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B. USER MANUAL

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1. Display C Curves fe Tables LEVEL taion displacement moment sheal fores vous sale ean pesswe earth pressure water pressure water pressure vertical pressure A DOWN UPHILL DOWN UPHILL DOWN UPHILL DOWN m iad mm kNm BM frp kPa KPal kPa kPa 0 000 0 00099 3 94 0 00 0 00 excay passive 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 440 0 00098 3 51 2 43 16 60 excay elast 0 00 26 90 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 880 0 00098 3 07 17 20 50 90 excay elast 0 00 28 80 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 320 0 00095 2 65 47 50 87 40 excay elast 0 00 30 50 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 760 0 00088 2 25 94 40 126 00 excay elast 0 00 31 90 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 200 0 00077 1 88 158 00 166 00 excay elast 0 00 32 60 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 200 0 00077 1 88 158 00 166 00 excay elast 0 00 58 10 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 700 0 00056 1 54 261 00 243 00 excay elast 0 00 53 20 0 00 0 00 0 00 3 200 0 00023 1 34 400 00 311 00 excay elast 0 00 42 80 0 00 0 00 0 00 3 200 400 00 228 00 l 3 700 0 00012 1 31 300 00 175 00 excay elast 0 00 32 90 0 00 0 00 0 00 4 200 0 00038 1 44 225 00 125 00 excay elast 0 00 37 80 0 00 0 00 0 00 4 700 0 00058 1 68 176 00 70 30 excay elast 0 00 40 80 0 00 0 00 0 00 5 200 0 00075 2 01 155 00 13 30 excay elast 0 00 40 60 0 00 0 00 0 00 5 700 0 00090 2 42 162 00 40 10 excay elast 0 00 35 70 0 00 0 00 0 00 6 200 0 00108 2 92 194 00 87 40 excay active 0 00 31 80 0 00 0 00 0 00 6 700 0 00
2. These values can be transferred to K REA edit boxes by using the Transfer button Click on Quit to close the wizard Important note 1 In K REA the transfer button works only for values calculated using vertical walls Values calculated with non vertical walls can be viewed but cannot be used in the calculations Note 2 the wizard automatically retrieves the value of the friction angle from the soil layers dialogue box It also retrieves the values of interface angles from the soil layers dialogue box if these values are included in the range from 1 00 to 1 00 B 4 1 3 RANKINE active and passive earth pressures formulas This wizard displays the results given by the Rankine formulas for a retaining wall refer to Techniques de l ing nieur Construction C242 Ouvrages de sout nement pression et but e by F Schlosser 2 cos 8 cos B cos o i cos 8 cos B cos o cos 8 cos B cos o Je lt ee MG cos B 1 cos B cos o EP cos p EP Il p Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 33 58 B User manual K REA The screenshot below illustrates the wizard dialogue box Rankine Friction angle Inclination of the slope Coefficient of horizontal active earth pressure ka Coefficients of horizontal passive earth pressure kp Quit Figure B 19 Calculation using the Rankine method Input the inclination of the slope B and the int
3. e create a new phase by clicking on aus e insert anew calculation phase by clicking on 0 ae e move a phase forward or backward by clicking on or _ e delete an existing phase by clicking on Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 19 58 B User manual K REA Note 1 the curves can be enlarged by double clicking them so that they fill all the staged construction management zone It is then possible to click on a point of the curve to display its properties at the bottom of the main window Right clicking on these curves enables to reach the popup menu refer to chapter B 6 2 3 Double clicking on the curve again enables to bring the curve back to its initial size Note 2 in zone Il the graphical representation of the soil layers wall and actions is scaled only vertically not horizontally This is just a schematic sketch not a true scale cross section Do not trust the length of an anchor for example nor the wideness of a berm or that of a surcharge B 2 3 2 Action selection zone List of available actions Excavation Water Loads Forces Moments due crade Boussinesq surcharge Excavation water Earthworks Hydraulic gradient Excavation Water Soil properties New soll properties Hydraulic Hydraulic gradient Figure B 9 Action selection zone divided into four zones The action selection zone appears in the upper right corner of the main window It e
4. Depths is the default choice e Calculation options it is possible to take anchors buckling into account simply by checking the corresponding box add anchors buckling in moments calculation It is not the default option It is also possible to change the Number of iterations per phase default value is 10 as well as the Calculation step equivalent to the elementary division along the wall for calculations default value is 0 5 m 24 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA Note the suitable range for the calculation step is between the wall thickness and a value that would limit the number of wall elements to 30 0 the buckling option is associated to the anchor action and enables to take the vertical force created by the anchor into account in the moments calculation e Curves display checking the box same scale for curves makes sure that curves for all phases will have the same scale This is the default option J e Output display checking the box Display ratio limited mobilised earth resistance ensures that this ratio is displayed on the main screen in the results window and on the printouts This is the default choice e Language for output this choice enables to select the language for printouts Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 25 58 B User manual K REA B 3 2 Soil layers This dialogue box is displayed when clicking on the Data me
5. E 13 2 1 2 a Ga ar EI Subgrade reaction wizard E valuation method C Balay fe Schmitt C Chadeisson Summary of caculated values kh 22075 E0497 19880808 kM m3 Pressuremeter modulus Em 3200 kPa Rheological parameter oa 10 333 Assistant Wall average bending stiffness El 24381 kM m Value calculated for kh 60487 EH ma Quit References P SCHMITT M thode empirique d valuation du coefficient de r action du sol vis a vis des ouvrages de sout nement souples AFG n 71 1995 Figure B 22 Calculation of the subgrade reaction coefficient using the Schmitt formula 36 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 4 2 3 CHADEISSON curves The Chadeisson curves were published in a paper by A Monnet Module de r action coefficient de d compression au sujet des parametres utilis s dans la m thode de calcul lasto plastique published in Revue Fran aise de Geotechnique n 65 5 The curves are displayed and the proper value is retrieved automatically depending on the values input for the cohesion and the friction angle It is also possible to check those values directly on the curves Subgrade reaction wizard Chadeisson curves Evaluation method C Balay C Schmitt Chadeisson Chadeisson curves Summary of caculated values JET kh 22075 60487 40000 kN m3 veg tt ag Lh ies Beg Ves hmm pay lo EES OSSE OSSES 7000 kN m3
6. ET ee kr Characteristics of the layer eue Name H ydraulic fill Coefficient of earth pressure at rest KO 0 47 kO Jaky jera fo Horizontal actv earth pressure 0 26 EE ES coefficient ka _ks kp reatic level Zwater 8 2 Horizontal passive earth Nessure 5 951 Faankine Soil weight above water table 21 3 kN m3 coefficient kp Ph Submerged soil weight below water 11 3 kN m3 eee be ba 0 47 Sen table Fyd minus water weight i i Reloading ratio kr vol 0 47 kr KO Friction angle 32 nl Coefficient of active p essure applied lo Cohesion c fo kPa in cohesion ca ewes Variation of cohesion per Coefficient of pas ve pressure lo meter depth de from the fo kPa m applied to cohe fon cp layer top Active interface friction da ip 0 66 kr is sd 20000 kN m3 kh Passive interface friction p ig 0 66 Feen EG rea tion coefficient dkh per fo LESE eter depth from the layer Cancel and Quit Validate and Quit Color e x Basic colo EAA MA EE E M E a m Define Custom Colors gt gt DE Cancel Figure B 36 Colour wizard for the soil layers Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 51 58 B User manual K REA B 7 2 Popup menus These menus are not permanently displayed in the main window of K REA They can be displayed by a right click on some K REA objects B 7 2 1 Popup dialogue box for the g
7. Title and options Title Project number Calculation title Project number HI Units CC MN MPa m f kH kPa m cp L m Water weight 10 kA fms Definition of the project ir Calculation options Depths Add anchors buckling in moments calculation f Levels Humber of iterations per phase 10 Curves display Calculation step 0 5 m W Same scale for curves Language for output f French f English Output display Display ratio lmiting mobilieed earth resistance Validate and Quit Cancel Figure B 14 Title and Options dialogue box The checkboxes radio buttons and data input boxes are white and can be edited This dialogue box is divided into the following zones e Title Project number this zone is used to type in a title for the project the content of this box has no impact on the calculation e Units you may work in MN MPa m or KN kPa m or t t m m The selected units system is valid for the whole project data input and output The units display depends on the selected units system but there is no data conversion except for the water weight which is automatically converted KN kPa m units and a water weight equal to 10kN m are the default values e Definition of the project in this option is used to select whether the vertical axis is directed upwards levels option or downwards depths option This orientation is valid for the whole project and can never be changed
8. Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 3 3 Retaining wall This dialogue box is opened when clicking on the Data menu then on Retaining wall It enables to define the wall properties that will be used during the calculation Retaining wall Retaining wall x Definition mode Definition mode Product of inertia Thickness Wizard C Product of inertia Thickness Young s modulus of wall 20e6 kPa M Circular wall M Advanced properties El kNn L m 500000 1 21 3 Zb bottom level 21 3 Zb bottom level Units displayed in K REA are all function of width Units displayed in K REA are all function of width wall L input in advanced properties By default wall L input in advanced properties By default L 1 in the first section L 1 in the first section Validate and Quit Cancel and Quit Validate and Quit Cancel and Quit Figure B 16 Retaining wall dialogue box The wall can be defined in two different ways either using its Product of inertia or using its Thickness and Young s modulus The choice is made using the radio buttons in the upper part of the dialogue box Two additional options may be selected using checkboxes The Circular wall option enables to display an additional column in the table below in order to set the cylindrical rigidity of such a circular wall The Advanced properties option enables to display and define the eleme
9. UPHILL DOWNHILL UPHILL DOWNHILL C VO KE RS NN a 2 a RS VG VA a 0 00037 15 60 0 00 excay active 0 00 17 30 0 00 0 00 0 00037 15 40 2 23 excav active 0 00 22 80 0 00 0 00 0 00037 15 30 9 79 excav active 0 00 28 30 0 00 0 00 0 00037 15 10 excay fer 000 3af0 N 0 00 0 00037 14 90 EKCAV ctive non 39 20 0 00 0 00 0 00037 14 70 excav fi Copy to clipboard 0 00 0 00 Adjust columns width 0 00 0 00037 14 60 excay clive 0 00037 14 60 excay clive 0 00 0 00016 14 40 EKCav ctive 0 00 33 80 J 0 00 0 00013 14 40 excav active OU 20 0 00 0 00047 14 60 EKCav active 0 00 40 20 0 00 0 00088 14 80 excay active 0 00 42 30 0 00 0 00139 15 30 exCav elast 0 00 48 80 0 00 0 00201 16 10 EKCav elast 0 00 59 10 0 00 0 0021 7 17 00 elast 0 00 71 20 0 00 0 00213 18 00 elast 0 00 79 70 0 00 0 00192 18 90 elast 0 00 84 50 0 00 0 00192 18 90 elast 0 00 89 80 0 00 0 00153 19 70 elast 0 00 32 10 0 00 0 00102 20 30 elast 0 00 89 40 0 00 MAA amn mm mm Am mm m mm Actions and forces in anchors Limiting mobilised earth resistance ratio horizontal load 2 m 0 000 El kPa md4 3 5E 0005 L m 1 000 Re kN m3 0 0E 000 Limiting 4 6992E 003 kPa Mobilised 9 3320E 002 kPa strut n 3 level 12 940 554 50 kN fe 5 036 Misi Figure B 41 Popup menu on a results table Right click on the table to display the popup menu The followi
10. modules de r action Note d information technique LEPC 1984 Figure B 20 Calculation of the subgrade reaction coefficients using the Balay method The display of values calculated using the different methods allows the user to decide which value he wants to use for the calculations B 4 2 1 BALAY formula The Balay formula was published in Recommandations pour le choix des parametres de calcul des crans de soutenement par la m thode aux modules de r action 3 E k r ee 0 133 0 a The requested parameters are e Em pressuremeter modulus MPa kPa t m e a rheological parameter Note this parameter can also be calculated using a sub wizard e a dimensional parameter m Note a picture is available to help estimating this parameter Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 35 58 B User manual K REA The rheological parameter wizard is also a dialogue box and it is based on reference 6 Determine the rheological coefficient alpha Soil tpye Statuz f Peat C Clay ri f Normally consolidated or normally squeezed f Sand f Sand and gravels f Rock Fascicule 62 LCPL SETRA Figure B 21 Rheological parameter wizard B 4 2 2 SCHMITT formula The Schmitt calculation method is explained in a series of papers in the Revue Fran aise de G otechnique French geotechnical review n 71 and 74 4 It is based on the following formula p
11. 171 m S fa kPa Figure B 12 Action parameters zone example of an excavation with modification of the waterlevel The action parameters zone appears in the lower right corner of the main window right under the action selection zone Each action in K REA is associated with a specific set of action parameters In general the action parameters zone is divided into two parts The left part enables for the data input and the right part shows a schematic diagram that illustrates the action parameters Figure B 12 shows the parameters zone corresponding to the excavation water action The checkboxes and edit boxes appear in white The example illustrates a simple excavation at level 172 m with a water table at 171 m and no surcharge applied on the bottom of the excavation Parameters for all actions are described in Part C Technical manual B 2 3 4 Comments zone Comments Figure B 13 Comments zone The comments zone is located right under the staged construction management zone This zone enables to type in comments for the current phase These comments are then displayed in the results window as well as in the results synthesis Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 23 58 B User manual K REA B 3 Data menu B 3 1 Title and options This dialogue box can be displayed by clicking on the Data menu then on Title and options It is used to define the general options of each project
12. 178 00 293 00 239 00 351 00 Forces calculated by KRea in struts and anchors should be multiplied by eh L to get the force per anchor Figure B 34 Synthesis table The last tabs in the window enable to view the envelope curves for displacements moments and shear forces The available envelopes depend on the envelope options selected during the phases definition Results peengpeenenenneseneneseneneneeeneeeeenneeenneneneeneneeageee Display Curves C Tables amp Displacements mm Min 5 81 Min 170 Min 243 Max 0 Max 351 Max 239 Figure B 35 Envelope curves for phases 1 to 5 These last tabs look like the phases tabs you can select to display envelopes as curves or tables Note Two buttons are always displayed in the tabs The print shortcut button enables to open the printing wizard The button Quit enables to close the results window 50 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 7 Display options B 7 1 Layers colours This wizard can be opened by selecting the Wizard menu and then Layers colours The soil layers dialogue box appears Double click on the colour to be modified in order to open the colours wizard This wizard enables to change the default colour assigned to each soil layer These new colours will be considered as the new default settings for all projects with K REA Characteristics of soil layers tg
13. 40000 kN m3 en ie 8000 kN m3 50000 kN m3 Cohesion c 0 kPa SETT SIT Ne 9000 kN m3 60000 kN m3 Friction angle 35 il vik ale 10000 kN m3 70000 kN m3 ks ER ni 11000 kN m3 80000 kN m3 5 b O 12000 kN m3 90000 kN m3 i a ex m 13000 kN m3 100000 kN m3 Value calculated for kh 40000 kN m3 SI wJ A ag p NS 14000 kN m3 120000 kN m3 Values proposed for kh according to this wizard re calculated SS with equations approaching the Chadeisson curves SIY bi 15000 kN m3 140000 kN m3 20000 kN m3 kh 40000 kN m3 RARS l D Quit x CANAAN eg 30000 kN m3 References N NSSS A MONNET Module de r action coefficient de II d compression au sujet des param tres utilis s dans la NSS m thode de calcul lasto plastique des sout nements AFG n 66 1994 Chadeisson curves does not be used for loose soils It was drawn for concrete diaphragm wall of 0 6m to 0 8m thickness built in compact grounds co 40 2 20 49 9 8 0 60 Cohesion kPa Figure B 23 Chadeisson curves Note The curves have been reproduced approximately There may be a slight difference between the curves that appear in the wizard window and the Chadeisson curves that can be found in papers Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 37 58 B User manual K REA B 4 3 El and Rc wizard This wizard helps to estimate El and R values for three diff
14. actions In order to make sure that the actions combinations are correct refer to part C of the manual Technical manual and check the properties for each action By default K REA always creates a first phase named Initial phase as illustrated on the figure below k KRea Project C Documents and Settings ce Bureau TEST dec2006 P20 File Data Wizards Staged construction Calculation Results D E Mod MER Om mw eee SS SSS SS SSS i ne ose Initial phase Initial phase Caquot surcharge pe Loads Forces Moments Caquot surcharge PA i Earthworks Acti O n 1 selection Anchors Wall i a zone Soil properties Pal Hydraulic Air ajeli Surcharge applied on the horizontal ground surface 30 kPa l l Action parameters zone Staged construction management zone l l Comments Figure B 29 Initial phase In this first phase three actions are available They can be applied only in this phase and only once Those are the actions Caquot surcharge uniformly distributed on both sides of the wall Reduced pressure and Maximal pressure The use of the action selection zone is described in the chapter B2 3 2 and the meaning of the actions is given in the part C Technical manual If actions are applied in the initial phase they will be displayed on the graphical representation of the staged const
15. calculate the El product for steel piles select Circular piles Spaced or jointed then steel sections as shown below Wizard for the determination of El and Rc Wall type f Diaphragm wall of Circular piles spaced or jointed 0 Sheet piles h Steel sections Steel HE 1606 E 210000000 kPa section Els 3489 kN m El per m enter eh I 2497 E d mm4 Transfer gt gt all properties Youngs modulus E User defined Horizontal spacing eh axis to anis 15 m Pile diameter I El per m Transfer gt gt Combined EI product Quit and Save Figure B 26 calculation of the El product for steel circular piles You should select a type of steel section Use the steel section listbox to choose among the following categories e Specific steel section enables to set an inertia that is not available in the list e Hollow circular steel section enables to calculate the inertia of hollow circular sections using their external diameter and their thickness IPE IPE A IPE O I shaped European ARCELOR beams IPN normal European ARCELOR beams HE AA HE A HE B HE M European wide wings ARCELOR beams HL European very wide wings ARCELOR beams HD ARCELOR column beams HP ARCELOR pile beams TUBEUROP diameter thickness hollow and circular TUBEUROP sections e TUBES STAD diameter thickness hollow and circular TUBES STAD sections This list of suppliers is not exhaustive Pino
16. modifications appear in the action selection zone refer to chapter B 2 3 2 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 13 58 B User manual K REA B 2 1 5 Calculation Results menu Calculation Results Validate Calculate Ctrl Q Stop calculation Ctrl 4 Latest calculation resulks Figure B 6 Calculation Results menu This menu enables to manage the calculations and results display e Validate saves the current values for the input data in the action parameters window and displays the data on the graphical representation e Calculate runs the calculation e Stop calculation stops the calculation e Phases synthesis displays the graphical representation as well as a summary of the actions parameters for all the project phases e Latest calculation results displays the latest calculation results if they still exist in the same directory Beware if the project data have been modified since the latest calculation the displayed results will not correspond to the new data anymore e Results opens a window with the detailed results per phase curves or tables as well as the envelope curves and the data summary The Phases synthesis and Results windows are introduced in chapters B 8 2 and B 6 2 14 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 1 6 Help menu Help About TERRASOL Website Figure B 7 Help menu This last menu enables to reach the help sub menus and the so
17. 1 m refer to chapter 3 3 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 41 58 B User manual K REA B 4 3 3 Sheet pile walls This wizard enables to calculate the product of inertia of sheet pile walls given per linear meter taking corrosion into account Wizard for the determination of El and Rc Wall type Sheet piles ae Corrosion on wW m C Diaphragm wall Circular piles spaced or jointed Sheet piles Steel ARBED PU 25 dicon OM anal Pod section M Show sheet piles database Le 55600 E 4 mm4 Indicated inertias suppose a transmission of the lt lt Transfer shear force through the lock and do not take into account possible modifications of the sheet piles thickness This list is not exhaustive It provides examples not recommendations The choice of the material and its characteristics is under the user s responsibility DTU 13 2 Wall properties Decrease of the thickness according to DTU 13 2 Sept 92 for an exposition period of Young s modulus E 21E 08 kPa Category Ground 1 Poorly aggressive ground 0 006 0 005 0 004 2 2 Moderately aggressive ground or backfill 10 040 0 024 0 018 0 016 Sheet piles inertia I 30400 E 4 mm4 3 Aggressive ground or backfill 0 100 00560 0 045 0 040 El per m Transfer gt gt Corrosion of steel in the ground is mainly a function of the oxygen concentration in the ground El product 63840 kN Quit and Save Example of soil c
18. 130 3 51 249 00 134 00 excay active 0 00 34 90 0 00 0 00 0 00 7 200 0 00159 4 23 329 00 185 00 excay active 0 00 38 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 7 700 0 00197 5 12 435 00 241 00 excay active 0 00 41 10 0 00 0 00 0 00 7 700 435 00 653 00 8 200 0 00225 6 19 123 00 593 00 excay active 0 00 44 20 0 00 0 00 0 00 lt gt Actions and forces in anchors excavation on downhill side z m 12 500 21 m 15 200 S kPa 0 000 anchor n 1 level 3 200 207 14 kN Quit Figure B 33 Tables for results of phase 5 The title bar on top of the table includes information about the columns results type side of the wall downhill or uphill units system A thorough description of the columns is given hereafter e Depth or level position of calculation points nodes along the wall in depths or in levels depending on the choice for the project The calculation step is the maximal distance between two nodes But the distance between two nodes can be smaller than that because the program includes nodes at the interfaces between soil layers and at the anchors heads 1 node for each anchor and 2 nodes for each soil interface e Rotation rotation for the structure at the calculation node when forces are equilibrated e Displacement displacement of the structure at the calculation node when forces are equilibrated Note the rotation is positive from uphill to downhill and displacements are positive from downhill to uphill 4
19. 8 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA e Moment moment calculated at the calculation nodes e Shear force shear force calculated at the calculation nodes Note the moments and shear forces calculated by K REA are function of the elementary wall width e Status soil status at each node according to the following rule e Excavation excavation uphill or downhill e Separation no more contact between the soil and the wall negative pressure e Active active pressure on the wall e Elastic elastic soil facing the wall e Passive passive pressure on the wall e Earth pressure effective horizontal earth pressure It is calculated by multiplying the relevant earth pressure coefficient with the vertical earth pressure e Water pressure water pressure calculated for each node using the water weight e Vertical pressure sum of all effective vertical pressures at each node e Limiting active pressure limiting active pressure e Limiting passive pressure limiting passive pressure e Vault pressure pressure resulting from the vault effect It is calculated by multiplying the displacement with the cylindrical rigidity In a circular wall the compression is equal to this pressure multiplied with the wall radius The vault pressure is equal to zero if the wall is plane Note an effective pressure means a soil pressure that doesn t take into account the water pressure The status
20. B User manual K REA 1 A REA B USER MANUAL D 1 General previeW EEE EEE EE EE EE 5 BL Pres entalon RE a 5 BA OUR SAR EE E 7 D 1 93 RECOMIMENG AUIONS Lunnan ia EEE ENE 8 B 2 Main window ee a One a ennnen 9 A ALL E EE ME 10 BA EP Femen EE EE Ne 10 BNR 11 BANE Me ae a nee aa eo ad a ee 12 B 2 1 4 Staged construction menu ii 13 B 2 1 5 Calculation Results menu rrarararerarerareranerannnnrnnnrnnnennnennnennnennsnnnsnnunnnusnnnennee 14 Bl ENE 15 D 202 TUE 16 BRIS 16 B222 MAN WINGOW DUNS uvaner ae rss 17 B 2 2 3 Keyboard shortcuts ss 18 B 2 3 Project management zones rrnnnnnannvannvannnanrnanrnanrnnrrnnrnnnennnnnnnenannnannnnssnnrsnnennnennee 19 B 2 3 1 Staged construction management zone 19 B 2 3 2 Action selection zone iii 20 B 2 3 3 Action parameters zone iii 23 5 2 9 4 COMMEMS ZOMG Lu ansmessemeveeruskaiea ENEN APERET KAARE ENEE SRS 23 BJ DN 24 PB LTTE NN 24 PB SANN apace eee E couse ee 26 RV 29 BA WS ee 31 B 4 1 Wizards for the active and passive earth pressure coefficients 31 B 4 1 1 Tables for active and passive earth pressure according to KERISEL NUPI NG 31 B 4 1 2 COULOMB active and passive earth pressures formulas 32 B 4 1 3 RANKINE active and passive earth pressures formulas 33 B 4 2 Subgrade reaction wizard rrrarennnnrnanernnrnnnnrrnnrnranennnnnnnnrnnennnnennnennanennnennnsennnennnse
21. EA B 1 3 Recommendations and notes K REA is intended to be used with anchors located in the soil on the right side of the wall and struts located on the left side of the wall So the main excavation must be located on the left of the wall downhill side This does not prevent a temporary excavation level deeper on the right side than on the left side of the wall The Caquot surcharge Maximal pressure and Reduced pressure actions can only be applied in the initial phase Consequently these actions can only be applied once and their parameters are valid for the whole staged construction of the project The Maximal pressure action can never be modified On the contrary the Reduced pressure action can be cancelled by sheeting installation and the Caquot surcharge action is automatically cancelled on a given side when applying an excavation or fill on this very same side Some actions have to be preceded by an Excavation Water action These are Sheeting installation excavation with Berm and Hydraulic gradient Apply an Excavation Water action first then in the same phase apply one of the three actions listed before In the action parameters zone the following instructions should appear Excavation Water or Excavation Water or Excavation Water Berm Sheeting installation Hydraulic gradient When fills are installed they are taken into account with p k o Successive fills can be defined in successive phases The Sheeting i
22. K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 7 2 2 Popup menu in the synthesis tables This menu appears when the synthesis tables for the soil layers or the wall are right clicked Characteristics of soil layers EE CE TEE kr a 1 Hydraulic fil 21 3 11 3 O47 026 5951 047 047 2 Fairy dense sand 2 ge s 05 0282 4997 05 05 3 Alluvium 0 741 0529 2019 0741 0741 ae K REA election 4 Heavy sand TE d2 BRA 0426 0227 7 359 0426 0 426 5 Black clay 15 2 1 a p 0 282 4 987 085 0 85 op Co clipboar Insert line Delete one or several lineis LA t Initialize table Characteristics of the laper Adjust columns width L J Wizards Figure B 39 Right click menu in the soil layers table Here are the available options e Copy K REA selection copies the selected values one line for example into the clipboard e Paste K REA selection pastes the copied values into the table e Copy to clipboard copies the synthesis table to clipboard so that it can be later pasted into another document e Insert line creates an empty line above the selected line e Delete one or several line s deletes the selected line s e Initialize table erases all values in the table Adjust columns width optimizes the columns width B 7 2 3 Popup menu in the results window Each table or curve in the results window can be right clicked to display this popup menu Example popup menu on a results curve Left clic
23. Re ed ane 42 Mial PNI SE ana A amneaaicageleateaevcray pane ne doe noua anseneee 43 Pl 44 ReSsuls WINDOW Data AD nn ei der it dedans rentes eue 46 Graphical results display for phase 2 47 TADIESTOrTeSuS Of PIAS 48 SYNNE STADE ad 50 Envelope curves for phases 1 to 5 50 Colour wizard for the soil layers 51 Popup dialogue box for the graphical display in the main window 52 Additional examples of the popup dialogue box 52 Right click menu in the soil layers table 53 PoPUP MENT OT NE ONS Ja 54 Popup menu ON a results table 55 PAIN WIZ ANG agere 56 Phases SWIMMING SIS ee 57 3 58 B User manual K REA 4 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 1 General preview B 1 1 Presentation of K REA K REA is a Windows based software enabling to design retaining walls using the subgrade reaction method The Windows format allows for a user friendly interface and a really easy data input Moreover the schematic display of each construction phase makes it easy to check the project data You may define soil and wall properties as well as construction phases directly from the main window The main functions or actions available in K REA are listed below and grouped into different categories The general options of a project include units homogeneous either to MN KN or t water weight orientation of the verti
24. amples K REA DATA FILES ARE SAVED AS P20 FILES AND RESULTS FILES ARE SAVED AS REA FILES 6 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B 1 2 10 B User manual K REA Quick start Start K REA by clicking either the Start menu shortcut or the desktop shortcut Select New Project Set the dimensions and options for the project by selecting the Data menu then Title and Options Fill in the text boxes and validate Set the soil layers properties by selecting the Data menu then Soil layers Set the wall properties by selecting the Data menu then Retaining wall available only after input of the soil properties Apply the actions for the initial phase if any select them in the action selection zone define their properties and Validate them so that they are displayed on the graphical representation in the main window Click on Add in the staged construction management zone Apply the actions for the new calculation phase define their properties using the action selection zone and Validate them Repeat this procedure until the final phase is reached Run the calculation by clicking on the Calculation button below the action selection zone the calculations can also be run after definition of each phase depending on the user s habits Finally click on the Results button in the action selection zone to open the detailed results window Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 7 58 B User manual K R
25. and earth pressures are all given in two columns The first column downhill corresponds to the forces applied onto the left side of the wall and the second column uphill corresponds to the forces onto the right side of the wall The calculation convergence depends on the status of the wall elements nodes If the status of all wall elements remains the same from one calculation step to the next one then it is assumed that convergence is reached amp Results Display f Curves Tables Eh BEWARE calculation did not converge PE Note when an action in a given phase has no influence on the wall displacements the program will detect a non convergence because the results will be the same for all nodes from one phase to the other But this non convergence does not mean that the calculation really failed to converge within the maximum number of iterations a common example is the installation of a strut as a single action in a given phase the non convergence warning will be displayed but it s no problem in this case Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 49 58 B User manual K REA The synthesis table tab displays a table that summarises the main results calculated for the different phases Results PHASE N Displacement Displacement Moments Shear force Ratio Forcein Forcein Forcein Tr Te re KN KN KN kNm 62 40 120 00 137 00 119 00 351 00 295 00 214 00 196 00
26. cal axis in order to work either with depths or with levels calculation options number of iterations and steps output options graphics language limiting mobilised earth resistance ratio option to take anchors buckling into account Soil and wall properties include geometrical and geotechnical properties of the soil layers groundwater level for each soil layer parameters related to the subgrade reaction calculation method using wizards for the coefficients ko Jaky Ka kp K risel and Absi Coulomb or Rankine Ca Cp Caquot and k Balay Schmitt or Chadeisson product of inertia of the wall depending on the wall type diaphragm wall spaced or jointed piles sheet pile wall Wizards are available cylindrical rigidity in the case of a circular wall Wizards are available The option to change the wall width default width is one linear meter The actions available to define the construction stages include Caquot Boussinesq and Graux surcharges which can be later modified or removed either on uphill or downhill sides Horizontal loads external moments or rotation springs to be applied directly onto the wall Excavations changes of the waterlevel application of Caquot surcharges at the excavation level either on uphill or downhill sides Excavations with berms Sheeting installation Simulation of a discontinuous wall with its effect on earth pressures and of the sheeting installation Fill downhil
27. erent types of walls diaphragm walls circular or not piles and sheet piles The wizard can be reached from the retaining wall dialogue box Data Retaining wall Specific parameters should be entered for each type of wall El estimations are displayed in blue The dialogue box is closed automatically when the values are transferred using the transfer button Lenes Otherwise click the X button located in the title bar of the window to close it B 4 3 1 Diaphragm walls This wizard enables to calculate the El product as well as the cylindrical rigidity R for a continuous wall amp Wizard for the determination of El and Rc all type f Diaphragm wall Circular piles spaced or jointed 0 Sheet piles h Circular wall Wall properties Young s modulus E 1000000 kPa User defined h Circular wall radius Ri 30 m Lang term concrete 10 GPal x Short term concrete 20 GPa Wall thickness e 0 5 a Fresh concrete 30 GPa I 210 GP Transfer gt gt El product 10417 ENrr Cylindrical rigidity Re 556 kM m3 Quit and Save Figure B 24 Calculation of the El product for a diaphragm wall Three values should be defined e E concrete Young s modulus it can be chosen from the listbox MPa kPa t m e e wall thickness m e R radius of the circular wall when the wall is circular MN m gt KN m t m These values can be transfered to the main dialogue box by using the Transfer button Click Qui
28. ernal friction angle Both passive and active coefficients are immediately calculated and displayed in the boxes in the lower part of the dialogue box Note the wizard automatically retrieves the value of the friction angle from the soil layers properties These values can also be transferred to the data input boxes using the Transfer button Click on Quit to close the wizard 34 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 4 2 Subgrade reaction wizard This wizard proposes three different methods to estimate the subgrade reaction coefficient Balay formula 3 Schmitt formula 4 and Chadeisson curves 5 The wizard consists in a dialogue box divided into three parts Three radio buttons in the upper part enable to choose one of the three available methods The values calculated using each of these methods are shown under their title in blue The middle part of the window is the data input zone The lower part is used to display the results and comments Subgrade reaction wizard Evaluation method fe Balay C Schmitt C Chadeisson i i l I I I Summary of caculated valued l kh 22075 21463 18888 kN m3 Pressuremeter modulus Em 9200 kPa Rheological parameter 0 333 Assistant Dimensionnal parameter 0 9 m Value calculated for kh 22075 kN m3 Quit References J BALAY Recommandations pour le choix des param tres de calcul des crans de sout nement par la m thode aux
29. escribed in part C Technical manual The current phase is the one displayed in zone Il It is possible to rename each phase by replacing the default title in zone Il with a new name The Envelope checkbox enables to define the phases which will be used by the program to calculate the envelope curves For example e If no Envelope box is checked in the phase tabs only one envelope curve will be shown This default curve includes the maximal displacements shear forces and moments calculated for all phases e Ifa project includes five phases plus the initial phase and if the Envelope box is checked in phase 3 two envelope curves will be available one with the maximal displacements shear forces and moments for phases 1 to 3 and the other curve with those maximal data for phases 4 to 5 List of available actions Initial phase Phase2 00 Loads Forces Moments Boussinesq surcharge v gt Earthworks Excavation Water v gt Anchars Wall sus spol Soil properties New soil properties v gt Hydraulic Hydraulic gradient vj gt 7 Envelope T 4 x VALIDATE CALCULATE RITE Figure B 11 Action selection zone Excavation Water Sheeting installation 22 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 3 3 Action parameters zone Excavators Excavation side f Downhill f Uphill m Excavation geometry z 172 om 21
30. ete Young s modulus MPa kPa t m e wall thickness m L wall elementary width m e Formula for the cylindrical rigidity for a concrete diaphragm wall with e lt lt R X R E concrete e C R Econcrete concrete Young s modulus MPa kPa t m e wall thickness m R curvature radius m e Formula for the El product for a discontinuous wall soldier pile wall For a soldier pile wall only the piles rigidity is usually taken into account gr Dresy d d spacing between piles axis m L wall elementary width m Note 2 a Wizard is available to calculate the product of inertia and the cylindrical rigidity per linear meter depending on the type of wall diaphragm wall spaced or jointed piles and sheet pile wall Refer to chapter B 4 3 Wizards for further information WIZARDS ARE ONLY A HELP FOR THE USER THEY ARE NOT A COMPULSORY STEP IN A PROJECT THE USER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR USE 30 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 4 Wizards The wizards proposed in the Wizards menu are independent from the project and can thus be used at any time WIZARDS ARE ONLY A HELP FOR THE USER THEY ARE NOT A COMPULSORY STEP IN A PROJECT THE USER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR USE B 4 1 Wizards for the active and passive earth pressure coefficients B 4 1 1 Tables for active and passive earth pressure according to KERISEL and ABSI This wizard is the exact reproduction
31. following methods K risel amp Absi tables Coulomb formula or Rankine formulas Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 27 58 B User manual K REA e The c c wizard calculates the active passive pressure coefficients applied to cohesion using the Caquot formulas and the value of the friction angle The formulas used are C l sin o 1 coso sinpcosa 5 0 a tano m cos and sin sin C l sing coso SINPCOSA 415 CA k tan 9 cos with sina For both latest wizards the values of the interface frictions should be defined except if these frictions were defined in the main soil properties and are equal to one of the following values 0 99 0 75 0 66 0 50 0 33 0 00 0 33 0 50 0 66 0 75 0 99 In that case they are retrieved automatically Those two wizards are described more precisely in chapter B 4 Wizards WIZARDS ARE ONLY A HELP FOR THE USER THEY ARE NOT A COMPULSORY STEP INA PROJECT THE USER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR USE Finally the soil layers dialogue box includes two more buttons The Cancel button cancels the changes and closes the dialogue box whereas the Validate and Quit button saves the modified data and closes the dialogue box Note 3 clicking on the X button in the title bar of the window closes the dialogue box without saving the changes the X button is equivalent to the Cancel button 28 58 April 2008
32. ftware information e Help enables to reach the help menu e About provides software information for example the version of the software e TERRASOL website this is a link to the TERRASOL website Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 15 58 B User manual K REA B 2 2 Shortcuts B 2 2 1 Buttons bar The shortcut buttons are displayed on this bar They enable to reach the features previously described File menu buttons Ly creates a new project opens an existing file using the file explorer ial saves the changes in the current project S opens the printing dialogue box Ej Li copies data or results to the clipboard Data menu buttons ME opens the Title and Options dialogue box opens the Soil layers dialogue box T opens the Retaining wall dialogue box Wizards menu buttons KA wizard for KERISEL and ABSI active and passive earth pressure coefficients e wizard for COULOMB active and passive earth pressure coefficients R wizard for RANKINE active and passive earth pressure coefficients Ea wizard for subgrade reaction coefficients Calculation Results menu buttons pai performs the calculation stops the calculation displays the results kal displays the latest calculation results Other buttons k Online help 16 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 2 2 Main window buttons The buttons at the bottom of t
33. gure B 38 Figure B 39 Figure B 40 Figure B 41 Figure B 42 Figure B 43 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 B User manual K REA FIGURES MEDION NNN 9 FE MENN Hp 10 Data LE ER EE NE Eee 11 MASTER 12 Staged construction MEN ee 13 CalCulallOnvIReSUINS NE He 14 HeD NE are See 15 Staged construction management zone cut into 4 ZONES 19 Action selection zone divided into four zones 20 S lection oi ME STUS FUN rasaae i a aL 21 ACion Selection ZONG aure NN 22 Action parameters zone example of an excavation with modification Ol ME V PEN V R 23 GoOMMmMENS ZONE aurais RAS ARR TS A AS lead 23 Tue and Options dialogue DOK DESS 24 SOIL AVerS ClalOGUE DOK ae 26 Retaining wall dialogue box 29 Tables for active and passive earth pressures by Kerisel and Absi 31 Calculation using the Coulomb method 33 Calculation using the Rankine method 34 Calculation of the subgrade reaction coefficients using the Balay method 35 Rheological parameter wizard ss 36 Calculation of the subgrade reaction coefficient using the Schmitt formula 36 NNN a a hacer et a a 37 Calculation of the El product for a diaphragm wall 38 Calculation of the El product for a Circular pile rrarerarrrnrernrrnnrrnnrrnnrrnnrrnnennner 39 Calculation of the El product for steel circular piles 40 Calculation of the El product for mixed walls 41 OheeLDIIES AES in RE
34. he staged construction management zone are shortcuts for the Staged construction menu PHASES sub menu Add Insert Delete Move forward et Move back commands Add cats creates a new calculation phase after the existing ones Insert inserts a new calculation phase before the selected phase Delete deletes an existing calculation phase Move forward enables to change the phases order by moving the selected phase forward BEE Move back enables to change the phases order by moving the selected phase backward The buttons under the staged construction management zone are shortcuts for the Staged construction menu ACTION sub menu Delete Delete deletes the selected action in the current phase The buttons at the bottom of the action selection zone are shortcuts for the Calculation Results menu Validate Calculation or Results commands PRE saves the input data and displays the data on the graphical representation CALCULATE performs the calculation RESULTS opens the results window Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 17 58 B User manual K REA B 2 2 3 Keyboard shortcuts Keyboard shortcuts are another way to reach the features of K REA directly Here is the list of the keyboard shortcuts e Ctrl N Creates a new project e Ctrl 0 Opens an existing file using the file explorer e Ctrl S Saves the current file e Ctrl P Opens the printing wizard dialogue box e Ctr
35. i Q Runs the calculation e Ctri A Stops the calculation e Ctri R Opens the results window These shortcuts are indicated in the corresponding sub menus 18 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 3 Project management zones B 2 3 1 Staged construction management zone The following figure shows the staged construction management zone located on the left of the main window This zone enables to create and manage the different calculation phases Initial phase 1 Phase 1 2 Phase 2 3 Phase 3 4 Phase 4 5 Phase 5 E Phase 6 4 Horizontal displacements mim Ratio of resisting to mobilised lil earth pressure Moments kM ms 8 3 Figure B 8 Staged construction management zone consisting in 4 zones IV In Zone I tabs will be added when creating new calculation phases It is possible to browse through the different phases of the project by clicking on the phase tabs In zone II the soil layers wall and all validated actions for the current phase will be displayed on the graphical representation After the calculation the main results are displayed as curves in zone Ill These are the displacements shearing forces and moments If the option was selected in the Title and options dialogue box the limited mobilised earth resistance ratio will also be displayed The shortcuts buttons in zone IV staged construction management zone enable to
36. ion and action parameters zones in order to define the actions for a phase are described in chapters B 2 3 2 et B 2 3 3 respectively The whole actions are detailed individually in part C Technical manual 4458 0 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 6 Calculation and results B 6 1 Calculation In K REA there are three different ways to run the calculation e Click on the shortcut button CALCULATE located in the action selection zone e Click on the calculation button in the buttons bar e Or select the Calculation Results menu and then Calculation The calculation can be performed at any time in the initial phase in the current phase in the final phase as long as all the data for the soil layers and for the wall have been fully defined It enables to obtain the values of displacements moments and shear forces in the wall or else the values of the pressures in the soil on both sides of the wall etc B 6 2 Results After the calculation the curves for displacements shear forces and moments appear in the staged construction management zone in the current phase tab It is possible to view additional curves and tables when opening the results window The results window is a separate window using the same tab navigation system as the main window There are three ways to open this window e click on the button _ RESULTS in the action selection zone e click on the
37. ion du sol vis a vis des ouvrages de sout nement souple Revue Francaise de G otechnique n 71 2 trimester 1995 5 A Monnet Module de reaction coefficient de decompression au sujet des parametres utilises dans la m thode de calcul lasto plastique des soutenements Revue Fran aise de G otechnique n 65 1 trimester 1994 6 Review n 62 LCPC SETRA 58 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004
38. k on a curve to select it Right click on the same curve to display the popup menu The following options are available e Copy enables to copy the curve to the clipboard e Curves format enables to change the curve settings line thickness line style Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 53 58 B User manual K REA e Background colour enables to change the background colour of the curve Results Data Phase 1 Phase Phase 3 Phase 4 Pi Display f Lures f Tables a EEE EEEL T ee ii Displacements mm A 0 00 2 2 00 6 4 00 8 5 00 10 8 00 12 10 00 2 14 00 LE 15 00 20 H 22 Copy picture 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Chart Format Modification of the curve settings Background color and copy into a Word document 10 Min 3 5 hax 0 79 Actions and forces In anchors excavation om downhill side z m 8 200 1 m anchor n 1 level 3 200 590 00 kN Figure B 40 Popup menu on the curves 54 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA Example popup menu on a results table Results Data Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Results synthesis Envelope phases 1 to 6 Display C Curves Tables LEVEL rotation displacement moment shearforce status status earth pressure earth pressure water pressure water pressure vertical pressure PP POWNHIL UPHILL DOWNHILL
39. l or uphill with application of a Caquot surcharge Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 5 58 B User manual K REA e Installation and removal of anchors struts prestressed anchors or modification the anchors stiffness and prestress force e Modification of the overall product of inertia on parts of the wall e Wall extension upwards wall raising e Modification of soil properties independently for each layer downhill and or uphill active passive earth pressure coefficients subgrade reaction coefficients e Hydraulic gradients uphill or downhill e Definition of a maximum passive pressure in order to simulate a maximal resistance for the wall The main options soil properties and wall properties are available from the main menu and are displayed in dialogue boxes Once they have been validated they are displayed on the graphical representation of the project in the main window Actions such as struts installation excavations or surcharges are available in the action selection zone in the main window Their graphical representation is also displayed in the main window after validation Finally both calculation and results display can be requested from the main window All these steps are detailed in this part of the manual The mechanical properties of the actions available in K REA are detailed in Part C Technical manual Examples and tutorials are presented in Part D Tutorials and ex
40. l side and positive pressures are those applied onto the right side of the wall uphill side The minimal and maximal values for each curve are displayed below the curves Zone Ill The third zone is located in the lower left corner of the window and contains two listboxes e The first list includes the actions defined for the current phase and their parameters It also indicates the convergence status of the calculation for this phase e The second list displays the longitudinal forces in the anchors for the current phase If the anchors wizard was used to define the project the forces and the maximal resistance for each anchor will also be displayed Zone IV If the option Display ratio limiting mobilised earth resistance was checked in the project settings this ratio is displayed in this zone Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 47 58 B User manual K REA Zone V This zone is dedicated to warning messages Such messages appear when the calculation did not converge when an anchor works in compression or when a strut works in traction if the convention main excavation on downhill side i e on the left to the wall is respected When the tables display option is checked only zone II changes as shown below Results Data Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Phase 7 Phase 8 Phase 9 Phase 10 Phase 11 Results synthesis Envelope phases 1 to 11
41. lassification Category 1 consolidated soils for example sedimentary layers Category 2 not fully consolidated soils and consolidated soils in tidal areas fresh water Category 3 recent backfills and all soils in tidal areas salt water Category 4 soils with chemical substances highly aggressive for steel DTU 13 2 art 2 252 The part of the pile out of the soil should be correctly protected but DTU 13 2 gives no definition for that KRUPP ARBED Sheet piles in contact with water fresh water mmyear Reference KRUPP Steel section ARBED Spundwande Pfahle salt water very aggressive water mm year 2000 Figure B 28 Sheet piles database Two values should be defined e E concrete Young s modulus MPa kPa t m e inertia of the sheet piles in 10 mm a database may be used Note the rigidity values are given per linear meter It is necessary to correct them if the elementary wall width is not equal to 1 m refer to chapter 3 3 42 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 5 Staged construction When the soil and the wall properties have been defined the staged construction must be described Each phase can include one or several actions It is fully up to the user to decide and define the actions for each phase but be aware that the staged construction management can have an influence on the results due to the interactions between different
42. ludes one single action which is the definition of a hydraulic gradient The categories are displayed in blue in zone I action selection zone Zone I includes a listbox for each category so that you can browse through all actions types available for each category The following table summarises all available actions a Ber Sheeting installation soldier pile wall SAnchors Wall S O Anchor Rotation spring __ Modification of the wall bending stiffness l wWallraising o Soil properties New soil properties modification of existing ones Hydraulic Hydraulic gradient To select an action click on the scrolling arrow of the desired listbox and select the proper action Anchors all Rotation spring Modification of wall bending stiffness Wall raising al Figure B 10 Selection of the Struts action Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 21 58 B User manual K REA Then click on the transfer button El next to the listbox in order to transfer the action into the list of applied actions for the current phase zone III The corresponding action parameters zone Is then displayed right under the action selection zone The parameters for the selected action should be defined This specific zone is described in the next chapter All actions in a phase are listed in the order in which they have been defined in zone III The mechanical properties of these actions are d
43. ments shear forces and earth pressures are displayed curves is the default display option 46 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA The phases tabs are divided into five zones Results EE EEE Phase 5 Phase 6 Phase 7 Phase 8 Phase 9 Phase 10 Phase 11 Results synthesis Envelope phases 1 to 5 Envelope phas gt Display fe Curves C Tables 351 175 5 0 1755 351 250 125 0 125 250 320 160 0 160 320 Min 5 81 Min 170 Min 243 Min 255 Max 0 64 Max 351 Max 239 Max 158 Actions and forces in anchors Limiting mobilised earth resistance ratio ll excavation on downhill side 2 m 12 500 21 m 15 200 S kKPa 0 000 Limiting 3 3048E 003 kPa Mobilised 1 7499E 003 kPa anchor n 1 level 3 200 203 80 kN or 570 64 kN by element Es 2 231 ut Figure B 32 Graphical results display for phase 2 Zone I The first zone is the display selection zone It enables to shift between curves and tables Zone Il The second zone is devoted to the curves display e the displacements displayed in millimeters e the moments displayed in the units system chosen for the project e the shear forces displayed the units system chosen for the project e the earth and water pressures red curves for the earth pressures and blue dotted curves for the water pressures Negative pressures are those applied onto the left side of the wall downhil
44. mula calculates the active and passive earth pressure coefficients using the Coulomb formula 2 RANKINE Active and passive earth pressure formula calculates the active and passive earth pressure coefficients using the Rankine formula 2 Subgrade reaction coefficients enables to calculate the subgrade reaction coefficients using the Balay or Schmitt formulae or the Chadeisson charts 3 4 5 Layers colours opens the soil properties dialogue box Double click on the colour rectangle for a given soil layer in order to open the dialogue box for layers colours April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 1 4 Staged construction menu Staged construction PHASES Add Insert Delete Move forward Move backward ACTIONS Delete Figure B 5 Staged construction menu This menu enables to manage the phases of the project and the actions for each stage PHASES e Add creates a new calculation phase after the existing ones e Insert inserts a new calculation phase before the selected phase e Delete deletes the selected calculation phase e Move forward enables to change the phases order by moving the selected phase forward e Move back enables to change the phases order by moving the selected phase backward These changes appear in the staged construction management zone refer to chapter B 2 3 1 ACTIONS e Delete deletes the selected action in the current phase These
45. n 35 DO gt NE NG 000 EE EE 35 B 4 2 2 SCHMITT formula iii 36 2 423 CHADEISSON CUME S nan een ee aan ee a 37 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 1 58 B User manual K REA B S ENTRET vciconct das vanes ea einen ere A 38 BA 3 12 D PEN VA va 38 B 4 3 2 Spaced or jointed piles amonnan 39 B S ONC DIG Wall He 42 B 5 Slaged construction pr 43 B 6 Calculation and results svake 45 BO LPEN 45 D 0 2 WO SUIS sina E a tate eaten 45 BI DISDIAY ODNONS crna a a 51 BILER COlOURS aiia e E A E NAE ion 51 BT FODUD MENUS NG 52 B 7 2 1 Popup dialogue box corresponding to the graphical display MNE MAIN WI COW ar 52 B 7 2 2 Popup menu in the synthesis tables rr rrrnrrarrnnrranrnnrranrnnrnarnanrnnrnannnernannnnnnn 53 B 7 2 3 Popup menu in the results window Vs 53 BE PINNE 56 Bo dat IMIG WIZA ee 56 B 8 2 Phases synthesis graphical synthesis 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY ae 58 2 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 Figure B 1 Figure B2 Figure B 3 Figure B 4 Figure B 5 Figure B 6 Figure B 7 Figure B 8 Figure B 9 Figure B 10 Figure B 11 Figure B 12 Figure B 13 Figure B 14 Figure B 15 Figure B 16 Figure B 17 Figure B 18 Figure B 19 Figure B 20 Figure B 21 Figure B 22 Figure B 23 Figure B 24 Figure B 25 Figure B 26 Figure B 27 Figure B 28 Figure B 29 Figure B 30 Figure B 31 Figure B 32 Figure B 33 Figure B 34 Figure B 35 Figure B 36 Figure B 37 Fi
46. nables to define actions for the selected calculation phase In K REA the actions represent temporary or permanent loads applied onto the ground or the wall They also enable to define earthworks the program will calculate the corresponding effects onto the wall These actions are grouped into different categories e Initial phase includes 3 types of actions available only in the initial phase Caquot surcharge reduced pressure and maximal pressure These actions can be applied only once and remain valid during the whole project e Loads Forces Moments includes 2 types of surcharges applied onto the ground Boussinesq and Graux surcharges 2 types of loads applied directly onto the wall Couple and horizontal load as well as linear forces e Earthworks includes the variations of the groundlevel due to simple excavations excavations with berms or with sheeting installation and to fills e Anchors Wall includes 3 types of anchors struts anchors and rotation springs Several anchors can be placed at the same point on the wall This category includes 2 types of wall modifications as well modification of the wall stiffness and extension of the wall upwards 20 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA e Soil layers this category includes an action that enables to modify the properties of the soil layers each property can be changed individually in a phase e Hydraulic this category inc
47. nations about the data in K REA e Title and Options enables to display the corresponding dialogue box to type in a title for the project and to set its general options units calculation step number of iterations per phase buckling option etc e Soil layers enables to set the soil properties weights specific properties subgrade reaction coefficients etc e Retaining wall enables to set the wall properties dimensions properties etc IN ORDER TO DEFINE A NEW PROJECT PROPERLY IT IS NECESSARY TO BROWSE SUCCESSIVELY ALL OPTIONS IN THIS MENU Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 11 58 B User manual K REA B 2 1 3 Wizards menu Wizards Tables For active and passive earth pressure J KERISEL and E ABSI COULOMB active and passive earth pressure Formula RANKINE active and passive earth pressure Formula Subgrade reaction coefficients Laver colour Figure B 4 Wizards menu This menu enables to display the different dialogue boxes for wizards They provide help to define the active passive earth pressure coefficients or subgrade reaction coefficients The use and contents of the wizards dialogue boxes are described in chapter B 4 Wizards 12 58 Tables for active and passive earth pressure by KERISEL and ABSI enables to calculate the active passive earth pressure coefficients reading the J K risel and E Absi charts 1 COULOMB Active and passive earth pressure for
48. ng options are available e Copy to clipboard enables to copy the selected table to the clipboard so that it can be pasted into another document Excel Word etc e Adjust column width enables to reduce the columns width as much as possible All these popup menus enable to customize your results display in K REA Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 55 58 B User manual K REA B 8 Printing B 8 1 Printing wizard The printing wizard can be opened with the shortcut button Ss or with the menu File Print Printings wizard Selection Graphical synthesis Results per phase Mark Unmark whole E E T ables Graphs Envelopes Results synthesis Clipboard Print Printer settings Figure B 42 Printing wizard The printing wizard enables to select which elements should be printed e Data prints the first tab of the results window e Graphical synthesis prints the phases synthesis see next page e Results per phase prints the output for the selected phases All phases can also be selected at once It is possible to edit tables and or curves e Results synthesis prints the results synthesis e Envelopes prints the envelope curves and or tables These elements can be copied into the clipboard rather than printed in order to paste them later into another document In that case click on the button 7999 Note 1 the results window must be opened before printing
49. nstallation action for soldier pile walls is valid only if the Reduced pressure action has been defined in the initial phase When installing anchors the gap in the shear forces is equal to the value of the prestress forces Zero prestress forces may account for continuity in the shear forces diagram Anchors and other forces applied to the wall can be superposed at the same point of the wall and can all be considered as elementary forces acting onto the wall The total number of each type of anchor cannot exceed 50 for the whole project If the elementary wall width is different from 1 m do not forget to input all the values that depend on this elementary wall width proportionally to it Such values can be the wall properties El Ro the stiffness of struts or anchors K exterior forces applied to the wall P M R reduced pressure coefficients The results displayed by K REA are also proportional to the elementary wall width 8 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 Main window The main window in K REA enables to reach all features necessary to set up a project The secondary windows are the data input dialogue boxes the wizards windows and the results window K REA Project JEg prie Date Wizards Staoet contraction Ealeutatioryresut gt 1 EEE SE Ep Dea MS nm Miele m Qu x initial phase List of available ac
50. ntary wall width L This value is set to 1 m by default The elementary wall width is taken as a reference for the whole project All the input data should depend on this value In order to define the wall properties select and fill in the cells of the input table as well as the edit box below the table The different parameters are e The Young s modulus of the wall to be defined if the wall is defined using its thickness MPa kPa t m e Z top level of the wall m e El product of inertia of the wall as a function of the elementary width to be defined if requested to do so MN m kN m t m e e thickness of the wall to be defined if requested to do so m e Cylindrical rigidity to be defined if the wall is circular MN m kN m t m e L elementary wall width either per linear meter or per element panel width for example The default value is 1 m input and calculations per linear meter In case this value has to be changed make sure that the advanced properties box is checked Note if various sections of the wall have different widths it is recommended to work per linear meter for all sections and for the whole project e Zp bottom level of the wall m Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 29 58 B User manual K REA Note 1 e Here is the formula for the El product for a concrete rectangular section of diaphragm wall 3 msp eS concrete 1 9 Econcrete Concr
51. nu and then Soil layers It enables to define all soil properties for each soil layer All those properties are used in the calculation Characteristics of soil layers ET EE GE 0282 4987 05 OD 0 529 2019 0741 O Synthesis table 0227 7 359 0 426 0 282 4 987 085 Characteristics of the I aracteristics of the layer Wizards Mame Hydraulic fill Li Coefficient of earth pressure at rest kl 0 47 KO Jaky Top level l 0 Horizontal active earth pressure 0 26 EE coefficient ka kafkp realic level water E 2 z Rankine Horizontal passive earth pressure 5 951 Soil weight above water table 21 a kN m3 coefficient kp Data input zone Fyh Submerged soil weight below water 193 KN m3 Unloading ratio kd 03 01 0 47 kd k table PYy d minus water weight Reloading ratio kr o3 g1 0 47 kr kl Friction angle 32 Coefficient of active pressure applied E Cohesion c 0 kPa to coh sion ca ca Cp Variation of cohesion per Coefficient of passive pressure E meter depth de from the 0 kPa m applied to cohesion cp layer top Active mterface fiction a 4 10 56 subgrade reaction 20000 eM rn kh coefficient kh Passive Interface friction Sp 1 0 66 agere egene reaction coefficient dkh per E kM m3 m meter depth from the layer Validate and Quit Cancel and Quit Figure B 15 Soil layers dialogue box This dialogue box is divided into two parts The upper part includes a synthesis table
52. o take the unloading and reloading effect on the variation of horizontal forces that soils apply onto the wall initial pressure at zero displacement and plasticity levels are modified refer to chapter C 4 3 kj k ko if soil consolidation is not taken into account If the material is perfectly elastic then k em with v Poisson ratio If the material is uncompressible then v 0 5 and kg 1 This is the case when sollicitations are applied too quickly for an efficient draining or when soils are largely overconsolidated The paper 5 in the bibliography suggests a formula for the calculation of kj depending on the OCR value In general by symmetry k kg Note 2 wizards for the various coefficients are available using the buttons on the dialogue Dox There are 4 automatic wizards no need to enter new parameters e The kO Jaky wizard calculates k using the Jaky formula l sing and displays the value in the corresponding edit box e The Rankine wizard calculates the values of ka and k using the Rankine formulas and displays them in the corresponding edit boxes The formulas are k tan and k tan 2 2 4 2 j 4 2 e The kg ko wizard copies the value of ko into the kg box automatically e The k k wizard copies the value of ko into the k box automatically There are also 2 wizards with dialogue boxes e The k k wizard calculates the active passive pressure coefficients using one of the three
53. of the work by K risel and Absi published by Les Presses de l Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chauss es under the title Tables de pression et but e des terres de Kerisel et Absi Tables for active and passive earth pressure by K risel and Absi 1 This wizard consists in a dialogue box as shown below Tables for active and passive earth pressure J Kerisel amp E Absi Type of tables Passive earth pressure weighted cohesionless soil no surcharge v Angle between the wall OB and the vertical Friction angle B Angle between the ground surface OA and the horizontal Angle between the lateral earth pressure and the normal of the wall Bie oo 6 oo Selected value inclined 3 000 Selected value horizontal 3 000 76 000 35 000 118 000 150 000 188 000 240 000 R f rence Tables de pouss e et de but e des terres J KERISEL et E ABSI Presses de l ENPC Figure B 17 Tables for active and passive earth pressures by Kerisel and Absi 1 Select the table type you want to use in the listbox in the upper right part of the window e Passive earth pressure weighted cohesionless soil no surcharge e Active earth pressure weighted cohesionless soil no surcharge e Weightless cohesionless soil with surcharge Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 31 58 B User manual K REA 2 Fill in the requested data in the data inpu
54. or active pressures e 0 66 0 5 0 33 0 00 0 33 0 5 0 66 1 00 6 for passive pressures B 4 1 2 COULOMB active and passive earth pressures formulas This wizard displays the results calculated using the Coulomb formulas refer to Techniques de l ing nieur Construction C242 Ouvrages de sout nement pression et but e by F Schlosser 2 p cos A cos A i cos 4 y cos 2 cos A er sin 5 sin 2 roar 1 cos A 5 cos 2 DN A Il 32 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA The wizard shows up in a dialogue box as shown below Coulomb Friction angle Angle between the ground surface and the horizontal Angle between the wall and the vertical QO Angle between the lateral earth pressure and the normal of the wall Type Ka value nie 1361 s inclined pressure 1246 horizontal s Passive pressure Figure B 18 Calculation using the Coulomb method 1 Select the calculation type e Active pressure e Passive pressure 2 Input the requested data e 09 friction angle e B angle between the ground surface and the horizontal axis e angle between the wall and the vertical axis default value is 0 e l interface friction ratio The resulting values are displayed in the lower right corner of the window inclined value and horizontal projection
55. raphical display settings in the main window This dialogue box appears after a right click on the graphical representation in the main window Lapel ka Level Mame fe Without fe Without C Right f Right C Middle C Middle C Left C Left Validate and Guit Figure B 37 Popup dialogue box for the graphical display in the main window It enables to change the display settings display of the levels of the soil layers interfaces of the anchors surcharges excavations fills etc on the graphical representation of the project It also enables to display the values of the surcharges or the names of the soil layers The listbox in the upper part of this dialogue box enables to select which display setting you want to change The radiobuttons available in the dialogue box depend on this choice Here are examples of this dialogue box Excavation Water Anchor Level Water Surcharge Level P position without f without fe Without fe Without C Right C Right C Right C Fight t Top C Middle C Middle C Middle f Middle C Bottom C Left C Left C Left C Left Validate and Quit Validate and Quit Figure B 38 Additional examples of the popup dialogue box Use the radio buttons to define your new display settings and click on Validate and Quit The new settings will be taken into account on the graphical representation and the dialogue box will be closed automatically 52 58 April 2008 Copyright
56. ruction management zone after their validation In order to create Phase 1 click on the Sel button in the staged construction management zone This action creates a new tab named Phase 1 and the schematic profile Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 43 58 B User manual K REA of the soil layers remains the same But after each validation of an action the profile of the project is modified to take into account this action kI KRea Project C Wocuments and Settings ce Bureau TES I dec2006 P20 Fie Data Wizards Staged construction Calculation Results D gH MER Qu R 0 Initial phse 1 Phase 1 List of available actions Initial phase Phase 1 7 kaken TEF Loads Forces Moments i Boussinesq surcharge v gt Earthworks F Excavation Water vi gt Anchors Wall Struts vi gt Soil properties New soil properties v gt Hydraulic Hydraulic gradient v E m x VALIDATE CALCULATE Excavation Excavation side gansnenesosensenseerg Downhil plikten d Uphill Excavation geometry z 172 m 21 164 m 5 0 kPa Comments TE Figure B 30 Phase 1 Each time new phases will be added corresponding tabs will appear next to the existing tabs The tabs of the staged construction management zone allow an easy and quick browsing between the calculation phases of the project by a simple click on each tab The handling of the action select
57. shortcut button in the buttons bar e or select Calculation Results and then the Results sub menu In the results window a warning appears in case the calculation did not converge which means that the maximal number of iterations defined in the general options of the project was reached Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 45 58 B User manual K REA By default when opening the results window the first tab is activated This is the Data tab reminder of the input data Results GENERAL SETTINGS System of units kN kPa Weight density of water 10 000 Number of iterations Calculation step Add anchors buckling in moments Definition of the project Display earth resistance ratio SOILS PROPERTIES Layer Zwater Pvh i kh m KN m3 S kN m3 HYDRAULICFILL i 8 200 21 300 f i I f i i k i k 20000 FAIRLYDENSESAND 8 200 22 000 l l i 50000 ALLUVIUM 8 200 21 000 i f 30000 HEAVYSAND 8 200 22 000 50000 BLACKCLAY 8 200 21 000 i l 100000 WALL PROPERTIES Section El L m kNr m 0 000 500000 2800 0 Zbottom 21 500 m Figure B 31 Results window Data tab This tab summarises all the data relating to the soil layers the wall and the selected options like buckling for example as well as the actions defined for the initial phase if any reduced pressure Caquot surcharge or maximal pressure In the phases tabs the curves for displacements mo
58. t and Save to close the wizard Note the rigidity values are given per linear meter It is necessary to correct them if the elementary wall width is not equal to 1 m refer to chapter 3 3 1 e E The software calculates EI E ercte et R for L 1 m 38 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 4 3 2 Spaced or jointed piles This wizard enables to calculate the El product given per linear meter for spaced or jointed piles These piles can be made of concrete steel or a combination of both materials Select circular piles Spaced or jointed as shown on the screenshot below Wizard for the determination of El and Rc Wall type f Diaphragm wall ft Circular piles spaced or jointed 0 Sheet piles Steel sections Wall properties Young s modulus E 39000000 kPa User defined Horizontal spacing eh axis to axis 295 M 0 45 M File diameter d Long term concrete 10 GPal Short term concrete 20 GPal Fresh concrete 30 GPa Transfer gt gt Quit and Save Figure B 25 Calculation of the El product for a circular pile El product 26834 kM nF Three values should be defined e E concrete Young s modulus MPa kPa t m e eu Spacing between piles m e d piles diameter m xd The software calculates EI 64e concrete Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 39 58 B User manual K REA In order to
59. t options related to file management and printing It also enables to quit the program The sub menus are described hereafter 10 58 New enables to start a new K REA project Open enables to open a file explorer and select an existing project K REA data files are P20 files Save saves the project data into the active file selected at first by the user The names given to K REA project files should be compatible with the Windows writing formats Save as saves the project data into another file the user is requested to provide a new filename Printer settings enables to set the printing options choice of the printer number of copies colour or black amp white Print opens the printing dialogue box Copy to clipboard copies a screenshot of the data or of the results in order to paste them afterwards into another Windows file Recent files this part of the file menu displays shortcuts to the last four files opened in K REA These recent files are available only if they have not been moved or erased Quit enables to quit K REA April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 2 1 2 Data menu Data Title and options Soil layers Retaining wall Figure B 3 Data menu This menu enables to display the project data dialogue boxes These data include the general options for the project the soil layers properties and those of the wall Chapter B 3 Data provides detailed expla
60. t zone located in the upper left corner of the window e angle between the wall and the vertical default value is 0 friction angle e BP angle between the ground surface and the horizontal line defined using the Ble ratio suggested in the list e 6 angle between the lateral earth pressure and the normal to the wall defined using the 6 ratio suggested in the list a angle between the surcharge and the ground surface Q angle between the ground surface and the wall E p The value in the table corresponding to these data is highlighted in grey and displayed below the input data with an additional value corresponding to its projection on the horizontal axis which will be used during the calculations This value can be transferred to the corresponding K REA edit boxes using the Transfer button To close the wizard click Quit Important note 1 In K REA the transfer button works only for values calculated using vertical walls Values calculated with non vertical walls can be viewed but cannot be used in the calculations Note 2 K REA uses a linear interpolation to determine values between those indicated in the table cells Note 3 the wizard automatically retrieves the value of the friction angle from the soil layers dialogue box It also retrieves the values of interface angles from the soil layers dialogue box if these values are among e 1 00 0 66 0 00 0 66 1 00 dal f
61. the complementary requested data when needed and do not forget to define the spacing between sections axis I The software calculates EI E e steel h Note use the Transfer gt gt button 40 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA In order to calculate the inertia of a pile made of both steel and concrete click Circular piles spaced or jointed then steel sections as shown thereafter amp Wizard for the determination of El and Rc all type f Diaphragm wall Ce Circular piles spaced or jointed C Sheet piles if Steel sections Steel f E 210000000 kPa section 7 El 3489 kMm El per m enter eh 2497 E 4 mr Transfer gt gt Wall properties Young s modulus E 30000000 kPa Fresh concrete 30 GPa Horizontal spacing eh axis to asiz 15 m Pile diameter d os m El per m Transfer gt gt Quit and Save Figure B 27 Calculation of the El product for mixed walls Combined EI product B4350 kN m Fill in both the steel section parameters and the concrete parameters B zd I I ae SP section E section E 64e concrete h section concrete h e The software calculates EI This formula applies to different section geometries MT I DO DEG Note 1 use the Transfer gt gt button Note 2 the rigidity values are given per linear meter It is necessary to correct them if the elementary wall width is not equal to
62. the curves Note 2 the tables to be copied to the clipboard have to be selected using the mouse 56 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA B 8 2 Phases synthesis graphical synthesis This command enables to print or copy a graphical synthesis of the project to the clipboard It includes the schematic representation of the project for each phase as well as the list of actions selected for each phase and their parameters amp BEA PROJECT 00921594 v 2 2 0 du 30 11 2006 Paroi moul e 0 82 m d paisseur et 3 lits de tirants STAGED CONSTRUCTION excavation downhill 2 m 3 700 installation of anchor n 1 excavation downhill 2 m 8 200 21 m 15 200 m 3 200 21 m 15 200 alpha 9 20 00 7 TERRASOL Calculated by TERRASOL Figure B 43 Phases synthesis Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 57 58 B User manual K REA BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 J K risel and E Absi Tables de pression et de but e des terres Presses de l Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chauss e last edited in 2003 2 F Schlosser Ouvrages de soutenement pression et but e Techniques de l ing nieur Construction C242 3 J Balay Recommandations pour le choix des param tres de calcul des crans de soutenement par la m thode aux modules de r action Note d information technique LCPC 1984 4 P Schmitt M thode empirique d valuation du coefficient de r act
63. tions 5 Initial phase nitial phase quot surcharge Loads Forces Moments i i 1 Action Earthworks Ii selection i Anchors Wall i Z on e Soil properties A Hydraulic i Air 2 xli VALIDATE CALCULATE a ee EEE RSS SER SE Staged construction management zone Comments 1 Action parameters zone Figure B 1 Main window The main window includes The menu bar Buttons on the button bar and in the window itself The staged construction management zone A comments zone The action selection zone The action parameters zone not shown on figure B 1 The following chapters detail how to use each part of the main window Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 April 2008 9 58 B User manual K REA B 2 1 Main menu File Data Wizards Staged construction CalculationfResults The main menu options are available by left clicking on their label B 2 1 1 File menu File New Ctrl upien Ctrl 0 Save Ctrl 5 Save as Printer settings C Documents and Settings Pierre Emmanuel Mes documents tutorial1 P20 C Documents and Settings Pierre Emmanuel Mes documents tutorial3 P20 C Documents and Settings Pierre Emmanuel Mes documents tutorial2 P20 C Documents and Settings Pierre EmmanuelMes documents tutorial3 P20 Quit Figure B 2 File Menu This menu enables to reach differen
64. which displays the data and enables to select a layer The bottom part is the input zone which enables to define or change the properties for the layer currently selected in the table The input data is automatically validated when clicking again in the synthesis table In the data input zone the properties for each layer should be fully defined starting from the upper layer The name of the soil layer Ze top level of the layer m Zwater Groundwater level the default value is that of the previous layer m PV soil weight above water level MN m KN m t m PV submerged soil weight below water level MN m gt KN m t m gt Phi internal friction angle c cohesion MPa kPa t m de variation of the cohesion per meter depth MPa m kPa m t m m al active interface friction 6 passive interface friction 26 58 April 2008 Copyright K REA TERRASOL 2004 B User manual K REA ko coefficient of earth pressure at rest ka horizontal active earth pressure coefficient k horizontal passive earth pressure coefficient ky unloading ratio k reloading ratio Ca coefficient of active pressure applied to cohesion Cp coefficient of passive pressure applied to cohesion kn subgrade reaction coefficient MN m KN m t m dk variation of the subgrade reaction coefficient per meter depth MN m m kN m m t m m Note 1 the unloading and reloading ratios enable t

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