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user's guide – High Frequency Structure Simulator

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1. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Since the adaptive meshing is based on the E field choosing the proper adapt frequency can be critical Like anything in engineering there are exceptions to every rule but in general the following tips will help you select the correct adaptive frequency Broadband Structures amp For broadband structures the end frequency should be used since the finer mesh should be valid at all lower frequency points Filters For filters or narrow band devices a frequency within the pass band or operating region should be used since in the stop band the E field is only present at the ports Fast Frequency Sweeps amp For Fast Frequency Sweeps typically use the center of the frequency band The Fast Frequency Sweep uses the mesh solution at the adaptive frequency point Since the error in the Fast Frequency Sweep typically increases as you move away from this point the center of the frequency band is usually the preferred solution frequency to extrapolate the entire band from It is also important to center the frequency sweep around a center point that will produce an adequate mesh This is especially true for very high Q devices such as narrow band filters If the center frequency is not in the filters pass band the bandwidth and resonant frequency will not be accurate Full Wave Spice Export For Full Wave Spice problems use the Knee Frequency Fi 4 2
2. 3D Draw Objects The following 3D Draw objects are available Box Cylinder Sphere Torus Helix Bond Wire Cone Regular Polyhedron v8 5 cylinder s True Surfaces amp Circles Cylinders Spheres etc are represented as true surfaces In versions prior to release 9 these primitives would be represented as faceted objects If you wish to use the faceted primitives Cylinders or Circles select the Regular Polyhedron or Regular Polygon To control the mesh generation of true surfaces objects see the section on Mesh Control Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 8 amp HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Overview of Draw Continued Snap Mode Snap To V Grid s Snap Mode As an aid for graphical selection the modeler provides Snap options The default is to snaps are shown here The shape of the active cursor will dynamically Hc change as the cursor is moved over the Arc Center snap positions Vertex M Edge Center Face Center cancel s Moving By default all active cursor movement is in three dimensions The modeler can also be set to allow the active cursor to only move in a plane or out of plane These are set from the menu item 3D Modeler gt Movement Mode In addition the movement can be limited to a specific direction x y or Z by holding down the x y orz key This prevents movement in the other directions
3. Continued on Next Page 1 21 amp HFSS Parametric Model Creation Local Coordinate Systems Continued s Face CS Continued To create a face CS select the menu item 3D Modeler gt Coordinate System gt Face 1 Graphically select Face Highlighted in model 2 Select Origin for Face CS 3 Set X Axis Step 1 Select Face Step 3 Set X Axis EVI ens Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide HESS Parametric Model Creatio Local Coordinate Systems Continued Example of Face CS 7 Cone is created with Face CS Change the size of the box and the Cone is automatically moved with the Face CS Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 23 amp HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Parametric Geometry The parametric modeler capability allows us to define variables in replace of a fixed position or size Once this has been defined the variable can be changed by the user or by Optimetrics Optimetrics can then be used to perform automatic Optimization Parametric Sweeps Statistical or Sensitivity Analysis Defining Parameters Select the command to parameterized Choose the value to change Enter a variable in replace of the fixed value Define the variable using any combination of math functions or design variables The model will automatically be updated Command CreateBox Coordinate Syste
4. ilgn rrequency otuciure olf Jv A Ansoft HFSS MDL_comparator 3D Modeler 8 port_Comparator E E I File Edit View Project Insert Draw 3D Modeler HFSS Tools Window Help 8n i b amp ga amp ex e ec e M X 2 ail Qe o Bale ct xv E m sa 22 vacuum LA B So u S ln N ZR tata RE ds Object gt F e LILLII 4192 LU Coordinate Systems MDL comparator amp Planes i d 8 port_Comparator 2e Points en ru Lists Model LP Boundaries 4 Excitations ES Mesh Operations J Analysis lj Optimetrics EZ Results fi Field Overlays T Radiation H Definitions Variables Ready user s guide High Frequency Structure Simulator This page is intentionally left blank amp HESS au The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice Ansoft makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Ansoft shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this material 2003 Ansoft Corporation All rights reserved Ansoft Corporation Four Station Square Suite 200 Pittsburgh PA 15219 USA Phone 412 261 3200 Fax 412
5. The dataset validity can be checked by selecting HFSS gt Results gt Browse Solutions Solutions gbx10 HFSSModel Statistics Browse Setupi Adaptive 1 425mm E Adaptive _ 1 brd h 2 3 4036mm brd_size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 425mm brd h 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 1 D 425mm Sbrd h 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 425mm m 6rd_h 3 4036mm Sbord_size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 0 425mm Sbrd_h 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti fbrd h 3 4036mm brd_size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 1 imm Sbrd h 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti Adaptive 1 D 425mm eolelejeisjo Ste B gt Adaptive _ 2 Sbrd h2 3 4036mm Sbrd size 20mm anti _ Sbrd h 3 4036mm Sbrd_size 20mm anti Sbrd hz 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti Sbrd h 2 3 4036mm brd_size 20mm anti _ Sbrd_h 3 4036mm Sbrd_size 20mm anti _ Sbrd h 3 4036mm Sbrd_size 20mm anti _ Sbrd hz 3 4036mm brd_size 20mm anti Sbrd h 3 4036mm brd size 20mm anti X wed 3 lt lil Properties Select All Delete OF Cancel By examining this dialog the user can determine which parametric instances have been solved and how many adaptive passes were necessary Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 2 M HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Management Post processing steps can
6. Name User defined name Default names start with the primitive type followed by an increasing number Box1 Box2 etc Material User defined material property The default property is vacuum This can be changed by using the material toolbar Sum i Solve Inside By default HFSS only solves for fields inside dielectrics To force HFSS to solve inside conductors check solve inside Orientation s Model Object Controls if the object is included in the solve s Display Wireframe Forces the object to always be displayed as wireframe Color Set object color Transparency Set the transparency of an object 0 Solid 1 Wireframe Note Visibility is not an object property ame Box Material vec Sole Inside Fa Orientation Global Model a Display ireframe a Color Edit Transparent Attribute Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide tis amp HESS Materials Parametric Model Creation By clicking on the property button for the material name the material definition window will appear You can select from the existing database or define a custom project material Materials Material Filters Search Parameters Search by Name TE corning_glass FE cyanate_ester E diamond_hi_pres TE diamond pl cvd Dupont Type 100 HN Film tm Duroid tm CE Bp cig ISevier xy TE gallum _ arsenide GE GETEK ML200 RG200 tm
7. Animate Animate Create or display the animation of parametric geometry s Shortcuts Since changing the view is a frequently used operation some useful shortcut keys exist Press the appropriate keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed ALT Drag Rotate n addition there are 9 pre defined view angles that can be selected by holding the ALT key and double clicking on the locations shown on the next page Shift Drag Pan ALT Shift Drag Dynamic Zoom Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 16 MA HESS vs I Parametric Model Creation amp Shortcuts Predefined Views Predefined View Angles Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 17 amp ere 1 Parametric Model Creation Changing the View Continued Visibility The visibility of objects Boundaries Excitations and Field Reports can be controlled from the menu item View gt Visibility A Hide Selection The visibility of selected objects can be set hidden by selecting the object s and choosing the menu Wew gt Hide Selection gt All Views Rendering To change the rendering select the menu item View gt Render gt Wireframe or View gt Render gt Smooth Shaded Coordinate System amp To control the view of the coordinate system select the menu item Visibility Toggle the menu item View gt Coordinate System gt Hide Show
8. For instance you do not have to enter an impedance multiplier for a structure with both a Perfect E and Perfect H boundary since you would be multiplying by 0 5 and 2 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 15 This page is intentionally left blank amp HFSS 2 Analysis Setup Analysis Setup This chapter provides details on Analysis in the Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 software such as Add Solution Setup Adapt Frequency s Convergence Criteria Initial Mesh Options Adaptive Options Low Order Basis Functions Setup Properties s Add Sweep Sweep Properties and Types of Sweeps Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 1 amp HFSS 2 Analysis Setup Adaptive Meshing The adaptive meshing constructs a mesh that conforms to the electrical performance of the device By employing adaptive meshing the mesh is automatically tuned to give the most accurate and efficient mesh possible Without adaptive meshing the responsibility of generating the correct mesh would be left to the user This is both error prone and tedious With Adaptive Meshing you will know the answer is right the first time How it Works The adaptive meshing algorithm searches for the largest gradients in the E field or error and sub divides the mesh in those regions It also targets singularities such as the edge of a conductor as locations to add extra elements The
9. 00 02 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 02 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 28 33488 K 20200 K 20280 kK 41584 K 61616 K OF 33488 K I 2660 tetrahedra Interpolation Error 0 0419509 Full Solution Information 94 triangles 34 triangles 2660 tetrahedra 14004 matris B487 K 2660 tetrahedra Interpalating sweep converged Time 01715 2003 09 08 37 Status Normal Completion Task lists the software module that performed a task during the solution process and the type of task that was performed For example for the task mesh3d adapt Mesh3d is the software module that adaptively refined the mesh Real Time the amount of real time required to perform the task CPU Time the amount of CPU time required to perform the task Memory the peak amount of memory used by your machine while performing the task This value includes all of the applications running at the time it is not limited to HFSS Information general information about the solution including the number of tetrahedra used in the mesh amp HFSS 4 oolve Loop Matrix Data After the Solution is complete the Matrix Data can be viewed by clicking on Analysis Setup Right click on Setup and select Matrix Data The Solution Data window will appear Fa Solution Data crosstalk HFSSModeli T Design Variation E simulation Setup swep x v Convergence Profile Matis Data M SMatris
10. But you only have the field solution for the last solved frequency The maximum solution time is the single frequency solve times the maximum number of points amp FH c3 T 2 Analysis Setup Frequency Sweeps Continued Adding Points to a Fast or Interpolating Sweep After the Fast or Interpolating sweeps have completed additional frequency points can be added by changing the number of points in Edit Sweep Clicking on Analyze will not resolve the entire frequency sweep it will just calculate the additional frequency points Adding Solutions to Interpolating Sweeps Ifthe interpolating sweep does not converge with the requested passes or you wish to change the target convergence the values can be changed and resolved The interpolating sweep will recalculate the two end frequencies but after that it will use the previously calculated points and continue trying to reach the target convergence Ports Only and Frequency Sweeps A discrete or interpolating frequency sweep can be used with the Ports Only solution Fast Frequency Sweep Ports Solve The Fast Frequency sweep can not be used on ports that pass through cut off You may also experience problems if the sweep frequency approaches cut off Combining Multiple Frequency Sweeps For very large bandwidths breaking the band into smaller frequency Sweeps can improve the results Since the Fast Frequency Sweep is extrapolated from the center frequency diffe
11. plotting S parameters with an impulse or step response s Sweep X Y Tabs Sweep controls the source of the independent variable in the plot NOTE By default the Report editor selects Use Current Design and Project variable values This will select the primary sweep of frequency usually and the current simulated values of the project variables To display a plot with multiple traces for different variable values change this setting to Sweep Design and Project variable values You can then change the primary sweep from frequency to a variable if desired This is useful for looking at S21 versus stub length for example Simply select the value in the Name column next to primary sweep and change the value to whatever you desire You can also uncheck the All Points block to select which values of a variable are to be plotted X controls any functional operator on the independent variable Y select the value to be plotted and any operator e Select Add Trace for as many values as you would like to plot 7 Select Done when finished An example of a multi trace plot of the sweep tab shown on the previous page is shown next Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 9 A HFSS Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Plotting Data 16 Jun 2003 Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 5 HFSSModel1 Lom dB St p1 p2 10 00 Freq GHz Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide dB St
12. 0 User s Guide When the excitation field pattern at a Wave Port is computed the direction of the field at ot 0 is arbitrary and can point in one of at least two ways The Integration Lines calibrate the port by defining the preferred direction or the reference orientation Be sure to define Integration Lines for each Wave Port so that the preferred direction is the same relative to other ports having identical or similar cross sections In this way the results of laboratory measurements in which the setup is calibrated by removing the structure and connecting two ports together can be duplicated Because the calibration lines only determine the phase of the excitation signal and the traveling wave the system ignores them during the Ports Only solution snis 1 2 Excitations Solution Type Driven Terminal The Modal S matrix solution computed by Ansoft HFSS is expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of the waveguide modes This description does not lend itself to problems where several different quasi transverse electromagnetic TEM modes can propagate simultaneously For structures like coupled transmission lines or connectors which support multiple quasi TEM modes of propagation it is often desirable to compute the Terminal S Parameters To calibrate a Wave Port that has already been defined with Terminal Lines 1 From the Project Tree expand Excitations and double click on the Wave Port to be ca
13. 471 9427 HFSS and Optimetrics are registered trademarks or trademarks of Ansoft Corporation All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners New editions of this manual will incorporate all material updated since the previous edition The manual printing date which indicates the manual s current edition changes when a new edition is printed Minor corrections and updates which are incorporated at reprint do not cause the date to change Update packages may be issued between editions and contain additional and or replacement pages to be merged into the manual by the user Note that pages which are rearranged due to changes on a previous page are not considered to be revised Edition REV1 0 Date 08 August 2003 Software Version 9 0 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Ansoft HFSS Fundamentals Whatis HFSS v 9 0 HFSS is a high performance full wave electromagnetic EM field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface It integrates simulation visualization solid modeling and automation in an easy to learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems are quickly and accurately obtained Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method FEM adaptive meshing and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3
14. Contents to access the online help system Tooltips are available to provide information about tools on the toolbars or dialog boxes When you hold the pointer over a tool for a brief time a tooltip appears to display the name of the tool As you move the pointer over a tool or click a menu item the Status Bar at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window provides a brief description of the function of the tool or menu item The Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 Getting Started guide provides detailed information about using HFSS to create and solve 3D EM projects Ansoft Technical Support amp To contact Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area please log on to the Ansoft corporate website and select Contact Your Ansoft sales engineer may also be contacted in order to obtain this information Visiting the Ansoft Web Site f your computer is connected to the Internet you can visit the Ansoft Web site to learn more about the Ansoft company and products From the Ansoft Desktop s Select the menu item Help gt Ansoft Corporate Website to access the Online Technical Support OTS system From your Internet browser Visit Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 6 amp HFSS Getting Help For Technical Support The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional documentation training and applicati
15. Gamma Magnitude Phase Export Equivalent Circuit Export Y Matris z Bi 2vkue All Frege fi GHz E dit Frege Freq S wW avePart T1 5S wW aveParl T1 5S wW avePartz TZ 5 wW avePartz TZ wavePoti 11 0 011333 69 9 0014843 77 5 0 99544 11 00091837 104 DX waawePartt T1 0 014843 776 0007339 68 6 00091912 1041 09953 11 DD wawePort2 T2 0 89544 1 0001912 410410011297 748 0014861 77 1 DX waawePort2 T2 0 0091837 104110995638 311 0014881 77 1 00073299 58 1 In the Simulation pull down list click the solution setup and solved pass adaptive single frequency solution or frequency sweep for which you want to view matrices Select the type of matrix to view S matrix Y matrix amp Z matrix s Gamma Zo characteristic impedance s The available types depend on the solution type Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 5 amp HFSS 4 oolve Loop A Matrix Data cont Data can be displayed in the following formats N N Magnitude Phase Real Imaginary dB Phase Magnitude Phase Real Imaginary dB The available formats depend on the matrix type being displayed You can also select solved frequencies that you would like to display EN To display the matrix entries for all solved frequencies choose All Freqs To show the matrix entries f
16. In a faceted mesh of a cylindrical solid small arc section volumes are lost to the cylinder volume and become part of the volume of the cylinder s surroundings s Since the true geometry definition is known before faceting the delta volumes represented by each of these sliver regions is computable The meshing algorithm in HFSS v9 0 can provide adjustment factors to both the tetrahedral center edge node locations and to the appropriate volumes of the tetrahedra on either side of the curved boundary so that the FEM solution proceeds with the right terms even for a loosely discretized mesh The end result is higher accuracy from the same mesh even before the benefits of adaptive mesh refinement are taken into account Volume Perturbation solutions are always on No user setting is required to active them Sliver Region only top surface mesh outline shown Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 4 s HFSS iT User Control of Curved Mesh Faceting 4 1 Mesh Operations s Since Volume Perturbation alone is not always enough users can control the fidelity to which the initial mesh faceting conforms to geometric curvature by assigning Mesh Operation Surface Approximations to appropriate objects and or object faces Mesh Operations can be assigned from the HFSS menu from the Design Tree or from the geometry interface s context sensitive menu 3D Modeler Tools Wi
17. Manager Project Manager Window Project EME hfss_coax_training diy HFSSMadel En Model E Boundaries HA Excitations Design Setup EF Mesh Operations mg Analysis Design Automation M Ciptimetrics Parametric m m Results Optimization i Sensitivity fel td Port Field Display Statistical EE Field Overlays Design Results Radiation 2 Definitions Materials Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Ansoft Terms Property Window Property Window Name Bax Material vacuum Sole Inside M Property Orientation Global dus table Model F Display sViretrame v Color LLL Edit LE Transparent Cd Attribute Property tabs Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Ansoft Terms Ansoft 3D Modeler 3D Modeler Window C Projecti HFSSModeli 3D Modeler Ee Model Bu Box Qi CreateBox Bl Coordinate Systems AB Global d Relativecs 1 Planes T ees Points Hg Lists Graphics area Iv Select Objects Select Faces Next Behind Al object Faces 3D Modeler iind design tree nidi Edit Assign Material Assign Boundary Context menu Assign Excitation Assign Mesh Operation Plot Fields d Plot Mesh Copy To Clipboard Edge Coordinate System CS Plane Origin Model Ansoft High Frequency Structur
18. Pressing the CTRL tEnter key sets a local reference point This can be useful for creating geometry graphically that is based on an existing objects This is outlined on the next page Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 9 i 9 0 1 Parametric Model Creation Moving Continued Step 1 Start Point Step 2 Hold X key and select vertex point Step 3 CTRL Enter Keys set a local reference Step 4 Hold Z key and set height Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 10 amp HFSS 1 Parametric Model Creation Selecting Previously Defined Shapes You may select an object by moving the mouse over the object in the graphics area and clicking on it The default mode is Dynamic selection which will display the object to be selected with a unique outline color Please note that after selecting Clicking on the object the object it will be displayed solid pink while all other objects are drawn transparent Types of Selection The default is to select objects Sometimes is necessary to select faces edges or vertices To change the selection mode select the menu item Edit Select and choose the appropriate selection mode The shortcut keys o Object selection and f face selection are useful for quickly switching between the most common selection modes Multiple Select or Toggle Selection Multiple objects can be selected graphically by holding down the CTRL
19. Save Fields All Frequencies There are three Frequency Setup Options Linear Step specify a linear range of values with a constant step size Linear Count specify a linear range of values and the number or count of points within the variable range s Single Points specify a single values for the sweep definition s Saving Fields Itis possible to save the Field data for every point in the Fast Sweep and the Discrete Sweep To save the Field information make sure that the Save Fields All Frequencies box is checked For the Interpolation Sweep only the Field data for the last solved frequency will be available for post processing Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 18 MA E f Bt 2 Analysis Setup s Add Sweep Continued DC Extrapolation Options When exporting Spice subcircuits it is necessary to include the DC point Since Ansoft HFSS does not solve down to DC we can use DC Extrapolation The DC Extrapolation option is available in the Discrete and Interpolating Sweeps Sweep Type DC Extrapolation Options Discrete M Extrapolate to DE C Fas Minimum Solved Frequency g GHz 7 interpolating Iv Snap Magnitude to O or 1 at DE Error Tolerance fos 7 Snapping Tolerance 0 01 Has Solutions 20 Time Domain Calculation Frequency Setup Frequency 0 Type Linear Count Display gt gt Start f GHz Stop fio GHz Count 1000 Can
20. Select the menu item HFSS gt Solution Type 2 Solution Type Window Solution Type 1 Choose one of the following 1 Driven Modal Soc 2 Driven Terminal Driven Terminal 3 Eigenmode Eigenmode 2 Click the OK button care Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide snis 1 Parametric Model Creation Parametric Model Creation The Ansoft HFSS 3D Modeler is designed for ease of use and flexibility The power of the 3D Modeler is in its unique ability to create fully parametric designs without editing complex macros model history The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the 3D Modeling capabilities By understanding the basic concepts outlined here you will be able to quickly take advantage of the full feature set offered by the 3D Parametric Modeler Overview of the 3D Modeler User Interface s The following picture shows the 3D Modeler window 3D Modeler Design Tree The 3D Modeler Design Tree is an essential part of the user interface From here you may access the structural elements in addition to any object dependencies and attributes Context Menus Context menus are a flexible way of accessing frequently used menu commands for the current context The contents of these menus change dynamically and are available throughout the interface by clicking the right mouse button Graphics Area The graphics area is used to interact with the structural elements
21. View Edit Materials Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Search Criteria Location SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary SysLibrary Ill Add Material Belatrs by Name m L2 e rermittivity Materiais Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials C by Property 0 999991 l 4 4 7 M Clone Material s Libraries M Show definitions in Project Loss Tan 0 01 Siemens m lolojlolojolojolojojojojo Remove Material s Export to Library amp HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Materials Continued User Defined Project Material To define a custom material click the Add Material button from the material definition window The following dialog will appear Enter the material definitions and click the OK button NEW Edit Material Material Name Material F ties of the Materials Material roperties ofthe Materials Materia Filter Properties by 22 Name Type Value Unis Ansoft Products Relative Permittivity Relative Fermeabhilit Bulk Conductivity EI Dielectric Loss Tangent 5 Magnetic Loss Tangent Magnetic saturation aM Lande G Factor Siemens m 1 0 0 0 0 0 Select
22. a duplicate Scale Allows non uniform scaling in the x y or z direction The faces of an object can also be moved to alter the shape of an existing object To move the faces of an object select the menu item 3D Modeler Surfaces Move Faces and select Along Normal or Along Vector Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 19 MA ere 1 Parametric Model Creation Combine Objects by Using Boolean Operations Most complex structures can be reduced to combinations of simple primitives Even the solid primitives can be reduced to simple 2D primitives that are swept along a vector or around an axis Box is a square that is swept along a vector to give it thickness The solid modeler supports the following Boolean operations Unite combine multiple primitives Unite disjoint objects s Separate Bodies to separate Subtract remove part of a primitive from another s Split break primitives into multiple parts Intersect keep only the parts of primitives that overlap Sweep turn a 2D primitive into a solid by sweeping Along a Vector Around an Axis Along a Path Connect connect 2D primitives Use Cover Surfaces to turn the connected object into a solid Section generate 2D cross sections of a 3D object Most Boolean operations require a base primitive in which the Boolean operation is performed Only the base object will be preserved The Boolean functions provide t
23. also be performed in the new interface for HFSS The common operations that were previously performed in the Matrix Data module of previous releases are Port Impedance Renormalization Port De embedding Differential pair analyses Other post processing operations that used to require the Matrix Data module that are now computed by default in HFSS version 9 0 are the Y and Z matrices Also given that the Solution Type defined early on in the process negate the necessity of computing Terminal S parameters from Modal S parameters Port Impedance Renormalization Within the new interface many calculations are made automatically without user intervention The wave port renormalization impedances are specified with the port wizard By simply editing the properties of a port once a solution is completed the port can be re normalized Deembed Distance n Positive distance will deembed into the port Get Distance Graphically Use Defaults amp Port De embedding This same dialog can be used to change the distance that a port will be de embedded The user can go back and edit this value as many times as necessary Each time the OK button is pressed the data and also the plots if they exist will be updated with the newly de embedded data Positive values of de embedding will move the reference plane nfo the model Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 9 M HF
24. instances resonances caused by the power and ground plane nets are the largest contributor to designs problems By removing everything except the power ground nets the Eigenmode solver can be used to quickly identify resonances amp E f Bt 2 Analysis Setup Setting Convergence It is very common to request too much accuracy when defining the Delta S Hemember The manufacturing process the laboratory equipment and the measurement process all have inherent errors associated with them Asking HFSS to provide a level of accuracy that is orders of magnitudes greater then what you can obtain in the real world does not buy you anything other then extra simulation time Instead use the Convergence Monitoring and good engineering judgment to determine when to terminate the adaptive meshing process and how to set the Delta S In general a Delta S of 0 02 296 which is the default or as low as 0 01 196 is sufficient s Solution Convergence S Matrix vs Fields Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide The convergence criteria is based on the S Matrix Typically the S Matrix converges prior to field quantities That is to say if you are looking for the absolute field value within the problem region chances are you will need to solve several more adaptive passes in order to see the same convergence that was obtained for the S Matrix This will also depend on the field quantity you are solving for Ans
25. key while selecting In addition with the CTRL key pressed the selection of an object can be toggled between selected or unselected Blocked Objects Ifthe object you wish to select is located behind another object select the object that is blocking the desired object and press the b key or right click and select Next Behind from the context menu You may repeat this as many times as needed to select the correct object s Select All Visible You can select all visible objects by pressing the CTRL a key or by selecting the menu item Edit gt Select AN Visible s Select by Name To select objects by Name you can use anyone of the following Select the menu item Edit gt Select gt By Name Select the menu item HFSS gt List Select the Model tab Select objects from the list Use the Model Tree See the next page Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 11 amp HFSS 1 Parametric Model Creation Selecting Previously Defined Shapes Continued Model Tree After an object has been created it is automatically added to the Model Tree All objects can be found in the Model Tree If you open the Model folder you will find the objects sorted by Object or by Material You can toggle between the views by toggling the menu item 3D Modeler Group Object by Material c Model 6 Boxl aL Coordinate Systems H P Boxl Planes aL Coordinate Systems e ees Points EE Pla
26. meters WavePort1 1 0 474 71 0 013236 0 70375 B wavePort 1 0 534 73 0 01175 0 89293 DE WavePort2 2 0 534 73 0 01175 0 89293 Each additional mode at a port results in an additional set of S parameters For example if you are analyzing two modes at each port in a three port structure the final result is a 6x6 S matrix In general an n port solution is the total number of excitations of all ports the number of modes plus the number of sources f you choose not to include some higher order modes in a simulation make sure the cross sections on the Wave Ports are long enough so that the modes die out and are not reflected back HFSS 1 2 Excitations Wave Ports and Symmetry Planes The Impedance Multiplier When a ports size is reduced because of a symmetry plane the impedance needs to be adjusted to account for the loss of voltage and power flow A Perfect E Symmetry plane must be adjusted by a factor of 2 Such models have half the voltage differential and half the power flow of the full structure resulting in impedances that are half of those for the full structure A Perfect H Symmetry plane must be adjusted by a factor of 0 5 Such models have the same voltage differential but half the power flow of the full structure resulting in impedances that are twice those for the full structure Ifthe structure has a combination of Perfect E and Perfect H Symmetry planes adjust accordingly
27. on the true surface of the affected object s as shown in the before and after images below Initial mesh left adapted at right Note that regular faceting was not maintained after adaptive mesh alteration 2 KT For HFSS v9 0 however in order to provide more robust meshing with respect to more complex geometries the initial faceting selections made for curved objects are respected throughout the adaptation process so that the adapted mesh is a subdivided variation of the same meshed volume as the initial mesh An adapted mesh from HFSS v9 0 is shown below N 2N LS 5 v X RE NJ NN s 2 NZ 1 CESR SS Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 2 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Faceter Default Settings In order to keep initial meshes at reasonable sizes the initial faceting default setting is to constrain the mesh surface normals to fall within 30degrees of the true curved surface normals This means that a cylindrical surface would be faceted into 16 segments about its circumference as illustrated below The normal for each flat segment cannot be off by more than 30 degrees from the normal for the curved true surface which that segment s face is approximating De uoo Although aided by the Volume Perturbation technique now used in HFSS v9 0 it is not anticipated that this default faceting will be enough for extremely h
28. port the S parameters associated with these modes should be calculated If the higher order mode decays before reaching any port either because of attenuation due to losses or because it is a non propagating evanescent mode there is no need to obtain the S parameters for that mode Modes and Frequency Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide The field patterns associated with each mode generally vary with frequency However the propagation constants and impedances always vary with frequency Therefore when a frequency sweep has been requested a solution is calculated for each frequency point of interest When performing frequency sweeps be aware that as the frequency increases the likelihood of higher order modes propagating also increases snis 1 2 Excitations Modes and S Parameters When the Wave Ports are defined correctly for the modes that are included in the simulation there is a perfect matched condition at the Wave Port Because of this the S Parameters for each mode and Wave Port are normalized to a frequency dependent impedance This type of S Parameter is referred to as Generalized S Parameter Laboratory measurements such as those from a vector network analyzer or circuit simulators use a constant reference impedance i e the ports are not perfectly matched at every frequency To obtain results consistent with measurements or for use with circuit simulators the genera
29. technical support at Fields Calculator Contest Part Solution Setupt Lashidaptive i smooth Mag AtPh Delete Freq 2 348Hz Smaoath M ag tPh hors fides Smooth MagiatPhhy pem Change Variable Values __ Pop Alp Albin Exch Clear Undo Input General Scalar Vector Output Quantity Yeo Scal Value Geometry M atl E val Constant Pow Write Number J Export Head Trig Cross Function d d Divg Geom Settings Smooth Curl Comples Tangent Domain Max Normal Unit ec Ln M E cr 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Field Overlay Plotting Previously mentioned was the capability to plot field quantities over a geometry within a 2D plot but this doesn t give us a lot of insight One of the main benefits of HFSS is that we can visualize what is going on with the electromagnetic fields within a structure something that cannot be measured directly Field plots can be applied to geometry selection within the 3D modeler and can be modified given different stimulus amplitude frequency and phase We can also visualize how a field propagates throughout the volume by animating this plot versus phase which essentially adds a time base To create a 2D 3D Field Overlay Plot 1 Select a face of an object an entire object or even multiple object 2 Select HFSS gt Fields gt Plot
30. 0 5 rise time to adapt to convergence Then perform 2 5 more frequency points to adapt at The additional points should be selected between the Knee Frequency and the maximum frequency Only needs 2 3 passes per frequency point Frequencies below the Knee Frequency should have the largest impact on the time domain therefore the Knee Frequency is used for the primary adaptive meshing Unfortunately the mesh needed at the higher frequencies may not be resolved enough without performing the additional adaptive mesh passes Due to the large bandwidths typically you will use an Interpolating oweep Using multiple frequency sweeps and combining the results may also be useful amp HFSS 2 Analysis Setup Adaptive Meshing Continued High Speed Digital Signal Integrity For high speed digital simulations you are interested in the performance over a broad frequency range To determine the frequency bandwidth that you need to simulate over the following guide is recommended BW2 gt 5 F where F 4 0 5 rise_ time s In general all of the frequencies below the Fknee frequency have the largest impact on the digital signal Therefore a good high speed digital design will have a clean well matched response up to at least F High Speed Digital SPICE Export To export to SPICE for transient simulations a large bandwidth is required gt 5 Fknee The reason for this is that the F is an approximation plus yo
31. 1 00091837 104 DEI wawePartl T1 OO14843 FFB 000339 686 00091912 104 0 38538 11 DI wavePort2 T2 0 929644 11 00091912 104 0011297 46 0014851 77 1 DI wawePart2 T2 0na31837 104 0 99558 11 0014851 77 1 00073289 58 1 The Equivalent Circuit Export Options window will appear Equivalent Circuit Export Options l X Default Directory C Program Filez amp nzalt hfss3 Format I agwell Spice spc id Full Wave Spice M Ful wave Spice Export crosstalk_fws spe Desired Fitting Error Percent brum Order Masimum Order W Lumped Element Export Low Bandwidth crosstalk Ifws spe Partial Fraction Expansion for Matlab mi crosstalk pfe m Combine Sweeps Cancel Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide It is possible to export Full Wave Spice Lumped Element and Partial Fraction Expansion models from Ansoft HFSS To do this click on Analysis Setup Matrix 4 7 HFSS 4 Solve Loop If you have a Driven Terminal solution you can export to PSpice HSPICE Spectre or Maxwell Spice You must have a frequency sweep solution and five or more frequency points to successfully export an equivalent circuit data file Select Lumped Element Export Low Bandwidth if you want to save the data as a low frequency circuit model using simple lumped elements resistors capacitors inductors and dependen
32. A Size Toggle the menu item View gt Coordinate System gt Small Large Background Color To set the background color select the menu item View gt Modify Attributes gt Background Color Addition View Seetings Additional attributes of the view such as the projection orientation and lighting can be set from the menu item View gt Modify Attributes Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 18 amp HFSS 1 Parametric Model Creation Applying Structural Transformations So far we have investigated hot to model simple shapes and how to change the view of the model To create more complicated models or reduce the number of objects that need to be created manually we can apply various transformations The following examples assume that you have already selected the object s that you wish to apply a transformation You can select the transformation options from the menu item Edit gt Arrange gt Move Translates the structure along a vector Rotate Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle Mirror Mirrors the shape around a specified plane Offset Performs a uniform scale in x y and Z Duplicate gt Along Lines Create multiple copies of an object along a vector Around Axis Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x y or z axis Mirror Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates
33. Ansot Product Validate Now cet Frequency Dependency Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 15 amp HFSS 1 Parametric Model Creation Changing the View You can change the view at any time even during shape generation by using the following commands Toolbar Rotate The structure will be rotated around the coordinate system Pan The structure will be translated in the graphical area Dynamic Zoom Moving the mouse upwards will increase the zoom factor while moving the mouse downwards will decrease the zoom factor Zoom In Out In this mode a rubber band rectangle will be defined by dragging the mouse After releasing the mouse button the zoom factor will be applied Pan Zoom In Out Rotate Dynamic Zoom s Context Menu Right click in the graphics area and select the menu item View and choose from the options outlined in the Toolbar section The context menu also offers the following o Rotate Alt Drag 7 Pan shift Drag MON ie n Ml Zoom AlteShift Drag Fit All This will zoom the defined structure to a point where it fits in the drawing area SEEN Fit Selection This fits only the selected objects into the drawing Zoom Qut area Q Fit Al cu Spin Drag the mouse and release the mouse button to start the Fit Selection object spinning The speed of the dragging prior to releasing the spin mouse controls the speed of the spin
34. C Projecti HFSSModel1 3D Modeler Fe Model Bd Boxl Graphics Qi CreateBox area d le Coordinate Systems AB Global M RelativeCs1 Planes m ees Points Hd Lists Iv Select Objects Select Faces Next T All Object Faces 3D Modeler SUN ec an Hee View Edit Assign Boundary Assign Excitation Assign Mesh Operation Plot Fields d Plot Mesh Context menu Copy To Clipboard Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 1 amp rr 1 Parametric Model Creation Overview of the 3D Modeler User Interface Continued s When using the 3D Modeler interface you will also interact with two additional interfaces Property Window The Property Window is used to view or modify the attributes and dimensions of structural objects roperties Name Box Material vacuum solve Inside M P Property Orientation Global Mod table Tem v Display vviretrame M Color Edit Transparent 0 4 Attribute Property tabs Status Bar Coordinate Entry The Status Bar on the Ansoft HFSS Desktop Window displays the Coordinate Entry fields that can be used to define points or offsets during the creation of structural objects ork o e 3 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 amp rr 1 Parametric Model Creation amp Grid Plane To simplify the creation of structural primitives a grid or drawin
35. D EM problems Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S Parameters Resonant Frequency and Fields Typical uses include s Package Modeling BGA QFP Flip Chip PCB Board Modeling Power Ground planes Mesh Grid Grounds Backplanes Silicon GaAs Spiral Inductors Transformers EMC EMI Shield Enclosures Coupling Near or Far Field Radiation Antennas Mobile Communications Patches Dipoles Horns Conformal Cell Phone Antennas Quadrafilar Helix Specific Absorption Rate SAR Infinite Arrays Radar Cross Section RCS Frequency Selective Surfaces FSS Connectors Coax SFP XFP Backplane Transitions Waveguide Filters Resonators Transitions Couplers Filters Cavity Filters Microstrip Dielectric HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron This allows you to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry especially those with complex curves and shapes in a fraction of the time it would take using other techniques The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator Ansoft pioneered the use of the Finite Element Method FEM for EM simulation by developing implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite elements adaptive meshing and Adaptive Lanczos Pade Sweep ALPS Today HFSS continues to lead the industry with innovations such as Modes to Nodes and Full Wave Spice Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from m
36. Fields gt a Mag_H Mag_Jval Mag Jsurf ComplexMag E ComplexMag H ComplexMag Jvol ComplexMag Jsurf Vector E Vector H Vector Jvol Vector Jeurf Vector RealPoynting Local SAR Average SAR 3 You can then change the frequency of the stimulus or phase with the resultant dialog box p Modify Field Plot Mame Hag E1 Fields Calculator Specify Name Category Standard Design Part Quantity In Volume Solution Setupi Sweep Flat Folder E Field Specify Folder Intrinsic Variables Freq 28Hz Phase deg Save As Default Apply Cancel Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 19 M E E f cr 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Field Overlay Plots Resultant modeler window for Magic T model with Mag E plotted on Global XY plane Selecting the object arm and plotting within the volume yields Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 20 Field Overlay Plots The 3D plot shown on the previous page is called an Isoval surface plot This is not the default To change the field plot type 1 Selecting HFSS gt Fields gt Modify Plot Attributes 2 Switch to the Plot tab 3 Select the applicable Plot from the pulldown 4 Select the IsoValSurface radio button You can also leave the default of cloud plot and adjust the cloud density and point size until the plot looks acceptable hfss pat
37. If you do not define an Integration Line the resulting S parameters can be out of phase with what you expect Tip You may need to run a ports only solution first to help determine how the Integration Lines need to be applied to a Wave Port and their direction Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 6 snis 12 Excitations To calibrate a Wave Port that has already been defined with an Integration Line 1 From the Project Tree expand Excitations and double click on the Wave Port to be calibrated 2 Select the Modes tab 3 From the table select the Integration Line column for the first mode and choose New Line 4 Enterthe position and length of the line using one of the following methods Type the start and stop points of the line directly into the x y or z axis fields referenced to the working coordinates For more information on coordinates refer to Getting Oriented in the Drawing Space in Chapter Drawing Basics and Tips Graphically pick the points in the Design Window s graphics area he line is displayed as a vector the vector indicates direction From the Integration Line column select Swap Endpoints to reverse the direction of the line if necessary 5 Repeat steps 3 and 4 to define and apply lines to other modes of the current Wave Port e Click the OK button when you are finished defining Integration Lines 7 Repeatsteps 1 6 to apply lines to other Wave Port
38. Perfect E Finite Conductivity or Impedance boundary condition Radiation Radiation boundaries also referred to as absorbing boundaries enable you to model a surface as electrically open waves can then radiate out of the structure and toward the radiation boundary The system absorbs the wave at the radiation boundary essentially ballooning the boundary infinitely far away from the structure and into space Radiation boundaries may also be placed relatively close to a structure and can be arbitrarily shaped This condition eliminates the need for a spherical boundary For structures that include radiation boundaries calculated S parameters include the effects of radiation loss When a radiation boundary is included in a structure far field calculations are performed as part of the simulation 1 1 5 This page is intentionally left blank snis 1 2 Excitations Technical Overview Ports are a unique type of boundary condition that allow energy to flow into and out of a structure You can assign a port to any 2D object or 3D object face Before the full three dimensional electromagnetic field inside a structure can be calculated it is necessary to determine the excitation field pattern at each port Ansoft HFSS uses an arbitrary port solver to calculate the natural field patterns or modes that can exist inside a transmission structure with the same cross section as the port The resulting 2D field patterns serve as boundary condit
39. Ref Final Delta f Deviation Ref deg Analysis 9 Observations Since the reference analysis and measurement do not match neither can be taken as an absolute accuracy validator for comparison to the HFSS results The measurement was of a cavity with port loading at the beam pipe s and a probe loop which will themselves perturb results slightly The trend of resonant frequency shift with tighter normal deviation restriction is quite nearly linear Tighter initial faceting results in better reported convergence for the same pass count V8 5 convergence was still not at low levels after the last solved pass Therefore it was only coincidentally near the most refined HFSS v9 solution Carrying the HFSS v8 5 solution to good convergence rather than a limited number of tetrahedra took more mesh than reported for HFSS v9 Conclusions None of the meshes resulted in inadequate volume filling or clearly incorrect solutions This is a geometry type for which increased faceting merely fine tunes the resulting convergence and final solution outputs Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 13 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations 4 Source Henry Z Zhang A Wideband Orthogonal Mode Junction using Ridged Sectoral Waveguides Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium San Antonio TX June 2002 Volume 4 Description This quadra
40. SS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Management Differential pair analyses For multiple terminals per port differential pairs can be created to look at differential S parameters instead of single ended S parameters This can be useful for investigating the possible conversion between differential and common mode within a given structure Within the wave port dialog the Differential Pairs tab controls the creation of the pairs from the individual Terminals 1 To create a differential pair select New Pair and select the terminal lines that represent the positive and negative sides 2 From here you can also change the Differential and Common mode impedance setting for each pair General Teminals Differential Pairs indicis Hos puc S Defaults 1000hm Comm Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 4 M E rm 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Management Importing Data from other solutions Often it is desirable to compare the results of one simulation to the results of another simulation HFSS circuit or planar or even measurements This can be accomplished readily within the HFSS version 9 0 desktop environment To import solutions into HFSS Desktop NOTE The minimum requirements for importing a solution are an existing model with at least one port 1 Select HFSS gt Results gt Import Solutions and the following dialog will appear Curr
41. ace Approximations HFSSModel1 HFSSModel1 HE inte 20 00 500 00 40 00 Magnitude dB Resistance or Reactance Ohms 0 00 LENS R AL HH im 77 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 de NET 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 ah Freq GHz Freq GHz Conclusions This provides an example of a project for which the volume perturbation is extremely well suited by providing the proper dielectric resonance volume Past experiments with as many as 24 facets per circumference without volume perturbation demonstrated a noticable frequency error therefore the role of the new solution capability in this success is clear Solution accuracy was excellent in absolute terms even with default settings and greatly exceeded HFSS v8 5 s capabilities A second simulation with Normal Deviation set to 15 degrees solved to the same results and excellent convergence still beating the HFSS v8 5 mesh required Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 11 gg 4 1 Mesh Operations amp Source A httpo www jlab org piller sooke spoke htm Description A Spoke cavity is used in accelerators for ion beams This variant is a low Beta type The cavity consists of a cylindrical volume with spherical sections subtracted from the flat ends The spoke is a smaller cylinder with its axis orthogonal to the main cavity s axis that cuts through the cavity centerline on a diamete
42. any users and industries In industry Ansoft HFSS is the tool of choice for high productivity research development and virtual prototyping Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp E E E Bt Contents Contents This document discusses some basic concepts and terminology used throughout the Ansoft HFSS application It provides an overview of the following topics 0 Fundamentals Ansoft HFSS Desktop Opening a Design Setting Model Type 1 Parametric Model Creation 1 1 Boundary Conditions 1 2 Excitations 2 Analysis Setup 3 Data Reporting Solve Loop 4 4 Mesh Operations Examples Antenna Examples Microwave Examples Signal Integrity Examples EMC EMI P co N O OI Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide HESS vd Installing the Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 Software System Requirements Microsoft Windows XP Windows 2000 or Windows NT4 0 For up to date information refer to the HFSS v 9 0 Release Notes Pentium based computer 128MB RAM minimum 8MB Video Card minimum Mouse or other pointing device 4 CD ROM drive NOTE You should make backup copies of all HFSS projects created with a previous version of the software before opening them in HFSS v 9 0 Installing the Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 Software For up to date information refer to the HFSS v 9 0 Installation Guide Starting Ansoft HFSS 1 Click the Microsoft Star
43. ation the 2D solver obtains an excitation field pattern in the form of a phasor solution E x y These phasor solutions are independent of zand only after being multiplied by e do they become traveling waves Also note that the excitation field pattern computed is valid only at a single frequency A different excitation field pattern is computed for each frequency point of interest Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 2 amp HFSS 1 2 Excitations Modes For a waveguide or transmission line with a given cross section there is a series of basic field patterns modes that satisfy Maxwell s Equations at a specific frequency Any linear combination of these modes can exist in the waveguide Mode Conversion In some cases it is necessary to include the effects of higher order modes because the structure acts as a mode converter For example if the mode 1 dominant field at one port is converted as it passes through a structure to a mode 2 field pattern at another then it is necessary to obtain the S parameters for the mode 2 field Modes Reflections and Propagation EN It is also possible for a 3D field solution generated by an excitation signal of one specific mode to contain reflections of higher order modes which arise due to discontinuities in a high frequency structure If these higher order modes are reflected back to the excitation port or transmitted onto another
44. be useful in applications that have dielectrics with very high conductivities Brain tissue or salt water are examples of materials that will produce very high mesh counts even though the RF penetration into the material will be limited to a region very close to the surface ETE NENNEN General Advanced Ports Defaults Initial Mesh Options M Do Lambda Refinement Target 0 3333 Use free space lambda Adaptive Options Refinement Per Pass Minimum Number of Passes Minimum Converged Passes Use Matris Convergence Edit Fratris Use Low Order Solution Basis Use Defaults Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 10 amp HFSS 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued s Advanced Tab Continued Adaptive Options Matrix Convergence Refinement Per Pass The mesh growth for each adaptive pass is controlled by the Refinement Per Pass The Refinement Per Pass is a percentage This ensures that between each pass the mesh is sufficiently perturbed and guarantees that you will not receive false convergences Minimum Number of Passes An adaptive analysis will not stop unless the minimum number of passes you specify has been completed even if convergence criteria have been met Minimum Converged Passes An adaptive analysis will not stop unless the minimum number of converged passes you specify has been completed The convergence c
45. cel Time Domain Calculation Ansoft HFSS can calculate the maximum frequency required to obtain an accurate time domain result HFSS uses the following equation Max Freq 0 5 Signal Rise Time x Time Steps Per Rise Time x Signal Rise Time fi ns Time Steps Per Rise Time f Humber of Time Points 500 Calculate Frequency Step Size Maximum Frequency caen Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 19 This page is intentionally left blank I E cr 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Overview Ansoft HFSS has very powerful and flexible data management and plotting capabilities Once understood it will make the whole solution process much easier and will help craft the entire problem setup Topics of Discussion Data management 2D Plotting 3D Plotting Antenna characteristics Field Plotting Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 1 A E cr 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Management With every model variation that is solved a new data entry is stored within the project results directory This capability has implications in that the user can perform a parametric sweep of a model without needing an Optimetrics license NOTE Automatic parametric sweeps along with the other Optimetrics functions Optimization Sensitivity and Statistical analyses DO require an Optimetrics license
46. ch antenna Part1 E Field Color map Scale Marker Amow Plots Plot Mag Ei Save as default inVolume Scalar plot soValSurface Cloud Cloud density Point size Vector plot I4 Uniform Spacing mes 1 MES jw Real time made Apply Close Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide M HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting sg HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Field Overlay plots Source Stimulus Sometimes it might be desirable to have multiple ports excited at the same time perhaps out of phase This is useful for evaluating power combiners You might even want need to calculate the incident or reflected power for a plane wave source To change the Field Plot stimulus s Select HFSS gt Fields gt Edit Sources 1k eX Scale Factor 1 v LT Sauce Te Masriude Phase Port 0 000000 0 000000 Part 1 000000 0 000000 Part 0000000 0 000000 Part 1 000000 30 000000 Cancel The following field d overlay plots shows what happens to the Magic T when we have a 90 degree phase shift at the 2 E plane end inputs The component doesn t isolate one port idi SS 1 a Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 22 M HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Field Overlay Plot Phase animation The final step in field overlay plots is creating animation This essentially shows you how a wave propagates through the struc
47. de 3D Modeler Snap Mode 3D Modeler Grid 3D Modeler Coordinate System Customize Toolbars x E E x E x x x x Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Toolbars Customize and Arrange Toolbars To customize toolbars Select the menu item Jools gt Customize or right click the Ansoft HFSS window frame and click Customize at the bottom of the toolbar list Inthe Customize dialog you can do the following View a Description of the toolbar commands i Select an item from the Component pull down list 2 Select an item from the Category list 3 Using the mouse click on the Buttons to display the Description 4 Click the Close button when you are finished Toggle the visibility of toolbars 1 From the Toolbar list toggle the check boxes to control the visibility of the toolbars 2 Click the Close button when you are finished Customize Component Desktop Categor Description Cutthe selection and put it on the Clipboard Hint Select group and category Click a button to see its description or drag itta a toolbar Toolbars Toolbar name ery Project Delete select All MIAF SS Optimetrics Reset MHFSS FieldsReporter 130 Modelar View Interal ll Reset All Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Overview Ansoft HFSS Desktop The Ansoft HFSS Desktop provides a
48. de 3 6 M E cr S Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Plotting Data Data plotting can take a variety of forms The most often used format is 2D Cartesian plotting but we also have the capability to plot in 3D as well Below is a list of all the quantities that can be plotted on various graphs For definitions of each of these quantities see the online help Eigenmode solution Eigenmode Parameters modes A Driven Modal Solution S parameters Y parameters Z parameters VSWR Gamma complex propagation constant Port Zo Driven Terminal Solution A A Fields S parameters Y parameters Z parameters VSWR Power at port Voltage Transform matrix T Terminal Port Zo Mag E Mag H Mag Jvol Mag Jsurf ComplexMag E ComplexMag H ComplexMag Jvol ComplexMag Jsurf Local SAR Specific Absorption Rate Average SAR NOTE For all Field plots a polyline or surface must be selected before creating the Field plot Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide A HFSS au Plotting Data s Types of Plots Rectangular Plot Polar Plot 3D Rectangular Plot amp 3D Polar Plot Smith Chart Data Table Radiation Pattern To Create a Plot Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting 1 Select HFSS gt Results gt Create Rep
49. dence of the utility of the volume correction approach The source provides both author derived analytical results and measurement results Benchmark s An image of the modeled geometry is shown below right Symmetry was used 1 plane Cavity vacuum filled is 25mm radius DRA is 12 5 mm radius DRA material has e 9 5 Annular ring outer radius is 5 8 mm 1 mm width Feed is generated using a lumped gap source port spanning the annular ring see detail image A 30mm radius by 35mm height polyhedron 16 sides is used for the radiation boundary Bottom ground plane is treated as infinite ground boundary condition Solution requested using only default surface approximations 10 adaptive passes or to delta S of 0 01 at adaptive frequency of 3 75 GHz 2 5 5 GHz fast sweep requested Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 10 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Results Plots of S11 vs frequency and real and imaginary Z11 vs frequency are shown Results conformed almost exactly to source s reported measured results and were closer to measurements than source analysis HFSS v8 5 solved to effectively the same result but required about 4 times the mesh 3324 at pass 8 V9 vs 13 300 tetrahedra at pass 11 v8 5 07 May 2003 11 vs Frequency 11 50 46 07 May 2003 Z11 Real and Imaginary vs Frequency 11 49 10 Default Surface Approximations Default Surf
50. e Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide ss 3D Modeler Design Tree Er amp Model l MV Ring Material 8 My Teflon Not Assigned 2 4 pec B e Conductor 1 Object B CreateCylinder xr SectioriTo s T Unite Ansoft Terms Hl CloneTo Object Command History on CloneTo EP CloneTo i vacuum ok Coordinate Systems o A Global as R elativecs 1 ID Relatvecs Me Relatvecs 3 Planes Ww eoa Pots amp Lists Grouped by Material Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide E amp Model B amp Conductor 1 0 CreateCylinder gs SectionTo e T Unite EH ClaneTo p CloneTo gl CloneTo amp Female amp FemaleTeflon MaleTefion P Ring 9 pi H P p2 z E Coordinate Systems AR Global Vue RelativeCs1 t RelativeCs2 de RelativecS3 H Planes eos Points He Lists Object View amp HFSS Design Windows Design Windows Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop each project can have multiple designs and each design is displayed in a separate window You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time Also you can have multiple views of the same design visible at the same time To arrange the windows you can drag them by the title bar and resize them by dragging a corner or border Also you can select one of the following menu opti
51. ectangle Point 2 Defines the size of the base rectangle amp Point 3 Defines the height of the Box Grid Plane Base Rectangle pot 2 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 4 amp rr 1 Parametric Model Creation Create a Box Continued 1 Select the menu item 3D Modeler gt Grid Plane gt XY 2 Use the mouse to create the base shape 1i Set the start point by positioning the active cursor and click the left mouse button 2 Position the active cursor and click the left mouse button to set the second point that forms the base rectangle 3 Setthe Height by positioning the active cursor and clicking left mouse button Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS I Parametric Model Creation Specifying Points Grid From the example we saw that the simplest way to set a point is by clicking its position on the grid plane To set the precision of the grid plane select the menu item View gt Grid Settings From here you may specify the Grid Type Style Visibility and Precision By pressing the Save As Default button you can set the default behavior for future HFSS Designs Grid Spacing Grid type Cartesian Polar Grid style C Dot Line M Auto adjust density to an pixels d Theta Grid Visible Save As Default E Coordinate Entry Another way to specify a coordinate is to use the Coord
52. en a Wave Port and a Radiation boundary is to apply a Perfect E boundary to the edge of the ports Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 5 snis 12 Excitations Calibrating Wave Ports Wave Ports that are added to a structure must be ca ibrated to ensure consistent results This calibration is required in order to determine direction and polarity of fields and to make voltage calculations Solution Type Driven Modal For Driven Modal simulations the Wave Ports are calibrated using Integration Lines Each Integration Line is used to calculate the following characteristics amp mpedance As an impedance line the line serves as the path over which Ansoft HFSS integrates the E field to obtain the voltage at a Wave Port Ansoft HFSS uses the voltage to compute the characteristic impedance of the Wave Ports which is needed to renormalize generalized S matrices to specific impedances such as 50 ohms Note If you want to be able to renormalize S parameters or view the values of Zpv or Zvi you must apply Integration Lines to the Wave Ports of a structure Calibration As a calibration line the line explicitly defines the up or positive direction at each Wave Port At any Wave Port the direction of the field at ot 0 can be in at least one of two directions At some ports such as circular ports there can be more than two possible directions and you will want to use Polarize E Field
53. en a project directly from the Microsoft Windows Explorer To open a project from Windows Explorer do one of the following Double click on the name of the project in Windows Explorer Right click the name of the project in Windows Explorer and select Open from the shortcut menu Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS oet Solution Type s Set Solution Type This section describes how to set the Solution Type The Solution Type defines the type of results how the excitations are defined and the convergence The following Solution Types are available 1 Driven Modal calculates the modal based S parameters The S matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes 2 Driven Terminal calculates the terminal based S parameters of multi conductor transmission line ports The S matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents 3 Eignemode calculate the eigenmodes or resonances of a structure The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies Convergence Driven Modal Delta S for modal S Parameters This was the only convergence method available for Driven Solutions in previous versions Driven Terminal Delta S for the single ended or differential nodal S Parameters Eigenmode Delta F s To set the solution type 1
54. ent Imports Import black bos Import Table Delete Selections LK The import options are Import Solutions and Import Table oolutions represent S parameter matrices in standard forms such as Touchstone and Ansoft legacy data in szg file format Tables are simply files containing rows and columns of data 2 Selecting Import Solution will bring up the following dialog File Mame F tmp sDesignersblackbos sdp ESSE Source Name Import Available Solutions blackbos Import Cancel Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 5 M HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Management 3 From this window select Browse to find the file to be imported The acceptable file formats are sNp szg flp yNp zNp and tou 4 Click Open to load the file s Click Import to bring the data into the HFSS desktop e Click OK when you are done importing solutions All solutions will appear in the report editor under the Sweep category more on this later For Import Table the following dialog will appear Table Import File Name Load File Browse Real lmag Data Mag Phase Data Source Mame Import2 Table Mame Table All Columns Column M ame Set Column Name Independent Data Columna Dependent Data Columns mos ga Matiz Data Field Data Canoe Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Gui
55. ent variable called ZERO ORDER Common Applications On Chip Spiral Inductors Capacitors Transformers etc s Package Analysis Flip Chip BGA etc Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 12 snis 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued Ports Tab Port Adapt Options Port Field Accuracy Usually the default Port Field Accuracy value is adequate You may want improved port accuracy under the following conditions You are interested primarily in the port impedances Port impedances are computed as part of the port solution You need to lower the noise floor to catch S parameters that are expected to be in the 70 dB range Refining the mesh at the ports causes HFSS to refine the mesh for the entire structure as well This occurs because it uses the port field solutions as boundary conditions when computing the full 3D solution Therefore specifying too small a port field accuracy can result in an unnecessarily complex finite element mesh Solution Setup X General Advanced Ports Defaults Port Adapt Options Port Field Accuracy E z Automatically Set Min Max Triangles Minimum Number of Triangles Masimum Number of Triangles Use Defaults Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 13 snis 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued Ports Tab Continued s Set Min Max Triangles The me
56. eporter tab and check M or uncheck LI the fields plot you want displayed Visibility hfss magict2 HFSSModel1 3D Modeler Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 25 This page is intentionally left blank amp itt 4 oolve Loop Solve Loop Unlike pre processing the solution process is very automated Once the problem has been defined properly HFSS will take over and step through several stages of the solution process To start the solution process right click on Analysis in the HFSS Model Tree and select Analyze tis important to review this section since the solution setup has a direct impact on the automated solution process A closer look at the solution process reveals it consists of three components Initial Solution includes the mesh generation ports solution and a full solution at a single frequency Adaptive Refinement Loop refines the mesh and performs a full solution at the Initial solution frequency until convergence Frequency Sweep calculates the swept frequency response using a mesh generated by the Adaptive Refinement Loop The illustration on the following page outlines the steps performed by the solution process Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 amp HFSS 4 oolve Loop Initial Solution j Ports Only amp Seeding and Frequency Sweep Lambda Refinement Port Solution 4 Single Fre
57. er the values and steps for Theta and Phi 3 You can also change the coordinate system to calculate based upon a shifted or rotated coordinate system Select the Coordinate System tab and switch to the new CS 4 You can also change the Radiation Surface over which the far fields are computed by simply switching to the Radiation Surface tab and select a new surface from any that were previously defined 5 Click OK Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 13 n m 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Plotting Antenna Parameters Creating a 2D plot 1 Select HFSS gt Results gt Create Report 2 Select Far Field form the Report Type pulldown 3 Select Radiation Pattern from the Display Type pulldown 4 Select the quantity to be plotted from the Traces dialog s Note If multiple Infinite Sphere setups exist make sure you select the appropriate one 5 Select Add Trace and Done Fora definition of the available antenna parameters see the online help Below is an example of the 2D slices of a patch antenna for LHCP and RHCP directivity 22 May 2003 Ansoft Corporation 14 41 50 XY Plot 2 dBiDirLHCP HFSSModeM Phi 0deg Freq aBiDirRHCP Fhiz deg Freq 0 00 Theta deg Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 14 I n 3 0 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Plotting Antenna Parameters Creating a 3D Plot Follow the procedures above
58. erred to as a perfect conductor This type of boundary forces the electric field E Field perpendicular to the surface There are also two automatic Perfect E assignments Any object surface that touches the background is automatically defined to be a Perfect E boundary and given the boundary condition name outer Any object that is assigned the material pec Perfect Electric Conductor is automatically assigned the boundary condition Perfect E to its surface and given the boundary condition name smetal Perfect H Perfect H is a perfect magnetic conductor Forces E Field tangential to the surface Natural for a Perfect H boundary that overlaps with a perfect E boundary this reverts the selected area to its original material erasing the Perfect E boundary condition It does not affect any material assignments It can be used for example to model a cut out in a ground plane for a coax feed Finite Conductivity A Finite Conductivity boundary enables you to define the surface of an object as a lossy imperfect conductor It is an imperfect E boundary condition and is analogous to the lossy metal material definition To model a lossy surface you provide loss in Siemens meter and permeability parameters Loss is calculated as a function of frequency It is only valid for good conductors Forces the tangential E Field equal to Z n x Hiean The surface impedance Z is equal to 1 j 6 where amp Oisthe skin depth 2
59. es modal fields the port length and or proper port setup prior to running a full solution Adaptive Solutions Maximum Number of Passes This number controls the maximum number of passes the adaptive mesh routine will perform as it attempts to satisfy the convergence criteria Maximum Delta S Per Pass This number defines the convergence criteria for the adaptive meshing process Solution Setup X General Advanced Ports Defaults Solution Frequency GHz S Solve Ports Only Adaptive Solutions Maximum Humber of Passes Maximum Delta 5 Per Pass Use Defaults Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 9 HESS 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued Advanced Tab Initial Mesh Options Lambda Refinement The Initial Mesh is based only on the 3D solid model it has no bearing on the electrical performance of the device to be simulated The Lambda Refinement process refines the Initial Mesh until most mesh element lengths are approximately one quarter wavelength for air and one third wavelength for dielectrics A wavelength is based on the Single Frequency value entered in the Solution Frequency In almost all cases Lambda Refinement should be used Use Free Space Lambda This will force the lambda refinement to target a mesh size approximately one quarter of a wavelength for air The material properties of objects will be ignored This may
60. following topics are discussed Curved Geometry Mesh Adaptation Faceting Default Settings Volume Perturbation in FEM Solutions User Defining Surface Approximations Application Recommendations Applying Mesh Operations Examples Benchmarks The following examples are provided to demonstrate the topics discussed in the chapter Standard Pillbox Resonator Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Cavity Accelerator Spoke Cavity Application Circular WG Quadrature Ortho mode Junction OMJ Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 4 1 1 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Curve Mesh Adaptation in HFSS v9 0 HFSS v9 0 meshes handles curved surfaces differently than prior versions of HFSS Proper understanding of the differences in curved mesh handling and the advantages of new capabilities in the HFSS v9 0 solver are essential to obtaining accurate results The new graphical drawing interface encourages the use of true curved drawing by removing the option to assign a facet count to the construction of primitives such as circles cylinders spheres and ellipses Faceted primitives are available however as polyhedrons and polyhedral solids if still desired Initial meshing is constrained by faceting decisions made by the first pass of the meshing algorithms In prior versions of HFSS however adaptive mesh points could be placed anywhere
61. for the 3D plot except change the Phi and Theta quantities to match the far field calculation Also choose an antenna quantity to plot Below is an example of a 3D plot for a patch antenna dBCDirL3X 577B8edanaB 5 2915 6 61 3 635 5e H88 B 41 56 H68 8 84 75e 1 295 te 1 1 bH6He He1 1 9166e HH1 2 Z2 7 2e k1 2 53706 1 2 0405e 01 5 1591e 861 3 4697 41 3 86 5e he1 4 698 9e He1 4 4615e he1 4 712264081 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 15 Data Plotting Antenna Parameters Special Case Antenna Arrays M HFSS Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting When using master and slave boundary condition pairs to emulate an antenna array you might want to apply an array factor to the computation of the antenna patterns This can easily be done in Ansoft HFSS To create an Antenna Array Factor calculation 1 Select HFSS gt Radiation gt Antenna Array Setup 2 Select No Regular or Custom Array 3 Switch to the next tab and enter the characteristics of the array or enter the filename that contains the element locations 4 Once you click OK any plots or calculations that are displayed will be updated with the array factor calculation To go back to the single element calculations select No Array Setup Antenna Array Setup Array Type Regular Aray Aray Type Regular Aray First Cell Position U Vector X 1 V Vect
62. fter defining mesh operations EN Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide If a current mesh has been generated HFSS will refine it using the defined mesh operations If a current mesh has not been generated HFSS will apply the mesh operations to the initial mesh If an initial mesh has not been generated HFSS will generate it and apply the mesh operations to the initial mesh If the defined mesh operations have been applied to the selected face or object the current mesh will not be altered Define a new mesh operation rather than modify an existing mesh operation HFSS will not re apply a modified mesh operation Applying mesh operations without solving enables you to experiment with mesh refinement in specific problem regions without losing design solutions You cannot undo the applied mesh operations but you can discard them by closing the project without saving them m 4 1 Mesh Operations Source Canonical Description A pillbox resonator is a simple cylindrical cavity the exact resonance of which is solved analytically as Equations for TE and TM modes of order n m p where p is the number of half wave variations in the cavity axis direction P mand q represent the zeros of the Bessel functions or their derivatives bis cavity radius and is cavity height C is the speed of light in the enclosed volume media Benchmark A pi
63. g plane is used The drawing plane does not in any way limit the user to two dimensional coordinates but instead is used as a guide to simplify the creation of structural primitives The drawing plane is represented by the active grid plane The grid does not have to be visible Todemonstrate how drawing planes are used review the following section Creating and Viewing Simple Structures Active Cursor The active cursor refers to the cursor that is available during object creation The cursor allows you to graphically change the current position The position is displayed on the status bar of the Ansoft HFSS Desktop Window or o Je 35 When objects are not being constructed the cursor remains passive and is set for dynamic selection See the Overview of Selecting Objects for more details Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 3 amp ere 1 Parametric Model Creation Creating and Viewing a Simple Structure Creating 3D structural objects is accomplished by performing the following steps i Set the grid plane 2 Create the base shape of the object 3 Setthe Height A Create a Box We will investigate creating a box to demonstrate these steps These steps assume that project and a HFSS design have already been created Three points are required to create the box The first two form the base rectangle and the third sets the height Point 1 Defines the start point of the base r
64. he option to Clone objects Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 20 snis 1 Parametric Model Creation Local Coordinate Systems A Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide The ability to create local coordinate systems adds a great deal of flexibility to the creations of structural objects In previous sections we have only discussed objects that are aligned to the global coordinate system The local coordinate system simplifies the definition of objects that do not align with the global coordinate system In addition the object history is defined relative to a coordinate system If the coordinate system is moved the geometry will automatically move with it The definition of coordinate systems are maintained in the Model Tree Working Coordinate System The working coordinate system is the currently selected CS This can bea local or global CS A Model Global CS BH Box j 2 amp CreateBox B8 CreateFacecs cL Coordinate Systems The default fixed coordinate system Global Relative CS 12 en User defined local coordinate system 18 RelativeCS1 a Offset se Planes d eec Fonts Rotated Hg Lists A Both Face CS User defined local coordinate system It is tied to the location of the object face it was created on If the size of the base object changes all objects created relative to the face CS will be updated automatically
65. igh Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide If the frequency points below Fknee have the biggest impact on the digital response then meshing at that frequency should produce an accurate mesh for all frequency points below it If you simulate most passive devices over a large enough bandwidth they start to exhibit a low pass filter response So the higher frequency content contributes less to the time domain simulation in addition to being filtered out by the devices frequency response This is why we don t worry as much about the higher frequency adaptive passes converging To appreciate the significance of this you also have to take into account how HFSS does its adaptive meshing It is done by finding the highest gradient of the electric field So if the device behaves as a filter and we are adapting outside the pass band of the filter we are focusing most of the mesh only at the ports Now if your device performs well beyond Fknee there is no harm in adapting at a higher frequency until convergence Unfortunately for real problems 10 40Gb s the design challenge is to get the device to work at least up to the knee frequency For these large Bandwidth sweeps use the Interpolating Sweep This sweep is based on the discrete sweep but it adaptively picks discrete points and curve fits So it takes less discrete points to represent a large bandwidth The interpolating sweep can use either a polynomial fit or a rational function So
66. igh accuracy analysis of resonant cavity volumes spheroids etc The faceting default does not include a stringent aspect ratio default note long triangles on top and bottom cylindrical faces The default however is sufficient for most applications in which the curved geometry is not itself highly critical to the simulation result yet where more faceting would result in an extremely large initial mesh E g Applicable for meshing of transmission line models with both signal and non signal vias present to prevent parallel plate modes in stripline or CPW configurations Coaxial applications where both the inner and outer radius faceting maintains an effectively congruent distance for characteristic impedance results Cylinders or spheres used as radiation boundaries Less Applicable for cylindrical cavity resonances to 0 001 frequency accuracy elliptical waveguide coupling irises Circular waveguides Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 3 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations 4 Introduction of Volume Perturbation to HFSS Solutions Despite lower faceting compliance to the true curved geometry as the adaptation process adds mesh points HFSS v9 0 introduces a new solution technology that should result in a more accurate solution from far smaller mesh counts than in prior versions This technology is referred to as Volume Perturbation or Volume Correction
67. inate Entry fields which are located on the status bar of the Ansoft HFSS Desktop The position may be specified in Cartesian Cylindrical or Spherical coordinates Once the first point is set the Coordinate Entry will default to Relative coordinates In Relative mode the coordinates are no longer absolute measured from the origin of the working coordinate system but relative to the last point entered Equations The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values Examples 2 5 2 6 8 2 cos 10 pi 180 Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field Note Trig functions are in radians dx o 0000 dv 0 0000 Jaz 0 0000 hRelativ Cartesia v mm _ Relative mode Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 6 amp HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Specifying Points Continued Object Properties By default the Properties dialog will appear after you have finished sketching an object The position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog This method allows you to create objects by clicking the estimated values using the mouse and then correcting the values in the final dialog The Property dialog accepts equations variables and units See the Overview of Entering Parameters for more detail Every object has two types of properties 1 Command Defines the structural primitive 2 Attributes Defines the material displa
68. ions enable you to control the characteristics of planes faces or interfaces between objects Boundary conditions are important to understand and are fundamental to solution of Maxwell s equations Why they are Important A Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide The wave equation that is solved by Ansoft HFSS is derived from the differential form of Maxwell s Equations For these expressions to be valid it is assumed that the field vectors are single valued bounded and have continuous distribution along with their derivatives Along boundaries or sources the fields are discontinuous and the derivatives have no meaning Therefore boundary conditions define the field behavior across discontinuous boundaries As a user of Ansoft HFSS you should be aware of the field assumptions made by boundary conditions Since boundary conditions force a field behavior we want to be aware of the assumptions so we can determine if they are appropriate for the simulation Improper use of boundary conditions may lead to inconsistent results When used properly boundary conditions can be successfully utilized to reduce the model complexity In fact Ansoft HFSS automatically uses boundary conditions to reduce the complexity of the model Ansoft HFSS can be thought of as a virtual prototyping world for passive RF devices Unlike the real world which is bounded by infinite space the virtual prototyping world needs t
69. ions for the full three dimensional problem By default Ansoft HFSS assumes that all structures are completely encased in a conductive shield with no energy propagating through it You apply Wave Ports to the structure to indicate the area were the energy enters and exits the conductive shield As an alternative to using Wave Ports you can apply Lumped Ports to a structure instead Lumped Ports are useful for modeling internal ports within a structure Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 1 amp HFSS 12 Excitations Wave Port The port solver assumes that the Wave Port you define is connected to a semi infinitely long waveguide that has the same cross section and material properties as the port Each Wave Port is excited individually and each mode incident on a port contains one watt of time averaged power Wave Ports calculate characteristic impedance complex propagation constant and generalized S Parameters Wave Equation The field pattern of a traveling wave inside a waveguide can be determined by solving Maxwell s equations The following equation that is solved by the 2D solver is derived directly from Maxwell s equation vows Ie Bt e r where x y is a phasor representing an oscillating electric field amp k is the free space wave number wu is the complex relative permeability Is the complex relative permittivity To solve this equ
70. it can help to break up the sweep Up to the knee frequency works good for a polynomial fit and above that the rational function will work better The interpolation sweep will always pass through the start end frequency points so if you don t change the mesh and make sure the start and end frequency points match up for your sweeps they combine together without a problem amp E f Bt 2 Analysis Setup s Adaptive Meshing Continued High Speed Digital Design Flow EN Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Up until this point the entire discussion of High Speed Digital was based on the assumption that you are exporting every simulation to SPICE There are many stages in the design cycle and going to SPICE is not required for every part of the design If you have resonance s mismatch coupling etc below the Fknee these should be addressed in the field solver prior to running SPICE simulations Therefore the sweep only needs to be done to 1 5 2x Fknee to investigate the performance In addition for engineering design purposes you may not need to go below 1GHz During these early stages of design you may also want to use the Fast Frequency Sweep since you can get S Parameters and fields for every frequency in the Sweep This allows you to visualize any resonance or coupling you may be seeing in the S Parameters Another useful tool for package board analysis is the EigenMode solver In many
71. lays solution progress A 3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active design For more information about the3D Modeler Window see chapter 1 A Ansoft HFSS Internal Beta via test Main 3D Modeler Da kd 6 amp 5 Os eo MK 3 90 00S lt 6 6 aA 2 ir B BSO 5 Ss ta a P feo Cu ta a P hess via test Main 3D Modeler EME via teste B lacis Main amp Boxl a Model 8 Layer_5 3D Modeler Boundaries CreateBox 4 Excitations lg Subtract Window B Mesh Operations Hp Subtract Analysis E Layer 3 i Optimetrics Layer 2 E Results board Bi Por Field Display pwr pad 1 1 amp fis Field Overlays gnd pad SS Radiation 6 tpad dis brd A via di gnd antipad EP tpadi g pwr antipad Ae vial xdi via 6 bpadi 9 Definitions tpad_1 via 1 tpadi 1 amp vial 1 E E via testb F tmp hfss9 Setup Solving Adaptive Pass 1 Building Matrix on o High i CreateBox m 3 3 Prog ress d Solution Setup Setup1 When using I S SEI Window d Solution Setup Setup1 When using I Coordinate Entry Fields brd size 2 Sbrd s brd size brd size S trace thickness Solving LumpPort2 Property Window Enter the box position m Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide y Hoa 00000 so v cartes mi 7 amp A DE Ansoft Terms Project
72. librated 2 Select the Terminals tab 3 From the table select the Terminal Line column for the first terminal and choose New Line 4 Enterthe position and length of the line using one of the following methods Type the start and stop points of the line directly into the x y or z axis fields referenced to the working coordinates For more information on coordinates refer to Getting Oriented in the Drawing Space in Chapter Drawing Basics and Tips Graphically pick the points in the Design Window s graphics area he line is displayed as a vector the vector indicates direction From the Terminal Line column select Swap Endpoints to reverse the direction of the line if necessary 5 Repeat steps 3 and 4 to define and apply lines to other terminals of the current Wave Port e Click the OK button when you are finished defining Terminal Lines 7 Repeatsteps 1 6 to apply lines to other Wave Ports Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 9 amp HESS i v0 12 Excitations About Terminal Lines The Terminal S Parameters represent the linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for the Wave Port From the nodal voltages and currents the admittance impedance and pseudo S matrices can be determined By defining a Terminal Line for each conductor across a port Ansoft HFSS will automatically convert the Modal Solution to its equivalent Terminal oolution n general a single ter
73. lized s parameters calculated by Ansoft HFSS must be renormalized to a constant characteristic impedance See the section on Calibrating Wave Ports for details on how to perform the renormalization Note Failure to renormalize the generalized S Parameters may result in inconsistent results For example since the Wave Ports are perfectly matched at every frequency the S Parameters do not exhibit the interaction that actually exists between ports with a constant characteristic impedance Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 4 amp HESS i v0 12 Excitations Wave Port Boundary Condition s The edge of a Wave Port can have the following boundary conditions Perfect E or Finite Conductivity by default the outer edge of a Wave Port is defined to have a Perfect E boundary With this assumption the port is defined within a waveguide For transmission line structures that are enclosed by metal this is not a problem For unbalanced or non enclosed lines the fields in the surrounding dielectric must be included Improper sizing of the port definition will result in erroneous results Symmetry the port solver understands Perfect E and Perfect H symmetry planes The proper Wave Port impedance multiplier needs to be applied when using symmetry planes Impedance the port solver will recognize an impedance boundary at the edges of the ports Radiation the default setting for the interface betwe
74. llbox project with b 10 cm and 10 cm was constructed s Volume of cavity was vacuum wall boundaries were perfect conductors Solution was requested for 3 eigenmodes with Surface Approximations set to vary the Normal Deviation norm was varied from 5 to 45 degrees by 5 degree steps s Aspect ratio was set at 5 1 Surface Deviation setting was Ignore Solution setup was 0 25 GHz starting frequency to assure a starting frequency did not add mesh beyond those set by the surface approximation settings Solutions were continued to 0 0196 delta f real part or 10 passes whichever came first Tabulated results vs theoretical computations are shown on the page following Bessel zeros were computed to about 5 digits e g p 1 84118 Speed of light used was 299792458 m s Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 8 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Results HFSS Avg Normal Delta vs SN TM010 Delta vs Deviation Theory Tetrahedra Convergence deg Result 24 Result 1 Result 2 Theory 24 0 3 GHz i 26 GHz GHz Final Delta f Observations With higher order modes absolute error is higher in order of ascending frequency regardless of normal deviation faceting applied This is expected due to some solution dependence on starting frequency Added adaptive elements are shared among modes Yet higher order modes have more focused field peaks as co
75. lowed For example if a geometric model has a curved surface exposed to the background that curved surface cannot be defined as a port Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 11 snis 12 Excitations Wave Ports Require a Length of Uniform Cross Section Ansoft HFSS assumes that each port you define is connected to a semi infinitely long waveguide that has the same cross section as the Wave Port When solving for S parameters the simulator assumes that the structure is excited by the natural field patterns modes associated with these cross sections The following figures illustrate cross sections The first figure shows regions that have been defined as Wave Ports on the outer conductive surface of a structure Port 1 Port 4 Port 3 Port 2 In the next figure cross sections must be added to the structure The waveguide on the left is not modeled correctly because it does not contain a length of uniform cross section at either Wave Port To model it correctly add a length of uniform cross section at each Wave Port as shown on the waveguide to the right uniform cross section added for each Wave Port no uniform cross section at Wave Ports Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 12 snis 1 2 Excitations The length of the uniform cross section must be long enough to allow non propagating modes to die out This ensures accurate simulation results F
76. m Global Position Isto d ze eb Yolze 2 0 1 O x Comma CreateBaox Coordin Global Position 1 1 6 0 mm ore my x YSE 2 0 Zole 1 Command Add Variable to HFSSModel1 X Mame m x value 2 8 cos 10 pi 180 global var 1 Detine variable value with units 1 mm Local variable C Eroject variable omen Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 24 HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Parametric Geometry Continued Variables There are two types of variables that can be defined in the HFSS Desktop Design Properties Local to model To access the local variables select the menu item HFSS gt Design Properties Project Variables Global to all models in project Start with To access the global or project variables select the menu item Project gt Project Variables Units When defining variables they must contain units The default units for variables is meters Equations The variables can contain complex equations See the Online Help for a complete list of math functions s Animation Right Click in the 3D Model Window amp Choose Animate to preview the parameterization Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide This page is intentionally left blank nisle 11 Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions This chapter describes the basics for applying boundary conditions Boundary condit
77. mesh gradients to surrounding objects etc 4 1 Mesh Operations Ups AN Oy Clee tiu Surface Deviation gnore C Set maximum surface deviation length 0 0332264954516 pm E Normal Deviation gnore C Use defaults C Set maximum normal deviation angle 15 deg Aspect Ratio gnore C Use defaults Set aspect ratio Cancel Use Aspect Ratio settings along with Normal or Surface Deviation settings For cylindrical type objects where curved and planar faces meet the normal and surface deviation settings apply to the curved faces only Setting an aspect ratio limit as well e g 4 1 will force a few additional triangles on the planar faces and help preserve a cleaner overall mesh Consider using Polyhedrons or Polygons instead if using to reduce mesh lf your design has many curved objects which you want only very coarsely meshed e g a whole fence of ground vias for which 30 degree default normal deviation is unnecessary and the geometry is not imported consider drawing the vias as hexagonal or even square solids instead rather than having to remember to reduce the meshing fidelity on them all Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 6 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Applying Mesh Operations f you want to refine the mesh on a face or volume but don t want to generate a solution do the following a
78. mesh growth for each adaptive pass is controlled by the Tetrahedron Refinement in Setup Solution Advanced Tab You should notice that the Tet Refinement is a percentage This ensures that between each pass the mesh is sufficiently perturbed and guarantees that you will not receive false convergences After the mesh has been refined a full solution is performed and the process is repeated until convergence Convergence After each adaptive pass HFSS compares the S Parameters from the current mesh to the results of the previous mesh If the answers have not changed by the user defined value or Delta S then the solution has converged and the current or previous mesh can be used to perform a frequency sweep If the solution has converged then technically the previous mesh is as good as the current mesh In this case Ansoft HFSS will use the previous mesh to perform frequency sweeps if they have been requested Delta S The Delta S is the default criteria used to determine mesh solution convergence The Delta S is defined as the maximum change in the magnitude of the S parameters between two consecutive passes Max mag S S where i and j cover all matrix entries and N represents the pass number Since this is the magnitude of a vector quantity it can vary between 0 and 2 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 2 os 2 Analysis Setup Adaptive Meshing Continued
79. minal line is created from the reference or ground conductor to each port plane conductor The polarity reference for the voltage is established by the arrow head and the base of the terminal line If you decide to create terminal lines they must be defined for every port and every terminal on the port Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 10 snis 12 Excitations Considerations for Defining Wave Ports Wave Port Locations Itis recommended that only surfaces that are exposed to the background be defined as Wave Ports The background is given the boundary name outer Therefore a surface is exposed to the background if it touches the boundary outer You can locate all regions of outer by selecting the menu item HFSS Boundary Display Solver View From the Solver View of Boundaries check the Visibility for outer Solver View of Boundaries Solver Visibility outer Default Visible to solver FA ED A Interior Wave Ports f you want to apply Wave Ports to the interior of a structure you must create an inner void or select the surface of an interior object that is assign a perfect conductor material property Inner voids are automatically assigned the boundary outer You can create an inner void by surrounding one object entirely with another object then subtracting the interior object amp Ports are Planar A port must lie in a single plane Ports that bend are not al
80. mpared to more fundamental modes Therefore more rapid improvement for lower order modes are an artifact of the adaptation technique and not one volume correction can strongly influence Note that for higher accuracy analysis of the higher frequency modes the solution can be executed with solution settings that will find that as the lowest frequency mode Even 22 5 degree setting will result in better than 0 05 error for the fundamental mode solution 40 and 45 degree cases had identical meshes and results When used to reduce mesh other quality checks may still constrain the result to more than just the surface approximation settings requested Conclusions For simple canonical shapes and fundamental modes increased faceting is unnecessary unless extremely tight accuracy deviations are required Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 9 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations 4 Source K K So and K W Leung Annular Slot Excited Dielectric Resonator Antenna with a Backing Cavity Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Antennas and Propagation society International Symposium San Antonio TX June 2002 Volume 4 Description A hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna DRA is fed by a coaxial cable across an annular ring slot which couples the DRA to a hemispherical cavity beneath it This project has a combination of spherical and planar circle curves which should give good evi
81. n intuitive easy to use interface for developing passive RF device models Creating designs involves the following 1 Parametric Model Generation creating the geometry boundaries and excitations 2 Analysis Setup defining solution setup and frequency sweeps 3 Results creating 2D reports and field plots 4 Solve Loop the solution process is fully automated s To understand how these processes co exist examine the illustration shown below Solution Type 1 1 Boundaries 1 Parametric Model Geometry Materials 4 1 Mesh Operations 2 Analysis Solution Setup Frequency Sweep 3 Results 2D Reports Fields Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Opening a Design Opening a HFSS project his section describes how to open a new or existing project Opening a New project To open a new project t Inan Ansoft HFSS window select the menu item File gt New 2 Select the menu Project gt Insert HFSS Design Opening an Existing HFSS project H H H ook in srrousse v AEM To open an existing project EE eme diffpair hfssresults 1 In an Ansoft HFSS window A ans select the menu File gt Open Use the Open dialog to select the project 2 Click Open to open the project hee Files oftype Ansoft HFSS Project Files hfss v Cancel a Opening an Existing Project from Explorer You can op
82. ncased with a thin perfect conductor If itis necessary you can change a surface that is exposed to the background to have properties that are different from outer To model losses in a surface you can redefine the surface to be either a Finite Conductivity or Impedance boundary A Finite Conductivity boundary can be a lossy metal with loss as a function of frequency and defined using conductivity and relative permeability parameters An Impedance boundary has real or complex values that by default remain constant over frequency To model a surface to allow waves to radiate infinitely far into space redefine the surface to be radiation boundary The background can affect how you make material assignments For example if you are modeling a simple air filled rectangular waveguide you can create a single object in the shape of the waveguide and define it to have the characteristics of air The surface of the waveguide is automatically assumed to be a perfect conductor and given the boundary condition outer or you can change it to a lossy conductor nisle 1 1 Boundary Conditions Technical Definition of Boundary Conditions Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Excitation An excitation port is a type of boundary condition that permits energy to flow into and out of a structure See the section on Excitations Perfect E Perfect E is a perfect electrical conductor also ref
83. nes H P Lists Points H amp P Lists Sorted by Object Sorted by Material As stated previously every object has two types of properties s Attributes You may select an object by clicking on the corresponding item in the Model Tree When the object is selected the attributes will be displayed in the Property Window Double clicking on the object will open a properties dialog Use the Property Window or properties dialog to modify the attributes Commands From the Model Tree the Command Properties can be selected by expanding the object folder to display the command list Using the mouse select the corresponding Attributes command from the tree The properties will be displayed in Commands the Property Window Double clicking on the command will open a properties dialog Use the Property Window or properties dialog to modify the command s When the command is selected the object will be outlined with bold lines in the 3D Model Window Since an object can be a combination of several primitives the command list may CreateBox Hle Coordinate Systems Planes 2 vr ees Points HS Lists contain several objects Anyone of these commands can be selected to visualize or modify the object Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 12 amp HESS 1 Parametric Model Creation Object Attributes An objects attributes set the following user defined properties
84. o be made finite In order to achieve this finite space Ansoft HFSS applies a background or outer boundary condition which is applied to the region surrounding the geometric model The model complexity usually is directly tied to the solution time and computer resources so it is a competitive advantage to utilize them whenever possible 1 1 1 nisle t Boundary Conditions s Common Boundary Conditions There are three types of boundary conditions The first two are largely the users responsibility to define them or ensure that they are defined correctly The material boundary conditions are transparent to the user 1 Excitations s Wave Ports External Lumped Ports Internal 2 Surface Approximations Symmetry Planes Perfect Electric or Magnetic Surfaces Radiation Surfaces Background or Outer Surface 3 Material Properties Boundary between two dielectrics Finite Conductivity of a conductor Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 1 2 nisle 1 1 Boundary Conditions How the Background Affects a Structure Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide The background is the region that surrounds the geometric model and fills any space that is not occupied by an object Any object surface that touches the background is automatically defined to be a Perfect E boundary and given the boundary name outer You can think of your structure as being e
85. ocu 9 of the conductor being modeled amp ois the frequency of the excitation wave o is the conductivity of the conductor s Lis the permeability of the conductor nisle 11 Boundary Conditions Technical Definition of Boundary Conditions Continued Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Impedance a resistive surface that calculates the field behavior and losses using analytical formulas Forces the tangential E Field equal to Z n x Han The surface impedance is equal to R jX where Rs is the resistance in ohms square Xs is the reactance in ohms square Layered Impedance Multiple thin layers in a structure can be modeled as an impedance surface See the Online Help for additional information on how to use the Layered Impedance boundary Lumped RLC a parallel combination of lumped resistor inductor and or Capacitor surface The simulation is similar to the Impedance boundary but the software calculate the ohms square using the user supplied R L C values Infinite Ground Plane Generally the ground plane is treated as an infinite Perfect E Finite Conductivity or Impedance boundary condition If radiation boundaries are used in a structure the ground plane acts as a shield for far field energy preventing waves from propagating past the ground plane to simulate the effect of an infinite ground plane check the Infinite ground plane box when defining a
86. oft HFSS solves for the E field directly From the E field it calculates the H field and from the H field it calculates current Therefore the field quantities will also converge with varying mesh densities amp HFSS Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup s In order to perform an Analysis in Ansoft HFSS a Solution Setup must be added To do this right click on Analysis in the Ansoft HFSS model tree E BE Projects Egi HF5SModell 7 Model AP Boundaries JI Excitations EF Boundaries AE Excitations TE F Results bettie Po EE Port Field Display BIN 1S2 m Field Overlays zj Revert to Initial Mesh oe See d amp pply Mesh Operations By default the General Tab will be displayed The Solution Frequency and the Convergence Criteria are set here Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 8 amp E f Bt 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued General Tab Solution Frequency This frequency point is used by the adaptive mesher to automatically refine the mesh to electrical performance of the device Solve Ports Only The Port Solution uses an arbitrary adaptive 2D eigenmode solver to determine the natural frequencies or modes that will be used to excite the structure The ports only solution can be used to calculate only the modal field patterns for the 2D cross sections defined to be ports This is useful for determining the number of mod
87. on notes s Web Site Technical Support 9 4 EST 412 261 3200 x0 Ask for Technical Support Application Engineers for North America The names and numbers in this list may change without notice Ansoft Office Pittsburgh PA 412 261 3200 Yianni Antoniadis x175 Shu Li x172 Ansoft Office Boston MA 781 229 8900 Jim Delap x133 Ansoft Office Boulder CO 303 541 9525 Bryan Boots x31 Brian Gray x32 Ansoft Office El Segundo CA 310 426 2287 Aaron Edwards Liza Ma Peter Shin Ansoft Office Santa Clara CA 408 261 9095 Harpreet Randhawa x210 Denis Soldo x214 Others Matt Commens IL 847 925 9066 Lisa Murphy AZ 408 288 1114 Jim Sherman FL 727 394 1023 s Canada Markus Kopp Ottawa 613 241 0500 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS are Ansoft Terms Ansoft Terms Menu bar File Edit view Project Draw 3D Modeler HFSS Tools Window Help Project Manager with project tree Message Manager Status bar The Ansoft HFSS window has several optional panels A Project Manager which contains a design tree which lists the structure of the project A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur before you begin a simulation A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or attributes A Progress Window that disp
88. ons Window Cascade Window gt Tile Vertically or Window gt Tile Horizontally To organize your Ansoft HFSS window you can iconize open designs Click the Iconize symbol in the upper right corner of the document border An icon appears in the lower part of the Ansoft HFSS window If the icon is not visible it may be behind another open document Resize any open documents as necessary Select the menu item Window gt Arrange Icons to arrange them at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window Select the menu item Window gt Close A lto close all open design You are prompted to Save unsaved designs a Ansoft HFSS Internal Beta Project HFSSModel 3D Modeler File Edit View Project Draw 3D Modeler HFSS Tools Window Help b SH mG amp Z c o M 3 Coc BBSQ2 wlk vo ll ee m 7h vacuum E B dB O TIRE PETER Jn s s l bin ir 49 C Projecti HFSSModel1 3D Modeler m m x e Projecti Model diy HFSSModell A Boxi I g Definitions Qo CreateBox Iconize BI via testb L Coordinate Systems oym bol Global u RelativeCS1 Planes 2 Points Lists Design icons amp HFSS Toolbars Toolbars The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands Most of the available toolbars are displayed in this illustration of the Ansoft HFSS initial screen but your Ansoft HFSS window probably will not be arranged this way You can customize y
89. or example if a non propagating mode takes approximately one eighth of a wavelength to die out either because of losses or because it is an evanescent mode then you should make the uniform cross section one eighth of a wavelength Otherwise you must include the effects of that higher order mode in the simulation Discontinuities placed close to the port may also cause non propagating modes to reach the port Placing the port too close to discontinuities will cause erroneous results since the boundary condition at the port will prevent the simulated solution from matching the actual solution i e The system forces the field at each port to be a linear combination of the modes you request The energy from the non propagating modes that reach the port will affect the apparent energy in the dominate mode and produce erroneous results The modes attenuate as a function of e 7 assuming the wave propagates in the z direction Therefore the required distance uniform port length depends on the value of the modes propagation constant When the Wave Ports lengths are correct for modes that are included in the simulation there is a perfect matched condition at a Wave Port as if the waveguide extended to infinity For modes that are not included in a simulation a Wave Port appears as a perfect conductor Wave Ports and Multiple Propagating Modes Each higher order mode represents a different field pattern that can propagate do
90. or X o yve zh yf zB m Distance Between Cells In U Direction 10 mm in V Direction 10 mm In V Direction 10 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 16 M HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Plotting Antenna Parameters Antenna array Shown below are field patterns of a single element and an array setup scanned to 30 degree angle 22 May 2003 nsoft Corporation 20 23 40 22 May 2003 nsoft Corporation 15 19 42 adiation Pattern Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 17 M E E f cr 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Manipulation A Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide sometimes the built in calculated quantities are not adequate even given the output variable capability Because of this Ansoft HFSS has the flexibility built in with an arbitrary fields calculator You can use the Fields Calculator to manipulate field quantities to obtain any number of values One common use is to evaluate power flow within a structure This can be accomplished by integrating the Poynting vector over a geometric surface This can easily be accomplished within the field calculator To access the fields calculator Select HFSS gt Fields gt Calculator For a more detailed explanation of the functions within the field calculator visit our online
91. or one solved frequency clear All Frequencies and then select the solved frequency that you want to view For adaptive passes only the solution frequency specified in the Solution Setup dialog box is available For frequency sweeps the entire frequency range is available To insert of delete one or more displayed frequencies click Edit Freqs This command is only available if the sweep type is Fast or Interpolating If you choose to export the matrix data for the Fast or Interpolating sweep after modifying the frequencies in the Edit Frequencies dialog box only those frequencies displayed under the Matrix Data tab will be exported Exporting Matrix Data A number of export formats are available Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide EN Touchstone sNp Data Table tab Planar EM HFSS v6 szg Neutral Model Format nmf MATLAB m Citifile cit snis Equivalent Circuit Export Solve Loop Data Equivalent Circuit Export a Solution Data crosstalk HFSSModell Design Variation E Simulation seu rffSweent xl lA Convergence Profile Matrix Data M S Maris D Gamma Magnitude Phase Export Equivalent Circuit Export Matrix 20 2 Matrix All Frege GHz E dit Freqs Freq S W avePart T1 5 W avePurt T1 5 wW avePartz T2 5S W avePartz T2 WavePorti T1 0 011393 69 9 0 014843 77 6 099544 1
92. ort 2 Select Report Type and Display Type from the selections above 3 Click OK and the Report Editor will be displayed we will go over the options in this dialog on the next page dB St pl DifFl pl Duffl dB St pT EufFT pT Earm1 dB St pl Diffl pa Diff Design HFSSModell Solution Setupt Sweep Domain Sweep TOR Options Output Variables Apply Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Sweep Category Variables Output Variables Terminal 5 Parameter Terminal Parameter Terminal z Parameter Voltage Transform Terminal Port a Add Trace Done Quantity Stipl Ditft p7 Dif Stipi DitH pp Corn Sp Diff pz Diff Stipi Dit pe Come St pi Cemml p1 Durfl St pi Commil pl Cormm l St pl Lamm1 pe Diff St pT Lamrmi pz Lamrm1 Stip Diff pr Diff Stipt Diff pp Corn Stip Duft pz Diff Stip Diff pz Comm St pz Comm pl Duff St pz Comm pl Comm Stip Commi p Di Stipt Lamm pe Comm Cancel Replace Trace Add Blank Trace Remove Trace Remove All Traces Function Set Terminations 3 8 n m 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Plotting Data Creating a Plot cont d 4 Context Design choose from available designs within a project Sweep choose from available sweeps including adaptive passes and imported data Domain defaults to Sweep but can be switched to Time domain for
93. our toolbar display in a way that is convenient for you Some toolbars are always displayed other toolbars display automatically when you select a document of the related type For example when you select a 2D report from the project tree the 2D report toolbar displays A Ansoft HFSS Internal Beta Project HFSSModel1 3D Modeler File Edit View Project Draw 3D Modeler HFSS Tools Window Help Dar s se jx 2 a amp gt 3e UE oee 88e52co0r vlo r Salven C C 75 E tu a Be J n zu Um Ua b i Eee Seq NE Projecti HFSSModel 3D Modeler EN Prajecti I r Model EL HFSSMadall S4 Box1 m Lg Definitions j io CreateBox c r via test B 1 Coordinate Systems 48 Global To display or hide individual toolbars Right click the Ansoft HFSS window frame A list of all the toolbars is displayed The toolbars with a check mark beside them are visible the toolbars without a check mark are hidden Click the toolbar name to turn its display on or off To make changes to the toolbars select the menu item 7oo s gt Customize See Customize and Arrange Toolbars on the Project Manager Message Manager Ansoft HFSS next page Properties panels Standard Help Project HFSS HFSS Optimetrics HFSS FieldsReporter 3D Modeler View Interaction 3D Modeler Draw 3D Modeler Boolean 3D Modeler Arrange 3D Modeler Duplicate 3D Modeler Material 3D Modeler Selection Mo
94. p1 p2 24 53663 80 C dB St p1 p2 L 4 7774221101 dB st p1 p2 L 4 8747158224 dB St p1 p2 L 4 962 59325 dB St p1 p2 L 5 0634950462 3 10 A HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Plotting Data 3D Plots simply add a third dimension such that instead of plotting a family of curves you can plot a 3D surface that represents your data changing with two independent variables Below is a 3D plot of the previous family of curves dB St pi p2 B 5u 7986 6533 F 4 7 e e 1 4949e H01 24 He h01 9891e HH1 3 5626 681 4 4835e h i 5 2 505e i 5 97 7Ge kii 6 7247 e i 7 47 15e tiii 8 2189654001 0 J66ReE HhH1 9 1346 641 1 4466 E 662 1 1 6 e 662 1 1954e 66 2 dB St p Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide A HFSS 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Plotting Plotting Data Output Variables n addition to being able to plot the built in solved quantities you can also create your own by using output variables Clicking on the Output Variables button in the Traces dialog shown before brings up the following dialog Mame Expression ref ot pl Comml pl Commi B re Zat pt Diff pi Dutt M ame zai Add Delete Expression Colle Diff p1 Dith Insert Quantity Into Expression Category Quantity Function Design Variables St pl DuifPl pt DufFl Output variables St p1 Dutl pi Lamm Report l Te
95. passes were requested the swept frequency response of the device can be obtained Ansoft HFSS provides several methods for calculating the frequency response EN Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide Discrete performs a full solution at every frequency using the current mesh The time required is the single frequency solve times the number of frequency points Fields can be displayed at any frequency within the sweep range if the Save Fields Box is checked Fast uses an Adaptive Lanczos Pade Sweep ALPS based solver to extrapolate an entire bandwidth of solution information from the center frequency Very good for high Q devices but it can not be used to solve for devices that pass through cut off Once the band has been extrapolated a high number of frequency points can be calculated without a penalty In addition the Fields can be displayed at any frequency within the sweep range The time and memory required to solve a fast frequency sweep may be much larger then the single frequency solve Interpolating performs solves at discrete frequency points that are fit by interpolating Ansoft HFSS determines the frequency points to solve at based on the error in the interpolation between consecutive passes The interpolation error and maximum number of points is defined by the user in the Edit Sweep As with the fast frequency sweep the Interpolating Sweep can generate a larger number of frequency points
96. quency Full Volumetric Solution S Parameters E Fields No Adaptive Meshing Adaptive Mesh Loop Refine Mesh Gradient of E Field No Delta S Frequency Sweep Full Volumetric Solution S Parameters E Fields Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide M HFSS oolve Loop Monitoring Convergence You can view the Convergence of the entire solution process Right click on Analysis Setup in the HFSS model tree The Convergence Tab can be used to display a table or a plot Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 3 snis 4 Profile Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide oolve Loop At any time during or after the solution process you can examine the computing resources or profile data that were used by HFSS during the analysis The profile data is essentially a log of the tasks performed by HFSS during the solution The log indicates the length of time each task took and how much RAM disk memory was required E Solution Data crosstalk HFSSModell E Design Variation EH Setup Sweept Convergence Profile fi atris Data Simulation T ask Real Time CPU Time Memory solve part Frequency 76 GHz W avePart salve W avePartZ salve adapt part Solver C55 Disk 1 0 solve part Total 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 02 00 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 01
97. r El Project 4 HF5SModell eae Solution Type P Model Q 8 8 Bl List N Boundaries B Validation Check AB Excitations JE Edit Notes 3D Model Editor Boundaries Excitations Analysis Setup Optimetrics Analysis b b Mesh Operations id b b On Selection Delete All Inside Selection Surface Approximation db analyz c Results Fields Radiation Boundary Display Solver View Design Properties amp Assign Material Assign Mesh Operation P Copy To Clipboard Assign Boundary Assign Excitation Plot Fields Plot Mesh On Selection Inside Selection On Selection id R Inside Selection r Surface Approximation The Surface Approximation options are shown below right Definitions follow Surface Deviation is the maximum spacing in drawing units that the tetrahedral surfaces may be from the true curved geometry s Surface Normal Deviation is the maximum angular difference in degrees that a tetrahedral face s normal can have from the surface normal for the true geometry which it is meant to represent Aspect Ratio refers to the maximum allowed aspect ratio of all faces of all tetrahedra of the selected object or face This setting influences mesh quality rather than actual meshed volume or surface locations Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 U
98. r There is an input output beam pipe that runs coaxial with the main cavity and exits the two concave spheroid ends Due to symmetry these cavities are usually analyzed in 1 8 sections with PHC boundary conditions Benchmark An image of the modeled cavity geometry from the HFSS graphical interface is shown below right Main cavity 21 908 cm radius by 25 4cm height Spherical subtractions have radius 64 572 cm Spoke is 3 81 cm radius beam pipe 1 359 cm radius Solved for Normal Deviations from 5 to 30 degrees as parametric sweep Solution settings 10 passes or to delta f of 0 0196 real The beam ports were left as PHC bondaries so port loading is not included in these simulation results 06 May 2003 Ansoft Corporation 14 51 51 Woe XY Plot 1 r_sph 64 572cm he HFSSModel1 3 55E08 3 40808 7 15 00 20 00 surf_approx deg Results A plot of solved resonant frequency vs the Normal Deviation surface approximation setting used is shown above left Tabulated results are on the page following with mesh and error statistics The reference website indicates that a different solution method for the cavity obtained a resonance frequency of 338 048 MHz yet the measurement obtained 348 578 MHz Deltas to both are shown in the table Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 12 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations A Results cont Normal Delta vs Delta vs
99. rent error curves at the end frequencies will prevent the sweeps from aligning The interpolating sweep will not have this problem since the solution always passes through the end frequencies Assuming the same mesh is used Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 16 H S S ET Analysis Setup Add Sweep After a Solution Setup has been added you can also add a Frequency Sweep To do this right click on Setup in the HFSS Model Tree The Edit Sweep window will appear GP Boundaries E Excitations EF Mesh Operations EP Analysis Add Sweep Apply Mesh Operations _ ertrapolate For Wily MIAMI solved Frequency zi MF Snap Magnitude to Oori at IME Snor lolerance Snapping Tolerance Was solutions Sweep Type Lines Step i Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 17 amp E f Bt 2 Analysis Setup Add Sweep Continued amp Frequency Setup s After the sweep type has been chosen the frequencies of interest must be specified Edit Sweep I xj Sweep Type DEC Extrapolation Options Discrete Extrapolate ta DE C Fast Minimum Solved Frequency g GHz interpolating M Snap Magnitude to U ar 7 at DIE Eror Tolerance fas E Snapping Tolerance o o Har Solutrons 20 Time Domain Calculation Frequency Seu renner TS Display gt gt Type Linear Step Start GHz Stop po o GHz x Step Size GHz
100. riteria must be met for at least this number of passes before the adaptive analysis will stop Use Matrix Convergence You can specify different stopping criteria for specific entries in the S matrix This is done by checking the Use Matrix Convergence box The adaptive analysis will continue until the magnitude and phase of the entries change by an amount less than the specified criteria from one pass to the next or until the number of requested passes is completed x LT an En Wars Ert 2 Bete Mag Dete Phase Entry Selection Selected Entries vi Mode Selection All Select Entries a m a m Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide r Convergence Delta Magnitude g Phase f 0 deg B Insert Entries gt gt Delete Selected Entries Canoe 2 11 I HS cr 2 Analysis Setup Adding a Solution Setup Continued Advanced Tab Continued Use Low Order Solution Basis The Low Order Basis Functions reduce the default second order basis function to a linear basis function It is intended for simulations in which the edge to edge spacing between tetrahedron is electrically small In this situation the basis function and hence the number of unknowns can be reduced For this assumption to be valid the edge lengths for all tetrahedron in the model should be on the order of 1 20th of a wavelength In versions prior to v9 0 this was set with a system environm
101. rminal Parameter Stipi Dit pa Duff Tupe Terminal 3 Parameters Terminal Parameter St pi Duffl pe Conn Terminal Parameter St p1 Camm1 p1 Dutfl e Power amp tfpl Camml pl Corn Solution Setup Sweep VEWwB St pl Camm1 pe Ditt Voltage Transform St pl Corin pe Corn Terminal Part a Stip Diff pi DurFl Stip Dif pl Corn RES Sue B ii leues ad a Terminations ohms Insert Function 50 ohms Set Terminations To create an output variable Type a name into the Name box Create an equation in the Expression box s Click Add In the example show above we have created an output variable that makes an approximation for Inductance of a spiral inductor We could also have created an equation to calculate Q as well NOTE These output variables can also be used for optimization Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 12 M E f a 5 Bt 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Data Plotting Special Case Antenna Parameters s Since antenna parameters require a special computation setup to determine the region over which the fields are to be computed displaying antenna parameters is a two step process Create an Infinite Sphere setup 1 Select HFSS gt Radiation gt Insert Far Field Setup gt Infinite Sphere prea nn x infinite Sphere Coordinate System Radiation Surface Name infinie Sphere 1 Save As Defaults 2 Ent
102. s Wave Port General Modes Post Processing Defaults Number of Modes i Update Characteristic Imp Zo Step 3 Create New Line Mane Mew Line h Polarize E Field Use Defaults cancel Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 7 amp HFSS 1 2 Excitations About Impedance Lines The S matrices initially calculated by Ansoft HFSS are generalized S matrices normalized to the impedances of each port However it is often desirable to compute S matrices that are normalized to specific impedances such as 50 ohms To convert a generalized S matrix to a renormalized S matrix Ansoft HFSS first computes the characteristic impedance at each port There are several ways to compute the characteristic impedance Z Z Zvi Ansoft HFSS will always calculate Z The impedance calculation using power and current is well defined for a Wave Port The other two methods Zy and Z require a line of integration to determine voltage By defining an Integration Line for each mode the voltage can be computed In general the impedance line should be defined between two points at which the voltage differential is expected to be a maximum If you are analyzing multiple modes define a separate Integration Lines for each mode since the orientation of the electric field will vary About Calibration Lines Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9
103. s and Modes 15 Degree Normal Deviation quad OMJ _ _ 0 70 Freq GHz Reflection Coefficients 10 Degree Normal Deviation quad_OMJ 0 70 Freq GHz Conclusions Due to very narrow annular gaps at the ridge peaks this geometry type is poorly meshed without user guidance in the form of tighter surface approximation settings providing an example for which such guidance is required However with 10 degree faceting the solution convergence was better and to a smaller final mesh than with 15 degree faceting Therefore in geometric cases where surface approximations are required for a good answer they do not necessarily imply a longer solution time Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 15 HESS 0 4 1 Mesh Operations HFSS v9 15 degree normal deviation 10 passes converged to 0 0342 delta S with a final mesh of 16 177 tetrahedra Solution results similar to prior version but not there yet fast sweep indicates further convergence might result in more stable output HFSS v9 10 degree normal deviation 9 passes converged to 0 00752 with a final mesh of 15 897 tetrahedra amp Solution results identical to prior version and very clean Shows that surface approximation advice may often parallel that for seeding a more stringent starting condition and mesh may result in a well converged solution with a smaller ending mesh Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator
104. ser s Guide Siiijace Approamnanon Surface Deviation Name SurfApproxl Ignore C Set maximum surface deviation length Normal Deviation Ignore C Use defaults C Set maximum normal deviation angle m Aspect Ratio Ignore C Use defaults C Set aspect ratio fi 0 Cancel A HFSS au Each Setting can be forced left at the default or turned off entirely gnore means no evaluation of this constraint will be done in generation of the initial meshing not even to the built in settings HFSS follows without surface approximation instructions Use Defaults leaves that constraint at the built in settings and is selected if you do not wish to tighten this constraint but also do not wish to deactivate it Set is of course used to apply a user constraint value which may be tighter or looser than the built in constraint used in the absence of specific instructions Setting looser constraints than the default may require also setting adjoining objects to the same looser constraint so that the default does not take precedence at interfaces Usage Suggestions Do not overspecify It is always easier to add than subtract mesh by running more adaptive passes or by adding supplemental mesh instructions Too stringent a setting e g Normal Deviation of 1 degree can result in poor mesh qualities due to aspect ratios poor
105. sh for each model port will be adaptively refined until it includes the minimum number of triangles Refinement will then continue until the port field accuracy or the maximum number of triangles is reached To specify the minimum and maximum number of triangles in the port mesh uncheck the Automatically Set Min Max Triangles option Enter a value for the Minimum Number of Triangles The default value is 25 for models with lumped gap ports and 90 for models with wave ports s Enter a value for the Maximum Number of Triangles The default value is 400 f you leave Automatically Set Min Max Triangles selected HFSS will determine the reasonable values for the minimum and maximum number of triangles based on the port s setup Defaults Tab s The Defaults tab allows you to save the current settings as the defaults for future solution setups or revert the current settings to the standard setting Solution Setup General Advanced Defaults Default values are used to initialize data For new setups The following buttons control default values Save Defaults Save user defined defaults based on the data far this setup Rever to Standard Defaults Clear any existing user defined defaults Save Defaults Revert to Standard Defaults Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 14 snis 2 Analysis Setup Frequency Sweeps Using the converged mesh or initial mesh if no adaptive
106. t button select Programs and select the Ansoft HFSS 9 program group Click HFSS 9 2 Or Double click on the HFSS 9 icon on the Windows Desktop Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide amp HFSS Converting Older Files Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS v 9 0 Because of changes to the HFSS files with the development of HFSS v 9 0 opening a HFSS document from an earlier release may take more time than you are used to experiencing However once the file has been opened and saved subsequent opening time will return to normal Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 provides a way for you to automatically convert your HFSS projects from an earlier version to the HFSS v 9 0 format To access HFSS projects in an earlier version From HFSS v9 0 i Select the menu item File gt Open 2 Open dialog 1 Files of Type Ansoft Legacy EM Projects cls 2 Browse to the existing project and select the cls file 3 Click the Open button Files of type Ansoft Legacy EM Projects cle Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide MA HFSS Getting Help Getting Help s f you have any questions while you are using Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 you can find answers in several ways Ansoft HFSS Online Help provides assistance while you are working To get help about a specific active dialog box click the Help button in the dialog box or press the F1 key s Select the menu item Help gt
107. t current sources Select Partial Fraction Expansion for Matlab to create a m file Click Combine Sweeps if you want to combine the data from two or more frequency sweeps into one file The end points of the sweep ranges can touch but may not overlap The S matrices are written to the data file that you specified in the equivalent circuit data format Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 8 oolve Loop A List To view Model Parameters Boundaries Excitations Mesh Operations and Analysis Setup right click on Analysis in the Ansoft HFSS model tree and select List cis HFSSModell mp Boundaries p Excitations AF Mesh Operations eo E Add Solution Setup DL Le Revert to Initial Mesh Port a E PES Apply Mesh Operations Design List crosstalk HFSSModell i Model Boundaries E citations Mesh Operations Analysis Setup ome Coe Model Dini Wistane Macia Te copper Solid FH4 eposy Solid copper Solid copper Solid v acum Solid Delete Properties Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide HESS ve 4 4 9 This page is intentionally left blank M HFSS are Mesh Operations Mesh Operations This chapter provides details on meshing in the Ansoft HFSS v 9 0 software It discusses the default meshing of curvature user control thereof and the new volume correction capabilities used in matrix solution The
108. ture as you vary phase time To create an animated 3D field plot 1 Select HFSS gt Field gt Animate 2 Typically you can accept the defaults but you may want to change the number of steps to limit computation time et Setup Animation M ame Animation Description Swept Variable Design Point Start 0deg Stop l 0deg Steps o o 00 4 sn l cm oen mel Frame 2 Phase 20deg Export Close Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 23 M HFSS Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Mesh Overlay Plot Another plot that can be valuable in evaluating a simulation is the mesh overlay plot Once created you can tell which areas of the structure may need more tetrahedra for an improved quality of mesh To create a Mesh overlay plot 1 Select the face plane or object to plot the mesh 2 Select HFSS gt Fields gt Plot Mesh Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 3 24 M E f a 5 Bt 3 Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting Viewing in the 3D modeler With the ability to plot field quantities and mesh within the 3D modeler it can sometimes get crowded and model details can be obscured by the plots You can reduce the clutter by turning off the visibility of objects and even field plots To turn off the visibility of field overlay plots 1 Select View gt Visibility 2 Select the Fields R
109. ture orthomode junction OMJ uses a tapered septum to convert a circular coaxial quad ridge waveguide into four contoured ridge waveguides which have modes analagous to rectangular single ridge waveguide The use of tapered septums intersecting with circular cross sections necessitates drawing in true LE Benchmark The geometry is shown above Dimensions are as follows Outer radius 160 mm Ridge diameter 150mm center diameter 60mm Ridges subtend 45 degrees evenly spaced at 90 degree intervals Septums subtend 2 degrees and extend half the length of the modeled section 400mm s Two small perturbers of e 1 001 in red are inserted at the single waveguide end to provide stabilization of the degenerate mode order The HFSS v9 project was generated by direct translation of the v8 5 project and solved mesh surface approximation settings 900 MHz adapt swept from 400 950 MHz 10 passes or to a Delta S of 0 009 10 and 15 degree normal deviation allowance Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 14 n m 4 1 Mesh Operations Results Solution results are shown below focusing on return loss Results for 15 degree normal deviation are still unstable A Delta S of 0 0342 final mesh of 16 177 tetrahedra Results for 10 degree normal deviation are excellent Delta S of 0 00752 final mesh of 15 897 tetrahedra shown Reflection Coefficient All Port
110. u want more then 1 sample point over the rise time When exporting to SPICE the low frequency is also important You want to get as close to DC as possible Every port setup and every problem is a little different with regards to how low you can solve in Ansoft HFSS 99 of the time you can simulate to at least 100MHz Below that is trial an error When you export to Full Wave SPICE the DC component will be extrapolated from the lowest frequency in the solve Therefore going from 1GHz to DC is not going to give a very accurate extrapolation Frequency spacing The setup for Full Wave Spice recommends that the minimum frequency be used as the spacing This usually results in 1000 3000 points depending on the bandwidth of the sweep High Speed Digital Adaptive Meshing Since the simulation bandwidths can be so large determining the proper adaptive mesh frequency can be very difficult The following technique is recommended 1 Adapt at the Fknee until convergence Delta S 0 02 to 0 01 2 Pick 2 3 frequency points above F to adapt at Don t run these to convergence just do 3 5 passes 3 Solve the Frequency Sweep For large bandwidths either break up the frequency sweep and or use Interpolating Sweeps knee Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 2 4 snis 2 Analysis Setup s Adaptive Meshing Continued High Speed Digital Why this technique EN EN Ansoft H
111. v 9 0 User s Guide 4 1 16
112. wn a waveguide In general all propagating modes should be included in a simulation In most cases you can accept the default of 1 mode but where propagating higher order modes are present you need to change this to include higher order modes If there are more propagating modes than the number specified erroneous results will be generated The number of modes can vary among ports Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 13 snis Excitations Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide 1 2 Propagating Modes Propagating modes are those that have a propagation constant p rad m that is greater than their attenuation constant a Np meter One way to determine which modes need to be modeled is to set up the problem with multiple modes and generate a solution with no adaptive passes Then inspect the complex propagation constant y a p associated with each mode To inspect the complex propagation constant Gamma after an analysis has been performed 1 From the HFSS Analysis Setup menu select Matrix Data 2 Adialog similar to the one shown below will appear check Gamma and change the display type to Real Imaginary C Solution Data Design Var Fa simulation Setupi Sweep A Convergence Profile Matrix Data S Matrix M Gamma Real Imaginary Export Y Matrix B Z Matrix v All Freqs Freq Gamma Lambda ERIEN Np meter rad meter
113. y and solve properties Properties Project22 HFSSModel1 3D Modeler Commands Command Attribute Name Value Unit Description CreateBax o Coordinate System Global Aee e 2 4 0 6 Show Hidden a Attributes Properties Project22 HFSSModel1 3D Modeler Attribute Neme Value Unit Description Readonly Box vacuum Save Inside M Orientation Global v Display wireframe C Edit Transparent Show Hidden owe Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v 9 0 User s Guide snis 1 Parametric Model Creation amp Overview of Draw 4 Primitives n solid modeling the basic element or object is often called a primitive Examples of primitives are boxes cylinders rectangles circles etc There are two types of primitives 3D primitives or solids and 2D primitives or surfaces By placing a collection of primitives in the correct location and of the correct size we can create a represent complex structural objects To create complex objects primitives can be used as tools to cut holes carve away or join The operations that are performed with these tools are often referred to as Boolean operations 2D primitives can be swept to create arbitrarily shaped solid primitives 2D Draw Objects The following 2D Draw objects are available Rectangle Circle Line Point Spline Ellipse Regular Polygon v8 5 circle

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