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User's Guide to the Beamer Class, Version 2.21

1. This text is once more not shown in the presentation section Main Part While this text is not shown in the presentation the section command also applies to the presentation We can add a subsection that is only part of the article like this 75 subsection lt article gt Article Only Section With some more text frame This text is part both of the article and of the presentation begin itemize item This stuff is also shown in both version item This too only lt article gt item This particular item is only part of the article version item lt presentation only 0 gt This text is also only part of the article end itemize end document There is one command whose behaviour is a bit special in article mode The line break command Inside frames this command has no effect in article mode except if an overlay specification is present Then it has the normal effect dictated by the specification The reason for this behaviour is that you will typically inserts lots of commands in a presentation in order to get control over all line breaks These line breaks are mostly superfluous in article mode If you really want a line break to apply in all versions say lt all gt Note that the command is often redefined by certain environments so it may not always be overlay specification aware In such a case you have to write something like only lt presentation gt 8 4 2 Workflow The following workflow
2. end proof end overprint beamerreturnbutton button text The symbol drawn for this button is usually a left pointing arrow Use this button if pressing it will return from a detour Example frame lt 1 gt label mytheorem begin theorem end theorem begin overprint onslide lt 1 gt hfill hyperlink mytheorem lt 2 gt beamergotobutton Go to proof details onslide lt 2 gt begin proof end proof hfill hyperlink mytheorem lt 1 gt beamerreturnbutton Return end foverprint appendix againframe lt 2 gt mytheorem To make a button clickable you must place it in a command like hyperlink The command hyperlink is a standard command of the hyperref package The BEAMER class defines a whole bunch of other hyperlink commands that you can also use hyperlink lt overlay specification gt target name link text lt overlay specification gt Only one overlay specification may be given The link text is typeset in the usual way If you click anywhere on this text you will jump to the slide on which the hypertarget command was used with the parameter target name If an overlay specification is present the hyperlink including the link text is completely suppressed on the non specified slides 43 The following commands have a predefined target otherwise they behave exactly like Mhyperlink In particular they all also accept an overlay specification and they also
3. Either use A Short Review of Turing Machines or A short review of Turing machines Turing is still spelled with a capital letter since it is a name In English the title of the whole document should be capitalized regardless of whether you capitalize anything else In German and other languages that have lots of capitalized words always use the correct upper lowercase letters Never capitalize anything in addition to what is usually capitalized 3 5 3 Guidelines on the Body Text Never use a smaller font size to fit more on a frame Prefer enumerations and itemize environments over plain text Do not use long sentences Do not hyphenate words If absolutely necessary hyphenate words by hand using the command Break lines by hand using the command AX Do not rely on automatic line breaking Break where there is a logical pause For example good breaks in the tape alphabet is larger than the input Wal alphabet are before is and before the second the Bad breaks are before either alphabet and before larger Text and numbers in figures should have the same size as normal text Illegible numbers on axes usually ruin a chart and its message 11 3 5 4 Guidelines on Graphics Put at least one graphic on each slide whenever possible Visualizations help an audience enormously Usually place graphics to the left of the text Use the columns environment Grap
4. If the overlay specification is present the text is shown uncovered only on the specified slides On other slides the text still occupies space and it is still typeset but it is not shown or only shown as if transparent For details on how to specify whether the text is invisible or just transparent see Section 6 3 Example uncover lt 3 gt Text shown from slide 3 on ARTICLE This command has the same effect as only visible lt overlay specification gt text This command does almost the same as uncover The only difference is that if the text is not shown it is never shown in a transparent way but rather it is not shown at all Thus for this command the transparency settings have no effect Example visible lt 2 gt Text shown from slide 2 on ARTICLE This command has the same effect as only invisible lt overlay specification gt text This command is the opposite of visible Example invisible lt 2 gt Text shown from slide 3 on 27 alt lt overlay specification gt default text H alternative text lt overlay specification gt Only one overlay specification may be given The default text is shown on the specified slides otherwise the alternative text The specification must always be present Example alt lt 2 gt On Slide 2 Not on slide 2 Once more giving the overlay specification at the end is useful when the command is used inside other commands Example Here is the def
5. begin bfseries end bfseries end altenv renewenvironment lt gt ezisting environment name argument number default optional value begin text end text Redefines an existing environment The original environment is still available under the name original existing environment name Example renewenvironment lt gt verse begin actionenv 1 begin originalverse end originalverse end actionenv 32 The following two commands can be used to ensure that a certain counter is automatically reset on subsequent slides of a frame This is necessary for example for the equation count You might want this count to be increased from frame to frame but certainly not from overlay slide to overlay slide For equation counters and footnote counters you should not use footnotes these commands have already been invoked resetcounteronoverlays counter name After you have invoked this command the value of the specified counter will be the same on all slides of every frame Example resetcounteronoverlays equation Xresetcountonoverlayst count register name The same as resetcounteronoverlays except that this command should be used with counts that have been created using the T X primitive newcount instead of ATEX s definecounter Example newcount mycount resetcountonoverlays mycount 5 Structuring a Presentation 5 1 Creating the Static Global Structure This section lists
6. Example usesubenumerateitemtemplate insertenumlabel insertsubenumlabel usesubsubenumerateitemtemplatet template The template is used to render the default item in the third level of an enumeration Example usesubsubenumerateitemtemplate insertenumlabel insertsubenumlabel insertsubsubenumlabel Nuseenumeratetemplatel begin tezt end text The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a top level enumeration the end text at its end Example useenumeratetemplate usesubenumeratetemplatet begin text end text The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a second level enumeration the end text at its end Example usesubenumeratetemplate begin smal1 end small usesubsubenumeratetemplate begin text end tert The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a third level enumeration the end text at its end Example usesubsubenumeratetemplate begin footnotesize end footnotesize usedescriptiontemplatet description template default width The default width is used as width of the default item if no other width is specified the width labelsep is automatically added to this parameter Example usedescriptionitemtemplate color structure insertdescriptionitem 2cm 104 Inserts for these Templates insertdescriptionitem Inserts the current item of a description environment into a template insertenumlabel Normally this command inserts the current number
7. dualslide x y z options left column right column This command is mapped to a columns environment The left column text is shown in the left column the right column text is shown in the right column The options z y and z are ignored Also all options are ignored except for 1colwidth and rcolwidth These set the width of the left or right column respectively PDForPS PostScript text H PDF tezt Inserts either the PostScript text or the PDF text depending on whether latex or pdflatex is used When porting the PDF text will most likely be incorrect since in PROSPER the PDF text is actually PostScript text that is later transformed to PDF by some external program If the PDF text contains an includegraphics command which is its usual use you should change the name of the graphic file that is included to a name ending pdf png or jpg Typically you will have to convert your graphic to this format 119 onlyInPDF PDF text The PDF text is only included if pdflatex is used The same as for the command PDForPS applies here onlyInPS PS text The PS text is only included if latex is used begin notes title environment contents end notes Mapped to note textbf title environment contents more or less The following commands are parsed by BEAMER but have no effect nyiten FontTitle FontText ColorFoot DefaultTransition NoFrench
8. from slide to slide begin itemize lt ballot visible 1 1 gt item First point item Second point item Third point end itemize The important point is ballot The funny visible 1 1 has the following effect Although it has no effect with respect to what is shown after all it applies to all slides it ensures that in the enumeration the slide number 4 is mentioned Thus there will also be a slide in which all three points are checked 110 10 1 4 Uncovering Tagged Formulas Piecewise Suppose you have a three line formula as the following begin align A amp B amp CM amp D end align Uncovering this formula line by line is a little tricky A first idea is to use the pause or onslide commands Unfortunately these do not work since align internally reprocesses its input several times which messes up the delicate internals of the commands The next idea is the following which works a little better begin align A amp B uncover lt 2 gt k C uncover lt 3 gt amp D end align Unfortunately this does not work in the presence of tags so it works for the align environment What happens is that the tag of the last line is shown on all slides The problem here is that the tag is created when is encountered or when end align is encountered In the last line these are already behind the uncover To solve this problem you can add an empty line without a tag and
9. top is printed just below the headline and bottom is printed just above the footline Example useleftsidebartemplate icm top vfill bottom useleftsidebarbackgroundtemplate template The template is shown behind whatever is shown in the left side bar Example useleftsidebarbackgroundtemplate color red vrule height paperheight width beamer leftsidebar useleftsidebarcolortemplate color expression Uses the given color as background for the sidebar Example useleftsidebarcolortemplate color red useleftsidebarcolortemplate color rgb 1 0 0 5 useleftsidebarverticalshadingtemplate bottom color expression top color expression Installs a smooth vertical transition between the given colors as background for the sidebar Example useleftsidebarverticalshadingtemplate white red useleftsidebarhorizontalshadingtemplate left end color expression right end color expression Installs a smooth horizontal transition between the given colors as background for the sidebar Example useleftsidebarhorizontalshadingtemplate white red usesectionsidetemplate current section template other section template Both parameters should be hboxes The templates are used to typeset a section name inside a side navigation bar Example usesectionsidetemplate setbox tempbox hbox color black tiny kern3pt insertsectionhead ht tempbox 8pt7 dp tempbox
10. 86 Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantou Outline Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Outline Models Standard Model Our Model Power of the Model Palindromes Linear Languages Forbidden Subword Complete Languages Till Tantau Further Reading Till Tantau Standard Model Our Model Palindromes Linear Languages Forbidden Subword Complete Languages Strict Inclusion Summary ar Reading usepackage beamerthemeshadow Example th Computati solutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau 1Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Hemaspaandra et al Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead usepackage beamerthemesplit Example Ba Further Reading Summary For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 B E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Ba Hemaspaandra e
11. environment that contains an overlay you must replace it by a closing end slide and an opening begin slide Next for each slide or slide environment that contains an overlay you must place a frame command around it You can remove the environment unless you use the accumulate option If you use section or subsection commands inside slides you will have to move them outside the frames It may then be necessary to add a frametitle command to the slide 120 9 If you use pdfI4T X to typeset the presentation you cannot include PostScript files You should convert them to pdf or to png and adjust any usage of includegraphics accordingly 10 When starting to change things you can use all of BEAMER s commands and even mix them with SEMINAR commands An example can be found in the file beamerexample seminar tex There are unfortunately numerous places where you may run into problems e The whole note management of seminar is so different from beamer s that you will have to edit notes by hand In particular commands like ifslidesonly and ifslide may not do exactly what you expect e If you use pstricks commands you will either have to stick to using latex and dvips or will have to work around them using for example pgf Porting lot s of pstricks code is bound to be difficult if you wish to switch over to pdflatex so be warned e If the file cannot be compiled because some SEMINAR command is not i
12. subsection Applications Applications to the Reduction of Pollution subsection lt mode specification gt subsection name Starts a subsection without an entry in the table of contents No heading is created but the subsection name is shown in the navigation bar except if subsection name is empty In this case neither a table of contents entry nor a navigation bar entry is created but any frames in this empty subsection are shown in the navigation bar Example section Summary frame This frame is not shown in the navigation bar subsection frame This frame is shown in the navigation bar but no subsection entry is shown subsection A subsection frame Normal frame shown in navigation bar The subsection name is also shown in the navigation bar but not in the table of contents Often you may want a certain type of frame to be shown directly after a section or subsection starts For example you may wish every subsection to start with a frame showing the table of contents with the current subsection hilighted To facilitate this you can use the following two commands 35 AtBeginSection special star text text The given text will be inserted at the beginning of every section If the special star text parameter is specified this text will be used for starred sections instead Different calls of this command will not add up the given texts like the AtBeginDocument command does
13. ww ctan org installationadvice However note that the BEAMER package does not come with a ins file simply skip that part 2 4 Updating the Installation To update your installation from a previous version simply replace everything in the directories like texmf tex latex beamer with the files of the new version The easiest way to do this is to first delete the old version and then proceed as described above Sometimes there are changes in the syntax of certain command from version to version If things no longer work that used to work you wish to have a look at the release notes and at the change log 2 5 Testing the Installation To test your installation copy the file beamerexample1 tex from the examples subdirectory to some place where you usually create presentations Then run the command pdf latex several times on the file and check whether the resulting beamerexample1 pdf looks correct If so you are all set To test the LyX installation try creating a new file from the template beamerpresentation lyx which is located in the directory beamer lyx templates 3 Workflow This section presents a possible workflow for creating a BEAMER presentation and possibly a handout to go along with it Technical questions are addressed like which programs to call with which parameters and hints are given on how to create a presentation If you have already created numerous presentations you may wish to skip the first of the following steps
14. 10 Tips and Dirty Tricks 10 1 Piecewise Uncovering si af ua ae ly ae A AA a re a a ae 10 1 1 Uncovering an Enumeration Piecewise 2 2 200 000 00000000000 10 1 2 Hilighting the Current Point in an Enumeration 10 1 3 Changing Symbol Before an Enumeration e 10 1 4 Uncovering Tagged Formulas Piecewise e e 10 1 5 Uncovering a Table Linewise e 10 1 6 Uncovering a Table Columnwise 00000000000 000084 11 Compatibility and Emulation 11 1 Compatibility with Other Packages and Classes o ee 11 2 Emulation of other Classes a 11 2 1 Prosper and HA Prosper ee ee 11522 Seminar A Gee at AS a SE EE ees eee es HES W233 VOICE RX aca ah aoe ot ke e Oe OEE ob he SE Eh ee ee dae 9 11 24 TX POWER ue od ent tS oe baled gf Gee SS Se eel A a led 12 License The GNU Public License Version 2 127 121 Preamble cata sort ot tot A dd de de Aa do ok Saks E E da e a 127 12 2 Terms and Conditions For Copying Distribution and Modification 128 12 3 No Warranty coo ice A a a ita as as E EE AN 130 1 Introduction This user s guide explains the functionality of the BEAMER class It is a BT X class that allows you to create a presentation with a projector It can also be used to create slides It behaves similarly to other packages like PROSPER but has the advantage that it works together directly with pdflatex bu
15. 9 3 Themes Just like TeX in general the BEAMER class tries to separate the contents of a text from the way it is typeset displayed There are two ways in which you can change how a presentation is typeset you can specify a different theme and you can specify different templates A theme is a predefined collection of templates There exist a number of different predefined themes that can be used together with the BEAMER class Feel free to add further themes Themes are used by including an appropriate TEX style file using the standard usepackage command 83 usepackage beamerthemebars Example For Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead A Salomaa Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 Department of Computer Science University of Rochester B E Dijkstra 2Fakultat fiir Elektrotechnik und Informatik Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Technical University of Berlin Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 paandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Universities of Rochester and Berlin ane aandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Universities of Rochester and Berlin with Absolutely No Space Overhead om with Absolutely No Space Overhead usepackage head
16. like 1cm or 20pt The upper left corner of this area is given by upper left x and upper left y which are also T X dimensions They are measures relative to the place where the first normal text of a frame would go Thus the location Opt Opt is at the beginning of the normal text which excludes the headline and also the frame title By default the button is clickable but it will not be indicated in any special way You can draw a border around the button by using the following option e border width in pixels will draw a border around the specified button area The default width is 1 pixel The color of this button is the linkbordercolor of hyperref BEAMER sets this color to a 50 gray by default To change this you can use the command hypersetup linkbordercolor red green blue where red green and blue are val ues between 0 and 1 When you press the button created in this way the viewer application will hyperjump to the first of the frames specified by the zoomed overlay specification For the slides to which this overlay specification applies the following happens The exact same area as the one specified before is zoomed out to fill the whole normal text area of the frame Everything else including the sidebars the headlines and footlines and even the frame title retain their normal size The zooming is performed in such a way that the whole specified area is completely shown The aspect ratio i
17. overlay specification without an action is promoted to uncover overlay specification If the so called default overlay specification is not empty it will be used in case no action specification is given The default overlay specification is usually just empty but it may be set either by providing an additional optional argument to the command frame or to the environments itemize enumerate or description see these for details Also the default action specification can be set using the command beamerdefaultoverlayspecification see below Example frame beginfactionenv lt 2 alert 3 4 6 gt This text is shown the same way as the text below end actionenv begin uncoverenv lt 2 gt beginfalertenv lt 3 4 6 gt This text is shown the same way as the text above end alertenv end uncoverenv action lt action specification gt text This has the same effect as putting text in an actionenv Example action lt alert 2 gt Could also have used alert lt 2 gt beamerdefaultoverlayspecification default overlay specification Locally sets the default overlay specification to the given value This overlay specification will be used in every actionenv environment and every item that does not have its own overlay specification The main use of this command is to install an incremental overlay specification like lt gt or lt alert gt see Section 4 1 4 Usually the default overla
18. quotation and quote These environments are also available in the BEAMER class where they are overlay specification aware If an overlay specification is given the verse or quotation is shown only on the specified slides and is covered otherwise The difference between a quotation and a quote is that the first has paragraph indentation whereas the second does not Unlike the standard ATEX environments in BEAMER these environments do not only change the left and right margins but also the font A verse is typeset using an italic serif font quotations and quotes are typeset using an italic font whether serif or sans serif depends on the standard document font To change this you can adjust the templates for these environments 5 3 10 Footnotes First a word of warning Using footnotes is usually not a good idea They disrupt the flow of reading You can use the usual footnote command It has been augmented to take an additional option for placing footnotes at the frame bottom instead of at the bottom of the current minipage footnote options tert Inserts a footnote into the current frame Footnotes will always be shown at the bottom of the current frame they will never be moved to other frames As usual one can give a number as options which will cause the footnote to use that number The BEAMER class adds one additional option 58 e frame causes the footnote to be shown at the bottom of the frame This is normally
19. template will be added at the end of the text inserted by the insertframetitle text if a frame has the allowframebreaks option set Example usecontinuationtemplate ifnum insertcontinuationcount gt 1 Forts fi 94 Inserts for these Templates insertframetitle Inserts the current frame title into a template If the current frame has the option allowframebreaks set at the end of this insert the template that has been set using usecontinuationtemplate will be appended insertframesubtitle Inserts the current frame subtitle into a template insertcontinuationtext Inserts the text cont into a template Redefine this insert if you use a different language This insert is used by the template installed by the command beamertemplatecontinuationtext insertcontinuationcount Inserts which page of the current frame is currently presented If the allowframebreaks option is not set this number is 0 insertcontinuationcountroman Inserts which page of the current frame is currently presented as a Roman number 9 4 9 Headlines and Footlines Predefined Templates beamertemplateheadempty Makes the headline empty beamertemplatefootempty Makes the footline empty beamertemplatefootpagenumber Shows only the page number in the footline Template Installation Commands usefoottemplate footline template The final height of the footline is calculated by invoking this template just before the beginning of th
20. we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors reputations 127 Finally any free program is threatened constantly by software patents We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses in effect making the program proprietary To prevent this we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone s free use or not licensed at all The precise terms and conditions for copying distribution and modification follow 12 2 Terms and Conditions For Copying Distribution and Modification 0 This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License The Program below refers to any such program or work and a work based on the Program means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law that is to say a work containing the Program or a portion of it either verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language Hereinafter translation is included without limitation in the term modification Each licensee is addressed as you Activities other than copying distribution and modification are not covered by this License they are outside its scope The act of running the Program is not restricte
21. A more complicate case in which the zoomed parts completely fill the frames frame lt i gt label zooms frametitle lt 1i gt A Complicated Picture framezoom lt 1 gt lt 2 gt border Ocm 0cm 2cm 1 5cm framezoom lt 1 gt lt 3 gt border 1cm 3cm 2cm 1 5cm framezoom lt 1 gt lt 4 gt border 3cm 2cm 3cm 2cm pgfimage height 8cm complicatedimagefilename againframe lt 2 gt plain zooms 5 2 4 Using the Navigation Bars Navigation bars and symbols are two independent concepts that can be used to navigate through a presen tation They are created automatically Most themes that come along with the BEAMER class show some kind of navigation bar during your talk Although these navigation bars take up quite a bit of space they are often useful for two reasons e They provide the audience with a visual feedback of how much of your talk you have covered and what is yet to come Without such feedback an audience will often puzzle whether something you are currently introducing will be explained in more detail later on or not e You can click on all parts of the navigation bar This will directly jump you to the part you have clicked on This is particularly useful to skip certain parts of your talk and during a question session when you wish to jump back to a particular frame someone has asked about Some navigation bars can be compressed using the following option 8 g g Xdocumentclass
22. Example usesubitemizeitemtemplate pgfuseimage mysubbullet 103 usesubsubitemizeitemtemplate template The template is used to render the default item in the third level of an itemize list Example usesubsubitemizeitemtemplate pgfuseimage mysubsubbullet useitemizetemplate begin text end text The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a top level itemize list the end text at its end Example useitemizetemplate usesubitemizetemplate begin tert end text The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a second level itemize list the end text at its end Example usesubitemizetemplate begin smal1 end smal1 usesubsubitemizetemplatet begin text end text The begin text is inserted at the beginning of a third level itemize list the end text at its end Example usesubitemizetemplate begin footnotesize end footnotesize Nuseenumerateitemtemplatet template The template is used to render the default item in the top level of an enumeration Example useenumerateitemtemplate insertenumlabel useenumerateitemminitemplate template The template is used to render the items in an enumeration where the optional argument mini template is used see Section 5 3 1 Example useenumerateitemminitemplate color structure insertenumlabel usesubenumerateitemtemplate template The template is used to render the default item in the second level of an enumeration
23. Inserts the short version of the document title into a template Same options as for insertshortauthor may be given Vinsertshortsubtitle options Inserts the short version of the document subtitle Same options as for Ninsertshortauthor may be given insertsubsection Inserts the current subsection into a template insertsubsectionnavigation width Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all subsections of the current section with the current subsection hilighted insertsubsectionnavigationhorizontal width left insert right insert See insertsectionnavigationhorizontal insertverticalnavigation width Inserts a vertical navigation bar of the given width into a template The bar shows a little ta ble of contents The individual lines are typeset using the templates usesectionsidetemplate and usesubsectionsidetemplate insertvrule color expression thickness Inserts a rule of the given color and thickness into a template 9 4 10 Sidebars Sidebars are vertical areas that stretch from the lower end of the headline to the top of the footline There can be a sidebar at the left and one at the right or even both Sidebars can show a table of contents but they could also be added for purely aesthetic reasons When you install a sidebar template you must explicitly specify the horizontal size of the sidebar The vertical size is determined automatically Each sidebar can have its own ba
24. It is declare like this mytext item lt 3 gt Spaces are not important mytextspaces end itemize defverbatim options command name text The text may contain a verbatim verbatim lstlisting or a related environment The command command name can be used later inside frames The declaration should be done outside the frame Once declared the text can be used in overlays like normal text The following options may be given e colored declares that the verbatim text will have its own colors Normally the verbatim text is typeset using the current color which allows you to use commands like alert to make verbatim text red on certain slides However if the verbatim text has say a special background color or different parts of it a colored differently the 1stlisting environment does this then you do not want the verbatim text to inherit its color from the outside In this case you should give the colored option Example defverbatim algorithma begin verbatim int main void cout lt lt Hello world lt lt endl return 0 end verbatim 24 defverbatim colored algorithmB begin 1stlisting language C backgroundcolor color yellow int main void cout lt lt Hello world lt lt endl return 0 end 1lstlisting frame Our algorithm alert lt 1 gt algorithmA uncover lt 2 gt Note the return value frame Same algo
25. Most options passed to prosper do not apply to beamer and should be omitted 2 Add a usepackage beamerprosper to start the emulation 3 If you add slides relying on HA PROSPER you may wish to add the option framesassubsections to beamerprosper though I do not recommend it use the normal subsection command instead it gives you more fine grained control 4 If you also copy the title commands it may be necessary to adjust the content of commands like title or author Note that in PROSPER the email command is given outside the author command whereas in BEAMER and also in HA PROSPER it is given inside 5 When copying slides containing the command includegraphics you will almost surely have to adjust its usage If you use pdfI4T X to typeset the presentation than you cannot include PostScript file You should convert them to pdf or to png and adjust any usage of includegraphics accordingly 6 When starting to change things you can use all of BEAMER s commands and even mix them with PROSPER commands An example can be found in the file beamerexample prosper tex There are unfortunately quite a few places where you may run into problems e In BEAMER the command XPDForPS will do exactly what the name suggests insert the first argument when run by pdflatex insert the second argument when run by latex However in PROSPER the code inserted for the PDF case is actually PostScript code which is only later converted to PD
26. The color package is not loaded automatically if beamerbasearticle is loaded with the noxcolor option usepackage CJK BEAMER When using the CJK package for using Asian fonts you must use the class option CJK See beamerexample4 tex for an example usepackage deluxetable BEAMER The caption generation facilities of deluxetable are deactivated Instead the caption template is used usepackage enumerate ARTICLE This package is loaded automatically in the presentation modes but not in the article mode If you use its features you have to load the package by hand in the article mode documentclass foils If you wish to emulate the foils class using BEAMER please see Section 11 2 3 usepackage T1 fontenc Use this option only with fonts that have outline fonts available in the T1 encoding like Times or the 1modern fonts In a standard installation the standard Computer Modern fonts the fonts Donald Knuth originally designed and which are used by default are not available in the T1 encoding Using this option with them will result in very poor rendering of your presentation when viewed with PDF viewer applications like Acrobat or xpdf To use the Computer Modern fonts with the T1 encoding use the package lmodern See also Section 9 1 5 usepackage fourier The package switches to a T1 encoding but it does not redefine all fonts such that outline fonts non bitmapped fonts are used by default For example the sans ser
27. a sound object using the command sound which is somewhat similar to movie There also exists a hnyperlinksound command which is similar to hyperlinkmovie While it is concep tually better to use sound for sounds there are a number of this to consider before using it e Several sounds can be played at the same time In particular it is possible to play a general sound in parallel to a hopefully silent movie e A sound playback can persist after the current page is closed though it need not e The data of a sound file can be completely embedded in a PDF file obliberating the need to carry around other files e The sound objects do not work together with dvips and ps2pdf They only work with pdflatex e There is much less control over what part of a sound should be played In particular no control bar is shown and you can specify neither the start time nor the duration e A bug in some versions of the Acrobat Reader makes it necessary to provide very exact details on the encoding of the sound file You have to provide the sampling rate the number of channels mono or stereo the number of bits per sample and the sample encoding method raw signed Alaw or plaw If you do not know this data or provide it incorrectly the sound will be played incorrectly e It seems that you can only include uncompressed sound data which can easily become huge This is not required by the specification but I have been unable to make the A
28. and only have a look at how to convert the tex file into a pdf or ps file BEAMER LYX 3 1 Step Zero Know the Time Constraints When you start to create a presentation the very first thing you should worry about is the amount of time you have for your presentation Depending on the occasion this can be anything between 2 minutes and two hours A simple rule for the number of frames is that you should have at most one frame per minute In most situations you will have less time for your presentation that you would like Do not try to squeeze more into a presentation than time allows for No matter how important some detail seems to you it is better to leave it out but get the main message across than getting neither the main message nor the detail across In many situations a quick appraisal of how much time you have will show that you won t be able to mention certain details Knowing this can save you hours of work on preparing slides that you would have to remove later anyway 3 2 Step One Setup the Files It is advisable that you create a folder for each presentation Even though your presentation will usually reside in a single file TEX produces so many extra files that things can easily get very confusing otherwise The folder s name should ideally start with the date of your talk in ISO format like 2003 12 25 for a Christmas talk followed by some reminder text of what the talk is all about Putting the date at the front in
29. another template Lyx You need to use TRX mode to insert this command beginfalertenv lt overlay specification gt environment contents end alertenv Environment version of the alert command structure lt overlay specification gt text The given text is marked as part of the structure typically by coloring it in the structure color If the overlay specification is present the command only has an effect on the specified slides Example structure Paragraph Heading ARTICLE Structure text is typeset as bold text This can be changed by specifying another template LYX You need to use TRX mode to insert this command begin structureenv lt overlay specification gt environment contents end structureenv Environment version of the structure command 5 3 3 Block Environments The BEAMER class predefines an environment for typesetting a block of text that has a heading The appearence of the block is governed by a template begin block lt action specification gt block title lt action specification gt environment contents end block Only one action specification may be given Inserts a block like a definition or a theorem with the title block title If the action specification is present the given actions are taken on the specified slides see Section 4 1 3 In the example the definition is shown only from slide 3 onward Example begin block lt 3 gt Definition A
30. area is percentage of opaqueness opaque In case of nested calls only the innermost opaqueness specification is used Example beamersetuncovermixins opaqueness lt 1 gt 15 opaqueness lt 1 gt 15 pgfdeclareimage book book pgfdeclareimage book 150paque filenameforbooknearlytransparent Makes everything that is uncovered in two slides only 15 percent opaque 7 Graphics Animations Sounds and Slide Transitions 7 1 Graphics Graphics often convey concepts or ideas much more efficiently than text A picture can say more than a thousand words Although sometimes a word can say more than a thousand pictures In the following the advantages and disadvantages of different possible ways of creating graphics for BEAMER presentations are discussed 7 1 1 Including External Graphic Files One way of creating graphics for a presentation is to use an external program like xfig or the Gimp These programs have an option to export graphic files in a format that can then be inserted into the presentation The main advantage is e You can use a powerful program to create a high quality graphic The main disadvantages are e You have to worry about many files Typically there are at least two for each presentation namely the program s graphic data file and the exported graphic file in a format that can be read by TRX e Changing the graphic using the program does not automatically change the graphic in the presentation Rather
31. as the 12pt option documentclass 14pt beamer Makes all fonts somewhat bigger Requires extsize to be installed documentclass 17pt beamer This is about the default size of PowerPoint Requires extsize to be installed documentclass 20pt beamer This is really huge Requires extsize to be installed 82 9 1 5 Font Encodings The same font can come in different encodings which are very roughly spoken the ways the characters of a text are mapped to glyphs the actual shape of a particular character in a particular font at a particular size In TEX two encodings are often used the T1 encoding and the OT1 encoding old T1 encoding Conceptually the newer T1 encoding is preferable over the old OT1 encoding For example hyphenation of words containing umlauts like the famous German word Fraulein will work only if you use the T1 encod ing Unfortunately only the bitmapped version of the Computer Modern fonts are available in this encoding in a standard installation For this reason using the T1 encoding will produce PDF files that render very poorly Most standard PostScript fonts are available in T1 encoding For example you can use Times in the T1 encoding The package lmodern makes the standard Computer Modern fonts available in the T1 encoding Furthermore if you use lmodern several extra fonts become available like a sans serif boldface math and extra symbols like proper guillemots To select the T1 encodin
32. color as the average background color See the xcolor package for the syntax of color expressions Example beamersetaveragebackground red 10 If you use the commands from Section 9 4 5 for installing a background coloring the average background color is computed automatically for you When you directly use the command usebackgroundtemplate you should must set the average background color afterward 6 3 Transparency Effects By default covered items are not shown during a presentation Thus if you write uncover lt 2 gt Text the text is not shown on any but the second slide On the other slide the text is not simply printed using the background color it is not shown at all This effect is most useful if your background does not have a uniform color Sometimes however you might prefer that covered items are not completely covered Rather you would like them to be shown already in a very dim or shaded way This allows your audience to get a feeling for what is yet to come without getting distracted by it Also you might wish text that is covered once more still to be visible to some degree Ideally there would be an option to make covered text transparent This would mean that when covered text is shown it would instead be mixed with the background behind it Unfortunately pgf does not support real transparency yet Nevertheless one can come quite close to transparent text using the special command beamers
33. compress beamer Tries to make all navigation bars as small as possible For example all small frame representations in the navigation bars for a single section are shown alongside each other Normally the representations for different subsections are shown in different lines Furthermore section and subsection navigations are compressed into one line When you click on one of the icons representing a frame in a navigation bar by default this is icon is a small circle the following happens e Tf you click on the icon of any frame other than the current frame the presentation will jump to the first slide of the frame you clicked on e If you click on the current frame and you are not on the last slide of this frame you will jump to the last slide of the frame 47 e If you click on the current frame and you are on the last slide you will jump to the first slide of the frame By the above rules you can e Jump to the beginning of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on it once e Jump to the end of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on it twice e Skip the rest of the current frame by clicking on it once I also tried making a jump to an already visited frame jump automatically to the last slide of this frame However this turned out to be more confusing than helpful With the current implementation a double click always brings you to the end of a slide regardless from where you come By clicking on a section or
34. creates a label named name lt slide number gt for each slide of the frame as a side effect Thus the above example could be written more easily as frame label threeitems begin itemize item lt 1 gt First item item lt 2 gt Second item item lt 3 gt Third item end itemize hyperlink threeitems lt 2 gt beamergotobutton Jump to second slide The following commands can be used to specify in an abstract way what a button will be used for How exactly these buttons are rendered is governed by a template see Section 9 4 11 beamerbutton button text Draws a button with the given button text Example hyperlink somewhere beamerbutton Go somewhere ARTICLE This command and the following just insert their argument in article mode 42 Nbeamergotobuttont button texrt Draws a button with the given button text Before the text a small symbol usually a right pointing arrow is inserted that indicates that pressing this button will jump to another area of the presentation Example hyperlink detour beamergotobutton Go to detour beamerskipbutton button text The symbol drawn for this button is usually a double right arrow Use this button if pressing it will skip over a well defined part of your talk Example frame begin theorem end theorem begin overprint onslide lt 1 gt hfill hyperlinkframestartnext beamerskipbutton Skip proof onslide lt 2 gt begin proof
35. details As can be seen the text looks almost like a normal ATEX text The main difference is the usage of the frame command This command takes one parameter which is the text that should be shown on the frame Typically the contents of a frame is shown on a single slide However in case you use overlay commands inside a frame a single frame command may produce several slides An example is the last frame in the above example There the item commands are followed by overlay specifications like lt 1 gt which means from slide 1 on Such a specification causes the item to be shown only on the specified slides of the frame see Section 4 for details In the above example a total of five slides are produced a title page slide an outline slide a slide showing only the first of the three items a slide showing the first two of them and a slide showing all three items To structure your text you can use the commands section and subsection These commands will not only create entries in the table of contents but will also in the navigation bars 1 2 Getting Started with the Beamer Class and LyX Once installed see Section 2 using the BEAMER class together with LyX is quite easy You open a new file and choose beamer as the document class It is often even easier to choose New from template and to pick a template from the directory beamer lyx templates To reproduce the example from the previous subsection in LyX proceed as
36. environment contents end defintion Behaves like the theorem environment except that the theorem style definition is used In this style the body of a theorem is typeset in an upright font The environment definitions behaves exactly the same way begin example lt action specification gt additional text lt action specification gt environment contents end example Behaves like the theorem environment except that the theorem style example is used A side effect of using this theorem style is that the environment contents is put in an exampleblock instead of a block The environment examples behaves exactly the same way Some remarks on numbered theorems The default template for typesetting theorems suppresses the theorem number even if this number is avail able for typesetting which it is by default in all predefined environments but if you define your own environment using newtheorem no number will be available I would like to discourage using numbered theorems in presentations The audience has no chance of remembering these numbers Never say things like now by Theorem 2 5 that I showed you earlier we have It would be much better to refer to say Kummer s Theorem instead of Theorem 2 5 If Theorem 2 5 is some obscure theorem that does not have its 54 ARTICLE own name like Kummer s Theorem or Main Theorem or Second Main Theorem or Key Lemma then the audience will have forgotten about
37. f ur Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin ARTICLE The short form is ignored in article mode The long form is also ignored except if the document class like 11ncs defines it date short date date Example date today or date STACS 2003 STACS Conference 2003 ARTICLE The short form is ignored in article mode titlegraphic tezt The text is shown as title graphic Typically a picture environment is used as tezt Example titlegraphic pgfuseimage titlegraphic ARTICLE The command is ignored in article mode subject tezt Enters the text as the subject text in the PDF document info It currently has no other effect By default the title and author commands will also insert their arguments into a resulting PDF file in the document information fields This may cause problems if you use complicated things like boxes as arguments to these commands In this case you might wish to switch off the automatic generation of these entries using the following class option documentclass usepdftitle false beamer Suppresses the automatic generation of title and author entries in the PDF document information 34 5 1 2 Adding Sections and Subsections You can structure your text using the commands section and subsection Unlike standard TpX these commands will not create a heading at the position where you use them Rather they will add an entry to the table of contents and also to t
38. fonts correctly 9 1 4 Font Sizes The default sizes of the fonts are chosen in a way that makes it difficult to fit too much onto a slide Also it will ensure that your slides are readable even under bad conditions like a large room and a small only a small projection area However you may wish to enlarge or shrink the fonts a bit if you know this to be more appropriate in your presentation environment The default font size is 11pt This may seem surprisingly small but the actual size of each frame is just 128mm times 96mm and the viewer application enlarges the font By specifying a default font size smaller than 11pt you can put more onto each slide by specifying a larger font size you can fit on less To specify the font size you can use the following class options Xdocumentclass 8pt beamer This is way too small Requires that the package extsize is installed documentclass 9pt beamer This is also too small Requires that the package extsize is installed documentclass 10pt beamer If you really need to fit much onto each frame use this option Works without extsize documentclass smaller beamer Same as the 10pt option documentclass 11ipt beamer The default font size You need not specify this option documentclass 12pt beamer Makes all fonts a little bigger which makes the text more readable The downside is that less fits onto each frame documentclass bigger beamer Same
39. for movie this causes a control bar to be shown or not shown during playback e start time s As for movie this causes the given number of seconds to be skipped at the beginning of the movie if play is used to start the movie e stop Causes the playback of the movie to be stopped 7 2 2 Animations Created by Showing Slides in Rapid Succession You can create an animation in a portable way by using the overlay commands of the BEAMER package to create a series of slides that when shown in rapid succession present an animation This is a flexible approach but such animations will typically be rather static since it will take some time to advance from one slide to the next This approach is mostly useful for animations where you want to explain each picture of the animation When you advance slides by hand that is by pressing a forward button it typically takes at least a second for the next slide to show More lively animations can be created by relying on a capability of the viewer program Some programs support showing slides only for a certain number of seconds during a presentation for the Acrobat Reader this works only in full screen mode By setting the number of seconds to zero you can create a rapid succession of slides To facilitate the creation of animations using this feature the following commands can be used animate and animatevalue 65 animate lt overlay specification gt The slides specif
40. it anyway by the time you refer to it again In my opinion the only situtation in which numbered theorems make sense in a presentation is in a lecture in which the students can read lecture notes in parallel to the lecture where the theorems are numbered in exactly the same way In article mode theorems are automatically numbered By specifying the class option envcountsect theorems will be numbered locally to each section which is usually a good idea except for very short articles The predefined environments number everything consecutively Thus if there are one theorem one lemma and one definition you would have Theorem 1 Lemma 2 and Definition 3 Some people prefer all three to be numbered 1 I would strongly like to discourage this The problem is that this makes it virtually impossible to find anything since Theorem 2 might come after Definition 10 or the other way round Papers and worse books that have a Theorem 1 and a Definition 1 are a pain Do not inflict pain on other people begin proof lt action specification gt proof name lt action specification gt environment contents end proof Typesets a proof If the optional proof name is given it completely replaces the word Proof This is different from normal theorems where the optional argument is shown in brackets At the end of the theorem a qed symbol is shown except if you say qedhere earlier in the proof this is exactly as in amsthm The defaul
41. large enough to accommodate the largest contents of the area The overlay specifications of the onslide commands must be disjoint This may be a problem for handouts since there all overlay specifications defaul to 1 If you use the option handout you can disable all but one onslide by setting the others to 0 Example begin overprint onslide lt 1 handout 1 gt Some text for the first slide Possibly several lines long onslide lt 2 handout 0 gt Replacement on the second slide Supressed for handout end foverprint Use the style Overprint to insert an overprint environment You have to use T X mode to insert the onslide commands 4 4 Making Commands and Environments Overlay Specification A ware This subsection explains how to define new commands that are overlay specification aware Also it explains how to setup counters correctly that should be increased from frame to frame like equation numbering but not from slide to slide You may wish to skip this section unless you want to write your own extensions to the BEAMER class BEAMER extends the syntax of XTRX s standard command newcommand newcommand lt gt command name L argument number L default optional value text Declares the new command named command name The text should contain the body of this command and it may contain occurences of parameters like number Here number may be between 1 and argument number 1 The addit
42. on as you work on the talk You should not use more than four sections and not less than two per part Even four sections are usually too much unless they follow a very easy pattern Five and more sections are simply too hard to remember for the audience After all when you present the table of contents the audience will not yet really be able to grasp the importance and relevance of the different sections and will most likely have forgotten them by the time you reach them Ideally a table of contents should be understandable by itself In particular it should be comprehensible before someone has heard your talk Keep section and subsection titles selfexplaining Note that each part has its own table of contents Both the sections and the subsections should follow a logical pattern Begin with an explanation of what your talk is all about Do not assume that everyone knows this The Ignorant Audience Law states The audience always knows less than you think it should know even if you take the Ignorant Audience Law into account Then explain what you or someone else has found out concerning the subject matter Always conclude your talk with a summary that repeats the main message of the talk in a short and simple way People pay most attention at the beginning and at the end of talks The summary is your second chance to get across a message You can also add an appendix part using the appendix command Put everything into this part that yo
43. other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead You can apply it to your programs too When we speak of free software we are referring to freedom not price Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software and charge for this service if you wish that you receive source code or can get it if you want it that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs and that you know you can do these things To protect your rights we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software or if you modify it For example if you distribute copies of such a program whether gratis or for a fee you must give the recipients all the rights that you have You must make sure that they too receive or can get the source code And you must show them these terms so they know their rights We protect your rights with two steps 1 copyright the software and 2 offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy distribute and or modify the software Also for each author s protection and ours we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software If the software is modified by someone else and passed on
44. see Section 11 2 4 usepackage textpos BEAMER BEAMER automatically installs a white background behind everything unless you install a different background template Because of this you must use the overlay option when using textpos so that it will place boxes before everything Alternatively you can install an empty background template but this may result in an incorrect display in certain situtations with older versions of the Acrobat Reader usepackage ucs See Musepackage utf8 inputenc usepackage xcolor BEAMER The xcolor package is automatically loaded by beamer cls The same applies as to color documentclass xcolor list of options beamer Causes the list of options to be passed on to the xcolor package When using BEAMER together with the pstricks package be sure to pass the xcolor pst option to BEAMER and hence to xcolor ARTICLE The color package is not loaded automatically if beamerbasearticle is loaded with the noxcolor option 114 11 2 Emulation of other Classes The BEAMER class comes with a number of emulation layer for classes or packages that do not support BEAMER directly For example the package beamerseminar maps some not all commands of the SEMINAR class to appropriate BEAMER commands This way individual slides or whole sets of slides that have been prepared for a presentation using SEMINAR can be used inside BEAMER provided they are reasonably simple None of the emulation layer
45. specification only applies to that mode If no mode is given as in 3 the mode beamer is automatically added For this reason if you write only lt 3 gt Text and you are in handout mode the text will be shown on all slides since there is no restriction specified for handouts and since the 3 is the same as beamer 3 It is also possible to give an overlay specification that contains only a mode name or several separated by vertical bars only lt article gt This text is shown only in article mode An overlay specification that does not contain any slide numbers is called a pure mode specification If a mode specification is given all modes that are not mentioned are automatically suppressed Thus lt beamer 1 gt means on all slides in beamer mode and also on all slides in all other modes since nothing special is specified for them whereas lt beamer gt means on all slides in beamer mode and not on any other slide Mode specifications can also be used outside frames as in the following examples section lt presentation gt This section exists only in the presentation modes section lt article gt This section exists only in the article mode You can also mix pure mode specifications and overlay specifications although this can get confusing only lt article beamer 1 gt Riddle This will cause the text Riddle to be inserted in article mode and on the first slide of a frame in beamer mode but not at all in handou
46. steps are optional but they can simplify the creation of the article version e In the main file main tex delete the first line which sets the document class e Create a file named say main beamer tex with the following content documentclass ignorenonframetext beamer input main tex e Create an extra file named say main article tex with the following content documentclass class article beamer usepackage beamerbasearticle setjobnamebeamerversion main beamer input main tex e You can now run pdflatex or latex on the two files main beamer tex and main article tex The command set jobnamebeamerversion tells the article version where to find the presentation version This is necessary if you wish to include slides from the presentation version in an article as figures setjobnamebeamerversion filename without extension Tells the BEAMER class where to find the presentation version of the current file An example of this workflow approach can be found in the examples subdirectory for files starting with beamerexample2 8 4 3 Including Slides from the Presentation Version in the Article Version If you use the package beamerbasearticle the frame command becomes available in article mode By adjusting the frame template you can mimic the appearance of frames typeset by BEAMER in your articles However sometimes you may wish to insert the real thing into the article version that is a precise s
47. still access to original definitions using the command beameroriginal see the example Example This command is used in BEAMER to make hyperlink overlay specification aware renewcommand lt gt hyperlink 2 only 3 beameroriginal hyperlink 1 2 newenvironment lt gt environment name argument number default optional value begin text end text Declares a new environment that is overlay specification aware If this environment is encountered the same algorithm as for newcommand lt gt is used to parse the arguments and the overlay specification Note that as always the end text may not contain any arguments like 1 In particular you do not have access to the overlay specification In this case it is usually a good idea to use altenv environment in the begin text Example Declare your own action block newenvironment lt gt myboldblock 1 begin actionenv 2 textbf 1 par par end actionenv frame begin myboldblock lt 2 gt This theorem is shown only on the second slide end myboldblock Example Text in the following environment is normally bold and italic on non specified slides newenvironment lt gt boldornormal beginfaltenv 1 begin bfseries end bfseries HI end altenv Incidentally since altenv also accepts its argument at the end the same effect could have been achieved using just newenvironment boldornormal begin faltenv
48. subsection in the navigation bar you will jump to that section Clicking on a section is particularly useful if the section starts with a Xtableofcontents current since you can use it to jump to the different subsections By clicking on the document title in a navigation bar not all themes show it you will jump to the first slide of your presentation usually the title page except if you are already at the first slide On the first slide clicking on the document title will jump to the end of the presentation if there is one Thus by double clicking the document title in a navigation bar you can jump to the end 5 2 5 Using the Navigation Symbols Navigation symbols are small icons that are shown on every slide by default The following symbols are shown 1 A slide icon which is depicted as a single rectangle To the left and right of this symbol a left and right arrow are shown 2 A frame icon which is depicted as three slide icons stacked on top of each other This symbol is framed by arrows 3 A subsection icon which is depicted as a highlighted subsection entry in a table of contents This symbols is framed by arrows 4 A section icon which is depicted as a highlighted section entry together with all subsections in a table of contents This symbol is framed by arrows 5 A presentation icon which is depicted as a completely highlighted table of contents 6 An appendix icon which is depicted as a completely
49. that are ordered Inside the environment use an item command for each topic By default before each item increasing Arabic numbers followed by a dot are printed as in 1 and 2 This can be changed by specifying a different template see Section 9 4 16 The first optional argument default overlay specification has exactly the same effect as for the itemize environment It is detected by the opening lt sign in the default overlay specification Thus if there is only one optional argument and if this argument does not start with lt then it is considered to be a mini template The syntax of the mini template is the same as the syntax of mini templates in the enumerate package you do not need to include the enumerate package this is done automatically Roughly spoken the text of the mini template is printed before each item but any occurrence of a 1 in the mini template is replaced by the current item number an occurrence of the letter A is replaced by the ith letter of the alphabet in uppercase for the ith item and the letters a i and I are replaced by the corresponding lowercase letters lowercase Roman letters and uppercase Roman letters respectively So the mini template i would yield the items i ii iii iv and so on The mini template A would yield the items A B C D and so on For more details on the possible mini templates see the documentation of the enumerate package Note t
50. the columns to be centered vertically relative to each other Default unless the global option slidestop is used e onlytextwidth is the same as totalwidth textwidth e t will cause the first lines of the columns to be aligned Default if global option slidestop is used totalwidth width will cause the columns to occupy not the whole page width but only width all told Example begin columns t begin column 5cm Two lines end column begin column 5cm One line but aligned end column end columns Example begin columns t column 5cm Two lines column 5cm One line but aligned end columns ARTICLE This environment is ignored in article mode LYX Use Columns or ColumnsTopAligned to create a columns environment To pass options insert them in T X mode right at the beginning of the environment in square brackets To create a column you can either use the column environment or the column command begin column placement column width environment contents end column Creates a single column of width column width The vertical placement of the enclosing columns environment can be overruled by specifying a specific placement t for top c for centered and b for bottom Example The following code has the same effect as the above examples begin columns 57 begin column t 5cm Two lines end column begin column t 5cm One line but alig
51. the commands that are used for structuring a presentation globally using commands like section or part These commands are use to create a static structure meaning that the resulting presenation is normally presented one slide after the other in the order the slides occur Section 5 2 explains which commands can be used to create the interactive structure For the interactive structure you must interact with the presenation program typically by clicking on hyperlinks to advance the presentation 5 1 1 Adding a Title Page You can use the titlepage command to insert a title page into a frame The titlepage command will arrange the following elements on the title page the document title the author s s names their affiliation a title graphic and a date titlepage Inserts the text of a title page into the current frame Example frame titlepage LYX If you use the Title style in your presentation a title page is automatically inserted For compatibility with other classes in article mode the following command is also provided maketitle BEAMER If used inside a frame it has the same effect as titlepage If used outside a frame it has the same effect as frame titlepage in other words a frame is added if necessary Before you invoke the title page command you must specify all elements you wish to be shown This is done using the following commands titleL short title title The short tile is used in
52. the contents of the environment is inserted into the text only on the specified slides The difference to Nonly is that the text is actually typeset inside a box that is then thrown away whereas only immediately throws away its contents If the text is not typesettable the onlyenv may produce an error where only would not Example frame This line is always shown begin onlyenv lt 2 gt This line is inserted on slide 2 end onlyenv beginfaltenv lt overlay specification gt begin text end text alternate begin text alternate end text lt overlay specification gt environment contents end altenv Only one overlay specification may be given On the specified slides begin text will be inserted at the beginning of the environment and end tezt will be inserted at the end On all other slides alternate begin text and alternate end text will be used Example M rame This begin altenv lt 2 gt word end uncoverenv is in round brackets on slide 2 and in square brackets on slide 1 4 3 4 Dynamically Changing Text You may sometimes wish to have some part of a frame change dynamically from slide to slide On each slide of the frame something different should be shown inside this area You could achieve the effect of dynamically changing text by giving a list of only commands like this only lt 1 gt Initial text only lt 2 gt Replaced by this on second
53. the default behavior anyway but in minipages and certain blocks it makes a difference In a minipage the footnote is usually shown as part of the minipage rather than as part of the frame Example footnote On a fast machine Example footnote frame 2 Not proved You can change the way footnotes are typeset by changing the footnote templates see Section 9 4 14 6 Color Management The color management of the BEAMER class relies on the packages xcolor which is a stand alone extension of the color package and on xxcolor which in turn is an extension of xcolor and is part of PGF Hopefully in the future xxcolor and xcolor will merge into one package and perhaps they will someday also merge together with color Since the color package and the xcolor package are loaded already by the BEAMER class in order to pass options to these classes you need to use the class options color options for color or xcolor options for xcolor to pass options to these classes The whole color management will hopefully be much improved in the future 6 1 Colors of Main Text Elements By default the following colors are used in a presentation e Normal text is typeset in black e All structural elements like titles navigation bars block titles and so on are typeset using the color beamerstructure By default this color is bluish Using one of the class options red blackandwhite or brown changes this You can also change this color
54. the symbol will be part of this text The button creation commands automatically add the following three inserts to the text to be rendered by insertbuttontext insertgotosymbol Inserts a small right pointing arrow insertskipsymbol Inserts a double right pointing arrow insertreturnsymbol Inserts a small left pointing arrow You can redefine these commands to change these symbols 99 9 4 12 Navigation Bars Predefined Templates beamertemplatecircleminiframe Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small circle beamertemplatecircleminiframeinverted Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small circle but with the colors inverted Use this if the navigation bar is shown on a dark background beamertemplatesphereminiframe Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small sphere beamertemplatesphereminiframeinverted Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small sphere but with the colors inverted Use this if the navigation bar is shown on a structure background beamertemplateboxminiframe Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small box beamertemplateticksminiframe Changes the symbols in a navigation bar used to represent a frame to a small vertical bar of varying length Template Installation Commands usesectionheadtemplate current sectio
55. then insert a negative vertical skip to undo the last line begin align A amp B uncover lt 2 gt k C uncover lt 3 gt x D notag end align vskip 1 5em 10 1 5 Uncovering a Table Linewise When you wish to uncover a table line by line you will run into all sorts of problems if there are vertical and horizontal lines in the table The reason is that the first vertical line at the left end is drawn before the line is even read and thus in particular before any onslide command can be read However placing a pause or uncover at the end of the line before is also not helpful since it will then suppress the horizontal line below the last uncovered line A possible way to solve this problem is not to use either horizontal or vertical lines Instead colouring the lines using the colortbl package is a good alternative to structure the table Here is an optically pleasing example where the table is uncovered line wise rowcolors 1 blue 20 blue 10 begin tabular 1 vrule cccc Class amp A amp B amp C8 amp D hline X amp 1 amp 2 amp 3 amp 4 pause Y 38 48 5 6 pause Z 5 68 78 end tabular By using onslide instead of pause you can get more fine grained control over which line is shown on which slide 111 10 1 6 Uncovering a Table Columnwise The same problems as for uncovering a table linewise arise for uncovering it columnwise Once more using the colortbl1 package
56. title using a bold face and centers it beamertemplatelargeframetitle Typesets the frame title using a large face and flushes it left beamertemplatecontinuationroman Causes the text in the frame title informing that the current frame has been broken up into several pages to be Roman numbers Thus if you have a frame with title Foo that is broken up into two pages the first page will have the title Foo I and the second will have Foo II beamertemplatecontinuationtext Causes the text in the frame title informing that the current frame has been broken up into several pages to be the text insertcontinuationtext on all pages but the first This text inserted by this insert is cont by default Thus if you have a frame with title Foo that is broken up into two pages the first page will have the title Foo and the second will have Foo cont or Foo Forts if you have redefined insertcontinuationtext to Forts Template Installation Commands useframetitletemplate frame title template Example Nuseframetitletemplatet begin centering structure textbf insertframetitle par small structure textbf insertframesubtitle par end centering ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode By default a new paragraph is created You may wish to install a template that will simply suppress the frame title usecontinuationtemplate template The
57. trick as for the PDF version can be used to make the borders of slides more pronounced in the handout version You can convert a PostScript file to a pdf file using gt ps2pdf main ps main pdf Use View Postscript to view the PostScript version 3 5 Step Four Create Frames Once the table of contents looks satisfactory start creating frames for your presentation In the following some guidelines that I stick to are given on what to put on slides and what not to put You can certainly ignore any of these guidelines but you should be aware of it when you ignore a rule and you should be able to justify it to yourself To create a frame use the style BeginFrame The frame title is given on the line of this style The frame ends automatically with the start of the next frame with a section or subsection command and with an empyt line in the sylte EndFrame Note that the last frame of your presentation must be ended using EndFrame and that the last frame before the appendix must be ended this way 10 3 5 1 Guidelines on What to Put on a Frame A frame with too little on it is better than a frame with too much on it Do not assume that everyone in the audience is an expert on the subject matter Remember the Ignorant Audience Law Even if the people listening to you should be experts they may last have heard about things you consider obvious several years ago You should always have the time for a quick reminder
58. usually rendered as a button that when you click on it jumps the presentation to some other slide Creating such a button is a three step process 1 You specify a target using the command hypertarget or easier the command Mabel In some cases see below this step may be skipped 2 You render the button using beamerbutton or a similar command This will render the button but clicking it will not yet have any effect 3 You put the button inside a Nhyperlink command Now clicking it will jump to the target of the link hypertarget lt overlay specification gt t target name H text Tf the overlay specification is present the text is the target for hyper jumps to target name only on the specified slide On all other slides the text is shown normally Note that you must add an overlay specification to the hypertarget command whenever you use it on frames that have multiple slides otherwise pdflatex rightfully complains that you have defined the same target on different slides Example frame begin itemize item lt 1 gt First item item lt 2 gt Second item item lt 3 gt Third item end itemize hyperlink jumptosecond beamergotobutton Jump to second slide hypertarget lt 2 gt jumptosecond ARTICLE You must say usepackagefhyperref in your preamble to use this command in article mode The label command creates a hypertarget as a side effect and the label name option of the frame command
59. you must reexport the graphic and rerun ATEX e It may be difficult to get the line width fonts and font sizes right e Creating formulas as part of graphics is often difficult or impossible 61 You can use all the standard TeX commands for inserting graphics like includegraphics be sure to use the package graphics Also the pgf package offers commands for including graphics Either will work fine in most situations so choose whichever you like Like pgfdeclareimage includegraphics also includes an image only once in a pdf file even if it used several times as a matter of fact the graphics package is even a bit smarter about this than pgf However currently only pgf offers the ability to include images that are partly transparent There are few things to note about the format of graphics you can include e When using latex and dvips you can only include external graphic files ending with the extension eps Encapsulated PostScript or ps PostScript This is true both for the normal graphics package and for pgf When using pgf do not add the extension eps When using graphics do add the extension If your graphic file has a different format like a jpg file you must first convert it to an eps file using some conversion program e When using pdflatex you can only include external graphic files ending with one of the extensions pdf jpg jpeg or png As before do not add these extension when using pgf but do add
60. 2 Unlike normal TAT X the default template for the bibliography does not repeat the citation text like Dijkstra 1982 before each item in the bibliography Instead a cute small article symbol is drawn The rationale is that the audience will not be able to remember any abbreviated citation texts till the end of the talk If you really insist on using abbreviations you can use the command Xbeamertemplatetextbibitems to restore the default behavior see also Section 9 4 7 5 1 7 Adding an Appendix You can add an appendix to your talk by using the appendix command You should put frames and perhaps whole subsections into the appendix that you do not intend to show during your presentation but which might be useful to answer a question The appendix command essentially just starts a new part named appendixname However it also sets up certain hyperlinks Like other parts the appendix is kept separate of your actual talk 40 appendix lt mode specification gt Starts the appendix in the specified modes All frames all subsection commands and all section commands used after this command will not be shown as part of the normal navigation bars Example begin document frame titlepage section Outline frame tableofcontents section Main Text frame Some text section Summary frame Summary text appendix section appendixname frame tableofcontents subsection Additional material frame Deta
61. 2 and later item lt 3 gt Fourth point shown on slide 3 end itemize frame begin enumerate item lt 3 alert 3 gt 0 A zeroth point shown at the very end item lt 1 alert 1 gt The first an main point item lt 2 alert 2 gt The second point end enumerate 28 ARTICLE The action specification is currently completely ignored LYX The action specification must be given in T X mode and it must be given at the very start of the item The related command bibitem is also overlay specification aware in the same way as item label lt overlay specification gt label name Tf the overlay specification is present the label is only inserted on the specified slide Inserting a label on more than one slide will cause a multiple labels warning However if no overlay specification is present the specification is automatically set to just 1 and the label is thus inserted only on the first slide This is typically the desired behaviour since it does not really matter on which slide the label is inserted except if you use an only command and except if you wish to use that lable as a hyperjump target Then you need to specifiy a slide Labels can be used as target of hyperjumps A convenient way of labelling a frame is to use the label name option of the frame command However this will cause the whole frame to be kept in memory till the end of the compilation which may pose a problem Exa
62. 2pt wd tempbox beamer sidebarwidth box tempbox setbox tempbox hbox color structure 75 tiny kern3pt insertsectionhead ht tempbox 8pt7 dp tempbox 2pt wd tempbox beamer sidebarwidth box tempbox 98 usesubsectionsidetemplate current subsection template H other subsection template See usesectionsidetemplate Example usesectionsidetemplate setbox tempbox hbox color black tiny kern3pt insertsectionhead ht tempbox 8pt7 dp tempbox 2pt wd tempbox beamer sidebarwidth box tempbox setbox tempbox hbox color structure 75 tiny kern3pt insertsectionhead ht tempbox 8pt7 dp tempbox 2pt wd tempbox beamer sidebarwidth box tempbox 9 4 11 Buttons Predefined Templates beamertemplateoutlinebuttons Renders buttons as rectangles with rounded left and right border Only the border outline is painted beamertemplatesolidbuttons Renders buttons as filled rectangles with rounded left and right border Template Installation Commands usebuttontemplate button template Installs a new button template This template is invoked whenever a button should be rendered Example usebuttontemplate color structure insertbuttontext Inserts Inside the button template the button text can be accessed via the following command insertbuttontext Inserts the text of the current button into a template When called by button creation commands like beamerskipbutton
63. 44100 this option need not be specified width T X dimension works like the height option only for the width of the poster box Example The following example creates a background sound for the slide assuming that applause au is encoded correctly 44100 samples per second mono plaw encoded 16 bits per sample sound autostart applause au Just like movies sounds can also serve as destinations of special sound hyperlinks hyperlinksound options sound label H text Causes the text to become a sound hyperlink When you click on the text the sound with the label sound label will start to play The following options may be given loop or repeat Causes the sound to start again when the end has been reached mixsound true or false If set to true the sound is played in addition to any sound that is already playing If set to false all other sounds though not sound from movies is stopped before the the sound is played The default is false Since there is no direct way of stopping the playback of a sound the following command is useful hyperlinkmute tezt Causes the tezt to become a hyperlink that when clicked stops the playback of all sounds 68 ARTICLE LYX 7 4 Slide Transitions PDF in general and the Acrobat Reader in particular offer a standardized way of defining slide transitions Such a transition is a visual effect that is used to show the slide For example instead of
64. BabelItemize TitleSlideNav NormalSlideNav HAPsetup LeftFoot and RightFoot 11 2 2 Seminar The package beamerseminar maps a subset of the commands of the SEMINAR package to BEAMER As for PROSPER the emulation cannot be perfect For example no portrait slides are supported no automatic page breaking the framing of slides is not emulated Unfortunately for all frames slide environments that contain overlays you have to put the environment into a frame by hand and must remove all occurences of newslide inside the environment by closing the slide and opening a new one and them putting these into frame commands The workflow for the migration is the following 1 Use the document class beamer not seminar Most options passed to seminar do not apply to beamer and should be omitted If you copy parts of a presentation that is mixed with normal text add the ignorenonframetext option and place every slide environment inside a frame since BEAMER will not recognize the begin slide as the beginning of a frame Add a usepackage beamerseminar to start the emulation Add the option accumulate if you wish to create a presentation to be held with a video projector Possibly add commands to install themes and templates The should be not commands in the preamble having to do with page and slide styles They do not apply to beamer Ifa newslide command is used in a slide or similarly slide
65. Compilation Speed 002000000007 3 6 Step Five Test Your Presentation 0 00 ee ee 3 7 Step Six Optionally Create a Handout or an Article Version o Frames and Overlays 4 1 The Concept of Overlay Specifications ee 4 1 1 The General Concept 4 12 Mode Sp cifications o aoo r a ur A be AA 4 1 3 Action Specifications a a a i E i aA a A a a E E a E a a aA A 4 1 4 Incremental Specifications a A2 ErAME SAN a A de O A A e de C AS a 42 00 Frame Creatas 4 2 2 Components ofa Frame 0 0 ce ee 4 2 3 Restricting the Slides of a Frame e 4 2 4 Verbatim Commands and Listings inside Frames o 4 3 Creating OVerlayS di ed E le E AAA a BOR Bala AA o 4 3 1 The Pause Commands 0 0 eee ee ee ee 4 3 2 Commands with Overlay Specifications 2 2 20 20 0000 000000048 4 3 3 Environments with Overlay Specifications o e 4 3 4 Dynamically Changing Text sg se atoe g aue a a a p a a 0022 o e 4 4 Making Commands and Environments Overlay Specification Aware ooo oa Structuring a Presentation 5 1 Creating the Static Global Structure ee Sil Addine a Pile Pape Lt tt a a do da dede tarda 5 1 2 Adding Sections and Subsections E O a A E G mka Addie Partida pda Sd ot of a BASA E eS 5 1 4 Splitting a Course Into Lectures a oa a 5 1 5 Adding a Table of Contents ee eE R
66. EE ee 5 1 6 Adding a Bibliography iaa e dd aa Se eae ea aM 5 1 7 Adding an Appendix aoaaa ee 5 2 Creating the Interactive Global Structure 2 2 e 5 2 1 Adding Hyperlinks and Buttons e 5 2 2 Repeating a Frame at a Later Point o e o 5 2 3 Adding Anticipated Zooming 0 00 ee ee 5 2 4 Using the Navigation Bals ue ii ll ee al ote a AA Se GEG 5 2 5 Using the Navigation Symbols 0 2 20 00000000 002000004 5 3 Creating the Local Structure oaa e 5 3 1 Itemizations Enumerations and Descriptions e EA y EN A O NN 5 3 3 Block Environments 2 4 56 5 4 ad a a ee Gee amp 5 3 4 Theorem Environments aa ee 530 Framed Text q org a Aa a EE Ee Pee a a 5 9 6 Higures and Tablesss oe la e oS a a Rohe ee BBE DAD Oe Ee Oe oS 5 3 7 Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns 000 5 3 8 Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely o o o e 5 3 9 Verse Quotations Quotes 2 a Do lO HOOENOTES ii se ars aa ee Ge a EE ec aah AA ee Se Color Management 6 1 Colors of Main Text Elements 2 2 6 2 Average Background Color oj a a ate ea a AR A bee A 6 37 Transparency Effects omnia Me daria tas arin ton tay Rec eae we A A BOE Ba gle inant bt Graphics Animations Sounds and Slide Transitions TH Graphics A fos Eh ek ahh eR te Re Ae A oe de coe MRS ab ed ib tad Balan Ed A 7 1 1 Including Exte
67. Example transdissolve duration 0 2 transglitter lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide with a glitter effect that sweeps in the specified direction Example transglitter lt 2 3 gt direction 90 transsplitverticalin lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by sweeping two vertical lines from the sides inward Example transsplitverticalin transsplitverticalout lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by sweeping two vertical lines from the center outward Example transsplitverticalout transsplithorizontalin lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by sweeping two horizontal lines from the sides inward Example transsplithorizontalin transsplithorizontalout lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by sweeping two horizontal lines from the center outward Example transsplithorizontalout transwipe lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by sweeping a single line in the specified direction thereby wiping out the previous contents Example transwipe direction 90 You can also specify how long a given slide should be shown using the following overlay specification aware command transduration lt overlay specification gt number of seconds In full screen mode show the slide for number of seconds In zero is specified the slide is shown as short as possible This can be used to create interesting pseudo an
68. F by some external program You will need to adjust this PostScript code such that it works with pdflatex which is not always possible e If you used fine grained spacing commands like adding a little horizontal skip here and a big negative vertical skip there the typesetting of the text may be poor It may be a good idea to just remove these spacing commands 115 e If you use pstricks commands you will either have to stick to using latex and dvips or will have to work around them using for example pgf Porting lot s of pstricks code is bound to be difficult if you wish to switch over to pdflatex so be warned e If the file cannot be compiled because some PROSPER command is not implemented you will have to delete this command and try to mimick its behaviour using some BEAMER command usepackage beamerprosper ARTICLE Include this package in a beamer presentation to get access to PROSPER commands Use beamer as the document class not prosper Most of the options passed to the class prosper make no sense in beamer so just delete them This package takes the following options e framesassubsections causes each frame to create its own subsection with the frame title as subsection name This behaviour mimicks HA PROSPER s behaviour In a long talk this will create way too many subsections The framesassubsections option has no effect in article mode Example documentclass notes beamer usepackage framesassub
69. In some sense you program your graphics which requires a bit of practice When choosing a graphic package there are a few things to keep in mind e Many packages produce poor quality graphics This is especially true of the standard picture envi ronment of TEX e Powerful packages that produce high quality graphics often do not work together with pdflatex e The most powerful and easiest to use package around namely pstricks does not work together with pdflatex and this is a fundamental problem Due to the fundamental differences between PDF and PostScript it is not possible to write a pdflatex back end for pstricks A solution to the above problem though not necessarily the best is to use the PGF package It produces high quality graphics and works together with pdflatex but also with normal latex It is not as powerful as pstricks as pointed out above this is because of rather fundamental reasons and not as easy to use but it should be sufficient in most cases LYX Inlined graphics must currently by inserted in a large T X mode box This is not very convenient 62 7 2 Animations A word of warning first Animations can be very distracting No matter how cute a rotating flying theorem seems to look and no matter how badly you feel your audience needs some action to keep it happy most people in the audience will typically feel you are making fun of them 7 2 1 Including External Animation Files Tf you have
70. R presentation with overlays Adding the notes option will also show the note Certain commands like LeftFoot are ignored You can change the theme using the usual commands You can also use all normal BEAMER commands and concepts like overlay specifications in the file You can also create an article version by adding the class option class article and including the package beamerbasearticle In the following the effect of PROSPER commands in BEAMER are listed email text Simply typesets its argument in typewriter text Should hence be given inside the author command Vinstitutiont tert This command is mapped to BEAMER s Ninstitute command if given outside the Nauthor command otherwise it typesets its argument in a smaller font Logo x y logo text This is mapped to Xlogot logo text The coordinates are ignored begin slides options frame title environment contents end slides Inserts a frame with the containsverbatim option set The frame title will be enclosed in a frametitle command The following options may be given e trans prosper transition installs the specified prosper transition as the transition effect when showing the slide e prosper transition has the same effect as trans prosper transition e toc entry overrides the subsection table of contents entry created by this slide by entry Note that a subsection entry is created for a slide only if the framesassubsections
71. Templates insertcaption Inserts the text of the current caption into a template insertcaptionname Inserts the name of the current caption into a template This word is either Table or Figure or if the babel package is used some translation thereof insertcaptionnumber Inserts the number of the current figure or table into a template 9 4 16 Lists Itemizations Enumerations Descriptions Predefined Templates beamertemplateballitem Changes the symbols shown in an itemize and an enumerate environment to small plastic balls beamertemplatedotitem Changes the symbols shown in an itemize environment to dots beamertemplatetriangleitem Changes the symbols shown in an itemize environment to triangles beamertemplateenumeratealpha Changes the labels of first level enumerations to 1 2 3 and so on and to 1 1 1 2 1 3 and so on for the second level Template Installation Commands Nuseenumerateitemtemplatet template The template is used to render the default item in the top level of an enumeration Example useenumerateitemtemplate insertenumlabel useitemizeitemtemplate template The template is used to render the default item in the top level of an itemize list Example useitemizeitemtemplate pgfuseimage mybullet usesubitemizeitemtemplate template The template is used to render the default item in the second level of an itemize list
72. User s Guide to the Beamer Class Version 2 21 http latex beamer sourceforge net Till Tantau tantau users sourceforge net July 6 2004 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 Getting Started with the Beamer Class and BTFX pdfATEX ooo 1 2 Getting Started with the Beamer Class and LyX o o e Gs 1 3 How to Read this User s Guide ee Installation 27b VE ESTOS fg lc By al e e IS NERAL o Tap ana 2 2 Installing Prebundled Packages ee 2 3 Installation in a texmf Tree 00 02 ee ee 2 4 Updating the Installation e 2 5 Testing the Installation 2 a ee e a OPA AEE a Reet oi Workflow 3 1 Step Zero Know the Time Constraints 0 ee ee 3 2 Step One Setup the Files 2 ey e 3 3 Step Two Structure Your Presentation 0 ee ee 3 4 Step Three Creating a PDF or PostScript File 0 o e e Sag Creatina IDE at A A A A e Md oe 3 4 2 Creating PostScript oea eaa a e a a ee A ww eee A 3 5 Step Four Create Frames so tedego nii k aaae p a a D aa a A EE E E G S 3 5 1 Guidelines on What to Put on a Frame e 3 5 2 Guidelines on Titles ns ce aa a Re a E E e a ES 3 5 3 Guidelines on the Body Text o 3 5 4 Guidelines on Graphics oaaae 3 0 0 Guidelines on Colors e me deneng ra a He eS 3 5 6 Guidelines on Animations and Special Effects o o e 3 5 7 Ways of Improving
73. YX LYX LYX ARTICLE the vskipOpt plus 1fi111 beamerline pgfuseimage bottomtitle frame plain titlepage e shrink minimum shrink percentage This option will cause the text of the frame to be shrunken if it is too large to fit on the frame BEAMER will first normally typeset the whole frame Then it has a look at vertical size of the frame text excluding the frame title If this vertical size is larger than the text height minus the frame title height BEAMER computes a shrink factor and scales down the frame text by this factor such that the frame text then fills the frame completely Using this option will automatically cause the squeeze option to be used also Since the shrinking takes place only after everything has been typeset shrunken frame text will not fill the frame completely horizontally For this reason you can specify a minimum shrink percentage like 20 If this percentage is specified the frame will be shrunk by at least by this percentage Since BEAMER knows this it can increase the horizontal width proportionally such that the shrunken text once more fills the entire frame If however the percentage is not enough the text will be shrunken as needed and you will be punished by a warning message The best way to use this option is to identify frames that are overly full but in which all text absolutely has to be fit on a single frame Then start specifying first shrink 5 then shrink 10 and so on un
74. a single note page It is independent of any usage of the note commands inside the previous frame If you say note inside a frame and note right after it two note pages are created In the following the syntax and effects of the note command inside frames is described 72 note lt overlay specification gt options 14 note text Effects inside frames This command appends the note text to the note that follows the current slide Multiple uses of this command on a slide accumulate If you do not specify an overlay specification the note will be added to all slides of the current frame This is often not what you want so adding a specification like lt 1 gt is usually a good idea The following options may be given e item causes the note to be put as an item in a list that is shown at the end of the note page Example note lt 2 gt Do not talk longer than 2 minutes about this ARTICLE Notes are ignored in article mode LYX Use the Noteltem style to insert a note item Next the syntax and effects of the note command outside frames are described note options note tert Outside frames this command creates a note page This command is not affected by the option notes onlyframeswithnotes see below The following options may be given e itemize will enclose the whole note page in an itemize environment This is just a convenience e enumerate will enclose the whole note page in an enumerate environmen
75. a slow machine In this case you can do several things to speedup the compilation First you can use the draft class option 12 LYX documentclass draft beamer Causes the headlines footlines and sidebars to be replaced by gray rectangles their sizes are still computed though Many other packages including pgf and hyperref also speedup when this option is given Second you can use the following command includeonlyframest frame label list This command behaves a little bit like the includeonly command Only the frames mentioned in the list are included All other frames are suppressed Nevertheless the section and subsection commands are still executed so that you still have the correct navigation bars By labeling the current frame as say current and then saying includeonlyframes current you can work on a single frame quickly The frame label list is a comma separated list without spaces of the names of frames that have been labeled To label a frame you must pass the option label name to the frame command Example includeonlyframes example1 example3 M rame label example1 This frame will be included M rame label example2 This frame will not be included frame This frame will not be included againframe example1 Will be included 3 6 Step Five Test Your Presentation Always test your presentation For this you should vocalize or subvocalize your talk in a qui
76. accept it at the end rather than at the beginning hyperlinkslideprev lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps one slide back hyperlinkslidenext lt overlay specification gt t link text Clicking the text jumps one slide forward hyperlinkframestart lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the first slide of the current frame hyperlinkframeend lt overlay specification gt L link text Clicking the text jumps to the last slide of the current frame hyperlinkframestartnext lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the first slide of the next frame Mhyperlinkframeendprev lt overlay specification gt t link text Clicking the text jumps to the last slide of the previous frame The previous four command exist also with frame replaced by subsection everywhere and also again with frame replaced by section hyperlinkpresentationstart lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the first slide of the presentation hyperlinkpresentationend lt overlay specification gt t link text Clicking the text jumps to the last slide of the presentation This excludes the appendix hyperlinkappendixstart lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the first slide of the appendix If there is no appendix this will jump to the last slide of th
77. ach subsection hidesubsections causes the subsections to be omitted However if used together with the current option the subsections of the current section are not omitted shadesubsections causes the subsections to be shown in a semi transparent way The last two commands are useful if you do not wish to show too many details when presenting the talk outline ARTICLE The options are ignored in article mode LYX You can give options to the tableofcontents command by inserting a TeX mode text with the options in square brackets directly after the table of contents 5 1 6 Adding a Bibliography You can use the bibliography environment and the cite commands of TEX in a BEAMER presentation However there are a few things to keep in mind e It is a bad idea to present a long bibliography in a presentation Present only very few references e Present references only if they are intended as further reading for example at the end of a lecture e Using the cite commands can be confusing since the audience has little chance of remembering the citations If you cite the references always cite them with full author name and year like Tantau 2003 instead of something like 2 4 or Tan01 NT02 e If you want to be modest you can abbreviate your name when citing yourself as in Nickelsen and T 2003 or Nickelsen and T 2003 However this can be confusing for the audience since it is often no
78. ack to pure colors when you use them on bright backgrounds Maximize contrast Normal text should be black on white or at least something very dark on something very bright Never do things like light green text on not so light green background Background shadings decrease the legibility without increasing the information content Do not add a background shading just because it somehow looks nicer In the examples that come along with the BEAMER class the backgrounds are intended as demonstrations not as recommendations Inverse video bright text on dark background can be a problem during presentations in bright en vironments since only a small percentage of the presentation area is light up by the beamer Inverse video is harder to reproduce on printouts and on transparencies 3 5 6 Guidelines on Animations and Special Effects Use animations to explain the dynamics of systems algorithms etc Do not use animations just to attract the attention of your audience This often distracts attention away from the main topic of the slide Do not use distracting special effects like dissolving slides unless you have a very good reason for using them If you use them use them sparsely 3 5 7 Ways of Improving Compilation Speed While working on your presentation it may sometimes be useful to T X your tex file quickly and have the presentation contain only the most important information This is especially true if you have
79. ad is ignored No theorem number is printed This is the default 106 beamertemplatetheoremsnumbered Like beamertemplatetheoremsunnumbered except that the theorem number is printed for environ ments that are numbered beamertemplatetheoremsamslike This causes theorems to be put in a block or exampleblock but to be otherwise typeset as is normally done in amsthm Thus the head font and body font depend on the setting for the theorem to be typeset and theorems are numbered Template Installation Commands usetheoremtemplate block beginning template block end template BEAMER Whenever an environment declared using the command newtheorem is to be typeset the block beginning template is inserted at the beginning and the block end template at the end If there is a over lay specification when an environment like theorem is used this overlay specification will directly follow the block beginning template upon invocation This is even true if there was an optional argument to the theorem environment This optional argument is available via the insert inserttheoremaddition Numerous inserts are available in this template see below Before the template starts the font is set to the body font prescribed by the environment to be typeset Example The following typesets theorems like amsthm usetheoremtemplate begin inserttheoremblockenv 7 inserttheoremheadfont inserttheoremname inserttheoremnumber ifx ins
80. alert set consists of elements end block ARTICLE The block name is typeset in bold Lyx The argument of the block must currently be given in TfX mode More precisely there must be an opening brace in TRX mode and a closing brace in TfX mode around it The text in between can also be typeset using LyX I hope to get rid of this some day begin alertblock lt action specification gt block title lt action specification gt environment contents 52 end alertblock Inserts a block whose title is hilighted Behaves like the block environment otherwise Example begin alertblock Wrong Theorem 1 2 end alertblock ARTICLE The block name is typeset in bold and is emphasized LYX Same applies as for block begin exampleblock lt action specification gt block title lt overlay specification gt environment contents end exampleblock Inserts a block that is supposed to be an example Behaves like the block environment otherwise Example In the following example the block is completely suppressed on the first slide it does not even occupy any space begin exampleblock Example lt only 2 gt The set 1 2 3 5 has four elements end exampleblock ARTICLE The block name is typeset in italics LYX Same applies as for block LYX Overlay specifications must be given right at the beginning of the environments and in TRX mode 5 3 4 Theorem Environments The BEAMER class predefines sev
81. ames note commands accumulate and append a single note page after the current slide outside frames each Anote directly inserts a single note page with the given parameter as contents Using the note command inside frames is usually preferably over using them outside since only commands issued inside frames profit from the class option onlyslideswithnotes see below In LyX only the inside frame Anote command with the option item is available in the form of the Noteltem style Inside a frame the effect of note text is the following When you use it somewhere inside the frame on a specific slide a note page is created after the slide containing the text Since you can add an overlay specification to the note command you can specify after which slide the note should be shown If you use multiple Anote commands on one slide they accumulate and are all shown on the same note To make the accumulation of notes more convenient you can use the note command with the option item The notes added with this option are accumulated in an enumerate list that follows any text inserted using note The following example will produce one note page that follows the second slide and has two entries frame begin itemize item lt 1 gt Eggs item lt 2 gt Plants note item lt 2 gt Tell joke about plants note item lt 2 gt Make it short item lt 3 gt Animals end itemize Outside frames the command note creates
82. atically loaded by the BEAMER class uses the option dvips or some compatible option see the documentation of the HYPERREF package for details Whether this is the case depends on the contents of your local hyperref cfg file You can enforce the usage of this option by passing dvips or a compatible option to the BEAMER class write documentclass dvips beamer which will pass this option on to the HYPERREF package You can then run latex twice followed by dvips gt latex main tex lots of output gt latex main tex lots of output gt dvips P pdf main dvi The option P pdf tells dvips to use Type 1 outline fonts instead of the usual Type 3 bitmap fonts You may wish to omit this option if there is a problem with it If you wish each slide to completely fill a letter sized page use the following commands instead gt dvips P pdf tletter main dvi o main temp ps gt psnup 1 W1i28mm H96mm pletter main temp ps main ps For A4 sized paper use gt dvips P pdf ta4 main dvi o main temp ps gt psnup 1 W128mm H96mm pa4 main temp ps main ps In order to create a white margin around the whole page which is sometimes useful for printing add the option m 1cm to the options of psnup To put two or four slides on one page use 2 respectively 4 instead of 1 as the first parameter for psnup In this case you may wish to add the option b 1cm to add a bit of space around the individual slides The same
83. ault Template Installation Commands usebibitemtemplate citation template Installs a template for the citation text before the entry The label of the item Example usebibitemtemplate color structure insertbiblabel Vusebibliographyblocktemplatet template 1 H template 2 H template 3 H template 4 The text template 1 is inserted before the first block of the entry the first block is all text before the first occurrence of a newblock command The text template 2 is inserted before the second block the text between the first and second occurrence of newblock Likewise for template 3 and template 4 The templates are inserted before the blocks and you do not have access to the blocks themselves via insert commands In the following example the first par commands ensure that the author the title and the journal are put on different lines The color commands cause the author first block to be typeset using the theme color the second block title of the paper to be typeset in black and all other lines to be typeset in a washed out version of the theme color Example usebibliographyblocktemplate color structure par color black par color structure 75 par color structure 75 93 Inserts for these Templates insertbiblabel Inserts the current citation label into a template 9 4 8 Frame Titles Predefined Templates beamertemplateboldcenterframetitle Typesets the frame
84. auses the text to become invisble on the specified slides 15 The rest of this section explains how you can add your own actions and make commands action specification aware You may wish to skip it upon first reading You can easily add your own actions An action specification like action 0 slide numbers simply inserts an environment called action env around the item or parameter of Naction with lt slide numbers gt as overlay specification Thus by defining a new overlay specification aware environment named my action name env you can add your own action newenvironment checkenv only useitemizeitemtemplate X You can then write item lt beamer check 2 gt Text This will change the itemization symbol before Text to X on slide 2 in beamer mode The definition of checkenv used the fact that only also accepts an overlay specification given after its argument The whole action mechanism is base on the following environment begin actionenv lt action specification gt environment contents end actionenv This environment extracts all actions from the action specification for the current mode For each action of the form action slide numbers it inserts the following text begin action env lt slide number gt and the beginning of the environment and the text end action env at the end If there are several action specifications several environments are opened and closed in the appropriate order An
85. based on the Program with the Program or with a work based on the Program on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License You may copy and distribute the Program or a work based on it under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following a Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine readable source code which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or b Accompany it with a written offer valid for at least three years to give any third party for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution a complete machine readable copy of the corresponding source code to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or c Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer in accord with Subsection b above The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it For an executable work complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains plus any a
86. bf or item once beamerbasearticle has been loaded Note that except for item these overlay specifications also work by writing section lt presentation gt Name you will suppress this section command in the article version For the exact effects overlay specifications have in article mode please see the descriptions of the commands to which you wish to apply them usepackage options beamerbasearticle Makes most BEAMER commands available for an article The following options may be given 74 e activeospeccharacters will leave the character code of the characters used in overlay specifi cations as specified by other packages Normally BEAMER will turn off the special behaviour of characters like or in styles like french since they clash with the implementation of overlay specifications Using this option you can reinstall the original behaviour at the price of possible problems when using overlay specifications in the article mode e noamsthm will suppress the loading of the amsthm package No theorems will be defined e notheorem will suppress the definition of standard environments like theorem but amsthm is still loaded and the newtheorem command still makes the defined environments overlay specification aware Using this option allows you to define the standard environments in whatever way you like while retaining the power of the extensions to amsthm e envcountsect causes theorem definitions and the like to be nu
87. but will overwrite any previous text Example AtBeginSection Do nothing for section frame lt beamer gt frametitle Outline tableofcontents current ARTICLE This command has no effect in article mode LYX You have to insert this command using a TRX mode text AtBeginSubsection special star text tert The given text will be inserted at the beginning of every subsection If the special star text parameter is specified this text will be used for starred subsections instead Different calls of this command will not add up the given texts Example AtBeginSubsection Do nothing for subsection frame lt beamer gt frametitle Outline tableofcontents current currentsubsection 5 1 3 Adding Parts If you give a long talk like a lecture you may wish to break up your talk into several parts Each such part acts like a little talk of its own with its own table of contents its own navigation bars and so on Inside one part the sections and subsections of the other parts are not shown at all To create a new part use the part command All sections and subsections following this command will be local to that part Like the section and subsection command the part command does not cause any frame or special text to be produced However it is often advisable for the start of a new part to use the command partpage to insert some text into a frame that adve
88. ckground which can be setup using special side background templates Adding a sidebar of a certain size say 1cm will make the main text 1cm narrower The distance between the inner side of a side bar and the outer side of the text as specified by the command beamersetleftmargin and its counterpart for the right margin is not changed when a sidebar is installed Internally the sidebars are typeset by showing them as part of the headline The BEAMER class keeps track of six dimensions three for each side the variables beamer leftsidebar and beamer rightsidebar store the horizontal sizes of the side bars the variables beamer leftmargin and beamer rightmargin store the distance between sidebar and text and the macros Gm lmargin and Gm rmargin store the distance from the edge of the paper to the edge of the text Thus the sum beamer leftsidebar and beamer leftmargin is exactly Gm lmargin Thus if you wish to put some text right next to the left sidebar you might write nskip beamer leftmargin to get there In the following only the commands for the left sidebars are listed Each of these commands also exists for the right sidebar with left replaced by right everywhere 97 useleftsidebartemplate horizontal size H template When the sidebar is typeset the template is invoked inside a vbox of the height of the sidebar Thus the below example will produce a sidebar of half a centimeter width in which the word
89. class is to create presentations for beamers However it is often useful to print transparencies as backup in case the hardware fails A transparencies version of a talk often has less slides than the main version since it takes more time to switch slides but it may have more slides than the handout version For example while in a handout an animation might be condensed to a single slide you might wish to print several slides for the transparency version You can use the same mechanism as for creating handouts Specify trans as a class option and add alternate transparency specifications for the trans version as needed An elaborated example of different overlay specifications for the presentation the handout and the transparencies can be found in the file beamerexamplei tex documentclass trans beamer Create a version that uses the trans overlay specifications When printing a presentation using Acrobat make sure that the option expand small pages to paper size in the printer dialog is enabled This is necessary because slides are only 128mm times 96mm 8 3 Adding Notes A note is a small piece of paper that is intended as a reminder to yourself of what you should say or should keep in mind when presenting a slide 8 3 1 Specifying Note Contents To add a note to a slide or a frame you should use the note command This command can be used both inside and outside frames but it has quite different behaviors then Inside fr
90. combined with the other options although combining it with the current option obviously makes no sense sections overlay specification causes only the sections mentioned in the overlay specification to be shown For example sections lt 2 4 handout 0 gt causes only the second third and fourth section to be shown in the normal version nothing to be shown in the handout version and everything to be shown in all other versions For convenience if you omit the pointed brackets the specification is assumed to apply to all versions Thus sections 2 4 causes sections two three and four to be shown in all versions firstsection section number specifies which section should be numbered as section 1 This is useful if you have a first section like an overview section that should not receive a number Section numbers are not shown by default To show them you must install a different table of contents templates current causes all sections but the current to be shown in a semi transparent way Also all subsections but those in the current section are shown in the semi transparent way currentsubsection causes all subsections but the current subsection in the current section to be shown in a semi transparent way pausesections causes a pause command to be issued before each section This is useful if you wish to show the table of contents in an incremental way pausesubsections causes a pause command to be issued before e
91. created an animation using some external program like a renderer you can use the capabilities of the presentation program like the Acrobat Reader to show the animation Unfortunately currently there is no portable way of doing this and even the Acrobat Reader does not support this feature on all platforms To include an animation in a presentation you can use for example the package multimedia sty which is part of the BEAMER package You have to include this package explicitly Despite being distributed as part of the BEAMER distribution this package is perfectly self sufficient and can be used independently of BEAMER usepackage multimedia A stand alone package that implements several commands for including external animation and sound files in a PDF document The package can be used together with both dvips plus ps2pdf and pdflatex though the special sound support is available only in pdflatex When including this package you must also include the hyperref package Since you will typically want to include hyperref only at the very end of the preamble multimedia will not include hyperref itself However multimedia can be included both before and after hyperref Since BEAMER includes hyperref automatically you need not worry about this when creating a presentation using BEAMER For including an animation in a PDF file you can use the command movie which is explained below Depending on the used options this command will either set
92. creenshot of a slide from the presentation The commands introduced in the following help you do exactly this 76 In order to include a slide from your presentation in your article version you must do two things First you must place a normal TX label on the slide using the label command Since this command is overlay specification aware you can also select specific slides of a frame Also by adding the option 1abel name to a frame a label name lt slide number gt is automatically added to each slide of the frame Once you have labeled a slide you can use the following command in your article version to insert the slide into it includeslide options label name This command calls pgfimage with the given options for the file specified by set jobnamebeamerversion filename Furthermore the option page page of label name is passed to pgfimage where the page of label name is read internally from the file filename snm Example article begin figure begin center includeslide height 5cm slide1 end center caption The first slide height 5cm Note the partly covered second item end figure begin figure begin center includeslide slide2 end center caption The second slide original size Now the second item is also shown end figure The exact effect of passing the option page page of label name to the command pgf image is explained in the documentation of pgf In essenc
93. crobat Reader play any compressed data Data formats that do work are aif and au sound options sound poster text H sound filename This command will insert the sound with the filename sound filename into the PDF file As for movie the file must be accesible when the sound is to be played Unlike movie you can however use the option inlinesound to actually embed the sound data in the PDF file Also as for a movie the sound poster text will be be put in a box that when clicked on will start playing the movie However you might also leave this box empty and only use the autostart option Once playback of a sound has started it can only be stopped by starting the playback of a different sound or by use of the hyperlinkmute command 67 The supported sound formats depend on the viewer application My version of the Acrobat Reader supports aif and au I also need to specify information like the sampling rate even though this information could be extracted from the sound file and even though the PDF standard specifies that the viewer application should do so In this regard my version of the Acrobat Reader seems to be non standard conforming This command only works together with pdflatex If you use dvips the poster is still shown but clicking it has no effect and no sound is embedded in any way Example sound autostart samplingrate 22050 applause au The following options may be given autostart Cause
94. ctures When using BEAMER with the article mode you may wish to have the lecture notes of a whole course reside in one file In this case only a few frames are actually part of any particular lecture The lecture command makes it easy to select only a certain set of frames from a file to be presented This command takes among other things a label name If you say includeonlylecture with this la bel name then only the frames following the lecture command are shown The frames following other lecture commands are suppressed By default the Nlecture command has no other effect It does not create any frames or introduce entries in the table of contents However you can use AtBeginLecture to have BEAMER insert say a title page at the beginning of each lecture lecture short lecture name lecture name lecture label Starts a lecture The lecture name will be available via the insertlecture command The short lecture name is available via the insertshortlecture command Example begin document lecture Vector Spaces week 1 section Introduction 37 section Summary lecture Scalar Products week 2 section Introduction sectiontSuimary end document ARTICLE This command has no effect in article mode includeonlylecture lecture label Causes all frame section subsection and part commands following a lecture command to be suppressed except if the lecture s label matches the lectu
95. d Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead ene Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Power of the Mode 1Department of Computer Science aceon crits Mice University of Rochester Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Furth di Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ 1982 E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Example usepackage tab beamerthemesidebar Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead eas Standard Model Our Model Power of the Model Palindromes Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau 1Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Till Tantau Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Department of Computer Science University of Rochester 2Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language T
96. d and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program independent of having been made by running the Program Whether that is true depends on what the Program does 1 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program s source code as you receive it in any medium provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee 2 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it thus forming a work based on the Program and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above provided that you also meet all of these conditions a You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change b You must cause any work that you distribute or publish that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License c If the modified program normally reads commands interacti
97. e and so on and 5 means the same as 1 5 A complicated example is 3 6 8 10 12 15 which selects the slides 1 2 3 6 7 8 10 12 13 14 and 15 Overlay specifications can also be given in LyX You must give them in T X mode otherwise the pointed brackets may be escaped by LyX though this will not happen in all versions For example to add an overlay specification to an item simply insert a TRX mode text like lt 3 gt as the first thing in that item Likewise you can add an overlay specification to environments like theorem by giving them in TRX mode right at the start of the environment 4 1 2 Mode Specifications This subsection is only important if you use BEAMER s mode mechanism to create different versions of your presentation If you are not familiar with BEAMER s modes please skip this section or read Section 8 first In certain cases you may wish to have different overlay specifications to apply to a command in different modes For example you might wish a certain text to appear only from the third slide on during your 14 presentation but in a handout for the audience there should be no second slide and the text should appear already on the second slide In this case you could write only lt 3 handout 2 gt Some text The vertical bar which must be followed by a white space separates the two different specifications 3 and handout 2 By writing a mode name before a colon you specify that the following
98. e document and by setting the footline height to the height of the template Example usefoottemplate hfil tiny color black 50 insertpagenumber or usefoottemplate vbox 7 tinycolouredline structure 75 color white textbf insertshortauthor hfill insertshortinstitute tinycolouredline structure color white textbf insertshorttitle hfill Vuseheadtemplatet headline template See usefoottemplate Example 95 useheadtemplate vbox 7 vskip3pt beamerline insertnavigation paperwidth vskip1 5pt insertvrule 0 4pt structure 50 Inserts for these Templates insertframenumber Inserts the number of the current frame not slide into a template inserttotalframenumber Inserts the total number of the frames not slides into a template The number is only correct on the second run of TEX on your document insertlogo Inserts the logo s into a template insertnavigation width Inserts a horizontal navigation bar of the given width into a template The bar lists the sections and below them mini frames for each frame in that section insertpagenumber Inserts the current page number into a template insertsection Inserts the current section into a template insertsectionnavigation width Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all sections with the current section hilighted insertsectionnavigationhorizontal width left insert right insert In
99. e the following happens e For old version of pdflatex and for any version of latex together with dvips the pgf package will look for a file named filename page page of label name extension For each page of your pdf or ps file that is to be included in this way you must create such a file by hand For example if the PostScript file of your presentation version is named main beamer ps and you wish to include the slides with page numbers 2 and 3 you must create single page files main beamer page2 ps and main beamer page3 ps by hand or using some script If these files cannot be found pgf will complain e For new versions of pdflatex pdflatex also looks for the files according to the above naming scheme However if it fails to find them because you have not produced them it uses a special mechanism to directly extract the desired page from the presentation file main beamer pdf 8 5 Details on Modes This subsection describes how modes work exactly and how you can use the mode command to control what part of your text belongs to which mode When BEAMER typesets your text it is always in one of the following four modes e beamer is the default mode e handout is the mode for creating handouts e trans is the mode for creating transparencies 77 e article is the mode when control has been transferred to another class like article cls Note that the mode is also article if control is transferred to say boo
100. e available avant bookman chancery charter euler helvet mathtime mathptn newcent palatino pifont times utopia If you use times together with the serif option you may wish to include also the package mathptm If you use the mathtime package you have to buy some of the fonts you also need to specify the serif option If you use professional fonts fonts that you buy and that come with a complete set of every symbol in all modes you may need to specify the class option professionalfont This will tell BEAMER that it should not meddle with the fonts you use The reason is that BEAMER normally replaces certain character 81 elyphs in mathematical text by more appropriate versions For example BEAMER will normally replace glyphs such that the italic characters from the main font are used for variables in mathematical text If your professional font package takes care of this already BEAMER s meddling should be switched off Note that BEAMER s substitution is automatically turned off if one of the following packages is loaded mathtime mathpmnt lucidabr mtpro and hvmath If your favorite professional font package is not among these use the professionalfont option and write me an email so that the package can be added documentclass professionalfont beamer Deactivates BEAMER s internal font replacements for mathematical text This option should be used if you use a professional font package that sets up all mathematical
101. e been loaded and even after these have executed their AtBeginDocument initialization e The left and right margins of the head and footline templates are the same as of the normal text In order to start the headline and footline at the page margin you must insert a negative horizontal skip using hskip Gm lmargin You may wish to add a hskip Gm rmargin at the end to avoid having T X complain about overfull boxes e Getting the boxes right inside any template is often a bit of a hassle You may wish to consult the TEX book for the glorious details on Making Boxes If your headline is simple you might also try putting everything into a pgfpicture environment which makes the placement easier 9 4 2 Title Page Predefined Templates beamertemplatelargetitlepage Causes the title page to be typeset with a large font for the title beamertemplateboldtitlepage Causes the title page to be typeset with a bold font for the title Template Installation Commands usetitlepagetemplate title page template Example Nusetitlepagetemplatet vbox 89 vfill begin centering Large structure inserttitle vskiptem par normalsize insertauthor vskiplem par scriptsize insertinstitute par par vskipiem insertdate par vskip1 5em inserttitlegraphic end centering vfill If you wish to suppress the head and footline in the title page use frame plain titlepage Inserts for these Templates insertaut
102. e document hyperlinkappendixend lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the last slide of the appendix hyperlinkdocumentstart lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the first slide of the presentation hyperlinkdocumentend lt overlay specification gt link text Clicking the text jumps to the last slide of the presentation or if an appendix is present to the last slide of the appendix 5 2 2 Repeating a Frame at a Later Point Sometimes you may wish some slides of a frame to be shown in your main talk but wish some supplemen tary slides of the frame to be shown only in the the appendix In this case the againframe commands is useful 44 againframe lt overlay specification gt lt default overlay specification gt 1 options name BEAMER Resumes a frame that was previously created using frame with the option label name You must have used this option just placing a label inside a frame by hand is not enough You can use this command to continue a frame that has been interrupted by another frame The effect of this command is to call the frame command with the given overlay specification default overlay specification if present and options if present and with the original frame s contents Example frame lt 1 2 gt label myframe begin itemize item lt alert 1 gt First subject item lt alert 2 gt Sec
103. e e Ge Be AE Gl a Mave Wk ee ae SS OS AA da Orde Memes syns A Uae na aos 6 oe On ee een atte sda Be a es O OA Templates aa id ee eevee eh be te ss eee ee ps DS EAE eS Be e fe Rape ae 9 4 1 Introduction to Templates 2 2 0 94 2 Title Pages sit Gow wi oe A td hak e Se a veel ete oe Slow DAS OPatti Page s RN LAA Frames a A E Se AAA eh A A PE ok RA OS QA or lt Backeround a cs ative hat sh eo tole ARON oP PAT Dede ct at ao ai S LE La tea a deo te AO 9 4 67 Table ot Contents ici a EEE he ee ee Eek Se A QA Bibliography ust 4 0 E ellen ee Be tea gla O dc dk AE ee le Q As8 Frame DPitlesy 2 lt o a A ee Oh Oh he a a I pea alae e ee 9 4 9 Headlines and Footlines 2 ee A TO Sidebars ao o gt ae a ey Dobro he eh ie g DAN Buttons 2 iige hn ae ia E eh dk huh eh ale Boe a a acta ete a ae alee 9 4 12 Navigation Bars 222 6 6 2 44 e a A Eee we a a8 9 4 13 Navigation Symbols oy w yi ao ae Bee ee BRE ER Oe oe eee eed DAWA HOOtHOteS ii a ee page is alee he Se cee el age ain ae a ade E e Bape se ALO Captions dai botera a et eel Eo ee he ee ee i Set A 9 4 16 Lists Itemizations Enumerations Descriptions 004 9 4 17 Hilighting Commands arr wpa aa eA ce ha ae AEA I Oy eed AA 94 18 Block Enyir nments pi A amp GRRE A Rea rio Pad 9 4 19 Theorem Environments aoao a a a 9 4 20 Verse Quotation and Quote Environments aooaa 00000000 9 4 21 Typesetting Notes 2 2 092 24 44 eae eee EPR EAA ee a ee as
104. e ignored Figures and tables are immediately inserted where the environments start If there are too many of them to fit on the frame you must manually split them among additional frames or use the allowframebreaks option Example frame begin figure pgfuseimage myfigure caption This caption is placed below the figure end figure begin figure caption This caption is placed above the figure pgfuseimage myotherfigure end figure You can adjust how the figure and table captions are typeset by changing the corresponding template see Section 9 4 15 56 5 3 7 Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns The BEAMER class offers several commands and environments for splitting perhaps only part of a frame into multiple columns These commands have nothing to do with E TfX s commands for creating columns Columns are especially useful for placing a graphic next to a description explanation The main environment for creating columns is called columns Inside this environment you can either place several column environments each of which creates a new column or use the column command to create new columns begin columns options environment contents end columns A multi column area Inside the environment you should place only column environments or column commands see below The following options may be given e b will cause the bottom lines of the columns to be vertically aligned e c will cause
105. e versions of the Acrobat Reader seem to have a bug and do not display this border if is smaller than 0 5bp about 0 51pt e depth T X dimension Overrides the depth of the poster text box and sets it to the given dimension e duration time s Specifies in seconds how long the movie should be shown The time may be a fractional value and must be followed by the letter s For example duration 1 5s will show the movie for one and a half seconds In conjunction with the start option you can cut out a part of a movie for display e externalviewer As explained above this causes an external application to be launched for displaying the movie in a separate window Most options like duration or loop have no effect since they are not passed along to the viewer application e height T X dimension Overrides the height of the poster text box and sets it to the given dimension e label movie label Assigns a label to the movie such that it can later be referenced by the command hyperlinkmovie which can be used to stop the movie or to show a different part of it The movie label is not a normal label It should not be too fancy since it is inserted literally into the PDF code In particular it should not contain closing parantheses e loop Causes the movie to start again when the end has been reached Normally the movie just stops at the end e once Causes the movie to just stop at the end This is the default e palind
106. ea is filled with a certain color which depends on the current color scheme see below If the head is not empty head is drawn in the upper part of the box in a different color which also depends on the scheme The following options can be given e scheme name causes the color scheme name to be used A color scheme must previously be defined using the command beamerboxesdeclarecolorscheme e width dimension causes the width of the text inside the box to be the specified dimension By default the textwidth is used Note that the box will protrude 4pt to the left and right e shadow true or false If set to true a shadow will be drawn A color scheme dictates the background colors used in the head part and in the body of the box If no head is given the head part is completely suppressed Example begin beamerboxesrounded scheme alert shadow true Theorem A B end beamerboxesrounded ARTICLE This environment is not available in article mode beamerboxesdeclarecolorscheme scheme name head color body color Declares a color scheme for later use in a beamerboxesrounded environment Example beamerboxesdeclarecolorscheme alert red red 15 averagebackgroundcolor ARTICLE This command is not available in article mode 5 3 6 Figures and Tables You can use the standard IATRX environments figure and table much the same way you would normally use them However any placement specification will b
107. ead of the actual title you use the command insertframetitle For example suppose we would like to have the frame title typeset in red centered and boldface If we were to typeset a single frame title by hand it might be done like this frame begin centering color red textbf The Title of This Frame par end centering Blah blah In order to typeset the frame title in this way on all slides we can change the frame title template as follows useframetitletemplate begin centering color red textbf insertframetitle par end centering We can then use the following code to get the desired effect frame frametitle The Title of This Frame Blah blah 88 ARTICLE When rendering the frame the BEAMER class will use the code of the frame title template to typeset the frame title and it will replace every occurrence of Ninsertframetitle by the current frame title In the following subsections all commands for changing templates are listed like the above mentioned command useframetitletemplate Inside these commands you should use the Ninsertxxxx commands which are listed following the template changing commands Although the insertxxxx commands are listed alongside the templates for which they make the most sense you can usually also use them in all other templates In article mode most of the template mechanism is switched off and has no effect However a few templates are al
108. ection is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License If the distribution and or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and or new versions of the Ge
109. eral environments like theorem or definition or proof that you can use to typeset things like well theorems definitions or proofs The complete list is the following theorem corollary definition definitions fact example and examples The following German block en vironments are also predefined Problem Loesung Definition Satz Beweis Folgerung Lemma Fakt Beispiel and Beispiele Here is a typical example on how to use them frame frametitle A Theorem on Infinite Sets begin theorem lt 1 gt There exists an infinite set end theorem begin proof lt 2 gt This follows from the axiom of infinity end proof begin example lt 3 gt Natural Numbers The set of natural numbers is infinite end example In the following only the English versions are discussed The German ones behave analogously begin theorem lt action specification gt additional text lt action specification gt environment contents 53 BEAMER end theorem Inserts a theorem Only one action specification may be given If present the additional text is shown behind the word Theorem in rounded brackets although this can be changed by the template The appearance of the theorem is governed by templates see Section 9 4 19 for details on how to change these Every theorem is put into a block environment thus the templates for blocks also apply The theorem style a concept from amsthm used for this envir
110. ertical center of the slides This is the default You can override this for individual frames using the t or b option 4 2 3 Restricting the Slides of a Frame The number of slides in a frame is automatically calculated If the largest number mentioned in any overlay specification inside the frame is 4 four slides are introduced despite the fact that a specification like lt 4 gt might suggest that more than four slides would be possible You can also specify the number of slides in the frame by hand To do so you pass an overlay specification the frame command The frame will contain only the slides specified in this argument Consider the following example frame lt 1 2 4 gt This is slide number only lt 1 gt 1 only lt 2 gt 2 only lt 3 gt 3 only lt 4 gt 4 only lt 5 gt 5 This command will create a frame containing four slides The first will contain the text This is slide number 1 the second This is slide number 2 the third This is slide number 4 and the fourth This is slide number 5 A useful specification is just lt 0 gt which causes the frame to have to no slides at all For example frame lt handout 0 gt causes the frame to be suppressed in the handout version but to be shown normally in all other versions Another useful specification is lt beamer gt which causes the frame to be shown normally in beamer mode but to be suppressed in all other versions 4 2 4 Verbat
111. erttheoremaddition empty else inserttheoremaddition fi inserttheorempunctuation end inserttheoremblockenv Example In the following example all font suggestions for the environment are suppressed or ignored and the theorem number is suppressed usetheoremtemplate normalfont ignore body font begin inserttheoremblockenv 7 inserttheoremname ifx inserttheoremaddition empty else inserttheoremaddition fi end inserttheoremblockenv ARTICLE This command is not available in article mode Inserts for these Templates inserttheoremblockenv This will normally expand to block but if a theorem that has theorem style example is typeset it will expand to exampleblock Thus you can use this insert to decide which environment should be used when typesetting the theorem inserttheoremheadfont This will expand to a font chainging command that switches to the font to be used in the head of the theorem By not inserting it you can ignore the head font inserttheoremname This will expand to the name of the environment to be typeset like Theorem or Corollary 107 inserttheoremnumber This will expand to the number of the current theorem preceeded by a space or to nothing if the current theorem does not have a number inserttheoremaddition This will expand to the optional argument given to the environment or will be empty if there was no optional argument inserttheorempunc
112. et environment Typically this will show that your talk is too long You should then remove parts of the presentation such that it fits into the allotted time slot Do not attempt to talk faster in order to squeeze the talk into the given amount of time You are almost sure to loose your audience this way Do not try to create the perfect presentation immediately Rather test and retest the talk and modify it as needed 3 7 Step Six Optionally Create a Handout or an Article Version Once your talk is fixed you can create a handout if this seems appropriate For this use the class option handout as explained in Section 8 1 Typically you might wish to put several handout slides on one page See Section 3 4 2 on how to do this You may also wish to create an article version of your talk An article version of your presentation is a normal T X text typeset using for example the document class article or perhaps 11ncs or a similar document class The BEAMER class offers facilities to have this version coexist with your presentation version in one file and to share code Also you can include slides of your presentation as figures in your article version Details on how to setup the article version can be found in Section 8 4 Creating an article version is not really possible in LyX You can try but I would not advise it 4 Frames and Overlays This section explains how you can create frames and overlays It starts with a descri
113. etuncovermixins 1 2 This commands allows you to specify in a quite general way how a covered item should be rendered You can even specify different ways of rendering the item depending on how long it will take before this item is shown or for how long it has already been covered once more The transparency effect will automatically apply to all colors except for the colors in images and shadings For images and shadings there is a workaround see the documentation of the PGF package As a convenience several commands install a predefined uncovering behavior beamertemplatetransparentcovered Makes all covered text quite transparent beamertemplatetransparentcoveredmedium Makes all covered text even more transparent beamertemplatetransparentcoveredhigh Makes all covered text highly transparent beamertemplatetransparentcoveredhigh Makes all covered text extremely transparent but not totally beamertemplatetransparentcovereddynamic Makes all covered text quite transparent but is a dynamic way The longer it will take till the text is uncovered the stronger the transparency beamertemplatetransparentcovereddynamicmedium Like the previous command only it the range of dynamics is smaller beamersetuncovermixins not yet list once more list The not yet list specifies how to render covered items that have not yet been uncovered The once more list specifies how to render covered items
114. ext in which commands like step or switch may be given Text contained in a step command will be enclosed in an only command with the overlay specification lt 1 gt This means that the text of the first step is inserted from the second slide onward the text of the second step is inserted from the third slide onward and so on parstepwise texrt Same as stepwise only uncover is used instead of only when mapping the step command liststepwise text Same as stepwise only an invisible horizontal line is inserted before the text This is presumable useful for solving some problems related to vertical spacing in TEXPOWER step text This is either mapped to only lt 1 gt text or to uncover lt 1 gt text depending on whether this command is used inside a stepwise environment or inside a parstepwise environment steponce tezt This is either mapped to only lt 1 gt tezt or to Nuncover lt 1 gt tert depending on whether this command is used inside a stepwise environment or inside a parstepwise environment switch alternate text H text This is mapped to alt lt 1 gt text alternate text Note that the arguments are swapped bstep text This is always mapped to uncover lt 1 gt text dstep This just advances the counter beamerpauses by one It has no other effect vstep Same as dstep restep tert Same as step but the text is shown one
115. foilhead endfoil This is a command that is not available in FOILS In BEAMER it can be used to end a frame that has automatically been opened using foildhead This command must be given before the end of the document if the last frame was opened using foildhead begin boldequation environment contents end boldequation This is mapped to the equation or the equation environment with boldmath switched on FoilTeX Typests the foil T X name as in the FOILS package bm text Implemented as in the FOILS package bmstyle texrt more text Implemented as in the FOILS package The following additional theorem like environments are predefined e Theorem e Lemma e Corollary e Proposition e Definitionx For example the first is defined using newtheorem Theorem Theorem The following commands are parsed by BEAMER but have not effect e Meftheader e rightheader e leftfooter e rightfooter e MRestriction and e Wmarginpar 11 2 4 TpXPower The package beamertexpower maps a subset of the commands of the TEXPOWER package due to Stephan Lehmke to BEAMER This subset is currently rather small so a lot of adaptions may be necessary Note that TEXPOWER is not a full class by itself but a package that needs another class like seminar or prosper to do the actualy typesetting It may thus be necessary to additionally load an emulation layer for these also Indeed it might be pos
116. follows e The command usepackage beamerthemesplit must be added to the preamble You can edit the preamble using Layout Document Preamble e Typeset the author and date the usual way using the styles Author and Date The title page will then be created automatically e To insert the sections and subsections use the usual Section and Subsection styles e To insert the frame containing the table of contents insert a line of style BeginFrame Since this frame has no title do not write anything on the line with style BeginFrame Next insert a line of style Standard and use Insert Insert TOC to insert the table of contents Optionally end the frame using a line of style EndFrame the following Section style automatically closes the frame e To create the last frame start a new frame using the style BeginFrame Write the frame title on the line having this style e Use the Itemize style to create the itemized text e Add the overlay specifications the texts like lt 1 gt to the items by entering T X mode press on the little TX icon and writing lt 1 gt This T X text should be placed right at the beginning of the item e You must end this frame using the style EndFrame sadly the end of the document and also the beginning of the appendix do not automatically end the last frame whereas the start of a frame section part or subsection does Now use View PDF to view the resulting presentation On a slow machine
117. for creating lists namely enumerate itemize and description The first two can be nested to depth two but not further this would create totally unreadable slides The item command is overlay specification aware If an overlay specification is provided the item will only be shown on the specified slides see the following example If the item command is to take an optional argument and an overlay specification the overlay specification can either come first as in item lt 1 gt Cat or come last as in item Cat lt 1 gt frame There are three important points begin enumerate item lt 1 gt A first one item lt 2 gt a second one with a bunch of subpoints begin itemize item first subpoint Only shown from second slide on item lt 3 gt second subpoint added on third slide item lt 4 gt third subpoint added on fourth slide end itemize item lt 5 gt and a third one end enumerate begin itemize lt default overlay specification gt environment contents end itemize Used to display a list of items that do not have a special ordering Inside the environment use an item command for each topic The appearance of the items can be changed using templates see Section 9 4 If the optional parameter default overlay specification is given in every occurrence of an item com mand that does not have an overlay specification attached to it the default overlay specification is 49 LYX used B
118. for typesetting verbatim text that is easier to handle for BEAMER In article mode the frame command does not create any visual reference to the original frame no frame is drawn Rather the frame text is inserted into the normal text To change this you can modify the frame template see Section 9 4 4 To suppress a frame in article mode you can for example specify lt presentation gt as overlay specification For compatibility with earlier versions you can also give an overlay specification in square brackets If sole argument to the frame command is an argument in square brackets the BEAMER class will try to check whether this argument looks like an overlay specification If so it is assumed to be an overlay specification Note that there is no environment for creating frames The reason is that I simply have not been able to come up with an idea of how to implement it in the presence of multiple overlays 21 4 2 2 Components of a Frame Each frame consists of several components E SS et a headline a footline a left sidebar a right sidebar navigation symbols a logo a frame title and some frame contents A frame need not have all of these components Usually the first six components are automatically setup by the theme you are using To change them you must install an appropriate template see Section 9 4 9 for the head and footlines and Section 9 4 10 for the sidebars To install a logo invo
119. frame will be inserted at the last page of the frame 5 If there is a frame title each of the pages will have this frame title with a special note added indicating which page of the frame that page is By default this special note is a Roman number However this can be changed by changing the continutation template see Section 9 4 8 If a frame needs to be broken into several pages the material on all but the last page fills only 95 of each page by default Thus there will be some space left at the top and or bottom depending on the vertical placement option for the frame This yields a better visual result than a 100 filling which typically looks crowded However you can change this percentage using the optional argument fraction where 1 means 100 and 0 5 means 50 This percentage includes the frame title Thus in order to split a frame roughly in half you should give 0 6 as fraction Most of the fine details of normal TEX page breaking also apply to this option For example when you wish equations to be broken automatically be sure to use the allowdisplaybreaks command You can insert break nobreak and penalty commands to control where breaks should occur The commands pagebreak and nopagebreak also work including their options Since you typically do not want page breaks for the frame to apply also to the article mode you can add a mode specification like lt presentation gt to make these commands apply only to t
120. frametitle Outline tabelofcontent current Normally the complete frame text is put on a slide If the text does not fit on a slide being too high it will be squeezed as much as possible a warning issued and the text just extends unpleasantly over the bottom You can use the option allowframebreaks to cause the frame text to be split among several slides though you cannot use overlays then See the explanation of the allowframebreaks option for details The default overlay specification is an optional argument that is detected according to the following rule If the first optional argument in square brackets starts with a lt then this argument is a default overlay specification otherwise it is a normal options argument Thus frame lt gt plain would be legal but also frame plain The effect of the default overlay specification is the following Every command or environment inside the frame that accepts an action specification see Section 4 1 3 this includes the item command the actionenv environment action and all block environments and that is not followed by an overlay specification gets the default overlay specification as its specification By providing an incremental specification like lt gt see Section 4 1 4 this will essentially cause all blocks and all enumerations to be uncovered piece wise blocks internally employ action specifications Example In this frame the theorem is s
121. fthe text mainly belongs to one mode with only small amounts of text from another mode inserted this second flavor is nice to use 78 Note When searching line wise for a mode command to shake it out of its gobbling state TeX will not recognize a mode command if a mode specification follows on the same line Thus such a specification must be given on the next line Note When a T X file ends TeX must not be in the gobbling state Switch this state off using mode on one line and lt a11 gt on the next Example mode lt article gt This text is typeset only in larticlel mode verb verbatim text is ok mode lt presentation gt 1 this text is inserted only in presentation mode frame tableofcontents current Here we are back to article mode stuff This text is not inserted in presentation mode mode lt presentation gt This text is only inserted in presentation mode The last flavor of the mode command behaves quite differently mode The effect of this mode is to ignore all text outside frames in the presentation modes In article mode it has no effect This mode should only be entered outside of frames Once entered if the current mode is a presentation mode TEX will enter a gobbling state similar to the gobbling state of the second flavor of the mode command The difference is that the text is now read token wise not line wise The text is gobbled token by token until one of the followin
122. g use usepackage T1 fontenc Thus if you have the lmodern fonts in stalled you could write usepackage 1modern usepackage T1 fontenc to get beautiful outline fonts and correct hyphenation 9 2 Margin Sizes The paper size of a BEAMER presentation is fixed to 128mm times 96mm The aspect ratio of this size is 4 3 which is exactly what most beamers offer these days It is the job of the presentation program like acroread to display the slides at full screen size The main advantage of using a small paper size is that you can use all your normal fonts at their natural sizes In particular inserting a graphic with 11pt labels will result in reasonably sized labels during the presentation You should refrain from changing the paper size However you can change the size of the left and right margins which default to lcm To change them you should use the following two commands beamersetleftmargin left margin dimension Sets a new left margin This excludes the left sidebar Thus it is the distance between the right edge of the left sidebar and the left edge of the text This command can only be used in the preamble before the document environment is used Example beamersetleftmargin 1cm ARTICLE This command has no effect in article mode beamersetrightmargin left margin dimension Like beamersetleftmargin only for the right margin For more information on sidebars see Section 9 4 10
123. g tokens is found mode frame againframe part section subsection appendix note and end document this is not really a token but it is recognized anyway Once one of these commands is encountered the gobbling stops and the command is executed However all of these commands restore the mode that was in effect when they started Thus once the command is finished T X returns to its gobbling Normally mode is exactly what you want TEX to do outside of frames ignore everything except for the above mentioned commands outside frames in presentation mode However there are cases in which you have to use the second flavor of the mode command instead If you have verbatim text that contains one of the commands if you have very long text outside frames or if you wish some text outside a frame like a definition to be executed also in presentation mode The class option ignorenonframetext will switch on mode at the beginning of the document Example begin document mode This text is not shown in the presentation frame This text is shown both in article and presentation mode 79 this text is not shown in the presentation again section This command also has effect in presentation mode Back to article stuff again frame lt presentation gt this frame is shown only in the presentation end document Example The following example shows how you can include other files in a main file The c
124. gest label item short Some text item longest label Some text item long label Some text end description Since you cannot specify the optional argument in LyX if you wish to specify the width you must use the command usedescriptionitemofwidthas which you must insert in TfX mode shortly before the environment usedescriptionitemofwidthas long texrt This command overrides the default width of the description label by the width of long text for the current TEX group You should only use this command if for some reason or another you cannot give the long text as an argument to the description environment This happens for example if you create a description environment in LyX Example usedescriptionitemofwidthas longest label begin description item lt 1 gt short Some text item lt 2 gt longest label Some text item lt 3 gt long label Some text end description 51 5 3 2 Hilighting The BEAMER class predefines commands and environments for hilighting text Using these commands makes is easy to change the appearance of a document by changing the theme alert lt overlay specification gt 1 hilighted text The given text is hilighted typically be coloring the text red If the overlay specification is present the command only has an effect on the specified slides Example This is alert important ARTICLE Alerted text is typeset as emphasized text This can be changed by specifying
125. handout beamer Create a version that uses the handout overlay specifications In some cases you may want a more complex behaviour For example if you use many only commands to draw an animation In this case suppressing all overlay specifications is not such a good idea since this will cause all steps of the animation to be shown at the same time In some cases this is not desirable Also it might be desirable to suppress some alert commands that apply only to specific slides in the handout For a fine grained control of what is shown on a handout you can use mode specifications They specify which slides of a frame should be shown for a special version for example for the handout version As explained in Section 4 1 a mode specification is written alongside the normal overlay specification inside the pointed brackets It is separated from the normal specification by a vertical bar and a space Here is an example only lt 1 3 5 9 handout 2 3 5 gt Text This specification says Normally in beamer mode insert the text on slides 1 3 and 5 9 For the handout version insert the text only on slides 2 3 and 5 If no special mode specification is given for handouts the default is always This causes the desirable effect that if you do not specify anything the overlay specification is effectively suppressed for the handout An especially useful specification is the following only lt 3 handout 0 gt Not shown on hando
126. hat exactly having an effect means depends on the command Consider the following example frame textbf This line is bold on all three slides textbf lt 2 gt This line is bold only on the second slide textbf lt 3 gt This line is bold only on the third slide For the command textbf the overlay specification causes the text to be set in boldface only on the specified slides On all other slides the text is set in a normal font For a second example consider the following frame frame Xonly lt i gt fThis line is inserted only on slide 1 only lt 2 gt This line is inserted only on slide 2 The command only which is introduced by BEAMER normally simply inserts its parameter into the current frame However if an overlay specification is present it throws away its parameter on slides that are not mentioned Overlay specifications can only be written behind certain commands not every command Which com mands you can use and which effects this will have is explained in Section 4 3 2 However it is quite easy to redefine an existing command such that it becomes overlay specification aware see also Section 4 3 2 The syntax of basic overlay specifications is the following They are comma separated lists of slides and ranges Ranges are specified like this 2 5 which means slide two through to five The start or the end of a range can be omitted For example 3 means slides three four fiv
127. hat there is also a template that governs the appearance of the mini template for example to change its color see Section 9 4 16 Example begin enumerate item This is important 50 item This is also important end enumerate begin enumerate i item First Roman point item Second Roman point end enumerate begin enumerate lt gt i item First Roman point item Second Roman point uncovered on second slide end enumerate ARTICLE To use the mini template you have to include the package enumerate LYX The same constraints as for itemize apply begin description lt default overlay specification gt long text environment contents end description LYX Like itemize but used to display a list that explains or defines labels The width of long text is used to set the indent Normally you choose the widest label in the description and copy it here As for enumerate the default overlay specification is detected by an opening lt The effect is the same as for enumerate and itemize Example begin description item Lion King of the savanna item Tiger King of the jungle end description begin description longest label item lt 1 gt short Some text item lt 2 gt longest label Some text item lt 3 gt long label Some text end description Example The following has the same effect as the previous example begin description lt gt lon
128. he presentation modes The command framebreak is a shorthand for pagebreak lt presentation gt and noframebreak is a shorthand for nopagebreak lt presentation gt The use of this option evil In a good presentation you prepare each slide carefully and think twice before putting something on a certain slide rather than on some different slide Using the allowframebreaks option invites the creation of horrible endless presentations that resemble more a paper projected on the wall than a presentation Nevertheless the option does have its uses Most noticably it can be convenient for automatically splitting bibliographies or long equations Example M rame allowframebreaks frametitle References begin thebibliography XX 19 bibitem bibitem bibitem end thebibliography Example frame lallowframebreaks allowdisplaybreaks frametitle A Long Equation begin align zeta 2 amp 1 1 4 1 9 cdots amp W k pi72 6 end align b c t will cause the frame to be vertically aligned at the bottom center top This overrides the global placement policy which is governed by the class options slidestop and slidescentered containsverbatim tells BEAMER that the frame contains verbatim commands In this case only one slide of the frame is typeset unless all slides are suppressed by the overlay specification If you wish to use verbatim text in a frame with several s
129. he Appearance of Notes By default notes are put on a page that contains your text some information that should make it easier to match the note to the frame while talking and a little mini version of the slide coming before the note this mini version contains only the body of the frame the headline footline and sidebars are not shown You can change this appearance by specifying a different template for note rendering see Section 9 4 21 for details In most cases it will be sufficient to say either beamertemplatenoteplain in your preamble which will give you plain notes without anything on them but your text or beamertemplatenotecompress which will give you notes with more space on them 8 4 Creating an Article Version In the following the article version of your presentation refers to a normal TEX text typeset using for example the document class article or perhaps llncs or a similar document class This version of the presentation will typically follow different typesetting rules and may even have a different structure Nevertheless you may wish to have this version coexist with your presentation in one file and you may wish to share some part of it like a figure or a formula with your presentation 8 4 1 Starting the Article Mode The class option class class name where class name is the name of another document class like article or report causes the beamer class to transfer control almost immediately t
130. he effect the commands of this class have At least that s my understanding of things The workflow for the migration is the following 1 Use the document class beamer not foils 2 Add a usepackage beamerfoils to start the emulation 3 Possibly add commands to install themes and templates 4 If the command foilhead is used inside a frame command it behaves like frametitle If it used outside a frame it will start a new frame with the allowframebreaks option thus no overlays are allowed This frame will persist till the next occurence of foilhead or of the new command endfoil Note that a frame command will not end a frame started using foilhead 5 If you rely on automatic frame creation based on foilhead you will need to insert an endfoil before the end of the document to end the last frame 6 If you use pdfl4TRX to typeset the presentation than you cannot include PostScript files You should convert them to pdf or to png and adjust any usage of includegraphics accordingly 7 Sizes of objects are different in BEAMER since the scaling is done by the viewer not by the class Thus a framebox of size 6 inches will be way too big in a BEAMER presentation You will have to manually adjust explicit dimension occuring in a foilT X presentation 123 usepackage beamerfoils Include this package in a beamer presentation to get access to FOILS commands Use beamer as the document class not foils Example In t
131. he following example frames are automatically created The endfoil at the end is needed to close the last frame documentclass beamer usepackage beamerfoils begin document maketitle foilhead First Frame This is on the first frame pagebreak This is on the second frame which is a continuation of the first foilhead Third Frame This is on the third frame endfoil end document Example In this example frames are manually inserted No endfoil is needed documentclass beamer usepackage beamerfoils begin document frame maketitle frame foilhead First Frame This is on the first frame framet foilhead Second Frame This is on the second frame end document In the following the effect of FOILS commands in BEAMER are listed MyLogo logo text This is mapped to logo though the logo is internally stored such that it can be switched on and off using LogoOn and LogoOff LogoOn Makes the logo visible LogoDff Makes the logo invisible foilhead dimension frame title If used inside a frame command this is mapped to frametitle frame title If used outside any frames a new frame is started with the option allowframebreaks If a frame was previously started using this command it will be closed before the next frame is started The dimension is ignored 124 Xrotatefoilhead dimension 14 frame title This command has exactly the same effect as
132. he navigation bars In order to create a line break in the table of contents usually not a good idea you can use the command breakhere Note that the standard command does not work actually I do not really know why comments would be appreciated section lt mode specification gt short section name section name Starts a section No heading is created The section name is shown in the table of contents and in the navigation bars except if short section name is specified In this case short section name is used in the navigation bars instead If a mode specification is given the command only has an effect for the specified modes Example section Summary Summary of Main Results ARTICLE The mode specification allows you to provide an alternate section command in article mode This is necessary for example if the short section name is unsuitable for the table of contents Example section lt presentation gt Results Results on the Main Problem section lt article gt Results on the Main Problem section lt mode specification gt section name Starts a section without an entry in the table of contents No heading is created but the section name is shown in the navigation bar Example section Outline Example section lt beamer gt Outline subsection lt mode specification gt short subsection name subsection name This command works the same way as the section command Example
133. headlines and footlines Inside the title line breaks can be inserted using the double backslash command Example title The Beamer Class title Short Version A Very Long Title Over Several Lines 33 ARTICLE The short form is ignored in article mode subtitle short subtitle 14 subtitle The subshort tile is not used by default but is available via the insert Ninsertshortsubtitle The subtitle is shown below the title in a smaller font Example title The Beamer Class subtitle An easily paced introduction with many examples ARTICLE This command causes the subtitle to be appended to the title with a linebreak and a normalsize command issued before it This may or may not be what you would like to happen Vauthor short author names author names The names should be separated using the command and In case authors have different affiliations they should be suffixed by the command inst with different parameters Example author Hemaspaandra et al L Hemaspaandra inst 1 and T Tantau inst 2 ARTICLE The short form is ignored in article mode institute short institute institute If more than one institute is given they should be separated using the command and and they should be prefixed by the command inst with different parameters Example institute Universities of Rochester and Berlin inst 1 Department of Computer Science University of Rochester and inst 2 Fakult at
134. height head height footheight foot height beamerthemeboxes Example For Further Reading 2 Box 3 Box Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Amas Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 1Department of Computer Science a E Dijkstra University of Rochester Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Fakult t f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 1 Box 2 Box 1 Box 2 Box Example usepackage headheight 12pt footheight 12pt beamerthemeboxes For this theme you can specify an arbitrary number of templates for the boxes in the headline and in the footline You can add a template for another box by using the following commands addheadboxtemplate background color command box template Each time this command is invoked a new box is added to the head line with the first added box being shown on the left All boxes will have the same size Example addheadboxtemplate color black color white tiny quad 1 Box addheadboxtemplate color structure color white tiny quad 2 Box addheadboxtemplate color structure 50 color white tiny quad 3 Box addfootboxtemplate backgrou
135. heory Conference 2003 For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 El E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Example usepackage dark tab beamerthemesidebar Computation with Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Standard Model Our Model Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji pole fi 2 inear Languages Till Tantau Ferien Extra Complete Languages Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Strict Inclusion Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Summary Further Reading Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 Em E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973
136. hics should have the same typographic parameters as the text Use the same fonts at the same size in graphics as in the main text A small dot in a graphic should have exactly the same size as a small dot in a text The line width should be the same as the stroke width used in creating the glyphs of the font For example an 11pt non bold Computer Modern font has a stroke width of 0 4pt While bitmap graphics like photos can be much more colorful than the rest of the text vector graphics should follow the same color logic as the main text like black normal lines red hilighted parts green examples blue structure Like text you should explain everything that is shown on a graphic Unexplained details make the audience puzzle whether this was something important that they have missed Be careful when im porting graphics from a paper or some other source They usually have much more detail than you will be able to explain For technical hints on how to create graphics see Section 7 1 3 5 5 Guidelines on Colors Use colors sparsely The prepared themes are already quite colorful blue structure red alert green example If you add more colors you should have a very good reason Be careful when using bright colors on white background especially when using green What looks good on your monitor may look bad during a presentation due to the different ways monitors beamers and printers reproduce colors Add lots of bl
137. highlighted table of contents consisting of only one section This icon is only shown if there is an appendix 7 Back and forward icons depicted as circular arrows 8 A search or find icon depicted as a detective s magnifying glass Clicking on the left arrow next to an icon always jumps to the last slide of the previous slide frame subsection or section Clicking on the right arrow next to an icon always jump to the first slide of the next slide frame subsection or section Clicking on any of these icons has different effects 1 If supported by the viewer application clicking on a slide icon pops up a window that allows you to enter a slide number to which you wish to jump 2 Clicking on the left side of a frame icon will jump to the first slide of the frame clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide of the frame this can be useful for skipping overlays 3 Clicking on the left side of a subsection icon will jump to the first slide of the subsection clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide of the subsection 48 4 Clicking on the left side of a section icon will jump to the first slide of the section clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide of the section 5 Clicking on the left side of the presentation icon will jump to the first slide clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide of the presentation However this does not include the appendix 6 Cl
138. hor Inserts the author names into a template insertdate Inserts the date into a template insertinstitute Inserts the institute into a template inserttitle Inserts a version of the document title into a template that is useful for the title page insertsubtitle Inserts a version of the document subtitle into a template that is useful for the title page inserttitlegraphic Inserts the title graphic into a template 9 4 3 Part Page Predefined Templates beamertemplatelargepartpage Causes the part pages to be typeset with a large font for the part name beamertemplateboldpartpage Causes the part pages to be typeset with a bold font for the part name Template Installation Commands usepartpagetemplate part page template Example usepartpagetemplatef begin centering Large structure partname insertromanpartnumber vskipiem par insertpart par end centering 90 Inserts for these Templates insertpart Inserts the current part name insertpartnumber Inserts the current part number as an Arabic number into a template insertpartromannumber Inserts the current part number as a Roman number into a template 9 4 4 Frames Template Installation Commands useframetemplate begin of frame end of frame BEAMER This command is currently not available in the presentation modes ARTICLE The begin of frame text is inserted at the beginning of each frame when it is
139. hown from the first slide on the proof from the second slide on with the first two itemize points shown one after the other the last itemize point is shown together with the first one In total this frame will contain four slides M rame lt gt begin theorem A B 18 end theorem begin proof begin itemize item Clearly A C item As shown earlier C B item lt 3 gt Thus A B end itemize end proof The following options may be given e allowdisplaybreaks break desirability causes the AMST X command allowdisplaybreaks break desirability to be issued for the current frame The break desirability can be a value between 0 meaning formulas may never be broken and 4 the default meaning that formulas can be broken anywhere without any penalty The option is just a convenience and makes sense only together with the allowsframebreaks option e allowframebreaks fraction When this option is given the frame will be automatically broken up into several frames if is does not fit on a single slide In detail when this option is given the following things happen 1 The option containsverbatim is automatically selected as a side effect Thus frames with this option set may contain verbatim text 2 Consequently overlays are not supported 3 Any notes for the frame created using the note command will be inserted after the first page of the frame 4 Any footnotes for the
140. ht 2cm poster mymovie mpg If your viewer application is not able to render your movie but some external application is you must use the externalviewer option This will ask the viewer application to launch an application for showing the movie instead of displaying it itself Since this application is started in a new window this not nearly as nice as having the movie be displayed directly by the viewer unless you use evil trickery to suppress the frame of the viewer application Which application is choosen is left to the discreetion of the viewer application which tries to make its choice according to the extension of the movie filename and according to some mapping table for mapping extensions to viewer applications How this mapping table can be modified depends on the viewer application please see the release notes of your viewer The following options may be given e autostart Causes the movie to start playing immediately when the page is shown At most one movie can be started in this way The viewer application will typically be able to show only at most one movie at the same time anyway When the page is no longer shown the movie immediately stops This can be a problem if you use the movie command to include a sound that should be played on after the page has been closed In this case the sound command must be used e borderwidth T X dimension Causes a border of thickness TX dimension to be drawn around the movie Som
141. ication see the definition of itemize for details Now suppose you wish the second and third point to be shown at the same time You could achieve this by adding the specificaiton lt 2 gt to either the second or third item command However then you still have to do some renumbering if you add a new item at the beginning A better though more cumbersome approach is to decrease the counter beamerpause before the last item begin itemize lt gt item First point item Second point addtocounter beamerpause 1 item Third point end itemize This does not look so nice but it works Also you might wish to build your own macros based on these ideas like an itemstep environment or a itemlikeprevious command 10 1 2 Hilighting the Current Point in an Enumeration If you uncover an enumeration piecewise it is sometimes a good idea to hilight the last uncovered point to draw the audience s attention to it This is best achieved as follows begin itemize item lt 1 alert 1 gt First point item lt 2 alert 2 gt Second point item lt 3 alert 3 gt Third point end itemize 109 or begin itemize lt alert gt item First point item Second point item Third point end itemize Note that this will draw the little item symbol also in red 10 1 3 Changing Symbol Before an Enumeration When uncovering a list of tasks or problems you may desire that the symbol in front of the last unc
142. icking on the left side of the appendix icon will jump to the first slide of the appendix clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide of the appendix 7 If supported by the viewer application clicking on the back and forward symbols jumps to the previ ously visited slides 8 If supported by the viewer application clicking on the search icon pops up a window that allows you to enter a search string If found the viewer application will jump to this string You can reduce the number of icons that are shown or their layout by adjusting the navigation symbols template see Section 9 4 13 5 3 Creating the Local Structure Just like your whole presentation each frame should also be structured A frame that is solely filled with some long text is very hard to follow It is your job to structure the contents of each frame such that ideally the audience immediately seems which information is important which information is just a detail how the presented information is related and so on IAT X provides different commands for structuring text locally for example via the itemize envi ronment These environments are also available in the BEAMER class although their appearance has been slightly changed Furthermore the BEAMER class also defines some new commands and environments see below that may help you to structure your text 5 3 1 Itemizations Enumerations and Descriptions There are three predefined environments
143. idth paperwidth 91 9 4 6 Table of Contents Predefined Templates beamertemplateplaintoc Installs a simple table of contents template with indented subsections beamertemplateballtoc Installs a table of contents template in which small balls are shown before each section and subsection beamertemplatenumberedsectiontoc Installs a table of contents template in which the sections are numbered beamertemplatenumberedcirclesectiontoc Installs a table of contents template in which the sections are numbered and the numbers are drawn on a small circle beamertemplatenumberedballsectiontoc Installs a table of contents template in which the sections are numbered and the numbers are drawn on a small ball beamertemplatenumberedsubsectiontoc Installs a table of contents template in which the subsections are numbered Template Installation Commands usetemplatetocsection mix in specification template grayed template Installs a template for rendering sections in the table of contents If the mix in specification is present the grayed template may not be present and the grayed sections names are obtained by mixing in the miz in specification If mix in specification is not present grayed template must be present and is used to render grayed section names Example usetemplatetocsection color structure inserttocsection color structure 50 inserttocsection usetemplatetocsection 50 a
144. ied by overlay specification will be shown only as shortly as possible Example frame frametitle A Five Slide Animation animate lt 2 4 gt The first slide is shown normally When the second slide is shown presumably after pressing a forward key the second third and fourth slides flash by At the end the content of the fifth slide is shown code for creating an animation with five slides ARTICLE This command is ignored in article mode animatevalue lt start slide end slide gt name start value H end value The name must be the name of a counter or a dimension It will be varied between two values For the slides in the specified range the counter or dimension is set to an interpolated value that depends on the current slide number On slides before the start slide the counter or dimension is set to start value on the slides after the end slide it is set to end value Example newcount opaqueness frame animate lt 2 10 gt animatevalue lt 1 10 gt opaqueness 100 0 begin colormixin the opaqueness averagebackgroundcolor frametitle Fadeout Frame This text and all other frame content will fade out when the second slide is shown This even works with color green 90 black colored alert text end colormixin newcount opaqueness newdimen offset frame frametitle Flying Theorems You Really Shouldn t animate lt 2 14 gt animateva
145. if text and the typewriter text are not replaced To use outline fonts for these write usepackage lmodern before including the fourier package usepackage HA prosper You cannot use this package with BEAMER However you might try to use the package beamerprosper instead see Section 11 2 1 usepackage hyperref BEAMER The hyperref package is automatically loaded by beamer cls and certain options are setup In order pass additional options to hyperref or to override options you can use the following class option documentclass hyperref list of options beamer Causes the list of options to be passed on to the hyperref package Example documentclass hyperref bookmarks false beamer Alternatively you can also use the hypersetup command ARTICLE In the article version you must include hyperref manually if you want to use it It is not included automatically usepackage utf8 inputenc BEAMER When using Unicode you may wish to use one of the following class options documentclass ucs beamer Loads the package ucs and passes the correct Unicode options to hyperref Also it preloads the Unicode code pages zero and one 113 documentclass utf8 beamer Same as the option ucs but also sets the input encoding to utf8 You could also use the option ucs and say usepackage utf8 inputenc in the preamble If you use a Unicode character outside the first two code pages which includes the Latin alphabe
146. ils frame Text omitted in main talk subsection Even more additional material frame More details end document 5 2 Creating the Interactive Global Structure Ideally during most presentations you would like to present your slides in a perfectly linear fashion presum ably by pressing the page down key once for each slide However there are different reasons why you might have to deviate from this linear order e Your presentation may contain different levels of detail that may or may not be skipped or expanded depending on the audience s reaction e You are asked questions and wish to show supplementary slides e You present a complicated picture and you have to zoom out different parts to explain details e You are asked questions about an earlier slide which forces you to find and then jump to that slide You cannot really prepare against the last kind of questions In this case you can use the navigation bars and symbols to find the slide you are interested in see 5 2 4 Concerning the first three kinds of deviations the BEAMER class offers several ways of preparing such planned detours or planned short cuts e You can easily add predefined skip buttons When such a button is pressed you jump over a well defined part of your talk Skip button have two advantages over just pressing the forward key is rapid succession first you immediately end up at the correct position and second the but
147. im Commands and Listings inside Frames The verb command the verbatim environment the 1stlisting environment and related environments that allow you to typeset arbitrary text work only in frames that contain a single slide or that are sup pressed altogether Furthermore you must explicitly specify that the frame contains verbatim text using the containsverbatim commans frame containsverbatim frametitle Our Search Procedure 23 begin verbatim int find int a int n int x for int i 0 i lt n i if ali x return i end verbatim You may not use the label label name option if you have a verbatim text on a slide If you need to use verbatim commands in frames that contain several slides or on a frame that uses the label option you must declare your verbatim texts before the frame starts This is done using two special commands defverb command name delimiter symbol verbatim text delimiter symbol Declares a verbatim text for later use The declaration should be done outside the frame Once declared the text can be used in overlays like normal text The one line verbatim text must be delimited by a special delimiter symbol works like the verb command Adding a star makes spaces visible Example defverb mytext int main void Y defverb mytextspaces int main void frame begin itemize item lt 1 gt In C you need a main function item lt 2 gt
148. imations Example transduration lt 2 gt 1 8 Managing Non Presentation Versions and Material The BEAMER package offers different ways of creating special versions of your talk and adding material that is not shown during the presentation You can create a handout version of the presentation that can be distributed to the audience You can also create a version that is more suitable for a presentation using an overhead projector You can add notes for yourself that help you remember what to say for specific slides Finally you can have a completely independent article version of your presentation coexist in your main file All special versions are created by specifying different class options and rerunning T X on the main file 70 8 1 Creating Handouts A handout is a version of a presentation in which the slides are printed on paper and handed out to the audience before or after the talk See Section 3 4 2 for how to place numerous frames on one page which is very useful for handouts For the handout you typically want to produce as few slides as possible per frame In particular you do not want to print a new slide for each slide of a frame Rather only the last slide should be printed In order to create a handout specify the class option handout If you do not specify anything else this will cause all overlay specifications to be suppressed For most cases this will create exactly the desired result documentclass
149. implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the program is with you Should the program prove defective you assume the cost of all necessary servicing repair or correction In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing will any copyright holder or any other party who may modify and or redistribute the program as permitted above be liable to you for damages including any general special incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the program including but not limited to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a failure of the program to operate with any other programs even if such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages 130
150. in itemize item lt gt Apple item lt gt Peach item lt gt Plum Vitem lt gt Orange end itemize The effect of the sign is the following You can use it in any overlay specification at any point where you would usually use a number If a sign is encountered it is replaced by the current value of the ATEX counter beamerpauses which is 1 at the beginning of the frame Then the counter is increased by 1 though it is only increased once for every overlay specification even if the specification contains multiple signs they are replaced by the same number In the above example the first specification is replaced by lt 1 gt Then the second is replaced by lt 2 gt and so forth We can now easily insert new entries without having to change anything We might also write the following begin itemize item lt alert gt Apple item lt alert gt Peach item lt alert gt Plum item lt alert gt Orange end itemize This will alert the current item when it is uncovered For example the first specification lt alert gt is replaced by lt 1 alert 1 gt the second is replaced by lt 2 alert 2 gt and so on Since the itemize envi ronment also allows you to specify a default overlay specification see the documentation of that environment the above example can be written even more economically as follows begin itemize lt alert gt item Apple item Peach item Plum
151. ing the Program or any work based on the Program you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for copying distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it Each time you redistribute the Program or any work based on the Program the recipient automati cally receives a license from the original licensor to copy distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License If as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all For example if a patent license would not permit royalty free redistribution of the Program 129 10 by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program If any portion of this s
152. inition of uncover newcommand uncover alt firstofone makeinvisible temporal lt overlay specification gt before slide text default text H after slide text This command alternates between three different texts depending on whether the current slide is temporally before the specified slides is one of the specified slides or comes after them If the overlay specification is not an interval that is if it has a hole the hole is considered to be part of the before slides Example temporal lt 3 4 gt Shown on 1 2 Shown on 3 4 Shown 5 6 7 temporal lt 3 5 gt Shown on 1 2 4 Shown on 3 5 Shown 6 7 8 As a possible application of the temporal command consider the following example Example def colorize lt 1 gt temporal lt 1 gt color structure 50 color black color black 50 frame begin itemize colorize lt i gt item First item colorize lt 2 gt item Second item colorize lt 3 gt item Third item colorize lt 4 gt item Fourth item end itemize item lt alert specification gt item label 1 lt alert specification gt BEAMER Only one alert specification may be given The effect of alert specification is described in Section 4 1 3 Example frame begin itemize item lt 1 gt First point shown on all slides item lt 2 gt Second point shown on slide 2 and later item lt 2 gt Third point also shown on slide
153. inserted into the article The text end of frame is inserted at the end You can use this template to put say lines around a frame or to put the whole frame into a minipage By default nothing is inserted Example useframetemplate par medskip hrule smallskip par smallskip hrule medskip 9 4 5 Background Predefined Templates beamertemplatesolidbackgroundcolor color Installs the given color as the background color for every frame Example beamertemplatesolidbackgroundcolor white 90 red beamertemplateshadingbackground color expression page bottom color expression page top Installs a vertically shaded background such that the specified bottom color changes smoothly to the specified top color Use with care Background shadings are often distracting However a very light shading with warm colors can make a presentation more lively Example beamertemplateshadingbackground red 10 blue 10 Bottom is light red top is light blue beamertemplategridbackground spacing Installs a light grid as background with lines spaced apart by spacing Default is half a centimeter Example beamertemplategridbackground 0 2cm Template Installation Commands usebackgroundtemplate background template Installs a new background template Call beamersetaveragebackground after you have called this macro see Section 6 2 for details Example usebackgroundtemplate 7 color red vrule height paperheight w
154. ionally allowed argument is the overlay specification When command name is used it will scan as many as argument number arguments While scanning them it will look for an overlay specification which may be given between any two arguments before the first argument or after the last argument If it finds an overlay specification like lt 3 gt it will call text with arguments 1 to argument number set to the normal arguments and the argument number argument number 1 set to lt 3 gt including the pointed brackets If no overlay specification is found the extra argument is empty If the default optional value is provided the first argument of command name is optional If no optional argument is specified in square brackets the default optional value is used Example The following command will typeset its argument in red on the specified slides newcommand lt gt makered 1 color 2 red 1 Example Here is BEAMER s definition of emph newcommand lt gt emph 1 only 2 itshape 1 31 Example Here is BEAMER s definition of transdissolve the command beamer dotrans mainly passes its argument to hyperref newcommand lt gt transdissolve 1 only 2 beamer dotrans 1 Dissolve renewcommand lt gt existing command name argument number default optional value text Redeclares a command that already exists in the same way as newcommand lt gt Inside text you can
155. item Orange end itemize 17 The pause command also updates the counter beamerpauses You can change this counter yourself using the normal ATEX commands setcounter or addtocounter Any occurence of a sign may be followed by an offset in round brackets This offset will be added to the value of beamerpauses Thus if beamerpauses is 2 then lt 1 gt expands to lt 3 gt and lt 1 gt expands to lt 1 2 gt 4 2 Frames 4 2 1 Frame Creation A presentation consists of a series of frames Each frame consists of a series of slides You create a frame using the command frame This command takes one parameter namely the contents of the frame All of this text that is not tagged by overlay specifications is shown on all slides of the frame If a frame contains commands that have an overlay specification the frame will contain multiple slides otherwise it contains only one slide frame lt overlay specification gt lt default overlay specification gt options 14 frame text The overlay specification dictates which slides of a frame are to be shown If left out the number is calculated automatically The frame text can be normal TeX text but may not contain verb com mands or verbatim environments unless the containsverbatim options is given see also Section 4 2 4 Example frame frametitle A title Some content Example frame lt beamer gt frame is only shown in beamer mode
156. just showing the slide immediately whatever was shown before might slowly dissolve and be replaced by the slide s content Slide transitions should be used with great care Most of the time they only distract However they can be useful in some situations For example you might show a young boy on a slide and might wish to dissolve this slide into slide showing a grown man instead In this case the dissolving gives the audience visual feedback that the young boy slowly becomes the man There are a number of commands that can be used to specify what effect should be used when the current slide is presented Consider the following example frame pgfuseimage youngboy frame transdissolve pgfuseimage man The command transdissolve causes the slide of the second frame to be shown in a dissolved way Note that the dissolving is a property of the second frame not of the first one We could have placed the command anywhere on the frame The transition commands are overlay specification aware We could collapse the two frames into one frame like this frame only lt 1 gt pgfuseimage youngboy only lt 2 gt pgfuseimage man transdissolve lt 2 gt This states that on the first slide the young boy should be shown on the second slide the old man should be shown and when the second slide is shown it should be shown in a dissolved way In the following the different commands for creating t
157. k cls In addition to these modes BEAMER recognizes the following names for modes sets e all refers to all modes e presentation refers to the first three modes that is to all modes except for the article mode Depending on the current mode you may wish to have certain text inserted only in that mode For example you might wish a certain frame or a certain table to be left out of your article version In some situations you can use the only command for this purpose However the command mode which is described in the following is much more powerful than only The command actually comes in three flavors which only slightly differ in syntax The first and simplest is the version that takes one argument It behaves essentially the same way as only mode lt mode specification gt t text y Causes the text to be inserted only for the specified modes Recall that a mode specification is just an overlay specification in which no slides are mentioned The text should not do anything fancy that involves mode switches or including other files In par ticular you should not put an include command inside tert Use the argument free form below instead Example mode lt article gt Extra detail mentioned only in the article version mode lt beamer trans gt frame tableofcontents current The second flavor of the mode command takes no argument No argument means that it is not followed by an o
158. ke the following command in the preamble after having loaded the theme Mogot logo text ARTICLE The logo text is usually a command for including a graphic Example pgfdeclareimage height 0 5cm logo tu logo logo pgfuseimage logo This command has no effect The frame title is shown prominently at the top of the frame and can be specified with the following command frametitle lt overlay specification gt short frame title frame title text BEAMER ARTICLE LYX You should end the frame title text with a period if the title is a proper sentence Otherwise there should not be a period The short frame title is normally not shown but its available via the insertshortframetitle command The overlay specification is mostly useful for suppressing the frame title in article mode Example frame frametitle A Frame Title is Important framesubtitle Subtitles are not so important Frame contents If you are using the allowframebreaks option with the current frame a continuation text like cont or something similar depending on the continuation template is automatically added to the frame title text at the end The frame title is not typeset immediately when the command frametitle is encountered Rather the argument of the command is stored internally and the frame title is only typeset when the complete frame has been read This gives you access to both the frame ti
159. lides a more roundabout approach is necessary see Section 4 2 4 This option cannot be used together with the label option label name causes the frame s contents to be stored under the name name for later resumption using the command againframe If this option is given you cannot include verbatim text in the frame even if you specify an overlay specification like lt 1 gt The frame is still rendered normally See also againframe Furthermore on each slide of the frame a label with the name name lt slide number gt is created On the first slide furthermore a label with the name name is created so the labels name and name lt 1 gt point to the same slide Note that labels in general and these labels in particular can be used as targets for hyperlinks plain causes the headlines footlines and sidebars to be suppressed This is useful for creating single frames with different head and footlines or for creating frames showing big pictures that completely fill the frame Example A frame with a picture completely filling the frame frame plain begin centering pgf image height paperheight somebigimagefile Xpar Nendi centering Example A title page in which the head and footlines are replaced by two graphics usetitlepagetemplatef beamerline pgfuseimage toptitle vskipOpt plus 1fi111 begin centering Large textbf inserttitle insertdate end centering 20 LYX L
160. lue lt 1 15 gt opaqueness 100 0 animatevalue lt 1 15 gt offset Ocm 5cm begin colormixin the opaqueness averagebackgroundcolor hskip offset begin minipage textwidth begin theorem This theorem flies out end theorem end minipage end colormixin animatevalue lt 1 15 gt opaqueness 0 100 animatevalue lt 1 15 gt offset 5cm Ocm begin colormixin the opaqueness averagebackgroundcolor hskip offset 66 begin minipage textwidth begin theorem This theorem flies in end theorem end minipage end colormixin ARTICLE This command is ignored in article mode 7 3 Sounds You can include sounds in a presentation Such sound can be played when you open a slide or when a certain button is clicked The commands for including sounds are defined in the package multimedia which is introduced in Section 7 2 1 As was already pointed out in Section 7 2 1 a sound can be included in a PDF presentation by treating it as a movie and using the movie command While this is perfectly sufficient in most cases there are two cases where this approach is not satisfactory 1 When a page is closed any playing movie is immediately stopped Thus you cannot use the movie command to create sounds that persist for a longer time 2 You cannot play two movies at the same time The PDF specification introduces special sound objects which are treated quite differently from movie objects You can create
161. ly located at usr share texmf c texmf or c Program Files TeXLive texmf LYX LYX e The local texmf tree which is usually located at usr local share texmf c localtexmf or c Program Files TeXLive texmf local e Your personal texmf tree which is usually located in your home directory at texmf or Library texmf You should install the packages either in the local tree or in your personal tree depending on whether you have write access to the local tree Installation in the root tree can cause problems since an update of the whole T X installation will replace this whole tree Inside whatever texmf directory you have chosen create the sub sub sub directories e texmf tex latex beamer e texmf tex latex pgf and e texmf tex latex xcolor and place all files in these three directories Finally you need to rebuild TFX s filename database This done by running the command texhash or mktexlsr they are the same In MiK T X there is a menu option to do this For usage of the BEAMER class with LyX you have to do all of the above Then you also have to make LyX aware of the file beamer lyx layouts beamer layout To do so link or not so good in case of later updates copy this file to the directory lyx layouts in your home directory Then use LyX s Reconfigure command to make LyX aware of this file For a more detailed explanation of the standard installation process of packages you might wish to consult http
162. mbered with each section Thus instead of Theorem 1 you get Theorem 1 1 I recommend using this option e noxcolor will suppress the loading of the xcolor package No colors will be defined There is one remaining problem While the article version can easily TEX the whole file even in the presence of commands like frame lt 2 gt we do not want the special article text to be inserted into our original BEAMER presentation That means we would like all text between frames to be suppressed More precisely we want all text except for commands like section and so on to be suppressed This behaviour can be enforced by specifying the option ignorenonframetext in the presentation version The option will insert a modex at the beginning of your presentation The following example shows a simple usage of the article mode documentclass class article a4paper beamer Ndocumentclass ignorenonframetext red beamer mode lt article gt usepackage fullpage mode lt presentation gt usepackage beamerthemesplit everyone usepackage english babel usepackage pgf pgfdeclareimage height 1cm myimage filename begin document section Introduction This is the introduction text This text is not shown in the presentation but will be part of the article frame begin figure In the article this is a floating figure In the presentation this figure is shown in the first frame pgfuseimage myimage end figure
163. mple frame begin align a amp b c label first no specification needed c amp d e label second no specification needed end align Blah blah uncover lt 2 gt more blah blah only lt 3 gt Specification is needed now label lt 3 gt mylabel 4 3 3 Environments with Overlay Specifications Environments can also be equipped with overlay specifications For most of the predefined environments see Section 5 3 3 adding an overlay specification causes the whole environment to be uncovered only on the specified slides This is useful for showing things incrementally as in the following example frame frametitle A Theorem on Infinite Sets begin theorem lt 1 gt There exists an infinite set end theorem begin proof lt 3 gt This follows from the axiom of infinity end proof begin example lt 2 gt The set of natural numbers is infinite end example In the example the first slide only contains the theorem on the second slide an example is added and on the third slide the proof is also shown For each of the basic commands only alt visible uncover and invisible there exists envi ronment versions onlyenv altenv visibleenv uncoverenv and invisibleenv Except for altenv and onlyenv these environments do the same as the commands 29 begin onlyenv lt overlay specification gt environment contents end onlyenv If the overlay specification is given
164. mplemented you will have to delete this command and try to mimick its behaviour using some BEAMER command usepackage beamerseminar Include this package in a beamer presentation to get access to SEMINAR commands Use beamer as the document class not seminar Most of the options passed to the class seminar make no sense in beamer so just delete them This package takes the following options e accumulate causes overlays to be accumulated The original behaviour of the SEMINAR package is that in each overlay only the really new part of the overlay is shown This makes sense if you really print out the overlays on transparencies and then really stack overlays on top of each other For a presentation with a video projector you rather want to present an accumulated version of the overlays This is what this option does When the new material of the ith overlay is shown the material of all previous overlays is also shown Example The following example is an extract of beamerexample seminar tex documentclass ignorenonframetext beamer usepackage accumulated beamerseminar usepackage beamerthemeclassic title A beamer presentation using seminar commands author Till Tantau let heading frametitle begin document framet maketitle This is some text outside any frame It will only be shown in the article version frame begin slide heading This is a frame title beginfenumerate o
165. n template other section template The templates are used to render the section names in a navigation bar Example usesectionheadtemplate hfill color white tiny textbf insertsectionheadnumber insertsectionhead hfill color white 50 black tiny textbf insertsectionheadnumber insertsectionhead usesubsectionheadtemplate current subsection template other subsection template See usesectionheadtemplate Example usesubsectionheadtemplate color white tiny textbf insertsectionheadnumber insertsubsectionheadnumber insertsubsectionhead color white 50 beamerstructure tiny textbf insertsectionheadnumber insertsubsectionheadnumber insertsubsectionhead useminislidetemplate template current frame icon template current subsection frame icon template other frame icon horizontal offset WH vertical offset The templates are used to draw frame icons in navigation bars The offsets describe the offset between icons Example useminislidetemplate color structure 100 hskip 0 4pt vrule height boxsize width1 2pt 7 color structure vrule height boxsize width0 4pt 7 color structure 50 vrule height boxsize width0 4pt 1cm 05cm Inserts insertsectionhead Inserts the text of the section that is to be typeset in a navigation bar insertsubsectionhead Inserts the text of the subsection that is to be typeset in a naviga
166. nd color command box template Example addfootboxtemplate color black color white tiny quad 1 Box addfootboxtemplate color structure color white tiny quad 2 Box 84 usepackage beamerthemeclassic Example Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead SUMMARY For Further Reading A Salomaa Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 usepackage beamerthemelined Example Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Summary Further Reading For Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Till Tantau Proshanto Mukherji Department of Computer Science University of Rochester a Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Universities of Rochester and Berlin Computation usepackage beamerthemeplain Example Computation wi
167. nded corners beamertemplateshadowblocks Changes the block templates such that they are printed on a rectangular area with rounded corners and a shadow 105 Template Installation Commands useblocktemplate block beginning template Hi block end template Example useblocktemplate medskip color blockstructure textbf insertblockname Xpar medskip ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode usealertblocktemplate block beginning template block end template Example usealertblocktemplate 7 medskip alert textbf insertblockname par medskip ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode useexampleblocktemplate block beginning template H block end template Example useexampleblocktemplate medskip begingroup color darkgreen textbf insertblockname par endgroup medskip ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode Inserts for these Templates insertblockname Inserts the name of the current block into a template 9 4 19 Theorem Environments Predefined Templates beamertemplatetheoremssimple Causes the theorem head and text to be directly passed to the block or exampleblock environment All font specifications for theorems are ignored beamertemplatetheoremsunnumbered Causes theorems to be typeset as follows The font specification for the body is honored the font specification for the he
168. ned end column end columns ARTICLE This command is ignored in article mode LYx The Column styles insert the command version see below column placement 14 column width Starts a single column The parameters and options are the same as for the column environment The column automatically ends with the next occurrence of column or of a column environment or of the end of the current columns environment Example begin columns column t 5cm Two lines column t 5cm One line but aligned end columns ARTICLE This command is ignored in article mode LYX Ina Column style the width of the column must be given as normal text not in T X mode 5 3 8 Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely Normally BEAMER uses T X s normal typesetting mechanism to position text and graphics on the page In certain situation you may instead wish a certain text or graphic to appear at a page position that is specified absolutely This means that the position is specified relative to the upper left corner of the slide The package textpos provides several commands for positioning text absolutely and it works together with BEAMER When using this package you will typically have to specify the options overlay and perhaps absolute For details on how to use the package please see its documentation 5 3 9 Verse Quotations Quotes I4TRX defines three environments for typesetting quotations and verses verse
169. ned off For example enumerations are still produced the way the theme dictates not the way the french style does Also the characters and will not be a active characters This means that the little space that is inserted before them in the french style is not inserted You have to do this by hand ARTICLE To make the characters and active in article mode pass the option activeospeccharacters to the package beamerbasearticle However this may lead to problems with overlay specifications usepackage spanish babel BEAMER When using the spanish style certain features that clash with the functionality of the BEAMER class will be turned off In particular the special behaviour of the pointed brackets lt and gt is deactivated ARTICLE To make the characters lt and gt active in article mode pass the option activeospeccharacters to the package beamerbasearticle As for the french package this may lead to problems with overlay specifications usepackage color BEAMER The color package is automatically loaded by beamer cls This makes it impossible to pass options to color in the preamble of your document To pass a list of options to color you must use the following class option documentclass color list of options beamer Causes the list of options to be passed on to the color package If the list of options contains more than one option you must enclose it in curly brackets 112 ARTICLE
170. neral Public License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Program does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different write to the author to ask for permission For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally 12 3 No Warranty 10 11 Because the program is licensed free of charge there is no warranty for the program to the extent permitted by applicable law Except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and or other parties provide the program as is without warranty of any kind either expressed or implied including but not limited to the
171. next slide on or if the optional number is given from the slide with the number number If the optional number is given the counter beamerpauses is set to this number This command uses the onslide command internally This command does not work inside amsmath environments like align since these do really wicked things Example frame begin itemize item A pause item B pause item Cc end itemize ARTICLE This command is ignored LYX Use the Pause style with an empty line to insert a pause To unpause some text that is to temporarily suspend pausing use the command onslide see below 4 3 2 Commands with Overlay Specifications A much more powerful and flexible way of specifying overlays uses overlay specifications see Section 4 1 for an introduction to this concept In this subsection the basic commands that take overlay specifications are described For the following commands adding an overlay specification causes the command to be simply ignored on slides that are not included in the specification textbf textit textsl textrm textsf color alert structure If a command takes several arguments like color the specification should directly follow the command as in the following example but there are exceptions to this rule frame color lt 2 3 gt rgb 1 0 0 This text is red on slides 2 and 3 otherwise black For the following commands the effect of an ove
172. ng When you present a graphic during a presentation you should explain everything that is shown in the graphic When graphics are imported from other context they typically contain far too much information and should be radically simplified Sometimes however the complexity of a graphic is intensional and you are willing to spend much time explaining the graphic in great detail In this case you will often run into the problem that fine details of the graphic are hard to discern for the audience One way to solve this problem is to use the command framezoom This command allows you to specify that clicking on a certain area of a frame should zoom out this area You can then explain the details Clicking on the zoomed out picture will take you back to the original one framezoom lt button overlay specification gt lt zoomed overlay specification gt options upper left x upper left y zoom area width zoom area depth This command should be given somewhere at the beginning of a frame When given two different things will happen depending on whether the button overlay specification applies to the current slide of the frame or whether the zoomed overlay specification applies These overlay specifications should not overlap If the button overlay specification applies a clickable are is created inside the frame The size of this area is given by zoom area width and zoom area depth which are two normal TEX dimensions
173. o the class named class name None of the normal commands defined by the BEAMER class will be defined except for one mode All class options passed to the BEAMER class will be passed on to the class class name except naturally for the option class class name itself documentclass class another class name options for another class beamer Transfer control to document class another class name with the options options for another class Example documentclass class article a4paper beamer This will cause the rest of the text to be typeset using the article class with the only class option being a4paper Since BEAMER gives over control to another class almost immediately none of the usual commands like frame and so on are defined in article mode initially The only command that is guaranteed to be defined is mode which can be used to comment out all of BEAMER s commands For example in your preamble you might write things like mode lt presentation gt usepackage beamerthemeshadow mode lt article gt usepackage fullpage mode lt all gt usepackage times newcommand myfavoritecommand However for the main text this is very bothersome and there is a much better way You can include the package beamerbasearticle This package will define virtually all of BEAMER s commands in a way that is sensible for the article mode Also overlay specifications can be given to commands like text
174. of the top level enumeration as an Arabic number into a template However in an enumeration where the optional mini template option is used this command inserts the current number rendered by this mini template For example if the mini template is i and this command is used in the fourth item insertenumlabel would yield iv insertsubenumlabel Inserts the current number of the second level enumeration as an Arabic number into a template insertsubsubenumlabel Inserts the current number of the third level enumeration as an Arabic number into a template 9 4 17 Hilighting Commands Template Installation Commands usealerttemplate alert template begin alert template end In an alert command and in an alertenv environment the text alert template begin is inserted at the beginning the text alert template end at the end Example usealerttemplate color red ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode usestructuretemplate structure template begin 4 structure template end Same as for alerts Example usestructuretemplate color blue ARTICLE This command is also available in article mode 9 4 18 Block Environments Predefined Templates beamertemplateboldblocks Block titles are printed in bold beamertemplatelargeblocks Block titles are printed slightly larger beamertemplateroundedblocks Changes the block templates such that they are printed on a rectangular area with rou
175. of what exactly a semantical complexity class or an w complete partial ordering is Never put anything on a slide that you are not going to explain during the talk not even to impress anyone with how complicated your subject matter really is However you may explain things that are not on a slide Keep it simple Typically your audience will see a slide for less than 50 seconds They will not have the time to puzzle through long sentences or complicated formulas 3 5 2 Guidelines on Titles Put a title on each frame The title explains the contents of the frame to people who did not follow all details on the slide The title should really explain things not just give a cryptic summary that cannot be understood unless one has understood the whole slide For example a title like The Poset will have everyone puzzled what this slide might be about Titles like Review of the Definition of Partially Ordered Sets Posets or A Partial Ordering on the Columns of the Genotype Matrix are much more informative Ideally titles on consecutive frames should tell a story all by themselves LR e In English you should either always capitalize all words in a frame title except for words like a or the as in a title or you always use the normal lowercase letters Do not mix this stick to one rule The same is true for block titles For example do not use titles like A short Review of Turing machines
176. offers a solution In the following example the tabular header is used to insert onslide commands one for each column that cover the entries in the column from a certain slide on At the end of the last column the onslide without a specification ensures that the first column on the next row is once more shown normally Inserting a horizontal line is tricky since it will protrude over the full width of the table also in the covered version The best idea is just not to use horizontal bars rowcolors 1 blue 20 blue 10 begin tabular 1 vrule c lt onslide lt 2 gt c lt onslide lt 3 gt c lt onslide lt 4 gt c lt onslide c Class amp AkB amp C amp D X 186286386 4 Y amp 3e amp 4e5h6 Z amp 5 amp 6 amp 7 amp SB end tabular 11 Compatibility and Emulation 11 1 Compatibility with Other Packages and Classes When using certain packages or classes together with the beamer class extra options or precautions may be necessary usepackage amsthm This package is automatically loaded since BEAMER uses it for typesetting theorems If you do not wish it to be loaded which can be necessary especially in article mode if the package is incompatible with the document class you can use the class option noamsthm to suppress its loading See Section 5 3 4 for more details usepackage french babe1 When using the french style certain features that clash with the functionality of the BEAMER class will be tur
177. ond subject item lt alert 3 gt Third subject end itemize frame Some stuff explaining more on the second matter againframe lt 3 gt myframe The effect of the above code is to create four slides In the first two the items 1 and 2 are hilighted The third slide contains the text Some stuff explaining more on the second matter The fourth slide is identical to the first two slides except that the third point is now hilighted Example frame lt 1 gt label Cantor frametitle Main Theorem begin Theorem alpha lt 2 alpha for all ordinals alpha end Theorem begin overprint onslide lt 1 gt hyperlink Cantor lt 2 gt beamergotobutton Proof details onslide lt 2 gt this is only shown in the appendix where this frame is resumed begin proof As shown by Cantor end proof hfill hyperlink Cantor lt 1 gt beamerreturnbutton Return end foverprint appendix againframe lt 2 gt Cantor In this example the proof details are deferred to a slide in the appendix Hyperlinks are setup so that one can jump to the proof and go back ARTICLE This command is ignored in article mode 45 LYX Use the style AgainFrame to insert an againframe command The label name is the text on following the style name and is not put in T X mode However an overlay specification must be given in T X mode and it must precede the label name 5 2 3 Adding Anticipated Zoomi
178. onment is plain In this style the body of a theorem should be typeset in italics The head of the theorem should be typeset in a bold font but this is usually overruled by the templates If the option envcountsect is given either as class option in one of the presentation modes or as an option to the package beamerbasearticle in article mode then the numbering of the theorems is local to each section with the section number prefixing the theorem number otherwise they are numbered consecutively throughout the presentation or article I recommend using this option in article mode By default no theorem numbers are shown in the presentation modes Example begin theorem Kummer 1992 If _A n is n enumerable then A is recursive end theorem begin theorem lt 2 gt Tantau 2002 If _A 2 is 2 fa enumerable then A is regular end theorem LYX If present the optional argument and the action specification must be given in TR X mode at the begin ning of the environment The environments corollary fact and lemma behave exactly the same way documentclass envcountsect beamer Causes theorems definitions and so on to be numbered locally to each section Thus the first theorem of the second section would be Theorem 2 1 assuming that there are no definitions lemmas or corollaries earlier in the section begin defintion lt action specification gt additional text lt action specification gt
179. ontents of a main tex documentclass ignorenonframetext beamer begin document This is star mode stuff Let s include files mode lt all1 gt includefa include b mode Back to star mode end document And a tex and likewise b tex mode section First section Extra text in article version frame Some text mode lt all gt 9 Customization 9 1 Fonts 9 1 1 Serif Fonts and Sans Serif Fonts By default the BEAMER class uses the Computer Modern sans serif fonts for typesetting a presentation The Computer Modern font family is the original font family designed by Donald Knuth himself for the TEX program A sans serif font is a font in which the letters do not have serifs from French sans which means without Serifs are the little hooks at the ending of the strokes that make up a letter The font you are currently reading is a serif font By comparison this text is in a sans serif font The choice Computer Modern sans serif had the following reasons e The Computer Modern family has a very large number of symbols available that go well together e Sans serif fonts are generally considered to be easier to read when used in a presentation In low resolution rendering serifs decrease the legibility of a font While these reasons are pretty good you still might wish to change the font e The Computer Modern fonts are a bit boring if you have seen them too often Using another font b
180. options is specified e template text is ignored Example The following two texts have the same effect begin slide trans Glitter toc short A Title Hi end slide 117 and subsection short omitted if framesassubsections is not specified M rame containsverbatim transglitter frametitle A Title Hi overlays number slide environment This will put the slide environment into a frame that does not have the containsverbatim option and which can hence contain overlayed text The number is ignored since the number of necessary overlays is computed automatically by BEAMER Example The following code fragments have the same effect overlays 2 begin slide A Title begin itemstep item Hi item Ho end itemstep end slide and subsection A Title omitted if framesassubsections is not specified frame frametitle A Title begin itemstep item Hi item Ho end itemstep fromSlidet slide number text This is mapped to uncover lt slide number gt tezt fromSlide slide number text This is mapped to only lt slide number gt text VonlySlidet slide number text This is mapped to uncover lt slide number gt text onlySlide slide number H text This is mapped to only lt slide number gt text y untilSlide slide number H text This is mapped to Nuncover lt slide number gt tezxt y un
181. overed symbol is say a ballot X while for the previous items it is a check mark you ll find these characters in some Dingbats fonts The best way to achieve this is to implement a new action environment If this action is activated it temporarily changes the item symbol template to the other symbol newenvironment ballotenv only useitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a ballot usesubitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a smaller ballot usesubsubitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a smaller ballot useitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a check mark usesubitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a smaller check mark usesubsubitemizeitemtemplate code for showing a smaller check mark The effect of the code is to install a check mark as the default template If the action ballot is now requested for some item this template will temporarily be replaced by the ballot templates Note that the ballotenv is invoked with the overlay specification given for the action directly following it This causes the only to be invoked exactly for the specified overlays Here are example usages begin itemize item lt 1 ballot 1 gt First point item lt 2 ballot 2 gt Second point item lt 3 ballot 3 gt Third point end itemize and begin itemize lt ballot gt item First point item Second point item Third point end itemize In the following example more and more items become checked
182. pdflatex on main tex at least twice Your need to run it twice so that T X can create the table of contents It may even be necessary to run it more often since all sorts of auxiliary files are created In the following example the greater than sign is the prompt gt pdflatex main tex lots of output gt pdflatex main tex lots of output You can next use a program like the Acrobat Reader or xpdf to view the resulting presentation gt acroread main pdf When printing a presentation using Acrobat make sure that the option expand small pages to paper size in the printer dialog is enabled This is necessary because slides are only 128mm times 96mm LYX BEAMER LYX LYX To put several slides onto one page useful for the handout version or to enlarge the slides you can use the program pdfnup Also many commercial programs can perform this task Tf you put several slides on one page and if these slides normally have a white background it may be useful to write the following in your preamble mode lt handout gt beamertemplatesolidbackgroundcolor black 5 This will cause the slides of the handout version to have a very light gray background This makes it easy to discern the slides border if several slides are put on one page Choose View pdf to view your presentation 3 4 2 Creating PostScript To create a PostScript version you should first ascertain that the HYPERREF package which is autom
183. pening brace but any other symbol mode lt mode specification gt In the specified mode this command actually has no effect The interesting part is the effect in the non specified modes In these modes the command causes TEX to enter a kind of gobbling state It will now ignore all following lines until the next line that has a sole occurrence of one of the following commands mode mode begin document end document Even a comment on this line will make TFX skip it Note that the line with the special commands that make TEX stop gobbling may not directly follow the line where the gobbling is started Rather there must either be one non empty line before the special command or at least two empty lines When TFX encounters a single mode command it will execute this command If the command is mode command of the first flavor T X will resume its gobbling state after having inserted or not inserted the argument of the mode command If the mode command is of the second flavor it takes over Using this second flavor of mode is less convenient than the first but there are different reasons why you might need to use it e The line wise gobbling is much faster than the gobble of the third flavor explained below e The first flavor reads its argument completely This means it cannot contain any verbatim text that contains unbalanced braces e The first flavor cannot cope with arguments that contain include e I
184. ption of a general concept called overlay specifications Nearly all of BEAMER s commands for creating frames and overlays are based on this concept except for the simple pause command though it is internally also mapped to this concept 13 LYX 4 1 The Concept of Overlay Specifications 4 1 1 The General Concept When creating overlays how do you specify on which slides of a series of slides a certain text should be shown Such a series is called a frame in BEAMER The approach taken by most presentation classes is to introduce new commands which get a certain slide number as input and which affect the text on the slide following this command in a certain way For example PROSPER s FromSlide 2 command causes all text following this command to be shown only from the second slide on The BEAMER class uses a different approach though the abovementioned command is also available onslide lt 2 gt will have the same effect as FromSlide 2 expect that onslide transcends environments The idea is to add overlay specifications to certain commands These specifications are always given in pointed brackets and follow the command as soon as possible though in certain cases BEAMER also allows overlay specification to be given a little later In the simplest case the specification contains just a number A command with an overlay specification following it will only have effect on the slide s mentioned in the specification W
185. r or other formatting as specified by the template for bibliographies The environment must be placed inside a frame If the bibliography does not fit on one frame you should split it create a new frame and a second thebibliography environment or use the allowframebreaks option Even better you should reconsider whether it is a good idea to present so many references Example frame frametitle For Further Reading begin thebibliography Dijkstra 1982 bibitem Solomaa 1973 Solomaai973 A Salomaa newblock em Formal Languages newblock Academic Press 1973 bibitem Dijkstra 1982 Dijkstra1982 E Dijkstra newblock Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ newblock em Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 end thebibliography bibitem lt overlay specification gt citation text 14 label name The citation text is inserted into the text when the item is cited using cite label name in the main presentation text For a BEAMER presentation this should usually be as long as possible Use newblock commands to separate the authors s names the title the book journal reference and any notes If the overlay specification is present the entry will only be shown on the specified slides Example bibitem Dijkstra 1982 Dijkstra1982 E Dijkstra newblock Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ newblock em Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 198
186. ransitional effects are listed All of them take an optional argument that may contain a list of key value pairs The following options are possible e duration seconds Specifies the number of seconds the transition effect needs Default is one second but often a shorter one like 0 2 seconds is more appropriate Viewer applications especially Acrobat may interpret this option in slightly strange ways e direction degree For directed effects this option specifies the effect s direction Allowed values are 0 90 180 270 and for the glitter effect also 315 All of these commands are ignored in article mode You must insert these commands using TRX mode transblindshorizontal lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide as if horizontal blinds where pulled away Example transblindshorizontal transblindsvertical lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide as if vertical blinds where pulled away Example transblindsvertical lt 2 3 gt transboxin lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by moving to the center from all four sides Example transboxin lt 1 gt 69 transboxout lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by showing more and more of a rectangular area that is centered on the slide center Example transboxout transdissolve lt overlay specification gt options Show the slide by slowly dissolving what was shown before
187. re label Frames before any lecture commands are always included This command should be given in the preamble Example includeonlylecture week 1 ARTICLE This command has no effect in article mode AtBeginLecture tezt The given text will be inserted at the beginning of every lecture Example AtBeginLecture frame Large Today s Lecture insertlecture ARTICLE This command has no effect in article mode 5 1 5 Adding a Table of Contents You can create a table of contents using the command tableofcontents Unlike the normal IAT X table of contents command this command takes an optional parameter in square brackets that can be used to create certain special effects Mtableof contents comma separated option list Inserts a table of contents into the current frame To change how the table of contents is typeset you need to modify the appropriate templates see Section 9 4 6 Example section Outline frame tableofcontents section Introduction frame tableofcontents current subsection Why frame frame subsection Where frame section Results frame tableofcontents current subsection Because frame subsection Here frame The following options can be given 38 part part number causes the table of contents of part part number to be shown instead of the table of contents of the current part which is the default This option can be
188. rithm typeset using the lstlisting environment algorithmB 4 3 Creating Overlays 4 3 1 The Pause Commands The pause command offers an easy but not very flexible way of creating frames that are uncovered piecewise If you say pause somewhere in a frame only the text on the frame up to the pause command is shown on the first slide On the second slide everything is shown up to the second pause and so forth You can also use pause inside environments its effect will last after the environment However taking this to extremes and use pause deeply within a nested environment may not have the desired result A much more fine grained control over what is shown on each slide can be attained using overlay speci fications see the next subsections However for many simple cases the pause command is sufficient The effect of pause lasts till the next pause onslide or the end of the frame frame begin itemize item Shown from first slide on pause item Shown from second slide on begin itemize item Shown from second slide on pause item Shown from third slide on end itemize item Shown from third slide on pause item Shown from fourth slide on end itemize Shown from fourth slide on begin itemize 25 unpause item Shown from first slide on pause item Shown from fifth slide on end itemize pause number This command causes the text following it to be shown only from the
189. rlay specification is special onslide lt overlay specification gt All text following this command will only be shown uncovered on the specified slides On non specified slides the text still occupies space If no slides are specified the following text is always shown You need not call this command in the same T X group its effect transcends block groups However this command has a different effect inside an overprint environment see the description of overprint 26 Example M rame Shown on first slide onslide lt 2 3 gt Shown on second and third slide begin itemize item Still shown on the second and third slide onslide lt 4 gt item Shown from slide 4 on end itemize Shown from slide 4 on onslide Shown on all slides only lt overlay specification gt text lt overlay specification gt If either overlay specification is present though only one may be present the text is inserted only into the specified slides For other slides the text is simply thrown away In particular it occupies no space Example only lt 3 gt Text inserted from slide 3 on Since the overlay specification may also be given after the text you can often use only to make other commands overlay specification aware in a simple manner Example newcommand myblue only color blue frame myblue lt 2 gt This text is blue only on slide 2 uncover lt overlay specification gt text
190. rnal Graphic Files 2 2 0 0 2 2 e 7 1 2 Inlining Graphic Commandds 0000 eee ee TZ ANIMATIONS nt E a e Aes A adhd a ALM 7 2 1 Including External Animation Files o o e 7 2 2 Animations Created by Showing Slides in Rapid Succession 3s QUISE da da bee ea TA Slide Transitions 4 20 awn a A A a tn de e Be eg Managing Non Presentation Versions and Material Sil Creating Handouts 0 aco A A A ee a A Pe E e a 8 2 Creating Transparencies aaa ey Gas ri OY aaa da a ORS OO eG aie 8 3 Adding Notes dera EAA Beh hhed oe Gade eb Pb ee esd 8 3 1 Specifying Note Contents ee 8 3 2 Specifying Which Notes and Frames Are Shown 02 00 00000 8 3 3 Changing the Appearance of Notes o 8 4 Creating an Article Version ee 8 4 1 Starting the Article Mode 2 ee ee 824 2 Wor kows ti E A sty Sse oe A Ai ea ae bs 8 4 3 Including Slides from the Presentation Version in the Article Version 8 5 Details on Modes sus tr tereke gi eter Ble de E A Boe ee cela a ae lo Customization 9 BOM 203 a is Sache Genes se A etal Ge eh om ot hectare ee ate 9 1 1 Serif Fonts and Sans Serif Fonts ee 9 1 2 Fonts in Mathematical Text 2 eee ee O 1 3 Font Families otto da A A A ee A E e AAA EE QUA FODOS a Ca RIRS Y dd al at EAGLES As 915 Font Encodings s t 96 44 44 tae A O O e a Se id 9 2 Margin Sizes oa Gt
191. rome Causes the movie to start playing backwards when the end has been reached and to start playing forward once more when the beginning is reached and so on e poster Asks the viewer application to show the first image of the movie when the movie is not playing Normally nothing is shown when the movie is not playing and thus the box containing the poster tert is shown For a movie that does not have any images but sound or for movies with an uninformative first image this option is not so useful e repeat is the same as loop e showcontrols true or false Causes a control bar to be displayed below the movie while it is playing Instead of showcontrols true you can also just say showcontrols By default no control bar is shown 64 e start time s Causes the first time seconds of the movie to be skipped For example start 10s duration 5s will show seconds 10 to 15 of the movie when you play the movie e width TpXdimension works like the height option only for the width of the poster box Example The following example creates a background sound for the slide movie autostart test wav Example A movie with two extra buttons for showing different parts of the movie movie label cells width 4cm height 3cm poster showcontrols duration 5s cells avi hyperlinkmovie start 5s duration 7s cells beamerbutton Show the middle stage hyperlinkmovie start 12s duration 5s cells beamerbutton Show the la
192. rtises the beginning of a new part See beamerexample3 tex for an example part lt mode specification gt short part name part name Starts a part The part name will be shown when the partpage command is used The shown part name is not shown anywhere by default but it is accessible via the command insertshortpart Example begin document frame titlepage section Outlines subsection Part I Review of Previous Lecture frame frametitle Outline of Part I tableofcontents part 1 36 subsection Part II Today s Lecture frame frametitle Outline of Part II tableofcontents part 2 part Review of Previous Lecture frame partpage section Previous Lecture Summary of the Previous Lecture subsection Topics framef subsection Learning Objectives framef part Today s Lecture frame partpage section Topic A frame tableofcontents current subsection Foo frame section Topic B frame tableofcontents current subsection bar frame end document partpage Works like titlepage only that the current part not the current presentation is advertised The appearance can be changed by adjusting the part page template see Section 9 4 3 Example frame partpage AtBeginPart texrt The given text will be inserted at the beginning of every part Example AtBeginPart frame partpage 5 1 4 Splitting a Course Into Le
193. s is a perfect substitute for the original emulations seldom are and it is not intended that they ever will be If you want need prefer the features of another class use that class for preparing your presentations The intension of these layers is just to help speed up creating BEAMER presentations that use parts of old presentations You can simply copy these parts in verbatim without having to worry about the subtle differences in syntax A useful effect of using an emulation layer is that you get access to all the features of BEAMER while using the syntax of another class For example you can use the article mode to create a nice article version of a PROSPER talk 11 2 1 Prosper and HA Prosper The package beamerprosper maps the commands of the PROSPER package developped by Fr d ric Goualard to BEAMER commands Also some commands of the HA PROSPER package developped by Hendri Adriaens are mapped to BEAMER commands These mappings cannot perfectly emulate all of Prosper Rather these mappings are intended as an aid when porting parts of presentations created using PROSPER to BEAMER No styles are implemented that mimick Prosper styles Rather the normal BEAMER themes must be used although one could implement BEAMER themes that mimicks existing PROSPER styles I have not done that and do not intend to The workflow for creating a BEAMER presentation that uses PROSPER code is the following 1 Use the document class beamer not prosper
194. s kept correct and the zoomed area will possibly show more than just the specified area if the aspect ratio of this area and the aspect ratio of the available text area do not agree Behind the whole text area which contains the zoomed area a big invisible Back button is put Thus clicking anywhere on the text area will jump back to the original unzoomed picture You can specify several zoom areas for a single frame In this case you should specify different zoomed overlay specification but you can specify the same button overlay specification You cannot nest zoomings in the sense that you cannot have a zoom button on a slide that is in some zoomed overlay specification However you can have overlapping and even nested button overlay specification When clicking on an area that belongs to several buttons the one given last will win it should hence be the smallest one 46 If you do not wish to have the frame title shown on a zoomed slide you can add an overlay specification to the frametitle command that simply suppresses the title for the slide Also by using the plain option you can have the zoomed slide fill the whole page Example A simple case M rame frametitle A Complicated Picture framezoom lt 1 gt lt 2 gt Ocm 0cm 2cm 1 5cm framezoom lt 1 gt lt 3 gt icm 3cm 2cm 1 5cm framezoom lt 1 gt lt 4 gt 3cm 2cm 3cm 2cm pgfimage height 8cm complicatedimagefilename Example
195. s the sound to start playing immediately when the page is shown automute Causes all sounds to be muted when the current page is left bitspersample 8 or 16 Specifies the number of bits per sample in the sound file If this number is 16 this option need not be specified channels 1 or 2 Specifies whether the sound is mono or stereo Tf the sound is mono this option need not be specified depth T X dimension Overrides the depth of the sound poster text box and sets it to the given dimension encoding method Specifies the encoding method which may be Raw Signed muLaw or ALaw If the method is muLaw this option need not be specified height T X dimension Overrides the height of the sound poster text box and sets it to the given dimension inlinesound causes the sound data to be stored directly in the PDF file label sound label Assigns a label to the sound such that it can later be referenced by the command hyperlinksound which can be used to start a sound The sound label is not a normal label loop or repeat Causes the sound to start again when the end has been reached mixsound true or false Tf set to true the sound is played in addition to any sound that is already playing If set to false all other sounds though not sound from movies are stopped before the the sound is played The default is false samplingrate number Specifies the number of samples per second in the sound file If this number is
196. sans and mathserif to override the overall sans serif serif choice for math text However using the option mathsans in a serif environment makes little sense in my opinion documentclass mathsans beamer Override the math font to be a sans serif font documentclass mathserif beamer Override the math font to be a serif font The command mathrm will always produce upright not slanted serif text and the command mathsf will always produce upright sans serif text The command mathbf will produce upright bold face sans serif or serif text depending on whether mathsans or mathserif is used To produce an upright sans serif or serif text depending on whether mathsans or mathserif is used you can use for instance the command operatorname from the amsmath package Using this command instead of mathrm or mathsf directly will automatically adjust upright mathematical text if you switch from sans serif to serif or back 9 1 3 Font Families Independently of the serif sans serif choice you can switch the document font To do so you should use one of the prepared packages of IAT X s font mechanism For example to change to Times Helvetica simply add usepackage times in your preamble Note that if you do not specify serif as a class option Helvetica not Times will be selected as the text font There may be many other fonts available on your installation Typically at least some of the following packages should b
197. sections beamerprosper mode lt presentation gt definecolor beamerstructure RGB 43 79 112 def inecolor sidebackground RGB 230 242 250 color beamerstructure usepackage tab width 3 25cm beamerthemesidebar usepackage times userightsidebarcolortemplate color sidebackground beamertemplateballitem beamertemplateboldframetitle beamertemplateboldtitlepage title A Beamer Presentation Using HA Prosper Commands subtitle Subtitles Are Also Supported author Till Tantau institution The Institution is Mapped To Institute begin document maketitle tsectionandpart Introduction overlays 2 begin slide About this file begin itemstep item This is a beamer presentation item You can use the prosper and the HA prosper syntax item This is done by mapping prosper and HA prosper commands to beamer commands item The emulation is by no means perfect end itemstep 116 end slide section Second Section subsection A subsection frame frametitle A frame created using the texttt frame command begin itemize lt gt item You can still use the original beamer syntax item The emulation is intended only to make recycling slides easier not to install a whole new syntax for beamer end itemize begin notes Notes for these slides My notes for these slides end notes end document You can run for example pdfl4TpX on the file to get a BEAME
198. serts a horizontal navigation bar containing all sections with the current section hilighted The left insert will be inserted to the left of the sections the right insert to the right By inserting a triple fill a 1111 you can flush the bar to the left or right Example insertsectionnavigationhorizontal 5 textwidth hskipOpt plusifilll insertshortauthor options Inserts the short version of the author into a template The text will be printed in one long line line breaks introduced using the command are suppressed The following options may be given e width width causes the text to be put into a multi line minipage of the given size Line breaks are still suppressed by default e center centers the text inside the minipage created using the width option rather than having it left aligned e respectlinebreaks causes line breaks introduced by the command to be honored Example insertauthor width 3cm center respectlinebreaks insertshortdate options Inserts the short version of the date into a template The same options as for insertshortauthor may be given 96 insertshortinstitute options Inserts the short version of the institute into a template The same options as for insertshortauthor may be given insertshortpart options Inserts the short version of the part name into a template The same options as for insertshortauthor may be given insertshorttitle options
199. sible to directly use TEXPOWER inside BEAMER but I have not tried that Perhaps this will be possible in the future Currently the package beamertexpower mostly just maps the stepwise and related commands to appropriate BEAMER commands The pause command need not be mapped since it is directly implemented by BEAMER anyway The workflow for the migration is the following 125 1 Replace the document class by beamer If the document class is seminar or prosper you can use the above emulation layers that is you can include the files beamerseminar or beamerprosper to emulate the class All notes on what to do for the emulation of SEMINAR or PROSPER also apply here 2 Additionally add usepackage beamertexpower to start the emulation usepackage beamertexpower Include this package in a beamer presentation to get access to the TEXPOWER commands having to do with the stepwise command A note on the pause command Both BEAMER and TEXPOWER implement this command and they have the same semantics so there is no need to map this command to anything different in beamertexpower However a difference is that pause can be used almost anywhere in BEAMER whereas is may only be used in non nested situtations in TEXPOWER Since BEAMER is only more flexible than TEXPOWER here this will not cause problems when porting In the following the effect of TEXPOWER commands in BEAMER are listed stepwise text As in TRXPower this initiates t
200. simply be redefining the color beamerstructure e All alert text is typeset by setting the default color and the structure color to 85 of red To change this you can either redefine the color beameralert or you can change the whole alert template e All examples are typeset using 50 of green To change this you must change the example templates documentclass brown beamer Changes the main color of the navigation and title bars to a brownish color documentclass red beamer Changes the main color of the navigation and title bars to a reddish color documentclass blackandwhite beamer Changes the main color of the navigation and title bars to monochrome 6 2 Average Background Color In some situations for example when creating a transparency effect it is useful to have access to the current background color One can then for example mix a color with the background color to create a transparent color Unfortunately it is not always clear what exactly the background color is If the background is a shading or a picture different parts of a slide have different background colors In these cases one can at least try to mix in an average background color called averagebackgroundcolor If a shading or picture is not too colorful this works fairly well To specify the average background color use the following command 59 beamersetaveragebackground color expression Installs the given
201. slide only lt 3 gt Replaced again by this on third slide The trouble with this approach is that it may lead to slight but annoying differences in the heights of the lines which may cause the whole frame to whobble from slide to slide This problem becomes much more severe if the replacement text is several lines long To solve this problem you can use two environments overlayarea and overprint The first is more flexible but less user friendly beginfoverlayarea area width area height environment contents end overlayarea Everything within the environment will be placed in a rectangular area of the specified size The area will have the same size on all slides of a frame regardless of its actual contents Example 30 LYX begin overlayarea textwidth 3cm only lt 1 gt Some text for the first slide Possibly several lines long only lt 2 gt Replacement on the second slide end overlayarea Use the style OverlayArea to insert an overlay area begin overprint area width environment contents end overprint LYX The area width defaults to the text width Inside the environment use onslide commands to specify different things that should be shown for this environment on different slides The onslide commands are used like item commands Everything within the environment will be placed in a rectangular area of the specified width The height and depth of the area are chosen
202. slides on top of each other The starred version does the same as the nonstarred one If this command is not issued inside a frame it sets up a frame with the containsverbatim option set Thus this frame will contain only a single slide Example begin slide Some text end slide frame begin slide Some text And an overlay 1 overlay end slide red Mapped to color red 122 blue Mapped to color blue green Mapped to color green ifslide True in the presentation modes false in the article mode ifslidesonly Same as ifslide ifarticle False in the presentation modes true in the article mode ifportrait Always false The following commands are parsed by BEAMER but have no effect e ptsize 11 2 3 FoilTpX The package beamerfoils maps a subset of the commands of the FOILS package to BEAMER Since this package defines only few non standard TRX commands and since BEAMER implements all the standard commands the emulation layer is pretty simple A copyright notice The FoilTfX package has a restricted license For this reason no example from the FOILS package is included in the BEAMER class The emulation itself does not use the code of the FOILS package rather it just maps FOILS commands to BEAMER commands For this reason my understanding is that the emulation offered by the BEAMER class is free and legally so IBM has a copyright on the FOILS class not on t
203. so available If this is the case it is specially indicated Some of the below subsections start with commands for using predefined templates Calling one of them will change a template in a predefined way making it unnecessary to worry about how exactly one creates say these cute little balls in different sizes Using them you can use for example your favorite theme together with a shading background and a numbered table of contents Here are a few hints that might be helpful when you wish to redefine a template e Usually you might wish to copy code from an existing template The code often takes care of some things that you may not yet have thought about The file beamerbasetemplates might be useful starting point e When copying code from another template and when inserting this code in the preamble of your document not in another style file you may have to switch on the at character To do so add the command makeatletter before the usexxxtemplate command and the command makeatother afterward e Most templates having to do with the frame components headlines sidebars etc can only be changed in the preamble Other templates can be changed during the document e The height of the headline and footline templates is calculated automatically This is done by typeset ting the templates and then having a look at their heights This recalculation is done right at the beginning of the document after all packages hav
204. ssociated interface definition files plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable However as a special exception the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed in either source or binary form with the major components compiler kernel and so on of the operating system on which the executable runs unless that component itself accompanies the executable If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense or distribute the Program is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance You are not required to accept this License since you have not signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by modifying or distribut
205. t Example frame some text note Talk no more than 1 minute note enumerate item Stress this first item Then this ARTICLE Notes are ignored in article mode 8 3 2 Specifying Which Notes and Frames Are Shown Since you normally do not wish the notes to be part of your presentation you must explicitly specify the class option notes to include notes If this option is not specified notes are suppressed The notes class option takes several parameters whose effects are explained in the following documentclass notes hidel beamer Notes are not shown This is the default in a presentation documentclass notes show beamer Include notes in the output file Normal slides are also included documentclass notes only beamer Include only the notes in the output file and suppresses all frames Useful for printing them If you specify this command the aux and toc files are not updated So if you add a section and re TX your presentation this will not be reflected in the navigation bars which you do not see anyway since only notes are output documentclass notes onlyslideswithnotes beamer This includes all notes and those slides that contain a note Frames that are just followed by a note command will not be included If you use only note commands this option will cause the frames and the notes that apply to them to be nicely paired This is useful for printing 73 8 3 3 Changing t
206. t http packages debian org latex beamer http packages debian org pgf http packages debian org latex xcolor For Mik TEX you need the packages called latex beamer pgf and xcolor 2 3 Installation in a texmf Tree If for whatever reason you do not wish to use a prebundled package the right way to install BEAMER is to put it in a so called texmf tree In the following I explain how to do this Obtain the latest source version ending tar gz of the BEAMER package from http sourceforge net projects latex beamer most likely you have already done this Next you also need at the PGF package which can be found at the same place Finally you need the XCOLOR package which can also be found at that place although the version on CTAN might be newer For usage with LyX version 1 3 3 of LyX is known to work I have not tried other versions they might also work In all cases the packages contain a bunch of files for the BEAMER class beamer cls is one of these files and happens to be the most important one for the PGF package pgf sty is the most important file You now need to put these files in an appropriate texmf tree When you ask T X to use a certain class or package it usually looks for the necessary files in so called texmf trees These trees are simply huge directories that contain these files By default T X looks for files in three different texmf trees e The root texmf tree which is usual
207. t and the extended Latin alphabet in a section or subsection heading you have to use the command PreloadUnicodePage code page to give ucs a chance to preload these code pages You will know that a character has not been preloaded if you get a message like Please insert into preamble The code page of a character is given by the unicode number of the character divided by 256 usepackage listings BEAMER Note that you must treat 1stlisting environments exactly the same way as you would treat verbatim environments When using defverbatim that contains a colored 1stlisting use the colored option of defverbatin usepackage professional font package BEAMER If you use a professional font package BEAMER s internal redefinition of how variables are typeset may interfere with the font package s superior way of typesetting them In this case you should use the class option professionalfont to suppress any font substitution See Section 9 1 3 for details documentclass prosper If you wish to partly emulate the prosper class using BEAMER please see Section 11 2 1 usepackage pstricks You should add the option xcolor pst to make xcolor aware of the fact that you are using pstricks documentclass seminar If you wish to emulate the seminar class using BEAMER please see Section 11 2 2 usepackage texpower You cannot use this package with BEAMER However you might try to use the package beamertexpower instead
208. t qed symbol is an open rectangle To completely suppress the symbol write def qedsymbol in your preamble To get an closed rectangle say usegedsymboltemplate color beamerstructure vrule width1 5ex height1 5ex depthOpt If you use babel and a different language the text Proof is replaced by whatever is appropriate in the selected language Example begin proof lt 2 gt Sketch of proof Suppose end proof You can define new environments using the following command newtheorem environment name numbered same as head text number within This command is used exactly the same way as in the amsthm package as a matter of fact it is the command from that package see its documentation The only difference is that environments declared using this command are overlay specification aware in BEAMER and that when typeset are typeset according to BEAMER s templates ARTICLE Environments declared using this command are also overlay specification aware in article mode ARTICLE Example newtheorem observation theorem Observation You can also use amsthm s command newtheoremstyle to define new theorem styles Note that the default template for theorems will ignore any head font setting but will honor the body font setting If you wish to define the environments like theorem differently for example have it numbered within each subsection you can use the following class option to disable the defini
209. t al Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakult t f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Summary For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 El E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 usepackage beamerthemetree Example Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakultat f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead Summary L Further Reading For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E E Dijkstra Smoothsort an al
210. t also with dvips 1 1 Getting Started with the Beamer Class and PT X pdfPTEX To use the BEAMER class together with latex or pdflatex proceed as follows 1 Specify beamer as document class instead of article 2 Structure your ATEX text using section and subsection commands 3 Place the text of the individual slides inside frame commands 4 Run pdflatex on the text or latex dvips and ps2pdf The BEAMER class has several useful features You don t need any external programs to use it other than pdflatex but it works also with dvips You can easily and intuitively create sophisticated overlays Finally you can easily change the whole slide theme or only parts of it The following code shows a typical usage of the class documentclass beamer usepackage beamerthemesplit title Example Presentation Created with the Beamer Package author Till Tantau date today begin document frame titlepage section Outline frame tableofcontents section Introduction subsection Overview of the Beamer Class frame frametitle Features of the Beamer Class begin itemize item lt 1 gt Normal LaTeX class item lt 2 gt Easy overlays item lt 3 gt No external programs needed end itemize J end document Run pdflatex on this code twice and then use for example the Acrobat Reader to present the resulting pdf file in a presentation You can also alternatively use dvips see Section 3 4 2 for
211. t immediately clear who exactly T might be I recommend using the full name Keeping the above warnings in mind proceed as follows to create the bibliography For a BEAMER presentation you will typically have to typeset your bibliography items partly by hand Nevertheless you can use bibtex to create a first approximation of the bibliography Copy the content of the file main bbl into your presentation If you are not familiar with bibtex you may wish to consult its documentation It is a powerful tool for creating high quality citations Using bibtex or your editor place your bibliographic references in the environment thebibliography This standard TX environment takes one parameter which should be the longest bibitem label in the following list of bibliographic entries 39 begin thebibliography longest label text environment contents end thebibliography Inserts a bibliography into the current frame The longest label text is used to determine the indent of the list However several templates for the typesetting of the bibliography see Section 9 4 7 ignore this parameter since they replace the references by a symbol Inside the environment use a standard ATEX bibitem command for each reference item Inside each item use a standard ATEX newblock command to separate the authors s names the title the book journal reference and any notes Each of these commands may introduce a new line or colo
212. t or trans mode Try to find out how lt beamer beamer 1 gt differs from lt beamer gt and from lt beamer 1 gt 4 1 3 Action Specifications This subsection also introduces a rather advanced concept You may also wish to skip it on first reading Some overlay specification aware commands cannot only handle normal overlay specifications but also so called action specifications In an action specification the list of slide numbers and ranges is prefixed by action 0 where action is the name of a certain action to be taken on the specified slides item lt 3 alert 3 gt Shown from slide 3 on alerted on slide 3 In the above example the item command which allows actions to be specified will uncover the item text from slide three on and it will additionally alert this item exactly on slide 3 Not all commands can take an action specification Currently only item though not in article mode currently action the environment actionenv and the block environments like block or theorem handle them By default the following actions are available e alert alters the item or block e uncover uncovers the item or block this is the default if no action is specified e only causes the whole item or block to be inserted only on the specified slides e visible causes the text to become visible only on the specified slides the difference between uncover and visible is the same as between uncover and visible e invisible c
213. te stage A movie can serve as the destination of a special kind of hyperlink namely a hyperlink introduced using the following command hyperlinkmovie options movie label text Causes the text to become a movie hyperlink When you click on the text the movie with the label movie label will start to play or stop or pause or resume depending on the options The movie must be on the same page as the hyperlink The following options may be given many of which are the same as for the movie command if a different option is given for the link than for the movie itself the option for the link takes precedence e duration time s As for movie this causes the movie to be played only for the given number of seconds e loop and repeat As for movie this causes the movie to loop e once As for movie this causes the movie to played only once e palindrome As for movie this causes the movie to be played forth and back e pause Causes the playback of the movie to be paused if the movie was currently playing If not nothing happens e play Causes the movie to be played from whatever start position is specified If the movie is already playing it will be stopped and restarted at the starting position This is the default e resume Resumes playback of the movie if it has previously been paused If has not been paused but not started or is already playing nothing happens e showcontrols true or false As
214. ternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 87 usepackage bar beamerthemetree Example Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead For Further Reading Computation with Absolutely No Space Overhead A Salomaa Formal Languages 1 al i 2 Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau Delete O73 Department of Computer Science a E Dijkstra University of Rochester 2 ee ee Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ 2 ess E Fakult t f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 Technical University of Berlin E E Feldman and J Owings Jr Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 9 4 Templates 9 4 1 Introduction to Templates If you only wish to modify a small part of how your presentation is rendered you do not need to create a whole new theme Instead you can modify an appropriate template A template specifies how a part of a presentation is typeset For example the frame title template dictates where the frame title is put which font is used and so on As the name suggests you specify a template by writing the exact ETfX code you would also use when typesetting a single frame title by hand Only inst
215. text of the current note into the template insertslideintonotes magnification Inserts a mini picture of the last slide into the current note The slide will be scaled by the given magnification Example insertslideintonotes 0 25 This will give a mini slide whose width and height are one fourth of the usual size 108 10 Tips and Dirty Tricks The aim of this section is to collect some hints and tricks that make use of the basic BEAMER class concepts 10 1 Piecewise Uncovering 10 1 1 Uncovering an Enumeration Piecewise A common usage of overlays is to show a list of points in an enumeration in a piecewise fashion The easiest and most flexible way to do this is the following begin itemize item lt 1 gt First point item lt 2 gt Second point item lt 3 gt Third point end itemize The advantage of this approach is that you retain total control over the order in which items are shown By changing for example the last specification to lt 2 gt you can have the last two points uncovered at the same time A disadvantage of the approach is that you will have to renumber everything if you add a new item This is usually not such a big problem but it can be a nuiseance To automatize the uncovering you can use the following code begin itemize lt gt item First point item Second point item Third point end itemize The effect of the lt gt is to install a default overlay specif
216. tframenavigationsymbol Inserts the frame navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 insertsubsectionnavigationsymbol Inserts the subsection navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 insertsectionnavigationsymbol Inserts the section navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 insertdocnavigationsymbol Inserts the presentation navigation symbol and if necessary the appendix navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 Vinsertbackfindforwardnavigationsymbol Inserts a back a find and a forward navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 9 4 14 Footnotes Template Installation Commands usefootnotetemplate footnote template Example usefootnotetemplatef parindent 1em noindent hbox to 1 8em hfil insertfootnotemark insertfootnotetext Inserts for these Templates insertfootnotemark Inserts the current footnote mark like a raised number into a template insertfootnotetext Inserts the current footnote text into a template 9 4 15 Captions Predefined Templates beamertemplatecaptionwithnumber Changes the caption template such that the number of the table or figure is also shown beamertemplatecaptionownline Changes the caption template such that the word Table or Figure has its own line 102 Template Installation Commands usecaptiontemplate caption template Example usecaptiontemplate small structure insertcaptionname insertcaptionnumber insertcaption Inserts for these
217. th Absolutely No Space Overhead 2 Lane Hemaspaandra Till Tantau Proshanto Mukherji Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Fakult t f r Elektrotechnik und Informatik Technical University of Berlin Developments in Language Theory Conference 2003 Lane Hemaspaandra Proshanto Mukherji Till Tantau A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 Universities of Rochester and Berlin with Absolutely No Space Overhead For Further Reading A Salomaa Formal Languages Academic Press 1973 E Dijkstra Smoothsort an alternative for sorting in situ Science of Computer Programming 1 3 223 233 1982 E Feldman and J Owings Jr A class of universal linear bounded automata Information Sciences 6 187 190 1973 usepackage width sidebar width dark tab beamerthemesidebar The option width sets the width of the sidebar to sidebar width The option dark makes the sidebar and the whole theme darked The option tab causes the current section or subsection to be hilighted by changing the background behind the entry rather than hilighting the entry itself Example usepackage beamerthemesidebar 85 Computation with Absolutely For No Space Overhea
218. that have once more been covered If you leave one 60 of the specifications empty the corresponding covered items are completely covered that is they are invisible Example beamersetuncovermixins opaqueness lt 1 gt 15 opaqueness lt 2 gt 10 opaqueness lt 3 gt 5 opaqueness lt 4 gt 2 opaqueness lt 1 gt 15 The not yet list and the once more list can contain any number of opaqueness commands opaqueness lt overlay specification gt percentage of opaqueness The overlay specification specifies on which slides covered text should have which percentage of opaqueness Unlike other overlay specifications this overlay specification is a relative overlay specification For example the specification 3 here means things that will be uncovered three slides ahead respectively things that have once more been covered for three slides More precisely if an item is uncovered for more than one slide and then covered once more only the first moment of uncovering is used for the calculation of how long the item has been covered once more An opaqueness of 100 is fully opaque and 0 is fully transparent Currently since real transparency is not yet implemented this command causes all colors to get a mixing of percentage of opaqueness of the current averagebackgroundcolor At some future point this command might result in real transparency The alternate PGF extension used inside an opaque
219. the same slide as the previous step command This is implemented by first decreasing the countern beamerpauses by one before calling step 126 reswitch alternate text text Like restep only for the switch command rebstep tezt Like restep only for the bstep command redstep This command has no effect revstep This command has no effect boxedsteps Temporarily for the current TEX group changes the effect of step to issue an uncover even if used inside a stepwise environment nonboxedsteps Temporarily for the current T X group changes the effect of step to issue an only even if used inside a parstepwise environment code text Typesets the argument using a boldface typewriter font codeswitch Switches to a boldface typewriter font 12 License The GNU Public License Version 2 The BEAMER class is distributed under the GNU public license version 2 In detail this means the following the following text is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation 12 1 Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it By contrast the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software to make sure the software is free for all its users This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it Some
220. them when using graphics If your graphic file has a different format you have to convert it You can also include PostScript output from MetaPost when using the graphics package since it implements some filters to convert such PostScript output to PDF on the fly This is a nifty feature since it allows you to use MetaPost output for both PDF and PostScript The extension of the file must be mps for this to work Note that frustratingly most graphics format cannot be read by both pdflatex and dvips except for mps Lyx You can use the usual Insert Graphic command to insert a graphic The commands includegraphics pgfuseimage and pgfimage are overlay specification aware in BEAMER If the overlay specification does not apply the command has no effect This is useful for creating a simple animation where each picture of the animation resides in a different file frame includegraphics lt 1 gt height 2cm step1 pdf includegraphics lt 2 gt height 2cm step2 pdf includegraphics lt 3 gt height 2cm step3 pdf 7 1 2 Inlining Graphic Commands A different way of creating graphics is to insert graphic drawing commands directly into your TEX file There are numerous packages that help you do this They have various degrees of sophistication Inlining graphics suffers from none of the disadvantages mentioned above for including external graphic files but the main disadvantage is that it is often hard to use these packages
221. this format causes your presentation folders to be listed nicely when you have several of them residing in one directory If you use an extra directory for each presentation you can call your main file main tex To create an initial main tex file for your talk copy an existing file like the file beamerexample1 tex that comes along with the distribution and delete everything that is not going to be part of your talk Adjust the Nauthor and other fields as appropriate If you wish your talk to reside in the same file as some different non presentation article version of your text it is advisable to setup a more elaborate file scheme See Section 8 4 2 for details You can either open a new file and then select beamer as the document class or you say New from template and then use a template from the directory beamer lyx templates 3 3 Step Two Structure Your Presentation With the time constraints in mind make a mental inventory of the things you can reasonably talk about within the time available Then categorize the inventory into sections and subsections For very long talks like a 90 minute lecture you might also divide your talk into independent parts like a review of the previous lecture part and a main part Put section and subsection commands into the more or less empty main file Do not create any frames until you have a first working version of a possible table of contents Do not feel afraid to change it later
222. this image will be shown until the movie is started when it will be exactly replaced by the movie itself However there is also a different sometimes better way of creating a poster image namely by using the poster option as explained later on The aspect ratio of the movie will not be corrected automatically if the dimension of the poster text box does not have the same aspect ratio Most movies have an aspect ratio of 4 3 or 16 9 Despite the name a movie may consist only of sound with no images In this case the posert text might be a symbol representing the sound There is also a different dedicated command for including sounds in a PDF file see the sound command in Section 7 3 Unless further options are given the movie will start only when the user clicks on it Whether the viewer application can actually display the movie depends on the application and the version For example the Acrobat Reader up to version 5 does not seem to be able to display any movies or sounds on Linux On 63 the other hand the Acrobat Reader Version 6 on MacOS is able to display anything that QuickTime can display which is just about everything Embedding movies in a PDF document is provided for by the PDF standard and is not a pecularity of the Acrobat Reader In particular one might expect other viewers like xpdf to support embedded movies in the future Example movie pgfuseimage myposterimage mymovie avi Example Nmovie width 3cm heig
223. this may take a while See Section 3 5 7 for ways of speeding up the compilation 1 3 How to Read this User s Guide This user s guide is both intended as a tutorial and as a reference guide If you have not yet installed the package please read Section 2 first If you do not have much experience with preparing presentations Section 3 might be especially helpful The later sections explain the basic usage of the beamer class as well as advanced features If you wish to adjust the way your presentations look for example if you wish to add a default logo of your institution to every presentation in the future please read the section on customization In this guide you will find the descriptions of all public commands provided by the beamer class In each such description the described command environment or option is printed in red Text shown in green is optional and can be left out You will sometimes find one of the words BEAMER ARTICLE or LYX in blue in some description of a command or environment The first indicates that the description applies only to normal beamer operation in ATEX The word ARTICLE describes some behaviour that is special for the article mode The word LYX describes behaviour that is special when you use LyX to prepare your presentation LYX 2 Installation To use the BEAMER class you just need to put the files of the BEAMER package in a directory that is read by T X To uninstall the class simpl
224. til no warning is issued any more or just ignore the warning when things look satisfactory Using this option is very evil It will result in changes of the font size from slide to slide which is a typographic nightmare Its usage can always be avoided by restructuring and simplifying frames which will result in a better presentation Example frame shrink 5 Some evil endless slide that is 5 too large e squeeze causes all vertical spaces in the text to be squeezed together as much as possible Currently this just causes the vertical space in enumerations or itemizations to be reduced to zero Using this option is not good but also not evil Use the style BeginFrame to start a frame and the style EndFrame to end it A frame is automati cally ended by the start of a new frame and by the start of a new section or subsection but not by the end of the document You can pass options and an overlay specification to a frame by giving these in TEX mode as the first thing in the frame title Some magic is performed to extract them in LyX mode from there The style BeginPlainFrame is included as a convenience It passes the plain option to the frame To pass further options to a plain frame you should use the normal BeginFrame style and specify all options include plain In LyX you can insert verbatim text directly even in overlayed frames The reason is that LyX uses a different internal mechanism
225. tilsSlide slide number H text This is mapped to only lt slide number gt text YFromSlidet slide number This is mapped to onslide lt slide number gt MOn1ySlidet slide number This is mapped to onslide lt slide number gt 118 UntilSlide slide number This is mapped to onslide lt slide number gt slideCaption tezt This is mapped to date tezt fontTitle text Simply inserts tezt fontText tezt Simply inserts tezt PDFtransition prosper transition Maps the prosper transition to an appropriate transxxxx command begin Itemize environment contents end Itemize This is mapped to itemize begin fitemstep environment contents end itemstep This is mapped to itemize with the option lt gt beginfenumstep environment contents end enumstep This is mapped to enumerate with the option lt gt hiddenitem This is mapped to addtocounter beamerpauses 1 prosperpart options tert This command has the same effect as PROSPER s part command BEAMER s normal part command retains its normal sematics Thus you might wish to replace all occurences of part by prosperpart tsection section name Creates a section named section name The star if present is ignored tsectionandpart part text Mapped to a section command followed by a prosperpart command ARTICLE In article mode no part page is added
226. tion bar insertsectionheadnumber Inserts the number of the section that is to be typeset in a navigation bar insertsubsectionheadnumber Inserts the number of the subsection that is to be typeset in a navigation bar insertpartheadnumber Inserts the number of the part of the current section of subsection that is to be typeset in a navigation bar 9 4 13 Navigation Symbols Predefined Templates beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty Suppresses all navigation symbols beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsframe Shows only the frame symbol as navigation symbol beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsvertical Organizes the navigation symbols vertically beamertemplatenavigationsymbolshorizontal Organizes the navigation symbols horizontally Template Installation Commands usenavigationsymbolstemplate symbols template Installs a new symbols template This template is invoked by themes at the place where the navigation symbols should be shown Example usenavigationsymbolstemplate vbox 7 hbox insertslidenavigationsymbol hbox insertframenavigationsymbol hbox insertsubsectionnavigationsymbol hbox insertsectionnavigationsymbol hbox insertdocnavigationsymbol hbox insertbackf indforwardnavigationsymbol 101 Inserts for these Templates The following inserts are useful for the navigation symbols template insertslidenavigationsymbol Inserts the slide navigation symbol see Section 5 2 5 inser
227. tion of the predefined environments documentclass notheorems beamer Switches off the definition of default blocks like theorem but still loads amsthm and makes theorems overlay specificiation aware The option is also available as a package option for beamerbasearticle and has the same effect In the article version the package amsthm sometimes clashes with the document class In this case you can use the following option which is once more available as a class option for BEAMER and as a package option for beamerbasearticle to switch off the loading of amsthm altogether documentclass noamsthm beamer Does not load amsthm and also not amsmath Environments like theorem or proof will not be available 55 5 3 5 Framed Text In order to draw a frame a rectangle around some text you can use TAT Xs standard command fbox and also frame inside a BEAMER frame the frame command changes its meaning to the normal ATEX frame command More frame types are offered by the package fancybox which defines the following commands shadowbox doublebox ovalbox and Ovalbox Please consult the ATEX Companion for details on how to use these commands The BEAMER class also defines an environment for creating boxes begin beamerboxesrounded options head environment contents end beamerboxesrounded The text inside the environment is framed by a rectangular area with rounded corners The background of the rectangular ar
228. tle text and to the subframe title text that is possibly introduced using the framesubtitle command By default this command creates a new paragraph in article mode entitled frame title text Using the overlay specification makes it easy to suppress the a frame title once in a while If you generally wish to suppress all frame titles in article mode say useframetitletemplate The frame title is the text that follows on the line of the BeginFrame style 22 framesubtitle lt overlay specification gt frame subtitle text If present a subtitle will be shown in a smaller font below the main title Like the frametitle command this command can be given anywhere in the frame since the frame title is actually typeset only when everything else has already been typeset Example frame frametitle lt presentation gt Frame Title Should Be in Uppercase framesubtitle Subtitles can be in lowercase if they are full sentences Frame contents ARTICLE By default the subtitle is not shown in any way in article mode Be default all material for a slide is vertically centered You can change this using the following class options documentclass slidestop beamer Place text of slides at the vertical top of the slides This corresponds to a vertical flush You can override this for individual frames using the c or b option documentclass slidescentered beamer Place text of slides at the v
229. ton s label can give the audience a visual feedback of what exactly will be skipped For example when you press a skip button labeled Skip proof nobody will start puzzling over what he or she has missed e You can add an appendix to your talk The appendix is kept perfectly separated from the main talk Only once you enter the appendix part presumably by hyperjumping into it does the appendix structure become visible You can put all frames that you do not intend to show during the normal course of your talk but which you would like to have handy in case someone asks into this appendix e You can add goto buttons and return buttons to create detours Pressing a goto button will jump to a certain part of the presentation where extra details can be shown In this part there is a return button present on each slide that will jump back to the place where the goto button was pressed e You can use the Nagainframe command to continue frames that you previously started somewhere but where certain details have been suppressed You can use the againframe command at a much later point for example only in the appendix to show additional slides there 41 e You can use the framezoom command to create links to zoomed out parts of a complicated slide 5 2 1 Adding Hyperlinks and Buttons To create anticipated nonlinear jumps in your talk structure you can add hyperlinks to your presentation A hyperlink is a text
230. tuation This will expand to the punctuation character for the current environment This is usually a period 9 4 20 Verse Quotation and Quote Environments Template Installation Commands usetemplateverse block beginning template block end template In a verse environment the block beginning template is inserted before the verse the block end template after the verse The margins are not setup in these templates this is done in the verse environment and cannot be changed Example usetemplateverse rmfamily itshape usetemplatequotation block beginning template H block end template Both in quotation and in quote environments the block beginning template is inserted before the quotation the block end template after the quotation As for verses the margins are not setup in these templates and cannot be changed Example usetemplatequotation itshape 9 4 21 Typesetting Notes Predefined Templates beamertemplatenoteplain Causes all note pages to contain only the note text beamertemplatenotecompress Causes the routing information at the top of a note to be smaller Template Installation Commands usetemplatenote note template Each note is typeset by inserting the note template The template should contain a mentioning of the insert Ninsertnote which will contain the note text Example usetemplatenote tiny insertnote Inserts for these Templates insertnote Inserts the
231. u do not actually intend to talk about but that might come in handy when questions are asked 3 4 Step Three Creating a PDF or PostScript File BEAMER Once a first version of the structure is finished you should create a first PDF or PostScript file of your still empty talk This file will only contain the title page and the table of contents The file might look like this documentclass beamer This is the file main tex usepackage beamerthemesplit title Example Presentation Created with the Beamer Package author Till Tantau date today begin document frame titlepage section Outline frame tableofcontents section Introduction subsection Overview of the Beamer Class subsection Overview of Similar Classes section Usage subsection subsection section Examples subsection subsection frame to enforce entries in the table of contents end document The empty frame at the end which should be deleted later ensures that the sections and subsections are actually part of the table of contents This frame is necessary since a section or subsection command following the last page of a document have no effect LYx Use View to check whether the presentation compiles fine Note that you must put the table of contents inside a frame but that the title page is created automatically 3 4 1 Creating PDF BEAMER To create a PDF version of this file run the program
232. up the PDF file such that the viewer application like the Acrobat Reader itself will try to play the movie or that an external program will be called The latter approach though much less flexible must be taken if the viewer application is unable to display the movie itself movie options poster text H movie filename This command will insert the movie with the filename movie filename into the PDF file The movie file must reside at some place where the viewer application will be able to find it which is typically only the directory in which the final PDF file resides The movie file will not be embedded into the PDF file in the sense that the actual movie data is part of the main pdf file The movie file must hence be copied and passed along with the PDF file Nevertheless one often says that the movie is embedded in the document but that just means that one can click on the movie when viewing the document and the movie will start to play The movie will use a rectangular area whose size is determined either by the width and height options or by the size of the poster text The poster text can be any T X text for example it might be a pgfuseimage command or an includegraphics command or a pgfpicture environment or just plain text The poster text is typeset in a box the box is inserted into the normal text and the movie rectangle is put exactly over this box Thus if the poster text is an image from the movie
233. ut Since there is no zeroth slide the text is not shown Likewise alert lt 3 handout 0 gt Text will not alert the text on a handout You can also use a mode specification for the overlay specification of the frame command as in the following example frame lt i handout 0 gt Text This causes the frame to be suppressed in the handout version Also you can restrict the presentation such that only specific slides of the frame are shown on the handout frame lt i handout 4 5 gt Text It is also possible to give only an alternate overlay specification For example alert lt handout 0 gt causes the text to be always hilighted during the presentation but never on the handout version Likewise frame lt handout 0 gt causes the frame to be suppressed for the handout Finally note that it is possible to give more than one alternate overlay specification and in any order For example the following specification states that the text should be inserted on the first three slides in the presentation in the first two slides of the transparency version and not at all in the handout only lt trans 1 2 1 3 handout 0 gt Text If you wish to give the same specification in all versions you can do so by specifying all as the version For example frame lt all 1 2 gt blah ensures that the frame has two slides in all versions 71 LYX 8 2 Creating Transparencies The main aim of the BEAMER
234. ut not Times can give a fresh look e Other fonts especially Times are sometime rendered better since they seem to have better internal hinting 80 e A presentation typeset in a serif font creates a more conservative impression which might be exactly what you wish to create e On projections with a very high resolutions serif text is just as readable as sans serif text You must decide whether the text should be typeset in sans serif or in serif To choose this use either the class option sans or serif By default sans is selected so you do not need to specify this documentclass sans beamer Use a sans serif font during the presentation Default documentclass serif beamer Use a serif font during the presentation 9 1 2 Fonts in Mathematical Text By default if a sans serif font is used for the main text mathematical formulas are also typeset using sans serif letters In most cases this is visually the most pleasing and easily readable way of typesetting mathematical formulas However in mathematical texts the font used to render say a variable is sometimes used to differentiate between different meanings of this variable In such case it may be necessary to typeset mathematical text using serif letters Also if you have a lot of mathematical text the audience may be quicker to parse it if it is typeset the way people usually read mathematical text in a serif font You can use the two options math
235. vely when run you must cause it when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty or else saying that you provide a warranty and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions and telling the user how to view a copy of this License Exception if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it Thus it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you rather the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program 128 In addition mere aggregation of another work not
236. veragebackgroundcolor color structure inserttocsection usetemplatetocsubsection miz in specification template grayed template See usetemplatetocsection Example usetemplatetocsubsection leavevmode leftskip 1 5em color black inserttocsubsection par leavevmode leftskip 1 5em color black 50 white inserttocsubsection par usetemplatetocsection 50 averagebackgroundcolor leavevmode leftskip 1 5em color black inserttocsubsection par 92 Inserts for these Templates inserttocsection Inserts the table of contents version of the current section name into a template inserttocsectionnumber Inserts the number of the current section in the table of contents into a template inserttocsubsection Inserts the table of contents version of the current subsection name into a template inserttocsubsectionnumber Inserts the number of the current subsection in the table of contents into a template 9 4 7 Bibliography Predefined Templates beamertemplatetextbibitems Shows the citation text in front of references in a bibliography instead of a small symbol beamertemplatearrowbibitems Changes the symbol before references in a bibliography to a small arrow beamertemplatebookbibitems Changes the symbol before references in a bibliography to a small book icon beamertemplatearticlebibitems Changes the symbol before references in a bibliography to a small article icon Def
237. verlay1 item Overlays are a little tricky in seminar 121 overlay2 item But it is possible to use them in beamer end enumerate end slide end document You can use all normal BEAMER commands and concepts like overlay specifications in the file You can also create an article version by adding the class option class article and including the package beamerbasearticle In the following the effect of SEMINAR commands in BEAMER are listed overlay number Shows the material till the end of the current T X group only on overlay numbered number 1 or if the accumulate option is given from that overlay on Usages of this command may be nested as in SEMINAR If an overlay command is given inside another it temporarily overrules the outer one as demonstrated in the following example where it is assumed that the accumulate option is given Example frame begin slide This is shown from the first slide on overlay 2 This is shown from the third slide on overlay 1 This is shown from the second slide on This is shown once more from the third slide on end slide begin slide environment contents end slidex Mainly installs an overlay 0 around the environment contents If the accumulate option is given this has no effect but otherwise it will cause the main text of the slide to be shown only on the first slide This is useful if you really wish to physically place
238. y remove these files once more The same is true of the PGF package which you will also need Unfortunately there are different ways of making TEX aware of the files in the BEAMER package Which way you should choose depends on how permanently you intend to use the class 2 1 Versions This documentation is part of version 2 21 of the BEAMER class BEAMER needs a reasonably recent version of WXI X and of several standard packages to run It also needs the following versions of rather special packages 1 pgf version 0 62 and 2 xcolor version 2 00 This version of BEAMER should also work with more recent versions of pgf and xcolor but I cannot guarantee this In particular xcolor is developped by Uwe Kern not by me and BEAMER messes around with the xcolor internals in a not so friendly way So whenever Uwe Kern changes xcolor internals to which he is perfectly entitled things can break down We are working on removing beamer s dependency on internals of xcolor but that is still work in progress 2 2 Installing Prebundled Packages I do not create or manage prebundled packages of BEAMER but fortunately nice other people do I cannot give detailed instructions on how to install these packages since I do not manage them but I can tell you were to find them You install them the usual way you install packages If anyone has any hints and additional information on this please email me For Debian you need the packages a
239. y setting this specification to be an incremental overlay specification see Section 4 1 4 you can implement for example a step wise uncovering of the items The default overlay specification is inherited by subenvironments Naturally in a subenvironment you can reset it locally by setting it to lt 1 gt Example begin itemize item This is important item This is also important end itemize Example begin itemize lt gt item This is shown from the first slide on item This is shown from the second slide on item This is shown from the third slide on item lt 1 gt This is shown from the first slide on item This is shown from the fourth slide on end itemize Example begin itemize lt alert gt item This is shown from the first slide on and alerted on the first slide item This is shown from the second slide on and alerted on the second slide item This is shown from the third slide on and alerted on the third slide end itemize Example newenvironment mystepwiseitemize begin itemize lt alert gt end itemize Unfortunately currently you cannot specify optional arguments with the itemize environment You can however use the command beamerdefaultoverlayspecification before the environment to get the desired effect begin enumerate lt default overlay specification gt mini template environment contents end enumerate Used to display a list of items
240. y specification is installed automatically by the optional arguments to frame itemize enumerate and description You will only have to use this command if you wish to do funny things 16 Example beamerdefaultoverlayspecification lt gt Example Nbeamerdefaultoverlayspecificationt clears the default overlay specification Actually it installs the default overlay specification lt gt which just means always but the portable way of clearing the default overlay specification is this call 4 1 4 Incremental Specifications This subsection is mostly important for people who have already used overlay specifications a lot and have grown tired of writing things like lt 1 gt lt 2 gt lt 3 gt and so on again and again You should skip this section on first reading Often you want to have overlay specifications that follow a pattern similar to the following begin itemize item lt 1 gt Apple item lt 2 gt Peach item lt 3 gt Plum item lt 4 gt Orange end itemize The problem starts if you decide to insert a new fruit say at the beginning In this case you would have to adjust all of the overlay specifications Also if you add a pause command before the itemize you would also have to update the overlay specifications BEAMER offers a special syntax to make creating lists as the one above more robust You can replace it by the following list of incremental overlay specifications beg

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