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BaPS Manual

1. 24 5 Software 26 5 System requirements 26 5 2 Installati n 26 5 3 Additional files on the 5 28 5 4 28 5 4 1 configuration 28 5 42 measurement 444 4 4 000000 29 5 4 3 evaluation window 40 00000 enne nnne nennen 29 Inhaltsverzeichnis Did antiasesse 29 56 COM port settings rere nennen 30 5 7 Error messages see e nh 30 5 8 Online ASSIStANCE 31 5 9 32 6 BaPS measurements oneri 33 6 1 Requirements for reliable 33 6 2 Taking and transportation of soil samples sess 33 6 2 1 50 gt tet ente 34 6 2 2 Transportation entren repr ERE 34 6 3 Assembling the sensor 35 6 3 1 Installation of the soil temperature probe 35 6 3 2 Assembling the lid irit
2. 102 12 2 3 Set of sampling rings for undisturbed soil sampling 103 12 2 4 Further accessories essere eene nennen 105 13 Literat re rte tret 106 seis 107 5 Contact CD seas P 112 Introduction Introduction The Barometric Process Separation BaPS is a new method for the determination of microbial carbon and most of all the microbial nitrogen conversion rates in organic and mineral soils Above all gross nitrification and gross de nitrification rates are the most interesting Nitrification SCHL 1992 is the decisive process for Nitrate dispensation in soils So far determinations are only possible with the very costly N pool dilution technique MOS 1993 Nitrate has an important environmental relevance as Ill on one hand the contained Nitrogen is a major nutriment for plants but on the other hand Nitrate contaminates ground und drinking water Nitrate and it s decay products converted in the human body are detrimental to health A to high pollution burden most of all in drinking water must be avoided In drinking water 50 mg l is generally regarded as the limiting value but this should already be classified as a critical value for infants It i
3. 87 9 1 12 2 Dissolved carbon 88 9 1 12 3 msn 88 9 1 13 Gas concentrations 88 9 1 14 Gas conversion 89 89 9 1316 gt ie ae ettet 90 9117 Nitrificationirate RR hei Eri Ha HEP 91 9 1 18 Setups before a 91 IO Malfunction diagnosis eese nennen nnne 93 Technical specifications eese enne 94 94 11 2 ard Ware 95 1 3 Sensor technolo eieren a etr tee RE 96 4 Carbon dioxide teer ne recrear es Pe 96 HUS t 96 WG _ 97 11 7 Temperature terret an 98 11 8 System requirements 98 12 Replacement parts and accessories sess 99 I2 I Replacement parts 99 12 1 1 BaPS calibration Service 99 12 1 2 Replacement parts list eese 99 12 2 ACCeSSOFIGS coner ne tei 101 12 21 Cooling thermostat oret hne 101 12 2 2 Incubation container
4. 5 Barometric Process Separation System for the determination of microbial nitrogen and carbon conversion rates in soils User Manual UMS GmbH M nchen January 2002 Legal annotation The IFU has applied patent registration for the Barometric Process Separation The company UMS GmbH is the only license holder The UMS GmbH has written this manual and the BaPS software with best possible care and knowledge Still UMS cannot guarantee the completeness and exactness of the contents UMS is not liable for any damages or compensation claims This manual or any part of this manual may not be copied in any way without the written permission of UMS We would be pleased to receive your comments and suggestions 2000 2002 UMS GmbH M nchen All rights reserved Windows 95 98 ME Windows NT 4 0 Windows 2000 Windows XP and Excel are registered brand names of Microsoft Corporation Pentium is registered brand name of Intel Corporation 2nd edition January 2002 UMS GmbH Gmunderstr 37 D 81379 M nchen Germany Internet www ums muc de eMail BaPS ums muc de Symbole Explanation of symbols Warning caution important note Not following this might cause damages of the system or measuring errors TIP Useful hints and tips ANFO Additional Information que Your addressee for any inquiries regarding this subject Please carefully read understand this manual before v w
5. aa Soil sample rings are tran special aluminium cases resistant humidity and heat 0 Product DJ inte Dipl Ing Axel Rescher Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 13 eMail ar ums muc de Fax 20 UMS GmbH D 81379 M nchen Gmunder Stra e 37 103 The soil sampling ring is hammered into the soil from the surface using an impact absorbing hammer guide cylinder Open ring holder In case of an open ting holder the ked in the holder by lever Over the ring about 4 cm headroom is left allowing for an oversize sam fo be taken Advantages the ring holder are The soil sample ring is very easily replaced 71 The ring holder is relatively Gust and dirt esistance to penetration Disadvantages of the ring holder 7 The sample is not oversized at the bottom end of the ring 7 In very weak soils or below the water table t of the sample falling ng 71 Sample rings may be lost through being overloaded and or being incorrectly clam 7 Because the sampie ring is not protected it can be damaged The sample is trim med using small frame saw 84 x 80 mm h 50 mm volume 250 cc bpe 03 84 5C i Info Specification changes reserved Version November 2001 2001 by UMS GmbH Product td EVE Closed ring holder With this type of ring holder the soil
6. To prevent condensation on the sensors the measuring head must always be turned on before starting the tempering of the container To do so turn on the BaPS sensor interface with the mains switch after connecting the cable to the measuring head The switch is placed on the backside of the sensor interface enclosure Tempering the container with a thermostat significantly e increases the chance of condensation as soil moisture will e vaporise and condense on the inside of the measuring head Therefore always temper with small gradients to Hardware description allow an even temperature interchange within the container measuring head may only container v e during a measurement Take of the measuring head e immediately after a measurement to prevent condensation 4 2 1 Sensor technology During an automatic BaPS measurement the sensors measure all required parameters The accuracy of the determination strongly depends on the accuracy of the sensors which makes it necessarily to use high quality sensors A main focus was set on the stability of the signals In the following chapter the sensor principles are describes The detailed technical specifications are listed in the chapter T3chnical Specifiactions 4 2 1 1 Temperature sensor Microbiologic processes are very sensitive to temperature Therefore it is necessary to have defined temperatures during measurements Th
7. 9 Calculus 9 1 Description of the applied algorithms In general all readings are temperature compensated 9 1 1 Basic equation The basis for measuring the nitrogen and carbon dioxide conversion rates are the following three equations Noted below are not the complete chemical equations but only those segments which are gaseous or contain N or C Soil respiration Nitrification 7 3 gt 3 65 NO Denitrification 2 NO gt X CO oder oder N the respiratory coefficient RK is approx is between 0 and and X between 2 and 2 5 9 1 2 Calculating the gas conversion rates 9 1 2 1 Headspace volume By means of the ideal gas law pV nRT the headspace volume is calculated from the increase of the volume by the syringe volume Pen Pan Vs ead 75 9 1 2 2 Water volume The water volume can either be determined by using the water content and the soil sample volume a7 400 or with the mass of the contained water Mag Ma Mass aq whereat Vaa Mag with V in ml and M ing 9 1 2 3 Saturated vapour pressure As a consequence of the water content in the soil samples there is always a relative air moisture of 100 in the closed BaPS container This partial pressure changes with the temperature as the saturated vapour pressure is very temperature dependent This pressure difference caused by temperature vari
8. NxOy Koeffizient Fehler NxOy Koeff autotrophe Nitrifikation heterotrophe Nitrifikation aut het Koeffizient Fehler aut het Koeffizient Respirationskoeffizient Fehler Respirationskoeffizient Fehler Henry Fehler DO Henry BaPS measurements The configuration parameters are stored numerical The values correspond to the parameters as followed Zero stands for not registered or not exciting values In the following the readings are listed followed by the results 6 8 4 Calculations with Excel To recapitulate the calculations easily an Excel table is submitted With the Excel table each step of the calculation can be evaluated and adapted if required The Excel sheet is stored in the Excel directory of then 5 software Datei Bearbeiten Ansicht Einf gen Format Extras Daten Fenster 2 Osea Say amp 24 dg 2 m AB Om SS L L 1 Nebenrechnungen Onlinedarst llung 2 7 379 hPa HKCO2A 0042402275 Anfang Ende CORE 1226 hPa HKCOZE 0042402275 Druck Komp 9632 98553 hPa oz 3380 0 0 205 048 449 15888 hPa HKOE 00098205 page 2189 hPa pkompRest 9009 page 2470 hPa pkompRestE 89246 Fehler abs Fehler rel 220 23 9 2320 na Nitrat
9. 100 ra s Es _ 4 4 gai gar 2J 17 1 head Pt ptt The conversion rate gets more precise the larger the changes of the readings are The factor Ap t T in the total gas amount error calculation is the possible accuracy for measuring the temperature compensated pressure For BaPS this factor is 0 1 hPa To achieve the preferable accuracy of 2 for the pressure change measurement a pressure change of 5 hPa must be measured 9 1 15 Denitrification The accuracy with which the developing nitrogen compounds N and N O can be measured is 89 AdNO Adn AdCO AdO Thus the error for calculating the denitrification rate is 2 2 AK gen Kaen 4 an RE dNO the error for the determination of the soil dry weight is entered as well This explains again why this parameter should be determined directly 9 1 16 Soil respiration Error of the CO2 balance of denitrification 2 2 ECC Here the factor X which is set by the user is needed see chapter Calculus Soil respiration Error in the CO2 balance of nitrification 2 a AdCO sen AdNO AdCO nit dn dCO dNO Here the factor Y which is set by the user is needed see chapter Calculus Soil respiration Then the error of the CO2 conversion of soil resp
10. Ok Abbrechen Hilfe 7 4 1 2 Further options Unipolar This describes the analogue input range With the setting unipolar the analogue input range is up to 0 2 5 V If the setting is cancelled empty tick box the measuring then is bipolar with an input range of 2 5 2 5 V Buffer The buffer is an interim analogue amplifier If this option is selected the analogue direct impedance is increased This is needed for connecting sensors with highly resistive signals If selected the common mode range changes from the normal without buffer 30 3000 mV to 50 3000 mV With this the negative input cannot be connected to earth GND directly When measuring for example resitances as PT 100 an additional internal resistance must be inserted between Ain and GND series Filter Filter describes the smoothing If this value is increased the measuring time is shortened but this will cause that the variations of the readings increase The value means the first notch in Hz Set it to a maximum of 50 This corresponds to a digital FIR filter 63 The gain is the internal amplification of the signal connected sensor interface For standard sensors it must never be changed A change of the gain will not change the signal as the software will re calculate it Still with a too large gain the analogue measuring range is exceeded A too small gain reduces the maximum resolution
11. Configuration BaPS will automatically open when you start a new measurement Alternatively previously saved configuration files be reloaded During the set up the momentary configuration can be saved at any time and with an individual file name for future use FOP If you wish to reload the unsaved configuration of a TIP previous measurement you can recall the stored measurement and then save the configuration afterwards An irregularly aborted previous measurement can be restarted with File Open measurement The BaPS software will recognize that this measurement had not been terminated Some configuration settings require to enter an deviation limit Plausible deviation tolerances are already preset see chapter Error calculation Tolerances which are crucial for the accuracy of the measuring results are called critical deviations Please do not change those values unless you are aware of the consequences for the error calculation In general all settings may be entered manually by ignoring the preset values The software will select the correct unit automatically If the values are beyond the permitted limit the program will refuse them 6 5 1 Configuration register BaPS measurements Konfiguration BaPS Beenden der Messung Information Spezielle Parameter Bodens ulen Volumen 7 Stechzylinder 100 mi 120 Fehler 4 Temperaturschwankung Headspace Boden
12. After all settings in the configuration window are adjusted the measurement is started Call up Measurement gt Start in the menu or click on the Start button in the configuration window Start or on the start icon 48 BaPS measurements The measurement will start with the determination of the headspace 6 6 1 Headspace determination and tightness test Heads pacebestimmung Volumenbestimmung Druck vor der Yolumenreduzierung 700 1 hPa Druck nach der Yolumenreduzierung Berechnetes Headspacevolumen Dichtigkeitstest Zeit mm ss aktueller Druckwert delta Druck Bitte haben Sie 10 Minuten Geduld Abbrechen Hilfe First you are asked to determine the eadspace Prepare the gas tight syringe standard 10 millilitres When you click on OK the software will take the first pressure reading Now prick the needle into the septum Carefully withdraw exactly 10 ml or the amount selected in the configuration of gas out of the headspace but do not pull out the needle Wait for at least one minute to have a pressure equilibrium between BaPS and syringe The pressure value is displayed online When the 49 pressure is stable press OK now the second pressure value is measured headspace is calculated automatically from the difference of first and second pressure Now remove the syringe if the difference of first and second pressure is larger than TIP
13. gt gt N 8 1 1 Established measuring methods Nitrification and denitrification are of major significance for the N circulation in soils see also fig 1 Still nitrification is the process to focus on as it is the most important stabilisation factor of the subsequent nitrate contribution and the only quantitatively important process of nitrate production in soils Nevertheless until now the N pool dilution technique is the only method to determine gross nitrification rates in soils This method is complex and needs an intense expenditure for tools and staff The knowledge of the gross rates is absolutely necessary to make statements about actual conversion processes When measuring the net rate no statement about the individual processes is possible 8 1 2 N pool dilution technique With this method nitrate labelled with 5IN tracers is introduced to the soil Then the time dependent gradual dilution of the N pool caused by the subsequent conversion of nitrate by nitrification is detected 5N pool dilution MOS 1993 DAV 1992 The use of and its detection with a mass spectrometer makes this method very expensive equipment costs purchase of the marked substances required replication of the tests regenerating the samples Besides the following problems have to be considered 1 The soil should be as homogenous as possible to achieve a symmetrical distribution of the marked nitrate This would disturb the natural
14. 36 6 3 3 Electronic connections sese ener eene entere 36 6 4 Tempering the system eese teen E 36 6 5 Measurement set up eerie nennen ana 37 6 5 Configuration register esses nennen nennen rennen 38 6 5 L Soil COMMANS RH Peta HERR EROR 39 6 5 1 2 Temperature variations 40 6 5 1 3 Soil water determination 40 6 5 1 4 222 2 el aeos iba ako 41 6 5 2 Register Termination Conditions 2 42 6 5 2 1 Terminating 2 43 6 5 2 2 Accuracy of the rate 44 6 5 3 Information register osisssa enne nenne rennen 45 6 5 4 Special Parameter 4 4 4 46 6 5 4 1 2205 tete trix ie eene 47 6 5 42 aut het coefficient 8 1 48 6 5 4 3 Error of dissolved gases 08 4 48 6 6 The measuremerit rrr hi titer beret Re 48 6 6 1 Headspace determination and tightness 49 6 6 2 Automatic 51 6 6 2 1 Presentati
15. Bath volume 3L 5 Working temperature range 10 150 C Temperature accuracy 0 01 d Cooling capacity at 20 C 240W Specificati Art T Heater capacity 230V 2kW i Haake DC50 0 DC50 KI0 5 53 99 Product Dipl Ing Thomas Pertassek 53 DJ into Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 17 Fax 20 LE eMail tp ums muc de 45 UMS GmbH D 81379 M nchen Gmunder Stra e 37 101 IN i if 12 2 2 Incubation container BaPS Incubator Container Info Tel 49 0 89 1266 52 17 gt Fax 20 0 Product Dipl Ing Thomas Pertassek eMail tP ums muc de Specification changes reserved Version November 2001 2001 by UMS GmbH En Pe UMS GmbH gt D 81379 M nchen gt Gmunder Stra e 37 Umweltanalytische Replacement parts and accessories 12 2 3 Set of sampling rings for undisturbed soil sampling Specification changes reserved Version November 2001 2001 by UMS GmbH Qu lt Sampling Ring Set The soil sample ring is placed in a closed ring holder The soil sample ring is hammered into the soll applying impact absorbing hammer Umweltanalytische Me Systeme lt www ums muc de Sample ring kit for all soils to depth of up 2 The sample sets with postfix SC be
16. Connect your PC and the sensor interface with the supplied interface cable 3 2 Find the COM port Turn on the sensor interface green LED must be on and start the BaPS software on your PC In the software menu select the function Datei Eigenschaften Initial operation Umweltanalytische Mess Systeme BaP Datei Kalibrieren Optionen Fenster D E a Dichtigkeitstest aktuelle Messwerte The menu Eigenschaften will open Either select the COM Port by yourself or browse for the COM Port in the menu Verbindung Confirm your selection by pressing the button bernehmen amp Eigenschaften n Verbindung Anpassen Verbinden ber bernehmen Abbrechen Hilfe If you cannot connect to the sensor interface check the following gt gt Is the sensor interface connected to the with the interface cable Did you use the appropriate cable Are the plugs inserted properly Is the sensor interface turned on Is the COM Port used by another application please also read chapter Malfunction diagnosis 3 3 Initial function test Now carry out the first functional test Wait for 2 minutes after turning on the sensor interface for stabilisation In the software menu select Options aktuelle Messwerte The window aktuelle Messwerte will open and plausible readings should be displayed Messwerte aktuelle Messwerte Digita
17. 0 1 hPa the waiting time after withdrawing gas was too short The pressure was not stable and the headspace determination is falsified Afterwards the automatic tightness test is performed duration 10 min You can skip the test by clicking on Abort The system is regarded as gas tight if the pressure does not arise for more then 0 2 hPa within 10 minutes Only pressure increases are considered as the processes inside the system normally will cause pressure decreases The test is only functional if there is a pressure lower than atmosphere inside the container This might not be the case if the system has been warmed up ANFO The tightness test after the headspace determination INFO serves as the reference and helps to detect major leaks in the system To assure a perfect function an additional tightness test should be performed every 3 to 6 months see chapter As soon as the program will request to do so return 10 ml of gas into the container Then click on OK The window BaPS measurement will open BaPS measurements You are asked to enter a name for the measuring file Please select an appropriate name an a directory of your choice The file ending dat should never be changed because then the program will not be able to open this file again The measurement is started when the pre set configuration parameters are reached The first valid value is marked green in the table invalid values are marked red The fir
18. ANFO By selecting the buffer or by raising the gain the electronic NFO performance might be reduced 7 4 1 3 Temperature PT 1000 are used as temperature probes They have a resistance of 1000 Ohms at 09 and an increase of approx 3 8 Ohm per The sensors must be supplied with an constant current of approx 56 The voltage drop approx 215 6 is measured see connection scheme for temperature sensor Find the optimum calibration data in the following figure Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le Temperatur Headspacel EZ Polynom a bx cx2 d 3 Unipolar 204 54 Buffer 1464 Fite 5 70388 Gain 32 738693 Versorgung 22338440 Strom 56pA Ok Abbrechen Hilfe In accordance to the small signal a larger gain is selected 64 Maintenance and service 7 4 1 4 Pressure The pressure sensor offers a 4 20 mA signal the voltage drop on a 100 Ohm shunt resistance then is 400 2000 mV for the range of 800 1200 hPa The best configuration is shown in the figure With different pressure sensors the parameters might vary Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le Druck v Polynom a bx cx2 dx3 Unipolar amp 700 Buffer 250 Filter fo i Gain Versorgung Strom 56 p Dk Abbrechen Hilfe 7 4 1 5 Carbon dioxid
19. nit CO conversion by nitrification 9 res CO conversion by soil respiration dn mmol Total gas conversion rate dNO mmol Conversion rate of gaseous nitrogen compounds during denitrification N5 0 dCO nit conversion nitrification res conversion by soil respiration dn mmol Total gas conversion rate dNO Mmol Conversion rate of gaseous nitrogen compounds during denitrification N5 0 dO mmol Total Oxygen conversion rate 907 nit mmol Oxygen conversion rate during nitrification 81 907 res Oxygen conversion rate during soil respiration dPAh hPa Pressure change at beginning of headspace determination Pressure change end of headspace determination HKco2 Henry constant for CO HKo2 Henry constant for kden mg Nitrat N h Denitrification rate knit Ammonium N Nitrification rate kres mg CO h Soil respiration rate Konzco2 mmol ml concentration 2 2 mmol ml concentration den Input of the user amount of developed compared to 0 0 Input of the user amount of developed N5O compared to Ng NIT ut Input of the user ratio of autotrophic nitrification compared to heterotrophic nitrification Input of the user ratio of heterotrophic nitrification compared to autotrophic nitrificati
20. possible in any case 5 5 Data safety When a measurement is started all configuration values are instantly stored in the selected file All readings during a running measurement are stored on the hard disk as well Then the data will not be lost even if the PC is turned of or the system crashes 29 TIP Please always store a safety copy of your important TIP measurement files on another data medium This will prevent the complete loss of data by a failing hard disk 5 6 COM port settings To communicate with the BaPS hardware the correct COM port must have been selected To do this click on Properties in the menu and select the port where the hardware is connected to The COM port might be searched automatically as well with the Search function see chapter Find the COM port 5 7 Error messages A debug routine is integrated in the BaPS software This will prevent a complete computer crash and will make quick fault analysis possible In case of a software error the following window will open Fehlerbeschreibung TEST VBPartner V6 x SerNr 12345 Fehlermeldung Es liegt ein Problem vor mit dem Sie sich an den technischen Support der UMS GmbH wenden sollten Bitte drucken Sie den Fehlerreport und faxen ihn an 49 0 897126652 20 oder benutzen Sie die EMail Funktion Weitere Hinweise snwie IIndates finden Sie im Internet www ums mur de Fehler Nr Modul Prozedur Zeilen N
21. Measured parameters sensors generally have errors The following errors are significant Ill Linearity distortion i e readings differ from the calibrated incline fll Long term shifts in the sensor characteristic 83 Sensor stability during the measuring time offset drift This error enters the final result absolutely Noise fluctuations of the sensors and the electronics determine the resolution which means the maximal achievable accuracy Noise errors can be reduced by proper electronic and digital filters Additionally also the absolute values of the parameters are part of the measurement as the total number of molecules are determined Errors of these parameters enter the calculations as linear errors The long term shift is relevant as well The required accuracy then is decisive for the calibration intervals 9 1 7 2 Pressure Typically pressure change of 3 10 hPa are measured The highest achievable accuracy is 0 05 to 0 1 hPa Then the relative error is approx 2 96 of the pressure change When the headspace is determined pressure changes of approx 10 hPa appear The achievable accuracy is approx 0 3 0 596 The typical long term shift in a year absolute accuracy is better than 0 596 The sensors are calibrated to absolute 2 hPa when supplied 9 1 7 3 Temperature The absolute temperature can be measured as close as approx 0 15 to 0 2 Temperature changes are measurable do
22. Taking and transportation of soil samples Bild BaPS Kammer mit Proben After taking the soil samples they preferably should be transported in the incubation container closed with the transportation lid Then the samples are stored in the appropriate place right from the beginning 33 Still taking samples without the container is possible as well Then cover the soil sampling rings with the supplied rubber caps and place them the 5 container after they were brought to the laboratory 6 2 1 Soil sampling A main advantage of BaPS is the possibility to determine nearly undisturbed soil samples To get the maximum out of this option the soil should be sampled with appropriate devices HAR 1992 We would be pleased to consult you about available soil sampling devices see chapter 12 Replacement parts and accessoriesaccessories TOP With loose soil the container might be flipped to the side TIP Then the sampling rings can be inserted sideways and no soil will fall out Please always keep the O ring seal and the sealing surface clean Carefully select the sampling site as this will characterise the whole measuring result Write down the sampling site date soil temperature if possible and soil moisture All documented data will improve the evaluation If possible weigh each soil sample right away before inserting it into the container Consider the weight of the empty sampling rings Tara If you do not
23. The BaPS process is only applicable in soils which are 9 not waterlogging In waterlogging soils certain e processes take place which cannot be determined by BaPS Content of delivery 2 Content of delivery The following parts must be included in the delivery This manual CD ROM with BaPS software BaPS container BaPS measuring head lid with sensor fittings BaPS transportation lid BaPS thermo box 6 fly nuts spare fly nut CO sensor Pressure sensor 7 stainless steel sampling rings 14 rubber covers for sampling rings BaPS sensor interface including 3 not removable cables Vacuum tight syringe 10 ml incl spare needle 2 quick lock couplings for the tempering fluid plug kit 4 pin for external temperature probe 3 sealing rings 20 septum silicone 2 12 mm Interface cable Mains power supply cable Sealing grease lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt S S lt S lt lt S lt S lt S Fork wrench metric size 13 17 3 Initial operation Read chapter 5 2 for the installation of the software page 26 3 1 Connecting sensors Remove the cables from the and the pressure sensor and screw them onto the proper fitting on the measuring head Firmly tighten both sensors Please be careful not to damage the temperature sensor on the inside of the lid Place down the lid as in above picture and connect the three signal cables Now also connect the power supply cable
24. Zeit 02 TiHeadspace T Boden 2 di 1 4 05 2001 10 58 02 2087 029 942 83 33 08 32 35 000 2 4 05 2001 11 07 18 2083 030 54284 3315 3229 000 3 4 05 2001 11 17 03 2078 034 943 41 33 06 3221 0 04 4 4 05 2001 11 27 03 2074 0 35 54350 304 3220 2 08 5 4 05 2001 11 37 03 2070 028 94343 33 04 3220 013 6 4 05 2001 11 47 03 2055 041 94328 33 05 32 21 018 7 4 05 2001 11 57 03 2050 044 94319 3306 3222 022 8 4 05 2001 12 07 03 20 57 047 942 91 3309 3223 025 9 4 05 2001 12 17 03 2053 050 942 97 307 3220 030 10 4 05 2001 12 27 03 20 43 053 942 89 33 06 3219 034 Ti 4 05 2001 12 37 03 2045 055 942 75 33 07 3219 038 12 4 05 2001 12 47 03 20 40 058 94249 3310 3220 042 13 4 05 2001 12 57 03 2037 050 94226 3312 3224 045 14 4 05 2001 13 07 03 20 33 052 94248 33 06 3219 050 15 4 05 2001 13 17 03 20 23 054 942 30 3307 3220 054 16 4 05 2001 13 27 03 2026 057 941 97 3311 3223 057 12 4 05 2001 13 37 03 2021 0 83 94246 3238 3222 2 51 18 4 05 2001 13 47 03 20 18 071 94218 3301 3217 0 64 gt A 2001 12 57 0131 2114 n 78 942 M ANAI 2217 A Stop Hilfe All values shown in the table are recorded in the measuring protocol 6 6 3 Terminating the measurement The measurement can be terminated manually when the data is regarded to be sufficient or automatically when the pre selected termination conditions are fulfilled For a manual termination follow the menu Messen Beenden click on the button in the
25. a combination of this gas balance with the and CO balance the rate of the gaseous nitrogen compounds N O N NO contributed by denitrification can be determined If the total gas balance of the system determined by the pressure measurement is not explainable with the oxygen and CO balance total gas balance oxygen balance plus CO balance this balance gap must be a result of the gaseous nitrogen compounds N O formed during denitrification 72 Theory of BaPS Derive these correlation by the following differential equation ApV O ACO At Jon OM Ju m re p 0 CO L At 4 At J At RTA AO Z xO 2010 40 Pole L polo 1 with V gas reservoir of soil column cm R universal gas constant JK mol R 8 314 J mol temperature K p x air pressure at time t x Pa Indices Den denitrification Nit nitrification Res respiration aq aqueous phase By gradual resolving and substituting the main equation is obtained ee e Therefore umol h is the difference of the gas balance umol h CO balance umol h and balance umol h With an inverse balance soil respiration and nitrification can be quantified 73
26. by Denitrification and Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Soils The Fertiliser Society Proceedings No 299 S 34 14 Index 15N pool dilution technique 9 71 15N tracers 71 4 4 wire 16 A Abbreviations 83 Accessories 101 Acidic persilicic soils 49 Ammonium 70 ASCII 59 Assembling 37 Aut het coefficient 49 B BaPS CD 29 Barometric Process Separation 73 Bipolar 65 Buffer 65 Calculation 45 77 85 Calibration 64 Carbon dioxide 67 79 87 90 97 Carbon dioxide sensor 21 COM port 13 25 port settings 31 Condensation 19 20 38 56 Configuration register 39 Configuration window 29 Connecting a thermostat 15 Connecting sensors 13 Constants 85 Content of delivery 12 Cooling circuit 15 D Data safety 3l Default values 57 Denitrification 71 73 74 77 81 91 Di nitrogen 71 Drinking water 9 Dry weight 42 E Electronic connections 37 Error calculus 85 107 Error messages 31 Evaluation window 30 56 Excel 29 60 External temperature sensor 16 F Filter 65 Floppy disk 28 Fuse 24 G Gain 66 Gas production 74 Gas sample 22 Graphical presentation 53 Gross nitrification 73 Gross nitrification rates 71 H Hardware 96 Hardware description 17 Headspace 88 Headspace determination 50
27. easily be exported to other programs 7 4 Calibrating the sensors 61 Sensor calibrations should executed annually by e engineering specialist UMS offers the complete service for pressure and CO sensors as well as the recalibration and testing of the internal electronics see chapter Replacement parts and accessories 7 4 1 Calibration parameters With the calibration parameters the digital sensor specifications of the BaPS interface are adjusted to the physical units Please change these parameters only if you have adequate knowledge of the correlations The calibration parameters for your BaPS are back upped in a special txt file The parameters are taken over during the installation The sensor parameters be viewed by calling up the menu Calibration Sensor specifications e Umweltanalytische Mess Systeme BaPS Datei Kalibrieren Optionen Fenster BE Sensorendaten amp Kalibration 7 4 1 1 Polynomial conversion The sensor readings are converted to physical values with the use of polynomials maximum grade 4 Enter the factors for each polynomial into the first column Maintenance and service Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le Sauerstoff gt Polynom 2 0 3 7 Unipolar 7 04 Buffer 18 7508 Filter 10 158252 Gain 1 0 0825389 Versorgung 0 Strom 56 p
28. pressure minus the vapour pressure 9 1 3 Denitrification In the first step the denitrification is calculated Thus the effect is used that the surplus of the total gas conversion rate only depends on the nitrogen compounds which are produced by denitrification Then the CO and the portion are withdrawn from the total rate dn dO As a direct result of this rate obtain the denitrification rate by dNO M t t Mooat 2 Den 9 1 4 Soil respiration The calculation of the soil respiration rate now is possible by using the CO balance It must be considered that CO is produced during denitrification and CO is consumed by the autotrophic nitrification With denitrification the amount of the developed CO molecules depends on the end product Ill For N as end product 2 5 CO molecules are developed Ill as end product 2 CO molecules are developed The CO balance of the denitrification is calculated as gen X ANO whereat the factor X is obtained from den N den N O N aen N O X225 79 With autotrophic nitrification besides CO is stoichiometric ratio is shown by the following equation NH 1 680 0 23 0 05C H O N 0 86 0 95HNO The ratio to CO at nitrification for a purely autotrophic case then is dO 7 3dCO ni Thus the CO consu
29. relevance and are formed during both nitrification as well as denitrification The process responsible for the development of trace gases i e nitrification or denitrification is described The most frequently applied inhibitor is acetylene In low concentration 10 Pa acetylene restrains nitrification By measuring the difference of the and or NO emission of a soil sample before and after inhibition the quantitative contribution of nitrification and or denitrification to this emission is determined This method has some disadvantages 1 Individual groups of nitrifiers might be insensitive to the inhibitor 2 Indecisive distribution of acetylene in the soil sample incomplete inhibition Additional not recognised processes might contribute to the and NO development and might be identified as denitrification For the quantification of denitrification in soils the acetylene inhibition method is used beside the N technique This method is based on the fact that the final enzyme of the denitrification conversion of nitrate to molecular nitrogen is restrained by 10 vol96 acetylene However new investigations have shown that in the presence of atmospheric oxygen with high concentrations of acetylene NO combined with O converts to NO which afterwards will disproportion into Theory of BaPS nitrate and nitrite This step is not quantifiable After this was revealed by Bollmann amp Conrad BOL and McKenney amp Drury 19
30. seal 7 3 Online sensor readings To check the sensors readings can be taken even if no BaPS measurement is running Switch on the sensor interface and connect the sensor head with the computer Then press Options current readings in the menu Maintenance and service Messwerte aktuelle Messwerte Digitale Kanal Messwerte Sauerstoff 208 Kohlendioxid 0 03 pmol ml Druck 850 08 Temp Headspace 05015 2 Temp Boden 15 02 Iu kontinuierliche Messung Loggen Start Schie en Hite The measuring window is opened Read the sensor data by pressing Start Please wait until the readings are updated before pressing Start again The readings can be updated continuously and automatically by selecting Continuous measurement in the register aktuelle Messwerte and by pressing the Start button The continuous measurement can be stop by pressing the Stop button The sensors which should be displayed can be selected with the tick boxes The readings can be written continuously in an ASCII file To do so select the option Logging Loggen Messintervall 10 min ums server ums F E Bodenchemie BaP In the pull up menu adjust the measuring intervals and enter the file name and the directory Operate the readings with the Start and Stop button The used format in the log file can
31. soil structure 2 Adding tracers can cause a stimulation of the microbial decay processes To avoid this problem it is recommended to terminate the N tests within two days 8 1 3 Determination of the net rate Due to the high expenditure most investigations relating to N cycles in soils actually do not determine the relevant gross nitrification rate but simply the net 69 nitrification rate ROW 1997 net nitrification describes the dynamics of changes of the nitrate pool in soils Net nitrification is only an inadequate measure as it does not offer any conclusions about the gross nitrification i e quantitative conversion of NH to NO by nitrification For a typical determination of net nitrification rates soil samples free of roots are taken from a measuring site i e for one reason to exclude ammonium and nitrate reception by roots but to keep up denitrification and microbial N immobilisation activities Then the soil sample is buried in a bag and incubated usually for more than a month By measuring the NO pool sizeat the beginning of the incubation P and at the end of the incubation the net nitrification is calculated 0 Prose 1 net nitrification related to the soil dry weight 8 1 4 Inhibition techniques Inhibition technologies are applied in connection with the development and emission in soils of primary and secondary NO N trace gases which are of climatic
32. used Connect it with the 4 socket on the backside of the BaPS sensor interface Please make your connecting cable with the supplied cable kit referring to the following connection scheme four wire principle Pint Supply Pin3 Signal Pn2 Signal Pin4 Supply 4O Os Steckerbelegung Measuring principle for PT 100 4 wire e L tseite Signal Versorgung Konstantstrom 4 Hardware description 4 1 Incubation container The incubation container is made of anodised Aluminium This material combines a good thermal conductivity with high firmness and little weight The soil samples are taken with the seven supplied soil sampling rings height 40 5 mm 2 60 56 mm and placed into the borings inside the container For transportation the container is covered with the transportation lid For measurements in the laboratory the transportation lid is replaced by the measuring head Please do not take the measuring head out to the sampling site to avoid contamination or damage A cooling duct for tempering the container is integrated in the base of the chamber The tubes for the tempering fluid are connected to the plastic quick lock couplings If you should not have a thermostat with external cooling the closed container might be submerge into a water bath down to the starting of the 24 pin plug connector but not deeper Hardware description Fig BaPS in a water bath Before submer
33. weigh the samples now it still is necessary to weigh the samples before making measurements 6 2 2 Transportation To start a measurement as quick as possible the container should be tempered to the required measuring temperature right from the beginning For this the thermo box is very helpful as it protects the samples and the container from heating up and from direct sunlight If possible pre temper the container for example with cooling elements BaPS measurements For transportation put the transportation lid onto the container and tighten the fly nuts Screw down the nuts only slightly 6 3 Assembling the sensor head For measurements the transportation lid is replaced by the sensor head Please make sure that the O ring seal and the surface are clean and in good condition 6 3 1 Installation of the soil temperature probe Insert the temperature probe in a slightly angular position into the centre soil sample Push in the probe so deep that the start of the green coating is at the same level as the top of the sampling rings In case the tip of the temperature probe have contact with the Aluminium bottom of the container because then the cooling fluid would influence the measured temperature Form a loop and place the cable over the cylinders Be careful so the cable will not have contact with the fan 35 6 3 2 Assembling the lid The sensor head is closed with the fly n
34. 68 8 1 Nitrification und denitrification in soils eene 68 8 1 1 Established measuring 5 69 8 1 2 ISN pool dilution techniq ue 50 50R nano 69 8 1 3 Determination of the net 69 8 1 4 Inhibition techniques 70 MEI Ic 71 8 3 Detectable parameters 2 4 4 0 nennen than annuis 71 8 4 Description of the measuring method seen 71 8 5 Individual processes terrent tht tbe tato baa nennen 71 8 6 Relevant equitation 1 0 40021 41 4 0 0 then tn nothin ttti ei 72 UU 75 Inhaltsverzeichnis 9 1 Description of the applied algorithms sess 75 9 1 1 Basic equation eara eene eerie nan 75 9 1 2 Calculating the gas conversion 75 9 1 2 1 Headspace vol rne o rre rh n ren o cubes 75 9 1 2 2 Water volume terrre etn ie oes coals 76 9 1 2 3 Saturated vapour 76 9 1 2 4 Dissolved carbon dioxide sese 77 9 1 2 5 Dissolved 78 9 1 2 6 Gas concentration ti e eire iere FAR ERG P RES 78 9 1 2 7 Gas
35. 7 87 Drucken Berechnen Zur cksetzen To execute the calculation of the conversion rates press the Berechnen button Now all data are update With the Zur cksetzen button all settings can be undone 6 7 Determination of the soil sample s water content To increase the accuracy the water content should preferably be determined with a gravimetric method after the measurement The weight of the moist soil had been measured and set in the program in the beginning Now dry the soil samples in an drying chamber 24 hours at 105 C 1992 When done enter the dry soil weight the window BaPS Configuration The calculation after clicking on Calculate is always complete with the current data BaPS measurements 6 8 Data documentation and processing A main focus has been set on the documentation as well as on the processing of the data in other applications 6 8 1 Measuring protocol For every measurement the measuring protocol containing all significant data and results can be printed out directly via the BaPS software Start the print job by clicking on the Print button 6 8 2 Printing results Open the printer menu via the menu Auswerten Drucken or press the Print button __Drucken in the window Auswertung or press the print icon in the task list e Drucken Drucker Nums serveriHP LaserJet 2100 Series PCL Daten Graph
36. 97 this standard technique for the determination of the denitrification is not applied any longer 8 2 BaPS The method of Barometric Process Separation developed at the IFU is a completely different solution for the determination of the gross nitrification in soils offers the enormous benefit that neither a dilution nor gaseous inhibitors have to be introduced 8 3 Detectable parameters By recording changes in air pressure as well as the O and CO net balances within the closed gas and pressure tight isothermal system containing intact well aerated soil core the Barometric Process Separation ING 1999 allows to determine the following parameters The current denitrification nitrificationand and soil respiration rates e dominating microbial process denitrification and or nitrification in soils at a certain time With consideration of supplementing investigations the rate of how much each process is involved in the observed emission 8 4 Description of the measuring method In a gas and pressure tight system in which a soil column is inserted the following micro biological processes are responsible for any changes of the system pressure Soil respiration nitrification and denitrification and the dynamic equilibrium ACO At of the CO concentration the head space and the CO concentration in the aqueous phase 8 5 Individual processes Soil respiration is neither a
37. Activated and adjust the calibration parameters to the physical units To obtain a perfect performance please contact UMS for assistance An improper connection of additional sensors might e damage the sensor interface Only trained specialist should do this UMS offers an complete service 7 4 2 Digital channels The digital channels are not used with the momentary version and therefore are not described 67 8 Theory ofBaPS 8 1 Nitrification und denitrification in soils Pflanzen gebundener NO Stickstoff organische Substanz Mikrobielle Biomasse Bodenatmung Mikrobielle Aktivit t Figure The nitrogen cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and definition of the terms used in connection with N conversion processes Nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia NH in soils in an equilibrium with ammonium NH to nitrate In the first step of this process with hydroxylamin H NOH being developed molecular oxygen is added to ammonia by the enzyme ammonia mono oxygenase Another step of nitrification is the oxidation of hydroxylamin to nitrite NO which then is oxidised to the final product of the nitrification nitrate 5 Denitrification is the reduction of NO under anaerobic conditions with further reduced N compounds succeeding and resulting in molecular Di nitrogen N nitrate nitrite gt
38. Fehler Geamt 02 Bilanz umol 2312 01 74 3 Fehler Gesamt Gasbilanz mol 916 07 33 2 Fehler Den Bildungsrate gasformige N Verbindungen umol 235 00 92 1 Fehler Denitrifikationsrate ug N BTG h 678 39 265 9 Fehler Berechnung der Bodenatmung CO2 Bildungsrate durch Denitrifikation zmol 548 32 215 1 Fehler CO2 Verbrauch durch Nitrifikation mol 12 00 21 4 Fehler CO2 Bildungsrate durch Bodenatmung u mol 2191 26 220 4 Fehler Bodenrespirationsrate ug kg BTG h 2713 47 275 3 Fehler Berechnung Brutto Nitrifikationsrate 02 Verbrauch durch Nitrifikation umol 120 75 257 1 Fehler Brutto Nitrfikationsratijeg kg BTG hi 8715 185 5 Fehler Drucken The first and the last valid values are used as the default values 55 In the register Messwerte the readings used for the calculation be selected with the scroll bars Auswertung BaPS Beispiel1 dat Meflergebnisse MeBergebnisse Nr Zeit 02 C02 P 114 05 200 10 58 02 20 87 0 29 942 83 hPa 2 14 05 2001 11 07 18 2 3 14 05 2001 11 17 03 20 78 0 34 943 41 hPa 4 14 05 2001 11 27 03 20 74 0 36 943 50 hPa v 130 15 05 2001 08 27 03 16 19 3 61 2 925 55 131 15 05 2001 08 37 03 16 15 3 54 925 37 15 05 2001 08 46 23 delta Zeit delta 02 2 deltaP 21 38 24 70 3 32 1
39. Headspace volume 77 Hydroxylamin 70 Incubation container 17 Inhibition techniques 72 108 Initial function test 15 Initial operation 13 Installation 27 Interface 25 L Limiting values 45 Literature index 108 M Mains switch 19 Maintenance 62 Malfunction diagnosis 94 Manual termination 43 Measurement window 30 Measuring cycle 10 Measuring head 19 Measuring protocol 58 N Net nitrification rate 72 Nitrification 9 70 74 77 93 Nitrogen cycle 70 Noise 86 Notch 65 NxOy coefficient 48 Online assistance 29 33 O ring 18 Oxygen 68 80 86 90 98 Oxygen sensor 22 P Perforated plate 19 Photos 29 Pressure 67 86 98 Pressure sensor 21 100 21 99 PT 100 16 R Respiratory coefficient 77 RS232 interface cable 25 S Sampling rings 105 Sealing 18 Sensor head 36 Sensor interface unit 23 Sensor technology 20 Septum 22 23 Setups 93 Software description 27 Software structure 29 Soil respiration 73 74 77 81 82 92 Soil samples 40 Soil sampling 35 Soil water 41 Syringe 25 42 51 88 System requirements 27 Systematic error 87 T Technical specifications 96 Temperature 66 86 99 Temperature sensor 20 36 Temperature variations 41 Tempering 38 Termination 43 55 Thermostat 15 38 103 Tight
40. K Headspace K Zeit eine Bodenwasserbestimmung Wassergehalt 15 0 30 0 m Fehler Anfangsgewicht Fehler Trockengewicht Fehler Spritzenvolumen 10 Fehler pH Wert 0 5 pH 10 dad dL d Intervall der Messung Start Hilfe In this register all settings for the measurement and the evaluation are selected For the correct error calculation it is essential to enter reasonable values All settings have selectable default values 6 5 1 1 Soil columns Bodens ulen Volumen 7 x Stechzylinder 100 ml 20 E Fehler Select the total volume of the soil samples and the volume error in this section These values are required for the evaluation of the rates Select one of the preset values for standard sampling rings or manually enter the total volume of all soil samples with the unit millilitres ml If the rings are not completely filled manually enter the estimated total soil volume in millilitres Also the error in percent 96 regarding the entered volume must be set The value is uncritical for the evaluation if lower than 296 39 6 5 1 2 Temperature variations Temperaturschwankung Headspace Boden K 05K Headspace 05K 77 Zeit keine v The selected limits will be decisive for the moment when the measurement should start A sufficient temperature stability in headspace and soil is necessary for th
41. Nih 511 1 ug Nitrat Ni h kg 18363 ug CO2 m 3812 0 un CO2 4544 116 4 ug Ammonium Nih 2352 Ammonium Ni h ke 822 14 Betr 59 7 Maintenance and service 7 1 Cleaning the container Clean the container only with pure water or in case of intense contamination with a cloth and Ethanol The sensors in the sensor head may never get wet Clean 9 the inside of the sensor head only with moist cloth 7 2 Tightness test In addition to the 10 minute tightness test before every BaPS measurement thorough test can be executed to detect even smallest leaks for example at the sensor gaskets For testing gas is withdrawn from the empty container Then the pressure is observed for as long as possible After the temperature compensation of the pressure value there should not be any changing in the pressure The 5 should be tempered during the test to keep temperature shifts small You may use the log function in the window aktuelle Messwerte see chapter 7 3 Online sensor readings With small temperature changes lt 0 1 C both measured pressure readings can be compared The pressure increase should not be higher than 0 1 hPa per hour If higher the septum and all gaskets should be replaced see chapter Replacement parts and accessories The additional tightness test should be executed every 3 to 6 months or whenever there are incidents that might indicate a leak or broken
42. S measurements 68 Messung BaPS Beispiel1 dat Joe User Kan le berechnete Werte Tabelle 0 00 0 00HPa 1 00 4 2 50 hPa 5 00 hPa 2 00 7 50 hPa 10 00 hPa d Kohlendioxid d Sauerstoff 3 00 E 12 50hPa 0 50 4 00 15 00 hPa 17 50 hPa 0 75 C 0 50 C Fi 45 19 2 oc Headspace Mon 14 2004 Stop Hilfe The register freier Sensor routinely is not needed but is used for an additional sensor In the register berechnete Werte the continuously calculated conversion rates are displayed graphical Please bear in mind that these rates are based on partly temporary values such as water content of the soil samples Therefore the rates will alternate distinctively in the beginning but will become more stable at the end Observing the stability might be useful information when TOP to terminate the measurement 6 6 2 1 Presentation in tabular form In the last register the values are displayed in a table Move within the table by using the horizontal and vertical Bildlaufleiste During the measurement valid values are marked green invalid values are marked red 53 Messung BaPS Beispiel1 dat Absolut Werte delta Werte User Kan le
43. ange of 0 36 hPa at1000 hPa and 20 Therefore relative temperature changes have to be measured and compensated This is possible with approx 0 1 hPa 3 Determination of the absolute soil water content estimated values typically have an error of 3 5 water content Measurements with gravimetric methods are precise as 0 1 Thus it must be considered that depending on the type of soil ultrapores not always the whole water takes part in the chemical processes as the CO replacement Also the partial pressure might be higher at the bottom than the partial pressure in the headspace 9 1 8 2 Systematic error Soil samples never 100 representative The accuracy can only be raised by carefully selecting the samples and increasing their number 85 2 All additionally occurring processes are neglected Consider this especially with waterlogging soils 3 The ratio N N O is entered to the soil respiration In the following this error will propagate to the calculation of the nitrification rate This error is small if the denitrification rate is small 4 For the calculation of the nitrification a respirator coefficient of is assumed As the soil respiration rate normally is relatively large even little deviations can cause a relatively large error in the nitrification rate 5 The ratio autotrophic heterotrophic nitrification is not measurable and therefore must be accepted 6 The exchang
44. ations between the start and the end of a measurement must be obeyed additionally to the changes calculated from the ideal gas law Table of the saturation partial pressure 1984 0 10 20 30 40 50 hPa 2 85 6 11 12 3 23 4 42 4 73 7 23 S ttigungspartialdruck Wasserdampf Wasserdampfdruck hPa Temp C The saturated vapour pressure is shown in the figure The curve is approximated by the following polynomial Pag 5 295 10 T 2 003 10 1444 10 0 4536 6 093 For the calculation this portion is withdrawn from the total pressure The calculation is continued with the portion of dry air 9 1 2 4 Dissolved carbon dioxide To receive the total balance of CO the portion dissolved in the soil water is needed Then the portion in the beginning of the measurement is withdrawn from the portion in the end Decisive for the amount of gas dissolved in water always are the partial pressure and the temperature The partial pressure is obtained from the concentration by Poo CO yon R T 273 15 100 The temperature dependence is calculated with empirically determined Henry constant BaPS uses the following approximate polynomial 3 009905 10 T 273 15 0 01931 T 273 15 303553 The portion of additionally dissolved CO is calculated as CO 961 Vag HK go t P
45. co t t Pco t 77 9 1 2 5 Dissolved oxygen The partial pressure of is obtained from the vol by Po Vol 6 100 With the Henry constant for 6 9509 107 T 273 15 43304 10 T 273 15 68576 10 7 the result for dissolved is Var t Pco t HK t Pco t amount of dissolved is significantly lower than the amount As the oxygen partial pressure normally decreases during a BaPS measurement the result for O usually is negative gel 9 1 2 6 Gas concentration Essential for the calculation of the conversion rates are the gas concentrations For they are determined from the vol value and the pressure Vol p T 273 15 Konz The CO sensor directly measures the concentration 9 1 2 7 Gas conversion rates conversion rate is calculated from the concentrations at the beginning and at the end of the measurement and from the portion of CO additionally dissolved in the soil water VpeadKONZ go t 2 conversion rate is calculated accordingly go t Konzo 2 gel The total gas conversion rate which is reflected by the pressure change in the system is calculated as 2 gel dn c 100 Mens ptt R T t 273 15 T t 273 15 whereat the pressure is the total
46. configuration window 28 or click on the termination icon If termination conditions were activated the program will ask whether the measurement should be terminated after they have been fulfilled The termination of the process must always be confirmed This safety request should prevent an unwanted termination and give the user the possibility to verify the achieved data first After the termination of the measurement the evaluation window is opened automatically 54 BaPS measurements In general all data of the measurement or the configuration can be adapted afterwards To do so just call up the measurement file The affiliated configuration and measuring windows are then opened simultaneously v After the measurement you must always take of the 9 sensor head to avoid condensation the sensors The sensor head and the incubation container should stored in a dry place and without soil samples 6 6 4 Evaluation window In the evaluation window the calculation of the conversion rates can be retraced Also the readings which should be used can be selected Auswertung BaPS Beispiel1 dat MeBergebnisse MeBwerte Berchnung der Denitrifikation CO2 gel st in Bodenwasser umol 250 02 11 2 Fehler 02 gel st in Bodenwasser umol 3 27 0 2 Fehler Gesamt CO2 Bilanz umol 1630 94 42 3
47. conversion ainin enne ennt enne enne 78 9 1 3 Denitrification iii sete eben omega 79 9 1 4 respiFation i orent terae tetra eter 79 9 1 25 Nitrification rate 8l 9 1 6 Abbreviations used in 5 8l 9 1 6 1 Index of variables sese 8l 9 1 6 2 Readings i entrer E RR EXER 82 9 1 6 3 83 9 4 7 CError Calculus ret 83 Sensorer ors 83 RE US 84 9 1 7 3 c mec ecrit enean Du re EES a 84 9 1 7 4 A 84 9 1 7 5 Carbon dioxide 85 9 1 8 Further error nnne entana i 85 9 1 8 1 Measuring technique enne 85 9 1 8 2 Systematic ebror user rtr enhn ee Se 85 9 1 9 Notes to error calculation 86 9 1 10 Headspace measurement 86 Water aa eiaa riaa 87 9 1 12 Dissolved 87 9 1 12 1 Partial gas
48. dry weight the sample is dried in an oven for at least 24h at 105 As recommended for example by HAR 19921 Error calculation for method 1 2 2 AV Von Abs F E 1 WG Error calculation for method 2 2 2 AM AMgoa 9 1 12 Dissolved gases 9 1 12 1 Partial gas pressure The partial gas pressure is required for the calculation of the solution of the gases in the soil water The error for the partial pressure of CO is described below The calculation for oxygen is the same Poo AVol co The error in vol96 cannot be adjusted by the user For CO the error is 0 02 vol96 for oxygen 0 03 vol96 These errors are related on the stability of the sensors during a typical measuring time of 5 to 10 hours In the following calculations they are entered into the estimation for the second term in the root 87 9 1 12 2 Dissolved carbon dioxide The amount of dissolved gas in the water has an linear dependence on the quantity of water and on the partial pressure of the relevant gas More complex is the dependence on temperature which is determined experimentally and expressed with the Henry constant Despite it is called a constant there is an dependence on temperature For the BaPS calculation this function is approximated by an polynomial Another error source is that the partial pressure throughout the soil is not exactly the headspace pressure everywhere These err
49. e 49 0 89 12 66 52 17 5 8 Online assistance The integrated online assistance in PDF format can be viewed with the Adobe Acrobat Reader Call the assistance files by pressing the Fl button on your keyboard or via the Help menu in the BaPS software If the Adobe Acrobat Reader should not be installed in your system download the set up files from the Acrobat Reader directory on the BaPS software CD ROM To do so read the ReadMe file for your OS in the Acrobat Reader directory and follow the installation instructions 3 5 9 Info Click on Info in the 7 menu to view the software version and further system information Warnung UMS GmbH hat diese Software mit gr ter Sorgfalt und nach bestem Wissen erstellt F r die richtige Funktion der Anwendung kann UMS GmbH trotzdem keine Gew hr bernehmen Systeminfo Copyright 2000 UMS GmbH M nchen _ 32 BaPS measurements 6 BaPS measurements In this chapter the BaPS measurement including all possible options is described The reader will get a comprehensive instruction on how to execute measurements 6 1 Requirements for reliable measurements Ill Sufficient temperature stability in headspace and soil Gas and water tight system Ill Sufficiently vented soil Ill Knowledge of the weight of the empty sampling rings to determine the weight of the soil samples themselves 6 2
50. e The CO sensor offers 0 2 5 signal for the range of 0 3 vol Die optimum configuration is shown in the figure 65 Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le Kohlendioxid v Polynom a b cx2 dx3 0 0 4924 7 4 1 6 Oxygen Dk Abbrechen Hilfe Unipolar Buffer Fite 0 00 Gain 1 Versorgung Strom 56 p sensor has 4 20 mA signal which is not linear and specific for each individual sensor Shown below is typical configuration which might vary slightly from the one in your program Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le Sauerstoff v Polynom a b x cx2 dx2 8758 158252 0 082539 aan 7 4 1 7 User channel Unipolar Buffer Filter 0 Gain bd Versorgung Strom 56 p Dk Abbrechen Hilfe Maintenance and service Kalibrationsdaten Analoge Kan le Digitale Kan le UserKanalA AIN6 Polynom a by cx2 dx3 pon 2 Unipolar Aktiviert Buffer Filter ho 3 Gain 32 E Versorgung Strom 56 p v Ok Abbrechen Hilfe Up to three additional sensors may be connected to the sensor interface see chapter 4 3 BaPS sensor interface The readings of these sensors can be recorded by the BaPS software as well To do so select the option
51. e implementation of a measurement The temperatures are measured every minute Within a period of 10 minutes the deviation of all 10 measured values must be within the selected limit Thus the start of a measurement will be delayed for at least 10 minutes unless it is started manually If a time limit is entered the measurement always will start after the selected time period has passed Also the measurement can be started manually at any time Even when evaluating the readings afterwards the starting value can be changed to a later time Therefore preferably select a temperature variation limit which is rather to high than to low ANFO The temperature variation is controlled during a running INFO measurement If deviations larger than the selected limits occur the program sends out a warning 6 5 1 3 Soil water determination Bodenwasserbestimmung Wassergehalt 15 Volz 3 0 Yol Lr Fehler Anfangsgewicht mr Fehler Trockengewicht emi Lr Fehler nn BaPS measurements Enter the water content and the initial net weight i e without sampling rings of all samples before a measurement The program will then calculate the dry weight of the samples To reach a better accuracy the dry weight should be determined with gravimetric methods after the end of the measurement If you enter the dry value then the water content will be recalculated automatically All evaluations will then be executed with t
52. e of the soil gas with the headspace gases will never be complete 9 1 9 Notes to error calculation 111 The not systematic errors sensor errors are considered to be typical but not severe If the absolute values are not exactly known plausible values are used for the calculation In sums the absolute values are added as root sum square values In multiplications the relative errors are added as square values Ill The systematic errors cannot be captured by the error calculation In case the user has to estimate them himself 9 1 10 Headspace measurement The assumed error for the absolute pressure is 5 hPa Ap When 10 ml is withdrawn the pressure will decrease for approx 10 to 12 hPa This pressure difference can be measured as precise as 0 2 hPa Ap The typical error of an syringe is approx 1 Then all errors have about the same quantity The headspace can be determined with an accuracy of 296 Both accuracies Ap and Ap of the pressure measurement cannot be adjusted by the user 9 1 11 Water content The water content can be determined with two methods By the water content of a known soil sample volume 2 Bythe weight of a moist and a dry soil As the water content cannot be measured better than 2 vol96 even with special moisture probes the second method is much more precise and therefore should be applied Also the results are based on the true weight For the determination of the soil
53. enhandbuch Bodenmikrobiologie Ecomed Verlag BOL1997 Bollmann A Conrad 1997 Soil Biology amp Biochemistry 29 7 S 1067 1077 BRO 1989 Brooks P D Stark M J B B Preston T 1989 Diffusion Method to Prepare Soil Extracts for Automated Nitrogen 15 Analysis Soil Sci Soc Am J 53 S 1707 1711 DAV 1992 Davidson E A Stephen C H Firestone M K 1992 Internal Cycling of Nitrate in Soils of a Mature Coniferous Forest Ecological Society of America 73 4 S 1148 1155 HAR 1992 Hartge K Horn R 1992 Die physikalische Untersuchung von B den Enke Verlag ING 1999 Ingwersen J Butterbach Bahl K Gasche R Richter O Papen H 1999 Barometric Prozess Separation 5 New Method for Quantifying Nitrification Denitrification and N O Sources in Soils Soil Sci Soc Am J S 117 128 LIL 1984 Liljequist G 1998 Allgemeine Meteorologie Vieweg Verlag MOS 1993 Mosier A R Schimel D S 1993 Emission of N Oxides from Acid Irrigated and Limed Soils of a Coniferous Forest in Bavaria R S Oremland ed Biogeochemistry of Global Change Radiativly Active Trace Gases S 245 260 ROW 1997 Rowell D L 1997 Bodenkunde Springer Verlag SCHE 1998 Scheffer F Schachtschabel P et al 1998 Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde 1998 Enke Verlag SCHL 1992 Schlegel H G 1992 Allgemeine Mikrobiologie Thieme Verlag SMI 1990 Smith K A Arah J R M 1990 Losses of Nitrogen
54. eptum defined amounts of gas can be withdrawn or added which is required for the headspace determination ANFO The withdrawn gas sample might be used for further NFO determination or for calibration if it is tested with an gas chromatograph Please observe that withdrawing gas from the system will reduce the system pressure Please replace the septum regularly to assure the gas tightness of the system after approx 20 times of sampling Push through a different spot on the disc each time 21 Gewindestopfen EH AnpreBring mm Silikonscheibe Screw off the holed thread plug for replacing the septum metric size 17 fork wrench or adjustable wrench is required Remove the silicone disc by pushing it out from the inside through the boring Now press in a new silicone disc replace the contact pressure ring and tightly screw on the holed thread plug see figure 4 3 BaPS sensor interface unit The job of the sensor interface unit is to convert the analogue sensor signals to digital signals and to communicate the computer For questions regarding the electronics of the sensor as interface please contact Mr Andreas Steins graduate engineer by e mail as ums muc de or telephone 49 0 89 12 66 52 18 The enclosure is a standardized plug in rack for easy maintenance and removing of the components 2 Hardware description Use the proper mains power supp
55. eungstale duch Deni kaion unol 5032 Fehler Ferier CO2Vebrauch durch Nitkaton kina 1200 A Fener Eos 2 CD2Bikuncerae ch Boderatmung Fa Fehler Em o 2734 m pet DENS Berechnung der Bruto Nitifkatonsrate Interval Messung CZ etbauch Niniikation mol 12075 Brutto N rfikationsratug N kg BTG hl 8715 Drucken 0 01 2002 158 Select your own options for the intercept of the ordinate and the time gap in the graphical presentation Click with the left mouse button on the unit axis for auto scaling or formatting The time axis can be zoomed by drawing over the requested time gap while the left mouse button is kept pressed Click on the window with the right mouse button and select undo zoom to cancel the zooming The absolute and the delta values i e the changes of the values since the start of the measurement are displayed in two separate registers There the continuing changes can be reviewed the best The graphical presentation allows to recognise runaway values easily For displaying the absolute and the delta values not the raw sensor values are used but the O and CO dissolved in the soil water solution is calculated as well Thus the factual changes of CO and respectively the pressure are displayed more accurately 52 aa BaP
56. for example water content sampling size etc Starting terms when the measurement should start 28 A Software description Stopping terms when the measurement should stop Measurements are started from this window Then the measurement window will open automatically T To carry out standard measurements previously defined TIP and stored configurations can be reloaded see chapter 6 5 4 2 The measurement window In this window all readings and the calculated conversion rates are displayed online This offers the user the possibility to check the plausibility of the readings right away during a measurement The readings are displayed as a table and a graph In case a stopping term is reached or the measurement is stopped manually the evaluation window is opened automatically 5 4 3 The evaluation window When the measurement is completed the evaluation window opens and displays the calculated values In this window the used reference points could be adjusted again as well a the preset parameter Whenever a completed measurement file is opened the 5 software will also automatically open the evaluation window This offers the possibility to adjust a measurement even later for example input of a different water content dry weight etc If measurement is not completed and the evaluation has not been executed the program will ask if this measurement should be stopped The evaluation will be
57. ging the container the lid must be closed tightly or the sensors might be damaged by permeation of water 99 Please careful not to damage the sealing surface for the O ring seal 4 1 1 Sealing Before closing the lid be sure that the sealing surface and e the O ring seal are clean and in proper condition to assure a gas tight sealing The O ring seal is made of NBR butadiene acrylonitrile rubber features are shore hardness 50 gas tightness abrasion resistance and stability against most chemicals Whenever the O ring seal should have a damage it must immediately must be replaced FOP To approve the sealing the surface and the O ring seal TOP might be covered thinly with vacuum grease Then as the grease will complicate the cleaning you must avoid contaminations even more 8 Both lids fastened with the 6 fly nuts transportation it is sufficient just to screw down the nuts slightly Before taking measurements screw down the nuts steadily and crosswise so the lid has a form fit seat on the container Fasten the nuts only hand tight and do not apply force ANFO Note that the durability of the O ring seal is considerably INFO reduced by UV radiation sunlight 4 2 The measuring head The measuring head incorporates the sensors the septum and the ventilator The sensors are protected by a perforated plate on the inside of the measuring head Fehler Textmarke nicht definiert
58. he INFO F1 button or through the Help menu please read chapter 5 8 Online 27 If you should need further assistance regarding the software Mr Thomas Pertassek graduate engineer would be pleased to support you Please contact him by e mail tp Qums muc de or phone 49 0 89 12 66 52 17 5 3 Additional files on the BaPS CD Besides the 5 software the following files are added on the CD 77 This user manual in Acrobat Reader format pdf 77 Excel program including the calculation as executed by the BaPS software Here you can follow the routine step by step and carry out changes 777 Photos of the BaPS system in jpg und tif format Be free to use them for your publications 77 The current Acrobat Reader for viewing pdf files 77 Windows Installer for several operating systems 5 4 Software structure The program is divided into three different windowsFehler Textmarke nicht definiert These windows reflect the different sections of BaPS measurements Find a detailed description of each function in chapter 6 BaPS measurements 5 4 1 The configuration window In the configuration window all set ups required for measurements are adjusted For all parameters predetermined values are already set These can be customised by the user depending on the needs of each measurement The following parameters can be adjusted Bl Required information regarding the measurement as
59. he new values For the later change of the dry weight value the measuring file must be opened parameters water content and dry weight are interdependent If one value is changed the other value as well as it s error are recalculated For evaluation always the latest values are used 6 5 1 4 Further settings Spritzenvolumen 10m 10 7 Fehler pH Wert 5 pH v 10 5 pH Lm Intervall der Messung 10min The volume of the syringe is required for the determination of the headspace A 10 millilitre syringe is supplied as standard The syringe should be calibrated and have a possibly low tolerance typical 196 As this tolerance is part of the headspace determination it influences the complete evaluation The pH value of the soil sample is required for the evaluation of the dissolved CO in the soil solution Select in what intervals readings should be taken during the measurement After each interval the termination values are verified For a correct measurement only the starting and stopping terms are required Still to have a good signal stability and to control the quality of the measurement there should be at least 10 reading events within the measuring duration The default value is 10 minutes 41 e 6 5 2 Register Termination Conditions e Konfiguration BaPS j Information Spezielle Parameter Konfiguration Beenden der Messung Schwe
60. icient of 2 3 should not be changed This value is typical for soils FOP For the ratio any value might be selected For example TIP ratio of 1 2 is the same as 2 4 or 3 6 Rating a final substance as 100 should be avoided as this is not realistic for any processes The higher the denitrification rate is the more important it is to know the ratio as accurate as possible 47 6 5 4 2 aut het coefficient autotrophe Nitrifikation 3 heterotrophe Nitrifikation 1 r aut het Koeffizient 0 750 010 a Fehler Select the ratio of autotrophic to heterotrophic nitrification in this fields This information is required for the CO balance as autotrophic nitrifiers contrary to heterotrophic can bond CO Heterotrophic nitrification is predominant in acidic persilicic soils as forest soils but autotrophic nitrification for example in arable soils Select the ration as for the NxOy coefficient The automatically calculated aut het coefficient is between 0 and 1 Then 1 means 100 autotrophic nitrification and 0 means 10096 heterotrophic nitrification 6 5 4 3 Error of dissolved gases Fehler geloste Gase ACO Henry 40 Henry 80 7 Here the error for the calculation of the dissolved gases can be adapted As this is an added up error it should only be modified if there is a essential reason see chapter 9 1 12 Dissolved gases 6 6 The measurement
61. ik Abbrechen Konfigurationsdaten absolute Me werte Berechnung delta MeBwerte Me werte berechnetet Werte In this menu the options for printing data or graphs can be set The following option are selectable Configuration data prints all configuration data Calculation Prints all results of the calculation Readings Prints all readings including time stamp Absolute delta calculated readings Prints the selected graph 57 6 8 3 Exporting to other applications For each measurement the 5 software creates a measuring file which is stored with your selected file name Please do not change any original measuring files as then e the BaPS software will not be able to open these files In the measuring all settings readings and results stored used format offers the possibility to export the data to other applications easily ASCII format Ill Separator semicolon Bodens ulen Volumen Fehler Fl che Fehler Temperaturschwankung Boden Headspace Zeit Bodenwasserbestimmung Wassergehalt Fehler Bodengewicht feucht Fehler Bodengewicht trocken Fehler sonstige Parameter pH Wert Fehler Spritzenvolumen Fehler Messintervall Schwellwerte eine Bedingung O2 CO2 P Zwei Bedingungen O2 CO2 P Standardabweichung Nitrifikation Denitrifikation Bodenatmung Zeit Abbruchzeit Spezielle Parameter 0
62. iration can be calculated as AdCO AdCO p AdCO gon 2 res The calculation error for the soil respiration rate then is 90 4 9 AdCO AdCO 2 9 1 17 Nitrification rate The error in the calculation of the oxygen conversion by nitrification is 2 P ARK RK ses RK Finally the error of the calculated nitrification rate is 2 2 AdO i gt dO E k 9 1 18 Setups before a measurement AN sp ml Syringe volume millilitres AWG 96 Estimated error of water content Aaut het Error in the ratio of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification ANJ NZO Error the ratio of for denitrification Soil sample volume millilitres ACO2Henry Added up errors for calculation of dissolved CO AO2Henry Added up errors for calculation of dissolved AMBod f Error for the initial weight of the moist soil AMBod t Error of the soil dry weight Malfunction diagnosis 10 Malfunction diagnosis The difference of headspace and soil temperature is much higher than usual No linkage of computer and BaPS electronics is possible The CO sensor continuously reads 3 vol 5 measurement does not start The BaPS cannot switched on The sensor readings are garbage Check if the fan i
63. ize the absorption of infrared light at certain spectral ranges CO molecular pulsation This makes them very stable and selective The CO sensor is also connected to the electronics with an individual plug connector The CO Sensor must always be connected to the electronics before turning on the system A recalibration should be performed once a year see chapter 12 Replacement parts and accessories 4 2 1 4 Oxygen sensor The oxygen is measured with a ZrO sensor with a range of 0 25 vol The principle of this sensor is that at a temperature of approx 350 to 500 C ZrO is 20 Hardware description able to transport oxygen The sensor must be heated and therefore needs about 10 minutes for heating up and to reach full capacity Then when a constant voltage is applied the current will change in dependence of the volume percent of oxygen in the measured gas The oxygen sensor has a typical working life of at least 5 years and must not be recalibrated A functional test would be to measure normal air where the measured value should be approx 20 8 to 20 9 vol Never change the length of the oxygen sensor cable This would change heating voltage and the sensor calibration would falsified 4 2 1 5 Septum The Septum is integrated in the measuring head and consists of a silicone disc a contact pressure ring and a holed thread plug Through the s
64. le Kanal Messwerte lt Sauerstoff 208 Kohlendioxid 0 03 Druck 850 08 Temp Headspace fioc 2 Temp Boden fioc 541 I I lt I kontinuierliche Messung Loggen Start Schlie en Hie Close this window as in all Windows programs by clicking on the x in the upper right corner or on the close button 3 4 Connecting a thermostat 3 4 1 Cooling circuit If you have a thermostat with an external cooling circuit connect the two supplied female quick lock couplings to the tubes of your thermostat The couplings will fit on tubes with an interior diameter of 6 6 2 mm Plug on the tube couplings to the male couplings on the BaPS container Press in firmly until the coupling clicks in If the tubes are removed or in case the couplings get loose internal valves will prevent cooling liquid from leaking out Push down the metal clip on the coupling to remove the tubes Initial operation Depending the type of thermostat the external circuit 9 e must be closed for starting operation In this case connect the thermostat with the 5 couplings before turning on the thermostat Please observe the instructions in the manual of your thermostat 3 4 2 External temperature sensor If your thermostat has a controller option for an external PT100 temperature sensor the internal 5 soil temperature sensor could be
65. ll cause a negative pressure inside the container Then to lift of the lid some air must be added 25 5 Software description With the supplied BaPS software the user is able to adjust all set ups and execute control and service routines The software will run under Windows 95 98 ME Windows NT 4 0 Windows 2000 and Windows XP 5 System requirements Pentium 166 or higher recommended 111 32 MB RAM memory recommended 111 10 MB free hard disc memory necessary Ill Free RS232 interface necessary Graphic 800 x 600 65 536 colours recommended Ill Mouse necessary 5 2 Installation In order to execute the installation properly your system must use the as decimal separator Before starting the installation check or change your system settings Regional settings in the Windows system set up easiest way to install the software would be to call up the BaPS msi directly from the CD either with the Explorer or from your desktop Select your CD drive and double click on BaPS msi Then follow the instructions on the screen If you cannot execute the file BaPS msi you might need a current version of the Windows Installer by Microsoft This program you will find on the BaPS CD in the file directory Windows Installer Select your operating system start the installation file and follow the instructions After the successful installation co
66. llenwerte eine Bedingunge erf llt zwei Bedingungen erf llt Ao 20Vol AQ 15 0 ACO 15 0 Aco 10 0 x 10 0 hPa x 15 0 hPa v Fehler bei der Ratenberechnung Nitrifikation keine gt Denitrifikation eine X Bodenatmung Zeit keine Start Hilfe In this register set the threshold values or the requirements for accuracy which will initiate the automatic termination of the measurement If no termination conditions are selected the measurement must be terminated manually The default setting is manual termination Before a manual termination you can check the readings TIP online to find out if the readings have changed sufficiently For the evaluation of the conversion rates any readings can be used In principle The larger the changes in the starting and stopping readings are the more accurate the measurement will be as then the influence of the sensor inaccuracy is reduced Therefore measurements should not be terminated to BaPS measurements soon If the system is not running to capacity it is recommendable to extend the measurement and terminated manually With larger changes not only the results are improved but the measurement will take longer How long will depend on type of soil temperature water and fertilizer content and other measures ANFO The error calculation de
67. ly cable The mains switch is on the backside of the enclosure As soon as the interface is switched on all connected sensors in the measuring head are supplied with power When turned on the diodes on the mains power supply and on the plug in module are lightened A 230 Volt max 1 ampere quick acting fuse is integrated in the mains power supply module Find a supplied spare fuse in the fuse box For replacement disconnect the power cable first Then pull out the fuse box by pushing the snap cap upwards Replace the fuse and push back the fuse box Only expert electronic personal should open the enclosure Before opening always disconnect the mains power supply cable first The measuring head is linked to the interface unit with three cables which are inseparably connected to the interface enclosure To prevent false connections each plug is of a different type Connect all plugs to the measuring head before switching on the interface This is required for initializing the sensors If required it is possible to connect up to three more sensors Please contact UMS if you need assistance There are three plug in modules in the interface enclosure 23 The mains power supply module Ill and amplifier module Ill The BaPS electronics module Connect the supplied RS232 interface cable to the RS232 interface plug which located on the front side of the BaPS module If yo
68. mption of the autotrophic nitrification can be calculated The base for this is The soil respiration does not contribute to the total gas balance as the amount of consumed O is equal to the amount of produced CO This is only valid for a respiration coefficient of 1 2 The ratio between autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification is known Then the portion of CO consumed during the nitrification can be calculated by withdrawing the portion of the denitrification 1 00 Y dn dCO sen dNO with NIT aut NIT With this the calculation of the CO conversion by soil respiration is possible x T ni E gen The soil respiration rate then is Moo pL T iig n t 9 1 5 Nitrification rate For calculating the nitrification rate the oxygen conversion of the nitrification is required Therefore the oxygen conversion rate of the soil respiration has to be determined first dCO RK dO 2res 2 res The oxygen conversion of the nitrification then is ACO res dO rit dO RK and the nitrification rate zo nit t Ma t D Miss 9 1 6 Abbreviations used in formulas 9 1 6 1 Index of variables co gel mmol additionally dissolved in water between start and end of measurement mmol Total CO conversion rate 9 den CO conversion by denitrification dCO
69. ness test 50 62 Total gas balance 74 Transportation 34 V Vapour pressure 78 Variables 83 W Water bath 18 Water content 42 58 89 Water volume 78 X X factor 81 109 15 Contact General product information Dipl Ing Thomas Pertassek Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 17 Fax 20 eMail tp Qums muc de UMS GmbH Gmunderstr 37 D 81379 M nchen Hardware Dipl Ing Andreas Steins Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 18 Fax 20 eMail as ums muc de UMS GmbH Gmunderstr 37 D 81379 M nchen Software Dipl Ing Thomas Pertassek Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 17 Fax 20 eMail tp Qums muc de UMS GmbH Gmunderstr 37 D 81379 M nchen Scientific inquiries Dr Klaus Butterbach Bahl Tel 49 0 88 21 183 136 eMail Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institut f r Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Kreuzeckbahnstr 19 D 82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen 16 Notes Zee 1 2000 2002 UMS GmbH M nchen Gmunder Str 37 D 81379 M nchen Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 0 Fax 49 0 89 12 66 52 20 www ums muc de BaPS BaPS ums muc de The IFU has applied the patent for the BaPS Barometric Process Separation the company UMS GmbH is the only license holder for this system L LL
70. net gas producing nor consuming process i e the net gas production An At 0 because the amounts of oxygen consumption and CO ie production are identical provided the respiration coefficient equals 1 0 as it is the case in well aerated soils Nitrification causes a pressure decrease in the system since 0 5 mol molecular oxygen per mol ammonium is consumed but no gas is produced Denitrification however causes a pressure increase since no gas is consumed but beside N an additional amount of 2 5 mol CO is contributed during the complete reduction of 4 mol nitrate to 2 mol molecular di oxygen 8 6 Relevant equitation If a net pressure decrease is observed nitrification in the system is predominant Therefore a pressure increase indicates that denitrification is the dominating process The three micro biological processes can be described by the following reaction equations a Soil respiration CH O am am H O pressure neutral 2 2 Atm b Nitrification NH 20 ne gt NO H O 2H pressure decrease 2 Nit c Denitrification 5CH O 4NO 4H gt 5 p 7H O 2N 2 Den pressure increase CO and concentrations optionally concentrations in the headspace over the soil samples are measured at the same time as the system pressure By measuring the system pressure changes the total gas balance An At umol h of the four processes can be determined By
71. ntinue to install the BaPS software as described above 26 Software description 1 Baps Willkommen beim Installations Assistenten von BaPS 5 27 Der Installer wird Sie durch die zur Installation von 5 notwendingen Schritte f hren Klicken Sie auf weiter um fortzufahren ACHTUNG Dieses Programm ist durch US amerikanische Urheberrechtsgesetze und internationale Urheberrechtsvertr ge gesch tzt Unbefugte Vervielf ltigung oder unbefugter Vertrieb dieses Programms oder eines Teils davon sind strafbar Dies wird sowohl straf als auch zivilrechtlich verfolgt und kann schwere Strafen zur Folge haben Abbrechen 1 Weiter ANFO In case your system misses too many DLL s Dynamic Link NFO Libraries the set up program will install those DLL s first and then will require for a re start of the PC Re start the PC first and then continue with the installation FOP When installing the program to a Windows NT TOP Windows 2000 or Windows XP system it might be necessary to have administrator rights Please contact your system administrator in case of errors If you should not have a CD drive on your PC please ask us for the installation program on floppy disk Please note that the additional files listed in the following chapter are not included on the floppy disk due to too high storage requirements ANFO Call up the implemented online assistance by pressing t
72. on tabular form 53 6 6 3 Terminating the 54 6 6 4 Evaluation 2 000040200 0 00 55 6 7 Determination of the soil sample s water content 56 6 8 Data documentation and 04 8 4 8 57 6 8 1 Measuring protocol eene enne nnne enne enn 57 6 8 2 Printing results rernm tate e Fei E Peer 57 6 8 3 Exporting to other 58 6 8 4 Calculations with Excel 59 7 Maintenance and service eee entente nette tnnt 60 7 Cleaning the nennen rennen 60 7 2 Zlightnesstest 60 7 3 Online SeNSOr readings temor e P ERR ERR Rd 60 7 4 Calibrating the sensors nene nennen nennen 61 7 44 1 Calibration parameters essere enne nennen 62 7 4 1 1 Polynomial conversion 62 7 42 lF rther optlons 1 oerte rre ger 63 I MEME DIC Aet 64 TANA D 65 7 4 1 5 Garbon dioxide erint eiseni aini rai ee 65 TANG OXY BOM 66 TAMA USEF CHANNEL 66 7 4 2 Digital 67 8 Theory ot BaPS ere
73. on Beenden der Messung Information bodenspeziifische Parameter 5 N50 1 gt 2 r NxOy Koeffizent 2 333 0 05 Fehler autotrophe Nitifikation 3 Fe heterotrophe Nitrifikation 1 p aut het Koeffizient 0 750 010 Fehler Respirationskoeffizient 1 00 005 Fehler r Fehler gel ste Gase Henry 40 80 5 Start Hilfe BaPS measurements In this register the soil specific parameters and coefficients for the three processes are selected as well as the errors for the calculation of the dissolved and CO The higher the relative share of a process to the total gas conversion is the more crucial the selected values for this process are Select reasonable values for each error so the total error will not be falsified Enter absolute errors that refer to the relevant coefficient 6 5 4 1 coefficient i ES N50 1 zi N5 2 zd NxOy Koeffizent 2 333 0 05 Fehler In this dialog the ratio of both final substances of denitrification and is selected This information is required for the evaluation of the total gas balance because per 5 mol CO either 2 mol or 2 5 mol can develop see chapter 9 1 3 Denitrification The coefficient shows the mol amount and therefore is between 2 and 2 5 The coefficient is calculated by the program regarding the selected ratio If the ratio is not known the preset coeff
74. on O2 gel mmol O dissolved in water between start and end of measurement Pco2 hPa Partial pressure CO Partial pressure RK Respirator coefficient O7 CO during soil respiration Vaq ml Water volume Vbs ml Soil samples volume Vhead ml Headspace volume Vsp ml Syringe volume WG Water content x Factor amount of developed during denitrification compared to NO gases Y Factor amount of CO degraded during nitrification compared to O5 9 1 6 2 Readings vol96 82 vol CO volume percent vol 1 vol volume percent Pressure Pan hPa Initial pressure at headspace determination Per hPa Final pressure at headspace determination t H Time T t C Temperature at beginning of measurement T t Temperature at end of measurement g Weight of soil samples 9 1 6 3 Constants M sz g Mol weight of CO 44 009 g Mol weight of nitrogen 14g R J K mol molar gas constant 8 3143 J K mol 9 1 7 Error calculus In all calculations regarding BaPS certain principle uncertainties occur which are unavoidable These are among others for example the respirator coefficient 1 the quantity of the ratio between N to during denitrification or additionally developing gases i e further processes appear Therefore in any case the final results should be verified if they are conclusive 9 1 7 1 Sensor errors
75. or are expressed by AV Y ge C04 Vaq The second term 4 relative error includes an estimate of the error of the CO probe the error for calculating the Henry constant approx 1 and the inaccuracy regarding the constancy of the partial pressure throughout the soil sample The last one can be adjusted by the user in the register Special Parameters lt Error of dissolved gases 9 1 12 3 Dissolved oxygen The calculation is analogous to the calculation of dissolved CO whereas the estimated error is larger due to the less accuracy of the oxygen sensor f 2 AO Maja 0 07f Vag 2gel d As the solubility of CO is much higher than of O the calculation error is much less crucial for dissolved O 9 1 13 Gas concentrations For calculating the amount of O the sensor reading in vol96 must be transformed into a concentration with the following error 2 2 AKonz Konz pve PEL Al Vol p T 273 15 The errors in the concentration changes which are required for the conversion rates are Ill for CO approx 2 Ill for approx 4 9 1 14 Gas conversion rates 2 k 2 f 3 AdCO Vhead ONZ o t 2 we Konz o t js Konz 6 ACO gel O 2 2 AdO 20 Total gas pressure measurement 2 2 2
76. orking with the BaPS system Table of contents sen 9 2 1 3 Jlnitial Operation etr rrt ce e e NEKOE ETETE raK SOENE 12 3 1 Connecting Sensors eiie itt tre Rei RR REPRE PE AE Pre kir 12 3 2 Find the COM port correre bet ees beds 12 3 3 Initial function test eee ere ere verc neri inue Ee edens 14 3 4 Connecting a thermostat 4 0 14 34 Cooling eee res 14 3 4 2 External temperature 22 15 4 Hardware 9 16 4 1 Incubation container 16 NE 17 4 2 measuring 0 18 4 2 19 4 2 1 5 19 4 2 1 2 Press re Sensor ie roti neas estre 20 4 2 1 3 Carbon dioxide sensor eene nennen 20 4 2 1 4 Oxygen sensor iua ee pret ir rin ERE rH E nenn 20 420105 Septic dieere te etie ertet Eois de eet neatis 21 4 3 BaPS sensor interface 4444244 0 1 20 tenter enne 22 4 3 1 Interface LE 24 4 4
77. ours recommended Ill Mouse necessary 98 58 70072 12 Replacement parts 12 1 1 BaPS calibration service Replacement parts and accessories 12 Replacement parts and accessories To assure the perfect performance of the BaPS process analysis system the sensors should be checked annually and if necessary be recalibrated UMS offer this as an complete service Art no BaPS Kali 12 1 2 Replacement parts list Article CO sensor O sensor Pressure sensor Quick lock coupling female with 26 4mm tube nipple Reducing nipple for septum Silicone septum 3mm diameter 2mm Fork wrench 13 17 Fan BaPS container bottom BaPS sensor head BaPS transportation lid Syringe 10 ml Spare needle for Note incl screw in housing and transducer incl transducer for external temperature regulation VA stainless steel 20 pieces for changing the septum See accessories incl sensor installation Art no BaPS CO2 3 BaPS O2 25 BaPS P 800 1200 BaPS SCH W BaPS RED BaPS SEP BaPS GAB 13 17 BaPS LUF BaPS SEN BaPS TRA BaPS SPR 10 BaPS SPR ERS 99 vacuum tight syringe Kaltger testecker for supply of sensor interface BaPS KAL RS 232 interface cable BaPS RS232 Thermo box BaPS THE Spare O ring ring for 3 pieces BaPS SEN DICH sensor head 100 737 Replacement parts and accessories 12 2 Accessories 12 2 1 Cooling
78. pends the measured gas INFO changes and on the selected water content Accordingly thresholds and accuracy are interdependent The accuracy is improved when the dry weight is determined with gravimetric methods after the measurement 6 5 2 1 Terminating values Schwellenwerte eine Bedingunge erf llt zwei Bedingungen erf llt A05 20Vo E 0 1 5 Acos 15 Aco 0 10 0 hPa AP 15 0 hPa For automatic termination the continuously measured changes in the CO O content and pressure can be used Then the program will terminate the procedure when as selected one or two adequate changes in one two or three of the parameters occur The program will always ask before finally terminating the procedure The possible terminating conditions are either only one of the selected condition is fulfilled left column or at least two of the selected conditions are fulfilled right column If two conditions have to be fulfilled the limiting values should be 43 smaller Tick the parameter you wish to activate and select the limiting value Not marked parameters a deactivated The limiting values must have a sufficient latitude to reach the required accuracy see chapter error calculation FOP To achieve a sufficient accuracy the limiting values should TIP be as or be higher than the following 6 5 2 2 Accuracy ofthe rate calcula
79. per Much more accurate is the use of an thermostat with an external circuit and an active controller see chapter Replacement parts and accessoriesaccessories A cooling duct for tempering the container is integrated in the base of the chamber The tubes for the tempering fluid are connected to the plastic quick lock couplings Always temper with small gradients to allow an even temperature interchange within the container to reduce the chance of condensation as soil moisture will vaporise and condense on the inside of the measuring head One of the PT100 temperature probe is used for the thermostat regulation The temperature output for connection to the thermostat is on the backside of the interface The thermostat should have the following specifications Ill External tempering circuit Connector for an external temperature PT1000 4 wire measuring principle Ill Pl or better PID controller Ill Temperature range 0 50 C With an active thermostat regulation the typical time to reach a temperature stability of better than 0 2 C would be one to two hours Not until the temperature is stable the tightness test or measurements can be started 6 5 Measurement set up Start the BaPS program by successively clicking Start Program BaPS BaPS When the program is open start a new measurement with File New Measurement 37 Before starting measurement some settings to entered window
80. r Fehlerprotokoll Drucken 11 Division by Zero EnPtnrTest TestOnError_Click 60010 Speichern EMail Befehl wiederholen Weiterer Programmablauf Fortsetzen mit Prozedur Programm n chsten Befehl verlassen beenden There are three possible ways to keep a record of any errors and for sending them by email You can either print out or save the protocol or send it directly to UMS Select your preference by clicking on one of the following options Fehlerprotokoll Drucken Speichern EMail Software description Please always send the complete protocol to UMS to make it easier for us to trace the error Also give us all information about the executed steps before the error occurred Weiterer Programmablauf Befehl Fortsetzen mit Prozedur Programm wiederholen n chsten Befehl verlassen beenden Then there are four options on how to continue with the program If you will retry the procedure the error probably will occur again You might try to continue by ignoring the error In case of sequencing errors you should exit the procedure In case of serious errors abort the complete BaPS program 9 Please always send the error that occurred first Subsequence errors after the earliest error normally are not informative In case of program errors please contact Mr Thomas Pertassek by e mail tp Qums muc de or telephon
81. ree temperature sensors for monitoring and control are used all are PT100 1000 types with accuracy class 1 3 DIN variance lt 0 1 at 0 Temperature is picked up in the soil as well as in the headspace The measurement will not start unless a certain temperature stability has been achieved soil temperature probe is equipped with two independent temperature sensors One sensor can be used for external regulation for example of an thermostat Use the 4 connector on the backside of the 5 sensor interface see chapter External temperature sensor Clean the temperature probe with a moist cloth ANFO Besides the requirements of the microbiological process NFO the good thermal stability reduces temperature related sensor inaccuracies and pressure changes 4 2 1 2 Pressure sensor Inside the incubation container the absolute pressure is measured The used sensor is a stainless steel encapsulated piezoresistive pressure transmitter with a range of 800 to 1200 hPa The sensor has an integrated amplifier and is temperature compensated in the range of 0 to 50 C The sensor is connected to the electronics with an individual plug connector A recalibration should be performed at least every second year see chapter 12 Replacement parts and accessories 4 2 1 3 Carbon dioxide sensor The used CO probe is a single beam infrared sensor for a range of 0 to 3 vol percent by volume IR CO sensors util
82. rogeneous soils Take the samples to the laboratory preferably inside the BaPS container closed with the accessory transportation lid In the laboratory put on the measuring head lid with incorporated sensor fittings and connect the sensor interface Now the soil samples a sealed pressure tight Allow the samples to obtain the required temperature It would be best to use a thermostat with an external thermo cycle When the system has reached temperature stability start the reading with the supplied Windows Software To make a measurement the software needs some specific data For a quick and easy to handle start up the software proposes pre set plausible values for all required and important inputs During a measurement the readings and the evaluated rates are displayed online This will allow the user to assess the accuracy and reliability of a running measurement For a sufficient accuracy the sensors require a minimum alteration rate Extending the measuring time will increase the accuracy When the required accuracy is reached the measurement is stopped either manually or automatically an automated procedure the system continuously controls the default minimum alteration rates and pre set accuracies The evaluation of the readings is performed automatically The results can be printed or exported to other Windows applications Find the detailed description of the measuring cycle in the chapter Taking BaPS readings v
83. s well known that the Nitrate flows beneath farm lands caused by the use of fertilizers are the major source for the Nitrate contamination of the groundwater and as a consequence of our drinking water system Despite the problematic measuring techniques the determination of quantity and flow of substances mainly Nitrate is the key for short term decisions on how and when to use fertilizers and irrigation The system developed and patented by the Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospherically Environmental Research ING 1999 offers a simple and reliable process for the determination of gross conversion rates Now a verification and monitoring of nitrogen conversion in soils is possible As the results are offered rather quick within 5 to 12 hours for example fertilising schedules for the same day can be set up This will help to optimize the use of Nitrogen fertilizer and protect the groundwater Learning more about the nitrogen conversion rates increases the knowledge for the microbiological courses in soils and makes this system very suitable for scientific research in this field as well Measuring cycle The BaPS measuring cycle will start in the field with taking soil samples By using standard soil sampling rings the samples will be disturbed the least In one 5 unit 7 samples are analysed simultaneously Get a typical selection of samples to receive results which are as close as possible to the realistic processes in hete
84. s working To do so open the lid and switch on the BaPS electronics The fan should start now the 24 pin plug must be connected Check if the interface cable is connected properly check if the electronic is supplied with power Check the setting of the COM Port Check ifthe COM port is occupied by another program Check the sensor cable connection Had the sensor been connected to the BaPS electronic before switching on If not switch off the electronic and on again Check if the selected configuration settings are reasonable temperature stability Check the function of the thermostat Check if the mains cable is connected Check the fuse Check the sensors power supply Check if the calibration specifications are correct 93 Technical specifications 11 1 Electronics Analogue inputs Digital O Ports A D transformation Accuracy Interface Cable length Mains power supply Fuse Current consumption Enclosure Width Height depth Protective rate Working temperature Storage temperature 8 differential 0 2 5 VDC 8 TTL 24 bit 0 05 96 RS232 2m 115 230 VAC A quick acting fuse max 500 mA 255 mm 160 mm 260 mm IP 20 5 35 20 70 11 2 Hardware Technical specifications Connector CO2 sensor Connector pressure sensor Connector septum Connector cooling fluid Sampling rings size Height Diameter Volume Housing Diame
85. somole ring is placed in a cutting shoe The ring is clamped inside the cutting shoe and no water or sol can he fing from op side s of this ring holder are The sample is oversized on both sides 71 No risk of losing a sample a sample ring is in a protected inside ultina shoe here is no risk of losing or damaging the ring Hammering head with guide cylinder The hammering head with guide cylinder Is used for filing soll sample rings In hard soil layers both on the surface and in profile pits The ple ring is clamped to the hamme fing head by means of retaining ring The guide cylinder ensures that the sample is taken In a true straight line The soll sample ring can simply be dug out or extruded using bent spatula c Soil Sampling Set No BPK 250 60x 56 mm h 40 5mm volume 100 bpe 07 60 5C 53 x 50 mm h 51 mm volume 100 bpe 07 53 5C Dipl Ing Axel Rescher Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 13 Fax 20 eMail ar ums muc de UMS GmbH D 81379 M nchen Gmunder Stra e 37 Replacement parts and accessories 12 2 4 Further accessories Article Note Art No Filler cylinder for BaPS BLI 3 sampling rings Sampling rings on request Protective caps for on request sampling rings System training at your BaPS SYS laboratory 105 13 Literature index ALEI99YI Alef 1991 Method
86. sponse time 10 min The cable length between oxygen sensor amplifier inside the BaPS may never be changed e 11 6 Pressure Technical specifications Measuring range 800 1200 hPa Accuracy 0 1 96 Long term stability 0 5 96 a Measuring principle Piezoresistive pressure transducer Temperatu re range 0 50 Housing Diameter ca 35 mm Length 105 mm Material Stainless steel Response time 55 Calibration interval year Der Messverst rker ist in den Druckmesskopf integriert 97 11 7 Temperature temperature measurement two 1000 and PTIOO with the accuracy class 1 3 DIN B are used One sensor measures the headspace temperature It is attached to the fan to have the most accurate result The two other sensors are integrated in an stainless steel tip and are pushed into the soil The first is used by the BaPS the second controls the external thermostat Technical specifications Measuring range 30 70 Accuracy 0 1 0 Measuring principle Change of resistance of platinum Housing Material Stainless steel Diameter 5 mm Length 40 mm Protective rate IP 68 Response time T 90 30s 11 8 System requirements Ill Pentium 166 or higher recommended 18 MB RAM memory recommended 10 MB free space on hard disk necessary Ill Free RS232 interface necessary Ill Graphic display 800 x 600 65 536 col
87. st reading is always invalid 6 6 2 Automatic measurements To test if the temperature stability is sufficient 10 readings are taken minutely at first These are not displayed This means the next reading is displayed after 10 minutes During the measurement the readings are displayed graphical and tabulated This readings are not the real sensor values but the temperature compensated values From the pressure the water vapour is withdrawn The gases dissolved in the soil are considered as well Thus the factual evaluation of the conversion rates is possible even if for example the temperature is not constant Graphical presentation 51 Messung BaPS Beispiell dat Ach were User berechnete Table 20 00 19 00 8 18 00 17 00 18 00 asore 600 1800 2100 Tueis Berchnung der Deniifkation Zeit O2 gel st in Bodenwasse Lomoll 25002 2 Fehler 327 Fehler Volumen ACO ni Ex H Fener 23 Fehler Temperaturschwankung 2721 12 Fehler Headipace Boden EEE Gesamt asl mal CER 2 Fehler Headspace K e Den Bildungsise N Veirdungen 23920 T Fehler 2 Denitfikatenstate ug N kg BTG h 57833 13 Fehler Biserwasserbeslinmung 3 Berechnung der Badenatmung Wassergehalt fan Ver H Fehler CO2Bil
88. ter Height with sensor head sensors Height with transportation lid Material Weight without sampling rings with sensor head with transportation lid Protective rate Technical specifications 11 1 4 1 4 Quick lock coupling for tubes with 6 4 mm inside diameter Standard 40 5 mm 56 mm 60 100 ml approx 234 mm without tube couplings ca 280 mm 97 mm Aluminium anodized approx 6 5 kg approx 5 0 kg IP 68 with closed transportation lid IP 66 with closed sensor head 95 11 3 Sensor technology 11 4 Carbon dioxide The used CO sensor is an infra red absorption type working with the single beam method The electronics which transfers the signal through the cable to the BaPS is integrated in the sensor head Technical specifications Measuring range 0 3 vol96 Accuracy 2 96 Measuring principle IR absorption Long term stability 396 a Temperature range 0 40 Housing Material Stainless steel Diameter 22 mm Length 100 mm Connection 8 pol plug Thread PG 11 Response time 2 min Calibration interval year 11 5 Oxygen Technical specifications Measuring range vol 0 25 96 m Technical specifications Accuracy 1 zirconium oxide current limiting Temperature range 0 50 Housing Integrated in BaPS sensor head Re
89. thermostat DC50 0 Haake Refrigerated Circulator This refrigerated circulator is equipped with a bath opening for direct temperature controlling samples The built in CFC free cooling circuit enables efficient heat removal This unit is often used to replace expensive tap water cooling Features X Robust design using high grade stainless steel and temperature resistant polymer with sealed bath cover X Removable fan grid allows easy cleaning X Bath is equipped with handles and drain opening X 2 speed power pump to reduce turbulences in open baths wear free X Integrated overload protection X User resettable adjustable overtemperature cut out and low liquid level protection X Easy to operate by only 4 navigation keys X Electronic PID control using a highly sensitive Pt 1000 sensor for excellent temperature accuracy X RS 232C interface as standard X User defined fixed temperatures with separate for each temperature X Display resolution selectable between 0 1 and 0 01 X Limitation of the usable temperature range by high and low temperature setting X RTA Real Temperature Adjustment X User adjustable correction factor to meet ISO 9004 X Alarm indication by FIS Fault Identification System X The reason for any malfunction is clearly displayed X Built in ETC External Temperature Control with a connection for an external Pt 00 sensor 8 8 5 i Technical Specifications
90. tion Fehler bei der Ratenberechnung Nitrifikation keine X Denitrifikation keine v Bodenatmung keine v In addition to the terminating conditions the procedure could be terminated as soon as a sufficient accuracy in the rate calculation is achieved see chapter error calculation The measurement will be terminated if one of the conditions are fulfilled as selected The achievable accuracy depending on your system and the type of soil should be known to select reasonable values The accuracy are entered as percentage 96 of the calculated rates For calculating the accuracies all entered error settings 9 assessed Always plausibility check of the 44 BaPS measurements settings before a measurement 6 5 3 Information register Konfiguration Beenden der Messung Information Spezielle Parameter Datum Analyse 20 1 0 2000 Datum Probennahme 3 10 2000 Bodentyp Braunerde Ort der Probennahme 7 50 Sehr trocken bei Probenahme bei Probenahme 23 C 45 In the Information register you can enter details and specifications regarding the measurement These are stored with the measurement file and can be recalled later The top input fields should be filled out The comments field is to save any further information 6 5 4 The Special Parameter register Konfiguration BaPS Konfigurati
91. ur computer should only have one 25 pin RS232 interface plug an adapter is needed which is supplied by computer stores or could be ordered at UMS The BaPS interface unit may only be used in dry surroundings Keep it away from any source of heat and do not expose the unit to direct sunlight during operation Besides possible damage heating up will cause inaccuracies of the electronics 4 3 1 Interface The communication of BaPS software and BaPS interface is performed through a serial RS232 interface Thus the system is connectable to any IBM compatible computer Use the supplied data cable Null modem cable which can be connected in both directions Please observe that the appropriate COM port must be TOP selected in the software normally COM or 2 refer to chapter 3 2 Find the COM port 4 4 Syringe With the syringe a defined volume can be withdrawn from the headspace This allows you to determine the headspace volume by measuring the pressure change The headspace volume is required for the calculation of the conversion rates Always used the calibrated syringe to achieve the lowest possible divergence from the specified volume tolerance 196 Please use a proper hollow needle to prevent a destruction of the septum Luer Lock connector stainless steel outer diameter 0 5 mm length minimum 20 mm Hardware description Also the syringe is needed at the end of each measurement In general the process wi
92. used to take samples in virtually all soils The samples can be taken on the surface auger holes or in proflle pits above as well as under the groundwater level closed ring holder in this set is fitted with a conical threaded connection which means that the ring holder may also be hammered into the soll with an impact absor bing hammer The set among other items contains closed ring holder a handle with beating head an Edelman ond Riverside auger extension rods hammering head with guide cylinder an aluminium cose with soil sar rings and ious accessories The samples sets with the postfix SC con be obtained for soll samp tings with a diameter of 53 60 and 84 mm The most commonly ap pled standard diameter is 53 Soil sample rings Soll sample rings are stainless steel tings made of seam uber Y inside and out The t ing has a cutting dimensions and thus the volume ntent of soil sample rings actly known which makes them highly sultabble for laboratory studi With soll sample rings undisturbed samples are taken Hom The These are then used for for example 7 The moisture content at various moisture tensions from which a pF curve can be made The water permeability The air permeability The weight by volume The density The sol water air relationship at field capacity The pore distribution The oxygen diffusion
93. uts In four steps screw down the nuts steadily and crosswise so the lid has a form fit seat on the container Fasten the nuts only hand tight and do not apply force This will assure a good thermal conduction between housing and lid Also internal or external pressure changes will not cause a change of the volume inside the container by compression of the O ring 6 3 3 Electronic connections Connect the measuring head and the sensor interface with the three cables There are three different plug sizes to prevent an accidental false polarity Please observe that the plug connections are only watertight IP66 if they are completely screwed together The 24 pin plug will even have IP68 Please always connect the sensor first before switching on the interface so the sensor is initialized the electronics If the sensor is connected afterwards the maximum reading of 3 vol is displayed as without an sensor and no measurements are possible 6 4 Tempering the system To prevent condensation the sensors self heating v the measuring head must always be turned on before 36 BaPS measurements starting the tempering of the container The fan will circulate the air in the headspace to accelerate the temperature stableness If you should not have a thermostat with external cooling the closed container might be submerge into a water bath down to the starting of the 24 pin plug connector but not dee
94. wn to 0 03 This parameter is very significant as the other readings are compensated to the temperature For example a temperature change of K will cause a pressure change of 3 6 hPa inside the system Therefore the accuracy of the temperature is crucial for the accuracy of the complete system An inappropriate temperature stability in the system will cause variable temperature gradients Thus a good temperature stability is essential 9 1 7 4 Oxygen Typically decreases of 1 2 vol96 at approx 20 vol96 are measured 84 nn accuracy over 10 hours is approx 0 03 vol the stability over 3 years approx 1 of the measuring range gt the relative accuracy during a measurement is approx 2 9 1 7 5 Carbon dioxide A change of typ vol is measured in the range of 0 2 vol The used sensor is a infra red absorption probe The attainable accuracy over 10 hours is approx 0 02 vol96 the long term stability over 2 years approx 396 of the measuring range 9 1 8 Further error sources Errors during the time measurement are neglectable small as time enters the rate calculation only linear 9 1 8 1 Measuring technique I During the determination of the headspace there is the error of the withdrawn volume With precision syringes the error can be kept below 196 2 Temperature changes affect the pressure measurement total gas amount A temperature change of 0 1 causes a pressure ch

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