 1 4 9 1 3 33 B747 RB211 524GH208 78 70 66 2 298 0 2 26 35 16 15 3 35 26 35 16
80. 37 79 6 0 221 10 8 0 121 5 9 0 077 3 7 R3 0 769 68 1 0 184 16 3 0 100 8 8 0 077 6 8 R4 0 407 74 4 0 054 9 8 0 046 8 4 0 040 7 3 Table 6 43 CAEPport case study annual mean concentrations of NO at receptor locations for Source groups Figure 6 30 shows contours of the annual mean NO concentration for all airport sources and annual mean concentration for aircraft sources An annual average NO concentration contour is provided in Figure 6 31 for aircraft GSE amp APU road traffic and stationary sources separately ADMS Airport User Guide Page 114 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport 0 05 05 1 1 2 12 5 5 10 10 20 20 50 50 100 100 200 200 ug m Figure 6 30 CAEPport NO contours in ug m a All Sources annual hourly mean b Aircraft Sources annual hourly mean ADMS Airport User Guide Page 115 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport 0 05 10 05 0 1 0 1 0 2 02 0 5 05 1 1 2 2 5 Ex 5 10 10 20 20 ug m a b c d Figure 6 31 CAEPport case study annual mean NO concentration contours ug m for a aircraft sources b APU amp GSE sources c road traffic sources a
81. 57 773 Fax 44 0 1223 357 492 Email adms airport help cerc co uk Website www cerc co uk
82. 737 CFM56 3C1 1339 66102 63 1 15 4 2 13 11 4 9 1 3 13 1 4 9 1 3 5 B747 RB211 524GH 379 09 98 392 298 5 2 26 3516 15 3 35 26 35 16 15 3 35 6 B777 Trent 892 358 36 89 362 525 6 2 212 9 9 2 4 21 2 9 9 24 7 B787 3 GENx 224 56 55 212 364 7 2 19 3 8 3 22 19 3 8 3 22 8 A340 600 Trent 556 268 42 70 352 934 8 2 26 315 352 95 26 3 15 35 2 95 9 A350 800 500 273 77 58 052 292 9 2 214 9 6 2 6 21 4 9 6 2 6 10 737 800RE Trent 500 255 94 59 46 1 83 10 2 15 3 4 9 1 9 15 3 4 9 1 9 11 INew120s 56 X 196 20 54 5311 838 11 2 12 9 5 4 1 5 12 9 5 4 1 5 12 INew150s CFM56 X 237 24 57 781 662 12 2 17 6 7 55 2 17 6 7 5 2 13 180 56 X 271 66 71 691 601 13 2 16 6 7 2 1 9 16 6 7 2 1 9 14 INew450s GE90 130B 285 14 58 762 991 14 2 231 11 4 3 231 11 4 3 Table 7 4 Default top of Air File categories 1 14 for take off ADMS Airport User Guide Page 124 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Category Aircraft Engine V T D EmissionCurveIDNumEngines XE1 17 1 XE2 27 2 7 4 47 4 15 A320 2527 5 258 87 78 2911 359 0 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 16 A330 Trent 772 334 69 89 411 859 0 2 224 9 1 1 4 22 4 9 1 1 4 17 340 300 CFM56 5C4 1308 63182 93 1 97 0 2 24 45 14 35 2 7 24 45 14 35 2 7 18 B737 56 3 1315 65 98 3 1 15 0 2 13 1 4 9 1 3 13 1 4 9 1 3 19 B747 RB211 524GH 350 494 26
83. ADMS Airport Airport Air Quality Management System E TIEN 1 99 09 e Flight information File Run Results Utilities Pollutants Emissions Inventory Help Setup Source Meteorology Background Grids I Enter source data Create groups Show Aircraft Sources v Number of aircraft sources in file 98 v Model aircraft sources Aircraft file 1 1 0 air Browse X2 Y2 Refresh 3790 2886 305 4747 2833 352 737 7989 DE 737400 26 3780 2886 905 4747 _ 27090784 714 8282 DE 737400 8 618 3018 347168 1699 5119 537 8156 3790 2886 905 4747 739 1751 612308 E E 618 3018 9 L DE_737800_26 3790 2886 305 4747 2308 3309 749 9724 DE 747400 8 518 3018 34715 _ 2220 0057 629 5927 DE 757300 26 3790 2886 905 4747 _ 2851 9591 740 0218 DE 75 300 8 618 3018 347 169 1556 6313 512 6219 v Use speed emission file CACercNData VE xample10 sec Browse E Time varying emission factors C Cerc Data Example10 fac This button allows you to enter time varying emission factors Min Max USER GUIDE ADMS Airport An Airport Air Quality Management System User Guide A Supplement to the ADMS Urban User Guide Version 3 1 September 2011 Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd 3 King s
84. ADMS Airport User Guide Page 73 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 99999999999999 9 9 Move to the Grids screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window Select Both for the output type Tick the Specified Point File box Click the Browse button and navigate to the file Example9b asp which is in the Data Example9 directory in your ADMS Airport installation directory The asp file contains a list of specified points It is possible to view the asp file by clicking the View button The points used to construct the contour plots are shown in Figure 6 11 From the toolbar select File Save As Enter a new file name e g example9b upl and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file 010000 6 6 00000000000 0 6 COE EE SE EE IE SE SE E E 0000000006000 6 6 9 99999 9 99 9 9 0000000000 0 0 6 00000000000 0 0000000000060 6 6 000000000000 0 00000000000 0 6 00000000000 0 6 0000000000000 6 00000000000 6 000000000 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 HF 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 oe 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 o 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 e 9 9 999 2 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9999 9 9 9 9 9999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 o 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 999 9 9 9 9
85. AIR File Input Manually Aircraft Take off M v Aircraft Initial Climb d Aircraft Climb Out Aircraft Approach M X Aircraft Deceleration Y v Aircraft Taxi Out Y Aircraft Taxi In 7 APUs Y GSE y x Power Plant Y Fuel Farm Y 2 Roads M Parking Table 6 40 CAEPport case study sources types Meteorology The meteorological data file was as provided The hourly sequential meteorological data provided was selected with a recorded wind height of 10m and wind sector size 10 The meteorological data was defined as representative of the source site Background Background values were set to zero for all pollutants ADMS Airport User Guide Page 112 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Grids Five versions of the model were run all with the source oriented grid option and receptors specified The runs comprised of a coarse grid over the entire extent of the airport analysis area and a fine grid over the airport facilities see Table 6 41 and Figure 6 25 Run Minimum m Maximum m Number of Points Grid Resolution m X Y X Y X Y X Y Outer grid 7000 7000 15000 15000 50 50 163 163 Inner grid SW 8000 8000 10000 10000 25 25 83 83 Inner grid NW 8000 10000 10000 12000 25 25 83 83 Inner grid SE 10000 8000 12000 10000 25 25 83 83 Inner grid NE 10000 10000 120
86. Airport In a complex dispersion model such as ADMS Airport each of these engines can be modelled separately The best way to represent the aircraft engine exhaust conditions is as a moving jet source as the emissions exit the moving engine at high speed In the model an Air File source consists of a series of continuous horizontal jet source releases positioned to take account of the acceleration of the aircraft Engine properties During a landing take off LTO cycle the aircraft engine thrust setting varies according to the mode Using the ICAO definition of thrust settings the aircraft during take off operate at full thrust 100 thrust and when climbing operate at 85 thrust During approach the aircraft thrust setting is 30 and when aircraft are taxiing they operate at 7 thrust For each thrust setting a particular engine has different source properties which in ADMS Airport are specified by the user The source properties may be supplied by the aircraft manufacturers or if unavailable may be estimated using some basic empirical algorithms outlined in Section 8 4 2 of this User Guide The aircraft exhaust conditions for a particular engine at a particular thrust setting are defined in the air file In this file the engine properties are specified i e Exit velocity e Exit temperature e Engine diameter Further information required by the model includes the number of engines and up to four engine locations
87. DMS Airport User Guide Page 49 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 Step 1 9 Using ArcGIS to view volume sources 1 Open ArcGIS and select to start with New empty map From the View menu choose Data View Also ensure that the ADMS Airport toolbar is active from the View menu select Toolbars and ensure that the ADMS Airport is checked A new document is shown in ArcGIS Click on the layer that is already entered in the document from the View menu Data Frame Properties in the General tab change layer name to example7a From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon ud to Show ADMS Airport If not already open select Open and navigate to find the up file saved in Step 1 8 from the File menu in the ADMS Airport interface Click Open to open the file Return to ArcGIS From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon to Refresh All Data Select the ADMS Volume Source layer right click and select Data Export Data from the drop down list Ensure that All features is selected from the drop down menu and the button this layer s source data is selected Using the Browse icon enter a new file name e g example7a shp and navigate to where you would like to save the file click Save Click OK you will then be asked if you want to add the exported data to the map as a layer click Yes The ADMS Volume Source layer can now be removed from the plot To do this select the ADMS Volume Source layer
88. DMS Airport adds the additional receptor points to the standard regular grid in two stages e A number of points can be added in and around aircraft road and line sources The maximum number of points available for this procedure is summarised in Table 5 3 below for each source type The user can alter the maximum number of points available by use of an igp file details are given below Reduction of number of points may be required for example if model run times are restrictive and it may be that number of source oriented ADMS Airport User Guide Page 40 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport gridding points can be reduced without visibly reducing the resolution of contour plots Further details such as the way in which the along source intelligent gridding points are spaced are given in Section 8 2 of this User Guide Maximum Distances at which receptors Number of Source number of oints added placed relative to the centre of type additional the road where is the source across source abr receptor points width Aircraft 2000 8 0 2 W 0 45 x2W Road 10 000 4 0 45 2 W Line 1000 4 0 45 2 W Table 5 3 Summary of additional calculated source oriented gridding receptor points for different source types For Air File sources the width W is defined as the engine to engine width calculated from data given in the air file e At the end of the mode
89. Examples and Case Study Example 10 GSE Type GSE PARAM ID in 1 2 3 4 5 Stands Baggage Belt loader GSEEF012 389 11843 12817 5718 0 10768 Baggage Cart Tractor GSEEF013 231 7294 16935 113797 3504 31761 Cabin Cleaning Truck GSEEF015 61 365 487 1034 0 1947 Cabin Cleaning Van GSEEF016 61 365 487 1034 0 1947 Cabin Cleaning Vehicle GSEEF017 0 73011065 213 548 2555 Cargo Delivery GSEEF019 426 18311703 2981 0 5293 Cargo Loader GSEEF020 249 894 1582 3133 0 5858 Cargo Loader large GSEEF021 274 6111095 1673 0 3103 Catering Truck GSEEF022 49 876 1241 937 438 3541 Cleaning Generator large GSEEF026 183 183 730 1278 0 2373 Cleaning Generator small GSEEF025 30 335 365 821 0 1551 Fork Lift GSEEF023 12 432 572 383 219 1618 GPU GSEEF008 414 6838 0 0 3285 10536 GSE GA Fuel Truck GSEEF024 0 11265 0 0 876 2141 Large Fork Lift GSEEF027 12 432 572 383 219 1618 Lavatory Truck GSEEF028 103 1125 1722 1521 548 5019 Line Maintenance Truck GSEEF029 73 1314 1862 1405 657 5311 Mobile Air Starter Air Climate Unit 65 009 61 0 243 426 0 730 Narrowbody Towbarless Aircraft Tug GSEEF031 0 0 4289 2646 0 6935 Passenger Stairs GSEEF032 268 1472 377 779 0 2896 Refuelling Dispenser Truck GSEEF033 0 0 2811 5262 0 8073 Refuelling Tanker Truck GSEEF034 456 1521 2628 438 0 5043 Water Truck GSEEF035 103 11095
90. G08 G09 G10 Remote R01 R02 R03 R04 ROS 24 06 R07 RO8 ROY R10 R11 R12 Pier West T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 34 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 Pier East T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 31 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 Table 6 32 CAEPport case study distribution of aircraft operations by stand type Other sources APU and GSE operations were based on the aircraft operations declared The airport power plant has two oil burners each with 40MW performance The total amount of fuel oil consumed is 3600kg hour with each operating annually for 3000hrs The airport fuel farm modelled consists of five kerosene tanks each with a diameter of 40m and a height of 15m The tanks have sealed internal floating roofs and each contain an average of 18 million litres of kerosene Road traffic usage was provided for each of the landside airport roads for fleet components including car light duty vehicles and heavy duty vehicles Car park usage was provided for each of the airport car parks Meteorology The meteorological data used was derived from actual data from a meteorological station near to London Heathrow airport in 1996 The meteorological data input consisted of e Day and time e Wind direction e Wind velocity e Monin Obukhov length Figure 6 24 shows a wind rose of the meteorological data used in the study ADMS Airport User Guide Page 101 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport E 1 190
91. Linear Fit Linear Fit Linear Fit A A t A 0 2 4 6 8 10 Bypass Ratio a e Take off A Initial climb Landing Taxiing Linear Fit Linear Fit Linear Fit Linear Fit 4 6 8 10 Bypass Ratio b Figure 8 7 Relationships between aircraft engine bypass ratio BPR and a engine exhaust velocity and b engine exhaust temperature ADMS Airport User Guide Page 153 SECTION 9 Glossary Apron APU Bypass ratio Fuel farm Glide slope GPU GSE LTO cycle MCAT Mode Pier stand Remote stand Area where aircraft are parked unloaded or loaded refueled or boarded Auxiliary Power Unit Ratio of cool air by passed through the duct to the flow of air passed through the high pressure system Storage of fuel on the airport i e aircraft fuel and GSE fuel Aircraft angle of approach to airport usually 3 below the horizontal Ground Power Unit Ground Support Equipment Landing take off cycle ADMS Airport Aircraft Modelling Category Aircraft mode of flight e g take off initial climb climb out taxiing etc Stand attached to the terminal Stand remote from the terminal Runway A path used for aircraft take offs and landings Stand Area where aircraft passengers board and disembark Taxiway A path connecting runways to hangars terminals and other airport facilities Terminal Building where passengers tr
92. Name Profile name Must match a profile declared in the top of the annual hourly profile file Table 7 9 Column headings for bottom of an hfc file 6 Worm Example hfc Read Only Microsoft Excel m Home Insert Pagelayout Formulas Data Review View A Ht Da A E gt 2 zr B Zt U A 8 aste T rx umber es ells 5 2 Bee Pa ca Clipboard Font E Editing 27 Runway 1 Profilel 28 Runway 2 Profile2 29 Sourcel 999 Profile3 30 31 32 al 4 gt Exam Figure 7 9 Example bottom of hfc file opened in Microsoft Excel ADMS Airport User Guide Page 138 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification 8 1 Air File sources 8 1 1 Introduction Aircraft can emit a significant magnitude of emissions at low levels It is therefore important to model their dispersion accurately in order to obtain valid predictions of pollutant concentrations in and around airports Aircraft engine exhaust emissions usually have high exit velocities relative to ambient wind speeds Locally for example during take off when the aircraft is close to the ground the source properties of the exhaust jets are important for accurate dispersion modelling Therefore ADMS Airport includes an Air File source type that takes into account the effects of buoyancy momentum and aircraft motion on the dispersion of
93. Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ Telephone 44 0 1223 357773 Fax 44 0 1223 357492 Email adms airport help cerc co uk Web http www cerc co uk Contents SECTION 1 1 1 See m Ww N 1 2 SECTION 2 2 1 2 2 243 SECTION 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 5 3 3 3 4 3 4 1 SECTION 4 4 1 4 2 4 2 1 4 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 4 2 5 4 2 6 4 3 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 1 4 5 2 4 6 4 7 SECTION 5 EE 1 11111816 1 Principal features of ADMS Airport 1 Graphie 55 2 Output Paci tie sti ER ERE FEN OI ec 3 Other documentation eee tete desse oce eni 3 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports eee e eee 5 5 Aircraft operations at Alport y 7 13 ii ceu o ree eol EP EAR rete PERI QU 8 Using ADMS Airport to Model an 2 0 1 0 0 9 8 11 Intt GO C LODS ince tended Sates s Er 11 SOUTGCS 12 13 Aircraft Auxiliary 14 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment eene 14 Airport Static SOuUTCES 14 Urban
94. S Roads ArcGIS Link document To start ADMS Airport with ArcGIS Step1 Double click on the ArcGIS icon Step 2 Choose to start ArcMap with a new empty map Step3 Once ArcGIS has been launched from the View menu choose Toolbars and ensure that ADMS Airport is checked see Figure 5 6 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 44 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport Untitled ArcMap ArcView Ele Edt Insert Selection Tools Window Help e 2121 2 eae Zoom Data 1 x n SE Zoom Layout Bookmarks 2 v Main Menu Status Br Overflow Annotation Advanced Editing Scrollbars Annotation hi Ruler ArcPad Guide Data Frame Tools Dimensioning Disconnected Editing v Draw Editor Effects Data Frame Properties lt Emissions Inventory GPS Geometric Network Editing Georeferencing Graphics Labeling Layout Map Cache Route Editing ial Adj n n Ed v gt ereste Ne standard 4 proving Oy 2 v 38 88 515 37 Unknown Units EJ E Figure 5 6 Selecting the ADMS Airport toolbar Step4 ADMS Airport toolbar is now displayed see Figure 5 7 ADMS Airport ia a Figure 5 7 The ADMS Airport toolbar Step5 launch ADMS Airport click Show ADMS Airpo
95. UK emission factors e Adirect link to an Emissions Inventory database e An easy to use interactive graphical interface e Integration with commercial GIS ArcGIS 9 x and MapInfo e A meteorological pre processor which calculates the boundary layer parameters from a variety of input data e g wind speed day time and cloud cover or wind speed surface heat flux and boundary layer height Meteorological data may be raw hourly values or statistically analysed e non Gaussian vertical profile of concentration in convective conditions which allows for the skewed nature of turbulence within the atmospheric boundary layer that can lead to high surface concentrations near the source This gives better performance in validation tests An ability to incorporate detailed time varying emissions 1 1 2 Graphics ADMS Airport can produce contour plots of pollutant concentrations which may be overlaid onto digital map data within a GIS or in the plotting package Surfer An X Y plotting facility for concentration deposition and plume parameters for a single point source is also included ADMS Airport User Guide Page 2 SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 3 Output facilities ADMS Airport produces the majority of its numerical output in comma separated variable text file format which may be viewed in a spreadsheet package such as Microsoft Excel or in a text editor such as Windows Notepad 1 2 Other documentation In addition to this Us
96. able to raise the temperature of the exhaust is i 5 0 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 141 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Once we have estimated the thermal efficiency then it is possible to estimate the temperature of the exhaust gases 1 7 0 exhaust T ambient Where c is the specific heat capacity of dry air at constant pressure which is 1000 4J kg K Derivation of the source diameter D No data are typically available for the engine exhaust diameter D although it is typically about equal to the fan diameter for turbofan engines with separate jets and equal to three quarters of the fan diameter for mixed flow engines Figure 8 1 However the diameter can be derived from the Ideal Gas Equation rS pR T 273 15 E M b where P 18 the pressure taken to be 101300 Pa M is the molar mass of air 0 02896 kg mol R is the Universal Gas Constant 8 314 J Kmol T is the source temperature and p is the density defined as p density T X V Therefore Peas ye ud V 0 02896x101300 e 8 1 4 Effect of the moving aircraft on jet plume dispersion discussions in this section refer to the components of the motion that are in the horizontal plane For a jet source such as an aircraft engine moving through the air with a speed V4 the dispersion of material is different to the case where the jet source is stationary In a frame of ref
97. ains Source oriented grids for Point Area Volume sources more details of this are also given in the ADMS Urban User Guide If the user has selected gridded output and the Source oriented grids for Road Line Aircraft option and if the run includes one or more air file source entries then Source oriented grids for Air File sources is activated Placement of source oriented grid points Each entry in the air file has start and end coordinates In order to define the geometry of an Air File source from the list of air file entries with the same name the model calculates the coordinates of the smallest enclosing rectangle containing all entries The width of each air file entry is defined as the distance between its outermost engines For the purposes of defining the enclosing rectangle each air file entry is extended by 10 times its width behind the start in order to resolve the concentration distribution from the jets at the beginning of the Air File source recalling that the jets point backwards relative to the aircraft movement Start and end coordinates and a width define the enclosing rectangle for each Air File source ADMS Airport positions additional output points in and around this enclosing rectangle up to a maximum of 2000 points as ADMS Airport User Guide Page 149 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification discussed in Section 5 3 Points are added in sets of 8 where each set of 8 points lies on a lin
98. ality Studies for Heathrow http www cerc co uk environmental software assets data doc_validation ADMS Airport _Adding 20Capacity Air o20Quality pdf DfT 2006 Project for the Sustainable Development of Heathrow Report of the Air Quality Technical Panels http www dft gov uk pgr aviation environmentalissues heathrowsustain EPA 1992 Procedure for Emission Inventory Preparation Volume IV Mobile Sources US Environmental Protection Agency ICAO 2007 Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual Preliminary Edition 2007 http www icao int icaonet dcs 9889 9889 en pdf ICAO 2005 Engine Emissions Databank Issue 14 IPCC 1996 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual Volumes 1 3 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 157 SECTION 10 References McHugh C A Carruthers D J and Edmunds H A 1997 ADMS Urban an Air Quality Management System for Traffic Domestic and Industrial Pollution Int J Environment and Pollution 8 437 440 NASA 2007 Beginner s Guide to Propulsion Glenn Research Center http www grc nasa gov W WW K 12 airplane bgp html US EPA 1995 AP 42 Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources Section 7 1 US Environmental Protection Agency ADMS Airport User Guide Page 158 Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd 3 King s Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK Tel 44 0 1223 3
99. als Aircraft 300 359 35 789 279 453 16 351 4 243 APUSs 11 060 838 5 975 GSE 6 148 1 538 10 590 797 Stationary Sources 7 200 474 34 800 70 200 1 440 Roads amp Parking 53 132 13 655 21 116 236 843 TOTAL 377 899 52 294 351 933 86 787 7 323 Table 6 33 CAEPport case study emissions Emissions from Aircraft Landing sources have been Aircraft modelling categories grouped with Aircraft Approach sources Aircraft modelling categories MCATs are used to model aircraft with similar exhaust conditions together This includes the exhaust locations relative to the aircraft speed of the aircraft in particular mode engine exhaust temperature velocity and diameter The aircraft categories modelled used for CAEPport are given in Table 6 34 Note that aircraft in modelling category 0 are represented by volume sources not jet sources The assignment of aircraft to the aircraft modelling categories is given in Table 6 35 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 103 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Aircraft Description of Group Aircraft Engine Modelling Combination for Category Exhaust Conditions 0 e Piston aircraft N A Turboprop aircraft e Business jet aircraft 1 e Large jet aircraft Boeing 747 200 e Aircraft with 4 wing mounted engines CF6 50E2 e Old engine technology 2 e size jet aircraft McDonnell Douglas MD11 e Aircraft with 3 engines PW4x62 e engine t
100. ansfer between ground transportation and aircraft TIM Time In Mode ADMS Airport User Guide Page 155 SECTION 10References Aircraft Fuel 1997 Ed Sybil P Parker McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 8th ed N p R R Donnelly and Sons Company The Lakeside P CAEP 2008 Candidate Models Capabilities and Inter comparison Study 8 MODTF WP05 Sample problem Carruthers D J Dixon P McHugh C A Nixon S G and Oates W 2001 Determination of Compliance with UK and Air Quality Objectives From High Resolution Pollutant Concentration Maps Calculated Using ADMS Urban Proc of the 6 Workshop on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes in Intl J of Environment and Pollution 16 Nos 1 6 Carruthers D J Edmunds H A Lester A E McHugh C A and Singles R J 1998 Use and Validation of ADMS Urban in Contrasting Urban and Industrial Locations ntl J Environment and Pollution 14 364 374 CERC 2010 ADMS Technical Specification http www cerc co uk environmental software model documentation html technical CERC 2001 ADMS Urban Technical Specification Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd 3 Kings Parade Cambridge CB2 157 CIVIL 2008 Spreadsheets published online to accompany the textbook Civil Jet Aircraft Design http www elsevierdirect com companions 9780340741528 appendices default htm DfT 2007 Air Qu
101. around that is prepared for its next departure This involves switching off the main engines unloading of arriving passengers and or cargo from the aircraft possibly replacement of the aircraft crew cleaning of the aircraft aircraft refuelling loading of departing passengers and or cargo starting of aircraft main engines and pushback from the ADMS Airport User Guide Page 7 SECTION 2 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports 2 3 stand Some of these functions involve operation of the aircraft APU auxiliary power unit and GSE ground support equipment The APU can provide the aircraft with electrical power preconditioned air and bleed air for starting the main engines GSE is used to describe a diverse range of vehicles and equipment for support of the aircraft GSE may provide electrical power to the aircraft whilst at the stand transfer passengers or cargo to from the aircraft or service the aircraft during passenger cargo unloading loading Pushback is where a piece of GSE called a tug is used to push the aircraft back from the stand Airport layout Figure 2 5 shows an example layout of an airport with Table 2 1 providing a description of the terms used Airport Term Description Airside Relating to activities inside the airport secure perimeter e g airside roads roads inside the airport secure perimeter Landside Relating to activities outside the airport secure perimeter e g landsid
102. bed in the top of the air file this section describes the categories in terms of aircraft and engine type for labelling purposes the engine exhaust conditions velocity temperature and engine diameter an emission curve ID used to identify use of a speed curve where non constant acceleration is required for Air File take off source using the sec file and position of the engines There is no limitation on the overall number of categories in the AIR FILE The number of take off categories is limited to 20 Model runs using more categories take longer to run than runs using fewer categories ADMS Airport User Guide Page 117 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Example air Notepad File Edit Format View Help Category Aircraft Engine v T D Emissioncurveld NumEngines XEL YEL ZEL XE2 YE2 ZE2 XE3 YE3 ZE3 XE4 YE4 ZE4 1 4320 2527 5 257 1 77 9 1 359 1 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 2 A330 Trent 772 332 73 88 25 1 859 2 2 22 4 9 1 1 4 22 4 0 1 1 4 3 B737 CFM56 3C1 313 08 97 03 1 15 3 2 13 1 4 9 1 3 13 1 4 9 1 3 4 B747 RB211 524GH 348 65 93 36 2 8 4 2 26 35 16 15 3 35 26 35 16 15 3 35 5 4320 2527 5 258 87 78 29 1 35 2 8 10 5 s xx Born 6 A330 Trent 772 334 69 89 41 1 8 522 0 7 B737 CFM56 3C1 315 65 98 3 1 1 8 B747 RB211 524GH 350 4 94 26 2 22 4 Src Name Category 0 YO ZO 0 X1
103. ce in a direction perpendicular to the effective wind direction The plume rise calculations are carried out in the moving frame where the plume trajectory is represented by X Y the rest of the dispersion calculations are carried out in the stationary frame where the plume trajectory is represented by X Y The transformation of the plume trajectory between the two frames of reference has two parts e Rotation of the plume trajectory to account for the difference between the ambient wind direction and the effective wind direction and e Translation of the plume trajectory to account for the distance travelled by the moving frame Rotation For the rotation part of the transformation between stationary and moving frames of reference if y is the angle between the ambient wind direction and the effective wind direction measured anti clockwise from the ambient wind direction to the effective wind direction then ADMS Airport User Guide Page 144 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification y 9 9 X X cosy Y sin y and Y X siny Y cosy Translation Please refer to Figure 8 3 for a schematic of the translation in the simplest case where the aircraft direction of travel is opposite to the wind direction In time dt the plume travels from a distance Up x dt in the stationary frame of reference to the point represented by the black block on the figure where Up is the plume speed i e x
104. ctions 0 if the source is operational for all wind directions Line 2 Name of the diurnal profile to be applied to this source This line is only included for sources for which HourlyFlag 1 Line3 Name of the monthly profile to be applied to this source This line is only included for sources for which MonthlyFlag 1 Line 4 PhiStart PhiEnd PhiStart the start of the range of surface wind directions for which the source is operational PhiEnd the end of the range inclusive Values are in degrees moving clockwise from North This line 18 only included for sources with WindFlag 1 Line 1 and lines 2 4 if appropriate are repeated for each source In the example shown in the emissions from point vary with the hour and month The emissions from point2 vary with the hour using profilel and the stack 1 only operational if the wind direction is greater or equal to 350 or less than or equal to 10 The emissions from road vary with the hour using profile2 while the remaining roads will vary with the hour using profile3 The grid source emissions vary with the hour only Important points to note e name used to identify the grid source must always be grid e None of the text in the file is case sensitive e Source and profile names can contain spaces ADMS Airport User Guide Page 133 SECTION 7 Technical Summary e The file must be in comma separated format and source names must not conta
105. d the effective wind speed in the moving frame of reference is V and e non zero ambient wind the effective wind speed in the moving frame of reference is V U where U is the ambient wind speed vector If the ambient wind direction is measured clockwise from north in the usual way and the jet release direction is a measured anticlockwise from east the resultant effective wind speed U and direction are described as follows U UY Uy 22 221077 where U and U are the components of U in the eastwards and northwards directions respectively U xcos 4 V xcosa U U xsin 2z V xsina and U U ADMS Airport User Guide Page 143 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Figure 8 2 Schematic representation of the effective wind direction in relation to the ambient wind direction and the aircraft travel direction Transformation of the plume trajectory between moving and stationary frames of reference The plume trajectory in the stationary frame is represented by the coordinates X Y where X 18 the distance from the source in the ambient wind direction and Y is the distance from the source in a direction perpendicular to the ambient wind direction The plume trajectory in the moving frame is represented by X where X is the distance from the source in the effective wind direction and Y is the distance from the sour
106. e created and sources for each stand or groups of stands should be defined with associated spatial information The GSE operating at the stands and annual operating times for each GSE defined can then be entered When modelling airside vehicles use standard road traffic emission datasets such as EURO 2009 Urban EURO 2009 Rural EURO 2009 Mway or EFT v4 2 In EMIT a source group for Airside Vehicles should be created and the airside road network should be defined with appropriate spatial information Route types that reflect the mix of vehicle types on the airside roads should be defined and source data such as vehicle speeds and traffic flows can be entered 4 5 Airport Static Sources Airport static sources may include sources that are specific to airports such as training fires in addition to those that are very similar to those found in non airport locations for example heating plants These latter sources should be modelled as described in the ADMS Urban User Guide with emissions calculations performed in EMIT if required Calculation of emissions from two airport specific sources a fuel farm and training fires are described in more detail below 4 5 1 Magnitude of emissions A fuel farm is used to store fuel used across the airport typically including aviation fuel and diesel Fuel farms produce evaporative emissions from the storage tanks The US Environmental Protection Agency AP 42 documentation 08 EPA 1995 contains a met
107. e emissions from aircraft 3 1 Introduction Emission sources at an airport may include e Aircraft engine emissions from taxiing take off approach and landing Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit APU emissions e Aircraft Ground Support Equipment GSE emissions GSE operating at stands GSE operating across the aprons e Airport landside traffic source emissions e Airport static source emissions for example power plants e Emissions sources external to the airport such as roads All the above sources can be modelled in ADMS Airport as explicit sources In addition a grid source can be created to account for emissions from sources that are within the airport but too small to be considered explicitly and or sources that are external to the airport and at a sufficient distance such that their local source properties are not significant ADMS Airport User Guide Page 11 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport 3 2 Sources of Emissions There are a number of elements used to represent emissions at an airport in ADMS Airport These include e Spatial allocation of emissions e Magnitude of emissions e Time varying nature of emissions e Aircraft exhaust dispersion characteristics for Air File sources Table 3 1 presents emissions sources that may be included in a study of local air quality at an airport The first column gives the source description and the second column indicates whether or not the source of em
108. e magnetic heading is the heading relative to the magnetic north pole The magnetic north pole moves slightly relative to the Earth s surface and as such the runway names can change over time d 2g S 88 BRE EET amp mao 2 4 o Landside Roads Runway 9 N H Perimeter Airport Apron Plant Taxiways Fuel Farm o dT g gt me Bay Figure 2 5 Example airport layout taken from CAEP 2008 Roads ADMS Airport User Guide Page 9 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport This section describes the emission sources that may occur at an airport and the methods of modelling these sources using ADMS Airport and EMIT Section 3 1 summarises the sources of emissions particular to an airport and Section 3 2 gives more details of each source group Emissions from aircraft vary with time and consequently so do the emissions from the associated Auxiliary Power Units and Ground Support Equipment Details of the way these variations can be modelled in ADMS Airport are given in Section 3 3 The source exit conditions from aircraft engines dominate the local dispersion of pollutants unlike the dispersion of emissions from for example a power station Emissions from aircraft engines are released as a jet at a high speed and at a high temperature Section 3 4 describes the way in which jet sources are used by ADMS Airport to represent th
109. e of NT required also depends on the aircraft mode i e take off initial climb Table 7 2 shows advisable maximum jet spacing for aircraft modes Aircraft Mode Maximum jet source spacing Example NT value m Source length 2000m Take off 200 11 Initial climb 300 8 Climb out 7 00 4 Approach 700 4 Taxiing 400 6 Table 7 2 Advisable maximum jet source spacing for Air File sources NT must be an integer value These NT values are of the order used for the study of Heathrow DfT 2006 Where there are fewer aircraft sources you will need to use more jet sources to maintain good resolution in your contour plots Each line in the bottom of the air file lists a component of a modelled Air File source Therefore if for example two different aircraft types share the same take off trajectory the same Src Name can be used as long as the Category numbers are different Although the aircraft take off on the same runway they would be modelled using the efflux parameters for the different ADMS Airport User Guide Page 121 SECTION 7 Technical Summary categories from the top of the Air File and could have different take off speeds and take off roll times specified in the bottom of the Air File Each line in the bottom of air file must have a unique combination of Src Name and Category number Up to 500 unique 5 Name can be entered in the air file Column heading Data
110. e perpendicular to and centred on the axis of the enclosing rectangle The spacing between each set of 8 points 18 equal to the maximum of the width of the enclosing rectangle and MinSpacing where MinSpacing max 0 005 x GridExtent S n Here GridExtent x DY DX and DY are the sizes of the grid in metres in the x and y directions respectively and N total number of AirFile sources L total AirFile sourcelength 8xL S nin 2000 8x N This process of imposing a lower limit on the along source spacing between sets of points ensures that the resolution is no higher than necessary and that the available points are distributed evenly 8 3 Non constant acceleration for take off entries in the air file 8 3 1 8 3 2 Introduction Aircraft acceleration is assumed to constant and the emission of pollutants from an Air File source is assumed to be emitted constantly For take off in particular this is not the case To address this the user of ADMS Airport can specify that the take off roll exhibits non constant acceleration and distribute emission of pollutants variably along the aircraft trajectory Speed development during take off The development of speed during take off is assumed to be governed by the equation 2 V 445 Lec omis Han jeas ADMS Airport User Guide Page 150 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification V speed m s Vito take off speed m s
111. e roads roads outside the airport secure perimeter Taxi and bus stands are usually classed as landside Runway A path used for aircraft take offs and landing Taxiway A path connecting runways to hangars terminals and other airport facilities Apron Area where aircraft are parked unloaded or loaded refueled or boarded Stand Area where aircraft passengers board and disembark Pier stand Stand connected to the airport terminal Remote stand Stand remote from the terminal Fuel farm Storage facility for fuel on the airport i e aircraft fuel and GSE fuel Fire training ground Engine run up bay De icing pad Area where airport fire training activities take place Area where the running of aircraft engines takes place for engine test runs normally has a silencer to reduce the impact of the engine noise Area where aircraft undergo de icing activities Power plant Power plant providing electrical and process energy to airport buildings Table 2 1 Airport emissions sources The naming of runways follows a convention based on the runway magnetic heading where the runway name is the nearest whole integer of the magnetic heading divided by 10 For example a runway with magnetic heading 274 the runway name would be 27 and the runway in the opposite direction with magnetic heading 94 would be 09 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 8 SECTION 2 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports Th
112. e take off roll to 1500ft climb out represents 1500ft to 3000ft ADMS Airport User Guide Page 23 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory Dataset Name Includes emissions for Activity data IPCC96 Air Average fleet e Number of domestic and average international LTO cycles IPCC96 Air old Old fleet e Fuel used during cruise for domestic and international flights ICAO Issue 13 Jet engines with rated e Airframe engine combination 2005 i mE e Thrust for the aircraft mode e Number of LTO cycles for the aircraft engine combination annually for a single flight ICAO 15 Other Jet engines with rated e Aircraft engine combination power greater than 26 7kN Generic turboprops e Thrust for the aircraft mode e Number of LTO cycles for the aircraft engine Piston aircraft combination annually fora single flight Table 4 4 EMIT datasets for aircraft main engine emissions If using an IPCC emission dataset to model air quality at an airport cruise emissions should not be included since cruise emissions tend to be released at high altitudes that will not affect the air quality at the ground In this basic scenario it is recommended that volume source groups should be set up for each mode considered i e two groups one each of taxiing and take off Users might decide not to model approach and climb emissions if the contribution from these
113. e x Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 1000 10000 and 50 respectively Enter the y Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 1000 5000 and 30 respectively Enter the z Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 0 0 and 1 respectively 4 Tick the Specified Point File box Click the Browse button and navigate to the file ReceptorPoints asp which is in the 10 directory in your ADMS Airport installation directory Step 4 13 Specify output parameters 1 Move to the Output screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Click on the New button and choose NO as the pollutant from the drop down list Select a long term average by selecting LT in the Short Long column with an averaging time of 1 hour and units of ug m Check that there is a tick in the Include column for NOx so that the NO concentrations will be calculated for this model run 3 Atthe bottom of the screen ensure that Groups output is selected to calculate output for a group of sources and if necessary put a tick in the Include column next to all sources Step 4 14 Add a time varying emission factors file 1 In this example a fac file is used with one profile to describe temporal emissions for all roads and parking sources 2 Inthe Source tab check the Time varying emission factors box Click the Data source button 4 Ensure that the File of time varying factors button
114. echnologies 3 e Medium and large jet aircraft Airbus A330 e 2wing mounted engines Trent 772 e All engine technologies 4 e Small and regional jet aircraft Boeing 737 700 e 2 wing mounted engine 56 3 e Old and current engine technologies e Small and regional jet aircraft McDonnell Douglas MD87 e 2 fuselage mounted engines JT8D 217C Old and current engine technologies 6 e Large jet aircraft Boeing 747 700 e 4wing mounted engines RB211 524GH e Current engine technology 7 e Regional jet aircraft Regional jet RJ85 e wing mounted engines LF507 1F 1H e Current engine technology 8 e Small jet aircraft Boeing 737 800 e 2wing mounted engines Reconditioned Trent 500 e New engine technology 9 e Regional jet aircraft Embraer 145 e 2fuselage mounted engines AE3007A1 e New engine technology Table 6 34 CAEPport case study aircraft modelling categories ADMS Airport User Guide Page 104 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Aircraft Modelling Categories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ANI2 DHC7 B742 B721 A306 A318 60 342 462 736 E145 AN24 E120 B743 B722 A319 A343 B737 E170 26 745 MDI1 A310 A320 B744 RJ70 B738 AT43 F50 IL96 T154 A332 A321 CRJ7 RJ85 B739 AT44 FA20 B762 B733 DC91 AT45 FA50 B763 B734 DC93 AT72 GLF3 772 735 F100 B190 GLF4 B773 752 F70 BE35 L410
115. ecked 2 From the Emissions Inventory toolbar select the 9 icon to Choose emissions inventory Navigate to the location of the Example8_Inventory mdb and click on the file to highlight it and then select Open The sources entered into EMIT will now be visible in ArcGIS 3 Select the EI Grid Source layer right click and select Properties Select the Symbology tab and select Quantities Graduated colors from the left hand window In the Field grouping select the Value as NOx g m2 s from the dropdown menu Click OK Plots of the distribution of emissions are shown in Figures 6 6 and 6 7 ViewInventory mxd ArcMap ArcView File Edit View Insert Selection Tools Window Help xl f Layers Emissions Invento X E EI Point Source 1 59 58 EI Road Source EI Volume Source Iz NOx gim2 s 10 000000 10 000001 0 000000 0 000001 0 000000 Wi 0 000001 0 000000 Wil 0 000001 0 000002 Display Source Selection Edt gt gt 7 S Drawing v 2 lt sift Bz ul Avy amp y gry se 33823 22 4835 09 Meters Figure 6 6 Example 8 fictional airport sources and gridded emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 68 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 gt ViewInventory mxd ArcMap ArcView File Edit Yiew Insert Selection Tools Window Help
116. elevated sources on ground level concentrations 18 considered to be negligible Note e Each runway should be a separate source within the take off group Each taxiway may be set up as a different source within the taxiing group depending on the airport layout When using EMIT to calculate emissions of using dataset ICAO 15 Other remember that for turboprop or piston engine aircraft PM o emissions are not included in the dataset Be particularly careful if using a combination of jet turboprop and piston engine aircraft in the same group as emissions shown will be for the jet engines in the group only From the International Civil Aircraft Organisation ICAO aircraft emissions databank Generic turboprop emissions were calculated from Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI held turboprop emissions database based on 3 engine rated thrust levels below 1000 HP 1000 HP to 2000 HP and above 2000 HP From the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation FOCA piston powered aircraft emissions database ADMS Airport User Guide Page 24 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory 4 2 4 Intermediate Scenario Magnitude of emissions Aircraft main engine emissions may be provided as an inventory from an external source categorised by mode The emissions supplied may be in greater detail than described in Section 4 2 3 Spatial allocation of emission The detail that can be represented in the spatial allocati
117. er than the minimum allowed spacing Actusispacing this value in m gives the actual 0 0 0 0 spacing between sets of source 1000 0 oriented gridding output points along each road segment If this value is 1 interpolation will be used to produce additional output InterpolatePoints between the source oriented grid 0 1 points If this value 18 0 the interpolation will be disabled If this value is 1 a list of road sources to which source oriented gridding points should be applied should be included if this value is 0 all road sources will be considered for source oriented grid points SpecifyRoadSres If SpecifyRoadSres is 1 then this specifies the number of road sources to consider for source oriented grid points NumberOfRoadSrcsForIGP 0 3000 0 If this value is 1 a list of Air File sources to which source oriented gridding points should be applied should be included if this value 18 0 all Air File sources will be considered for source oriented grid points SpecifyAircraftSrcs 0 1 0 If SpecifyAircraftSres is 1 then this specifies the number of road sources to consider for source oriented grid points NumberOfAircraftSrcsForIGP 0 500 0 Table 5 4 Summary of non limit parameters in the igp file If both SpecifyRoadSrcs and SpecifyAircraftSrcs are 1 then the road sources should be listed first followed by the Air File sources The model assumes default values if
118. er Guide there are other specification and validation documents available for ADMS Airport and ADMS Urban e g 2001 Carruthers et al 1998 2001 McHugh ef al 1997 All references are listed together in Section 10 Many of these documents can be downloaded from the website www cerc co uk software support publications html ADMS Airport User Guide Page 3 SECTION 2 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports This section describes aircraft and airport terminology used throughout this User Guide 2 1 Aircraft Figure 2 1 shows a diagram of an aircraft with some aircraft terminology described Vertical Fin Typical location of 1 1 fi 11 1 E o Wing Tail Fuselage Centreline Main engines Aircraft terminology Fore Front of aircraft Aft Rear of aircraft Port Left of aircraft when viewed from the aft Starboard Right of aircraft when viewed from the aft Centreline Central line of an aircraft running from fore to aft Fuselage Aircraft body Wing Aircraft flight surface Horizontal tail Aircraft flight surface Vertical tail Aircraft flight surface Main engines Engines for propulsion APU Auxiliary power unit engine for power on ground Figure 2 1 Diagram of an aircraft Aircraft are often divided into three categories based on the type of engine installed jets turboprops and piston Jet aircraft include aircraft with turboj
119. erence moving with the source the aircraft speed acts like an extra component of the wind speed In the jet source dispersion calculations in ADMS Airport we consider two frames of reference one moving with the source at a speed V4 and the other stationary The plume rise part of the dispersion calculations is carried out in Paul Madden Rolls Royce Group PLC private communication 9 July 2004 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 142 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification the moving frame where the ambient wind speed is modified to include the additional component induced by the movement of the source resulting in an effective wind speed In the moving frame the exit velocity is also increased because the inflow to the engine is increased and the engine must maintain the same amount of acceleration of the airflow in order to maintain thrust The rest of the dispersion calculations calculation of plume spread and concentration are done in the stationary frame as they are more related to the ambient meteorological conditions Effective wind speed 0 and direction The additional wind speed V4 experienced by the engine in the moving frame affects the effective wind direction as well as the effective wind speed see Figure 8 2 In terms of the velocity 1 6 speed vectors if the aircraft moves with speed V4 in a direction then the jet release direction is V Therefore e zero ambient win
120. et and turbofan engines turboprops include aircraft with turboprop engines and piston aircraft include aircraft powered by piston engines see Figure 2 2 The bypass ratio BPR of an aircraft is the ratio of bypassed flow to core flow Figure 2 3 shows a diagram of a high bypass jet engine ADMS Airport User Guide Page 5 SECTION 2 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports a b c d Figure 2 2 Aircraft engine types a turbojet b turbofan c turboprop and d internal combustion engine piston engine taken from NASA 2007 Engine casing Fuel burner Nozzle P Exhaust flow Free Stream Engine exhaust diameter D Turbine drives fan Fan Compressor and compressor shaft Figure 2 3 Schematic diagram of the airflow through a high bypass ratio turbofan engine ADMS Airport User Guide Page 6 SECTION 2 Introduction to Aircraft and Airports 2 2 Aircraft operations at an airport Aircraft operations at an airport involve e arrival and departure of the aircraft known as the landing take off LTO cycle e transfer of the aircraft from the runway to a stand see Section 2 3 e preparation of the aircraft for flight The LTO cycle below 3000 feet 18 described in Figure 2 4 The LTO cycle can be split into 4 distinct modes arrival at the airport involves approach and landing modes whilst the departure from the airport involves take off and climb modes The aircraft arriva
121. eviously shown in Step 3 11 Now paste this data to the bottom of the g t file Save this new as comma delimited file named examplel0 AdditionalPoints glt Step 4 21 Adding a contour map l In ArcGIS to add a contour to the plot from the ADMS Airport toolbar 4 select the icon to Generate Contours Ensure that the Long Term button is selected at the top left of the ADMS Contour Plotter window Navigate to the location of the up file saved in Error Reference source not found and select the examplel0 AdditionalPoints glt results file click Plot A window 15 shown asking for a raster dataset name enter example10 con and select Save Right click on the examplelO con layer and select Properties from the list Go to the Symbology tab Select Classified and click Import Select the file Contour lyr from the directory Data Example10 in your ADMS Airport installation directory Click Add ADMS Airport User Guide Page 93 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 7 Click OK 8 Drag and drop the examplelO con layer below the Layout tif layer 9 The plot will look as in Figure 6 21 Untitled ArcMap ArcView Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help c u amp amp 0Dnrviaeueseges 5skenA 4 22 25 B gom Layer amp Layout tif 2 E Layers 5 Layout tif VALUES 3 1493 149
122. exhaust material The more traditional method of modelling emissions from aircraft as volume sources is still valid and indeed recommended for other parts of the LTO cycle such as climb out when the local source properties are less important This section describes the treatment of Air File sources as a series of jets in ADMS Airport Treatment of Air File sources in ADMS Airport Each Air File source is represented in ADMS Airport as a series of continuous jet source releases equally spaced along the aircraft s trajectory Each engine on the aircraft is represented individually up to a limit of four engines Please refer to chapter P11 02 of the ADMS Technical Specification for information about jets and directional releases in ADMS CERC 2010 Emission rates are defined in the air file as continuous annual average emission rates The model then adjusts the input emission rate according to the input number of hours of runway use in the inventory year to ensure that the total annual emission is unchanged this time varying adjustment of the annual average emission rate is done using an fc file and further details are given in Section 7 4 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 139 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification The user is required to enter a number of engine parameters for each aircraft category which are required to enable ADMS Airport to model the aircraft jet releases these are exhaust exit velocity V
123. ft emissions can be represented spatially ranging from the simplest approach to the most complex Complexity Level Description Represent all aircraft emissions as a single volume source Define all the aircraft sources or all the sources for each mode as a single volume source covering the area of emission up to a specified height above the ground Basic Represent the aircraft emissions as multiple volume sources Medium Define the aircraft sources as a multiple volume sources for example multiple volume sources for each of taxiing take off climb out approach and landing Represent the aircraft emissions as a combination of aircraft volume area and line sources Complex Define the aircraft sources as a combination of source types For example take off and landing as Air File sources climb out and approach as volume sources and taxiing as line and area sources Table 3 3 Methods of spatial allocation of aircraft emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 13 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport When compiling aircraft emissions data it is important to bear in mind the level of complexity at which the magnitude spatial distribution and the time resolution of the emissions are defined and the level of complexity that the final output is expected to have For example if the emissions data have been calculated from basic fleet composition data there may be little point using a c
124. gates are equipped with Terminal passenger loading bridges 10 GA Terminal General Aviation Terminal Building X 11 Station Fire station and emergency power station for the airport and Emergency Power Table 6 28 CAEPport case study airport features ADMS Airport User Guide Page 97 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Airport Feature Description Modelled 12 Fire training Open fire training site for the airport s fire services with site regular fire trainings 13 Air Traffic Control Tower Technical block and navigation equipment Control maintenance service Airside Service Airside service roads connecting buildings and apron and X Roads perimeter fence road ARI ARS Landside Access Landside access roads from main bypass road with access to Roads various parking facilities kerbside maintenance and connecting those facilities LRO1 LRO9 Roads are either one way or two way and single lane or multi lane Parking facilities Various parking facilities with a total of 3 900 parking spaces v e PM Maintenance Parking 1 level 500 spaces e Cargo and long term remote parking 1 level 800 spaces e PT Terminal Parking 6 levels 2400 spaces total e General Aviation Parking 1 200 spaces Table 6 29 CAEPport case study receptor locations and grid extents Table 6 28 Continued CAEPport case study airport features
125. gines Airbus B737 with CFM International CFM56 3C1 engines Boeing 747 with Rolls Royce RB211 524GH engines ADMS Airport User Guide Page 122 SECTION 7 Technical Summary e Boeing 777 with Rolls Royce Trent 892 engines e Boeing 787 300 with General Electric GEnx engines e Airbus A340 600 with Rolls Royce Trent 556 engines e Airbus A350 800 with new Rolls Royce Trent 500 engines e Airbus B737 800RE with Rolls Royce Trent 500 engines e new aircraft for 120 passengers with new CFM International engines e new aircraft for 150 passengers with new CFM International engines e new aircraft for 180 passengers with new CFM International engines e A new aircraft for 450 passengers with new General Electric GE90 engines The default conditions provided in Tables 7 4 to 7 7 are for aircraft modes take off 100 thrust initial climb 85 thrust landing 30 thrust and taxiing 796 thrust respectively ADMS Airport User Guide Page 123 SECTION 7 Technical Summary Category Aircraft Engine V T DjEmissionCurvelDNumEngines XEI 17 1 2 YE2ZZE2XE3YYE3 ZE3IXEA Y EAZEA 1 A320 2527 5 277 31 79 911 359 1 2 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 8 2 A330 Trent 772 361 50 94 911 859 2 2 224 9 1 14 22 4 9 1 1 4 3 A340 300 56 5 4 331 00 85 82 1 97 3 2 24 4514 35 2 7 24 45 14 35 2 7 4 B
126. gy 8 Small jet aircraft Boeing 737 800 2 wing mounted engines Reconditioned Trent 500 New engine technology 9 Regional jet aircraft Embraer 145 2 fuselage mounted engines New engine technology AE3007A1 APU and GSE The APU and GSE operating times provided complement the aircraft operations described these are shown in Tables 6 22 and 6 23 split by stand group Table 6 21 Aircraft Modelling Categories for example 10 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 81 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 APU Type APU PARAM ID pen IND 1 2 3 4 5 Stands 131 9 APU0001 0 011101 0 0 110 GTCP 331 350 0005 0 0 0183 0 183 GTCP 36 100 0007 0 011101 0 0 110 APU GTCP 36 150 0008 0 3247 402 110 2502 6260 APU GTCP 36 150 RR 0009 0 011461 0 0 146 GTCP 36 300 80 0010 0 479 274 438 0 1191 APU GTCP 85 200 HP APU0013 0 0 371 0 0 37 APU GTCP331 200ER 143 HP APU0017 240 160 01237 0 636 GTCP331 500 143 HP APU0018 0 01911 0 0 91 IAPU GTCP85 129 200 APU0020 0 2795 846 852 160 4651 GTCP85 98 200 HP APU0021 0 0110 0 110 PW901A 0023 0 91 0 91 TSCP700 4B 142 HP 0028 399 0 183 274 855 Table 6 22 APU annual operating times at each source group hours ADMS Airport User Guide Page 82 SECTION 6 Worked
127. h VOLUME Calculate with ICAO 15 2007 emissions factors Other Aircraft Taxiing VOLUME Calculate with ICAO 15 2007 emissions factors Other Aircraft Takeoff VOLUME Calculate with ICAO 15 2007 emissions factors Other Aircraft Climb VOLUME Calculate with ICAO 15 2007 emissions factors Other Aircraft APU VOLUME Calculate with APU 2004 2004 emissions factors Aircraft GSE VOLUME Calculate with AIRPORT GSE 2007 emissions factors 2007 Airside Vehicles Not modelled Airport Power Plant POINT Enter emissions Energy 2007 manually Airport Fire Training VOLUME Enter emissions Energy 2007 manually Part A POINT emissions Energy 2007 manually Surrounding Roads ROAD _ Calculate with EURO SCALED 2007 Heavy Light SCALED 03 emissions factors 03 Urban 07 Step 2 4 Table 6 5 Example 8 group details Adding aircraft sources to an EMIT emission group manually 1 In this example operations at a small airport are to be input which will consist daily of three landing take off cycles LTOs of an Airbus A320 six LTOs of a Boeing 737 500 six LTOs of and Embraer 145 and six LTOs of a British Aerospace 146 100 Select the Aircraft Approach source group and then click Open Group Click Add to add an Aircraft Approach source Enter the Source Name A320 Approach
128. he file oneday met from the supplied Data directory This file contains 24 lines of hourly sequential meteorological data 4 Make sure that the Met Data are hourly sequential box is ticked Step 3 4 Enter a background concentration 1 Move to the Background screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Check that the None option is selected Step 3 5 Define output grids 1 Move to the Grids screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Select Gridded output with Regular spacing Select the Road Line Aircraft option in the Source oriented grids section 3 Enter the x Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 3000 12000 and 31 respectively Enter the y Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 3000 8000 and 31 respectively Enter the z Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 0 0 and 1 respectively Step 3 6 Specify output parameters 1 Move to the Output screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Click on the New button and choose NO as the pollutant from the drop down list Select a long term average by selecting LT in the Short Long column with an averaging time of 1 hour and units of ug m Check that there is a tick in the Include column for NOx so that the NO concentrations will be calculated for this model run 3 Atthe bottom of the screen ensure that Groups output is selected to calculate o
129. hnical Summary The bottom of the Air File Information in the bottom of Air File includes all the Air File sources to be modelled Each Air File source describes exhaust conditions to be applied to the source Category development of the aircraft exhaust plume as the aircraft travels in the vicinity of the airport YO ZO VO Z1 and V1 the time that the source is emitting where non constant acceleration is required Tto the number of time steps to be used in the modelling of the source NT and the source emissions Pollutant names Air file sources are assumed to have constant acceleration unless they refer to a category with an emissions curve The bottom of the air file is shown in more detail in Figure 7 3 The column headings are described in more detail in Table 7 3 Engines are modelled as moving jet sources in the air file therefore the bottom of the file is used to describe the speed and movement of the aircraft as well as the emission rates of pollutants In the example air file take off initial climb and landing sources are shown The modelled sources in the air file must be at least 1m in length and either the start or end velocity of the sources must be non zero The value for NT specifies the number of jets used to model the source The value of NT should be based on the length of the Air File source the longer the length of the Air File source the greater the value of NT required The valu
130. hodology for calculating evaporative emissions from organic liquid storage tanks Airport fire training involves the burning of fuel as an accelerant for training purposes Emissions will depend on the type of fuel burned and the quantity burned 4 5 2 Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory Define the fuel farm as an area source with appropriate spatial and emission information Define the airport fire training area as a volume source with appropriate spatial and emission information ADMS Airport User Guide Page 33 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory 4 6 Urban Sources Non airport emission sources close enough to the airport to require explicit modelling such as major road and industrial sources should be modelled as described in the ADMS Urban User Guide with emissions calculations performed in EMIT if required Emissions from smaller sources either within the airport or outside may be aggregated in EMIT onto a grid of regular volume sources and modelled in ADMS Urban as grid source details area again given in the ADMS Urban User Guide 4 7 The Complete Emissions Inventory Your complete emissions inventory should contain the magnitude and spatial distribution data for all the airport and surrounding sources except the data on aircraft sources that will be modelled using the Air File The emissions data described in the Air File is not repeated in the EMIT database The final stage of compiling your
131. ile uses aircraft engine parameters to describe the buoyancy of the exhaust plume the diameter of the aircraft engine exhaust and the location of the exhaust relative to the aircraft itself The exhaust buoyancy is described in terms of the engine exhaust velocity and temperature ADMS Airport User Guide Page 118 SECTION 7 Technical Summary uin n m mun m m Lan n nna Cin uina Engine D EmissionCurveld NumEngines 1 1 ZE1 2 YE2 2 2 YE3 ZE3 4 YEA 2 4 3GE077 346 3517208 96 5431032 2 667 0 2 153 49 19 53 4 9 19 1 059 339 5139609 94 12737116 2 3876 15 3 49 19 153 4 9 19 Trent 772 332 73 88 25 1 859 22 4 3 1 1 4 224 9 1 1 4 56 3 1 313 08 9703 145 13 1 49 13 131 49 1 4PWO070 405 612306 117 4794475 1 13157 15 3 49 19 153 4 9 1 9 RB211 524GH 348 65 93 36 2 298 26 35 16 15 3 35 26 35 16 15 3 35 111004 328 1176945 90 1011511 1 02235 15 3 4 9 19 15 3 4 9 pE 8 B737_800RE Trent_500 237 54 57 08 1 83 15 3 49 1 9 15 3 4 9 1 9 9 E145 6AL006 335 6392303 92 75845634 0 9779 15 3 49 19 15 3 4 9 1 9 10 B742 36 077 348 2938653 97 70362117 2 667 15 3 49 19 E 4 9 1 9 11 011 1 059 341 4997611 95 25379738 2 3876 15 3 49 19 4 9 12 A330 Trent 772 334 69 89 41 1 859 22 4 9 1 14 9 1 14 INNNNNNNNNNN
132. in EMIT please refer to Section 8 of the EMIT User Guide or in ArcGIS using the Emissions Inventory extension please refer to Section 6 in the ADMS Urban amp Roads ArcGIS Link document ADMS Airport User Guide Page 12 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport 3 2 1 Aircraft engines Aircraft emissions can be represented with varying levels of complexity depending on the information available The level of complexity of modelling depends on The detail of source data available in terms of both the magnitude and spatial location of emissions and e The required resolution of concentration output required Table 3 2 gives examples of methods for generating the magnitude of aircraft emissions data for use in ADMS Airport at different levels of complexity Complexity Level Description Calculate emissions using ICAO times in mode ICAO 2007 Basic Use EMIT to generate an aircraft emissions inventory using ICAO 15 Other ICAO Issue 13 2005 or IPCC96 emissions factor datasets Emissions available from inventory Medium Use pre generated emissions inventory Calculate emissions from flight performance model Complex Generate an aircraft emissions inventory based on aircraft operations considering factors such as the aircraft type weight and engine installed Table 3 2 Approaches to quantifying aircraft emissions Table 3 3 summaries the different ways in which aircra
133. in commas e There should be no blank lines except for the lines between the diurnal profile data and the monthly profile data and between the monthly profile data and the source specific data e Any sources omitted from the fac and hfc file are assumed to be non time varying i e to have constant emissions e When modelling multiple sources including a grid source the model applies the time varying emission factors by disaggregating once at the start of the run then applying the appropriate time varying factor to the residual gridded emissions and to each industrial or road source for each met line However care must be taken when defining the emissions in the interface The method works on the basis that the emission rates entered in the Source screen for each industrial or road source are the emission rates used to calculate the gridded emissions entered for the grid source This ensures the disaggregation at the start of the run is correct Note that the time varying factors for the grid source will be applied to the residual emissions only ADMS Airport User Guide Page 134 SECTION 7 Technical Summary 3 profilel 4 doe NAN 40 40 40 O Ore och NNN 47 7 oM ox e pe e CN CN CN 40 40 40 e CN CN CN 402 47 4 402
134. ing airport emissions including e the magnitude of emissions and the spatial allocation of the emissions Details of non airport emissions such as landside road emissions may or may not be included in an airport emissions inventory Note the time variability of the emissions is discussed in Section 5 2 2 4 2 Aircraft Main Engines The aircraft main engine emissions may be described with a varying degree of complexity in terms of emission quantity and emission spatial allocation Table 4 1 summarises the different approaches in terms of complexity It is not always advisable to mix the levels of complexity when compiling an emissions inventory Emission Quantity Simple Intermediate Complex Simple Section 4 2 3 8 Intermediate Section 4 2 4 lt Complex Section 4 2 5 Table 4 1 Building an emissions inventory for aircraft main engines degrees of complexity the user should consider carefully using this approach as there is a mixed level of complexity for spatial allocation and quantity of emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 19 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory Airport emissions inventories may be built using a combination of complexity levels for the emissions quantity and spatial allocation However careful consideration must be used when combining these different accuracy levels since increased accuracy in one area only may not
135. ing emissions can be modelled in ADMS Airport classified in terms of complexity Complexity Level Description Continuous diurnal or monthly profile Simple Use diurnal and monthly profiles to give simple operation trends using a fac file Full details are given in Section 7 3 of this User Guide Based on wind direction Aircraft operations generally take off and land into the prevailing Medium wind In this case the fac file can be used to switch on sources for particular wind directions Full details are given in Section 7 3 of this User Guide Annual hourly emission profile Describe the aircraft operation using an annual hourly emissions Complex profile file This allows very detailed airport usage to be modelled A full description of the file format is given in Section 7 4 of this User Guide Table 3 4 Approaches to time varying aircraft emissions Further details of modelling time varying emissions in ADMS Airport are given in Section 5 2 2 Whilst this is usually the case the operation of aircraft from particular runways may be subject to other factors such as noise abatement restrictions As such the user should discuss the actual time varying behaviour with the airport and aircraft operators ADMS Airport User Guide Page 15 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an Airport 3 4 Dispersion Modelling As outlined in Section 3 2 the emissions sources in an a
136. ing your own AIR FILE 128 7 2 Emission Curve Elea 128 7 2 1 Emission Curve 128 7 2 2 Emission Curve Example File 130 7 3 Diurnal and monthly time varying profiles 131 Tad Lr DE UN 132 73 27 Monthly profiles 132 T33 Source speoific datae ore iniecit tica 133 7 4 Annual hourly time varying profiles essere 136 7 4 1 The top of the annual hourly profile file 2 137 7 4 2 bottom of the annual hourly profile 138 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification eee 139 8 1 Air BAL SOURCES eee ostio uU tia a vod eU as EU 139 139 8 1 2 Treatment of Air File sources in ADMS Airport esee 139 8 1 3 File source jet component parameters 140 8 1 4 Effect of the moving aircraft on jet plume dispersion 142 8 1 5 Apportionment of emissions between 147 8 2 Source oriented grids for Air File sources sse 149 SOL Tnftoduetion ose oe vases o Red ed etae ANTA dei an urs RA 149 8 2 2 Placement of source oriented grid 149 8 3 Non constant acceleration for take off entries in the air file 150 SL sso ees Scd e ipea RU KE 15
137. ions inventory using a particular dataset it is important to be aware of any restrictions For example both the ICAO and IPCC aircraft emission factor datasets give emission factors for movements up to 914m 3000ft For the ICAO dataset the main engine emissions are split into ground sources taxi and take off and elevated sources approach and climb conversely the IPCC emissions are not categorised into different modes i e there is only one emission per LTO cycle for a particular airframe engine type The simple emissions quantity calculation described above is also compatible with the intermediate complexity spatial allocation of emissions Section 4 2 4 Spatial allocation of emissions The simplest method of distributing emissions from aircraft main engines would be to represent the emissions from each mode as separate volume sources where the aircraft main engines are operating The emissions from approach and climb out should be allocated to volume sources above the ground Using IPCC emission factors allocation of all the aircraft emissions as ground level sources would lead to an overestimate in ground emissions since the IPCC LTO emissions include emissions up to 914m 3000ft Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory There are four datasets available in EMIT for calculating emissions from aircraft main engines The datasets available are described in Table 4 4 Take off represents from the start of th
138. ir default values LimitPointsRoads set to 500 A LimitPointsAircraft set to 500 ActualSpacing set to 50 SpecifyAircraftSrcs set to 1 NumberAircraftSresForlgp set to 4 Air file sources to set source oriented grid points against IC 747400 26 IC A340 8 TO 747400 26 and TO A340 8 Figure 6 19 shows the igp file provided ADMS Airport User Guide Page 91 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 l IntelligentGrid IGP WordPad BAE File Edit View Insert Format Help Oe amp cINTELLI_PARANS LimitPointsRoads max number of extra points that can be added by intelligent gridding lalong road sources default 5000 min 0 max 10000 LimitPointsLines max number of extra points that can be added by intelligent gridding lalong line sources default 1000 min 0 max 1000 LimitPointsdircraft imax number of extra points that can be added by intelligent gridding along aircraft sources default value 2000 min 0 max 2000 PercentageSpacing 4 minimum spacing expressed as percentage of grid length scale default 0 5 min 0 1 max 5 0 ActualSpacing actual spacing between sets of intelligent gridding output points lalong each source segment if the value is non zero and greater than the minimum allowed spacing default 0 0 min 0 0 max 1000 0 InterpolatePoints 11 interpolation vill be used to produce additional output between the i
139. irport can be realistically modelled as a combination of a number of source types namely point line area volume road and Air File sources The dispersion of emissions from all these source types is described in the Technical Specification Section 9 of the ADMS Urban User Guide with the exception of Air File sources The properties of Air File sources are detailed in Section 3 4 1 below with technical details given in the Technical Summary Section 7 1 of this User Guide 3 4 1 Air File sources Aircraft have a number of engines that emit a range of pollutants The locations of these engines vary some are wing mounted and some fuselage mounted if an aircraft has three engines the third will usually be mounted centrally on the fuselage at the base of the vertical fin Figure 3 1 shows some common locations of aircraft engines In general the larger aircraft such as the Boeing 777 and Airbus A340 have at least two wing mounted engines and smaller aircraft such as the Embraer 145 may have fuselage mounted engines a 1 Figure 3 1 Example locations of aircraft engines a 4 wing mounted engines e g Boeing 747 Airbus A340 b 2 wing mounted engines e g Boeing 777 Airbus A320 C 2 fuselage mounted engines e g Embraer 145 and d 2 wing mounted engines and one engine centrally mounted on the fuselage vertical fin e g McDonnell Douglas MD 11 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 16 SECTION 3 Using ADMS Airport to Model an
140. issions is specific to the airport The third column indicates how the source can be represented in ADMS Airport 2 Emissions Source ADMS Airport Emissions Source Specific to Airport Source Type Aircraft arrival departure Yes Volume or Air File Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit APU Yes Volume Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Vol GSE Yes olume Airport roads Yes Road or aggregated grid Airport parking Yes Volume or area Airport power plant Yes Point Airport fuel farm Yes Area Other airport activities e g fire TE Mr Point line area volume or training maintenance aircraft engine Yes testing aircraft refuelling gereg 5 External road network No Road or aggregated grid Other external sources e g rail TOT 3 Point line area volume or boilers commercial and domestic No mid heating Table 3 1 Airport emissions sources For some scenarios users may want to use a combination of ADMS Airport source types for one particular source of emissions for example aircraft Further discussion of the different ways in which aircraft can be represented is given in Section 3 2 1 For other source types such as roads significant sources close to the airport should be represented explicitly as road sources in the model run whereas other road emissions can be aggregated into a grid source Grid source emissions from roads and other sources can be calculated
141. ith overlapping locations too many source oriented gridding receptors may be added In order to avoid this it is possible to include a list of Air File sources to which source oriented gridding output points will be assigned in the igp file IGP stands for Intelligent Grid Points Further details are given in Section 5 3 4 3 Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units An aircraft auxiliary power unit APU is a gas turbine engine usually mounted at the rear of the aircraft The APU may be used to 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 Provide power for aircraft systems whilst the aircraft is on the ground Provide air to the air conditioning system whilst on the ground Provide bleed air for starting the main engines and Provide a backup to the electric and hydraulic system during taxiing and take off or whilst in flight Magnitude of emissions Each aircraft type is fitted with a particular type of APU Therefore working from a list of aircraft movements the number of each type of APU can be determined The amount of time the APU operates may depend on the aircraft type and the equipment available on stand or as GSE at the airport Using the APU type operation time and APU emission factors emissions from the APU can be determined If equipment is available at the airport to replace or reduce the load on the aircraft APUSs operating times should be adjusted accordingly Spatial allocation of emissions APU emissions are generally emitted when
142. l generally involves the aircraft approaching the airport at a constant angle of 3 below the horizontal sometimes referred to as a 3 glide slope The aircraft climb from the airport can be further split into two modes initial climb and climb out The initial climb and climb out modes are separated by thrust cutback where the aircraft main engines are operated at a reduced thrust level to continue their ascent this generally occurs at 1500 feet The climb angles at which the aircraft depart the airport are dependent on the type of aircraft and operating weight see Section 4 2 6 for further details The distance from the departure airport to the destination airport is a good indication of the weight of the aircraft at take off The length of a flight is often referred to in terms of stage length an integer number describing the aircraft trip length from stage length 1 a short trip to stage length 8 a long trip The number of stage lengths an aircraft is able to complete will depend on the aircraft type Some small aircraft types are only able to complete flights of stage length 1 and only the largest aircraft types are able to complete flights of stage length 8 ALTITUDE Ground Land Initial Thrust DISTANCE ALONG RUNWAY climb cutback Figure 2 4 Landing take off cycle LTO Transfer of the aircraft from the runway to the stand is known as taxiing taxi mode Once the aircraft arrives at the stand the aircraft is turned
143. l run ADMS Airport will add further points in between the first sets of source oriented gridding points Three sets of points are added in between each pair of sets of points added during the first stage Concentrations at these new points along aircraft sources are calculated by linearly interpolating between the values at the first sets of points By default this second stage of source oriented gridding will always be carried out unless buildings are modelled but it can be disabled via the igp file as described below An example igp file showing default values is shown in Figure 5 5 below Here the parameters LimitPointsRoads LimitPointsLines and LimitPointsAircraft define the maximum number of additional calculated receptor points that the model can add to the output grid for a particular run for road line and Air File sources respectively amp INTELLI PARAMS LimitPointsRoads LimitPointsLines 5000 1000 LimitPointsAircraft 2000 PercentageSpacing 0 5 ActualSpacing 0 0 InterpolatePoints 1 SpecifyRoadSrcs 0 NumberRoadSrcsForIGP 0 SpecifyAircraftSrcs 0 NumberAircraftSrcForIGP 0 Figure 5 5 Default settings in igp file The remaining parameters are as follows e The PercentageSpacing parameter allows users to control the minimum along source spacing between the additional output points as a percentage of the size of the output domain applies to road line and Air File sou
144. late with EURO SCALED 2008 LAEI SCALED 03 Mobile emissions factors 03 inventory 11 LAEIOS5 08 Roads amp Parking Calculate with UKEFD03 2003 Hot amp Cold Area emissions factors Road HotCold Roads amp Parking _ IVOLUME Calculate with UKEFDO3 2003 Hot amp Cold Vol emissions factors Road HotCold Step 4 3 wizard l Table 6 24 Example 10 group details group overview screen From the File menu select Import Data Click Browse and select the Approach All MCATs csv file for Adding aircraft sources to an EMIT emission group using the import Return to the inventory overview screen by clicking Close in the import to EMIT that can be found in the Data Example10 directory in your installation directory Click Open and then click Next gt MCATS group as the destination EMIT group Click Next Ensure that all fields are selected for import Click Next gt Select the emissions inventory then select the Aircraft Approach ADMS Airport User Guide Page 85 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 6 You will find that each of that field names correspond to pollutants Select Emissions units of g s and then select Next gt 7 Some optional fields are missing from the input file select Next to continue 8 Alist of the fields to be imported is shown select Next to continue 9 Click Next to carry out checks of the data bef
145. le are given in Section 7 1 including file format To model aircraft in ADMS Airport check Model aircraft sources on the source screen The interface has a Browse button that allows users to link the appropriate air file to the up file Once the air file has been selected the source table is populated with all the Air File sources included in the chosen file The source table displays the source name and locations of the start and end of the source In addition ADMS Airport User Guide Page 35 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport e View button opens the air file in Excel and e a Refresh button updates the contents of the source table to reflect any changes that may have been made to the air file Non constant emissions of pollutants can be represented using speed emission curves ADMS Airport can model these variations if the relevant data are known by the user The speed emission curve data are held in a sec file and details of the file format are given in Section 7 2 1 To model speed emission curves check Use speed emission file on the source screen The interface has a Browse button that allows users to link the appropriate sec file to the upl file In addition a View button opens the sec file in Excel 3 File Run Results Utilities Pollutants Emissions Inventory Help Sem Somce 6 dum 6 Enter source data lel Create groups N Delet Sh
146. lead to an overall improvement in accuracy 4 2 1 Quantification of aircraft emissions In order to describe the quantity of emissions from aircraft main engines knowledge of the aircraft operations at the airport are required Airport operators should be able to supply a list of aircraft movements or an airport timetable It is important to be aware that a particular airframe may have a number of possible engines installed As the engine installed on the aircraft may affect the aircraft emissions considerably in terms of dispersion of pollutants the emissions must be specified in terms of the correct airframe engine combination in the ICAO dataset For example the Boeing 777 200 may have a number of different engines installed including e 2xGeneral Electric GE90 90B ICAO identifier 3GE065 e 2x General Electric GE90 90B ICAO identifier 6GE090 e 2x Pratt amp Whitney PW4084 ICAO identifier SPW089 2x Rolls Royce Trent 892 ICAO identifier 2RR027 4 2 2 Landing Take off cycle LTO Figure 4 1 shows an example Landing Take off LTO cycle comprised of approach taxiing taxi in and taxi out take off and climb out modes Emissions from each mode for each aircraft must be accounted for in the emissions inventory In addition to the LTO cycle the aircraft may spend some time with its engine on at the stand for pre and post flight maintenance checks additional emissions should be included in the inventory to repre
147. lected from the drop down menu and the button this layer s source data is selected Using the Browse icon enter a new file name e g example7b shp and navigate to where you would like to save the file click Save Click OK you will then be asked if you want to add the exported data to the map as a layer click Yes The ADMS Aircraft Source layer can now be removed from the plot To do this select the ADMS Aircraft Source layer right click and select Remove From the File menu select Save to resave the file Step 1 18 Adding a contour map l In ArcGIS add a contour to the plot from the ADMS Airport toolbar by 2 selecting the icon to Generate Contours Ensure that the Long Term button is selected at the top left of the ADMS Contour Plotter window Navigate to the location of the up file saved in Step 1 15 and select the example7b glt results file click Plot A window 18 shown asking for a raster dataset name enter example7b and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save The contour plot is currently obscuring the aircraft sources Drag and drop the contour layer below the aircraft source layer Set the aircraft sources to be 50 transparent by right clicking on the volume layer and selecting Properties Go to the Display tab and set it to be 5096 transparent Click OK Change the contour levels by double clicking the left mouse button on the contour layer Go to the Symbology tab selec
148. list in the sec file are modelled using the speed curve only It is important that the emissions curves are normalised to ensure they are consistent with the emission rates entered in the air file i e the area under a curve of against Ofactor must be equal to 1 7 2 2 Emission Curve Example File The emissions curve contains very detailed information regarding the development of aircraft speed and emissions during take off Should this level of detail be required you should expect the information required for the sec file to be supplied by the airport operator or aircraft operator An example sec file is shown in Figure 7 4 development curves are shown for speed and emissions for this example file in Figure 7 5 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 130 SECTION 7 Technical Summary 140 Speed m s t Tto a MCAT 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 2 0 8 0 6 0 4 4 0 2 0 T 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 t Tto b Figure 7 5 Speed and emission development curves for an example of a sec file a Speed development and b Emission development for category 1 and 2 Air File sources The area under the curve of Qfactor is equal to 1 7 3 Diurnal and monthly time varying profiles ADMS Airport can take account of diurnal and seasonal changes in emissions for each source and can model sources that are only in operation for a specific range of
149. mple 10 Example 10 Modelling a Complex Airport In this example you will model a complex airport using EMIT and ADMS Airport for a single day In particular you will learn e how to enter airport emission sources into emission groups in EMIT e how to calculate emissions for the complete inventory in EMIT e how to convert an EMIT database into an emissions inventory for import into ADMS Airport e how to add source data from an emissions inventory e how to import an Air File into ADMS Airport e how to implement time varying emissions e how to implement non standard source oriented grid options e how to plot results in ArcGIS A description of the airport to be modelled follows Airport sources considered This example includes airport sources as described in Section 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory of this User Guide The following emission sources will be considered e Aircraft main engine emissions approach landing deceleration taxi in taxi out take off initial climb and climb out e Aircraft APU emissions e Aircraft GSE emissions from GSE only no airside vehicles e Airport static source emissions Urban emissions Airport layout Figure 6 14 shows the airport layout with runways taxiways stands roads and car parking ADMS Airport User Guide Page 77 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Runway 25 Runway 08 Runways Stands GG Car parking Ta
150. nd d stationary sources ADMS Airport User Guide Page 116 SECTION 7 Technical Summary 7 1 AIR FILE sources Air File sources describe aircraft emissions as moving jet sources The Air File sources are categorised according to the aircraft engine exhaust conditions The air file categories are described in the top of air file this section describes the categories in terms of aircraft and engine type the engine exhaust conditions an emission curve ID and engine positions The bottom of air file describes emission sources with reference to an air file category the geometric location of the emissions an emission time only required if an emission curve is used for a take off source via the sec file the number of jets to split the source into and the amounts of each pollutant emitted A default set of air file categories is given in Section 7 1 2 Non constant emission of pollutants can be represented using emission curves referred to in the Air File 7 1 1 AIR FILE Format The air file is a comma separated file which contains details of modelled Air File sources The file has two parts the top half identifies a modelling category for the sources based on engine positions and operating parameters and a bottom half that details the modelled sources An example Air File is shown in Figure 7 1 Tables 7 1 and 7 3 show the column headings of the top and bottom parts of the Air File respectively The air file categories are descri
151. nd click Classify Enter the following values for the break values 0 0001 0 0002 0 0005 0 001 0 002 0 005 and 0 01 Click OK select the yellow blue colour ramp from the dropdown menu and click OK The plot will look as in Figure 6 1 From the File menu select Save to resave the file example7 mxd ArcMap ArcView File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help Be B472 is x ag example7a example7a VALUE 10 0 0001 0 0001 0 0002 0 0002 0 0005 0 0005 0 001 0 001 0 002 10 002 0 005 Wl 0 005 0 01 DUI eg DEUS 11 2 amp en rwi amp e o o6e 5iguko0A n 9 amp amp g Layer K examples 1 2 zl je anaj gt 218 j B z gt ry sy BB 14 pez 2117 v 986 028 1170 16 Meters Figure 6 1 Example 7 NO contours for modelling an aircraft departure with volume sources Step 1 11 Save ADMS Airport project as a new name l In the next part of the example you will use Air File sources instead of volume sources to describe the departure of the same aircraft From the File menu choose Save As enter a new file name e g example7b upl and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file It is not recommended files are saved in the model installation directory Click OK to save the file
152. no igp file is specified further details on using an igp file are given in Sections 3 5 2 and 4 9 5 of the ADMS Urban User Guide The og file reports whether an igp file has been used in a model run An example igp file is supplied in the Data directory of the ADMS Airport installation directory ADMS Airport User Guide Page 43 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport 5 4 Using ADMS Airport with ArcGIS 9 x We recommend that ADMS Airport be used in conjunction with a GIS either ArcGIS 9 x or MapInfo The GIS packages offer a wide range of facilities for viewing both the model input and output Instructions on how to use ADMS Airport with ArcGIS 9 x are provided in the supplement ADMS Urban and ADMS Roads ArcGIS Link User Guide Instructions on how to use ADMS Airport with MapInfo are provided in the supplement ADMS Urban and ADMS Roads MapInfo Link User Guide In this User Guide all instructions are provided for use of ADMS Airport with ArcGIS 9 5 4 1 Starting ADMS Airport with ArcGIS We recommend that you complete the introductory ArcGIS tutorial supplied with the software and familiarise yourself with the ArcGIS documentation before you start using it with ADMS Airport You will then have a good understanding of its terms and conventions and so be able to get the most out of your modelling system The features of ArcGIS that are relevant to ADMS Airport users are introduced in the ADMS Urban amp ADM
153. nput APU operations to complement the aircraft movements in Step 2 4 Import APU information to the Aircraft APU group by importing AircraftAPUs csv using the EMIT import wizard as shown in Step 2 5 If you would prefer to input the data manually you can do so in a similar manner to Step 2 4 The information is given in Table 6 10 Source Source Auxiliary Power Unit Hours Depth Elevation X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 Y4 Group Name Per m m Year Aircraft A320 APU GTCP 36 300 80HP 1368 75 12 6 3050 12003450 112003450 11950305011950 APU Aircraft 737 500 APU GTCP85 129 200HP 1642 5 12 6 3050 12003450 11200345011950305011950 APU Aircraft Emb145 APU GTCP 36 1500 1095 12 6 3050 1200 345011200 3450 1950 305011950 APU Aircraft 146 100 APU 36 100 1095 12 6 3050 1200 3450 1200 3450 1950 3050 1950 APU Table 6 10 Example 8 source and spatial details for APU group Step 2 7 Adding GSE sources to an EMIT emission group l Input GSE operations to complement the aircraft movements in Step 2 4 Import GSE information to the Aircraft GSE group by importing AircraftGSE csv using the EMIT import wizard as shown in Step 2 5 If you would prefer to input the data manually the information is given in Tables 6 11 and 6 12 Input information in a similar manner to Step 2 4 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 63 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8
154. ns groups to be entered into EMIT Step 2 2 Start EMIT and create a new emissions inventory 1 Start EMIT by double clicking on the 2 From the File menu choose New enter a new name e g EMIT mdb and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save to save the file Create a new inventory by clicking New 4 Enter the name and a description of the inventory Step 2 3 Adding emission groups to an EMIT emissions inventory 1 From the Data menu select Groups 2 Enter a new group by clicking New Enter the group name Aircraft Approach Select Volume from the Source Type dropdown menu Ensure that the button Calculate with emission factors is selected Select ICAO 15 Other from the Emission Factors dropdown menu the Year is set to 2007 as default Click OK 3 Add further new groups as detailed in Table 6 5 Once complete click Close 4 Click Add from the Group dropdown menu select the group named Aircraft Approach then click Add A message New inventory contents have been saved appears click OK Repeat this for each of the groups in Table 6 5 Once all source groups are added click Close ADMS Airport User Guide Page 58 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Group Source Emissions EMIT factors Greenhouse Year Route Type Gas Sector Components Aircraft Approac
155. ntelligent grid points 10 interpolation disabled default 1 SpecifyRoadSrcs 0 11 a list of road sources to which intelligent gridding points should be applied is included 10 all road sources vill be considered for intelligent grid points default 0 NumberRoadSrcsForIgp 0 Number of road sources to which intelligent gridding will be applied Specify ircraftSrces 1 11 a list of aircraft sources to which intelligent gridding points should be applied is included 10 all aircraft sources will be considered for intelligent grid points default 0 Number ircraftSrcsForIgp 4 Number of aircraft sources to which intelligent gridding will be applied IC 747400 26 IC 340 8 TO 747400 26 TO 4340 8 For Help press F1 Figure 6 19 Example 10 ADMS Airport source oriented grid point igp file 2 Ensure that the Additional input file button is selected on the Setup screen and click Browse to locate the uai file provided AdditionalInput uai 3 Check that the wai file contains the correct path reference to the igp file as in Figure 6 20 Uaifileversion2 IGPFILE Y PATH C Program Files cerc adms air Data Example10 IntelligentGrid IGP Figure 6 20 An example of the section in the uai file for including an file Step 4 17 Save ADMS Airport upl file 1 From the File menu choose Save As enter a new file name e g 10 and browse t
156. nts button is checked and click Export Export the remaining source groups to this inventory Selecting each group in turn click Export Group select To Inventory from the dropdown list If not already selected click Browse to find the file 8 Inventory mdb just created Ensure that the All Pollutants button is checked and click Export Select Export Totals Browse to Example8 Inventory mdb set the Grid Depth to 10m and click Export This exports aggregated grids of the emissions from all EMIT sources to the ADMS emissions inventory database It is not recommended to represent aircraft volume sources as aggregated emissions in ADMS Airport since the depth of the sources vary markedly and representing all the aircraft emissions near to the ground would be unrepresentative Thus the aircraft sources must be represented in ADMS Airport as explicit sources The ExampleS Inventory mdb contains the emissions inventory compatible for import into ADMS Airport Click Close and then from the toolbar select File and then Exit to exit EMIT Viewing an emissions inventory in ArcGIS l Open ArcGIS and select to start with a New empty map From the View menu choose Data View Also ensure that the Emissions Inventory ADMS Airport User Guide Page 67 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 toolbar is active from the View menu select Toolbars and ensure that the Emissions Inventory is ch
157. o aircraft type Aircraft Approach Generated based on straight arrival trajectory specific to aircraft type Aircraft Landing Generated based on straight arrival trajectory specific to aircraft type Aircraft Deceleration Generated based on straight arrival trajectory specific to aircraft type Aircraft Taxi Out Generated based on runway and stand used Aircraft Taxi In Generated based on aircraft trajectory runway and stand used Aircraft APUs Located at the 47 stands GSE Located at the 47 stands Power Plant At location given Fuel Farm At location given Roads At locations given Parking At locations given Table 6 37 CAEPport case study spatial distribution of emissions ADMS Airport User Guide Page 107 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Source Group Time Varying Emission Temporal Distribution Aircraft Take off Hourly profile 88 HFC profiles based on aircraft type and aircraft departure runway Aircraft Initial Climb Hourly profile 2 HFC profiles based on aircraft departure runway Aircraft Climb Out Hourly profile 2 HFC profiles based on aircraft departure runway Aircraft Approach Hourly profile 2 profiles based on aircraft arrival runway Aircraft Landing Hourly profile 2 HFC profiles based on aircraft arrival runway Aircraft Deceleration Hourly profile 2 HFC profiles
158. o the directory where you would like to save the file It is not recommended files are saved in the model installation directory Click OK to save the file Step 4 18 Run ADMS Airport 1 Return to ADMS Airport 2 Runthe model by choosing Run from the menu bar ADMS Airport User Guide Page 92 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Step 4 19 Using ArcGIS to add an airport layer map l Uv d Open ArcGIS to start with a New empty map Ensure that the ADMS Airport toolbar is active From the Standard toolbar select the icon to Add Data Select the Layout tif containing the airport layout from the directory 10 in your ADMS Airport installation directory Right click on the Layout tif layer and select Properties from the list Go to the Symbology tab Select Classified and click Import Select the T7FF lyr from the directory Data Example10 in your ADMS Airport installation directory Click Add Click OK Step 4 20 Compiling the result to include additional specified points l 2 Open the example10 glt and example10 plt in Microsoft Excel For each file in turn highlight column A from the Data menu select Text to Columns option Select Delimited and click Next Select the Delimiter as Comma and click Next Then select Finish Now append the p t results to the g t results by copying all the x y 7 and concentration information as pr
159. omplex spatial representation of the aircraft movements Conversely if for example concentrations within the airport boundary are to be predicted in detail then both emissions calculations and spatial representation of the sources should be detailed 3 2 2 Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Aircraft auxiliary power units APU are on board generators that generally provide electrical power preconditioned air and bleed air for starting the main engines APU emissions are generally attributed to the departure arrival stands Some airports have facilities for providing these functions as a stationary system associated with the stand there are no emissions local to the stand associated with electrical power or as mobile equipment GSE The APU emissions should be reduced in line with the APU use that is where GSE 18 being used to replace some of the APU functionality then the APU emissions should be decreased accordingly APU emissions are usually modelled as volume sources EMIT can be used to develop an aircraft APU emissions inventory 3 2 3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Aircraft ground support equipment GSE consist of a diverse range of vehicles and equipment for ground based operations GSE may provide electrical power to the aircraft at the stand transfer passengers or equipment and may service the aircraft during passenger cargo loading and unloading GSE can be split into two groups e Sources at stand for example ground
160. on of emissions will depend mostly on the information available For a scenario of intermediate complexity it is assumed that approximate departure and arrival paths of the aircraft are known In this case both the ground level and elevated aircraft emissions should be included in the emissions inventory The aircraft emissions can be represented as multiple volume sources For example Table 4 5 shows how a typical LTO cycle could be represented Figure 4 2 a shows the LTO cycle in terms of five modes approach landing roll take off roll initial climb and climb out The figure indicates where the aircraft lands and where the engine thrust is cutback in the transition between initial climb between the ground and 457m and climb out 457m to 1000m Figure 4 2 b shows some example volume sources that would describe the different modes these are summarised in Table 4 5 with some example dimensions The width of each of the volume sources is dependent on the aircraft mode and may require some local knowledge for example details of the most commonly used flight paths The length of the volume sources should be aircraft dependent but the user might choose to use average lengths Example source dimensions Aircraft Mode Bottom of source Top of source Width m above ground m above ground m Approach 1 457 1000 100 Approach 2 457 100 Landing roll 0 50 Take off roll 0 50 Initial climb 457 160 Climb
161. ons Depth Elevation Vertices tonnes per year m m X2 Y2 X4 Y4 Airport Fire Training Training 10 002 10 5 6675 1125 6725 1125 6725 1175 6675 1175 Table 6 14 Example 8 source details for the Airport Fire Training group Step 2 10 Adding surrounding roads sources to an EMIT emission group l Input surrounding road emissions as described in Table 6 15 Select the Surrounding Roads source group and then click Open Group Click Add to add a source Enter the Source Name Road A Select a speed of 50 from the Speed km hr dropdown menu In the Spatial tab enter a Road Width m of 20 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 65 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 5 Select the Vertices tab in the right hand side of the window Check the box Edit Vertices Click Add twice Enter the following vertices 21 525 2975 1025 3475 1025 and 6275 1025 6 Select the Traffic tab Enter 30 in the Motorcycles box 1900 in the Light vehicles box and 70 in the Heavy vehicles box 7 Select Apply from the left hand window 8 Select the Emissions tab and click Recalculate 9 Click Close to exit the source 10 Repeat this process for the Road B sources given in Table 6 15 Source Group Source Name Road Speed Vertices Traffic Width km hr X1 X2 Y2 X4 Y4 Motorcycles Light Heavy m
162. ore import to EMIT 10 Click Import Now to import the data into EMIT 11 Click Exit to exit the EMIT import wizard 12 Repeat this process for the remaining source groups given in Table 6 25 Group EMIT Import File Name Note Aircraft Approach All MCATs Approach All MCATS csv Aircraft ClimbOut All MCATs ClimbOut All MCATs csv Aircraft Deceleration 0 Decelerate 0 Aircraft InitialClimb 0 InitialClimb 0 Aircraft Landing 0 Landing 0 Aircraft Takeoff 0 Takeoff 0 Aircraft All MCATs Taxiln MCATs csv Aircraft TaxiOut All MCATs TaxiOut All MCATs csv Aircraft APUs IAPU csv Assume export field names are correctly lassigned on input Aircraft GSE GSE csv Assume export field names are correctly lassigned on input Roads amp Parking Mobile Roads amp Parking Mobile csv Assume export field names are correctly lassigned on input Roads amp Parking Hot amp Cold Area Roads amp Parking Hot amp Cold Area csv Assume export field names are correctly assigned on input Roads amp Parking Hot amp Cold Vol Roads amp Parking Hot amp Cold_Vol csv Table 6 25 Example 10 EMIT import wizard file names Step 4 4 Adding source emissions to EMIT manually 1 Input power plant source emissions as described in Table 6 26 Source Group Source Name Stack Stack Exit E
163. ow Aircraft Sources Number of aircraft sources in file 98 Model aircraft sources Aircraft file C Cere Data E xamplel xample 0 air Browse View Refresh 3790 2885 9054741 2839352 737 7989 3790 2886 9054747 27090784 714 8282 618 3018 347154 16895119 537 8156 3790 2886 9054747 28471564 739 1751 618 3018 347184 1561434 513 4687 618 3018 347169 21411512 615 6885 3790 2886 9054747 2908 3909 749 8724 518 3018 347154 22200057 629 5927 37902886 9054747 285139581 740 0213 518 3018 347169 1556 6313 5125213 v Time varying emission factors m C Cerc Data Example1 0 fac This button allows you to enter time varying emission factors Figure 5 1 The Source screen Time varying emissions factors for aircraft can be entered via a fac file and or an file If either of these files is being used check the Time varying emission factors box and browse to locate the appropriate file s For further details of time varying emission factors and how to set up these files please refer to Section 5 2 2 Once aircraft source data have been entered it is straightforward to enter road grid and industrial source data by selecting the appropriate source type from the drop down menu as shown in Figure 5 2 Please refer to the ADMS Urban User Guide Section 4 for further details ADMS Airport User Guide Page 36 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Air
164. port File Run Results Utilities Pollutants Emissions Inventory Help Seu Source Memo bakoond 6 Enter source data Create groups Show Aircraft Sources v Number of aircraft sources in file 98 Road Sources 1 Grid Source ta E 1 ample 0 air Browse View Aircraft Sources Name 1 Refresh 3790 2886 905 4747 2839 352 737 7989 6 3790 2886 905 4747 2709 0784 714 8282 618 3018 347 169 1699 5119 537 8156 3790 2886 905 4747 2847 1564 739 1751 618 3018 347 169 1561 434 513 4687 618 3018 347 169 2141 1512 615 6885 3790 2886 905 4747 2908 3909 749 9724 618 3018 347 169 2220 0057 629 5927 3 3730 2885 305 4747 2851 9591 740 0219 DE 757300 8 518 3018 347 153 1556 6313 512 6219 v Use speed emission file C Cerc Data E xamplet D sec Browse View Time varying emission factors Data source C Cerc Data Example10 fac Select the source type you wish to display Figure 5 2 Selecting other source types 5 2 1 Airport Sources Shows the ADMS Airport source types typically used with airport emission sources as described in Section 4 ADMS Airport Source Type Airport Source Air File Road Point Line Area Volume Grid Aircraft main engines v x x x x Aircraft APU x x x v x Aircraft GSE x v 4 Airport static sources x v v
165. port 18 also one of the participating models in the ICAO CAEP model exercises International Civil Aviation Organisation Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CAEP 2008 ADMS Airport is an extension of ADMS Urban within this User Guide it is assumed that you have a copy of the ADMS Urban User Guide and are familiar with ADMS Urban It is also assumed that you have a copy of the EMIT User Guide Whilst EMIT is not essential for modelling airports using ADMS Airport it will be very useful when modelling more complex airports This User Guide takes the user through the whole process required for modelling air quality around an airport from constructing an emissions inventory through to dispersion modelling using ADMS Airport ADMS Airport can be used as a stand alone program or in conjunction with a Geographical Information System GIS ADMS Airport is fully integrated with the GIS packages ArcGIS 9 x and MapInfo We recommend using ADMS Airport with one of these packages as this allows you to set up problems visually using digital map data CAD drawings and or aerial photographs and create output such as contour plots and produce hard copy presentation layouts Information can be provided by the suppliers of ArcGIS and MapInfo see Appendix E of the ADMS Urban User Guide on the different types of map data that can be used and how they may be obtained 1 1 1 Principal features of ADMS Airport The system has a number of distinc
166. rces ADMS Airport User Guide Page 41 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport e The ActualSpacing parameter allows users to control the minimum along source spacing between the additional output points as an actual distance measured in metres applies to road line and Air File sources e The InterpolatePoints parameter allows the user to specify whether or not the additional interpolated source oriented gridding points are required as output applies to road line and Air File sources e The SpecifyRoadSrcs parameter allows the user to specify particular road sources for source oriented gridding e The NumberRoadSrcsForIGP parameter specifies the number of road sources to which source oriented gridding should be applied only used if SpecifyRoadSres is 1 e The SpecifyAircraftSrcs parameter allows the user to specify particular Air File sources for source oriented gridding e The NumberAircraftSrcsForIGP parameter specified the number of Air File sources to which source oriented gridding should be applied only used if SpecifyAircraftSrcs is 1 Further details are given in Table 5 4 including ranges and model default values ADMS Airport User Guide Page 42 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport Range Parameter name Description of value values PercentageSpacing of 500 length scale ant 0 1 5 0 0 5 will be the minimum spacing If this value is non zero and is great
167. rces modelled some categorisation of aircraft type and mode is necessary during the compilation of the emissions inventory Example aircraft types are Aircraft size for example small medium large e Engine type for example the different engines in the Boeing 777 200 listed in Section 4 2 1 e Engine distributions for example 2 wing mounted 4 wing mounted 2 fuselage mounted refer to Section 3 4 1 e Engine technology for example old current new Once the aircraft have been binned into a number of different types say Nairrypes each type should be split into the different modes Nodes that are to be modelled as Air File sources for example landing take off and initial climb This leads to Nairrypes X Nwoaes different categories It is necessary to associate an engine location diameter exhaust velocity and temperature with each category These may be averaged or example values taken from the range of aircraft within each category or in the absence of any other data being available some engine parameters may be estimated using the algorithms given in Section 8 4 Once the aircraft have been binned into a number of categories usually up to about 50 categories is sufficient for modelling most airports it is then necessary to consider the following within each category e Aircraft weights for example Stage 17 for short distance flights Stage 2 for longer distance flights etc and e Runway usage for
168. rcraft movements between runways for given met data Aircraft Modelling Categories 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C550 MD11 B763 A318 CRJ2 A343 462 737 E145 DH8C B772 19 B744 B738 E170 DH8D A320 MD87 E120 B733 L410 B734 PA34 B735 B752 Table 6 20 Assignment of aircraft to Aircraft Modelling Categories for example 10 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 80 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Aircraft Modelling Description of Group Aircraft Engine Combination Category For Exhaust Conditions 0 Piston aircraft N A Turboprop aircraft Business jet aircraft Large jet aircraft Boeing 747 200 Aircraft with 4 wing mounted engines CF6 50E2 Old engine technology 2 All size jet aircraft McDonnell Douglas MD11 Aircraft with 3 engines PW4x62 All engine technologies 3 Medium and large jet aircraft Airbus A330 2 wing mounted engines Trent 772 All engine technologies 4 Small and regional jet aircraft Boeing 737 700 2 wing mounted engine 56 3 1 Old and current engine technologies 5 Small and regional jet aircraft McDonnell Douglas MD87 2 fuselage mounted engines JT8D 217C Old and current engine technologies 6 Large jet aircraft Boeing 747 700 4 wing mounted engines RB211 524GH Current engine technology 7 Regional jet aircraft Regional jet RJ85 4 wing mounted engines LF507 1F 1H Current engine technolo
169. rences Inventory Database 2 Select Browse to locate the inventory database from example 8 click Open and then click OK 3 Move to the Source screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 4 From the toolbar select Emissions Inventory Import from Emissions Inventory 5 No pollutants are to be imported from the emissions inventory click Next gt 6 Import all sources from the emissions inventory by selecting Add All then click Finish The warning message is shown as in Figure 6 8 click OK to continue Only emissions of pollutants that are defined in the Pollutant Palette can be imported The sources you have selected For import emit the Following pollutants that are not defined in the Pollutant Palette co2 METHANE N20 Emissions of these pollutants will not be imported Figure 6 8 Example 9 warning message when importing sources from an emissions inventory Step 3 3 Enter meteorological data from a file 1 Move to the Meteorology screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window ADMS Airport User Guide Page 70 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 2 Set the Surface roughness to 0 3m and the latitude to 52 Make sure that the Use advanced options box is ticked then click the Data button and set the Minimum Monin Obukhov length to 20m 3 Select the From file option further down the screen Click on the Browse button and select t
170. right click and select Remove From the File menu select Save As enter a new file name e g example7 mxd and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save to save the file Note Implementation of steps 6 8 ensure that on re opening the mxd file the volume sources are still present without having to link back up with the appropriate upl file Step 1 10 Adding a contour map l In ArcGIS add a contour to the plot from the ADMS Airport toolbar by selecting the icon to Generate Contours Ensure that the Long Term button is selected at the top left of the ADMS Contour Plotter window Navigate to the location of the up file saved in Step 1 8 and select the example7a glt results file click Plot A window is shown asking for a raster dataset name enter example7a and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file Click Save ADMS Airport User Guide Page 50 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 The contour plot is currently obscuring the volume sources Drag and drop the contour layer below the volume source layer Set the volume sources to be 5096 transparent by right clicking on the volume layer and selecting Properties Go to the Display tab and set it to be 5096 transparent Click OK Change the contour levels by double clicking the left mouse button on the contour layer Go to the Symbology tab select 7 classes from the dropdown Classes menu a
171. rt icon ADMS Airport User Guide Page 45 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study It is recommended that the worked examples in the ADMS Urban User Guide are undertaken before attempting these worked examples The examples are presented in order of simplicity for a new user The more complex examples illustrate the recommended way of modelling airport sources if sufficient data are supplied the worked examples given use ADMS Airport Version 3 1 EMIT Version 3 1 and ArcGIS Version 9 3 Example 7 Modelling an Aircraft Source In this example you will model aircraft departure sources first as industrial volume sources and then as Air File sources In particular you will learn e how to launch ADMS Airport in stand alone mode e how to add a volume source e how to enter volume source data for an aircraft e how to create an Air File e howto import an Air File into ADMS Airport e how to plot aircraft sources in ArcGIS e how to plot contour maps in ArcGIS Step 1 1 Start ADMS Airport and define basic setup data 1 Start ADMS Airport by double clicking on the Vicon 2 Enter the name of the site and the project Step 1 2 Enter source data 1 Move to the Source screen by clicking on the Source tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window Select the Show industrial sources option to display the industrial source table 2 Click on the New button to add a source to the table Click on the data input section of the
172. s 1 Move to the Grids screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 If it is not already selected choose Gridded output with Regular spacing 3 Enter the x Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 400 5000 and 80 respectively Enter the y Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 400 400 and 15 respectively Enter the z Minimum m Maximum m and Number of points as 0 0 and 1 respectively Step 1 7 Specify output parameters 1 Move to the Output screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Click on the New button and choose NO as the pollutant from the drop down list 3 Select a long term average by selecting LT in the Short Long column with an averaging time of 1 hour and units of ug m Check that there is a tick in the Include column for NO so that the NO concentrations will be calculated for this model run 4 Atthe bottom of the screen ensure that Groups output is selected to calculate output for a group of sources and if necessary put a tick in the Include column next to all sources Step 1 8 Run ADMS Airport 1 From the File menu choose Save As enter a new file name e g example7a upl and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file It is not recommended that files are saved in the model installation directory Click OK to save the file 2 Run the model by choosing Run from the menu bar A
173. s horizontal jet source releases This section outlines how the emission rate Q g s given in the air file is apportioned between the jets that make up the source The number of jets used to model a particular source NT is a user defined parameter given for each air file entry In addition for a particular air file source entry the user specifies as given in Table 7 3 Y 0 the x y coordinates of the aircraft starting position m XL Y1 the x y coordinates of the aircraft finishing position m In the case of constant acceleration 1 6 if a speed curve has not been specified via a sec file see section below for further details the distance travelled by the aircraft L is calculated by the model as L x1 0 v1 Yoy Distance L is split into NT section of equal length The jet sources are placed longitudinally at the centre of each section and transversely at locations corresponding to the engines For example Figure 8 5 is a diagram showing the flight path from 0 0 to X1 Y1 for an aircraft with two wing mounted engines and NT 9 The direction of travel is from left to right and red circles show the locations of the jets ADMS Airport User Guide Page 147 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification e e e e e e e e e X0 Y0 X1 Y1 oe ee ed x e e e e e e 4 lt gt Lo 2NT NT Figure 8 5 Location of jets relative to
174. screen 4 Enter the emissions for sources A320 InitialClimb and A320 ClimbOut as given in Table 6 2 Source Name NO Emission g m s A320 TakeoffRoll 1 11048e 10 A320 InitialClimb 2 29778e 13 A320 ClimbOut 4 73000e 13 Table 6 2 Example 7 volume source details Step 1 4 Enter meteorological data from a file 1 Move to the Meteorology screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Inthe Site Data section leave the latitude as 52 Enter a value of 0 3 for the surface roughness a suggested roughness length for an airport is in the region of 0 2 0 4m Make sure that the Use advanced options box is ticked then click on the Data button and enter a Minimum Monin Obukhov length of 20m a value suitable for an airport 3 In the Met Data section select the From file option Click on the Browse button and select the file neutral met from the supplied Data directory located in the ADMS Airport install directory This file ADMS Airport User Guide Page 48 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 contains one line of meteorological data You must therefore un tick the Met data are hourly sequential option Step 1 5 Enter a background concentration 1 In this example we will not model background concentrations Move to the Background screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Check that the None option is selected Step 1 6 Define output grid
175. sed on the actual performance of each individual aircraft arriving at and departing from the airport In this modelling approach a trajectory path and engine power setting is calculated for each aircraft engine combination and specific aircraft weight allowing accurate calculation of emissions Hence a more accurate TIM time in mode is known and the assumption that the aircraft power is set at fixed level in a flight mode is not required Aircraft emissions generated using an aircraft performance approach as outlined above may correct for changes in atmospheric conditions with altitude to give more accurate emissions Spatial allocation of emission In generating the aircraft emissions an aircraft performance model will calculate the trajectory path of each aircraft engine combination at a specific aircraft weight Accordingly very detailed information is available about the spatial allocation of emissions These emissions could be expressed as volume sources however ADMS Airport incorporates a new type of emission source specifically for this purpose called an Air File source Using ADMS Airport Air File sources Air File sources cannot be input into ADMS Airport via EMIT and must be input directly into ADMS Airport Air File sources are input using an air file uploaded to ADMS Airport from the user interface via the Source tab with Aircraft Sources selected from the dropdown menu Describing one or more of the aircraft modes as an
176. sent this ADMS Airport User Guide Page 20 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory Landing Altitude Approach Taxiing Take off Climb Figure 4 1 Landing Take off LTO Cycle showing the different modes In addition to the use of main engines for arrival and departure another contribution is from engine testing associated with pre flight and post maintenance checks 4 2 3 Basic Scenario Magnitude of emissions One of the simplest approaches to quantifying emissions is to use a TIM time in mode approach In order to generate emissions this method combines e knowledge of the number of airframe engine combinations arriving and departing the airport with e anestimate of the time spent by the aircraft in each mode and e appropriate emissions factors for example IPCC 1996 and ICAO 2007 The calculation of LTO emissions is as follows using the IPCC emissions factors dataset Emissions LTO Domestic EI Domestic LTO International X EI International gt where LTOpDomestic number of landings and take off cycles of domestic flights Elpomestic emission index for domestic flights ADMS Airport User Guide Page 21 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory LTOnaernationa Number of landings and take off cycles of international flights Eljnternational emission index for international flights The calculation is as follows using the ICAO emissions fac
177. ser Guide Return to the Database screen by clicking Close in the Inventory screen From the File menu select Import Data ADMS Airport User Guide Page 60 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 3 Click Browse and select the AircraftTaxiing csv file for import to EMIT that can be found in the Data Examples directory in your ADMS Airport installation directory Click Open and then click Next gt 4 Select the emissions inventory then select the Aircraft Taxiing group as the destination EMIT group Click Next gt 5 Ensure that all fields are selected for import Click Next gt 6 You will find that each of the field names corresponds to the aircraft and fields shown in Table 6 8 Select Next gt 7 Some optional fields are missing from the input file select Next to continue A list of the fields to be imported is shown select Next to continue 9 Click Next to carry out checks of the data before import to EMIT 10 Click Import Now to import the data into EMIT 11 Click Exit to exit the EMIT import wizard 12 Repeat this process for the Aircraft Takeoff and Aircraft Climb groups with import files AircrafiTakeoff csv AircrafiClimb csv respectively ADMS Airport User Guide Page 61 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 8 Source Source Data Item Field Name Group Name Aircraft engine UID
178. t 7 classes from the dropdown Classes menu and click Classify Enter the following values for the break values 0 0001 0 0002 0 0005 0 001 0 002 0 005 and 0 01 Click OK select the yellow blue colour ramp from the dropdown menu and click OK If you wish to view the results of the modelling with volume sources again select the data form example7a right click on the data form and select Activate from the list To view the modelling with volume and aircraft sources side by side from the View menu select Layout View From the File menu select Page and Print Setup set the orientation to Landscape and click OK Position the data frames on the screen such that both can be viewed without obscuring the other ADMS Airport User Guide Page 55 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 9 Select the example7a data frame in the layout view Right click on the data frame and select Properties Select the Data Frame tab Select Fixed Extent and enter 1000 1000 1000 and 6000 for Left Top Bottom and Right respectively Repeat for the example7b data frame The plot will look as in Figure 6 4 10 From the File menu select Save to resave the file example7 mxd ArcMap ArcView File Edit Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help a 55 1 4 6 5 1 97 amen O P P 9
179. t car parks Aircraft operations CAEPport is a medium sized airport with a high proportion of regional traffic and the hub of a national airline There are 88 390 aircraft movements over the year 2004 Table 6 30 shows the aircraft types operating at CAEPport Table 6 31 shows the aircraft use of the runways Table 6 32 shows the aircraft use of the stand types Aircraft Type Arrivals Departures Movements Movements Embraer 145 10271 10270 20541 2396 Aerospatiale ATR 72 4734 4723 9457 11 Boeing 737 500 4188 3999 8187 996 Aerospatiale ATR 45 2838 2765 5603 6 Boeing 737 400 2820 2505 5325 6 Embraer 170 2671 2637 5308 690 Airbus A319 2362 2235 4597 596 McDonnell Douglas MD11 2107 2109 4216 5 Boeing 737 300 1333 1371 2704 3 Airbus A320 1098 1243 2341 396 Canadair Regional Jet RJ 200 1042 1042 2084 296 Let 410 983 984 1967 2 Other 71 different aircraft types 8122 7938 16060 1896 Table 6 30 CAEPport case study annual aircraft operations Movement Type Runway 06 Runway 24 Arrival 9 91 Departure 9 91 Table 6 31 CAEPport case study distribution of aircraft operations by runway ADMS Airport User Guide Page 100 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study CAEPport Stand Type Stands Percentage of Movements Cargo C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 190 General 001 G02 G03 G04 G05 1096 G06 G07
180. t features that are summarised below and described in detail in the subsequent sections of the manual These are ADMS Airport User Guide Page 1 SECTION 1 Introduction e The modelling of aircraft jet sources as Jets from an accelerating source to capture the near field plume rise and dispersion characteristics These are referred to in this User Guide as Air File Sources e Advanced dispersion model in which the boundary layer structure is characterised by the height of the boundary layer and the Monin Obukhov length a length scale dependent on the friction velocity and the heat flux at the surface The local Gaussian type model is nested within a trajectory model so that significant areas e g greater than 50km x 50km may be considered A full range of explicit source types one Grid source containing up to 3000 cells 500 Aircraft jet sources 3000 Road sources and 1500 Industrial point line area and volume sources can be modelled simultaneously With the use of aggregation of smaller sources onto grid sources this allows consideration of very large numbers of sources in model runs e The modelling of chemical reactions involving NO NO and ozone and generation of sulphate particles from SO e Direct link to EMIT Emission Inventory Toolkit that contains emission factors for various aircraft and other airport sources e The calculation of emissions from traffic count data using a database of up to date
181. the aircraft is on stand There may however be emissions when the aircraft is taxiing or in the first and last stages of flight Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory EMIT includes an emission factor dataset for APU emissions called APU 2004 In order to calculate aircraft APU emissions a volume source group should be created and sources for each stand or groups of stands should be ADMS Airport User Guide Page 31 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory defined with associated spatial information The type of APU and annual operating time can be entered for each APU 4 4 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Airport ground support equipment GSE comprises a diverse range of vehicles and equipment necessary to service aircraft during passenger and cargo loading and unloading maintenance and other ground based operations The wide range of activities associated with aircraft ground operations leads to an equally diverse fleet of GSE each component of which has its own emissions performance and activity characteristics For example activities undertaken during a typical aircraft gate period include cargo loading and unloading passenger loading and unloading potable water storage lavatory waste tank drainage aircraft refuelling engine and fuselage examination and maintenance and food and beverage catering Airlines employ specially designed GSE to support all these operations Moreover electrical power and condi
182. the source and therefore it will be notated here as Up The plume velocity is used in various other parts of the dispersion calculations where it must be the plume velocity in the stationary frame of reference i e Up Vp The transformation from Up Vp to Up Vp is very similar to the inverse of the transformation described above for the plume trajectory outlined above i e firstly the translation U U V cos V V V 8 and secondly the rotation U U cosy V siny V U siny V cosy ADMS Airport User Guide Page 146 SECTION 8 ADMS Airport Technical Specification Jet exit velocity in the moving frame of reference The exit velocity V input by the user for a particular aircraft category is considered to be the engine exhaust exit velocity in the stationary frame of reference in zero wind conditions This is due to the assumptions made during the derivation of the exit velocity from the thrust value i e zero inflow speed The actual exit velocity in the stationary frame is therefore the input value plus the component of the wind in the jet release direction In the moving frame the exit velocity Ve is the value in the stationary frame plus the aircraft speed o C 9 a V V Ucosfg 8 1 5 Apportionment of emissions between jets Constant acceleration As mentioned in the introduction each entry in the air file is represented in ADMS Airport as a series of continuou
183. tioned air are generally required throughout gate operational periods for both passenger comfort and safety and many times these services are also provided by GSE Mobile GSE that operate mainly on airside roads are sometimes referred to as airside vehicles these are also categorised as GSE and include vehicles such as cars and buses 4 4 4 Magnitude of emissions The quantity of GSE emissions is usually calculated through assessment of the use of fuel for GSE or by estimating the operation time for each piece of GSE and applying average emission factors such as those included in EMIT for road vehicles 4 4 2 Spatial allocation of emission Some GSE operate mainly at the stands some operate mainly on the airside roads whilst others operate on a combination of stand and airside roads The spatial allocation should reflect the usage of the equipment according to the particular airport being modelled 4 4 3 Using EMIT to generate an emissions inventory When calculating emissions from GSE using EMIT it is advisable to split the sources into two groups those that operate mainly at the stand Static GSE and those that operate mainly on the airside roads Mobile GSE or airside vehicles ADMS Airport User Guide Page 32 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory EMIT includes an emission factor dataset for emissions from GSE operating at stands called AIRPORT GSE 2007 In EMIT a volume source group for airport GSE should b
184. tors dataset n 3 Emissions 2 LTO x 2 xj where i airframe engine type j aircraft mode take off climb out approach and taxi n number of different airframe engine types emission factor for airframe engine type i in mode number of landings and take off cycles of airframe engine type i number of engines installed on airframe engine type i TIM time in mode for airframe engine type i in mode Tables 4 2 and 4 3 compare ICAO default TIMs to alternative TIMs for generic aircraft generic types the latter taken from US EPA 1992 Aircraft Mode Thrust Setting Aircraft 3 5 3 Approach Taxi Take off Climb 30 7 100 85 240 1560 42 132 Table 4 2 Aircraft times in mode ICAO default Take off represents from the start of the take off roll to wheels off climb represents wheels off to 3000ft ADMS Airport User Guide Page 22 SECTION 4 Generating an Emissions Inventory Aircraft Mode Thrust Setting Aircraft 3 3 Approach Taxi Take off Climb out 30 7 100 85 Large Jet 240 1560 42 132 Medium Jet 240 1560 42 132 Small Jet 240 1560 42 132 Regional Jet 240 1560 42 132 Turboprop 270 1560 30 150 Business Jet 96 780 24 30 Piston 360 960 18 300 Table 4 3 Aircraft times in mode s US EPA When compiling an emiss
185. urces group with the information given in Table 6 13 Source Group Source Name Stack Stack Exit Exit Emissions Vertices Height Diameter Velocity Temperature tonnes per year m m m s C xi vi Airport Power Plant Power Plant 25 1 8 10 130 2 2 1200 1200 Part Sources Part A 20 2 15 150 50 4200 200 Table 6 13 Example 8 source and vertex details for Airport Power Plant and Part A Sources groups Step 2 9 Adding fire training sources to EMIT emission groups l Input fire training emissions as described in Table 6 14 Select the Airport Fire Training source group and then click Open Group Click Add to add a source Enter the Source Name Fire Training Set the Depth to 10m and the Elevation to 5m Select the Emissions tab in the right hand side of the window Click Add and select NOx from the dropdown menu Enter 0 002 in the Emission rate tonnes yr box Click Apply in the left hand window In the Vertices tab check the box marked Edit Vertices Enter the following vertices 6675 1125 6725 1125 6725 1175 and 6675 1175 Click Apply in the lower right corner of the left hand panel Click Apply a message appears asking if you want to maintain the g m s value the tonnes per year value select Keep tonnes year Then click Close to exit the source screen Click Close to exit the Airport Fire Training source group Source Group Source Name Emissi
186. utput for a group of sources and if necessary put a tick in the Include column next to all sources Step 3 7 Run ADMS Airport 1 From the File menu choose Save As enter a new file name e g example9a upl and browse to the directory where you would like to save the file It is not recommended files are saved in the model installation directory Click OK to save the file ADMS Airport User Guide Page 71 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 9 2 Run the model by choosing Run from the menu bar Step 3 8 Using ArcGIS to view ADMS Airport sources l example9a mxd ArcMap ArcView Open ArcGIS to start with a New empty map Ensure that the ADMS Airport toolbar is active From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon to Show ADMS Airport In ADMS Airport from the File menu select Open and navigate to find the upl file saved in Step 3 7 Click Open to open the file Return to ArcGIS From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon to Refresh AII Data EE file Edit Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help Bae 184269 Layers ADMS Point Source ADMS Road Source ADMS Volume Source KJ ADMS Grid Source c amp COE E E amp Display Source Selection Drawing AX
187. v v v Urban Sources x v v v v Table 5 1 Typical use of ADMS Airport source types The Air File sources allow aircraft emissions to be modelled as moving jet sources Air File sources are input using an air file The road point line area volume and grid source types are described in the ADMS Urban User Guide in Section 4 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 37 SECTION 5 Inputting Emissions into ADMS Airport air file Air file sources describe aircraft engine emissions as moving Jet sources The Air File contains aircraft engine exhaust parameters and aircraft sources referencing the aircraft exhaust parameters For the full Air File format see Section 7 1 Figure 5 3 shows how to select an air file in the interface A maximum of 500 Air File sources can be entered sources entered into the air file are assumed to have constant acceleration and a constant emission rate unless a variable acceleration and emission rate is specified using speed and emissions curves entered using a sec file File Run Results Utilities Pollutants Emissions Inventory Help Meexkx Y 6 Enter source data New Delete Delete al Select air file Create groups Show Aircraft Sources v Number of aircraft sources in file 98 Model aircraft sources 225 Aircraft file C Cere Data E ample UE xample10 air AL 502 3790 2886 _ 9054747
188. wind directions This is done by setting up an extra input file which contains the emission factors and data linking each source to the appropriate sets of emission factors The format of the fac file is described in this Section ADMS Airport User Guide Page 131 SECTION 7 Technical Summary The full functionality of this option is as follows e Up to 500 sets of hourly factors diurnal profiles can be defined different set of factors can be applied to each source e Similarly up to 500 sets of monthly factors monthly profiles can be defined A different set of factors can be applied to each source ach source can be defined to be in operation only for a specific range of wind directions A single set of profiles can be applied to all road sources not explicitly listed in the fac file by including a section headed default road An example time varying emission factors file is shown in Figure 7 6 The file contains three diurnal profiles and one monthly profile followed by data for two industrial sources point and point2 a road source road a default road setting default road and a grid source grid Note that the data in the file are factors i e the emission rates entered on the Emissions screen of the interface will be multiplied by these values The data in the file are as follows 7 3 1 Diurnal profiles Line 1 Number of diurnal profiles included in the file maximum 50 Line 2
189. xit Emissions Vertices Height Diameter Velocity Temperature tonnes per year m m m s CO NO PM 50 Airport Power Plant Power Plant 25 1 8 10 130 7 2134 8 1 44 70 210 362 900 11425 Table 6 26 Example 10 source and vertex details for point sources Step 4 5 Calculating emissions for the complete EMIT emissions inventory 1 Setup the geographical extents of the EMIT emissions inventory by clicking Inventory Properties in the source group overview window ADMS Airport User Guide Page 86 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 2 In the boxes South West set X to 30000 and Y to 7000 In the boxes North East set X to 32000 and Y to 7000 Click OK Ensure that the Annual average emissions button is selected 4 Click Calculate to calculate total emissions for all source groups in the inventory over the selected extents 5 Click View Totals the total emissions should be as given in Table 6 27 6 Click Close to exit the total emissions screen Group BENZENE BUTADIENE CO 02 NOx PM10 2 5 502 2 20 Aircraft Approach 6 56 0111 25 00 8 36 00 2 15 01 1 42 00 6 48 00 5 59 03 All MCATs Aircraft APUs 1 26 01 6 28 01 6 28E 00 1 10E 00 Aircraft
190. xiways Roads Figure 6 14 Example 10 airport layout Aircraft operations The data provided represents aircraft movements for a small regional type airport with in the region of 100 000 aircraft movements annually more detailed description of the airport is given in terms of e aircraft types operating at the airport Table 6 17 the aircraft use of the runways Table 6 18 e the aircraft use of the stands Table 6 19 the temporal distribution of daily aircraft movements for a single day Figures 6 15 and 6 16 Modelling of Aircraft The aircraft operating at the airport have been used to form the basis for the aircraft modelling categories in the top of the Air File The aircraft categories used are described in Table 6 21 The assignment of the aircraft operating at the airport into these categories is shown in Table 6 20 ADMS Airport User Guide Page 78 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 10 Aircraft Type Arrivals Departures Movements Embraer 145 20 3 19 6 19 9 De Havilland 8C 16 9 16 8 16 8 Boeing 737 500 10 196 9 896 10 096 Embraer 170 7 4 10 5 8 9 Boeing 737 400 74 4 9 6 2 Airbus A319 5 496 4 9 5 2 Airbus A320 4 1 4 9 4 5 McDonnell Douglas MD11 4 1 4 2 4 1 Let 410 2 7 3 5 3 1 Canadair Regional Jet RJ2 2 7 2 8 2 7 Boeing 737 300 2 7 2 1 24 British Aerospace 146 200
191. you just created click on the file and select Open 4 The sources in the Air File and their coordinate locations are now shown in the source window you may have to click Refresh first You can also view the Air File selected by clicking View Step 1 15 Define output grids 1 Move to the Grids screen by clicking on the tab at the top of the ADMS Airport window 2 Select the Road Line Aircraft option in the Source oriented grids section Step 1 16 Run ADMS Airport 1 From the File menu choose Save Click OK to save the file 2 Run the model by choosing Run from the menu bar Step 1 17 Using ArcGIS to view aircraft sources 1 Open ArcGIS and open the ArcGIS file example7 mxd 2 From the Insert menu select Data Frame to add a new data frame Select the new data frame and from the View menu select Data Frame Properties in the General tab change layer name to example7b se 3 From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon to Show ADMS Airport 4 Ifnot already open in ADMS Airport from the File menu select Open and navigate to find the file saved in Step 1 15 Click Open to open the file ADMS Airport User Guide Page 54 SECTION 6 Worked Examples and Case Study Example 7 Return to ArcGIS From the ADMS Airport toolbar select the icon to Refresh All Data Select the ADMS Aircraft Source layer right click and select Data Export Data from the drop down list Ensure that All features is se

ADMS - Airport User Guide

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