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DOMAIN System User's Guide

1. sees Print Commands Submenu Items Commands for Managing Directories s Commands for Managing Links esee Access Rights for Files and Directories Summary of Commands for Editing ACLs Valid Rights for Files and Directories Class Names for Commonly Assigned Rights Summary of Commands for Editing and Copying Imtial ACLDS3 asesor E RS Options for Copying Initial ACLS ssse shell Parsing Operators x oon recreo ees ers Script Verification Options esee Summary of Expression Operators esses Rules for Assigning Variable Types Variable Commands eee Contents xviii CHAPTER 1 The DOMAIN System The DOMAIN system is a high speed communications network connecting two or more of our computers called nodes Each node loads programs into its own memory and uses the computing functions of its own central processing unit CPU Because the DOMAIN system enables nodes to share information you can log into any node and access information stored anywhere in the network Many of the operations you ll perform on the system involve the use of objects files directories and links that store information such as programs data or text Before you can work with these objects you must unders
2. ssseeeeeees Sample Directory Display ee Deleting a Directory Tree euet Sample Display of Link Resolution Names Structure of an ACL Entry eese Sample ACL Entries eee erret che ee sample ACI Display 543 eo ertet eres Initial ACLs for Files and Directories Controlling Access to Protected Subsystem Files Sample of a Protected Subsystem Transcript Including In Line Data in a Script oe A Sample Script Using the READ Command Flow of Execution in a Simple Script Flow of Execution with a Conditional Statement The Node Entry Directory and Subdirectories The System Software Directory sees XV Contents A3 A 4 B 1 Contents The Display Manager Directory SYS DM The Network Management Directory SYS NET Keynames for the 880 Keyboard esses xvi Table iA 2 1 23 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 6 1 Tables Pathname Symbols sese Node Boot Script Files scssi ennonn Node Log In Start Up Script Files Rules for Using DM Special Characters Formats for Specifying Points on the Display Default Mouse Key Functions eeeeeeeeee Key Definition File Names
3. eee Key Naming Conventions eee Cursor Control Commands eese Commands for Creating Processes uessss Commands for Controlling a Process Commands for Creating Pads and Windows DM Rules for Defining Window Boundaries Commands for Closing Pads and Windows Commands for Managing Windows Process Window Modes esee Commands for Moving Pads sess Commands for Controlling Window Groups and CONS m Window Paste Butters monies a ERU Commands for Setting Edit Modes Commands for Inserting Characters Commands for Deleting Text eee Commands for Copying Cutting and Pasting jq E Characters Used in Regular Expressions Commands for Searching for Text wee Commands for Substituting Text eneee Standard Shell Command Options xvii Contents 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 I O Control Chatractets sessies etre ees Command Line Parser Options eee eee cents Command Query Responses eee Summary of Pathname Wildcards Commands for Setting the Working and Naming Dif ClOLy e Commands for Managing Files
4. FILE 0 9 matches any five character name that begins with FILE and ends in a single digit FILE4 and FILES FILE A D matches FILEA and FILEB but not FILEM FILE AXY matches FILEA FILEX and FILEY Matches any single character that does not appear in a string For example FILE A Z matches FILE and FILE 9 but not FILE A or FILE P Matches zero or more directories subordinate to the starting point For example MY NODE matches all the directories in MY NODE OWNER DEMO matches any object named DEMO in a subdirectory of OWNER JAN matches any object starting with JAN in all subdirectories of the current working directory 6 20 Table 6 5 Summary of Pathname Wildcards continued Character names derived name expr Description Shell commands that let you copy compare or rename files sometimes require two pathnames as arguments Many of these commands derive the second name from the first name In this case we refer to the second name as the derived name The Shell replaces the equal sign wildcard in the second name with the first name For example CPF MY_FILE OLD copies the file MY FILE to the file MY FILE OLD CPF MEMO MY BAK copies the file MEMO to MYMEMO BAK Enclose the first names in parentheses to create several derived names with one command line For example CPF A B C FMT copies the files A B and C to A FMT B FMT and C FMT Use braces to tag an
5. CHAPTER 5 Editing a Pad Chapter 4 describes how to create pads and windows to read and edit files This chapter describes how to use the DM to control the characteristics of edit pads and how to edit text Each section in this chapter describes a set of editing tasks and the DM commands you use to perform them You can execute a DM command either from a DM script or interactively by specifying the command in the DM input window In many cases you can execute a DM editing command by typing a function key or control key sequence The command summary tables at the beginning of each section list the DM commands related function keys and control key sequences used to perform a specific set of editing tasks Note that the predefined keys listed in these tables apply only to low profile type 5 1 Editing a Pad keyboards For a description of the predefined keys for the 880 keyboard refer to Appendix B Chapter 3 explains how to specify DM commands from the keyboard and from scripts and how to use function keys and control key sequences For a complete description of all the DM editing commands described in this chapter refer to the DOMAIN System Command Reference Setting Edit Pad Modes All edit pads are controlled by a very important feature of the DM the modes in which the DM currently operates The modes determine whether you can make changes to the material in the pad and whether the DM either inserts characters that you typ
6. Delete word DR A Z0 9 XD lt F6 gt lt F6 gt of text Delete from ES EE DR TR lt F7 gt lt F7 gt cursor to end of XD TL TR L3A L3A line Delete entire CMS TL XD LINE DEL LINE DEL line L2 L2 B 9 Summary of Key Definitions Copying Cutting and Pasting Text DM Command XC name f pathname R Copy text toa paste buffer or file Cut delete text and write it to a paste buffer or file XD name f pathname R XP name f pathname R Paste write text from a paste buffer or file into a pad Predefined Key Low Profile COPY CTRL C LIA CUT CTRL E LIAS PASTE CTRL O L2A Commands for Searching for Text Search forward for string string Search backward string for string Repeat last forward search Repeat last backward search Cancel search or any action involving the ECHO command Set case SC ON OFF comparison for search Summary of Key Definitions B 10 Predefined Key Low Profile CTRL R CTRL R CTRL U CTRL U CTRL X CTRL X Commands for Substituting Text Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile Substitute S stringl string2 None None string2 for all occurrences of string ina defined range Substitute string2 SO stringl string2 for the first occurrence of stringl in each line of a defined range Change case of CASE S U each letter ina L de
7. SYS NET DISKLESS LIST 2 10 SYS NET NETBOOT 2 10f SYS NODE_DATA 2 4 SYS NODE DATA node id 2 4 2 11 SYS PRINT QUEUE 7 11f system calls PAD DEF PFK 3 18 3 22 PAD DM CMD 3 22 text changing case of 5 28 copying from pads 5 12 cutting from pads 5 14 defining a range of 5 9f deleting from pads 5 7ff lines deleting from pads 5 8 pasting into pads 5 15 searching for 5 22ff specifying patterns in pads 5 16 substituting in pads 5 25ff tilde as pathname wildcard character 6 20 beginning pathnames 1 11 in regular expressions 5 19 TLC TRANSLITERATE CHARACTER command 6 12 transcript pad saving in file 4 30 transcript pads 6 10 U undo buffers 5 29 UNDO key 5 29 UNDO Undo previous command s command 5 29 undoing previous command 5 29 updating edit files 5 30 upper level directory 1 4 up transition key name 3 15 USER DATA KEY DEFS 2 19 USER DATA KEY DEFS 3 18 USER DATA KEY DEFS2 2 19 USER_DATA SH 6 8 USER DATA STARTUP DM 2 18f username entering at log in 2 15 in SID 4 4 8 2 Index 17 variables in Shell see Shell variables verifying Shell scripts 9 11 viewing hidden windows 4 21 VOFF command 9 11 VON command 9 11 Ww WA WINDOW AUTOHOLD command 4 25 WC WINDOW CLOSE command 4 16 WD WINDOW DEFAULT command 4 25 WD WORKING DIRECTORY command 7 3 WGE WINDOW GROW ECHO command 4 18 WGRA WINDOW GROUP ADD command 4 32 WGRR WINDOW GROUP REMOVE command 4 32 WH WINDO
8. eec eere imet eio ineine 5 7 Deleting Words 1 iiec epase tnc ene cen dean 5 7 Dele tine Limes ssccevescey soseisndccstseesntesvnussdbececestadedswistestemesente 5 8 Defining Range of Text nint ee tome pei 5 9 Copying Cutting and Pasting Text 0c eeeeeeeees 5 10 Using Paste Buttets 32 ndr rtc bor Te RA 5 11 Copying Text a eoe coed a eren Geist ine RE 5 12 Copying a Display Image eee 5 13 CURES WERE cos e ote ette cet shea 5 14 Pasting Text cime nent uaa 5 15 Using Regular EXpressiohs betreten eee 5 16 Searching Lot TeRi erroaren reete tha petet RERET 5 23 Repeating a Search Operation sse 5 25 Cancelling a Search Operation sseseeee 5 25 setting Case Coniparison eerte rre inane 5 25 substituting WORE 5r tere teret terret ero aede iste EH R eap 5 26 Substituting All Occurrences of a String we 5 27 Substituting the First Occurrence of a String 5 28 Changing the Case of Letters eee tee 5 28 Undoing Previous Commands ee 5 29 Updating sam Edit Ele deett rrr reete rerit teen 5 29 Chapter 6 Using the Shell Shell Commf ands i ee terere eR IRI eiei 6 2 Command Line Format eeeeeeeeeeee ee 6 3 Standard Command Options sssrini essi ienes 6 4 Contents x Command Search Rules css cccs cscccesessscnssoscsecsedeesesadeoss ogee ee 6 5 Special Characters 1 rre vycesesneeess s 6 7 Creating and Invoking Shells
9. eeeee 6 7 Setting Up the Initial Shell Environment 6 8 Controlling Input and Output sse 6 9 Reading Input from a File seeee 6 11 Writing Output to File eese erettreene 6 12 Appending Output to a File seeee 6 12 Redirecting Output to Other Commands 6 13 The Command Line Parser seem 6 14 Using Query Options eiecit reete tend eire ede 6 15 Reading Data from Standard Input sessen 6 16 Reading Pathnames from Standard Input 6 17 Using Pathname Wildcards eee 6 18 Running Programs in a Background Process 6 22 Chapter 7 Managing Files Directories and Links Moving Around the Naming Tree scierie neers 7 2 Setting the Working Directory eeeeeeene 7 3 Setting the Naming Directory seseee 7 3 Managing Files eei teo tetro e i Preise SEE retis etu baba 7 5 Creating Pales ter tte ree Gottes 7 5 Renaming Files 22e rete teet prO RRHSDE 7 7 Copying FAle8 d onedet te timer cnet n RES 7 8 Moving Files 2 aide ee tb e ena etre HB IEEE 7 9 Appending Files 2x2 eei eee oe eem eet een iere eene EI uen 7 10 Printing E68 euer eee eR 7 11 Printing Files Using the Print Menu Interface 7 13 Displaying File Attributes sse 11 16 Deletinp Piles 2 een entente eet ends 7 18 Copying the Display to a File ee
10. See the Understanding the System at Startup section in Chapter 2 for a description of boot scripts Using the Display Manager 3 12 spieoqKoy o rjo1g 0 NIVINOG 24 10 soweN Aoy c c o1nSrq MME eile Is LOT E DIS s co a a ae Vea RU Lud lei Il I9POIN a EIS EIET E E J lt 3 EIE EIE Sas 3 HAAR M Using the Display Manager 3 13 Table 3 4 Key Definition File Names Keyboard Key Definition File 880 SYS DM STD_KEYS Low profile Model I SYS DM STD_KEYS2 Low profile Model II SYS DM STD_KEYS3 To direct the DM to execute the STD_KEYS2 file and establish key definitions for the low profile Model I keyboard remove the comment character from the KBD 2 command To use a node with the low profile Model II keyboard remove the comment character from the KBD 3 command To use a node with an 880 keyboard uncomment the command KBD A
11. used to perform a specific set of tasks Note that the predefined keys listed in these tables apply only to low profile type keyboards For a description of the predefined keys for the 880 keyboard refer to Appendix B 4 1 Controlling the Display Chapter 3 explains how to specify DM commands from the keyboard and from scripts and how to use function keys and control key sequences For a complete description of all the DM commands described in this chapter refer to the DOMAIN System Command Reference Controlling Cursor Movement Moving the cursor is the most basic of all display management operations it s also the one you ll perform most frequently You use the cursor to move to a location on the display where you want to perform a specific operation For example you can move the cursor to point to the location where you want a DM command to operate or you can move the cursor into the DM input window to type the name of a command In Chapter 1 of Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System you learned how to use the touchpad mouse and directional keys to move the cursor around the display This section summarizes the DM commands and control key sequences used to control cursor movement Table 4 1 lists the commands used to control the cursor It also shows the predefined directional keys on low profile type keyboards Predefined keys for the 880 keyboard are described in Appendix B Table 4 1 Cursor Control Commands DM Command Pre
12. 4 27 Controlling the Display PB PAD_BOTTOM command moves the bottom line of a pad to the bottom of the current window Neither command accepts arguments or options We also provide two predefined control key sequences that perform the same functions as the PT and PB commands they also move the cursor to either the first or last character in the pad To move the cursor to the first character in the pad type CTRL T defined as the command sequence PT TT TL To move the cursor to the last character in the pad type CTRL B defined as the command sequence PB TB TR Scrolling a Pad Vertically You can scroll a pad up or down by a specified number of lines or pages using the vertical scroll commands or associated function keys To scroll a pad by pages specify the PP PAD PAGE command in the following format PP n where n specifies the number or fraction of pages you want to scroll A positive n n scrolls the pad up n pages a negative n n scrolls the pad down n pages The DM considers a page the smaller of the following values e The number of lines that fit in a window The number of lines between the bottom of the window and the next form feed or frame The command in the following example scrolls the pad down one and one half pages PP 1 5 We also provide two predefined keys that scroll a pad either up or down one half page at a time Figure 4 7 shows the location of these keys Controlling the Display 4
13. As a result SELECT displays the following Value for A is a number from 1 to 10 If the value is a number greater than 10 the case is FALSE and the command following OTHERWISE executes displaying the following Value for A is greater than 10 If you include several cases on the same line SELECT separates each case with an implied OR operator see the Logical Operators section discussed earlier You can also use the character to es Writing Shell Scripts 9 36 cape NEWLINE characters and continue an ORed case on more than one line For example EON SELECT A CASE 1 CASE 3 CASE 5 ARGS Variable A matches 1 3 or 5 CASE 2 CASE 4 CASE 6 ARGS Variable A matches 2 4 or 6 ENDSELECT 9 37 Writing Shell Scripts APPENDIX A Initial Directory and File Structure The following illustrations show how the system organizes the software that we supply with your node e Figure A 1 shows the contents of the node entry directory Figure A 2 shows the files and directories in the system software directory SYS e Figure A 3 shows the files and directories in the Display Manager directory SYS DM e Figure A 4 shows the network management directory SYS NET A 1 Initial Structures Node Entry Directory Boot Shell Commands Shell Commands Release Notes and Update Procedures Peripheral Device 1 0 Descriptions INSTALL Installation Scripts System Libraries SAUn Stand Alone U
14. Creating Directories Each directory that you create is actually a subdirectory of its parent directory the directory above it in the naming tree To create a directory specify the CRD CREATE_DIRECTORY command in the following format CRD pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory you want to create If you specify multiple pathnames to create multiple directories separate each pathname with a space The following command creates a directory named REPORTS CRD OWNER REPORTS The CRD command creates the directory REPORTS as a subdirectory of the parent directory OWNER The new directory REPORTS also receives an initial set of ACLs from the initial directory ACLs of the parent directory OWNER You can change the initial ACLs with the EDACL command Chapter 8 explains ACLs and describes how to use the EDACL command Renaming Directories To change the name of a directory use the CHN CHANGE_NAME command in the following format CHN old_name new_name options where old_name specifies the pathname of the directory you want to rename and new_name specifies the new name of the directory For example CHN OWNER REPORTS PROGRESS changes the name of the directory REPORTS to PROGRESS Notice that the new_name argument applies to the rightmost component REPORTS of the old_name argument You cannot use CHN to change the name of a directory embedded in a pathname 7 21 Managing Objects
15. ENDFOR where exp specifies a string expression By default during each iteration FOR reads a word from the string and assigns it to variable You can also direct FOR to read the string by character or line by specifying BY with the appropriate option The command argument specifies one or more commands to execute as long as the test on variable results in a TRUE value Before each iteration the FOR statement tests to see if any more characters words or lines exist depending on the BY argument specified As long as a value exists to assign to the variable the result is TRUE For example EON FOR FILE IN foo bar zap BY WORD ARGS The current file is FILE ENDFOR In this example with each pass through the FOR loop FOR assigns the variable FILE a word from the string When FOR runs out of words it exits As a result the FOR statement in this example displays the following lines then exits The current file is foo The current file is bar The current file is zap 9 33 Writing Shell Scripts Using the SELECT Statement The SELECT command and all its arguments make up a SELECT statement that executes commands according to the results of one or more Boolean tests The SELECT command has the following format SELECT arg 1 ONEOF ALLOF CASE arg TO arg commands CASE commands OTHERWISE commands ENDSELECT where arg 1l specifies the argument that SELECT compares to the CASE argument a
16. FOR ANY PURPOSE OR GIVE RISE TO ANY LIABILITY BY APOLLO COMPUTER INC WHATSOEVER IN NO EVENT SHALL APOLLO COMPUTER INC BELIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL INDIRECT SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS PUBLICATION OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT EVEN IF APOLLO COMPUTER INC HAS BEEN ADVISED KNEW OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES THE SOFTWARE PROGRAMS DESCRIBED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE CONFI DENTIAL INFORMATION AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF APOLLO COM PUTER INC OR ITS LICENSORS PREFACE The DOMAIN System User s Guide is the second volume in the two volume introduction to the DOMAIN Distributed On line Multi Access Interactive Network Computing System The first volume Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System introduces you to the basic concepts you ll need to use the DOMAIN system on your node The DOMAIN System User s Guide follows with more detailed information about the system and describes how to use the system to perform various computing tasks The Organization of this Manual We ve divided this manual into three separate parts each part describing a set of related topics Part I describes the DOMAIN system Part II and Part III describe how to perform various tasks using system commands and utilities We ve separated each part with a tabbed divider for easy access Part I The DOMAIN System Chapter 1 Provide
17. M2U M3U These keys do not have shifted or control key names 3 17 Using the Display Manager Defining Keys As we described earlier the DOMAIN system provides a set of default function keys and control key sequences defined as DM commands You can override these definitions or create new ones in either of the following ways e Specify the KD KEY DEFINITION command from the keyboard or in a script e Call the system routine PAD DEF PFK from a program When you define keys with the KD command during a session on your node the DM writes the new definitions to one of the following files e KEY DEFS for the 880 keyboard e KEY DEFS2 for the DOMAIN Low profile Model I keyboard e KEY DEFS3 for the DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboard These files reside in the USER DATA subdirectory of your log in home directory see Chapter 2 they apply only to you not to other node users The DM checks these files whenever you log in and sets your personal definitions to reset any of the standard key definitions set up by SYS DM STD KEYS n see Table 3 4 Definitions made from within a program override those made by KD commands however they work only within the program s process window Therefore keys defined from a program may function differently in different windows The Controlling Keys from Within a Program section describes how programs control key functions To define a key from the keyboard or from a script specify the K
18. Q You can tag parts of a regular expression to help rearrange pieces of a matched string The DM remembers a text pattern surrounded by braces expr so that you can refer to it with n where n is a single digit referring to the string remembered by the nth pair of braces For example 5 21 Editing a Pad Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions continued S 2 2 1 S is the DM command for substituting strings of text see the Substituting All Occurrences of a String section This example of the S command moves a three character sequence from the beginning of a line to the end of the line matches the first three characters of the line and matches the rest of the line The 2 expression refers to the string inside the second pair of braces and refers to the string inside the first pair of braces For example SO 0201 SO is also a DM command for substituting strings of text but it only substitutes the first occurrence of the first pattern on a line see the Substituting the First Occurrence of a String section This example of the SO command transposes two characters beginning with the one under the cursor This can be a handy key definition if you often type ie for ei etc Editing a Pad 5 22 Searching for Text The search operations shown in Table 5 6 locate strings of characters inapad You describe the string pattern using regular expressions see the pre
19. Shell program that we supply You can create a process running the Shell by pressing the SHELL key or typing the CP command with the pathname COM SH as follows Command CP COM SH This command creates an input pad and a transcript pad and opens the input pad as standard input Standard input is where by default a program gets user input In fact the log in start up script SYS DMISTARTUP LOGIN executes this same command to set up the initial Shell process that you see when you log in Figure 4 1 shows process running the Shell Command CP COM SH Jg Figure 4 1 A Process Running the Shell Controlling the Display 4 6 To stop both the Shell program and its process type CTRL Z CTRL Z signals the end of input in the Shell s process input pad Then to close all the windows associated with the Shell s process type CTRL N or press lt ABORT gt The Controlling A Process section describes how to stop programs and processes The Closing Pads and Windows section describes how to close windows Creating a Process without Pads and Windows To create a background process without associated pads and windows specify the CPO CREATE_PROCESS_ONLY command in the following format CPO pathname options where pathname specifies the pathname of the file that you want the process to execute When you invoke the CPO command the system assigns the created process the SID of the process that invok
20. To cancel the procedure at any time type CTRL X or specify the ABRT command Controlling the Display 4 20 Pushing and Popping Windows As you create multiple windows on your screen you may begin to stack windows one on top of another Some windows will partially obscure or completely hide others To view hidden windows use the WP WINDOW_POP command in the following format WP options window name The WP command either pops a window to the top of the stack or pushes a window to the bottom of the stack depending on where you position the cursor Figure 4 5 illustrates how to push and pop windows Pushes to the bottom ofthe stack Command WP O Figure 4 5 Pushing and Popping Windows If you position the cursor in a partially obscured window the WP command pops the window to the top of the stack If you position the cursor in a completely visible window the window on top WP pushes the window to the bottom of the stack 4 21 Controlling the Display Use the following procedure to push or pop windows 1 Position the cursor inside the window you want to push or pop 2 Pop or push the window by either pressing the lt POP gt key on low profile type keyboards only typing CTRL P or specifying the WP command You can also refer to a window you want to push or pop by specifying the name of the window To specify a window name either enter it as an argument to the WP command or point to window name a
21. assigns ACLs to objects You can display edit and copy an object s ACL using the following Shell commands e ACL displays and copies ACLs e EDACL displays and edits ACLs The following sections describe how you use these commands 8 7 Controlling Access Displaying ACLs To display an objects ACL use the Shell command ACL ACCESS_CONTROL_LIST in the following format ACL pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the object whose ACL you want to list For example ACL OWNER REPORT This command lists the ACL entries for the file REPORT Figure 8 3 shows a sample display produced by this command ACL for report o ENG pgndwrx 96 90 MRKT 96 pgndwrx Figure 8 3 Sample ACL Display By using pathname wildcards see Chapter 6 you can list the ACLs for a specific group of objects For example the following command lists the ACLs for all the files in the current working directory that have the suffix BIN ACL BIN You can also display the ACL for an object using the EDACL EDIT_ACCESS_CONTROL_LIST command as follows EDACL OWNER REPORT L The next section Editing ACLs provides more information on how to use the EDACL command to display and edit ACLs Controlling Access 8 8 Editing ACLs You can edit an object s ACL using the Shell command EDACL EDIT_ACCESS_CONTROL_LIST The EDACL command allows you to display add change and delete ACL entries You can al
22. command in the following format CRL link_name object_name where link_name specifies the pathname of the link and object_name specifies the pathname of the object to which the link points The rules for pathnames described in Chapter 1 apply to both arguments The following command creates a link CRL REPORTS OWNER APRIL PROGRESS_REPORTS The command in this example creates a link named REPORTS in the process s current working directory The link contains the pathname for the subdirectory PROGRESS REPORTS As shown in the following example when you specify REPORTS as a pathname or part of a pathname the system substitutes the pathname OWNER APRIL PROJECT REPORTS For example instead of specifying DLF OWNER APRIL PROGRESS REPORTS MR JONES to delete the file MR JONES you could specify DLF REPORTS MR JONES You can also use the CRL command to create more than one link by specifying link name object name pairs as shown below CRL BUGS MAINTENANCE REPORTS STARTS SYS DM I I pair pair This command creates two links BUGS and STARTS Managing Objects 7 32 Displaying Link Resolution Names To display the resolution names for all the links listed in a particular directory use the LD LIST_DIRECTORY command in the following format LD pathname LT LL where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory that contains the link and LT directs LD to display the resolution name of each link Normally LD
23. is more specific than that of the second entry JOE is a specific person in the organization ENG Suppose a process with the SID JOE BRIDGE ENG 1E07 tries to access the object In this case the SIDs for both ACL entries match the process SID However since the system matched the more specific SID JOE ENG first it grants the process the associated rights pgndwrx Access Rights Access rights specify what operations such as read write execute and delete a user process can perform on a particular file or directory Table 8 1 lists the access rights for files and directories For example the following ACL entry for a file grants the specified set of access rights to all users 9 o 9 o WIX In this example the wrx specification indicates that the file has WRITE w READ r and EXECUTE x rights Notice the four hyphens that precede wrx rights When you list the ACL entries for an object see the Displaying ACLs section the system displays the hyphens to represent access rights that are not valid denied for the entry In the previous example the entry denies p g n and d rights represented by hyphens and grants w r and x rights Controlling Access 8 4 As you ll see later in this chapter you can also deny certain users any access to an object For example BRIDGE ENG pgndwrx ENG jj This ACL denies every user in the ENG group access to the file except those working on the BR
24. of any pathname Thus CAL_ amp 5 would be the same as USER 1 REPORTS CAL 5 Managing Objects 7 4 Managing Files Table 7 2 summarizes the commands for managing files Table 7 2 Commands for Managing Files Shell Command Create a file CE pathname DM command Rename a file CHN old name new name Copy a file CPF source target Move a file MVF source target Append a file to another file CATF source gt gt target Print a file PRF pathname Display file attributes LD pathname Delete a file DLF pathname Copy display Image to a file CPSCR pathname Compare ASCII flies CMF source target Compare sorted flies CMSREF options source target Creating Files To create normal text files specify the DM command CE CREATE EDIT along with the pathname of the file you want to create By default the EDIT key invokes the CE command The CE command directs the DM to create the file and open an edit pad and window for the file on the display Using the DM editor you can edit the file then save its contents by typing CTRL Y When you save the file the system stores it at the location in the naming tree 7 5 Managing Objects specified by the file s pathname Refer to the Creating Pads and Windows section in Chapter 4 for a description of how to use the CE command to create and edit files The following example creates a file named MEMO in the directory USER and opens the file for editing Comman
25. rights to the SYS SUBSYS directory The initial file ACL for this directory must also grant READ and EXECUTE rights to any file created in SYS SUBSYS You should normally limit these rights to the creator of the subsystem or to the system administrator Controlling Access 8 26 Assigning Protected Subsystem Status Before you can assign subsystem status to files you must first enter the subsystem using the ENSUBS ENTER_SUBSYSTEM command in the following format ENSUBS subsystem name where subsystem name specifies the name of the subsystem you want to enter To use ENSUBS to enter a subsystem you must have READ and EXECUTE access to the subsystem file in SYS SUBSYS For example the following command lets you enter the subsystem named PROTECTOR ENSUBS PROTECTOR When the dollar sign prompt appears after you specify ENSUBS you are inside the subsystem Once inside you can assign manager or data object status to files using the SUBS SUBSYSTEM command in the following format SUBS pathname subsystem name option where pathname specifies the name of the file and subsystem name specifies the name of the current subsystem The option specifies either MGR for manager status or DATA for data object status For example SUBS MY PROG PROTECTOR MGR SUBS DATA 1 PROTECTOR DATA SUBS DATA 2 PROTECTOR DATA The commands in this example assign subsystem status to files of the subsystem PROTECTOR The first command a
26. 28 E LINE CHAR A DEL DEL INEN EE NLA 723 Al oe XA 8E Em jt o a e E m EH SN n a a L H E n J Te Figure 4 7 Location of Pad Scroll Keys To scroll a pad by lines specify the PV PAD_LINE command in the following format PV n where n specifies the number of lines you want to scroll A positive n n scrolls the pad up n lines a negative n n scrolls the pad down n lines You can also use the two predefined function keys shown in Figure 4 7 to scroll a pad either up or down one line at atime To scroll one line at a time press lt SHIFT gt and the pad scroll key simultaneously 4 29 Controlling the Display Scrolling a Pad Horizontally To scroll a pad horizontally by a specified number of characters use the PH PAD_HORIZONTAL command or its associated function keys The PH command has the following format PH n where n specifies the number of characters you want to scroll A positive n n scrolls the pad to the left n characters a negative n n scrolls the pad to the right n characters You can also use two predefined function keys to scroll a pad either right or left 10 characters Figure 4 7 shows the location of these keys Saving a Transcript Pad in a File Normally the DM deletes a transcript pad when you stop the pad s process and delete all windows To keep a log of the current transcript pad and save the log in a file specif
27. 3 2 returns the value 5 If you re wondering why the answer isn t 9 9 times 1 the reason is that the Shell performs multiplication operations in this expression before it performs addition and subtraction operations In our example the Shell multiplied 4 by 3 before it added 5 and subtracted 2 Writing Shell Scripts 9 14 To perform the addition and subtraction first you could use the grouping operators parentheses to group the addition and subtraction operations within the expression as follows ARGS 5 4 3 2 The Shell always performs operations inside parentheses first from left to right In this example the Shell first adds 5 and 4 and subtracts 2 from 3 and then multiplies the resulting values Table 9 3 lists the order of precedence for all operators where is the lowest and 9 is the highest precedence Since all mathematical operators perform integer arithmetic expressions always result in whole numbers the Shell truncates fractional values String Operators Use string operators to either concatenate or reduce strings For example ARGS FILE PAS uses the operator to concatenate two strings and form the string FILE PAS Using the operator to reduce a string is a little trickier Let s look at a simple example first ARGS FILE PAS PAS This operation subtracts the second operand from the first operand to return the string FILE The behavior of the op
28. Controlling Script Execution In all of the scripts we ve seen in this chapter the Shell executes each command in sequence following an unaltered path from the beginning of the script to the end as shown in Figure 9 3 Asa result these scripts perform the same basic operations each time you execute them 9 25 Writing Shell Scripts Figure 9 3 Flow of Execution in a Simple Script You can also create scripts in which the flow of execution varies according to the results of tests performed in the script To perform these tests in a script you use conditional statements Conditional statements test to see if the results of a command or expression are TRUE or FALSE Then based on the result of the test execute a particular command or sequence of commands Figure 9 4 shows an example of a conditional statement called an IF statement The IF statement in Figure 9 4 controls the flow of execution by executing STEP 2 only if the result of the conditional statement is TRUE and executing STEP 3 if the result is FALSE In this way the script executes different commands depending on different conditions in the script Writing Shell Scripts 9 26 Conditional Statement Figure 9 4 Flow of Execution with a Conditional Statement Figure 9 4 shows a very basic example of how to use an IF statement to control execution As you ll see later in this section you can use one or more conditional statements to create more sophisticated flow pat
29. Create a server CPS pathname process Summary of Key Definitions B 4 Quit stop or blast a process Suspend execution of a process Resume execution of a suspended process Create an edit pad and window Create a read only window Create a copy of an existing pad and window Controlling Pr DM Command DQ b s c nn ocesses Predefined Key Low Profile CTRL Q CTRL Q Creating Pads and Windows CE pathname CV pathname B 5 Predefined Key Low Profile EDIT R4 EDIT R4 READ R3 READ R3 None None Summary of Key Definitions Closing Pads and Windows Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile Close window and PW WC Q lt EXIT gt CTRL Y pad update file R5 Close window and WC Q lt ABORT gt CTRL N pad no update R5S Close delete a WC QI F None window Managing Windows Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile WG Changing window CTRL G size Changing GROW CTRL G window size with LA3 rubberbanding Move a window None None Move a lt MOVE gt CTRL W window with LA3S rubberbanding Set scroll mode WS on off CTRL S CTRL S Set autohold mode WA on off None None Scroll and WA WS CTRL A CTRL A autoholdmode Set hold mode WH on off lt HOLD gt lt HOLD GO gt R6 R5 Summary of Key Definitions B 6 Moving Pads Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile PT Move cursor to PT T
30. MEMO In this example let s assume that the current naming directory is the upper level directory OWNER As shown in Figure 1 6 the pathname directs the system to 1 Start at your node s naming directory OWNER 2 Follow the path through the directory REPORTS 3 Stop at the file MEMO Like pathnames that use the current working directory pathnames starting at the naming directory work differently depending on the directory currently being used as the naming directory 1 11 The DOMAIN System at ma 103 i ae naming OWNER directory meas oe Figure 1 6 A Sample Path Beginning at the Current Naming Directory The Parent Directory If you precede the pathname with a backslash symbol the system starts its search at a location called the parent directory A parent directory is the directory one level above the current working directory For example the following command uses the symbol to delete the file MEMO in the directory USER_1 DLF MEMO In this example let s assume that the current working directory is the directory PLANS As shown in Figure 1 7 the system begins its search at the directory USER 1 the parent directory of the current working directory PLANS and deletes the file MEMO The DOMAIN System 1 12 Current working directory Figure 1 7 A Sample Path Beginning at the Parent Directory Pathname Summary In this section you learned how to use pathnames to point to obj
31. Mnemonic Debugger MD begins executing The MD 2 3 Start Up and Log In resides in the node s boot PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 2 The MD reads a program called SYSBOOT from your node s disk and loads it into the CPU s memory The MD then transfers control to SYSBOOT SYSBOOT as its name indicates is the program responsible for booting the operating system 3 The SYSBOOT program loads the operating system into the CPU s memory Once loaded the operating system begins executing and takes control 4 The operating system starts either e The Display Manager DM on nodes with displays e The Server Process Manager SPM on DOMAIN Server Processors DSPs The SPM is the server program that allows you to create a process on a DSP from a remote node in the network For more information about the SPM see Administering Your DOMAIN System 5 The DM or the SPM executes a start up file called a boot script that sets up the initial operating environment on your node Table 2 1 lists the different boot script files used at start up As shown in Table 2 1 the system chooses which boot script file to execute according to the type of node All of the boot script files listed in Table 2 1 reside in the directory NODE DATA The grave accent that precedes the directory name is a special symbol that returns a value for NODE_DATA For example on disked nodes VODE_DATA points to the directory SYS NODE DATA on the
32. To append a naming suffix to the new directory name specify any of the following naming options Option Description D Appends the current month and day to the new name new_name mm dd Y Appends the current year month and date to the new name new name yy mm dd U Forces the system to create a unique new name by appending a sequence of number s to the end of the name If you omit the new name argument you must specify one of the options in the previous list the system creates a new name by copying the old name and appending the proper suffix as shown here CHN OWNER REPORTS D This command changes the name of the directory REPORTS to REPORTS 06 16 Copying Directory Trees A directory and all of the objects it contains is called a directory tree A directory tree represents the part of a naming tree that extends from a specific directory through all its files subdirectories and links as shown in Figure 7 5 Managing Objects 7 22 Figure 7 5 Sample Directory Tree Tocopy adirectory tree to another location use the CPT COPY_TREE command in the following format CPT source target where source specifies the pathname of the directory you want to copy and target specifies the pathname of the naming tree location where you want the copy created The rules for pathnames described in Chapter apply to both command arguments Figure 7 6 illustrates how the CPT command in the following example copies a d
33. boot volume of some other disked node in the network called a network partner In Figure 1 1 NODE B and NODE_C are disked nodes Because NODE Aisa diskless node it must use either NODE_B or NODE C as its partner To run in the network a diskless node must have a network partner The network partner s disk provides all of the necessary operating system and support software for the diskless node Because a diskless node relies on its partner for system software it can operate only when the partner node is operating If the partner node is removed from the network while the diskless node is running the diskless node will crash The operating system interface on each node whether disked or diskless is made up of two main programs the Display Manager DM and the Shell The DM is the system program that controls your node s display and enables you to create processes The DM listens for DM commands that you specify in the DM command input pad of your display Part II of this manual describes your node s display environment and how to use the DM to control this environment The Shell is the program that you use to perform more traditional computing operations such as managing files and compiling programs The Shell listens for commands that you specify in the Shell process s command input pad Each command invokes a different utility program that performs a specific computing operation Part III of this manual describes the Shell program
34. closure An expression used in a closure will never match a NEWLINE character Here are some examples a b matches the strings b ab aab etc a b matches any string that begins with a and ends with b and that is also the first string in the line Any number of other characters can come between a and b A Z A Z A Z matches any string containing at least two and possibly more uppercase characters see the string description in this table Strings like Mary would not match since Mary does not begin with two uppercase characters Editing a Pad 5 18 Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions continued string A string of characters enclosed in square brackets string is called a character class This pattern matches anyone character in the string but no others Note that the other regular expression characters lose their special meaning inside square brackets and simply represent themselves For example sam matches the single character s a or m If you want to match the word sam omit the square brackets string A string enclosed in square brackets whose first character is a tilde string matches any single character that does not appear in the string If a tilde is not the first character in the string it simply matches the tilde character itself For example sam matches any single character except s a or m letter letter or digit digit Within a charac
35. command DLF DELETE FILE tells the system to delete the file at the location specified by the pathname Figure 1 3 shows the path the system follows to the file The DOMAIN System 1 6 The pathname directs the system to 1 Start at the network root directory 2 Follow the path through the entry directory NODE_B and the subdirectory USER 1 3 Stopat the file MEMO Figure 1 3 A Sample Path Through the Naming Tree When the system searches for a location in the naming tree it begins its search at some point in the tree and follows a path to the location The pathname in the previous examples explicitly specified the network root directory as the starting point for the system s search through the naming tree The double slashes at the beginning of the pathname specify the network root directory This type of pathname called an absolute pathname tells the system the full path from the network root directory to the final location 1 7 The DOMAIN System You don t have to begin pathnames with the network root directory specification For example the single slash symbol directs the system to begin its search at your node s entry directory Here is an example using the single slash to start a search at your node s entry directory DLF USER_1 MEMO Figure 1 4 A Sample Path Beginning at the Node Entry Directory For this example let s assume that your node s entry directory is NODE_B As sho
36. compiled and bound Specifying the following command in the Shell input pad causes the Shell to find and execute the script COMPILE2 COMPILE2 MY PROG The Shell substitutes MY PROG which is the first argument on the command line for every occurrence of the 1 in the script As a result the script compiles MY PROG binds MY PROG BIN writes a map to MY PROG MAP and when complete writes the message MY PROG compiled and bound Arguments that you specify on the command line correspond to symbols in the script called substitution parameters Each substitution parameter is composed of a caret character and a number The caret character instructs the Shell to substitute an argument for the parameter the number refers to the position the argument occupies on the command line that invoked the script In the previous example l refers to MY PROG which is the first argument after the command name COMPILE You can use any number of substitution parameters in Shell scripts beginning with O which refers to the command name itself Our COMPILE script is still very specific since the compile and bind operations are still fixed To make those operations variable simply pass in more parameters Consider the following script named COMPILE3 9 5 Writing Shell Scripts COMPILE3 kkkkkkkkkkkk THIS EXAMPLE IS WRONG This file compiles and binds a program whose name you pass to it as 1 and who
37. current key definition in the DM output window Controlling Keys from Within a Program The DOMAIN system enables application programs to assume control of various display and keyboard functions For example the character font editor EDFONT EDIT FONT displays several different menus on your screen that you control with your mouse keys M1 through M3 When you use EDFONT the EDFONT program defines how these keys function the keys do not maintain their normal DM definitions The DM restores the mouse keys to their normal DM definitions when you end your EDFONT session The DOMAIN System Command Reference describes the EDFONT character font editor 3 21 Using the Display Manager For your own applications you can control key definitions through program calls to the PAD_ DEF_PFK and PAD_ DM_CMD routines For more information on these system routines refer to the PAD routines section of the DOMAIN System Call Reference You may find the normal functions of the DM keys useful even when using an application program that has redefined them With the lt HOLD gt key you can temporarily override the application program s key definitions and use the normal DM definitions To override an application program s key definitions press the lt HOLD gt key By pressing the lt HOLD gt key again you restore the application program s key definitions Note that this function of the lt HOLD gt key is different than the normal DM function of
38. default region is the next third of the screen e If the last command was an unsuccessful window creation command the default region is the same as that specified in the unsuccessful command Grow is illegal and move behaves as if both points are equal 4 12 Creating an Edit Pad and Window To create an edit pad and window specify the CE CREATE_EDIT command in the following format region CE pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the file you want to edit If the file you specify exists the CE command opens the file for editing If the file does not exist the CE command creates a new file assigns it the pathname you specified and opens it for editing Note that the CE command does not create a process it opens a file for editing within the current DM process Once you create an edit pad you can use the DM edit commands to manipulate the text that appears on the pad Chapter 5 describes how to use the DM edit commands to edit pads As described in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System you can also create an edit pad and window using the lt EDIT gt key When you press lt EDIT gt an Edit File prompt appears in the DM input window and the DM moves the cursor next to the prompt To edit a specific file type the file s pathname next to the prompt and press RETURN as shown in Figure 4 2 Edit File my file RETURN Figure 4 2 Creating an Edit Pad and Window 4 13 Controlling t
39. description of a particular command and all of its options refer to the DOMAIN System Command Reference Moving Around the Naming Tree Most of the commands described in this chapter require you to use pathnames to specify locations in the naming tree where you want particular operations performed Often you will specify pathnames that use the current working directory or naming directory To move around the naming tree you need to know how to set your working directory and naming directory Table 7 1 summarizes the commands used to move around the naming tree Table 7 1 Commands for Setting the Working and Naming Directory Shell Command Set or display working directory WD pathname Set or display naming directory ND pathname Managing Objects 7 2 Setting the Working Directory The working directory is where the system begins its search for objects when you omit the object s full pathname At log in the system sets your initial working directory to the home directory designated in your user account see Chapter 2 Each subsequent process that you create uses the working directory of the previous process as its working directory To display the name of a process s current working directory specify the WD WORKING_DIRECTORY command without any arguments or options as follows WD To change a process s working directory to another directory specify the WD command in the following format WD pathname
40. execute programs and commands all while you sit at a user node in the network For a complete description of the procedure for logging into a DSP see the Owner s Guide for your particular processor Start Up and Log In 2 22 CHAPTER 3 Using the Display Manager The Display Manager DM is the operating system program that controls your node s display Using DM commands you can instruct the DM to perform specific display management operations such as moving the cursor around the display creating and controlling processes creating and manipulating pads and windows and modifying display characteristics This chapter explains the functions of the DM and describes how to specify DM commands It also describes how to define keys to perform DM operations Chapter 4 describes how to use the DM to perform specific display management tasks 3 1 Using the Display Manager Using DM Commands DM commands enable you to control your node s display by instructing the DM to perform specific display management operations To use a DM command you normally perform two basic steps 1 Point to the spot on the display where you want the DM operation performed 2 Specify a DM command to execute the operation You point to a spot on the display either by moving the cursor to the desired spot or by explicitly defining a point on the screen as a command argument If you don t perform a pointing operation using either method the DM e
41. files List directory Not allowed Search and expunge the directory s subdirectories List directory and Not allowed add entries Search and expunge the directory s subdirectories Grants no rights except Sand E denies access Controlling Access 8 14 Adding ACL Entries To add an entry SID and rights to an ACL use the A command in the following format EDACL pathname A ppon rights where ppon specifies the SID for the new entry and rights specifies the set of access rights The A command directs EDACL to add the specified SID and access rights to the ACL For example EDACL REPORT A MAN OWNER The command in this example adds a new ACL entry to the ACL for the file REPORT The OWNER rights class name see Table 8 4 specifies a full set of rights for the entry The new entry grants full access pgndrwx to anyone in the organization named MAN Notice that the SID specification in this example omits the trailing wildcard for the NODE field Changing Entry Rights To change the access rights for an existing ACL entry use the C command in the following format EDACL pathname C ppon rights where ppon specifies the SID for the entry you want to change and rights specifies the new set of access rights The C command directs EDACL to change the access rights for the specified SID For example suppose the file REPORT has the following ACL entry granting full rights MAN
42. format COMMAND 1 COMMAND 2 COMMAND 3 The Shell passes output from the commands enclosed in parentheses COMMAND 1 and COMMAND 2 to the command to the right of the vertical bar COMMAND 3 For example LD MY DIR1 C NHD LD MY DIR2 C NHD SRF gt LIST ThisexampleconcatenatestheoutputofthetwoLD LIST DIRECTORY commands and then sorts the reported file names placing the output in the file called LIST The Command Line Parser Many of the Shell commands that we supply share a standard command line parsing procedure This procedure called the command line parser determines how each command processes command line information The Shell command descriptions in the DOMAIN System Command Reference and the on line HELP files identify which commands use the command line parser Commands that use the command line parser allow you to e Specify multiple pathnames as pathname arguments e Use pathname wildcards to specify existing pathnames and to derive pathnames from other pathnames on the command line Commands that use the command line parser also accept the command parser options listed in Table 6 3 These options allow you to e Control how a command queries you to verify wildcard matches e Direct a command to use standard input to read command line input Using the Shell 6 14 Table 6 3 Command Line Parser Options Option Description Causes the command to abort if it cannot find a name in
43. from 6 16f reading pathnames from 6 17 redirecting 6 11 redirecting to read in line data 9 9 standard options for Shell commands 6 4f standard output 6 10 appending to files 6 12f connecting to standard input 6 13 in active functions 9 24f redirecting 6 12 standard streams 6 9f start up boot scripts 2 5 2 11 defining keys 2 7 differences between disked and diskless nodes 2 12 disked nodes 2 2ff diskless nodes 2 8ff files Shell 6 8f sequence for disked nodes 2 3 2 Off STARTUP LOGIN 2 17 statements CASE 9 34 FOR 9 31f IF 9 26 9 28f ONEOF 9 35 Index 16 SELECT 9 34f T WHILE 9 29 stopping processes 4 8f streams 6 9f closing with CTRL Z 5 6 string operators 9 15f strings changing case of 5 28 concatenating 9 15 deleting from pads 5 8 in expressions 9 14 inserting into pads 5 5 quoted 9 8 reducing 9 16 searching for 5 22ff substituting all occurrences of 5 28 substituting first occurrence of 5 28 substituting in pads 5 26 structure of ACLs 8 2 subject identifier SID See SID subordinate Shell 6 7 creating 6 8 SUBS SUBSYSTEM command 8 27 substituting all occurrences of a string 5 27 first occurrence of a string 5 28 for variables 9 19f text in pads 5 26ff substitution parameters 9 5 suspending processes 4 10 symbols for pathnames 1 9 SYS as upper level directory 1 5 SYSBOOT 2 4 in diskless start up 2 10 SYS DM FONTS ICONS 4 35 SYS DM STARTUP LOGIN 4 6 SYS DM STD KEYS 3 14
44. gt pad update file R5 Close window and WC Q lt ABORT gt pad no update R5S Close delete a WC Q I F None window To delete quit a read only or edit pad and associated windows position the cursor inside the window and either press lt ABORT gt on low profile type keyboards only type CTRL N or specify the following command WC Q The Q option causes WC to delete the pad and window without saving the contents of the pad If you modified the edit pad you ll Controlling the Display 4 16 receive the following message in the DM input window asking you to confirm your request to quit File Modified OK to quit If you respond by typing Y or YES followed by lt RETURN gt the WC command deletes the pad and window without saving the contents of the pad If you respond N or NO the system ignores the quit request and returns the cursor to the edit pad If you modify an edit pad and want to save its contents write its contents to a file either press EXIT for low profile type keyboards only type CTRL Y or specify the following command PW The PW PAD WRITE command copies the edited pad to a file that has the same name as the original file The system saves the contents of the original pad in a file with the same name and the added suffix BAK Once you ve saved the pad use WC to close the edit window Managing Windows Window control commands enable you to change the size position and char
45. in the script following ENDIF executes The com 3 argument which is optional specifies one or more commands to execute if the test on com 1 is FALSE For example EON IF A lt 100 THEN ARGS A is less than 100 ELSE ARGS A is greater than 100 ENDIF Writing Shell Scripts 9 28 In this example if the value of A is 900 then the test results in the value FALSE 900 is not less than 100 As a result the ARGS command following the ELSE statement executes displaying the message 900 is greater than 100 When the IF statement completes execution of the script continues sequentially with the next command following ENDIF Using the WHILE Statement The WHILE command and all its arguments make up a WHILE statement that executes one or more commands as long as the result of a Boolean test is TRUE The WHILE command has the following format WHILE com_1 DO com 2 ENDDO where com 1 specifies a command program expression or Boolean variable you want tested for truth A test of a command or program is TRUE if the command or program executes successfully returns an abort severity level of zero A test of an expression or Boolean variable is TRUE if it results in a TRUE value The com 2 argument specifies one or more commands or expressions to execute as long as the result of the test on com 1 is TRUE For example i 0 WHILE i lt 5 DO ARGS i i i 1 ENDDO The WHILE
46. insert overstrike mode 4 24 5 4 EN Insert NEWLINE 5 6 ES Insert string 5 5 executing from a script 2 18 executing from scripts 3 22f executing from Shell scripts 9 10 format 3 4 ICON 4 34 IDF ICON DEFAULT 4 36 KD KEY DEFINITION 3 18 PB PAD BOTTOM 4 28 Index 6 PN PAD NAME 4 30 PP PAD_PAGE 4 28 prompt 3 2 PT PAD_TOP 4 28 PV PAD_LINE 4 29 PW PAD_WRITE 5 30 RO READ_ONLY 5 3 RO Set read write mode 4 14 S SUBSTITUTE 5 27 SC Set case comparison 5 25 SC SET CASE 5 17 SO SUBSTITUTE ONCE 5 28 special characters 3 5 specifying interactively 3 2 UNDO Undo previous command s 5 29 using 3 2ff WA WINDOW AUTOHOLD 4 25 WC WINDOW CLOSE 4 16 WD WINDOW DEFAULT 4 25f WGE WINDOW GROW ECHO 4 18 WGRA WINDOW GROUP ADD 4 32 WGRR WINDOW GROUP REMOVE 4 32 WH WINDOW HOLD 4 24 WI WINDOW INVISIBLE 4 33 WME WINDOW MOVE ECHO 4 20 WP WINDOW POP 4 21 WS WINDOW SCROLL 4 24 XC Copy text 5 12 XD Cut delete text 5 14 XI Copy portion of display 5 13 XP Paste text 5 15 DM defining window boundaries 4 11f DM scripts executing 3 2 DM see Display Manager DM start up script 2 18f defining default window positions 4 25f dollar sign as Shell command prompt 6 2 in regular expressions 5 17 DOMAIN ring network 1 2 DOMAIN Server Processor see DSP DOMAIN System 1 1ff at log in 2 13ff at start up 2 2ff DQ DEBUG QUIT command 4 9 DR command 3 9 4 15 DS DEBUG_SUSPEND comm
47. names from Standard Input To direct a command to read pathnames rather than data from standard input use the asterisk symbol The PRF command in the following example reads pathname arguments that you type in the Shell input pad PRF RETURN FILE 1 RETURN FILE 2 RETURN FILE 3 RETURN CTRL Z The CTRL Z control key inserts an end of file EOF that signals the end of input which causes PRF to print the contents of each file You can also use the asterisk symbol and redirect standard input to read pathnames from a names file a file that contains the pathnames of other files as follows PRF JOBS 6 17 Using the Shell In this example PRF prints the contents of each file listed in the names file JOBS Using Pathname Wildcards Most Shell commands accept pathnames as arguments The commands that use the command line parser also accept wildcards as part of their pathname arguments Wildcards are characters or text strings that you can use in pathnames to represent one or more text strings in a pathname For example the wildcards in the following command line match every file that ends with FTN in the current working directory LD FTN I wildcards The question mark wildcard matches any single character except RETURN The asterisk wildcard matches zero or more occurrences of the character preceding it As a result this wildcard combination matches zero or more occurrences of any c
48. network root directory To keep your local copy of the network root directory up to date you should catalog new disked nodes as they are added to the network To catalog new nodes use the Shell command CTNODE 1 5 The DOMAIN System CATALOG_NODE described in the DOMAIN System Command Reference Some network sites use the NS_HELPER Naming Server Helper to maintain an up to date network root directory If your site uses NS_HELPER you don t need to use CTNODE to catalog nodes NS_ HELPER does it for you To find out if your network site uses the NS_HELPER ask your system administrator Administering Your DOMAIN System describes NS_HELPER and explains how to catalog nodes to update the network root directory Using Pathnames The system identifies each object in the naming tree by its unique location Whenever you specify a command to create or access an object you also specify a pathname that points to the object s location in the naming tree The pathname tells the system what path to follow when searching for an object The commands you use to create and manage objects require you to specify a pathname as a command argument When you invoke a command the command specifies the operation and the pathname tells the system where in the naming tree to perform it For example the following Shell command deletes the file MEMO in the naming tree shown in Figure 1 3 DLF NODE_B USER_1 MEMO M command pathname The Shell
49. node s disk On diskless nodes NODE DATA points to the directory SYS NODE DATA node id on the partner node s disk The node id suffix refers to the diskless node s hexadecimal node ID Refer to the Diskless Node Start Up section for more information on diskless node start up Start Up and Log In 2 4 Table 2 1 Node Boot Script Files Node Type Boot Script Filename 800x1024 Portrait STARTUP DN400 1024x800 Landscape STARTUP 19L DN420 DN460 DN3xx DN550 DN560 DN570 DN3000 color 1280x1024 STARTUP 1280COLOR Color Landscape DN580 1280x1024 STARTUP 1280BW Black amp White Landscape DN3000 Black amp White 1024x1024 Color STARTUP COLOR DN600 Displayless STARTUP SPM DOMAIN Server Processor DSPs Figure 2 2 shows a sample boot script similar to the one we provide with DN3xx nodes The boot scripts for other nodes are similar 2 5 Start Up and Log In NODE_DATA STARTUP default system startup command file for 19L 4 21 83 Default is black characters on white or green background INV ON 608 744 dr 1023 799 cv sys dm output 556 744 dr 608 799 cv sys dm output pb 0 744 dr 556 799 cv sys dm input To enable the diskless node boot server uncomment the following CPS command cps sys net netman To startup default printer cps com sh c com prsvr n print_server To enable the summagraphic bit pad support uncommen
50. of text at the current cursor position Since text insertion is the default action you ll probably find this command most useful in key definition commands where you want some text written out when the key is pressed Chapter 3 describes how to define keys to perform DM functions 5 5 Editing a Pad Inserting a NEWLINE Character The NEWLINE character marks the end of the line To insert a NEWLINE character at the current cursor position either press RETURN or specify the EN command When you insert a NEWLINE character the cursor moves to the beginning of the next line Inserting a New Line To insert a new blank line following the current line specify the following command sequence TR EN TL The TR command moves the cursor to the end of the line EN inserts or overstrikes a NEWLINE character and TL moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line By default the F1 key invokes the TR EN TL command sequence Inserting an End of File Mark To insert an end of file mark EOF in a pad type CTRL Z or specify the EEF command If the line containing the cursor is empty the DM inserts the end of file mark on that line Otherwise the DM inserts the end of file mark following the current line It is a common although not universal convention for programs to terminate execution and return to the process that called them when they receive an end of file mark on their standard input stream The Shell is such a progr
51. of the process Then specify the following DM command DQ S This command stops the current process and closes any open streams files and pads To delete the remaining window move the cursor inside the window and type CTRL N If you want to stop a Shell process move the cursor to the Shell s process input window and type CTRL Z Typing CTRL Z in the Shell s process input window signals the completion of input and 4 9 Controlling the Display stops both the Shell and the process You may find this method easier than using the DQ S command Suspending and Resuming a Process You can temporarily interrupt a process and then restart it using the DS DEBUG_SUSPEND and DC DEBUG_CONTINUE commands To interrupt a process position the cursor inside the process window then specify the DS command Later to restart the process position the cursor inside the process window and specify the DC command Creating Pads and Windows In order to read or edit a file you must create a pad to hold it and a window to view it Table 4 4 summarizes the DM commands used to create pads and windows for editing and reading files Table 4 4 Commands for Creating Pads and Windows DM Command Predefined Key Create an edit pad CE pathname lt EDIT gt and window R4 Create a read only CV pathname lt READ gt window R3 Create a copy of an CC None existing pad and window Before you can use the commands that create pads and
52. one level above When you specify LVAR at the Shell level the command lists only variables defined at the Shell level The DLVAR command deletes only the variables defined at the current level For example suppose you defined the variable D 25 at the Shell level If you executed a script that used the DLVAR command to delete the variable D assuming that you didn t redefine D in the script you d receive an error In this example if the script redefined D by assigning it a new value the command would delete the new value and D would return to the value defined at the Shell level Use the EXPORT command to create environment variables or change variables into environment variables Environment variables store global state information about the system We supply a set of default environment variables that you can list using the LVAR command Defining Variables Interactively So far we ve looked at variables that you either define at the Shell level or from within scripts When you define variables in a script you assign them initial values These initial values are used every time you execute the script unless you edit the script to change the values prior to each execution Instead of including values for variables directly in scripts you can direct the script to read values supplied by the user of the script To read user input into variables use the READ command in the following format READ option variable_list wh
53. output to a partially obscured or hidden window it sounds an alarm and displays a small pair of bells in the alarm window See Chapter 2 in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System for a description of the DM alarm window To respond to an alarm specify either the AA or AP commands The AA command acknowledges the DM alarm by turning off the current alarm and enabling further alarms which may already be waiting The AP command acknowledges the DM alarm and pops to the top of the stack the window to which the alarm pertains This command is particularly useful when the window is completely hidden and you can t point to it Controlling the Display 4 26 Moving Pads Under Windows The DM pad control commands enable you to move a pad under a window Table 4 9 summarizes the pad control commands Table 4 9 Commands for Moving Pads DM Command Predefined Key Move top of pad into window Move cursor to first PT TT TL CTRL T character in pad Move bottom of pad into window Move cursor to last PB TB TR CTRL B character in pad Move pad n pages LD LF Move pad n lines lt SHIFT gt f L8S SHIFT 1 LES Move pad n characters L7 L9 Save transcript pad in a file Moving to the Top or Bottom of a Pad Two DM commands enable you to move from the current position in a pad to the top or bottom of a pad The PT PAD TOP command moves the top line of a pad to the top of the current window The
54. pgndwrx The following command changes the access rights for MAN to READ R access EDACL REPORT C MAN R 8 15 Controlling Access As a result the new ACL entry now looks like this MAN r If you try to change the access rights for an entry that doesn t exist you will receive an error message Adding Entry Rights To add access rights to an existing ACL entry use the AR command in the following format EDACL pathname AR ppon rights where ppon specifies the SID for the entry you want to change and rights specifies the new set of access rights The AR command directs EDACL to add rights to the existing list of access rights for the specified SID For example suppose the file REPORT has the following ACL entry MAN r The following command adds the rights WRITE W and EXECUTE X to the current access rights for MAN EDACL OWNER REPORT AR MAN WX As a result the ACL entry now looks like this MAN wrx If you try to add rights to an entry that doesn t exist you will receive an error message Controlling Access 8 16 Deleting Entry Rights To delete the set of rights from a particular ACL entry use the DR command in the following format EDACL pathname DR ppon rights where ppon specifies the SID for the entry you want to change and rights specifies the access rights you want to delete The DR command directs EDACL to delete
55. saves only the text copied or deleted during the last DM operation Therefore do not write anything else to the paste buffer until you have reinserted its contents Otherwise you will lose the text you re attempting to move Copying Text To copy a defined range of text from any pad into a paste buffer or file specify the XC command in the following format XC name f path name R where name specifies the name of a paste buffer that the DM creates to hold the copied text The f pathname option specifies the name of a permanent file for the text For example XC copy text copies a defined range of text into a paste buffer named copy text Here is another example XC f copy text copies a defined range of text into a permanent file named copy text If you supply the name of an existing paste buffer or file XC overwrites its contents with the newly copied text If you omit the name of a paste buffer or permanent file XC writes the copied text to the default unnamed paste buffer The R option instructs XC to copy a rectangular block of text that you have defined by marking the upper left and lower right corners of a text region To define the region use the cursor and the DR command or MARK to specify the left corner then move the cursor to specify the right corner If you specify a column the left and right corners in the same column XC copies all characters to the right of the column Figure 5 3 shows t
56. sequences 3 3 using control key sequences 3 10ff using function keys 3 3 using function keys 3 10ff Shells 6 7f subordinate Shells 6 8 I O control characters 6 11 K KD KEY DEFINITION command 3 18 key definitions deleting 3 21 displaying 3 21 embedding key definitions in 3 19 keyboards 880 3 12 key names 3 16 start up definitions 3 14 low profile key names 3 16 Model I 3 12 Model II 3 12 start up definitions 2 7 3 14 types 3 12 keys ABORT 4 7 4 16 BACK SPACE 5 8 CHAR DEL 5 7 CMD 3 2 Index 9 controlling from within a program 3 22 COPY 3 15 CTRL A 4 25 CTRL B 4 28 CTRL E 5 14 CTRL M 4 14 5 3 CTRL N 4 7 4 16 CTRL P 4 22 CTRL Q 4 9 CTRL R 5 25 CTRL S 4 24 CTRL T 4 28 CTRL U 5 25 CTRL X 4 19 5 25 CTRL Y 4 17 5 30 7 5 CTRL Z 4 7 5 6 6 17 saving EDACL changes 8 10 CUT 3 15 5 14 defining 3 18ff at log in 2 18 at start up 2 7 at start up 2 11 at start up 3 12ff from within a program 3 18 from within a program 3 22 to prompt for input 3 20 deleting definitions 3 21 displaying definitions 3 21 EDIT 3 21 4 13 7 6 embedded definitions 3 19 EXIT 4 17 F1 5 6 F6 5 8 F7 5 8 for scrolling pads 4 29 GROW 4 19 HOLD 3 22 INS 5 4 INS MODE 5 4 MARK 3 10 4 15 MOVE 4 20 naming conventions 3 15ff PASTE 5 15 POP 4 22 READ 3 20 4 14 RETURN 3 2 5 6 SAVE 5 30 SHELL 6 7 SHIFT 3 15 with pad scroll keys 4 29 shifted name 3 15 to perform DM functions 3 10ff UNDO 5 29 up transition name 3 15 LD LIS
57. specify the WGE command A rubberband border appears 3 Move the cursor to stretch or shrink the rubberband until the rubberband matches the new size you want for the window 4 Either press the MARK key or specify the DR command to complete the operation To cancel the procedure at any time type CTRL X or specify the ABRT command 4 19 Controlling the Display If you have a mouse you can change the size of a window by using the left mouse key To use the mouse to change the size of a window perform the following procedure 1 Move the cursor to the window corner or edge you want to move Press and hold the left mouse key A rubberband border appears Holding the left key down move the cursor to grow or shrink the window When the rubberband matches the new size you want for the window release the left mouse key Moving a Window To move a window to another location on the display use the WME WINDOW MOVE ECHO command The WME command like the WGE command uses a rubberband border to show you the exact position the new window will occupy l 2 Use the following procedure to move a window Move the cursor to any corner of the window you want to move Press the MOVE key or specify the WME command A rubberband border appears Move the cursor until the rubberband is at the new window position Either press the MARK key or specify the DR ECHO command sequence to complete the operation
58. switching a window in and out of hold mode see Chapter 4 Using DM Command Scripts A DM script is a file that contains one or several DM commands You can use DM scripts to perform any of the DM operations described in this manual such as creating and controlling processes manipulating pads and windows editing files and defining keys You execute scripts by specifying the pathname of the script file with the DM command CMDF COMMAND FILE as follows CMDF pathname The start up scripts discussed in Chapter 2 are examples of DM command scripts that the system uses to set up your node s operating environment In fact your node s log in start up script uses the CMDF COMMAND_ FILE command to invoke the DM start up script that you create Figure 2 2 in Chapter 2 shows a sample DM start up script STARTUP I9L for a DN300 node Using the Display Manager 3 22 CHAPTER 4 Controlling the Display This chapter describes how to use the DM to control your node s display Each section describes a set of related screen management tasks and the DM commands you use to perform them You can execute a DM command either from a DM script or interactively by specifying the command in the DM input window In some cases you can also execute a DM command by typing a function key or control key sequence The command summary tables at the beginning of each section list the DM commands and related function keys and control key sequences
59. the select key When the triangular cursor appears type in the pathname as follows File to print mynode owner file A When you finish typing in the file s pathname press lt RETURN gt and move to another item The items along the top row of the menu and the profile and commands items on the bottom row display submenus when you select them These submenus allow you to select or specify additional print information Use the submenu in the same way you use the main menu either select an item or type in the requested information When you finish with a submenu move the arrow cursor out of the submenu box and it will close Managing Objects 7 14 For example when you select the commands item the submenu shown in Figure 7 2 appears commands submenu Figure 7 2 Print Commands Submenu The commands submenu is very useful because it allows you to perform specific operations outside of the print menu For example to return control to the Shell without quitting the print menu you can select the shell submenu item Table 7 3 describes the function of each item in the commands submenu When you re satisfied with the selections you ve made in the print menu you can print the file by selecting Print After you print a file the menu maintains control and remains on the screen enabling you to print additional files The print menu remembers all of the submenu selections you ve made for the previous file To print an
60. type integer Table 9 4 lists the rules the Shell uses to assign variable types When you define a variable at the current Shell level you define it for all levels below the current Shell level For example suppose you Writing Shell Scripts 9 18 define the variable D 25 in the Shell input pad and then execute a Shell script Since scripts run at a lower Shell level the value assigned to variable D remains 25 unless the script redefines the variable by changing its value If the script does change the value for variable D the value returns to 25 when the script completes execution Table 9 4 Rules for Assigning Variable Types Assignment Rule Integer When the assigned value is an integer constant an integer expression or another integer variable For example INT 7 or INT 5 4 2 When the assigned value is a quoted string a string constant a string expression or another string variable For example STR APRIL VAR2 Boolean When the assigned value is a Boolean constant TRUE or FALSE a Boolean expression or another Boolean variable For example BOOL VARI VAR2 Using Shell Variables To use a Shell variable precede the variable name with the substitution character When the Shell encounters the substitution character in a command line it substitutes the value of the variable 9 19 Writing Shell Scripts for the variable name Variable names are not case sensitive Let
61. usually specify command names rather than the full pathnames of the files they represent the Shell searches different locations in the system naming tree for the file that matches the command name you specify When you specify a command the Shell determines which directories to search according to a set of command search rules Some commands such as INLIB INITIALIZE LIBRARY are not files They invoke internal Shell functions and do not follow command search rules The DOMAIN System Command Reference identifies which commands are internal Shell commands The default command search rules direct the Shell to search the following directories in the order shown e Your current working directory e Your personal command directory COM e The system command directory COM 6 5 Using the Shell When you specify a command the Shell searches the directories in the order specified by the command search rules As soon as the Shell finds a file with the name that matches the command you specified it attempts to execute the file For example when you specify the Shell command LD the Shell first looks for a file named LD in your current working directory If the Shell does not find the file in the current working directory it checks the directory COM which is a subdirectory of your naming directory The COM directory is your personal command directory where you store your own frequently used Shell scripts Please note tha
62. vertically for landscape displays With the IDF ICON_DEFAULT command you can change the default positioning and offset of an icon or to establish the position of an icon you create in a script You can use the IDF command in any of the following ways Move the cursor to the desired default icon position Press the MARK key or specify the DR command to mark the position Specify the IDF command to set the new position Since you did not specify an offset value the DM places any new icons that you create at this one position e Move the cursor to the desired default icon position Press the MARK key or specify the DR command to mark the position Move the cursor to indicate the offset vector for the next icon Specify the IDF command to set the new position and offset e Specify the icon position and offset explicitly in the following command line format position DR offset IDF where position specifies the x and y coordinates of the icon position and offset specifies the coordinates of the offset vec Controlling the Display 4 36 tor For example the following command line sets an icon position and offset 800 10 DR 850 60 IDF This command sets the position for the first icon at bit position 800 10 The next icon will appear at bit position 850 60 an offset of 50 50 from the original position Refer to the Defining Points and Regions section in Chapter 3 for more information Displaying
63. where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory you want to use as the working directory For example WD MY_NODE OWNER FORMS sets the working directory for the current process to FORMS Once set anytime you omit the full pathname of an object the system starts its search at the directory FORMS by default Setting the Naming Directory The system searches the naming directory s COM directory COM as part of the default command search rules see Chapter 6 As described in Chapter 1 the naming directory is also where the system begins its search for an object when you precede an object s pathname with the tilde symbol 7 3 Managing Objects At log in the system sets the naming directory to the home directory designated in your user account see Chapter 2 Each subsequent process that you create uses the naming directory of the previous process as its naming directory To display the name of a process s current working directory specify the ND NAMING_DIRECTORY command without any arguments or options as follows ND To change a process s naming directory to another directory specify the ND command in the following format ND pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory you want to use as the naming directory For example ND USER_1 REPORTS sets the naming directory to the directory REPORTS Once set you can use a tilde in place of USER I REPORTS at the beginning
64. windows you should understand just how the DM determines what boundaries to assign to a new window Controlling the Display 4 10 When a window s size or position on the screen is changed in any way the DM calculates the new boundaries of the window based on a pair of points on the screen called a point pair Usually you define the first point in the pair with the DR command and the second point by the current cursor position You may also provide absolute point coordinates as described in the Defining Points and Regions section in Chapter 3 Each point in a point pair may specify either a new or existing edge of a window or a new or existing corner of a window The DM creates a new window based on the relationship between the x and y coordinates of the two points The relationship between the two points in the point pair affects the actions of the DM window creation commands CP CE CV CC and the window movement commands WM WME WG and WGE see the Managing Windows section Table 4 5 shows how the DM defines window boundaries according to the points given for window creation and window movement commands Table 4 5 DM Rules for Defining Window Boundaries Points that have equal y coordinates Create Create a window bounded by the given x coordinates the top of the display and the DM command window In other words create a full vertical window Move Select the unobscured vertical edge nearest to the fi
65. 0 Pushing and Popping Windows eee 4 21 Changing Process Window Modes eese 4 22 Defining Default Window Positions eeeeee 4 25 Responding to DM Alarms 2 20 5 eret rer 4 26 Moving Pads Under Windows see 4 27 Moving to the Top or Bottom of a Pad ss 4 27 scrolhns a Pad Vertically 25 212 2 ete ttr 4 28 Scrolling a Pad Horizontally netter ette 4 30 Saving a Transcript Pad in a File 2 eee 4 30 Using Window Groups and Window Icons 4 31 Creating and Adding to Window Groups 4 31 Removing Entries from Window Groups e 4 32 Making Windows Invisible seeee 4 33 Using GODS iecore e Ett Eher rettet e ertet rides 4 33 Setting Icon Default Position and Offset 4 36 Displaying the Members of a Window Group 4 37 ix Contents Chapter 5 Editing a Pad Setting Edit Pad Modes eese et enne nua 5 2 Setting Read Write Mode eese 5 3 Setting Insert Overstrike Mode sseeeeeeee 5 4 Inserting Characters eee cecus teni detenta t not ea hub een 5 4 Inserting Text String secioni ecreis irents ius 5 5 Inserting a NEWLINE Character oes 5 5 Inserting New Line ceci seaccenade ioiii 5 6 Inserting an End of File Mark eee 5 6 IAS TAMEO 5 6 Deleting Characters
66. 4 7 creating 4 4 at log in 2 17 with pads and windows 4 5f without pads and windows 4 7 interrupting execution of 4 10 nammg directory changing 7 4 displaying 7 3 passing data 6 9 resuming 4 10 running the Shell 4 6 servers 4 4 Shell 6 2 creating 6 7f SID 8 3 8 11 standard streams 6 9f stopping 4 8f with CTRL Z 5 6 suspending 4 10 transcript pads 6 10 window legend 4 23 window modes 4 23 working directory changing 7 3 displaying 7 3 program input and output 6 10 Programmable Read Only Memory see PROM programs as protected subsystem managers 8 22f EDFONT 4 35 running in background processes 6 22 server 4 4 Shell creating 6 8 PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 2 4 2 10 prompt for changing home directory 2 21 prompts for DM commands 3 2 Edit file 4 13 for continuing Shell commands 6 4f for EDACL 8 9 for Shell commands 6 2 for variable assignment input 9 24 in key definitions 3 20 protected subsystems 8 22f assigning status to files 8 27 creating 8 26 entering 8 27 protecting files and directories 8 1ff PRSVR PRINT SERVER 7 11 PRSVR see print server 2 7 PT PAD TOP command 4 28 pushing and popping windows 4 21 PV PAD LINE command 4 29 PW PAD WRITE command 5 30 Q query options 6 16 question mark as path name wildcard character 6 18f question mark in regular expressions 5 18 queues print 7 11f quoted stings 9 8 R READ command 9 23 READ key 3 20 4 14 Index 13 READC comma
67. 4 8 CPSCR COPY SCREEN command 7 18 CPT COPY TREE command copying trees 7 23 merging trees 7 26 replacing trees 7 25 CRO CREATE DIRECTORY command 7 2f creating directories 7 21 edit pads and windows 4 13 files 7 5 icons 4 35 links 7 32 new files 4 13 pads 4 10ff Index 4 paste buffers 5 11 processes 4 4 processes running the Shell 4 6 processes with pads and windows 4 5f processes without pads and windows 4 7 protected subsystems 8 26 server processes 4 8 Shell scripts 9 2f Shells 6 7f subordinate Shells 6 8 window groups 4 31f windows 4 10ff CRL CREATE LINK command creating links 7 32 redefining links 7 33 CRSUBS CREATE SUBSYSTEM command 8 26 CSR COMMAND SEARCH RULES command 6 6 CTNODE CATALOG NODE command 1 5f CTRL A key 4 25 CTRL B key 4 28 CTRLI E key 5 14 CTRL M key 4 14 5 3 CTRL N key 4 7 4 16 CTRL P key 4 22 CTRL Q key 4 9 CTRL R key 5 25 CTRL S key 4 24 CTRL T key 4 28 CTRL U key 5 25 CTRL X key 4 19 5 25 CTRL Y key 4 17 5 30 7 5 CTRL Z key 4 7 5 6 6 17 saving EDACL changes 8 10 cursor controlling movement 4 2f defining display points 3 2 3 6 CUT key 3 15 5 14 cutting text from pads 5 14 CV CREATE VIEW command 3 10 3 11 4 14 D DATE command 6 2 9 24 DC DEBUG CONTINUE command 4 10 debugging Shell scripts 9 10f default access rights 8 7 account USER 2 20 ACLs 8 18f command search rules 6 5f icon position and offset 4 36 icons 4 35 paste buffer 5 11 paste bu
68. 7 gt key invokes the following command sequence ES 5EE DR TR XD TL TR The DM writes the deleted line to its default paste buffer You can reinsert the line elsewhere by either pressing lt PASTE gt or specifying the XP command For more information about paste buffers and the XP command see the Copying Cutting and Pasting Text section Editing a Pad 5 8 Defining a Range of Text The editing commands that perform cut delete copy and substitute functions operate on a range or block of text You mark a range of text just as you would mark any other region in a pad see the Defining Points and Regions section in Chapter 4 However you may not declare a range as an argument to an editing command You must use the DR command or the MARK key before specifying the editing command To use the DR command to define a range of text define two points as follows point DR point The first point defines the beginning of the range and the DR command marks it The second point defines the end of the range If you do not specify literal points DR places the marks at the current cursor position An easy way to define a range of text is to point with the cursor and use the MARK key The MARK key invokes the DR and ECHO commands which mark the first point and begin highlighting the text Figure 5 2 illustrates how the DM highlights the text as you move the cursor to the end of the range To define a r
69. ACLs an initial file ACL for new files and an initial directory ACL for new directories For example if you create a file named REPORT in the directory OWNER the system assigns REPORT the initial file ACL of the directory OWNER If you create a subdirectory in OWNER the system assigns the new subdirectory OWNER s initial directory ACL New subdirectories also receive a set of initial ACLs that match the parent directory s initial ACLs In this example the new subdirectory also receives OWNER s initial ACLs Figure 8 4 shows how the system assigns initial ACLs to files and directories Controlling Access 8 18 Parent Directory Subdirectory Figure 8 4 Initial ACLs for Files and Directories Table 8 5 summarizes the commands used to edit and copy initial ACLs 8 19 Controlling Access Table 8 5 Summary of Commands for Editing and Copying Initial ACLs Edit Initial directory ACL EDACL pathname ID command Edit Initial file ACL EDACL pathname IF command Copy both Initial ACLs ACL target source l Copy Initial directory ACL ACL target source ID Copy Initial file ACL ACL target source IF Editing Initial ACLs You can edit a directory s initial ACLs with the EDACL command To edit the initial directory ACL use EDACL with the ID option in the following format EDACL pathname ID command where D directs EDACL to edit initial directory ACLs and command specifies one of the ACL editing commands desc
70. After you specify your current password at the Password prompt the system displays the following prompt if the log in is successful Enter new password Specify the new password next to the prompt and press RETURN Next the system prompts you to verify your new password to ensure that you entered it correctly At the prompt type the new password again and press lt RETURN gt Use the new password the next time you log in Start Up and Log In 2 20 If you want to maintain a secure account avoid using obvious passwords such as your username or your initials If security is not a high priority you can use a blank password Note however that blank passwords violate system security To change your password to a blank specify a space in quotation marks For example Enter new password lt RETURN gt To enter a blank password when you log in just press RETURN Changing Your Home Directory Each system account has a directory associated with it called the home directory Anytime you log in the system sets your initial working and naming directories to your home directory When you log in you can change your home directory to another directory in the naming tree by specifying the h option after your username as follows Please log in L USERNAME h Specify your current password at the Password prompt If the log in is successful the system displays the following prompt along with the pathname of
71. COMMAND 9 10 XON 9 11 Shell creating 6 7f creating process 4 6 input pad 6 2 invoking 6 7f SHELL key 6 7 Shell parsing operators 9 3 Shell process creation at log in 2 17 Shell scripts 9 1ff controlling execution 9 25ff creating 9 2f debugging 9 10f defining variables interactively 9 22f executing DM commands 9 10 passing arguments to 9 4ff quoted strings 9 8 using active functions 9 24f using conditional statements 9 26ff using expressions 9 12ff using variables 9 18ff Shell setting up initial environment 6 8 start up files 6 8 subordinate creating 6 8 Shell variables 9 18ff assigning active functions 9 24 assignment rules 9 19 defining 9 18 defining interactively 9 22f environment 9 22 evaluating 9 20 substituting 9 19f SHIFT key 3 15 with pad scroll keys 4 29 shifted key name 3 15 shrinking windows 4 19 SID subject identifier 4 4 for processes created at start up 4 7 in ACL entries 8 2f single quotes in DM commands 3 5 site registry directory 2 21 slash to search forward for text 5 23 SO SUBSTITUTE ONCE command 5 28 special characters in DM commands 3 5 in Shell commands 6 7 specifying ACL entries 8 11f DM commands 3 2f Shell commands 6 2 text patterns in pads 5 16 SPM Server Process Manager 2 4 2 11 square brackets as pathname wildcard character 6 19 in regular expressions 5 19 SRF SORT FILE command 6 13f standard input 6 10 connecting to standard output 6 13 reading data
72. COPY FILE 7 8 CPL COPY LINK 7 35 7 35f CPSCR COPY SCREEN 7 18 CPT COPY TREE 7 23 7 25 7 26 CRD CREATE DIRECTORY 7 21 CRL CREATE LINK 7 32 7 33 CRSUBS CREATE SUBSYSTEM 8 26 CSR COMMAND SEARCH RULES 6 6 DATE 6 2 9 24 DLDUPL DELETE DUPLICATE LINES 6 13f DLF DELETE FILE 7 18 DLL DELETE LINK 7 36 DLT DELETE TREE 7 30 DLVAR DELETE VAR 9 21f ED EDIT 9 9 EDIT ACCESS CONTROL LIST 8 7 8 9 ENSUBS ENTER SUBSYSTEM 8 27 entering 6 2 EOFF 9 20 insert overstrike modes 5 4 EON 9 20 EXISTVAR EXIST VARIABLE 9 21 EXIT 9 30 9 35 EXPORT 9 21f FMT FORMAT TEXT 6 12 FOR 9 31f format 6 3 Shell commands 6 2ff IF 9 28 in active functions 9 24f in Shell scripts 9 1ff INLIB INITIALIZE LIBRARY 6 5 internal 6 5 LD LIST DIRECTORY 7 16f 7 28 7 33 LVAR LIST VARIABLES 9 21 MVF MOVE FILE 7 9 ND NAMING DIRECTORY 7 3 NEXT 9 30 9 35 PRF PRINT FILE 6 17 7 11 PRFD PRINT FILE DIALOG 7 13 processing command line information 6 14ff READ 9 23 READC 9 24 reading input from files 6 11f READLN 9 24 saving output 6 10 search rules 6 2 SELECT 9 34f SH SHELL 6 7 6 8 9 11 9 20 SRF SORT FILE 6 13f standard options 6 4f SUBS SUBSYSTEM 8 27 TLC TRANSLITERATE CHARACTER 6 12 VOFF 9 11 VON 9 11 WD WORKING DIRECTORY 7 3 WHILE 9 30 writing error output to files 6 12 Index 15 writing output to files 6 12 XOFF 9 11 XDMC EXECUTE_DM_
73. D command in the following format KD key name definition KE In the KD command format key name specifies the unique name of the key you want to define The previous section describes key Using the Display Manager 3 18 naming conventions and Figure 3 3 shows the location and names of keys Remember always enclose ordinary character and special character names in single quotes For example to define the Z key specify Z The definition argument specifies either a single DM command or a sequence of DM commands that the desired key will perform The DOMAIN System Command Reference describes all of the DM commands you can use in key definitions When you specify a sequence of commands either specify each command on a new line in scripts or separate each command with a semicolon Always follow the definition argument with the KE argument which signals the end of the KD command The command in the following example defines the program function key Fl to move the cursor to the end of the previous line in a window KD F1 AU TR KE E MI gg command key name definition The definition argument in the example above specifies a command sequence composed of two commands AU which moves the cursor up to the previous line and TR which moves the cursor to the end of the line You can specify any number of commands but you cannot exceed 256 characters in the entire KD command You can embed key definitions inside other k
74. DM displays the prompt Read File in the DM input pad and moves the cursor next to it When you respond to the prompt by typing the name of a file and pressing lt RETURN3 gt the DM replaces amp Read File from the key definition with your response In this way the CV command opens the file you specify Chapter 4 describes the CV command NOTE When you define keys in scripts you must precede the input request character amp with the escape character When you enter a response to a prompt the DM remembers the response you typed So the next time you press the key the DM Using the Display Manager 3 20 automatically displays the previous response next to the prompt This is why the lt READ gt and lt EDIT gt keys remember the last files used You can either move the cursor to the right of the previous response and press RETURN to enter the response or delete the previous response and enter a new one Deleting Key Definitions To delete a key definition specify the KD command without a definition argument For example KD F1 KE deletes the current definition for the key named F For keys with ordinary character names the key reverts to its normal graphic value Displaying Key Definitions To display a key s current definition specify the KD command without the definition or KE arguments The command in the following example displays the definition for the READ key R3 KD R3 The DM displays the
75. DOMAIN System User s Guide Order No 005488 Revision 02 Apollo Computer Inc 330 Billerica Road Chelmsford MA 01824 Copyright 1987 Apollo Computer Inc All rights reserved Printed in U S A First Printing July 1985 Latest Printing January 1987 This document was produced using the Interleaf Workstation Publishing Software WPS Interleaf and WPS are trademarks of Interleaf Inc APOLLO and DOMAIN are registered trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc AEGIS DGR DOMAIN BRIDGE DOMAIN DFL 100 DOMAIN DQC 100 DOMAIN Dialogue DOMAIN IX DOMAIN Laser 26 DOMAIN PCI DOMAIN SNA D3M DPSS OSEE GMR and GPR are trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc Apollo Computer Inc reserves the right to make changes In specifications and other Information contained In this publication without prior notice and the reader should In all cases consult Apollo Computer Inc to determine whether any such changes have been made THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE SALE OF APOLLO COMPUTER INC HARDWARE PRODUCTS AND THE LICENSING OF APOLLO COMPUTER INC SOFTWARE CONSIST SOLELY OF THOSE SET FORTH IN THE WRITTEN CONTRACTS BETWEEN APOLLO COMPUTER INC AND ITS CUSTOMERS NO REPRESENTATION OR OTHER AFFIRMATION OF FACT CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO STATEMENTS REGARDING CAPACITY RESPONSE TIME PERFORMANCE SUITABILITY FOR USE OR PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE A WARRANTY BY APOLLO COMPUTER INC
76. Defining Points and Regions seeeeee 3 6 Using Keys to Perform DM Functions esseere 3 10 Keyboard Types and Key Definitions sss 3 12 Key Naming Conventions sssrin ee 3 15 Iii IS CYS M 3 18 Deleting Key Definitions eee 3 21 Displaying Key Definitions e 3 21 Contents viii Controlling Keys from Within a Program 3 21 Using DM Command Scripts wees eecseeceeeeeereneensneaeees 3 22 Chapter 4 Controlling the Display Controlling Cursor Movement e eeeeeeeeetneet etin 4 2 Creatine Processes eee RHENO EIE np cu PEERS ERE 4 4 Creating a Process with Pads and Windows 4 5 Creating a Process without Pads and Windows 4 7 Creating a Server ProGeSS aue eese Ptereh kd 4 8 Controlling Process 5o e herbe re hedera 4 8 Stopping a Program or Process sssseee 4 9 Suspending and Resuming a Process sssssess 4 10 Creating Pads and Windows eet fees 4 10 Creating an Edit Pad and Window sess 4 13 Creating a Read Only Pad and Window 4 14 Copying a Pad and Window see 4 15 Closing Pads and WindOWs ae eterne tte ette tenter teens 4 16 Managing WIDdOWS eec teer teo ii EISE Ha yea pee RE ee teres 4 17 Changing Window SIZE 5 rette Re one rte YID URU RS 4 18 Moving a WIDn OW etie ettet eer ra en attt p tes 4 2
77. ER REPORTS DTC ST R Directory owner reports sys type dir dir dir dir file link file file rights pgndcalr pgndcalr pgndcalr pgndcalr pgndwrx pgndwrx pgndwrx date time created 85 01 04 09 16 85 01 04 09 16 85 01 04 09 16 85 01 04 09 16 85 01 04 09 18 85 01 04 09 16 85 01 04 09 18 8 entries 7 blocks used name april july june may procedure progress sample template Figure 7 9 Sample Directory Display To list the contents of an entire directory tree specify the ellipsis wildcard as part of the pathname argument For example LD OWNER This command lists the contents of the directory OWNER as well as the contents of all its subdirectories You can also use LD to report information about specific files by specifying the pathname of the file as an argument The Displaying File Attributes section discussed earlier describes how to use LD to report file information 7 29 Managing Objects Deleting Directory Trees To delete a directory tree use the DLT DELETE_TREE command in the following format DLT pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory you want to delete NOTE The pathname you specify does not have to be a directory If you specify the pathname of a file or link DL T will delete the object with no warning message To delete files use the DLF DELETE_FILE command to delete links use the DLL DELETE_LINK command T
78. FF The ON option instructs RO to set the pad to read only mode The OFF option causes RO to set the pad to write mode i e it turns read only mode off If you do not specify an option the RO command toggles the current mode setting You can also toggle the current setting by typing CTRL M The CTRL M sequence invokes the RO command without options If you ve modified the text in a pad you cannot change the pad to read only mode without first writing the changes to a disk file saving 5 3 Editing a Pad the file The PW command described in the Updating an Edit File section allows you to write your changes to a disk file without closing the pad and window Setting Insert Overstrike Mode The DM has two modes to control how text is added to a pad insert mode or overstrike mode In insert mode the DM inserts characters you type at the current cursor position The remainder of the line moves right to make room for the new characters In overstrike mode characters you type replace or overstrike those under the cursor Overstrike mode is useful when you want to enter text into a pre formatted file without disrupting the file s format When a pad is in insert mode the letter I appears in the window legend as shown in Figure 5 1 The I disappears in overstrike mode All pads are initially in insert mode although this is irrelevant if the pad is also read only To turn insert mode either on or off specify t
79. FOR command 9 31f FOR statement 9 31f formats for DM commands 3 4 for Shell command lines 6 3 function keys predefined 3 10f to invoke DM commands 3 3 3 10ff greater than gt as comparison operator 9 16 redirecting standard output 6 12 greater than question mark gt redirecting error output 6 12 GROW key 4 19 here document 9 9 HOLD key 3 22 hold mode 4 23f home directory 2 15 changing at log in 2 21 hyphen preceding DM command options preceding Shell command options 6 3 reading data from standard input 6 17 ICON command 4 34 ICON_GROUP paste buffer 4 38 icons 4 31 ff 4 33ff changing into windows 4 35 creating 4 35 defaults 4 35 group paste buffer 4 37 setting default position and offset 4 36 IDF ICON_DEFAULT command 4 36 IF command 9 28 IF statement 9 26 9 28f information sharing 1 3 initial ACLs 8 18f commands for editing and copying 8 20 copying 8 21 editing 8 20 initial naming directory at log in 2 15 initial working directory at log in 2 15 INLIB INITIALIZE_LIBRARY command 6 5 in line data in Shell scripts 9 9f INS key 5 4 INS MODE key 5 4 insert mode 4 23f 5 4 inserting blank lines into pads 5 6 characters into pads 5 4ff end of file mark into pads 5 6 NEWLINE characters into pads 5 6 integers in expressions 9 14 interactive procedure for specifying DM commands 3 2 internal Shell commands 6 5 INVIS_GROUP paste buffer 4 38 invoking DM commands using control key
80. File To redirect standard output to write output to a file rather than to the transcript pad use the greater than gt symbol For example the following command writes output to a file named FILE 1 FMT FMT FILE 1 FILE 1 FMT The FMT FORMAT TEXT command formats FILE 1 and writes the output the formatted file to FILE_1 FMT instead of to the transcript pad Shell commands use the error output stream to report any errors found in the input file By default error output writes output to the transcript pad To redirect error output to write output to a file instead of the transcript pad use the greater than question mark symbol gt For example the following command redirects both standard output and error output FMT FILE gt FILE LFMT 3 FILE 4 ERR The FMT command writes the formatted file to FILE 1 FMT and if it discovers any errors writes error messages to the file FILE_1 ERR Appending Output to a File To redirect standard output to append output to the end of a file use the double greater than symbol gt gt For example the following command appends output to a file named BOOK CATF CH4 CH5 CH6 gt gt BOOK Using the Shell 6 12 The CATF CATENATE_FILE command normally reads input files in order and writes them to the transcript pad The CATF command in this example reads the files CH4 CH5 and CH6 in that order and appends them to the existing file BOOK If the specified output file
81. GS 5 gt 2AND 5 gt 6 This expression results in the value FALSE because both operands are not TRUE the second operand is FALSE 9 17 Writing Shell Scripts Shell Variables You use variables in Shell scripts as symbolic names for specific integer string or Boolean values Once you assign a value to a variable name you can refer to that value in the script by its variable name rather than its actual value e The Shell allows you to use variables in any of the following e Command lines as commands arguments or options e Here documents e Strings enclosed in double quotation marks e Expressions Defining Variables To define a variable use the assignment character in the following format variable name value where variable name specifies the name of the variable and value specifies the value you want to assign to the variable Variable names can contain alphanumeric characters as well as the underscore _ and dollar sign and up to 1024 characters You MUST however begin all variable names with a letter Variables are not case sensitive The following statement assigns the integer value 30 to the variable name WORK DAYS WORK DAYS 30 Unlike many programming languages that require you to declare variable types the Shell automatically assigns the variable a type based on the assigned value In the previous example since the value 30 is an integer the Shell assigns the variable WORK DAYS the
82. IDGE project As shown in Table 8 1 the types of access for directories are different than those for files While PROTECT P GRANT G and NODE N have the same meaning for files and directories DELETE D and READ R have different meanings In addition WRITE W and EXECUTE X access apply only to files CHANGE C LINKS L ADD A SEARCH S and EXPUNGE E rights apply only to directories 8 5 Controlling Access Table 8 1 Access Rights for Files and Directories Access Right Abbrev Meaning for Meaning for Directories Files Protect Change the object s ACLs Grant Grant any subset of your rights to other users Node Change the nodes from which users can access objects Delete Delete the Delete the file directory See note below Read List entries Read the file Write None Write to the file Execute None Execute object file Change Change names None and delete links Links L Add links None Add Add files and None subdirectories Search Access subdir None ectories and subdirectory objects Expunge Delete subdir ectories and subdirectory objects Note To delete a directory tree you need directory delete rights directory expunge rights see Understanding Search and Expunge Rights section directory change rights if the directory contains links and file delete rights if the directory contains files Controlling Access 8 6 Understanding SEARCH and EXPUNGE
83. MBX MBX_HELPER N MBX_HELPER In the example above the N option assigns the process the name MBX_HELPER You usually invoke CPS commands from your node s boot script STARTUP during start up Chapter 2 describes the boot script files the system uses when you start your node By including CPS commands in your node s boot script you ensure that your servers restart whenever you have to restart your node You can also invoke the CPS command from the DM input window Controlling a Process Once you create a process you can use the DM s process control commands to either stop it suspend it or restart it Table 4 3 summarizes the DM commands used to control processes Controlling the Display 4 8 Table 4 3 Commands for Controlling a Process DM Command Predefined Key Quit stop or blast DQ b s c nn CTRL Q a process Suspend execution of a process Resume execution of a suspended process Stopping a Program or Process To stop a program or an entire process use the DQ DEBUG_QUIT command in the following format DQ options To stop a program position the cursor inside the window of the process and either type CTRL Q or specify the DQ command without any options Either operation will generate a normal quit fault which interrupts the execution of the current program and returns the process to the calling program usually the Shell To stop an entire process position the cursor inside the window
84. ON command directs the Shell where the background process was invoked to display output in its transcript pad To turn output off direct output to DEV NULL specify the BOFF command The remainder of the Shell parsing operators are used most frequently in scripts Chapter 9 contains a complete list of parsing operators and describes how to use them in writing Shell scripts Using the Shell 6 22 CHAPTER 7 Managing Files Directories and Links In Chapter 1 we looked at how the system organizes objects files directories and links in a structure called a naming tree This chapter describes how to use Shell commands to manage these objects on your system Shell commands let you move around the system naming tree and create rename copy move print delete and compare objects Since all of the commands described in this chapter require you to specify pathnames you should understand the rules for pathnames described in Chapter 1 Commands that use the Shell command line parser also allow you to perform operations on groups of objects and 7 1 Managing Objects therefore accept one or more pathname wildcards Many of the examples in this chapter show you how to use pathname wildcards in specific operations For a complete description of the pathname wildcards you can use with Shell commands refer to Chapter 6 Keep in mind that this chapter describes the basic functions of the commands you use to manage objects For a complete
85. R E Class name The USER class name in this example specifies a set of rights that you commonly grant to other users on the system For both files and directories USER grants all rights to the object except the ability to change the object s ACL Since the object in this example is a file USER grants DELETE D WRITE W READ R and EXECUTE X access NOTE EDACL will not allow you to perform an operation that restricts everyone from changing an ACL At least one user must have the right PROTECT P to change the ACL System users with the project name BACKUP may create back up copies of files and directories on magnetic tape Users with the project name BACKUP need READ R access to files and directories EDACL issues a warning when you change an ACL in a way that denies BACKUP access however EDACL does make the change You should ignore the warning only if the object s does not require back up copies If the object does require back up copies edit the ACL again and add an entry that grants the BACKUP project BACKUP READ R access The next section Adding ACL Entries describes how to add an ACL entry 8 13 Controlling Access Table 8 4 Class Names for Commonly Assigned Rights Name Meaning Directories Files All rights PGNDCALRSE PGNDRWX All rights except the DCALRSE DWRX ability to change ACL File read access Not allowed File read access Not allowed Execute access to object
86. Rights To access an object in addition to appropriate rights to the object you must have appropriate rights to the object s parent directory To access an object its parent must grant you SEARCH S rights To delete an object its parent must grant you EXPUNGE E rights Consider the following example LD OWNER REPORTS In order to list the contents of REPORTS you must have S rights to its parent directory OWNER as well as R rights to REPORTS Similarly to delete the subdirectory REPORTS you need E rights to OWNER as well as D rights to REPORTS If REPORTS contains additional objects you need E rights to REPORTS to delete them Therefore to delete a directory tree you must have E rights to the parent directory and all of its subdirectories except the subdirectories at the very bottom of the tree For reasons of compatibility the system by default assigns and E rights to all ACL entries for directories In addition if the directory ACL does not contain a entry the system adds the following entry by default whenever the object is accessed 96 90 90 90 SE Since both DOMAIN software and user supplied software depend on these rights you should always leave S and E rights on To deny S and E rights you must explicitly delete them from the entry Managing ACLs By default the system assigns an ACL to every file or directory that you create The Initial ACLs section describes how the system
87. S 4PRICE would result in an error To prevent a user from entering the wrong variable type use the TYPE option with the READ command as follows READ PROMPT Number of shares TYPE INTEGER SHARES The TYPE option in this example directs the READ command to accept only integer values as input If the user specifies any other 9 23 Writing Shell Scripts type of value the Shell will display an error and prompt the user again to enter the proper value Other READ commands like READC and READLN also enable you to read user input into scripts For more information on these commands refer to the DOMAIN System Command Reference Using Active Functions You can use active functions in scripts to include string output from a command program or other script When you use an active function the system replaces it with a string containing standard output from the command program or script used in the function Active functions have the following format command where command specifies the name of a command program or script whose output you want to use You can use either single or double quotes according to the rules described in the Using Quoted Strings section discussed earlier Note that output from an active function cannot exceed 1024 characters If output does exceed this limit the system displays an error You can use active functions in the same way you use variables For example suppose you want to use
88. S option along with the name of the node s entry directory For example PRF MY PLAN S BOSTON queues MY PLAN to the SYS PRINT QUEUE directory on the remote node BOSTON Another option that you ll find useful is the COP IES option This option lets you print multiple copies of a file as shown in the following example PRF MY PLAN COP 16 This command prints 16 copies of the file MY PLAN You can print multiple files using a single PRF command by either specifying multiple pathnames each pathname separated by a space or by using pathname wildcards The following command uses path Managing Objects 7 12 name wildcards to print any file in the current working directory that begins with FILE and ends with a one digit number PRF FILE 0 9 This command for example will print FILE 2 and FILE 8 but not FILE A or FILE B Printing Files Using the Print Menu Interface In addition to the PRF command you can print files using the print menu interface shown in Figure 7 1 This menu allows you to specify print arguments and select various options without having to type them on the command line The print menu interface is useful when you routinely specify several print options for each file you print By using the menu interface you can select all of the options once and print several files without respecifying the options for each file you print Figure 7 1 The Print Menu To print files using the print men
89. Shell scripts and execute them in the same way you execute the Shell commands that we supply Chapter 9 describes how to write Shell scripts Command Line Format Shell command lines have the following format COMMAND options arguments options COMMAND is the name of either a Shell command or Shell script Arguments indicate which objects you want the command to operate on An argument is either the pathname of an object in the naming tree or a literal string that you want the command to manipulate Always separate an argument from a command and any additional arguments or options with at least one blank space Options direct the command to perform a special action As shown in the command line format you can specify options either before or after arguments on the command line Many options require secondary arguments of their own Therefore to properly delimit options always precede each option with a hyphen Figure 6 2 shows a sample command line and its components PRF FILE 1 FILE 2 COP 2 pi Secondary argument Option Arguments Command Figure 6 2 Shell Command Line Components 6 3 Using the Shell The command line in Figure 6 2 prints two files FILE 1 and FILE_2 The COP option directs PRF to print two copies of each file Normally you specify each command as a separate line You can also place multiple commands together on the same line by separating them with semicolons For ex
90. T DIRECTORY command displaying directory information 7 28 displaying file attributes 7 16f displaying link resolution names 7 33 in Shell script 9 2 less than redirecting standard Input 6 11 links commands for managing 7 31 copying 7 35 creating 7 32 deleting 7 36 managing 7 31ff redefining 7 33 renaming 7 34 replacing 7 35f resolution names displaying 7 33 loading key definitions 2 7 operating system across network 2 10f logging in as USER 2 20 basic procedure 2 20 changing home directory 2 21 changing password 2 20 to a DSP 2 22 logical operators 9 17 log in executing DM commands 2 18 failure 2 15 gathering SID Information 8 2 sequence 2 14 log in home directory 2 15 log in start up script 2 15 creating 2 17 creating Shell process 4 6 locations 2 16 LVAR LIST VARIABLES command 9 21 M mailbox server see MBX HELPER managing ACLs 8 7f directories 7 20ff Index 10 files 7 5ff links 7 31ff windows 4 17ff MARK key 3 10 4 15 marking a range of text in pads 5 9f mathematical operators 9 14f MBX HELPER mailbox server 4 8 merging directory trees 7 26f messages error file not found 4 14 request to quit edit 4 17 searching for text 5 24 substitute in progress 5 26 Mnemonic Debugger MD 2 3 2 10 Model I keyboard 3 12 Model II keyboard 3 12 modes edit 5 3 for edit pads 5 2 for process windows 4 23 insert 5 4 overstrike 5 4 read only 5 3 read write 5 3 mouse default function keys 3 11 MO
91. T TL CTRL T CTRL T first character in Move top of pad into window pad Move bottom of pad into window Move cursor to CTRL B CTRL B last character in pad Move pad n pages LD LF Move pad n lines lt SHIFT gt f L8S lt SHIFT gt LES Move pad n characters L7 L9 Save transcript pad in a file B 7 Summary of Key Definitions Controlling Window Groups and Icons Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile Create or add to a WGRA grp name window group entry name Remove a window WGRR grp name from a window entry name group Make windows WI entry name invisible Change windows ICON to icons entry name character Set icon IDF positioning and offset Display list of CPS group name windows in group Setting Edit Modes Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile Set read write RO ON OFF CTRL M CTRL M mode Set insert EI ON OFF INS MODE overstrike mode L1 Summary of Key Definitions B 8 Inserting Characters Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile 880 Insert string at ES string Default DM operation cursor Insert NEWLINE lt RETURN gt lt RETURN gt character Insert a new line TR EN TL after current line Insert end of file CTRL Z CTRL Z mark Deleting Text Predefined Key Task DM Command Low Profile Delete character lt CHAR DEL gt lt CHAR DEL gt at cursor L3 L3 Delete character before cursor BS BS
92. T gt and write it to a pathname R LIAS paste buffer or file Paste write text XP name f lt PASTE gt from a paste buffer pathname R L2A or file into a pad Using Paste Buffers To perform copy cut and paste operations the DM uses temporary files called paste buffers Paste buffers hold text you ve copied or cut so that you can paste it in elsewhere You can create up to 100 paste buffers each containing different blocks of text To create a paste buffer you specify a name for the paste buffer as an argument to the commands that copy or cut text XC and XD To insert the contents of a paste buffer you have created specify the name of the paste buffer as an argument to the command that pastes text XP We describe the XC XD and XP commands in the next three sections When you log off the DM deletes all paste buffers you have created during the session If you want to save the copied or cut text for use during another session you can write it to a permanent file see the XC and XD command descriptions in the next two sections If you do not specify the name of a paste buffer or permanent file when you specify the commands that copy or cut text the DM writes the text to its default unnamed paste buffer The DM also uses this default paste buffer when you press the predefined function keys and control key sequences that copy delete and paste text 5 11 Editing a Pad NOTE In a paste buffer the DM
93. VE key 4 20 moving around the naming tree 7 2 cursor 4 2f files 7 9 pads under windows 4 27ff to bottom of pad 4 27f to first character in pad 4 28 to last character in pad 4 28 to top of pad 4 27f windows 4 20 MVF MOVE FILE command 7 9 N names file 6 17 naming directory 1 11 at log in 2 15 changing 7 4 displaying 7 3 setting 7 3 Naming Server Helper NS HELPER 1 6 naming tree 1 4ff moving around 7 2 search for Shell commands 6 5ff ND NAMING DIRECTORY command 7 3 NETBOOT 2 10f NETMAN 2 7 creating NODE DATA 2 12 during diskless start up 2 10 network partner as boot volume 1 3 node 2 10 network ring 1 2 network root directory 1 4f in absolute pathnames 1 7 NEWLINE character deleting from pads 5 7 inserting into pads 5 6 NEXT command 9 30 9 35 node entry directory 1 4f beginning pathnames 1 8 NODE DATA on disked nodes 2 4 on diskless nodes 2 11 NODE DATA PASTE_BUFFERS DEFAULT GMF 5 13 NODE DATA STARTUP creating processes from 4 7 nodes boot script files 2 5 2 11 cataloging 1 5f disked 1 3 disked start up 2 2ff diskless 1 3 diskless start up 2 8ff IDs 2 10 in DOMAIN system 1 1 partner 2 10 powering on 2 3 2 10 NS_HELPER 1 6 N objects 1 1 organization 1 4 protecting 8 1ff offset for icon positions 4 36 ONEOF statement 9 35 operands in expressions 9 14 operating system booting 2 4 booting on diskless node 2 10 components 1 3 Index 11 loading acros
94. W HOLD command 4 24 WHILE command 9 29 WHILE statement 9 29 WI WINDOW INVISIBLE command 4 33 wildcards 6 18ff query verification 6 16 verification 6 10 window groups 4 31ff changing into icons 4 34 creating 4 31f displaying members 4 37 making invisible 4 33 making visible 4 33 paste buffers 4 37 removmg entries from 4 32f window icons 4 31ff windows alarm 4 26 cancelling move 4 20 cancelling size change 4 19 changing groups into icons 4 34 changing size of 4 18f closing 4 16 copying 4 15 creating 4 10ff defining default positions 4 25 deleting 5 7 determining boundaries 4 11f displaying members of window groups 4 37 drawing at start up 2 7 edit creating 4 13 edit pad window legend 5 3 group paste buffers 4 37 in groups 4 31ff legend 4 23 making invisible 4 33 making visible 4 33 managing 4 17ff moving 4 20 moving pads under 4 27ff process changing modes 4 22ff pushing and popping 4 21 read only 4 14 removing from window groups 4 32f representing with icons 4 33ff using icons 4 31ff WME WINDOW MOVE ECHO command 4 20 words deleting from pads 5 8 inserting into pads 5 5 working directory 1 9f 7 2 at log in 2 15 beginning pathnames 1 9f changing 7 3 setting 7 3 WP WINDOW POP command 4 21 writing error output to files 6 12 standard output to files 6 12 WS WINDOW SCROLL command 4 24 X XC Copy text command 5 12 XD Cut delete text command 5 14 XDMC EXECUTE DM COMMAND command 9 10 XI C
95. a pathname By default processing continues to the next name Do not issue a query to verify wildcard names This is the default QW Issue a query to verify wildcard names QA Issue a query to verify all names Read additional data from standard input pathname Read the specified file for additional pathname arguments If the pathname is omitted read the additional pathname arguments from standard input Using Query Options Commands that delete or modify objects query you to verify names that you specify using wildcards You can control how a command queries by using any of the query options listed in Table 6 4 By default commands use error output to query you by writing selected names to the transcript pad with a question mark prompting you for a response The command uses the error input stream to read your response from the Shell input pad To respond type one of the responses listed in Table 6 4 and press RETURN 6 15 Using the Shell Table 6 4 Command Query Responses Response Action H elp Displays HELP information Y es Operates on the file with that name N o Ignores the file with that name Q uit Quits immediately G o Operates on the file with that name and suppresses further name queries D efault Resets the default response By default queries require a response if you simply type lt RETURN gt without a response the command queries you again To cha
96. a string that shows the current date and time The Shell command DATE displays the current date and time By using DATE in an active function you can substitute the standard output string in the script as follows EON ARGS The date is DATE In this example the system substitutes the standard output string from the active function DATE to display the following line The date is Wednesday May 1 1985 10 59 28 EDT Note that the system deletes the trailing CR from the output string however any internal CRs remain By assigning active functions to variables you can define your own Shell functions For example suppose you wrote a program called Writing Shell Scripts 9 24 GET_PROCESS_NAME that displays the current process name To make use of this program in a script you can refer to the program in an active function For example EON Assign active function to variable PROCNAME GET_PROCESS_NAME Execute DM command to make process window invisible XDMC WI W PROCNAME Go off and do something else Make process window visible again XDMC WI I PROCNAME The script in this example assigns the active function to the variable PROCNAME It uses PROCNAME with the DM command WI WINDOW INVISIBLE to make the current process window invisible and then visible again The system substitutes the output string generated by the active function for the variable PROCNAME
97. acteristics of windows on the screen You can use window control commands to manage edit pad windows or process windows Table 4 7 summarizes the window control commands 4 17 Controlling the Display Table 4 7 Commands for Managing Windows DM Command Predefined Key Changing window size Changing window size with rubberbanding Move a window Move a window with rubberbanding Set scroll mode WS on off Set autohold mode WA on off Scroll and autohold WA WS mode Set hold mode WH on off Define position of n default window Acknowledge alarm Acknowledge alarm and pop window Changing Window Size CTRL G lt GROW gt LA3 None lt MOVE gt LA3S CTRL S None CTRL A lt HOLD gt R6 Once you create a window on your screen you can enlarge or shrink it with the WGE WINDOW_GROW_ECHO command As shown in Figure 4 4 the WGE command displays a flexible border or rubberband that changes as you move the cursor to enlarge or shrink the window The position of the rubberband shows you the size and shape the window will become when you complete the operation Controlling the Display 4 18 current teursor position Rub erband Command WGE Eg Figure 4 4 Growing a Window Using Rubberbanding Use the following procedure to change the size of a window 1 Move the cursor to the window corner or edge you want to move 2 Press the GROW key or
98. am When the top level program in a process usually COM SH returns the process stops and all of its streams are closed The DM then closes and deletes the Shell s process input pad and window and closes the transcript pad Whether or not the DM also deletes the transcript window depends on the setting of its auto close mode If auto close mode is disabled the default setting then you must manually delete any windows as Editing a Pad 5 6 sociated with the closed transcript pad by using the DM command WC Q or CTRL N The Closing Pads and Windows section in Chapter 4 describes the WC Q command and CTRL N See the WC command description in the DOMAIN System Command Reference for more information about auto close mode Deleting Text The commands listed in Table 5 3 delete characters words or lines of text To delete a larger block of text refer to the Cutting Text section Table 5 3 Commands for Deleting Text DM Command Predefined Key Delete character lt CHAR DEL gt at cursor L3 Delete character lt BACK SPACE gt before cursor BS Delete word DR A Z0 9 XD F6 of text Delete from ES EE DR TR cursor to end XD TL TR of line Delete entire CMS TL XD LINE DEL line L2 Deleting Characters To delete the character under the cursor press CHAR DEL or specify the ED command If the character under the cursor is a NEWLINE ED joins the current line and the following l
99. ample WD MY DIR SUB 1 LD executes two commands WD sets the working directory to MY DIR SUB and LD lists the contents of that directory You may also specify multiple commands on a single line when you use pipes and filters The Redirecting Ouput to Other Commands section describes how to use pipes and filters The DM limits each Shell command line to 256 characters You can however continue a command over several lines by typing an at sign character and then pressing RETURN at the end of each line you want to continue as follows WD NODE RETURN DIRECTORY RETURN The character is a special character see the Special Characters section called an escape character In this example the character escapes the normal execution of the RETURN allowing you to continue the command line at the continuation prompt _ Standard Command Options All Shell commands that we supply allow you to specify the standard command options listed in Table 6 1 These options allow you to display useful information about a command Using the Shell 6 4 Table 6 1 Standard Shell Command Options Option Description HELP Displays detailed information on how to use the command USAGE Displays a brief summary on how to use the command VERSION Displays the command s software version number Command Search Rules As mentioned earlier most commands are the names of files Since you
100. and 4 10 DSP DOMAIN Server Processor 2 4 2 11 DSP logging into 2 22 E ED Delete character at cursor command 5 7 ED EDIT command 9 9 EDACL EDIT ACCESS CONTROL LIST command 8 7 8 9 adding access rights 8 16 adding ACL entries 8 15 changing access rights 8 15 deleting access rights 8 17 deleting ACL entries 8 17 editing commands 8 9 operation modes 8 9 EDFONT EDIT FONT program 3 21 4 35 EDIT key 3 21 4 13 7 6 edit modes 5 3 edit pads deleting 4 16 modes 5 2 saving contents of 4 17 window legend 5 3 editing ACLs 8 9 files 4 13 initial ACLs 8 20 pads 5 1ff EE Delete character before cursor command 5 8 EEF Insert end of file command 5 6 EI Set insert overstrike mode command 4 24 5 4 ellipsis as pathname wildcard character 6 20 EN Insert NEWLINE command 5 6 end of file mark inserting into pads 5 6 end of line character matching 5 17 enlarging windows 4 19 ENSUBS ENTER SUBSYSTEM command 8 27 entering protected subsystems 8 27 Shell commands 6 2 Index 7 entry directory 1 4f beginning pathnames 1 8 environment variables 9 22 EOFF command 9 20 EON command 9 20 equal sign as comparison operator 9 17 as pathname wildcard character 6 21 error input 6 10 in reading query responses 6 16 error output 6 10 6 12 appending to files 6 13 displaying query options 6 16 redirecting 6 12 ES Insert string command 5 5 escape character in DM commands 3 5 in Shell commands 6 4 eva
101. and the Shell commands you use to perform standard computing operations 1 3 The DOMAIN System The Naming Tree To make information available to all the nodes in the network the DOMAIN system organizes objects in a hierarchical structure called a naming tree The naming tree serves as a type of map that the system uses to keep track of where objects reside in the network To access an object you refer to its location in the naming tree Figure 1 2 shows a sample naming tree Figure 1 2 A Sample Naming Tree The double slashes in Figure 1 2 represent the top level of the naming tree the network root directory Each node maintains its own copy of the network root directory which contains the name of each node entry directory the node can access Figure 1 2 shows a The DOMAIN System 1 4 network root directory containing the names of two node entry directories NODE_B and NODE_C Each disked node in the network has a node entry directory name associated with it This name refers to the branch of the naming tree that resides on its disk Since diskless nodes don t have disks they use the node entry directory of their partner In Figure 1 2 all of the objects under the node entry directory NODE_B reside on the disk NODE_B while all of the objects under the node entry directory NODE_C reside on the disk NODE_C In other words each disk in the network represents an entry directory in the system naming tree Entry direct
102. andard input and standard output are the streams that channel normal input and output between a program and a process By default standard input passes program input that you type in the 6 9 Using the Shell process input pad standard output passes program output to the process transcript pad Error input and error output are two streams used for additional program input and output Like the standard streams they use the process input pad and process transcript pad by default The error input stream has nothing to do with errors it is simply another input stream for passing data to a program For example when a command queries you to verify wildcard names error input passes your response to the command The Using Query Options section describes how commands query you to verify wildcard names Error output is the stream that passes program error messages to the process transcript pad Shell commands use input and output streams when processing command line data When you specify a command in the Shell input pad standard input passes data from the command line to the command program Standard output passes data from the program to the transcript pad In certain instances you may want the Shell to read input from and write output to locations other than the input and transcript pads For example you may want to save the output from a command in a file Using I O control characters you can redirect input and output streams to
103. ange of text using the cursor and MARK follow this procedure 1 Move the cursor to the first point the beginning of the range of text 2 Press MARK 3 Move the cursor to the second point the end of the range 4 Specify the appropriate DM editing command Please note that the character under the cursor at the end of the range is not included within the range 5 9 Editing a Pad owner my file NUS OO NN ooms and homes throughout the country trained typists The impetus for this enthusiasm has nothing to do with yping skills rather it is due to the phenomenal ttraction with which computers are grabbing the attention it pon commana o ooo BM Figure 5 2 Defining a Range of Text with lt MARK gt Copying Cutting and Pasting Text The commands listed in Table 5 4 copy cut and paste a range of text They allow you to move blocks of text from one place to another in a pad or between pads Before specifying the commands that copy or cut text use the DR command or MARK to define the range of text to be copied or cut see the previous section If you do not define a range the DM copies or cuts the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line Editing a Pad 5 10 Table 5 4 Commands for Copying Cutting and Pasting Text DM Command Predefined Key Copy text to a paste XC name f lt COPY gt buffer or file pathname R LIA Cut delete text XD name f lt CU
104. ards or KEY_DEFS for nodes with 880 keyboards These files located in the USER_DATA directory of your log in home directory contain a record of any key definitions that you made the last time you were logged in By reading these files the DM carries over key definitions to the new log in session These files are non ASCII files therefore you cannot edit them The Defining Keys section in Chapter 3 describes the key definition files in more detail At this point the log in sequence is complete 2 19 Start Up and Log In Logging In Chapter in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System describes the basic procedure for logging in to your node This section describes the various log in procedures you can use to log in as USER change your password and log in home directory and log in to a DOMAIN Server Processor DSP Logging In as User The registry file ACCOUNT described earlier in the Understanding the System at Log In section contains a default account named USER NONE NONE or simply USER This default account allows any user anywhere in the network to log into the DOMAIN system To use the default account log in with the username USER as follows Please login USER lt RETURN gt When the system prompts you for a password simply press RETURN Changing Your Password You can change your password anytime you log in by typing p after your username as follows Please login L USERNAME p RETURN
105. art up and log in and describes the steps you can take to tailor your operating environment The chapter also describes procedures for changing your password and log in home directory when you log in 2 1 Start Up and Log In Understanding the System at Start Up The Owner s Guide for your node describes the proper procedure for starting it up When you initiate the node s start up by turning on the power the node performs a series of operations to boot the operating system load the operating system from disk into memory and begin executing it The operating system then executes a series of start up files to set up the operating environment on your node This section explains the sequence of events occurring at start up for both disked and diskless nodes Disked Node Start Up If your node is a disked node it reads the programs it needs for start up from its own disk The flowchart in Figure 2 1 shows the start up sequence on a disked node Start Up and Log In 2 2 1 MD Executes 2 Transfers control to SYSBOOT 3 SYSBOOT loads operating system Operating system 4 starts DM or SPM 5 DM or SPM invoke boot script 6 Start up Sequence Complete Figure 2 1 The Start Up Sequence for Disked Nodes The descriptions that follow explain each step in the start up sequence shown in Figure 2 1 1 When you power on your node in NORMAL mode follow the instructions in your Owner s Guide a program called the
106. ay to the new name new_name mm dd Y Appends the current year month and date to the new name new name yy mm dd U Forces the system to create a unique new name by appending a sequence of number s to the end of the name If you omit the new name argument you must specify one of the options in the previous list the system creates a new name by copying the old name and appending the proper suffix as shown here CHN REPORTS U This command changes the name of the link REPORTS to REPORTS 1 Managing Objects 7 34 Copying Links Copying links is basically the same as copying files when you copy a link you create a copy of the link in another location in the naming tree To copy a link use the CPL COPY_LINK command in the following format CPL source target option where source specifies the pathname of the link you want to copy and target specifies the naming tree location where you want the copy created The rules for pathnames described in Chapter apply to both command arguments The CPL command always creates a copy of the source link at the location specified by the target For example CPL REPORTS USER_1 STATUS creates a copy of the source link REPORTS in the directory USER 1 And since the target specifies the pathname of a link CPL assigns the copy the name specified by the target which in this example is STATUS If the target specifies the pathname of a directory CPL creates a copy
107. before execution SH X COMPILE Writing Shell Scripts 9 10 Table 9 2 Script Verification Options Writes each command line in the script to standard output immediately before execution Provides the complete pathname for each command and evaluates all expressions Writes each command line in the script to standard output Each variable is expanded but expressions are not evaluated and command pathnames are not expanded Interprets commands without actually executing them If you want to turn either of these features on or off without using the SH command options you may specify the Shell commands VON VOFF XON or XOFF and then run your script directly using the current Shell For example the following are equivalent SH X COMPILE or XON COMPILE XOFF You can also include these commands within the script itself to enable or disable verification For example to debug part of a script you can place XON and XOFF commands around the segment of the script you want to debug Or to debug an entire script include the XON command as the first line in the script When the script completes control of verification returns to the Shell 9 11 Writing Shell Scripts Using Expressions Like programs written in a high level programming language such as FORTRAN or Pascal scripts allow you to use expressions to perform mathematical string and Boolean operations Table 9 3 provides a summary of the operators
108. cesses The system associates each process that you create with a subject identifier SID The SID identifies the owner of a process and consists of the user s name project organization and node ID SIDs enable the system to control user access to processes and other objects on the system Chapter 8 describes how the system uses SIDs and Access Control Lists ACLs to control access to system objects By default the system assigns the same SID to each process that you create You can create processes that have pads and windows that let you enter data and view program output Or you can create processes that run without the use of the display The type of process you create depends on the program and its application To run an interactive program for example you create a process with pads and windows The Shell program that we supply with your system is an interactive program It prompts you for input Shell commands and displays output We also supply a set of special programs called server programs that provide you or a program with access to some service such as the use of a peripheral device Server programs run in processes called servers that you can create using any of the process creation commands described in this chapter Many of these servers run as background processes without pads or windows Table 4 2 summarizes the commands used to create processes Controlling the Display 4 4 Table 4 2 Commands for Creating P
109. command itself doesn t actually print files a server process called PRINT SERVER PRSVR does The PRSVR process runs on the node that is physically connected to the printer The PRF command queues a file for printing by copying the file to a directory where it waits for PRSVR to get it and print it By default PRF queues files to the directory SYS PRINT QUEUE 7 11 Managing Objects To see which files are queued for printing in the default queue directory SYS PRINT QUEUE use the PRF command with the INTER ACTIVE option This option causes PRF to enter interactive mode in which you can specify PRF commands and options interactively For example the following example lists all of the files queued to the printer named SPIN PRF INTER PRF gt PR SPIN PRF gt READ For more information about the PRF command and its commands and options see the DOMAIN System Command Reference If younormally useaprinter connected to your node SYS PRINT QUEUE is the name of the queue directory on your node If a remote node controls the printers that you use by default then SYS PRINT is a link that your System Administrator creates to point to the SYS PRINT directory on the remote node This link causes PRF to queue files to the SYS PRINT QUEUE directory on the remote node by default The Managing Links section describes links in more detail You can queue a file to the SYS PRINT QUEUE directory on another node by specifying the
110. comments 3 5 start up 2 18f start up 3 22 executing at login 2 13ff log in start up 2 15 4 6 Shell see Shell scripts start up 6 8f scroll mode 4 23f scrolling keys 4 29 pads horizontally 4 30 pads vertically by lines 4 29 pads vertically by pages 4 28 SEARCH access rights 8 7 searching cancelling operation 5 25 entire pad 5 24 for Shell commands 6 5 for text in pads 5 22ff repeating operation 5 25 securing accounts 2 21 SELECT command 9 34f SELECT statement 9 34f semicolon separating command lines 6 4 separating DM commands 3 5 Server Process Manager see SPM server processes creating 4 8 server programs 4 4 servers alarm 4 7 Index 14 MBX HELPER 4 8 naming 1 6 NETMAN 2 7 2 12 process manager 2 4 2 11 PRSVR 2 7 PRSVR PRINT_SERVER 7 11 starting from boot script 2 7 setting case comparison 5 25 default icon position and offset 4 36 initial Shell environment 6 8 naming directory 7 3 read write modes 5 3 5 3 working directory 7 3 SH SHELL command 6 8 9 11 9 20 SH SHELL command 6 7 Shell 1 3 6 1ff ACL ACCESS CONTROL LIST 8 7 copying ACLs 8 18 copying initial ACLs 8 21f displaying ACLs 8 8 ARGS ARGUMENTS 9 4 as filters 6 13 BOFF 6 22 BON 6 22 CATF CATENATE FILE 6 12 CATF CATENATE FILES 7 10f character limit 6 4 CHN CHANGE NAME 7 7 7 21 7 34 CMF COMPARE FILE 7 19 CMT COMPARE TREE 7 27 continuing on next line 6 4 controlling input and output 6 9f controlling queries 6 15 CPF
111. contain an indicator that it belongs to a protected subsystem We describe protected subsystems in the Protected Subsystems section Each ACL entry consists of two elements a subject identifier SID specification and a set of access rights Figure 8 1 shows the elements that make up an ACL entry SID Specification Access Rights PERSON PROJECT ORGANIZATION NODE right1 right2 rights Figure 8 1 Structure of an ACL Entry The SID specification identifies a specific user or group of users The access rights define what operations that user or group can perform on the object Let s take a closer look at these two elements to see how the system uses them to control access to an object Controlling Access 8 2 The Subject Identifier SID As described in Chapter 4 the system associates each user process with a SID that identifies the owner of the process Like the SID specification in an ACL entry the SID assigned to a user process has the following format PERSON PROJECT ORGANIZATION NODE The SID consists of four fields username project organization and node abbreviated ppon The node field specifies the hexadecimal node ID of the node on which the user is logged in When you log in the system gathers SID information for your account Then each time you create a process the system assigns the same SID to it to identify you as the owner When a user requests access to a file or directory the system checks th
112. d CE NODE USER MEMO The previous example uses an absolute pathname to specify the name of the new file When you use a pathname that assumes the current working directory or naming directory the system uses the working or naming directory of the current process The last process to perform an operation before you specified the CE command is the current process The following example creates a file named MEMO in the current working directory Command CE MEMO The command in this example specifies the filename MEMO Since the pathname does not specify an explicit directory location the system uses the current process s working directory to determine where to create the new file If the current process s working directory is NODE USER then the system will create the new file with the pathname NODE USER MEMO When you run multiple Shell processes you typically move between processes often changing the current working directory As a result you may find it difficult to keep track of the current working directory In situations where you run multiple processes you may want to specify absolute pathnames to avoid creating files at an unintended location Whenever you create a file the system assigns the file a set of initial ACLs from the file s parent directory After you create a file you can change its ACLs with the EDACL command Chapter 8 explains ACLs and describes how to use the EDACL command Managing Objects 7 6 Rena
113. d save the changes you ve made type 8 9 Controlling Access CTRL Z The Q command quits interactive mode without saving your changes You can edit the ACLs of several objects either by specifying multiple pathnames separating each pathname with a space or by using pathname wildcards Chapter 6 describes how to use pathname wildcards This section describes how to use the EDACL command to list and edit ACLs The examples presented in this section show how to use EDACL commands in command line mode For a complete description of EDACL see the DOMAIN System Command Reference Table 8 2 summarizes the commands used to edit ACLs Table 8 2 Summary of Commands for Editing ACLs Display an object s ACL EDACL pathname L Add an ACL entry EDACL pathname A ppon rights Add rights to an ACL entry EDACL pathname AR ppon rights Change access rights for an ACL EDACL pathname C ppon rights entry Delete rights from an ACL entry EDACL pathname DR ppon rights Delete an ACL entry EDACL pathname D ppon rights Controlling Access 8 10 Rules to Specify ACL Entries Most of the EDACL commands described in this section require you to specify SID and access right information For example to add an ACL entry you must specify a SID and a set of access rights Before you attempt to use EDACL commands you should understand the rules for specifying SIDs and access rights When you specify a SID you can use the percent sign wildca
114. d to the file that is being edited without closing the edit pad The DM writes the previous contents of the file to a file with the same name and the added suffix BAK Subsequent PW or WC WINDOW CLOSE commands rewrite the new file and leave the BAK version unchanged For more informa 5 29 Editing a Pad tion about the WC command refer to the Closing Pads and Windows section in Chapter 4 PW is similar to WC with two exceptions 1 PW leaves the edit pad open so that you can continue editing the file 2 PW writes the new version of the file even if other windows are viewing the edit pad PW is useful if for example you want to try compiling a program you are editing If you decide to make additional changes to the program you can just go back to the edit pad and continue editing since updates made by PW leave the edit pad open and active You can also update an edit file by pressing the lt SAVE gt key or the CTRL Y sequence see the Closing Pads and Windows section in Chapter 4 Editing a Pad 5 30 CHAPTER 6 Using the Shell Chapter 3 describes the Display Manager DM the operating system program that you use to create processes and control your node s display We supply another operating system program called the command Shell that lets you perform more traditional computing operations The Shell lets you enter commands to perform such operations as copying files and directories compiling and r
115. dcard character 6 20 equal sign as comparison operator 9 17 as pathname wildcard character 6 21 exclamation mark as substitution character 9 7 gt greater than as comparison operator 9 16 redirecting standard output 6 12 gt greater than question mark redirecting error output 6 12 hyphen preceding DM command options 3 4 preceding Shell command options 6 3 reading data from standard input 6 17 lt less than as comparison operator 9 17 redirecting standard input 6 11 percent sign as pathname wildcard character 6 18f as SID wildcard 8 3 8 11 In regular expressions 5 17 pound sign in DM commands 3 5 in Shell commands 9 2 question mark as pathname wildcard character 6 18f in regular expressions 5 18 semicolon separating DM commands 3 5 separating Shell commands 6 4 slash 1 4 beginning pathnames 1 8 to search forward for text 5 23 Index 1 square brackets as pathname wildcard character 6 19 in regular expressions 5 19 tilde as pathname wildcard character 6 20 in regular expressions 5 19 vertical bar as pipe 6 13 A AA Acknowledge alarm command 4 26 ABORT key 4 7 4 16 ABRT ABORT command 4 19 4 20 absolute pathname 1 7 7 6 Access Control List see ACL access rights 8 12 class names 8 14 denying 8 4 8 12 EXPUNGE 8 7 for backup files 8 14 in ACL entries 8 2 in ACL entries 8 4 SEARCH 8 7 types for directories 8 6 types for files 8 6 ACCOUNT co
116. defined Key Move left one char Move right one char Move up one line Move down one line Set arrow key scale factors Controlling the Display 4 2 Table 4 1 Cursor Control Commands continued DM Command Predefined Key of line window in window Tab to window borders Move to the beginning 1e L4 Move to end of line gt L6 Move to top line in lt SHIFT gt LDS Move to bottom line lt SHIFT gt LFS TWB 1 r t b None Move to the beginning AD TL CTRL K of next line Tab left Tab right Set tabs pad on screen window CTRL lt TAB gt lt TAB gt None Move to DM input lt CMD gt L5 Move to next window lt NEXT_WNDW gt L8 Move to previous CTRL L Move to next window in which input is enabled NOTE In this command summary table the symbols enclosed in parentheses are the unique DM keynames Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on key names and defining keys This note applies to all command summary tables in this chapter 4 3 Controlling the Display Creating Processes When you execute a program on a DOMAIN node you run it in a computing environment called a process Each process that you create is unique providing a separate computing environment Since the DOMAIN system enables you to create multiple processes on your node you can run several programs simultaneously You can create and run up to 24 simultaneous pro
117. didn t exist CATF would create a new file named BOOK and write output to it To redirect error output to append error output to the end of a file use the double greater than question mark symbol For example suppose you wanted to keep a record of all FMT errors Each time you used the FMT command to format a file you could direct the command to append error output to a file as follows FMT FILE 1 gt gt ERROR_LOG The command in this example formats FILE 1 If it encounters any errors it appends any error output to the file ERROR LOG Redirecting Output to Other Commands If you place two commands on one line and separate them with a vertical bar the Shell connects the standard output stream of the first command to the standard input stream of the next command For example SRF FILE 1 DLDUPL The SRF SORT FILE command sorts the contents of FILE and passes the output to the Shell command DLDUPL DELETE DUPLICATE LINES command The DLDUPL command strips out duplicate lines The vertical bar between the commands is called a pipe Commands such as SRF and DLDUPL that copy standard input to standard output making some changes along the way are called filters A command line that uses pipes and filters is called a pipeline You can use either Shell commands or scripts as filters in pipelines 6 13 Using the Shell To use a group of commands as a filter enclose them in parentheses using the following
118. displays any value that is greater than 50 The EXIT command exits the WHILE loop You normally use the EXIT command to exit a WHILE loop prematurely before executing additional commands For example WHILE TRUE DO READ PROMPT Enter number TYPE INTEGER A IF A lt 50 THEN EXIT ENDIF ARGS A ENDDO ARGS Finished The WHILE loop in this example is very similar to the loop in the previous example except that the IF statement uses the EXIT command instead of NEXT If the integer value is greater than SO the IF statement is FALSE and the command ARGS executes If the value is less than 50 however the IF statement is TRUE and the EXIT command executes The EXIT command causes execution to exit the WHILE loop and skip to the next command outside the loop after ENDDO Asa result this section of the script displays any value that is greater than SO but exits the loop if you enter a value less than SO Using the FOR Statement The FOR command and all its arguments make up a FOR statement that executes commands as long as the result of a Boolean test is true The FOR command has two formats one for using integer expressions and one for using string expressions The FOR command used with integer expressions has the following format FOR variable exp 1 TOexp 2 BY exp 3 command ENDFOR 9 31 Writing Shell Scripts where exp 1 exp_2 and exp_3 are all expressions that result in integ
119. e For example a d matches any single occurrence of a b c or d A Z matches any uppercase letter that is also the first character on the line 5 1 9 0 9 matches any of the page numbers in this chapter OA Z matches any string containing a zero or an uppercase letter a z0 9 matches any uppercase letter or punctuation mark i e no lowercase letter or digit Editing a Pad 5 20 Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions continued At Sign The at sign is an escape character Characters preceded by the character have special meaning in regular expressions as indicated in the following list n matches a NEWLINE character t matches a tab character Note however that the lt TAB gt key does not insert a tab character It simply moves the cursor to the display s next tab stop In a regular expression t matches only tab characters that have been inserted with t f matches a form feed character In addition you can use the escape character inside a character class to specify literal occurrences of a hyphen or a right bracket D You may also use the character to specify a literal occurrence of the other special characters used in regular expressions 96 For example expr A Z matches any uppercase letter a hyphen or a right bracket matches a question mark followed by an asterisk rather than zero or more occurrences of any character
120. e lt READ gt key see Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System Controlling the Display 4 14 Copying a Pad and Window With the CC CREATE_COPY command you can create a copy of an existing pad and window and display it at a specific area on the screen Figure 4 3 illustrates how to use the CC command to copy a pad and window Command CC lt RETURN gt 3 Figure 4 3 Copying a Pad and Window The numbers in Figure 4 3 correspond to the following steps 1 Mark opposite corners of the new window To mark each corner first move the cursor to the point on the screen where you want the corner to appear then either press the lt MARK gt key or specify the DR command Chapter 3 describes how to use the DR command and lt MARK gt key to mark regions on the display 2 Move the cursor inside the window you want to copy 3 Specify the CC command 4 15 Controlling the Display This procedure creates a copy of the pad and window and displays it at the location on the screen that you marked If you issue the CC command without marking the display region the DM determines the location according to the rules described earlier in the Creating Pads and Windows section Closing Pads and Windows When you finish reading or editing a pad you can close the pad and window using any of the commands listed in Table 4 6 Table 4 6 Commands for Closing Pads and Windows DM Command Predefined Key Close window and lt EXIT
121. e when you specify the LD command to list the contents of a directory by default it displays only the name of each object Suppose however that you want to display each objects access rights creation date and object type Normally each time you specify the LD command you have to specify the same list of options Instead you can create a Shell script named LIST that contains the following command line LD R DTC ST Whenever you specify the command name LIST the Shell lists the access rights creation date and object type of each object in the current working directory Of course you can write much more complicated scripts that perform more sophisticated tasks This section describes some of the basic components for writing scripts Creating Scripts To create a script simply create a file and insert Shell command lines Command lines in scripts use the same command line format described in Chapter 6 Like commands that you enter in the Shell input pad you can use parsing operators like the semicolon to separate commands on a command line and the escape character to continue a command on more than one line Other operators like the pound sign character have functions more suited for use in scripts The character allows you to include comments in your scripts since it directs the Shell to ignore anything that follows it on the command Writing Shell Scripts 9 2 line Table 9 1 lists the Shell parsing o
122. e buffer or file XD overwrites its contents with the newly deleted text If you omit the name of a paste buffer or permanent file XD writes the deleted text to the default unnamed paste buffer The R option instructs XD to delete a rectangular block of text that you have defined by marking the upper left and lower right corners of a text region To define the region use the cursor and the DR command or lt MARK gt to specify the left corner then move the cursor to specify the right corner If you specify a column the left and right corners in the same column XD deletes all characters to the right of the column By default the CUT key invokes the XD command using the default unnamed paste buffer You must specify the XD command with the name argument or the f pathname option to write deleted text to a named paste buffer or permanent file respectively Editing a Pad 5 14 Once you have cut a range of text you can use the XP command described in the next section to paste the text in elsewhere Pasting Text To insert the contents of a paste buffer or file into a pad at the current cursor position specify the XP command in the following format XP name f pathname R where name specifies the name of an existing paste buffer that contains the text you want to insert The f pathname option specifies the name of an existing file that contains the text you want to insert If you do not specify the name of a paste b
123. e er tete 2 19 3 1 Invoking a DM Command Interactively 3 3 3 2 Defining a Display Region eseee 3 9 3 3 Key Names for the Low Profile Type ICY DO ALCS eee exero eid 3 13 4 1 A Process Running the Shell wees 4 6 4 2 Creating an Edit Pad and Window 4 13 4 3 Copying a Pad and Window esses 4 15 4 4 Growing a Window Using Rubberbanding 4 19 4 5 Pushing and Popping Windows esses 4 21 Contents xiv 4 6 4 7 4 8 5 1 5 2 5 3 6 1 6 2 6 3 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 7 7 8 7 9 7 10 7 11 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 A 1 A 2 Process Window Legend eerte Location of Pad Scroll Keys eeseeeees Default Icon for Shell Process Windows The Edit Pad Window Legend sess Defining a Range of Text with MARK Copying Text with the XC R Command The Shell PE OCESS titt ret ettet te eretuetss Shell Command Line Components ss Sample Shell Start Up Script vee eeeees The Prnt Ment us MUERE Print Commands Submenu see Sample Display Showing File Attributes Comparing Two ASCII Files were Sample Directory Tree sedeo niii ea rE rE e ree Copying a Directory Tree 4 Replacing a Directory Tree sees Comparing Directory Trees
124. e object s ACL Specifically the system searches for an ACL entry whose SID matches the SID of the user s process If the system doesn t find a match it denies the user access to the object If the system does find a match it grants the user the set of rights specified by the ACL entry The Access Rights section describes the meaning of the various access rights Figure 8 2 shows a set of two ACL entries for a file SID Specification Access Rights JOE ENG pgndwrx ENG Figure 8 2 Sample ACL Entries The percent signs that appear in the different fields of the SID specification are wildcards Wildcards match any name in the network with a specific SID field For example the SID for the second ACL entry in Figure 8 2 ENG contains wildcards in the 8 3 Controlling Access PERSON PROJECT and NODE fields These wildcards match any name in the corresponding fields of a user s process SID As a result the ACL entry for ENG matches any process SID with the organization name ENG When a user process requests access to an object the system starts its search for a matching SID at the most specific SID specification and continues searching toward the most general As soon as the system finds a specification that matches the process s SID it stops the search and grants the rights listed in that ACL entry For example the SID specification for the first ACL entry in Figure 8 2 JOE 96 ENG 96
125. e or overstrikes them Table 5 1 summarizes the DM commands used to change edit pad modes Table 5 1 Commands for Setting Edit Modes DM Command Predefined Key Set read write RO ON OFF CTRL M mode Set insert overstrike EI ON OFF mode Figure 5 1 shows the window legend for edit pads The edit pad window legend provides information about a window s characteristics such as the pathname of the file and current window modes The edit pad window legend also displays the line number of the line at the top of the window and the horizontal offset which indicates the number of columns the window has been scrolled sideways over the pad The horizontal offset number appears only when you scroll the window sideways over the pad Editing a Pad 5 2 Edit Pad Window Legend Line Number Pathname Mode Indicators Insert Read Only Figure 5 1 The Edit Pad Window Legend Setting Read Write Mode Edit pads can be in read only mode or write mode In read only mode you cannot write to or make changes to the text in a pad However you can copy search for and scroll the text In write mode you can write to a pad and change text using all of the editing commands described in this chapter When a pad is in read only mode the letter R appears in the window legend as shown in Figure 5 1 The R disappears in write mode To turn read only mode either on or off specify the RO command in the following format RO ON O
126. e previous command by pressing the lt UNDO gt key NOTE The UNDO command only applies to DM operations You cannot undo Shell commands The UNDO command works by compiling a history of DM operations in input and edit pads in reverse chronological order UNDO reverses the effect of the most recent DM command you specified Successive UNDOs reverse DM commands further back in history To compile its history of activities the DM uses undo buffers one per edit pad and one per input pad The undo buffers are circular lists that when full eliminate the oldest entries to make room for new ones The DM groups entries together in sets For example an S SUBSTITUTE command may change five lines While the DM considers this to be five entries the five entries are grouped into a single set so that one UNDO will change all five lines back to their original state When a buffer becomes full the DM erases the oldest set of entries This means that UNDO will never partially undo an operation it will either completely undo the operation or do nothing An undo buffer for an edit pad can hold up to 1024 entries An undo buffer for an input pad can hold up to 128 entries Updating an Edit File To update a file that you are currently editing specify the PW PAD_WRITE command PW is valid for edit pads only It requires no arguments or options The first time you specify PW during an editing session the DM writes the contents of the edit pa
127. e string specifies the string to be replaced Use a regular expression to describe string If you supply the first delimiter but omit string ie SO string2 string defaults to the string used in the last search operation If you also omit the delimiter i e SO string2 then string defaults to the string used in the last substitute operation The string2 argument specifies a literal replacement string not a regular expression If you supply string then string2 is required You can use an ampersand amp to instruct the SO command to use string as part of string2 For example SO Tom amp Smith This command replaces the first occurrence of Tom with Tom Smith in each line of the defined range of text The SO command does not move the cursor or the pad but does update the pad when the substitution is complete Changing the Case of Letters To change the case of letters in a defined range of text specify the CASE command in the following format CASE S U L where S swaps all uppercase letters for lowercase and all lowercase letters for uppercase The U option changes all letters in the defined range to uppercase and L changes all letters to lowercase CASE without options swaps all uppercase letters for lowercase and all lowercase letters for uppercase Editing a Pad 5 28 Undoing Previous Commands To undo the most recent DM command you entered specify the UNDO command You can also undo th
128. e the default file ACLs of its parent directory see Chapter 8 So in the previous example the system assigns the target file the default file ACLs of the directory USER 1 To replace an existing file with a copy of another file use the R option as follows CPF OWNER JUNE REPORT LATEST REPORT R This command replaces the file LATEST REPORT in the current working directory with a copy of JUNE REPORT As a result LATEST REPORT now contains a copy of JUNE REPORT You can copy or replace several files using a single CPF command by either specifying multiple pairs of source and target pathnames each pair separated by a space or by using pathname wildcards The following command uses pathname wildcards to copy all the files ending with PLAN to the current working directory CPF OWNER PLAN LF The LF option directs the CPF command to list the name of each file it copies For more information on using pathname wildcards see Chapter 6 Moving Files When you move a file you literally relocate the file in the naming tree Use the MVF MOVE FILE command the same way you use the CPF command described in the previous section In fact moving a file has the same effect as copying the file to another location and then deleting the original Unlike a copy operation however when you move a file it retains its original ACLs To move a file or group of files from one location in the naming tree to another use the MVF command
129. ects in the system naming tree The examples showed you how to use pathnames with commands to tell the system the naming tree location where you want a particular operation performed Pathnames also serve to identify objects As you read through this manual you will find that many of the objects that make up the operating system are referred to by their pathnames For example Chapter 2 describes many of the objects the system uses at start up and log in By understanding which objects the system uses and where they are located you ll better understand how these objects work together to make up a functioning system 1 13 The DOMAIN System Appendix A contains a set of figures that illustrate how the system organizes the system software that we supply with your node These figures also refer to system objects by their pathnames The DOMAIN System 1 14 CHAPTER 2 Start Up and Log In Each time you start up a node and log in to it the DOMAIN system executes various programs that start the operating system and scripts that set up the node s operating environment You can tailor the operating environment on your node by modifying the scripts the system uses at start up and log in For example you may want to start specific server processes when you start up your node Or you may want your own specific key definitions default window positions and tabs defined each time you log in This chapter describes how the system functions at st
130. ed the CPO command The created process runs until the owner of the process logs out Suppose you wanted to create a process running the alarm server program to monitor your disk usage and to warn you when your disk becomes 90 full To create the process and start the alarm server specify the following command CPO SYS ALARM ALARM_SERVER DISK 90 In this example the alarm server runs as a background process on your node When you log off the process stops The manual Administering Your DOMAIN System provides detailed information about the alarm server and other servers If you include the CPO command in the DM boot script NODE_DATA STARTUP see Chapter 2 the system assigns the created process the SID USER SERVER NONE local node In this case the created process continues to run regardless of who logs in or out You can perform this same function by executing the CPS command from the DM input window 4 7 Controlling the Display Creating a Server Process You can create a server process without pads and windows that runs continually on your node by specifying the CPS CREATE_PROCESS_SERVER command in the following format CPS pathname options where pathname specifies the pathname of the program you want the process to execute Use the CPS command when you want to create a server that runs regardless of whether anyone is logged in For example the following command starts the mailbox server MBX_HELPER CPS SYS
131. eeeeeeeeeees 7 18 Comparing ASCH Biles eerte 7 19 Managing Directories ee pere ct RE E ER es 7 20 Creatine Directories inen etnies 7 21 Renaming Directories eret ettet ettet enne 7 21 Copying Directory Trees eene eei reet 7 22 Replacing Directory Trees oo eee eiai 7 25 Merging Directory Trees etre eter eese unen 7 26 Comparing Directory Tresserre inent ae 7 27 xi Contents Displaying Directory Information eee 7 28 Deleting Directory Trees aeter ett teria 7 30 Managing Links aues esee e sigan r tete pee b eS e eee ds 7 31 Creatine Lans see epe prec meister NS 7 32 Displaying Link Resolution Names esee 7 33 Bedetining Wink 22 tert re ERI ER ROUES 7 33 Rema mise LINKS eeeei etr tet per ELE epe eiie lees 7 34 Copying LINKS 02er ptt eeet er ri entere SRE 7 35 Deleting Link S oeren ttr tetes eee iere e Pets 7 36 Chapter 8 Controlling Access to Files and Directories ACE SUC LUE 3 arret Det re ete tabe et mete Retenir 8 2 The Subject Identifier SID eee 8 3 ACCESS Rights eec cereo pao rete adag eue 8 4 Understanding SEARCH and EXPUNGE Rights 8 7 Managing ACLS nen tee teen Ee LEE Coe ioa 8 7 Displaying ACLS teer etes eee abies 8 8 Editing ACLS orerar e a dU e IR dre te 8 9 Rules to Specify ACL Entries eee 8 11 Adding ACE Entries 3 eee eter ee ers 8 15 Changing Entry Rights eerte idee 8 15 Adding Entry Right
132. egion Chapter 5 describes regular expressions 3 7 Using the Display Manager Table 3 2 Formats for Specifying Points on the Display continued x coordinate y coordinate Specifies a point on the display by screen coordinates Screen coordinates indicate bit positions on the display The origin 0 0 is at the extreme upper left corner of the screen Values for coordinates have the following ranges Display Type 1024x800 0 to 1023 0 to 799 1280x1024 0 to 1023 0 to 1279 Landscape 800x1024 0 to 799 0 to 1023 Portrait 1024x1024 0 to 1023 0 to 1023 Square If you omit either coordinate from the specification the DM uses the coordinates of the cursor Note that you must enclose the coordinates in parentheses Some examples are 200 450 Bit position with an x coordinate of 200 and a y coordinate of 450 135 Bit position with an x coordinate of 135 and the same y coordinate as the current cursor position 730 Bit position with the same x coordinate as the current cursor position and a y coordinate of 730 Using the Display Manager 3 8 When you specify any of the formats described in Table 3 2 in the DM input pad the DM moves the cursor to the specified position For example to move the cursor to line 75 column 5 in an edit pad specify the following in the DM input pad Command 75 5 You can also use any of the formats for defining points to define a region on the display To defi
133. elete If you specify multiple pathnames to delete multiple links separate each pathname with a space The following command deletes the link REPORTS from the current working directory DLL REPORTS You can also use pathname wildcards to delete related groups of links For example DLL STATUS The ellipsis wildcard directs the DLL command to delete every link named STATUS in all directories subordinate to the node entry directory Managing Objects 7 36 CHAPTER 8 Controlling Access to Files and Directories You can protect your files and directories from unauthorized use with a system protection mechanism called an access control list ACL Every file and directory in the system has an access control list that defines e Who can use the object e What operations these users can perform on the object An ACL for a file for example can authorize some users to read the file and permit others to edit it 8 1 Controlling Access This chapter describes the following ACL topics e The structure of an ACL and its component parts e How the system assigns initial ACLs to objects e How you can use Shell commands to display edit and copy ACLs e Protected subsystems and the commands you use to create and use them ACL Structure The ACL for each file and directory contains one or more ACL entries An entry describes the operations a user or set of users can perform on the object For a file the ACL can also
134. em Transcript Figure 8 6 contains a transcript that shows how a user created a protected subsystem entered it created a subsystem manager and data object and exited the subsystem Controlling Access 8 28 CHAPTER 9 Writing Shell Scripts Most of the Shell command examples that you ve seen so far show you how to use commands interactively by specifying them in the Shell input pad You can also use Shell commands in Shell scripts Shell scripts are essentially programs made up of Shell commands and other valid Shell characters operators and expressions Think of scripts as programs written in the Shell language This chapter describes how to write Shell scripts using Shell commands operators and expressions Although you can use many of the commands and conventions presented in this chapter when you use the Shell interactively they have their most practical applications in scripts 9 1 Writing Shell Scripts Creating Your Own Commands In its simplest form a script is a file containing Shell commands that you create to perform some customized operation For example a Shell script can contain a sequence of commands that you specify frequently such as WD to set the working directory and LD to list the directory s contents Or it could contain a single command with a long list of options By including commands such as these in a script you can execute them at any time by specifying a single command name For exampl
135. end Process Name Figure 4 6 Process Window Legend 4 23 Controlling the Display By default the window legend displays the letter Z indicating that the process input window is in insert mode In insert mode the DM inserts characters you type at the current cursor position The remainder of the line moves to the right to make room for new characters With insert mode turned off the process input window is in overstrike mode in which characters you type replace those under the cursor To turn insert mode on or off specify the EI command in the following format EI ON OFF If you do not specify an option EI toggles the current mode To turn scroll mode on or off specify the WS WINDOW SCROLL command in the following format WS ON OFF With scroll mode turned on the window displays output one line at a time as the transcript pad moves beneath the window With scroll mode turned off output does not appear a line at a time Instead when the program finishes sending output to the transcript pad the window automatically displays the end of the pad and any new output Initially all transcript pad windows have scroll mode turned on The window legend at the top of the window displays the letter S when scroll mode is on You can also toggle scroll mode on or off by typing CTRL S To turn hold mode on or off specify the WH WINDOW HOLD command in the following format WH ON OFF When you turn hold mode
136. er values The exp_ argument specifies the initial integer value assigned to variable The command argument specifies one or more commands to execute as long as the test on variable results in a TRUE value Before each iteration the FOR statement tests to see if the current variable value is less than the value specified by exp 2 As long as the variable value is less than the value for exp 2 the result is TRUE Like the WHILE statement you can use the FOR statement to execute commands repetitively in a loop The FOR statement is different however because it increments its variable automatically after each iteration Forexample the WHILE and FOR statements in the following example perform the same operation Example using WHILE Statement A 0 WHILE A lt 10 DO ARGS AA A A 2 ENDDO Example using the FOR statement FOR A 0TO 10 BY 2 ARGS A ENDFOR In this example both the WHILE loop and the FOR loop execute the ARGS command six times By default the FOR statement increments the value of the variable by one after each iteration Notice however that this example uses BY 2 to increment the variable by Writing Shell Scripts 9 32 two after each iteration Instead of the FOR loop counting from 0 to 10 by 1 it counts to 10 by 2 The result is 0O ARNO 0 The FOR command used with string expressions has the following format FOR variable IN exp BY CHAR WORD LINE command
137. erator gets more complicated when the first operand contains more than one occurrence of the second operand In this case the Shell string you are subtracting matches the last occurrence in the first operand For example ARGS PROG PAS AND FILE PAS PAS Ld Ld Ld 9 15 Writing Shell Scripts This expression subtracts the last occurrence of the second operand PAS from the first operand The result of this example is PROG PAS AND FILE To subtract both occurrences of the string PAS in the first operand use the following expression ARGS PROG PAS AND FILE PAS PAS PAS LJ L__J LL LJ This expression performs two operations each subtracting the last occurrence of the string PAS in the first operand The result is the string PROG AND FILE When you use string operators the Shell treats all operands as strings If an operand in a string operation is an integer the Shell converts the integer to a string For example ARGS 50 shares at 30 a share is 9 50 30 returns the string 50 shares at 30 a share is 1500 Notice that the Shell performs the mathematical operation inside the grouping operators first The result of this operation 50 30 is the integer 1500 Since this integer is part of a string concatenation operation the Shell converts it to a string Even if you omitted the grouping operators the Shell would still multiply the two integers first since mult
138. ere variable_list specifies one or more variables that receive the input values Figure 9 2 shows a sample script that demonstrates how to use the READ command to read user input Writing Shell Scripts 9 22 STOCKS This script calculates the value of stock holdings It reads In both the number of shares held by the user and the current market price per share Read In number of shares READ PROMPT Number of shares SHARES Read In current market price READ PROMPT Current market value PRICE Calculate value of holdings and display value ARGS SHARES shares at PRICE per share SHARES PRICE Figure 9 2 A Sample Script Using the READ Command By default the Shell uses standard input to read values that the user of the script types in the Shell input pad Our sample script in Figure 9 2 uses two READ commands one reads in the number of shares and assigns the value to the variable SHARES the other reads in the current price of each share and assigns the value to the variable PRICE Notice that each READ command uses the PROMPT option to prompt the user for the proper input To see just how this script works create your own copy and execute it The sample script in Figure 9 2 expects the user to supply integer values But what if the user entered a string or Boolean value The script would use the value and as a result the final calculation ASHARE
139. eued Displaying File Attributes To display a file s attributes such as its size creation date and access rights to name a few use the LD LIST_DIRECTORY command in the following format LD pathname options Managing Objects 7 16 where pathname specifies the pathname of the file and options specifies which attributes you want displayed The LD command in the following example displays attribute information for the file MEMO as shown in Figure 7 3 The command specifies two attribute options R which displays the file s access rights and DTC which displays the file s creation date and time LD NODE USER MEMO R DTC date time rights created name pgndcalr 85 01 04 09 16 node user memo 1 entries 2 blocks used Figure 7 3 Sample Display Showing File Attributes To display an entire set of attributes for a file use the A option as follows LD NODE USER MEMO A You can display the attributes of several files by either specifying multiple file pathnames each pathname separated by a space or by using pathname wildcards The command in the following example uses the question mark and asterisk pathname wildcards to display attribute information for all files in the current working directory that have the suffix PLAN LD PLAN R DTC You can also display the attributes of all the files in a particular directory by specifying the name of the directory as the pathname ar
140. expression expr for use in a derived name Refer to tagged expressions in arguments as 1 first expression tagged 2 second expression tagged etc For example CPF PROG FTN BAK 1 copies PROG FTN BAK to PROG FTN CPF FIL E_ A 1 2 copies FILE Atoa file named FIL A 6 21 Using the Shell Running Programs in a Background Process The command Shell has another set of special characters called parsing operators that control how a command parses interprets and categorizes the individual components on a command line We ve already seen how to use some of these parsing operators the semicolon to separate multiple commands on a command line the escape character to continue commands on more than one line and blank spaces to separate command arguments and options Another parsing operator is the ampersand character amp It instructs the Shell to run a program in a background process a process that runs without pads and windows To run a command or program in a background process enter the command line or program name in the Shell input pad followed by the amp character For example BINDFILE 1 BIN MAP PROG MAP amp This command line runs the binder as a background process to bind the file FILE 1 BIN and writes a complete map to the file PROG MAP By default the Shell directs output to the file DEV NULL You can display output from the background process by specifying the Shell command BON The B
141. ey definitions and thereby define keys that define other keys The embedded key definition follows the same rules as any other key definition however you must precede the semicolon with an escape character to separate the embedded KD command from the next command The following example shows an embedded key definition KD F3 KD X ES THISISATEST KE PV KE embedded key definition 3 19 Using the Display Manager This command defines the F3 key to perform the following operations when pressed e Define CTRL X to print out the string This is a test The embedded key definition specifies this function e Invoke the PV command to scroll the current pad one line Chapter 4 describes the PV command Note that the DM scans embedded key definitions three times when 1 It makes the outer key definition 2 It executes the outer key definition and makes the inner key definition 3 It executes the inner key definition To define a key that prompts you for input specify as part of the definition argument the input request character amp in the following format amp prompt where prompt specifies the prompt string The input request character and prompt cause the DM to prompt for part of the definition argument you specified in the key definition For example the READ key R3 has the following default key definition KD R3 CV amp Read File KE Whenever you press the READ key the
142. eyboard that we no longer ship with new nodes Figure B 1 shows the names and locations of the keys on the 880 keyboard B 1 Summary of Key Definitions p4eoq eM 089 ey 104 seueu SM L g eunDr4 B 2 Summary of Key Definitions Controlling the Cursor Predefined Key DM Command Low Profile 880 Move left one char Move right one char Move up one line Move down one line Set arrow key scale factors Move to the 1 L4 i L4 beginning of line Move to end of line 1 L6 1 L6 Move to top line in lt SHIFT gt None window LDS Move to bottom line lt SHIFT gt in window LFS Tab to window TWB 1 r t b None borders Move to the AD TL CTRL K CTRL K beginning of next line Tab left CTRL lt TAB gt CTRL lt TAB gt Tab right lt TAB gt lt TAB gt Set tabs None None B 3 Summary of Key Definitions Controlling the Cursor continued Predefined Key Task DM Command Low Profile Move to DM input lt CMD gt lt CMD gt pad L5 L5 Move to next lt NEXT lt NEXT window on screen WNDW gt WNDW gt LB LB Move to previous CTRL L CTRL L window Move to next window in which input is enabled Creating Processes Predefined Keys Task DM Command Low Profile Create new process CP pathname lt SHELL gt lt SHELL gt pads and windows L5S R2 Create new process CPO pathname None None without pads or windows
143. ffers writing text to 5 8 window positions 4 25 defining a range of text in pads 5 9f default window positions 4 25 display points 3 6ff display regions 3 6ff keys 3 18ff at startup 2 7 at startup 2 11 at start up 3 12ff from within a program 3 18 from within a program 3 22 to prompt for input 3 20 Shell environment 6 8f variables 9 18 variables interactively 9 22f deleting ACL access rights 8 17 entries 8 17 characters from pads 5 7f directory trees 7 30 edit pads and windows 4 16 entries from window groups 4 32f files 7 18 key definitions 3 21 lines of text from pads 5 8 links 7 36 NEWLINE characters from pads 5 7 paste buffers 5 11 read only pads and windows 4 16 text from pads 5 7ff 5 14 windows 5 7 words from pads 5 8 delimiters for DM command lines 3 4 derived name in path name wildcards 6 21 DEV NULL 6 22 directories appending to command search rules COM 6 5 COM 6 5 7 3 9 3 commands for managing 7 20 Index 5 comparing 7 27f copying trees 7 22ff creating 7 21 deleting trees 7 30 displaying information 7 28f EXPUNGE rights 8 7 for personal commands 9 3 initial ACLs 8 18f log in home 2 15 managing 7 20ff merging 7 26f naming 1 11 changing 7 4 setting 7 3 network root 1 4f node entry 1 4f parent 1 12f protecting 8 1ff queue 7 12 renaming 7 21f replacing trees 7 25f SEARCH rights 8 7 site registry 2 21 SYS 1 5 upper level 1 4 valid access rights 8 12 working 1 9f 7 2 changing 7 3 settin
144. file Once you have copied a range of text you can use the XP command to paste the text in elsewhere see the Pasting Text section Copying a Display Image To copy a display image into a graphics map file GMF use the XI command in the following format XI F pathname where F pathname specifies the name of the file you want to store the display image If you omit the F option the system writes the image to NODE DATA PASTE BUFFERS DEFAULT GMF 5 13 Editing a Pad Once you copy the image to a file you can print the file using the PRF command with the PLOT option as follows PRF MY_FILE GMF PLOT To use the XI command mark the range of the display you want to copy If you do not specify a range XI copies the entire window in which the cursor is positioned Note that if you want to copy the whole screen use the Shell command CPSCR COPY_SCREEN Chapter 7 describes the CPSCR command Cutting Text When you cut text from a pad the DM copies the text into a paste buffer or file and then deletes it from the pad To cut a defined range of text specify the XD command in the following format XD name f pathname R where name specifies the name of a paste buffer that the DM creates to hold the deleted text The f pathname option specifies the name of a permanent file for the text You can use this command only in pads created with lt EDIT gt or the CE command If you supply the name of an existing past
145. fined range B 11 Summary of Key Definitions Index The letter f means and the following page the letters ff mean and the following pages Symbols are listed at the beginning of the index Task oriented entries appear in color Symbols braces as pathname wildcard characters 6 21 in regular expressions 5 21 double parentheses as expression delimiters 9 12 parentheses as pathname wildcard characters 6 21 amp ampersand as input request character 3 5 3 20 as Shell parsing operator 6 22 asterisk as EDACL prompt 8 9 as multiplication operator 9 14 as pathname wildcard character 6 18f in regular expressions 5 18 reading pathnames from standard input 6 17 at sign escape character In DM commands 3 5 in Shell commands 6 4 in regular expressions 5 21 backslash beginning pathnames 1 12f to search backwards for text 5 23 tilde beginning pathnames 1 11 caret as substitution character 9 4 9 19 in active functions 9 24 dollar sign as Shell command prompt 6 2 in regular expressions 5 17 double backslash to repeat search backwards 5 25 gt gt double greater than appending files 7 10f appending standard output 6 12 gt gt double greater than question mark appending error output 6 13 lt lt double less than redirecting standard input 9 9 double slash 1 4 in absolute pathnames 1 7 to repeat search forward 5 25 ellipsis as pathname wil
146. fter you log in if you find that the predefined keys do not work as described in this manual you can execute the appropriate STD_KEYS n file to set up the proper default key definitions for your keyboard For example to set up the predefined key definitions for the Model I keyboard specify the following in the DM input pad Command CMDF SYS DM STD_KEYS2 You can also define your own function keys and control key sequences by assigning commands to specific key names But before you can define keys you must understand how they are named The next two sections describe key naming conventions and describe how to define keys Using the Display Manager 3 14 Key Naming Conventions The DM identifies each key on your keyboard and mouse by a unique name The names of the ordinary character keys letters and numbers have the same name as the characters they represent For example the A key has the name A Other keys like the DM function keys have special names that are different than the names written on them The lt READ gt key for example has the name R2 Figure 3 3 shows the names and locations of the keys on both the low profile type keyboards For example the lt CUT gt lt COPY gt function key LIA performs a different function when you use it with the lt SHIFT gt key The name L1A identifies the key s normal function when you press the key down The name LIAS referred to as the key s shifted name ide
147. g 7 3 directory tree 7 23 disked node 1 3 as network partner 2 9 booting 2 4 NODE DATA 2 11 start up 2 2ff diskless list 2 10 diskless node 1 3 NODE DATA 2 4 start up 2 8ff display controlling with DM commands 3 2ff copying images to files 5 13 defining points 3 2 3 6ff defining regions 3 2 3 6ff drawing initial windows 2 7 Display Manager DM 1 3 2 4 2 10 3 1ff display printing images 5 14 7 18f displaying ACLs 8 8 command search rules 6 6 current naming directory 7 3 current working directory 7 3 directory information 7 28f file attributes 7 16f key definitions 3 21 link resolution names 7 33 naming directory 7 3 window group members 4 37 DLDUPL DELETE DUPLICATE LINES command 6 13f DLF DELETE FILE command 1 6 7 18 DLL DELETE LINK command 7 36 DLT DELETE_TREE command 7 30 DLVAR DELETE_VAR command 9 21f DM command scripts 3 22f DM commands AA Acknowledge alarm 4 26 ABRT ABORT 4 19 4 20 AP Acknowledge alarm and pop 4 26 CASE Change case 5 28 CC CREATE_COPY 4 15 CE CREATE_EDIT 4 13 7 6 CMDF COMMAND FILE 3 22 conventions 3 4 CP CREATE PROCESS 4 5 CPB COPY PASTE BUFFER 4 37 CPO CREATE PROCESS ONLY 4 7 CPS CREATE SERVER PROCESS 4 8 CV CREATE VIEW 3 10 3 11 4 14 DC DEBUG CONTINUE 4 10 DQ DEBUG QUIT 4 9 DR 3 9 4 15 DS DEBUG SUSPEND 4 10 ED Delete character at cursor 5 7 EE Delete character before cursor 5 8 EEF Insert end of file 5 6 EI Set
148. g Arguments to Scripts section ARGS 41 compiled and bound When you use double quotes the Shell performs substitutions in the quoted string In this example if the argument passed to the script is MY PROG the Shell outputs the string MY PROG compiled and bound On the other hand if you enclose the string in single quotation marks ARGS 1 compiled and bound the Shell will not perform the substitution Instead it displays the message 1 compiled and bound Writing Shell Scripts 9 8 Using In Line Data As we saw in Chapter 6 certain Shell commands use standard input to read data from the Shell input pad When you use these commands in scripts you can redirect standard input to read data from within the script itself For example the ED EDIT command normally uses standard input to read special editing commands that you enter in the Shell input pad Using the I O redirection character lt lt you can redirect standard input to read commands from inside the script instead Figure 9 1 shows a script in which the ED command reads in line data This is a sample script that uses in line data ED MY FILE lt lt editing commands Figure 9 1 Including In Line Data in a Script In Figure 9 1 the list of editing commands between the two slash characters is called a here document The I O redirection character redirects standard input to read the data in this case commands conta
149. ginning of the line a Print this file b This Print file Dollar Sign A dollar sign at the end of a regular expression matches the end of line character null at the end of a line If is not the last character in the expression it simply matches the dollar sign character Use this special feature to mark the end of a line in a regular expression For example file matches the string in line a but not line b because in line b file is not followed by an end of line marker a Print this file b This file is permanent 5 17 Editing a Pad Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions continued Question Mark A question mark matches any single character except a NEWLINE character The only exception to this is when the appears inside a character class see the string description in this table in which case it represents the question mark character itself For example OLD matches the strings in lines a and b but not line c because in line c the letters OLD are alone on the line a HOLDING b FOLDERS c OLD Asterisk An asterisk following a regular expression matches zero or more occurrences of that expression The only exception to this is when the appears inside a character class see the string description in this table in which case it represents the asterisk character itself Matching zero or more occurrences of some pattern is called a
150. gument The Displaying Directory Information section describes how to use LD to list the contents of a directory and display attribute information about its contents 7 17 Managing Objects Deleting Files To delete one or more files use the DLF DELETE_FILE command in the following format DLF pathname options where pathname specifies the pathname of the file you want to delete If you specify multiple pathnames to delete multiple files separate each pathname with a space The following command deletes the files MY_PLAN and REPORT from the current working directory DLF MY_PLAN REPORT You can also use pathname wildcards to delete related groups of files For example DLF BAK L The percent sign wildcard character causes DLF to delete all of the files in the current working directory that end in BAK The L option lists each file as DLF deletes it DLF is an example of a command that queries you to verify names that you specify with pathname wildcards In the previous example the DLF command asks you to verify the deletion of each file that matches the pathname BAK Copying the Display to a File You can copy the image of your current display to a file using the CPSCR COPY_SCREEN command in the following format CPSCR path name INV where pathname specifies the pathname of the file to which you want to copy the display image The NV option directs CPSCR to store the file in reverse v
151. haracter Table 6 5 provides a list of pathname wildcards along with a brief description of how they work Chapter 7 describes how to use Shell commands to manage files directories and links Many of the examples in Chapter 7 provide specific examples of how to use pathname wildcards Using the Shell 6 18 Table 6 5 Summary of Path name Wildcards Character Description Matches any single character except lt RETURN gt For example Z matches any two character name that begins with the letter Z ZA and Z1 Matches zero or more characters up to but not including a period For example BAK matches any name that ends in BAK SALES BAK and INV BAK but not SALES BAK BAK DEMO matches any name that begins with DEMO up to and including the period DEMO BAK and DEMO PAS DEMO matches DEMO PAS BAK Matches zero or more occurrences of the character that precedes it When follows the character it matches zero or more occurrences of any character except lt RETURN gt For example FILE9 matches FILE FILE9 and FILE999 DE matches DEMO DESK and DEPARTMENT DEMO matches any name that DEMO matches see the example above but also matches the period DEMO FMT and DEMO 6 19 Using the Shell Table 6 5 Summary of Pathname Wildcards continued Character string string Using the Shell Description Matches any single character listed in a string For example
152. haracter or program function key name For example use Y for CTRL Y or AF4 for CTRL F4 These keys are reserved for user program control They appear at the top of the keyboard and are named F1 through F8 as labeled For DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboards these keys are named FO through F9 Their up transition names are FOU through F9U their shifted names are FOS through F9S and their control key names are FO through F9 Using the Display Manager 3 16 Table 3 5 Key Type DM Function Numeric Keypad Mouse Key Naming Conventions continued Description These keys are predefined to perform special display management functions The function keys on the left side of the keyboard are named L 1 through LF The function keys on the right are named R1 through R5 Specify a key s up transition name by adding the suffix U to the key name To specify a function key s shifted name only on low profile type keyboards add the suffix S For example the up transition name for R3 is R3U the shifted name is R3S These keys are only available on the DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboard The keypad s numeric keys are named NPO through NP9 The keypad symbols are named NP NP and NP respectively The Enter key is named NPE Keys 0 through 9 plus and minus can have shifted names for example NP S These are located on the optional mouse and are named M1 M2 M3 Their up transition names are MIU
153. hat one way to specify a point in a pad is by matching a regular expression This means that the search operation is really a pointing action followed by a null command Consequently you should not think of search operations as operating on a text range but rather searching from the initial cursor position to the end or beginning of the file in order to properly position the cursor If the DM scans more than 100 lines in a search operation it displays a Searching for string message in its output window Then it polls for keystrokes every 10 lines it processes At this point you may e Wait for the DM to complete the operation e Cancel the search by typing CTRL X or by pressing a key that has been defined to invoke the ABRT or SQ command see the Cancelling a Search Operation section e Use the keyboard it works as it normally does You can type into any pad except the one being searched You can specify any DM command except another search or substitute command The DM executes these commands when it completes the search You can type input to another Shell or program if it was previously waiting for input The process executes these commands when the DM finishes the search Editing a Pad 5 24 Repeating a Search Operation To repeat the last search forward specify the command or type the CTRL R sequence To repeat the last search backward specify the command or type the CTRL U sequence The DM save
154. he DLT command deletes the specified directory and all of the objects it contains For example the following command deletes the directory tree shown in Figure 7 10 DLT REPORTS L Figure 7 10 Deleting a Directory Tree Managing Objects 7 30 The command in the previous example deletes the directory tree starting at the directory REPORTS in the current working directory The L option directs DLT to list each object it deletes Managing Links As you use the system you may find that many of the files and directories that you access frequently have unusually long pathnames You can eliminate the inconvenience of typing a lengthy pathname by creating a shorthand name for the object called a link A link is a special object that contains the name of another object When you specify a link as a pathname or part of a pathname the system substitutes the pathname that the link contains the resolution name for the name of the link This section describes how to manage links on your system Table 7 5 summarizes the commands used to manage links Table 7 5 Commands for Managing Links Shell Command Create a link CRL link_name object_name Display link resolution names LD pathname LL LT Redefine a link CRL link_name Object_name R Rename a link CHN old_name new_name Copy a link CPL source target Delete a link DLL link_name 7 31 Managing Objects Creating Links To create a link specify the CRL CREATE_LINK
155. he Display Creating a Read Only Pad and Window A read only pad and window is identical to an edit pad and window with one exception you cannot make changes to a read only pad you can only read it Note however that you can copy text from a read only pad Tocreate aread only pad and window specify the CV CREATE VIEW command in the following format region CV pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the file you want to read If the file you specify exists The CV command opens the file and displays its contents If the file does not exist the DM displays the following error message CV filename Name not found Note that the CV command does not create a process it opens a file for reading within the current DM process If the file you want to read is currently active in another window you can create another new pad and window to read it You cannot however edit a file while anyone else on the network has it open for editing On occasion you may create a read only pad and window and decide that you would like to make changes to the file Instead of creating a new edit pad and window for the file you can either type CTRL M or specify the DM command RO set read write mode to change the read only pad to an edit pad Chapter 5 describes how to use the RO command to set a pad s read write mode You can also create a read only pad and window using the lt READ gt key For a description of how to use th
156. he EI command in the following format EI ON OFF The ON option instructs EI to set the current pad to insert mode The OFF option causes EI to set the pad to overstrike mode i e it turns insert mode off If you do not specify an option the EI command toggles the current mode You can also toggle the current mode by pressing INS This key invokes the EI command without options Inserting Characters Any pad that is in write mode automatically accepts anything that you type at the keyboard as input to that pad The commands listed in Table 5 2 perform special insertion functions Editing a Pad 5 4 Table 5 2 Commands for Inserting Characters DM Command Predefined Key Insert string at ES string Default DM operation cursor Insert NEWLINE lt RETURN gt character Insert a new line TR EN TL after current line Insert raw no echo character Insert end of file CTRL Z mark Inserting a Text String When a pad is in write mode the DM inserts any text character you type at the current cursor position This is the default Display Manager action If you try to type text into a read only pad the DM displays an error message in the DM output window To insert a text string at the current cursor position specify the ES command in the following format ES string The string argument is the text that you want to insert Enclose the text in single quotes The ES command inserts a string
157. he pathname of the naming tree location where you want the copy created The rules for pathnames described in Chapter 6 apply to both command arguments The CPF command always creates a copy of the source file at the location specified by the target For example CPF MEMO USER_1 NEW_MEMO creates a copy of the source file MEMO in the directory USER 1 In this example since the target specifies the pathname of a file CPF assigns the copy the name specified by the target which in this example is NEW MEMO If the target specifies the pathname of a directory CPF creates a copy of the source file in the target directory the current working directory if you omit the target and assigns the copy the filename of the source file For example CPF MEMO USER 1 copies the file MEMO from the current working directory to the target directory USER 1 Because CPF assigns the copy the name of the source file the new file has the pathname USER I MEMO If you omit the target pathname entirely CPF creates a copy of the source in the current working directory unless the source file also resides there In the previous example since the source file MEMO is in the current working directory CPF can t create another file named MEMO in the same directory In this case CPF displays the error message can t copy a file or tree to itself and does not make a copy Managing Objects 7 8 By default the system assigns the target fil
158. he two cursor positions used to mark the column The dotted rectangle shows the block of text that the XC R com Editing a Pad 5 12 mand copies The dotted rectangle is only for the purpose of illustration it does not appear on your display R oooS0 eC ELE eee EL EN ELCEE LENE EMELACCLLELELE REAL EEE ELEELEREEES EELS a owner my file a In classrooms and homes throughout the country young children are happily hunting and pecking their way across computer keyboards as rapidly as many formally trained typists The impetus for this enthusiasm has nothing to do with typing skills rather it is due to the phenomenal attraction with which computers are grabbing the attention of children from age 5 on To cite a few examples u Computers have cracked the College Board For the first time in history high school students will be able to take a college entrance examination in computer science in 1984 Harvard College has joined the increasing number of colleges and universities that require credits in computer literacy for graduation ed developments in scattered parts of the k are t tic of the wildfire spread OSEE Command XC R 1 Figure 5 3 Copying Text with the XC R Command By default the lt COPY gt key invokes the XC command using the default unnamed paste buffer You must specify the XC command with the name argument or the f pathname option if you want to copy text to a named paste buffer or permanent
159. hile typing the character Horizontal ellipsis points indicate that the preceding item can be repeated one or more times Vertical ellipsis points mean that irrelevant parts of a figure or example have been omitted Related Manuals If you are using the DOMAIN system for the first time you should read Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System order number 002348 first Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System teaches you the basics of using the DOMAIN system The DOMAIN System Command Reference order number 002547 contains detailed descriptions of all DOMAIN system commands The command descriptions are arranged alphabetically for quick and easy access For information on how to create the network environment protect the network software create servers and maintain and troubleshoot the network see Administering Your DOMAIN System Order number 001746 Problems Questions and Suggestions We appreciate comments from the people who use our system In order to make it easy for you to communicate with us we provide the User Change Request UCR system for software related comments and the Reader s Response form for documentation comments By using these formal channels you make it easy for us to respond to your comments You can get more information about how to submit a UCR by con sulting the DOMAIN System Command Reference Refer to the Preface vi CRUCR Create User Change Request Shell command description You ca
160. hose options you pass to it as 2 PAS 1 2 BIND 1 BIN MAP 1 MAP ARGS 1 compiled and bound Now typing the following command will work COMPILE4 ee L lici OPT 1 2 Like the caret the exclamation point parsing operator causes the Shell to substitute the string in quotation marks for the second parameter However the exclamation point directs the Shell to rescan the command line before executing it When the Shell scans the line a second time it breaks apart the three options in the string As a result the Shell interprets the options correctly 9 7 Writing Shell Scripts Using Quoted Strings The proper use of quotation marks can make a big difference in the way the Shell interprets quoted strings In order to use quoted strings correctly in scripts you must understand the subtle differences in the Shell s interpretation of single and double quotation marks When you want the Shell to interpret a string literally you can use either single or double quotation marks as follows ARGS compiled and bound or ARGS compiled and bound Both commands use standard output to write the message compiled and bound to the Shell s transcript pad But suppose you wanted to substitute arguments inside the quoted string To substitute arguments inside a quoted string you must use double quotation marks For example let s use a line from the script COMPILE4 that we created in the Passin
161. ideo black on white or white on black depending on the current display setting Managing Objects 7 18 To print a file that contains a screen image use the PRF command with the PLOT option Comparing ASCII Files To identify differences between ASCII text files use the CMF COMPARE_FILE command in the following format CMF source target options where source specifies the pathname of the file to which CMF compares one or more target files CMF reports all differences in relation to the source file If you specify multiple target pathnames separate them with spaces If you omit a target pathname CMF compares the source with text from standard input The CMF command in Figure 7 4 compares the contents of the file SPEECH to the contents of SPEECH BAK Process 25 Figure 7 4 Comparing Two ASCII Files 7 19 Managing Objects Managing Directories Directories are the naming tree components that contain other objects Table 7 4 summarizes the commands for managing directories Table 7 4 Commands for Managing Directories Shell Command Create a directory CRD pathname Rename a directory CHN old_name new_name Copy a directory tree CPT source target Replace a directory tree CPT source target R Merge directory trees CPT source target MS Compare directory trees CMT source target Display contents of a directory LD pathname Delete a directory tree DLT pathname Managing Objects 7 20
162. in the format MVF source target options where source specifies the pathname of the file you want to move and target specifies the pathname of the file s new location in the 7 9 Managing Objects naming tree The rules for pathnames described in Chapter apply to both arguments The following command moves the file FLOORPLAN MVF DESIGNER FLOORPLAN BUILDER PLANS CAPE In this example the target specifies the pathname for a nonexistent file named CAPE The MVF command moves the file FLOORPLAN from the directory DESIGNER to the directory BUILDER PLANS and names the file CAPE If the target pathname specifies a directory MVF moves the source file into the target directory or current working directory if you omit the target pathname For example the following command moves the file FLOORPLAN into the current working directory MVF DESIGNER FLOORPLAN In this example since no target filename was specified the file retains the name of the source file FLOORPLAN You can move a file to replace an existing file in another directory by using the MVF command with the R option as follows MVF OWNER REPORT LATEST REPORT R This command replaces the contents of the file LATEST REPORT in the current working directory with the contents of the file REPORT in the directory OWNER To move several files in one operation you can specify multiple pairs of source and target pathnames or use pathname wildcards Chapte
163. ine 5 7 Editing a Pad To delete the character to the left of the cursor press lt BACK SPACE gt or specify the EE command If the pad is in overstrike mode the EE command replaces the character with a blank Both lt CHAR DEL gt and lt BACK SPACE gt are repeat keys You can repeat the operation by holding down the key Deleting Words To delete a word of text at the current cursor position press the predefined function key lt F6 gt In this case a word consists of a string of characters that may include a tilde in the first position of the word upper or lowercase letters numbers dollar signs or underscores _ The deletion stops at the next space punctuation mark or special character other than a dollar sign or underscore Here are some examples of character strings that lt F6 gt will delete FILE my_file3 REPORT The F6 function key invokes the command sequence DR A Z0 9 XD The DM writes the deleted word to its default paste buffer a temporary file You can reinsert the word elsewhere by moving the cursor to the desired location and either pressing PASTE or specifying the XP command For more information about paste buffers and the XP command see the Copying Cutting and Pasting Text section Deleting Lines To delete text from the current cursor position to the end of the line excluding the NEWLINE character press the predefined function key lt F7 gt The lt F
164. ined in the here document The script in Figure 9 1 uses a slash character as a delimiter to indicate both the beginning and end of the here document You can use any character as a delimiter as long as the beginning and ending characters are the same Also in order for the Shell to recognize the end of the here document you must specify the ending delimiter as the first and only character on the line 9 9 Writing Shell Scripts Executing DM Commands from Shell Scripts You can invoke DM commands from the command Shell or from within a Shell script using the Shell command XDMC EXECUTE_DM_COMMAND in the following format XDMC dm_command where dm command specifies the name of the DM command you want to execute For example XDMC CV NEWS This command executes the DM command CV CREATE VIEW to open a read only pad and window for the file NEWS Debugging Shell Scripts Normally when a script runs it doesn t display commands as it executes them As a result when a script doesn t work it is difficult to locate which command or commands cause the errors To debug a Shell script invoke the script using the SH SHELL command in the following format SH option script where script specifies the name of the script and option specifies one of the options in Table 9 2 Each option activates a specific function The following command executes the script COMPILE and writes each command line to standard output immediately
165. information about this script refer to the Understanding the System at Log In section A single disked node can serve as the partner for several diskless nodes Each diskless node may need to use a 2 11 Start Up and Log In node specific boot script to set up its own unique operating environment Therefore the system uses the node id suffix to denote a unique boot script location for each diskless node assigned to the partner At start up if the partner does not have a NODE_DATA directory set up for the diskless node NETMAN creates one copying it from a template stored in the partner s NODE_DATA directory The NETMAN program then copies the partner node s boot script file into the diskless node s NODE_DATA directory If you want the newly created boot script to perform different operations at startup than its partner edit the boot script 8 Once the boot script finishes executing the node start up completes and the system prompts you to log in A major difference between the disked node and diskless node startup sequence is the step where the DM or SPM searches for the node s boot script Step 7 for diskless nodes and Step 5 for disked nodes Figure 2 4 presents a flowchart that summarizes this search Start Up and Log In 2 12 DM or SPM searches for boot script In NODE_DATA Is this Then search for the boot a disked node script in the directory SYS NODE_DATA node id Then search for the boot
166. ing process to merge the source directory with the target directory e Objects that exist in the source but not in the target are created in the target e Objects that exist in the target but not in the source remain unchanged e Files and links with the same name in both the source and target are deleted from the target and replaced by the source version e Directories with the same name in both source and target are merged The CPT command continues this process until it reaches the end of the source tree The following command merges the source directory PROGRESS with the target directory REPORTS CPT BOSTON USER 1 PROGRESS REPORTS MD L Managing Objects 7 26 The L option directs CPT to list all objects that it creates in the target directory If you specify the MD option the merging process is similar to that of MS however files and links with the same name in the source and target are left unchanged in the target Comparing Directory Trees To compare the contents of one directory tree to another use the CMT COMPARE_TREE command in the following format CMT source target options CMT compares all of the objects in the source directory tree against all the objects in the target directory tree CMT reports the following e Any objects that appear in both the source and target but whose contents are different e Any objects that appear in the source but not in the target If the target contai
167. iplication operations have a higher precedence than string concatenation operations see Table 9 3 Comparison Operators Use comparison operators to compare either integer or string values The result of a comparison operation is always a Boolean value true or false The following expression compares two integers ARGS 5 2 Writing Shell Scripts 9 16 This expression results in the Boolean value TRUE because the integer 5 is greater than the integer 2 When you compare strings the Shell compares them according to the sequential position they hold in the ASCII character set For example ARGS a b results in the value TRUE because a holds a lower position than b in the character set Also the Shell is case sensitive when comparing strings For example the following expression results in the value FALSE ARGS A a Logical Operators Use logical operators to perform logical operations with Boolean values The result of a logical operation is always a Boolean value For example ARGS 5 gt 20R5 gt 6 results in the value TRUE In this example the first operand the result of the integer comparison is true while the second operand is false 5 is not greater than 6 With the OR operator if either one of the operands results in the value TRUE then the result of the operation is TRUE When you use the AND operator both operands must be true for the operation to result in a TRUE value For example AR
168. irectory tree 7 23 Managing Objects CPT REPORTS BOSTON USER_1 PROG L Figure 7 6 Copying a Directory Tree The CPT command creates a copy of the directory tree REPORTS and names the copy PROG CPT creates the copy in the directory USER_1 The L option lists the name of each object as it is copied Managing Objects 7 24 Replacing Directory Trees To replace one directory tree with another directory tree specify the R option with the CPT COPY_TREE command described in the previous section The R option directs CPT to delete the directory tree specified by the target pathname and to create a copy of the source tree in its place Figure 7 7 illustrates how the following command replaces a directory tree CPT REPORTS BOSTON USER_1 R Figure 7 7 Replacing a Directory Tree 7 25 Managing Objects The CPT command in Figure 7 7 does the following 1 Deletes the target tree starting at the pathname BOSTON USER_1 2 Replaces the target tree with a copy of the entire REPORTS directory tree Merging Directory Trees You can merge directory trees using either the MS or MD option with the CPT COPY_TREE command described in the Copying Directory Trees section discussed earlier When merging directory trees CPT first compares the source and target directories object by object It then merges the directories according to the option you specified When you specify the MS option CPT uses the follow
169. istry directory If the username and password match a valid account in the ACCOUNT file the system executes the next step If the system cannot verify the account the log in attempt fails and the system displays a log in error message in the DM output window For more information about user accounts and registries see Administering Your DOMAIN System The system sets your initial working directory and naming directory to the log in home directory designated in your user account You can change your log in home directory anytime you log in See the Changing Your Home Directory section later in this chapter The DM on nodes with displays executes the node s log in start up script which resides in one of the files listed in Table 2 2 As shown in Table 2 2 the system chooses which log in start up file to execute according to the type of node you are using Note that on DSPs the SPM does not execute a log in start up file The DM looks for log in start up scripts in two different locations First it looks in NODE DATA which refers to the node s specific SYS NODE DATA directory By default no log in start up script exists in NODE DATA you must put one there If the DM doesn t find the log in start up script in NODE DATA it executes one of the default log in start up scripts that we supply in the directory SYS DM 2 15 Start Up and Log In Table 2 2 Node Log In Start Up Script Files Node Type Boot Script Filena
170. ke DM commands interactively using DM function keys and control key sequences The Using Keys to Perform DM Functions section describes how to use these keys to perform DM functions 3 3 Using the Display Manager DM Command Conventions DM commands have the following general format region COMMAND arguments options Separate the components of a command with the proper command line delimiters as follows Separate an argument from a command and any additional arguments or options with at least one blank space Precede each option with a hyphen Separate each option from commands arguments or any additional options with at least one blank space If you precede the command with a region make sure you use the correct syntax to define each point see Table 3 2 You can place multiple blanks before and after the region although they are not required You can string multiple commands together on the same line by separating each command with a semicolon as shown below PT TT TL This command sequence executes three separate commands to move the cursor to the first character in a pad When you use commands in scripts and key definitions you can use several special characters that control how the DM interprets commands Table 3 1 lists the rules for using these special characters Using the Display Manager 3 4 Table 3 1 Rules for Using DM Special Characters The escape character always n
171. king directory DLF MEMO In this example let s assume that the current working directory is the directory REPORTS As shown in Figure 1 5 the system begins its search at REPORTS and deletes the file MEMO o REPORTS Figure 1 5 A Sample Path Beginning at the Current Working Directory You ll notice in Figure 1 5 that another file named MEMO exists at another location in the naming tree in the directory USER 1 If the current working directory was USER 1 instead of REPORTS the command in our example would delete this file instead So you see a pathname that starts at the working directory functions differently depending on the directory currently being used as the working directory The DOMAIN System 1 10 The Naming Directory If you precede a pathname with the tilde symbol the system starts its search at a location in the naming tree called the naming directory Like the working directory each process has a naming directory that points to some directory in the naming tree When you log into a node the system creates a process running the Shell program and sets that process s naming directory to the home directory name designated in your user account The system uses this directory as your naming directory unless you change it to another directory Chapter 7 describes how to change your naming directory The following command deletes the file MEMO in the current naming directory DLF REPORTS
172. le does not belong to a protected subsystem the system uses the file s ACL information to control access If the file does belong to a protected subsystem the system determines whether the requesting program owns the file whether the program is a manager in that subsystem If the program is not a manager in that subsystem the system treats it like any other program and uses ACL information to control access If the program is a manager in that subsystem the system verifies that the program has executed a command or system call that raises the manager program s privilege level If a manager program hasn t raised its privilege level the system treats it like a non manager program and uses ACL information to control access The system allows you to raise a program s privilege level by using either the Shell command SUBS SUBSYSTEM or a set of programming calls For more information see the SUBS Shell command in the DOMAIN System Command Reference or the ACLM call descriptions in the DOMAIN System Call Reference If the manager program has raised its privilege level the sys tem allows it to operate on the file To use a protected subsystem you must first create it and then enter it to add files The following sections describe how to create and enter a protected subsystem 8 25 Controlling Access Creating a Protected Subsystem To create a protected subsystem use the CRSUBS CREATE_SUBSYSTEM command in the followi
173. le quotes KD ES CP CPO CPS and amp When you use single quotes the only characters in the quoted string that retain their special meaning are and amp all other characters revert to their literal values Note however that the KD command does not recognize single quotes within the definition string Defining Points and Regions Most DM commands require you to either point with the cursor or define a point or region on the display To point simply move the cursor to the desired location For example to point to a window position the cursor anywhere inside the window Commands that operate on windows read the cursor position to determine which window you want to work on The block cursor actually occupies many individual screen points When you use the block cursor to point to a spot on the screen the lower left hand corner of the block cursor designates the exact point When you point to the upper edge or right edge of a window the DM adjusts the point position to account for the size of the cursor See the Creating Pads and Windows section in Chapter 4 for more information on how the DM defines window boundaries If you choose not to point with the cursor you can explicitly define a point or pair of points a region using any of the point formats described in Table 3 2 Note that some formats define points in pads and others define points on the display as a whole You normally define points in pads when performing
174. lists all the objects in the directory including files and subdirectories The LL option directs LD to list only the links The command in the following example displays the link resolution names for all links in the node entry directory as shown in Figure 7 11 LD 7 AT LL BUGS maintenance reports STARTS sys dm NEWS my_boss owner project status 30 entries 3 listed Figure 7 11 Sample Display of Link Resolution Names Redefining Links You can redefine an existing link by changing its link resolution name To redefine a link use the R option with the CRL CREATE LINK command as follows CRL REPORTS OWNER MAY PROGRESS_REPORTS R This command replaces the object name for the existing link REPORTS that we created in the Creating Links section discussed earlier Notice that the new link name points to the subdirectory MAY instead of APRIL 7 33 Managing Objects Renaming Links To change the name of a link use the CHN CHANGE_NAME command in the following format CHN old_name new_name options where old_name specifies the pathname of the link you want to rename and new_name specifies the new name of the link For example the command CHN REPORTS PROGRESS changes the name of the link REPORTS in the current working directory to PROGRESS You can specify any of the following naming options with the CHN command Option Description D Appends the current month and d
175. luating expressions 9 12 Shell variables 9 20 exclamation mark as substitution character 9 7 executing DM commands from scripts 3 22f from Shell scripts 9 10 Shell scripts 6 2 EXISTVAR EXIST_VARIABLE command 9 21 EXIT command 9 30 9 35 EXIT key 4 17 EXPORT command 9 21f expressions delimiters 9 12 evaluating 9 12 9 20 in Shell scripts 9 12ff operands 9 14 regular 5 16 characters used in 5 17ff EXPUNGE access rights 8 7 F1 key 5 6 F6 key 5 8 F7 key 5 8 files appending 7 10f appending standard output to 6 12f as standard input 6 11 ASCII comparing 7 19 assigning protected subsystem status to 8 27 backup 4 17 5 30 access rights 8 14 boot script 2 5 2 11 commands for managing 7 5 comparing 7 19 copying 7 8 copying display to 7 18f creating 4 13 7 5 deleting 7 18 displaying attributes 7 16f edit updating 5 30 editing 4 13 in protected subsystems 8 22f initial ACLs 7 6 keyboard definitions 3 12f managing 7 5ff moving 7 9 names 6 17 printing 7 11 in interactive mode 7 12 on other nodes 7 12 using print menu interface 7 13ff protecting 8 1ff reading pathnames from 6 17 renaming 7 7 replacing 7 9 saving 4 17 7 5 saving transcript pads In 4 30 Shell command 6 2 startup DM 2 18f start up Shell 6 8f operators 9 13 valid access rights 8 12 writing Shell command output to 6 12 writing Shell error output to 6 12 filters 6 13 FMT FORMAT TEXT command 6 12 font editor EDFONT See EDFONT
176. me 800x1024 Portrait STARTUP_LOGIN DN400 1024x800 Landscape STARTUP_LOGIN 19L DN420 DN460 DN3xx DN550 DN560 DN570 DN3000 color 1280x1024 STARTUP_LOGIN 1280COLOR Color Landscape DN580 1280x1024 STARTUP_LOGIN 1280BW Black amp White Landscape DN3000 Black amp White 1024x1024 Color STARTUP_LOGIN COLOR DN600 You may want to create a log in start up script in VODE_DATA in cases where you don t want the DM to execute the default version For example a diskless node by default uses one of the log in start up scripts located in its partner s SYS DM directory If you want the diskless node to execute its own unique log in start up script you can create a copy in the diskless node s NODE_DATA directory For more information about VODE_DATA for diskless nodes refer back to the Diskless Node Start Up section The system uses log in start up scripts to start processes that you ll need while you are logged in to your node For example the log in start up scripts that we supply for nodes with displays create a process running the Shell program Start Up and Log In 2 16 When you log out the DM stops the Shell process and deletes its pads and windows from the display Figure 2 6 shows a sample log in start up script that we supply for DN300 nodes STARTUP LOGIN the per_login startup file in node_data or sys dm main shell whose shape is generally agreeable to
177. ming Files To change the name of a file use the CHN CHANGE_NAME command in the following format CHN old_name new_name options where old_name specifies the current pathname of the file you want to rename and new_name specifies the new name of the file For example CHN OWNER JOHN PAUL changes the name of the file JOHN to PAUL Notice that the new_name argument applies to the rightmost component JOHN of the old_name argument To append a naming suffix to the new filename specify any of the following naming options Option Description D Appends the current month and day to the new name new_name mm dd Y Appends the current year month and date to the new name new name yy mm dd U Forces the system to create a unique new name by appending a sequence of number s to the end of the name If you omit the new name argument you must specify one of the options in the previous list the system creates a new name by copying the old name and appending the proper suffix as shown below CHN OWNER JOHN D This command changes the name of the file JOHN to JOHN 06 16 7 7 Managing Objects Copying Files When you copy a file you create a copy of the file at another location in the naming tree To copy a file or group of files use the CPF COPY_FILE command in the following format CPF source target options where source specifies the pathname of the file you want to copy and target specifies t
178. mmands WA WS Defining Default Window Positions The DM uses default window positions to determine where to display the first five windows you create To define any of the DM s five default window positions specify the WDF WINDOW DEFAULT command in the following format region WDF n where region specifies the position that the window will occupy on the screen see Table 4 5 and n specifies the identification number of the default window you are defining If you omit n the WDF com 4 25 Controlling the Display mand causes the DM to discard any current window information and begin creating windows using its default window boundaries The command in the following example defines the window position for default window four Note the format of the region definition 0 770 DR 600 110 WDF 4 __ region If you want to use your own default positions for each log in session include WDF commands in your DM start up script STARTUP_DM Once you ve defined your default window positions you should add the command WDF CMS This command instructs the DM to use the first WDF command to set up the default position for the first window you create Otherwise the DM uses the last WDF command in you script to determine the default position of the first window you create For more information on DM start up scripts see Understanding the System at Log In section in Chapter 2 Responding to DM Alarms Whenever the DM writes
179. mpiles and binds PROG PAS PROG L MAP OPT BIND PROG BIN MAP gt PROG MAP ARGS PROG compiled and bound When you specify COMPILE in the Shell input pad the Shell executes the script The script compiles and binds the program in file PROG and produces various output files listings and maps all in the current working directory When finished it uses the ARGS ARGUMENTS command to display the message PROG compiled and bound The ARGS command uses standard output to write its arguments one per line to the Shell transcript pad You can use the ARGS command in scripts to display the results of expressions see the Using Expressions section or to display messages and diagnostics as in the previous example In fact many of the examples in this chapter use the ARGS command to show how the Shell evaluates various strings and expressions You can also use the ARGS command with the ERR OUT option to write arguments to error output The Shell script COMPILE isn t very useful since it only operates on a single file named PROG and performs fixed compilation and binding operations A script is more versatile if you can pass arguments to it when you specify the command to invoke it Consider the following script named COMPILE Writing Shell Scripts 9 4 COMPILE2 This file compiles and binds a program whose name you pass to it as 1 PAS A1 L MAP OPT BIND A1 BIN MAP gt A1 MAP ARGS A1
180. mponents 2 21 default account USER 2 20 file 2 15 initial naming directory 2 15 initial working directory 2 15 updating 2 21 verification at login 2 15 ACL Access Control List 8 lff ACL ACCESS CONTROL LIST command 8 7 copying initial ACLs 8 21f copying ACLs 8 18 displaying ACLs 8 8 ACLs access rights adding 8 16 changing 8 15 class names 8 14 deleting 8 17 for backup files 8 14 commands for editing and copying 8 9 8 20 copying 8 21 displaying 8 8 editing 8 9 8 20 entries 8 2 adding 8 15 deleting 8 17 rights element 8 2 SID element 8 2f rules for specifying 8 11f initial 8 18f managing 8 7f on new files 7 6 sample display 8 8 structure 8 2 valid access rights 8 12 active functions 9 24f assigning to variables 9 24 adding ACL access rights 8 16 ACL entries 8 15 alarm server running in a process 4 7 alarms responding to 4 26 ALL GROUP paste buffer 4 38 ampersand amp as input request character 3 5 3 20 as Shell parsing operator 6 22 AP Acknowledge alarm and pop 4 26 appending directories to command search rules 6 6 error output to files 6 13 files 7 10f standard output to files 6 12f ARGS ARGUMENTS command 9 4 arguments in DM commands 3 4 in Shell commands 6 3 passing to Shell scripts 9 4ff ASCII characters in regular expressions 5 17 assigning protected subsystem status to files 8 27 asterisk as EDACL prompt 8 9 as multiplication operator 9 14 as path name wildcard character 6 18f i
181. n in the following example EON SELECT A ONEOF CASE 1 ARGS First case will execute if A 1 NEXT CASE 2 4 ARGS Second case will execute if A 6 NEXT CASE 6 ARGS Third case will execute if A 6 ENDSELECT In this example if variable A equals 6 the second CASE executes Although this script uses ONEOF the NEXT command following the second case directs SELECT to execute the next case that s TRUE Since the third case is TRUE the script in this example executes the third case Using the TO statement you can specify a range for a case argument The case in the following script tests for a value in the range of 1 to 10 9 35 Writing Shell Scripts EON SELECT A ALLOF CASE 1 TO 10 ARGS Variable A is the number A ENDSELECT You can also use the TO statement to test for a range of string characters For example EON SELECT A ALLOF CASE a TOz ARGS Variable A is the letter A ENDSELECT The case in this example tests for a string value between a and z Note that this range is case sensitive so the case is TRUE for example if A equals r but not R Use the OTHERWISE statement when you want to perform an operation if the test on a case is FALSE For example EON SELECT A ALLOF CASE 0 TO 10 ARGS Value for A is a number from 0 to 10 OTHERWISE ARGS Value for A is greater than 10 ENDSELECT In this example if the value for A is a number between 1 and 10 the case is TRUE
182. n regular expressions 5 18 reading pathnames from standard input 6 17 at Sign escape character in Shell commands 6 4 in regular expressions 5 21 autohold mode 4 23f Index 2 B BACK SPACE key 5 8 background processes 6 22 creating 4 7 backslash to search backwards for text 5 23 backup files 4 17 5 30 access rights 8 14 BOFF command 6 22 BON command 6 22 Boolean values comparing 9 17 in expressions 9 14 logical operations 9 17 boot script 2 4 2 11 creating processes from 4 7 editing 2 7 invoking CPS commands from 4 8 node specific 2 11 used by DSPs 2 7 boot volume 1 3 sharing by nodes 1 3 booting operating system on disked nodes 2 4 operating system on diskless nodes 2 10 braces as path name wildcard characters 6 21 in regular expressions 5 21 buffers for window groups 4 37 paste see paste buffers undo 5 29 C cancelling search operations 5 25 window grow operation 4 19 window move operation 4 20 caret as substitution character 9 4 9 19 in active functions 9 24 CASE CHANGE CASE command 5 28 case changing 5 28 case companson setting 5 25 CASE statement 9 34 cataloging nodes 1 5f CATF CATENATE FILE command 6 12 CATF CATENATE FILES command 7 10f CC CREATE COPY command 4 15 CE CREATE EDIT command 4 13 7 6 changing ACL access rights 8 15 case of lellers 5 28 command search rules 6 7 naming directory 7 4 process window modes 4 22ff size of windows 4 18f working direct
183. n view the same description on line by typing HELP CRUCR lt RETURN gt For your documentation comments we ve included a Reader s Response form at the back of each manual Using the Stand Up Binder The plastic page lifter is designed to function as an easel for propping up the binder on your desktop The following illustration shows how to use it vii Preface CONTENTS Chapter 1 The DOMAIN System COVED VICW 1 2 The Naming LIre6 nepote tmt beh tete meras 1 4 Usine Fathia meS eben osten E ea santos teen ee ety Res EERS 1 6 The Working Directory 4er rere teen eere 1 9 The Naming Directory 2 5 55 eerte et eerte eet 1 11 TheParent Directory x er reet eerte eene 1 12 Pathname SuImaty eese terere tr he eo Eesee tete eei ende ten 1 13 Chapter 2 Start Up and Log In Understanding the System at Start Up sees 2 2 Disked Node Start Up ener 2 2 Diskless Node Start Up sseeee 2 8 Understanding the System at Log In eee 2 13 EoBging Ino onu MURDERED EBENEN 2 20 Logging In as USer 1 p HUE ERE 2 20 Changing Your Password sse 2 20 Changing Your Home Directory eeeee 2 21 Logging Into a DOMAIN Server Processor DSP 2 22 Chapter 3 Using The Display Manager Using DM Commands eere tot repre Rer Ree utet rte i 3 2 DM Command Conventions esse 3 4
184. nce completes This script called the DM start up script is an optional script that you create to execute additional DM commands during log in For example you may want to include commands that make specific key definitions or run specific programs Figure 2 7 shows a sample DM start up script Remember we don t supply a DM start up script as part of the system if you want to use a DM start up script you must create one If you do create a DM start up script remember to create a file that has the same filename as the file specified with the CMDF command For example the CMDF command in Figure 2 6 specifies the filename STARTUP_DM 19L The suffix 9L is the suffix for files used by nodes with landscape displays like the DN300 Start Up and Log In 2 18 USER_DATA STARTUP_DM in login home directory Some personal preference keys Define lt F4 gt and lt F5 gt for easy PASCAL indenting and undenting KD F4 T1 S 96 KE KD F5 T1 S 96 KE Define CTRL J to repeat previous substitution KD J S KE Set tab every 5 spaces TS5 R Build a Shell window and execute a personal Shell program 0 500 dr 799 955 cp com sh f c user_data sh 0 7 70 dr 600 110 wdf1 Figure 2 7 A Sample DM Start Up Script STARTUP_DM 19L The DM reads the file KEY_DEFS3 for nodes with DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboards KEY_DEFS2 for DOMAIN Low profile Model I keybo
185. nd With variable evaluation turned on the command in the previous example evaluates the variable CITIES and displays the following string Cities with early flights are Boston and NY Writing Shell Scripts 9 20 You can also turn evaluation on when you create a Shell by specifying the E option with the SH SHELL command By default when you create a Shell evaluation is off Variable Commands The Shell provides three commands that let you verify or delete variables Table 9 5 lists these commands Table 9 5 Variable Commands EXISTVAR Verifies whether the variable s you specify as arguments exist If all of the variables specified exist the command returns the value TRUE If anyone of the variables does not exist the command returns the value FALSE Lists the type name and assigned value of the variable s you specify as arguments If you don t specify any variables LVAR lists information about currently assigned variables DLVAR Deletes all variables that you specify as arguments EXPORT Changes all specified variable names into environment variables If the specified variable does not exist EXPORT creates it The EXISTVAR and LVAR commands verify variables defined at the current level and every level above For example when you specify the LVAR command from within a script the command lists variables defined in the script as well as variables defined at the 9 21 Writing Shell Scripts Shell level
186. nd 9 24 reading data from standard input 6 16f pathnames from files 6 17 pathnames from standard input 6 17 standard input from files 6 11f READLN command 9 24 read only mode 5 3 read only pads 4 14 deleting 4 16 read only windows 4 14 read write mode 5 3 redefining links 7 33 redirecting error output 6 12 output to Shell commands 6 13 standard input 6 11 9 9 standard output 6 12 reducing strings 9 16 regions defining 3 2f 3 6ff preceding DM commands 3 4 regular expressions 5 16 characters used in 5 17ff removing entries from window groups 4 32f renaming directories 7 21f files 7 7 links 7 34 repeating search operation 5 25 replacing all occurrences of a string 5 27 directory trees 7 25f files 7 9 first occurrence of a string 5 28 links 7 35f text in pads 5 26ff responding to DM alarms 4 26 resuming processes 4 10 RETURN key 3 2 5 6 RO READ ONLY command 5 3 RO Set read write mode command 4 14 root directory 1 4f in absolute pathnames 1 7 rubberband 4 19 rules for assigning variables 9 19 for Shell command search 6 2 for specifying ACL entries 8 11f running programs in background processes 6 2 S S SUBSTITUTE command 5 27 SAVE key 5 30 saving contents of an edit pad 4 17 EDACL changes 8 10 files 7 5 Shell command output 6 10 transcript pads 4 30 SC Set case comparison 5 25 SC SET CASE command 5 17 screen coordinates 3 8 scripts boot 2 4 2 11 DM command 3 22f executing 3 2 including
187. nd search rules If you create a new process running the Shell see Chapter 4 the new Shell uses the original default command search rules not the new rules Special Characters The Shell recognizes a variety of special characters that allow you to direct the action of commands These characters are divided into three basic categories e input and output I O control characters e pathname wildcards e parsing operators The following sections explain how to use I O control characters and pathname wildcards Since you will use Shell command parsing operators most frequently in Shell scripts we describe parsing operators in detail in Chapter 9 Writing Shell Scripts Creating and Invoking Shells The Shell is a command line interpreter that reads command lines that you type and interprets them as requests to execute other programs When you press the lt SHELL gt key you create a process 6 7 Using the Shell running the Shell program Each new Shell process that you create provides a separate environment in which the Shell runs You can invoke additional Shells from within a Shell process using the Shell command SH SHELL When you specify SH you generate a separate subordinate Shell in which you can carryon separate operations and execute programs and scripts Note that the SH command does not create a new process only a subordinate Shell running in the current process Each subordinate Shell inherits environment characte
188. nds to manage files directories and links on the system Describes Access Control Lists ACLs and how to use them to control access to files and directories Describes how to write Shell scripts using Shell commands operators and expressions Documentation Conventions Unless otherwise noted in the text this manual uses the following symbolic conventions UPPERCASE Bold uppercase words or characters in formats and command descriptions represent commands or keywords that you must use literally lowercase Bold lowercase words or characters in formats and command descriptions represent values that you must supply example Color words in command examples represent literal user keyboard input output System output in command examples appears in this font Bolded term or key When new terms or keys are introduced they appear in boldface Square brackets enclose optional items in formats and command descriptions In sample Pascal statements square brackets assume their Pascal meanings Braces enclose a list from which you must choose an item in formats and command descriptions In sample Pascal statements braces assume their Pascal meanings A vertical bar separates items in a list of choices lt gt Angle brackets enclose the name of a key on the keyboard v Preface CTRL The notation CTRL followed by the name of a key indicates a control character sequence You should hold down lt CTRL gt w
189. ne a region you must define two points as follows point DR point The first point defines the beginning of the region and the DR command marks it The second command defines the end of the region When defining a two dimensional region the first point defines one corner and the second point defines the opposite corner as shown in Figure 3 2 Command 350 200 DR 700 600 Figure 3 2 Defining a Display Region When you define a region if you don t specify a second position the DM uses the current cursor position 3 9 Using the Display Manager Like defining a single point an easy way to define a region is to point with the cursor For convenience we defined the function key MARK to invoke the DR command which marks the first point To define a region using the cursor 1 Move the cursor to the first point 2 Press the MARK key 3 Move the cursor to the second point 4 Specify the DM command For a complete description of the DM commands used to control marks see the DOMAIN System Command Reference For commands that require a region in which to operate you have the option of specifying the region as part of the command The CV CREATE VIEW command shown below creates a read only pad and window It uses a region to define the size and location of the window it creates Command 350 200 DR 700 600 CV MY FILE LLLLL L A region command Using Keys to Perform DM Functio
190. ng Integer or string Integer or string Boolean Boolean Boolean Writing Shell Scripts Operands in Expressions You can use any of the following as operands in expressions e Single integer string or Boolean values e Operations that result in integer string or Boolean values e Variables assigned integer string or Boolean values the Shell Variables section describes variables Certain types of operations in expressions take precedence over others For example the Shell will perform a mathematical operation in an expression before a comparison operation As shown in Table 9 3 the Shell performs operations according to a specific order of precedence where 1 is the lowest last performed and 9 is the highest first performed The last operation performed in an expression the operation with the lowest precedence determines the type of value either integer string or Boolean returned by the expression When you create expressions refer to Table 9 3 to check the precedence of the operators you use Understanding the order in which the Shell performs operations will reduce the possibility of an expression resulting in an unexpected answer Many of the examples that we ll see in this chapter demonstrate operator precedence Mathematical Operators Use mathematical operators in expressions to perform calculations on integers The result of a mathematical operation is always an integer For example ARGS 5 4
191. ng format CRSUBS subsystem name where subsystem name specifies the name you want to assign to the subsystem For example the following command creates a protected subsystem named PROTECTOR CRSUBS PROTECTOR When you create a protected subsystem the system assigns it the subsystem name that you specify The system also assigns the subsystem name to a subsystem Shell in the node s SYS SUBSYS directory The subsystem Shell is actually a copy of the Shell program This Shell program is the first manager program in your newly created subsystem The operating system uses the managers in the SYS SUBSYS directory when it checks for the names of protected subsystems Internal to the ACL for each of these managers and to the ACL for any file is a field for protected subsystem status Only the operating system can see this field If the file belongs to a protected subsystem the field contains an internal identifier for that subsystem All files in a particular subsystem including the files in SYS SUBSYS have the same internal identifier When you display an object s ACL see the Displaying ACLs section discussed earlier the system looks at the ACLs subsystem field If the field contains a subsystem identifier the system looks in SYS SUBSYS for a file with the same internal identifier The system then displays the name of that file as the name of the subsystem To use CRSUBS to create a protected subsystem you must have ADD
192. nge the default use the D response followed by either YES NO or NONE For example 7x YES sets the default to YES If you respond to subsequent queries by typing RETURN the command uses the new default and operates on the file with that name NONE specifies that you must specify a response Reading Data from Standard Input When you enter a Shell command the command normally reads input data from arguments that you specify in the command line For example the PRF PRINT FILE command reads data from the specified files and prints it To direct the command to read data from standard input instead of an input file use the hyphen character as shown in the following example Using the Shell 6 16 PRF lt RETURN gt PRINT THIS LINE ON THE LINE PRINTER lt RETURN gt AND THIS ONE TOO lt RETURN gt CTRL Z Standard input uses the Shell input pad by default so PRF reads data from the input pad To input data to the PRF command type in data as shown in the example The CTRL Z control key inserts an end of file EOF that signals the end of input and causes PRF to print any data that you typed in the input pad Some commands and scripts receive data from both a list of files and standard input For these commands specify the hyphen character as a pathname argument For example FMT FILE 1 FILE 2 The FMT command formats FILE 1 formats data typed in standard input and finally formats FILE 2 Reading Path
193. ns You can also perform display management operations using keys called function keys that we ve defined as specific DM commands When you press a function key it invokes its assigned DM command or command sequence By default many keys perform DM operations when pressed simultaneously with the lt CTRL gt key Like function keys these key combinations called control key sequences provide you with a shorthand method of specifying commands The DOMAIN system s set of predefined function keys and control key sequences enable you to execute commonly performed opera Using the Display Manager 3 10 tions For example the directional keys described in Chapter 1 in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System are predefined keys that you ll use routinely to move the cursor We ve also defined the mouse s function keys to perform three useful DM operations Table 3 3 describes the default mouse key functions Table 3 3 Default Mouse Key Functions Mouse Key Left Key M1 Center Key M2 Right Key M3 Function This key performsa GROW MARK operation to change the size of windows The section Changing Window Size in Chapter 4 describes how to use the left mouse key to change the size of a window This key works just like the POP key To use it move the cursor inside the window you want to pop then press the key See the section Pushing and Popping Windows in Chapter 4 for more information This key make
194. ns objects that do not appear in the source CMT ignores the differences For example let s assume that directories DIR and DIR 2 contain the following files Contain different text Lets also assume that the contents of all the files in DIR 1 and DIR 2 are identical except for FILE B which contains different 7 27 Managing Objects text Figure 7 8 illustrates how the CMT command compares the files in DIR 1 against those in DIR_2 Figure 7 8 Comparing Directory Trees Notice in Figure 7 8 that the first message reports a difference between the contents of each directory s FILE B The second message reports that FILE D in DIR 1 did not appear in DIR 2 Displaying Directory Information To list the contents of a directory and report information about the objects the directory contains specify the LD LIST DIRECTORY command in the following format LD pathname options where pathname specifies the pathname of the directory and options specifies the types of information you want LD to report about the objects it lists If you omit the pathname argument LD lists the contents of the current working directory The command in the following example lists the contents of the directory REPORTS the options direct LD to report each object s Managing Objects 7 28 creation date and time system object type and rights ACLs Figure 7 9 shows a sample display produced by the following LD command LD OWN
195. ntifies the key s function when pressed simultaneously with the lt SHIFT gt key The key s up transition name L1AU identifies the function the key performs when released Table 3 5 describes the key naming conventions you should use when defining keys When defining a key as a command or sequence of commands you use the same name that the DM uses to identify the key Some keys like the DM and program function keys function differently depending on how you use them Therefore each of these keys has a set of additional names that identify the manner in which the key is used 3 15 Using the Display Manager Table 3 5 Key Naming Conventions Key Type Ordinary Characters ASCII Control Control Key Program Function Description These keys have the same name as the characters numbers and letters they represent You can assign functions to lowercase letters and numbers as well as to capital letters and special characters When you specify ordinary characters enclose the character in single quotes 5 These are the standard line control keys Their names are CR Carriage Return BS Back Space TAB Tab TABS Shifted Tab TAB Control Shifted Tab ESC Escape low profile only Same as A hex 1B DEL Delete low profile only Same as AI hex 7F These are ordinary character or program function keys used with the lt CTRL gt key Specify a control key name as x where x is an ordinary c
196. of the source link in the target directory the current working directory if you omit the target and assigns the copy the name of the source link For example CPL REPORTS USER 1 copies the link REPORTS from the current directory to the target directory USER 1 Because CPL assigns the copy the name of the source link the new link has the pathname USER I REPORTS To replace an existing link with a copy of another link use the R option as follows CPL REPORTS USER 2 PROGRESS R This command replaces the link PROGRESS with a copy of the link REPORTS from the current working directory 7 35 Managing Objects You can copy or replace several links using a single CPL command by either specifying multiple pairs of source and target pathnames each pair separated by a space or by using pathname wildcards The following command copies all of the links in the current working directory to the directory USER 2 CPL USER_2 MY The wildcards that make up the source pathname direct CPL to copy all links in the current working directory The wildcard in the target pathname directs CPL to derive the name of each new link from the source link names For example the link REPORTS becomes MYREPORTS in the target directory Deleting Links To delete one or more links use the DLL DELETE_LINK command in the following format DLL link_name options where link_name specifies the pathname of the link you want to d
197. ommands that instruct the Display Manager to draw the initial display windows on the screen One of the windows contains the Please log in prompt These boot scripts also contain commands that specify which type of keyboard the node is using If your node uses the DOMAIN Low profile Model I keyboard remove the from the KBD2 command If your node uses the low profile keyboard with the numeric keypad DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboard remove the from the KBD3 command See the Using Keys to Perform DM Functions section in Chapter 3 for a description of keyboard types Note On DN3000 nodes use of the KBD 3 command is optional KBD 3 is assumed by default The STARTUP SPM script used by DSPs is similar to the other start up scripts However since DSPs don t have displays STARTUP SPM doesn t contain commands for creating windows Once the boot script finishes executing the node start up completes and the system prompts you to log in 2 7 Start Up and Log In Diskless Node Start Up The start up sequence for diskless nodes is somewhat different than the start up sequence for disked nodes A diskless node does not have its own disk to store the operating system and other software files it needs to run Therefore each time it starts up the diskless node must load parts of the operating system across the network from its partner node The diskless node also relies on its partner for any utility programs and libra
198. on the DM freezes the position of the transcript pad beneath the window The window will not display new program output until you release the pad by turning hold mode off When you turn hold mode off again the window automatically displays the end of the transcript pad and any new program output Controlling the Display 4 24 Initially all transcript pad windows have hold mode turned off With hold mode turned off the window automatically displays new output as the pad moves beneath it The window legend displays the letter H when hold mode is on You can also turn hold mode on or off by pressing the lt HOLD gt key To turn autohold mode on or off specify the WA WINDOW_AUTOHOLD command in the following format WA ON OFF With autohold mode turned on the window automatically turns hold mode on under either of the following conditions e A full window of output is available and none of it has been displayed e A form feed or create frame operation is output to the pad In this case the window displays the output preceding the form feed When the window exits from hold mode the output following the form feed or create frame operation starts at the top of the window To continue displaying output turn hold mode off Initially all transcript pad windows have auto hold mode turned off The window legend contains an A when autohold mode is on You can also turn autohold mode on or off by typing CTRL A which invokes the co
199. opy portion of display command 5 13 XOFF command 9 11 XON command 9 11 XP Paste text command 5 15 Index 18
200. ories contain one or more upper level directories An upper level directory is one level below the entry directory and normally serves as the main directory for a branch of logically related objects For example the SYS directory that we supply is an upper level directory that contains many of the system objects that make up the operating system Appendix A contains a set of figures that illustrate how the system organizes the software we supply with your node An upper level directory can also serve as a user s main directory for storing files In Figure 1 2 the directories OWNER and USER 1 are upper level directories one level below the entry directory NODE_B The directory OWNER serves as the main directory for all objects that belong to the owner of the node The upper level directory USER 1 is the main directory for the user of a diskless node NODE A that uses NODE B as its entry directory The directory USER serves as the main directory for the user on NODE C In summary the network root directory contains the names of node entry directories in the network The system uses your node s network root directory to determine which node entry directories in the network it can access Each node entry directory contains one or more upper level directories An upper level directory serves as the main directory for logically related objects Your node can access only the node entry directories whose names appear in the local copy of the
201. ory 7 3 CHAR DEL key 5 7 character class 5 19 characters ASCII control 3 16 ASCII in regular expressions 5 17 control key 3 16 deleting from pads 5 7f DM function 3 16 end of line 5 17 in regular expressions 5 17ff inserting into pads 5 4ff I O control 6 11 matching with regular expressions 5 18 mouse 3 16 ordinary 3 16 program function 3 16 Shell command line limit 6 4 special Shell 6 7 CHN CHANGE NAME command changing directory names 7 21 changing file names 7 7 changing link names 7 34 class names 8 12 closing pads and windows 4 7 4 16 CMD key 3 2 CMDF COMMAND FILE command 2 17 3 22 CMF COMPARE FILE command 7 19 CMT COMPARE TREE command 7 27 COM directory 6 5 COM directory 7 3 9 3 command line parser 6 14ff command parser options 6 15 command search rules 6 2 6 5ff Index 3 appending directories to 6 6 changing 6 7 default 6 5 displaying 6 6 commands DM see DM commands for changing Shell variables 9 21 for closing pads and windows 4 16 for controlling edit pad modes 5 2 for controlling window groups 4 31 for controlling window icons 4 31 for copying text 5 11 5 11 for creating pads and windows 4 10 for creating processes 4 5 for cutting text 5 11 5 11 for deleting Shell variables 9 21 for deleting text from pads 5 7 for editing ACLs 8 10 for editing and copying initial ACLs 8 20 for inserting characters into pads 5 5 for managing ACLs 8 7 for managing directories 7 20 for managing file
202. other file using the same selections specify a new file on the line next to File to print and select Print To exit the menu interface select Quit Most of the selections in the print menu perform the same print functions as options on the command line For more information on a specific menu or submenu item refer to the description of its related PRF command option in the DOMAIN System Command Reference Remember you can get help information for any item by moving the cursor over the item and pressing the lt HELP gt key 7 15 Managing Objects Table 7 3 Print Commands Submenu Items Returns control to the Shell When you select shell the dollar sign prompt appears in the Shell input window To return control to the print menu again type CTRL Z Changes the current working directory to the specified directory When you select wdir a prompt appears in the Shell input window requesting a directory pathname If you type RETURN without specifying a pathname the system displays the current working directory Reads the queue directory and list the entries with the printer name specified by the printer item If no printer name is specified the system lists all the entries in the queue Deletes the specified file from the queue When you select cancel a prompt appears in the Shell input window requesting the name of the file If you type RETURN without specifying a filename the system deletes the last file you qu
203. pass data to and from other locations usually files Table 6 2 lists the I O control characters and a brief summary of their functions The following sections show how to use I O control characters Chapter 9 describes the characters used to redirect standard input to read in line data from scripts Using the Shell 6 10 Table 6 2 I O Control Characters wasn Poston Redirect standard input Redirect error input Redirect standard output Redirect error output Append standard output Append error output Pipe standard output Group commands for I O redirection Redirect standard input to read in line data from scripts See Chapter 9 for a complete description Redirect error input to read in line data from scripts See Chapter 9 for a complete description Reading Input from a File To redirect standard input to read data from a file rather than the input pad use the less than symbol lt For example the following command reads data from a file named FILE_1 TLC a z A Z FILE 1 6 11 Using the Shell The TLC TRANSLITERATE CHARACTERS command normally substitutes or deletes characters from text that you type in the Shell input pad The TLC command in this example redirects standard input to read data from a file FILE 1 instead of the input pad The command changes all lowercase characters in FILE 1 to uppercase characters and writes the converted text to the transcript pad Writing Output to a
204. perators you ll use when writing scripts Table 9 1 Shell Parsing Operators mee ome Direct the Shell to ignore anything that follows it on the command line Separate commands on a line Run a command or program in the background without pads and windows see Chapter 6 Substitute nth parameter n is a number Substitute all parameters not including the command itself Substitute parameter for n n is a number and rescan it Substitute and rescan all parameters not including the command name itself string Quoted string no parameters inserted string Quoted string parameter may be inserted Escape character Space separates arguments An important consideration when creating scripts is where to create them Remember when you specify a command name the Shell searches for the corresponding file according to a set of command search rules By default the second directory the Shell searches is your personal command directory COM Therefore you should 9 3 Writing Shell Scripts normally create your own personal scripts there In fact all of the examples in this chapter assume that the scripts reside in your COM directory For more information on command search rules refer to Chapter 6 Passing Arguments to Scripts Let s take a look at a slightly more sophisticated script This script is in a file called COMPILE and contains the following lines COMPILE This file co
205. previously waiting for input The process executes these commands when the DM finishes the substitution Substituting All Occurrences of a String To replace all occurrences of a text string with a new text string specify the S SUBSTITUTE command in the following format S string1 string2 where string specifies the string to be replaced Use a regular expression to describe string If you supply the first delimiter but omit stringl i e S string2 string defaults to the string used in the last search operation If you also omit the delimiter i e S string2 then string defaults to the string used in the last substitute operation The string2 argument specifies a literal replacement string not a regular expression If you supply stringl then string2 is required You can use an ampersand amp to instruct the S command to use string as part of string2 For example S Tom amp Smith This command replaces all occurrences of Tom with Tom Smith over the defined range of text The S command does not move the cursor or the pad but does update the pad when the substitution is complete 5 27 Editing a Pad Substituting the First Occurrence of a String TheSO SUBSTITUTE_ONCE commandis like the S SUBSTITUTE command except that SO replaces only the first occurrence of a string in each line of a defined range of text Specify the SO command in the following format SO string1 string2 wher
206. pts 9 4ff password changing at log in 2 20 entering at login 2 15 paste buffers copying text into 5 12 5 14 creating 5 11 default writing text to 5 7 deleting 5 11 for icon groups 4 37 for window groups 4 37 pasting contents into pads 5 15 PASTE key 5 15 pasting text into pads 5 15 pathnames absolute 1 7 7 6 beginning at naming directory 1 11 beginning at network root directory 1 7 beginning at node entry directory 1 8 beginning at parent directory 1 12f beginning at working directory 1 9f reading from files 6 17 reading from standard input 6 17 symbols 1 9 to identify objects 1 6ff wildcards 6 18ff PB PAD BOTTOM command 4 28 percent sign 46 as pathname wildcard character 6 18f as SID wildcard 8 3 8 11 regular expressions 5 17 pipelines 6 13 pipes 6 13 PN PAD NAME command 4 30 point pair 4 10 Index 12 points defining 3 2 3 4 3 6ff preceding DM commands 3 4 POP command 4 22 pound sign character in DM commands 3 5 in Shell commands 9 2 power on to start up node 2 3 2 10 PP PAD PAGE command 4 28 predefined function keys 3 10f PRF PRINT FILE command 6 17 7 1 PRFD PRINT FILE DIALOG command 7 13 print menu interface 7 13ff print server PRSVR 2 7 printing display images 5 14 7 18f files 7 11 in interactive mode 7 12 on other nodes 7 12 using print menu interface 7 13ff PRINT SERVER see PRSVR 7 11 process window legend 4 23 processes background 6 22 closing pads 4 7 closing windows
207. r 6 describes how to use pathname wildcards Appending Files To append the contents of one or more files to the end of another file use the CATF CATENATE FILE command in the following format CATF source gt gt target Managing Objects 7 10 where source specifies the pathname of the file whose contents you want to append and target specifies the pathname of the file to which you want to append When you specify more than one source file separate each file with a space The system concatenates the source files and appends them to the target file The CATF command reads source files in order and normally writes them to standard output which is by default the Shell s process transcript pad The double right angle brackets gt gt however redirect output from standard output and append the output to the target file For example CATF MEMO 1 MEMO 4 gt gt PLAN MEMOS reads the files MEMO and MEMO 4 in that order and appends them to the file PLAN MEMOS Chapter 6 provides more information on how to use I O control characters Printing Files To print one or more files use the PRF PRINT FILE command in the following format PRF pathname options where pathname specifies the name of the file you want to print If you specify more than one file separate each pathname with a space The following example prints the file MY PLAN on the printer named SPIN PRF MY PLAN PR SPIN The PRF
208. rams run For example you might have a group of data files produced and used by a specific program If you want to prevent these files from being used for any other purpose you can assign protected subsystem status to both the program and the data files As a result only those users authorized to run the subsystem manager program can use the files protected by the subsystem This section explains how to create a protected subsystem and how to assign subsystem status to files How Do Protected Subsystems Work In order to understand how to assign subsystem status to files you must first understand how the system handles protected subsystems Figure 8 5 presents a flowchart that shows how the system controls access to protected subsystem files 8 23 Controlling Access Program tries to access the file Does file belong to a protected sub system the program a manager in the subsystem Has the program executed a command or call raising the privilege level J Use normal ACL control check process SID against ACL entries to control access to the file Program allowed to act on file Figure 8 5 Controlling Access to Protected Subsystem Files Controlling Access 8 24 The following descriptions explain the sequence of events shown in Figure 8 5 1 When a program in a protected subsystem requests access to a file the system first checks whether the file belongs to a protected subsystem If the fi
209. rd character in each field to match any name in the corresponding field of a process SID For example the following SID matches any process SID in the system with the username JOE JOE When you specify a SID that uses wildcards you may omit trailing wildcards and the periods that separate them For example the following SID specifications are the same JOE JOE JOE Table 8 3 lists the access rights that you can specify for files and directories Remember directories and files have their own unique set of access rights You cannot specify file rights for a directory or directory rights for a file To specify access rights individually use the one letter abbreviations listed in Table 8 3 For example EDACL REPORT A JOE RW on Access rights The command in this example specifies the READ R and WRITE W access rights for the file REPORT 8 11 Controlling Access To deny rights grant no rights for an entry specify a hyphen character as follows EDACL REPORT A JOE l No access rights Table 8 3 Valid Rights for Files and Directories FILES DIRECTORIES Protect Protect Grant Grant Node Node Delete Change Read Add files and subdirectories Write Add links Execute Delete Read Search Expunge Controlling Access 8 12 You can also use any of the special class names in Table 8 4 to specify a set of commonly used rights For example EDACL REPORT A JOE USE
210. re specifying a substitute command use the DR command or lt MARK gt to define the range of text in which you want the substitution to occur see the Defining a Range of Text section earlier in this chapter If you do not define a range the substitution occurs from the current cursor position to the end of the line Unlike searches which ignore case unless told otherwise all substitutions are case sensitive You cannot make a substitution case insensitive Table 5 7 Commands for Substituting Text DM Command Predefined Key Substitute string2 for S stringl string2 all occurrences of stringl in a defined range Substitute string2 for SO stringl string2 the first occurrence of stringl in each line of a defined range Change case of each CASE S U letter in a defined L range If the DM scans more than 100 lines while processing a substitute command it displays a Substitute in progress message in its output window Then it polls for keystrokes every 10 lines it processes At this point you may Editing a Pad 5 26 e Wait for the DM to complete the substitute operation e Use the keyboard it works as it normally does You can type into any pad except the one where the substitution is occurring You can specify any DM command except another search or substitute command The DM executes these commands when it completes the substitution You can type input to another Shell or program if it was
211. rectory ACLs from the source to the target Copies the initial directory ACL from the source to the target Copies the initial file ACL from the source to the target The command in the following example uses the option to copy the initial file and directory ACLs from the directory OWNER to the directory USER 1 ACL USER 1 OWNER I To copy only the initial file ACL use the F option as shown in the following example ACL USER 1 OWNER IF For a complete description of how to use the ACL command to copy initial ACLs see the DOMAIN System Command Reference Protected Subsystems Another method of controlling access to files is through a protection mechanism called a protected subsystem Protected subsystems allow you to designate a collection of data a protected group of files for use solely by specific programs A protected subsystem is composed of one or more programs and a set of data files The programs are called the managers of the protected subsystem the data files called data objects are owned Controlling Access 8 22 by the subsystem Thus files in a protected subsystem have either manager or data object status Protected subsystems permit broad groups of users to access data objects through the programs or managers of the subsystem You typically create a protected subsystem when you want only specific programs to act on data files regardless of the SIDs of the processes in which the prog
212. rg All arguments are either integers strings variables or expressions The Shell uses each CASE statement to perform a separate Boolean test on the initial SELECT argument If the CASE argument is equal to the SELECT argument the result of the test is TRUE and the command following the CASE statement executes Let s look at a simple example EON SELECT A ALLOF CASE 1 ARGS First case will execute if A 1 CASE 2 4 ARGS Second case will execute if A 6 CASE 6 ARGS Third case will execute if A 6 ENDSELECT In this example the first case tests to see if the variable A equals and the second and third cases test to see if A equals 6 The ALLOF statement directs SELECT to execute the commands associated with all cases that result in TRUE If A is 6 the SELECT statement in Writing Shell Scripts 9 34 this example executes the commands for the second and third case to display the following Second case will execute if 6 6 Third case will execute if 6 6 If you specify ONEOF the default SELECT executes only the first case that results in a TRUE value In the previous example where A equals 6 SELECT executes only the second case to display the following Second case will execute if 6 6 You can also use the NEXT and EXIT commands to control execution within the SELECT statement For example when using ONEOF you can use the NEXT statement to direct SELECT to execute another case as show
213. ribed in the Editing ACLs section discussed earlier For example EDACL OWNER ID L The command in this example displays the initial directory ACL for the directory OWNER To add an entry to the initial directory ACL for OWNER use the A command as follows EDACL OWNER ID A ENG ALDR Controlling Access 8 20 The following example uses the DR command to take away or delete DELETE D rights from the entry we added in the previous example EDACL OWNER ID DR ENG D To edit the initial file ACL use the EDACL command with the IF option in the following format EDACL pathname IF command where F directs EDACL to edit initial file ACLs and command specifies one of the ACL editing commands described in the Editing ACLs section discussed earlier For example EDACL REPORT IF L The command in this example displays the initial file ACL for the file REPORT Copying Initial ACLs You can copy a directory s initial ACLs using the ACL command in the following format ACL target source option where option specifies one of the options listed in Table 8 6 The target argument specifies the pathname of the object to which you want the initial ACL copied The source argument specifies the pathname of the object whose initial ACL you want to copy 8 21 Controlling Access Table 8 6 Options for Copying Initial ACLs option Description Copies both the initial file and initial di
214. ries it needs Figure 2 3 presents a flowchart showing the start up sequence for a diskless node From your perspective as a user starting up a diskless node is the same as starting up a disked node you turn the power on in NORMAL mode and wait for the log in prompt to appear However the start up sequence that goes on internally is somewhat different The descriptions that follow explain each step in the diskless node start up sequence shown in Figure 2 3 Once you ve read the descriptions go back and compare each step with the disked node start up sequence described in the Disked Node Start Up section Start Up and Log In 2 8 1 MD Executes 2 MD requests a partner 3 NETMAN responds to the request 4 MD loads NETBOOT from partner 5 NETBOOT loads operating system 6 Operating system starts DM or SPM 7 DM or SPM invoke boot script Start up Sequence Complete Figure 2 3 The Start Up Sequence for a Diskless Node 2 9 Start Up and Log In 1 When you power on your node in NORMAL mode by following the instructions in your Owner s Guide a program called the Mnemonic Debugger MD begins executing The MD resides in the node s boot PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 2 Because a diskless node does not have a disk the MD cannot load SYSBOOT and transfer control to it Instead the MD must boot the system from another disked node in the network The MD then broadcasts a message across the netwo
215. ristics such as variables and command search rules from its parent Shell Setting Up the Initial Shell Environment Whenever you create a new process to run the Shell see Chapter 4 the system looks for a file called STARTUP in the directory USER_DATA SH lf the file exists the system executes it to set up the initial environment for the Shell Since no default Shell start up file exists you must create one if you want to use one The Shell start up script is useful when you want to define a standard set of variables for each Shell process or set up certain Shell characteristics such as variable evaluation EON or new command search rules Figure 6 3 shows a sample Shell startup script Note Shell start up files do not execute from siologin or CRP CREATE_REMOTE_PROCESS For more information about the CRP command see the DOMAIN System Command Reference Using the Shell 6 8 Sample Shell start up script USER_DATA SH STARTUP Set up standard variables A 3 B 4 Turn on variable evaluation Add additional directory to command search rules CSR A PROGS Figure 6 3 Sample Shell Start Up Script Controlling Input and Output Processes pass data to and from programs such as the Shell through open system channels called streams Every process that you create has the following streams open for program input and output e standard input e standard output e error input e error output St
216. rk asking for a partner node to volunteer the use of its boot volume 3 All nodes running the NETMAN program receive these request messages NETMAN s purpose is to respond to them In response to the diskless node s request NETMAN on a disked node checks the file SYS NET DISKLESS LIST This file on the disked node contains a list of hexadecimal node IDs for all nodes the disked node may offer partnership If the diskless list contains the ID of the diskless node requesting partnership NETMAN volunteers the node as a partner The first disked node to volunteer becomes the partner of the diskless node It remains the diskless node s partner until the next time the diskless node boots At this point the diskless node displays the partner node s node ID for your information You can take a look at a sample diskless list by reading the file SYS NET SAMPLE DISKLESS LIST For a complete description of how to create a diskless list and set up partners for diskless nodes see Administering Your DOMAIN System 4 Once the diskless node finds a partner the MD copies the NETBOOT program from the file SYS NET NETBOOT on the partner node into the diskless node s memory The NETBOOT program is a special version of SYSBOOT that diskless nodes use to boot the operating system across the Start Up and Log In 2 10 network The MD when finished loading NETBOOT transfers control to it The NETBOOT program running on the diskless node loads
217. rocesses DM Command Predefined Key Create new process CP pathname lt SHELL gt pads and windows L5S Create new process CPO pathname None without pads or windows Create a server CPS pathname process Creating a Process with Pads and Windows To create a process with input and output pads and windows to view these pads use the CP CREATE_PROCESS command in the following format region CP pathname options where region specifies the coordinates of the process window and pathname specifies the pathname of the program you want the process to execute The process pads and windows that the CP command creates enable you to supply input to programs and view program output The command in the following example creates a process that executes an interactive program called COUNTER BIN The program prompts for program input and displays its output to the process s transcript pad CP HORACE PROGS COUNTER BIN N COUNTER The N option assigns the process the name COUNTER When COUNTER BIN completes or if you stop the program or process 4 5 Controlling the Display the input and transcript pads close To delete the remaining process window type CTRL N Note that in this example since no region is specified the DM uses its default window coordinates to create the window see the Defining Default Window Positions section later in this chapter One process that you ll create frequently is a process that runs the
218. rst point and change the x coordinate of that edge to that of the second point Points that have equal x coordinates Create Create a window bounded by the given y coordinates and each side of the display In other words create a full horizontal window Move Select the unobscured horizontal edge nearest to the first point and change the y coordinate of that edge to that of the second point 4 11 Controlling the Display Table 4 5 DM Rules for Defining Window Boundaries continued Points that are equal Create Move Create a 512 by 512 window centered as nearly as possible to the given cursor position Select the unobscured corner nearest the given point and move the corner to that point Points that differ in both x and y Create Move Each set of coordinates form opposing corners of the window The first point selects the nearest unobscured corner this corner must be visible and the DM repositions the corner at the second point Only one point is given no DR is specified Create Move Controlling the Display The DM uses one of its five default window regions see the Defining Default Window Positions section or it determines the position by the last window creation or deletion command as follows e If the last command was window deletion WC the default region is the same as that for the deleted window e If the last command was a successful window creation command the
219. s eiie erede eet renta 8 16 Deleting Entry Rights cene eret 8 17 Deleting ACL Entries ee tette eterne ers 8 17 Copying ACLS ect tabe tt CURE re Pare RE ECL cota 8 18 Initial ACLS neon iedecte ree tbe t tei d aaepe teo ere quine 8 18 Editing Inatiall ACIES 2 teeth rie eee 8 20 Copying Initial ACES aio rero et oce ore 8 21 Protected Subsystem S eccriene deest ENERE 8 22 How Do Protected Subsystems Work sesss 8 23 Creating a Protected Subsystem ssesees 8 26 Assigning Protected Subsystem Status ssssss 8 27 Contents xii Chapter 9 Writing Shell Scripts Creating Your Own Commands 1 A Creating Scripts ies easet duse decas eee soa ER auc e deae de Passing Arguments to Scripts sscan iesise iii Using Quoted Strings erect eene eae Using In Line Data 5e ete veteres eto reete resa Executing DM Commands from Shell Scripts Debusging Shell Scripts code reete nies Using EX pression eee ce erret tee te eb edes Operands in Expressions eseeeem Mathematical Operators ssseeeee iss String Operators ies erepta Ernte TEENS Comparison Operators ecce eite cte Peeters Logical Operator S see tere ete nb sescenti Shell Variables occae tenente Lebe dete eene bep etae en gehe Detining Variables ueteri cen eie i Using Shell Variables eiecit ete enden Variable Commands eee Defining Variables In
220. s ICON toggles the setting changes the window or group to the opposite of its current state The easiest way to change individual windows and icons is to position the cursor inside the window or icon and specify the ICON command The ICON command also accepts the C option that allows you to specify which icon you want to use Before we look at an example let s look at how the system uses icons and where it stores them The system uses certain default icons that we supply to represent specific types of windows For example whenever you change a Shell process window into an icon the system by default uses the icon shown in Figure 4 8 Similarly the system uses a special EDIT icon to represent read edit windows Many application programs that we supply also represent their specific process windows with their own specific default icons The system stores the default icons in a font file named SYS DM FONTS ICONS Note that this file is not an ASCII file you cannot read it You can examine this file by using the EDFONT EDIT_FONT program described in the DOMAIN System Command Reference You can also use ED FONT to create your own icons or change those the system uses by default Each icon in the font file CONS is associated with a specific keyboard character For example the default Shell icon is associated with the lowercase s character When you create an icon you first choose a character and then use EDFONT to transform
221. s look at an example Suppose we assign the variable CITIES a string value CITIES Boston and NY To use the variable CITIES simply precede it with the substitution character as follows ARGS Cities with early flights are CITIES The ARGS command uses standard output to display the result of the expression to the transcript pad In this example the Shell substitutes the string value Boston and NY for the variable name CITIES The expression concatenates the first string and the second string to form the following string Cities with early flights are Boston and NY The Shell automatically substitutes values for evaluates Shell variables when you use them as operands in expressions as shown in the previous example However you may want to evaluate a variable that isn t part of an expression Consider the following example ARGS Cities with early flights are CITIES By default the Shell won t evaluate the variable CITIES since the variable is not used in an expression In order for the Shell to evaluate variables outside of expressions you must turn on evaluation using the EON command You can either specify the EON command before you run a script to turn on evaluation for the current Shell or include the EON command in the script itself The EON command when used in a script turns on evaluation for the script only not for the current Shell To turn evaluation off use the EOFF comma
222. s 7 5 for managing links 7 31 for managing windows 4 17 for moving cursor 4 2f for moving pads under windows 4 27 for pasting text 5 11 5 11 for searching for text 5 23 for setting directories 7 2 for substituting text 5 26 for verifying Shell variables 9 21 Shell see Shell commands undoing 5 29 comments in DM command scripts 3 5 in Shell scripts 9 2 comparing ASCII files 7 19 Boolean values 9 17 directory trees 7 27f comparison operators 9 16f components in Shell command line 6 3 concatenating strings 9 15 conditional statements 9 26 types 9 27 continuing Shell commands 6 4 control characters 6 11 control key sequences predefined 3 10f to invoke DM commands 3 3 3 10ff controlling access to protected subsystem files 8 24 command queries 6 15 cursor movement 4 2f edit pad modes 5 2 icons 4 33ff Shell command input and output 6 9f Shell script execution 9 25ff the display 3 2 4 1ff window groups 4 31ff conventions for DM commands 3 4 for naming keys 3 15ff for Shell command lines 6 3f COPY key 3 15 copying ACLs 8 18 directory trees 7 22ff display images to files 5 13 display to files 7 18f files 7 8 initial ACLs 8 21 links 7 35 pads and windows 4 15 text from pads 5 12 CP CREATE PROCESS command 4 5 CPB COPY PASTE BUFFER command 4 37 CPF COPY FILE command 7 8 CPL COPY LINK command copying links 7 35 replacing links 7 35f CPO CREATE PROCESS ONLY command 4 7 CPS CREATE SERVER PROCESS command
223. s an overview of the DOMAIN system and its distributed operating environment It describes how the system organizes objects in the system naming tree and how to use pathnames to identify these objects Chapter 2 Describes how the system functions at startup and log in and describes how to create modify and organize the various scripts that set up your node s particular operating environment The chapter also describes procedures for changing your password and log in home directory when you log in iii Preface Part II The Display Environment Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Explains the functions of the Display Manager DM describes how to use DM commands and shows how to define keys to perform DM functions Describes how to use the DM to control your node s display Each section describes a set of related display management tasks and the DM commands you use to perform them Describes how to use the DM to control the characteristics of edit pads and how to edit text Each section in this chapter describes a set of editing tasks and the DM commands you use to perform them Part III The Command Shell Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Preface Describes the command Shell environment that processes Shell commands The chapter includes information on Shell commands controlling command input and output the command line parser and using pathname wildcards Describes how to use Shell comma
224. s follows 1 Use the cursor to point to a text string that contains the name of the window you want to push or pop 2 Press MARK or specify DR to mark the window name 3 Specify the WP command This second method is useful when you re displaying a list of all windows that you currently have open see the description of the CPB command in the Displaying the Members of a Window Group section later in this chapter Changing Process Window Modes The DM provides several modes that control how the DM inserts text into process input windows and how process transcript windows display program output Table 4 8 describes these modes You control window modes by positioning the cursor inside the process window and specifying window mode control commands If you specify a command without any options the command toggles the mode setting turns it on or off depending on its current state Controlling the Display 4 22 Table 4 8 Process Window Modes wen ein Insert Insert text in the input window rather than overstrike Scroll Output scrolls one line at a time Hold Content of the window does not change when the program sends output to the pad Autohold Window automatically enters hold mode The window legend at the top of the process window displays a letter code that indicates which modes are on Figure 4 6 shows the mode indicators and other components that make up the process window legend Process Window Leg
225. s it easy for you to read files in your current working directory It executes the CV CREATE VIEW command with the name of the file you point to with the cursor To use this key specify the LD Shell command to list the contents of your current directory Then position the cursor over the name of the file you want to read and press the right mouse key 3 11 Using the Display Manager Keyboard Types and Key Definitions The DOMAIN System supports two basic types of keyboards e DOMAIN low profile keyboards e The 880 keyboard DOMAIN low profile type keyboards shown in Figure 3 3 include the DOMAIN Low profile Model I keyboard and the DOMAIN Low profile Model II keyboard Notice that the key layout for both of these keyboards is the same except that the Model II keyboard has a numeric keypad and two additional function keys FO and F9 Note The 880 keyboard is an older style keyboard that we no longer ship with new nodes Appendix B describes the 880 keyboard and its predefined key functions The command summary tables in this manual list the predefined function keys for the low profile type keyboards only The system stores the definitions for its predefined keys in a keyboard specific definition file Table 3 4 lists the names of the definition file for each keyboard When you boot your node the system loads the key definition file according to which KBD KEYBOARD commands are specified in your node s boot script STARTUP file
226. s the most recent search instruction so you may repeat it even if you have specified other non searching commands since then Cancelling a Search Operation To cancel the current search operation type CTRL X The CTRL X sequence invokes the ABRT command Since you cannot type DM commands for the pad being searched you must use CTRL X or define a key to invoke the ABRT command see the Defining Keys section in Chapter 4 The DM command SQ also cancels a search operation As with the ABRT command you must define a key to invoke SQ during a search When you type CTRL X or press a key defined to invoke ABRT or SQ the DM displays the message Search aborted in its output window Setting Case Comparison As we said earlier a search operation is not case sensitive by default In a case insensitive search upper and lowercase letters are equivalent In a case sensitive search the characters must match in case i e mary will not locate MARY To set case comparison for a search specify the SC SET CASE command in the following format SC ON OFF 5 25 Editing a Pad The ON option specifies a case sensitive search and the OFF option specifies a case insensitive search The SC command without options toggles the current case comparison setting Substituting Text The commands shown in Table 5 7 allow you to search a pad or part of a pad for a text string and to replace the string with a new string Befo
227. s the network 2 10f operators comparison 9 16f in expressions 9 13 logical 9 17 mathematical 9 14f parsing 6 22 precedence 9 13 string 9 15f options command parser 6 15 in DM commands 3 4 in Shell commands 6 3 overstrike mode 4 23f 5 4 P PAD S DEF PFK call 3 18 3 22 PAD DM CMD call 3 22 pads closing 4 16 copying 4 15 copying text 5 12 creating 4 10ff defining a range of text in 5 9f edit inserting blank lines into 5 6 creating 4 13 cutting text from 5 14 deleting characters from 5 7f deleting lines of text from 5 8 deleting NEWLINE characters from 5 7 deleting text from 5 7ff deleting words from 5 8 inserting characters into 5 4ff inserting end of file mark into 5 6 inserting NEWLINE characters into 5 6 inserting text string into 5 5 modes 5 2 opening 7 6 pasting text into 5 15 substituting text in 5 26ff window legend 5 3 editing 5 1ff moving to bottom of 4 28 moving to first character 4 28 moving to last character 4 28 moving to top of 4 27f moving under windows 4 27ff process input 6 10 process output 6 10 read only 4 14 saving transcript in a file 4 30 scrolling horizontally 4 30 scrolling vertically by lines 4 29 scrolling vertically by pages 4 28 searching for text in 5 22ff Shell input 6 2 specifying text patterns in 5 16 parent directory 1 12f parentheses as pathname wildcard characters 6 21 parser options 6 15 parsing operators 6 22 9 3 partner node 2 10 passing arguments to Shell scri
228. script in the directory SYS NODE_DATA NETMAN creates NODE_DATA node id copies the boot script to it then instructs the DM or SPM to execute The DM or SPM the boot script executes boot script Figure 2 4 The Boot Script Search Sequence Understanding the System at Log In Once a node is up and running you are ready to log in At log in the system executes a series of scripts that set up the working environment for your log in session This section describes the sequence of steps the system performs at log in This section also shows you how to create and modify scripts to tailor your log in en 2 13 Start Up and Log In vironment The flowchart in Figure 2 5 shows the log in sequence for a node Operating system verifies your account Valid ID and Display error message password 2 Sets working and naming directories to log in home 3 DM executes log in start up script 4 If directed startup script executes STARTUP DM 5 DM reads key definitions from KEY DEFS file Log In sequence complete Figure 2 5 The Log In Sequence Start Up and Log In 2 14 The descriptions that follow explain each step in the log in sequence shown in Figure 2 5 1 After you enter your username and password the operating system verifies your account Chapter in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System describes how to log in The system verifies your account by checking the file ACCOUNT in the site reg
229. se options you pass to it as 2 PAS 1 2 BIND i1i BIN MAP 1 MAP ARGS 41 compiled and bound How do we pass the multiple parameters if we want COMPILE3 to behave like COMPILE2 Let s take a look at what happens if we specify the following command COMPILE3 MY PROG L MAP OPT l T l l 1 2 3 4 As shown in this example the Shell tries to substitute L for parameter 2 MAP for 3 and OPT for 4 This command won t work however because COMPILE3 doesn t contain substitution parameters 3 and 4 As a result the Shell ignores the MAP and OPT options Normally we can group the arguments and pass them as a single argument by enclosing them in single quotation marks as follows COMPILES3 oe L OPT 1 2 The single quotation marks tell the command Shell to treat the characters inside them as a single string even if there are intervening spaces When you specify the command the Shell substitutes the Writing Shell Scripts 9 6 string L MAP OPT for substitution parameter 2 in COMPILE3 However this still won t work because the Shell tries to interpret the entire string as a single argument instead of the three separate options the string represents Let s look at a fourth and final COMPILE script to see how to solve our problem COMPILE4 THIS EXAMPLE IS CORRECT This file compiles and binds a program whose name you pass to it as 1 and w
230. so use the EDACL command to edit a directory s initial ACLs The Editing Initial ACLs section describes how to use the EDACL command to edit initial ACLs Like most Shell commands you can direct EDACL to perform specific operations by specifying options on the command line In addition to its command options the EDACL command also accepts a special set of ACL editing commands The way you specify these editing commands depends on the mode in which EDACL operates The EDACL command operates in two modes command line mode and interactive mode In command line mode you specify editing commands as options on the command line For example EDACL in the following example uses the editing command L to display the ACL for the file REPORT EDACL REPORT L If you specify the EDACL command without any editing commands on the command line EDACL enters interactive mode and prompts you for editing commands When you specify editing commands in interactive mode do not precede the command with a hyphen For example EDACL REPORT report RETURN In this example since no editing commands appear on the EDACL command line EDACL enters interactive mode Specifying the L command without a hyphen at the asterisk prompt directs EDACL to list the ACL entries for REPORT Once you enter interactive mode you can continue to specify EDACL editing commands to perform a series of edit operations To exit interactive mode an
231. specifies the window name or window group name you want to remove You must specify the group name argument when you use this command If you omit Controlling the Display 4 32 the entry_name argument WGRR uses the pathname of the window where you last positioned the cursor The command in the following example removes a window named PROCESS 1 from the group named SHELL WINDOWS WGRR SHELL WINDOWS PROCESS 1 Making Windows Invisible To control whether a window or window group is visible or invisible specify the WI WINDOW INVISIBLE command in the following format WI entry name W I where entry name specifies the name of the window or window group you want to make visible or invisible If you omit the entry name argument WI uses the pathname of the window where you last positioned the cursor The W option forces the window or group to appear as a window the option forces the window or group to become invisible If you specify the WI command without either of these options WI toggles the setting makes the window or group visible or invisible whichever is the opposite of its current state The command in the following example makes the window group SHELL WINDOWS invisible WI SHELL WINDOWS I Using Icons You use icons to represent a window or group of windows on your display Because icons are small they enable you to keep windows and window groups easily accessible without having them open on the displa
232. ssigns manager status to the program file MY PROG You can assign manager status to either a binary program or a script The remaining commands assign data object status to the files DATA and DATA 2 When you re finished assigning status to files you can leave the protected subsystem by typing CTRL Z You ve exited the protected subsystem when the EOF marker appears and the dollar sign prompt returns 8 27 Controlling Access Create the subsystem crsubs protector Change ACL entries for the subsystem edacl sys subsys protector af fran 96lab 96 owner edacl sys subsys protector cf sys_admin owner edacl sys subsys protector cf none Check to make sure entries are right acl sys subsys protector ACL for sys subsys protector Subsystem protector manager fran 96 lab 96 pgndwrx 96 sys admin 96 96 pgndwrx 966 96 96 96 Enter the subsystem ensubs protector Assign subsystem status to two files The files must already exist subs owner my prog protector mgr subs owner data 1 protector data List the subsystem status to check for mistakes subs owner my prog owner my prog is a PROTECTOR subsystem manager owner my prog is a file subsystem data object subs owner data 1 owner data 1 is a nil subsystem manager owner data 1 is a PROTECTOR subsystem data object Type CTRL Z to exit the subsystem EQF Figure 8 6 Sample of a Protected Subsyst
233. statement in this example tests whether the value for the variable i is less than 5 As long as i is less than 5 the ARGS command displays the value of i and the next command adds 1 to its 9 29 Writing Shell Scripts value Thus the WHILE statement executes the ARGS command 5 times and produces the following display On the sixth pass the test results in a FALSE value 5 is not less than 5 As a result the script leaves the WHILE loop and continues execution at the next command in sequence You can also use two special commands with the WHILE statement NEXT e EXIT The NEXT command returns to the top of the WHILE loop You normally use the NEXT command to return prematurely to the top of the loop before executing additional commands For example consider the following section from a Shell script WHILE TRUE DO READ PROMPT Enter number TYPE INTEGER A IF A lt 50 THEN NEXT ENDIF ARGS A ENDDO This WHILE loop executes three commands e A READ command to read in an integer value e An IF command to test whether the value is less than 50 e An ARGS command to display the value If the integer value is greater than 50 the IF statement is FALSE and the next command ARGS executes If the value is less than 50 however the IF statement is TRUE and the NEXT command executes returning execution to the top of the WHILE loop As a Writing Shell Scripts 9 30 result this section of the script
234. t the following CPS command cps sys dm sbp1 dev sio2 L To startup mbx IPC helper cps sys mbx mbx_helper To Properly define the keys for the 880 keyboard uncomment the following command kbd To properly define the keys for the low profile keyboard KBD2 uncomment the following command kbd 2 To properly define the keys for the low profile keyboard with the numeric keypad uncomment the following command kbd 3 Figure 2 2 A Sample Boot Script STARTUP 19L Start Up and Log In 2 6 The boot script contains commands that start various server programs These server programs run regardless of log in and log out activity and provide various system services to the node For example the NETMAN program makes the node available as a host for diskless partners and the print server program PRSVR runs peripheral printers For a description of these and all of the DOMAIN server programs see Administering Your DOMAIN System If you want your node to automatically start any of these server programs edit your node s boot script and remove the pound sign from the command line that invokes the server Note however that the system will not start any of these servers until the next time you shut down and restart your node See your node s Owner s Guide for node startup and shutdown procedures The boot scripts that run on nodes that have displays contain a set of c
235. t you don t have to create a personal command directory if the Shell doesn t find one it continues its search and no error occurs The final directory that the Shell searches is the node s main command directory COM which contains all of the standard commands that we supply Since LD is a system command the Shell finds it in COM and executes it sorting MY FILE and displaying output This example assumes that you have not created an executable file or Shell script named LD in your working directory or personal command directory Had you done so the Shell would have executed your version of LD before the system s version You can set or show a Shell s command search rules using the CSR COMMAND SEARCH RULES command For example the CSR command in the following example displays the Shell s command search rules CSR com com You can use the A option with the CSR command to append additional directories to the current list For example the following example adds two additional directories PROG and PROG to the current set Using the Shell 6 6 CSR A PROG PROG CSR com com prog prog To completely change a set of command search rules specify the CSR command along with a new set of rules For example CSR COM COM CSR com com If you change a Shell s command search rules any subordinate Shell created with the SH SHELL command or Shell script that you invoke inherits the new comma
236. tand how the system organizes and identifies them This chapter describes the DOMAIN system how it organizes objects in the system naming tree and how to use pathnames to identify these objects 1 1 The DOMAIN System Overview The DOMAIN system uses a physical network in which member nodes can load data from the network into memory just as they would load data from their own disk The DOMAIN System Site Planning and Preparation Guide describes the DOMAIN network in much more detail For our purposes we re interested in the network to see how nodes use the system to share information Figure 1 1 shows a simple DOMAIN network composed of three nodes and two disks NODE_A Diskless Figure 1 1 A Simple DOMAIN Network The DOMAIN System 1 2 The DOMAIN system makes the information on all disks available to any node in the DOMAIN network For example in Figure 1 1 NODE_C can access information stored on its own disk as well as information stored on the disk connected to NODE_B Although NODE_A doesn t have its own disk it can via the network access information stored on the disks connected to NODE_B or NODE_C Each node in the network requires the use of at least one disk called a boot volume that contains the operating system and other system software it needs to run Some nodes called disked nodes are physically connected to the disk that they use as the boot volume Other nodes called diskless nodes share the
237. ter class you can specify anyone of a range of letters or digits by indicating the beginning and ending characters separated by a hyphen F or example A Z matches any single uppercase letter in the range A through Z a z matches any single lowercase letter in the range a through z 0 9 matches any single digit in the range 0 through 9 5 19 Editing a Pad Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions continued Remember though that the actual search ignores case unless you have used the SC command to specify a case sensitive search see the Setting Case Comparison section The range can be a subset of the letters or digits However the first and last characters in the range must be of the same type uppercase letter lowercase letter or digit For example a n and 3 8 are valid expressions A 9 is invalid Note that a hyphen has a special meaning inside square brackets If you want to include the literal hyphen character in the class it must be either the first or last character in the class so that it does not appear to separate two range marking characters or you can precede the hyphen with the escape character see the description in this table The right bracket also has special meaning inside a character class it closes the class descriptor list If you want to include the right bracket in the class precede it with the escape character see the description in this tabl
238. teractively seeeeeeeeese Using Active Functions eec ssis e hne Controlling Script Execution ssse Using the IF Statement acest nee ort repe rendre Using the WHILE Statement eeeeee Using the FOR Statement sseseeee Using the SELECT Statement es Appendix A Initial Directory and File Structure Appendix B Summary of Predefined Key Definitions Index xiii Contents Illustrations Figure Page 1 1 A Simple DOMAIN Network eeeeeeeeee 1 2 1 2 A Sample Naming Tree eeeeeeeee 1 4 1 3 A Sample Path Through the Naming Tree 1 7 1 4 A Sample Path Beginning at the Node Entry DIT E CLODY ee M 1 8 1 5 A Sample Path Beginning at the Current Working Dit tory ien ner ipte tie 1 10 1 6 A Sample Path Beginning at the Current Naming Directory eet eterne eter cette tones 1 12 1 7 A Sample Path Beginning at the Parent Directory acsisetesttee testet tteetter tert i ert hia 1 13 2 1 The Start Up Sequence for Disked Nodes 2 3 2 2 A Sample Boot Script STARTUP 19L 2 6 2 3 The Start Up Sequence for a Diskless Node 2 9 2 4 The Boot Script Search Sequence 2 13 2 5 The Log In Sequence rre 2 14 2 6 A Sample Log In Start Up Script STARTUP LOGIN TOL aiii n et ees 2 17 2 7 A Sample DM Start Up Script STAR PUP DM 19L Jrs rene
239. terns in scripts The Shell supports four different types of conditional statements e IF statement WHILE statement FOR statement e SELECT statement The sections that follow describe these conditional statements and the commands that execute them 9 27 Writing Shell Scripts Using the IF Statement The IF command and all its arguments make up an IF statement that executes one or more commands depending on the result of a Boolean test The IF command has the following format IF com 1 THEN com 2 ELSE com 3 ENDIF where com 1 specifies a command program expression or Boolean variable you want tested for truth A test of a command or program is TRUE if the command or program executes successfully returns an abort severity level of zero A test of an expression or Boolean variable is TRUE if they result in a TRUE value The com 2 argument specifies one or more commands or expressions to execute if the result of the test on com 1 is TRUE The ENDIF command signifies the end of an IF statement For example EON IF A 100 THEN ARGS A is less than 100 ENDIF The IF statement in this example tests whether the value for variable A is less than 100 If the value for A is 55 then the result of the test is TRUE the expression results in a TRUE value and the ARGS command executes displaying the message 55 is less than 100 In this example if the result of the test is FALSE the next command
240. the Display name Groups can contain individual windows as well as other groups of windows To create a window group or add a window to an existing group specify the WGRA WINDOW_GROUP_ADD command in the following format WGRA group name entry name where group name specifies the name of the group you want to create or add to and entry name specifies the name of the window or window group you want to add For process windows entry name specifies the process name that appears in the window legend for edit pad windows entry name specifies the pathname that appears in the window legend You must specify the group name argument when you use this command If you omit the entry name argument WGRA uses the name of the window where you last positioned the cursor The commands in the following example create a window group WGRA SHELL WINDOWS PROCESS 1 WGRA SHELL WINDOWS PROCESS 2 WGRA SHELL WINDOWS PROCESS 3 The first command creates a window group named SHELL WINDOWS and adds the window named PROCESS 1 to the group The remaining commands add additional windows PROCESS 2 and PROCESS 3 to the SHELL WINDOWS group Removing Entries from Window Groups To remove an entry window or window group from a window group specify the WGRR WINDOW GROUP REMOVE command in the following format WGRR group name entry name where group name specifies the name of the group that contains the entry you want to remove and entry name
241. the Members of a Window Group To display a list of windows in a specific group use the CPB COPY_PASTE_BUFFER command in the following format CPB group_name where group_name specifies the name of the window group you want to list The group_name refers to a paste buffer that contains the names of the windows in the group The CPB command creates a window to the paste buffer you specify as the group_name and displays the paste buffer s contents For example CPB MY_GROUP This command displays the names of all the windows in the window group MY_GROUP A paste buffer named MY_GROUP contains these window names The DM automatically creates three special paste buffers to help you manage your windows and icons Table 4 11 describes these paste buffers To list the contents of one of these special paste buffers specify the CPB command with the special group_name as follows This command opens the paste buffer INVIS GROUP that contains the names of all the windows you ve made invisible 4 37 Controlling the Display Table 4 11 Window Paste Buffers ee RN INVIS GROUP Contains the pathnames of all the windows that you ve made invisible ICON GROUP Contains the pathnames of all the windows represented by icons ALL GROUP Contains the pathname of every window B open on your node including Shell process windows DM windows visible and invisible windows and windows represented by icons Controlling the Display 4 38
242. the access rights for the specified SID For example suppose the file REPORT has the following ACL entry MAN WIX The following command deletes WRITE W access from the current access rights for 96 96 MAN EDACL OWNER REPORT DR MAN W As a result the ACL entry now looks like this MAN rx If you try to delete rights from an entry that doesn t exist you will receive an error message Deleting ACL Entries To delete an entry SID and rights from an ACL use the D command in the following format EDACL pathname D ppon where ppon specifies the SID for the entry you want to delete For example EDACL OWNER REPORT D MAN This command deletes the entry MAN from the ACL for the file REPORT 8 17 Controlling Access Copying ACLs To copy an ACL from one object to another use the ACL ACCESS_CONTROL_LIST command in the following format ACL target source where target specifies the pathname of the object to which you want the ACL copied The source argument specifies the pathname of the object whose ACL you want to copy The following command copies the ACLs from the directory OWNER to the directory USER 1 ACL USER 1 OWNER Initial ACLs Whenever you create a new file or directory the system assigns it a default ACL by copying a special ACL called an initial ACL from the parent directory Each directory in addition to its own ACL has two initial
243. the character into an icon symbol This is how we created the default icons that the system and various application programs use To use your own icon once you ve created it specify its associated character name with the C option The C option allows you to specify the character associated with the icon you want to use For example suppose you used EDFONT to create your own icon associated with the uppercase F character in the CONS file To use this icon to represent the read edit window JUNE REPORT use the following command ICON JUNE REPORT I C F 4 35 Controlling the Display In this example the ICON command directs the DM to change the read edit window JUNE_REPORT into an icon Normally the DM uses the default icon for read edit windows The C option directs the DM to use the icon associated with the character F in SYS DM FONTS ICONS instead of the default read edit icon Setting Icon Default Position and Offset The DM allows you to set the position of an icon on your screen and specify an offset that the DM uses to determine the positions of the next icons you create The offset value specifies the position of new windows relative to the position of the previous icon By default the DM displays icons in a horizontal line across the top of portrait displays and in a vertical line along the right side of landscape displays The default offset is the width of one icon 60 bits horizontally for portrait displays
244. the operating system from the partner node s boot volume into memory The operating system starts either e The Display Manager DM on nodes with displays e The Server Process Manager SPM on DOMAIN Server Processors DSPs The SPM is the server program that allows you to create a process on a DSP from a remote node in the network Refer to Administering Your DOMAIN System for more information about the SPM The DM or the SPM executes a start up file called a boot script that sets up the initial operating environment on your node Table 2 1 lists the different boot script files used at start up As shown in Table 2 1 the system chooses which boot script file to execute according to the type of node Since diskless nodes don t have files of their own the DM or SPM must look to the partner node to find its boot script file Just as on a disked node the DM or SPM on a diskless node searches for the boot script file in the directory VODE_DATA The grave accent that precedes the directory name is a special symbol that returns a value for NODE DATA Unlike a disked node however NODE DATA for the diskless node points to the directory SYS NODE DATA node id on the partner s disk The node id suffix is the hexadecimal node In of your diskless node Once the DM or SPM finds the diskless node s boot script the boot script executes Figure 2 2 shows a sample boot script similar to the one we provide with DN3xx nodes For
245. the pad editing operations described in Chapter 5 Using the Display Manager 3 6 Table 3 2 Formats for Specifying Points on the Display line number Specifies a line location in a pad Line numbers begin at and range upward to the last line in the pad To refer to the last line in a pad you may specify the dollar sign symbol The edit pad window legend displays the line number of the top line in a window You can also display the line number plus the column number and x and y coordinates of the current cursor position by using the DM command n Specifies a line location in a pad that is n lines before or after the current cursor position line number column number Specifies a point in a pad by line and column number The DM assumes the current line if you omit line number it assumes column 1 if you omit column number Line numbers range from 1 to the last line in the pad Column numbers range from 1 to 256 Some examples are 127 14 Line 127 column 14 53 Line 53 column 1 12 Column 12 of the current line Note that you must use the outer set of square brackets however when you specify line number only the brackets are optional When using this format you cannot use the dollar sign to specify the last line in a pad you must specify the number of the last line regular expression or regular expression Specifies a string in a pad that begins or ends a specific r
246. thers or patterns that match text of indefinite length Table 5 5 provides a list of the characters used to construct regular expressions and a brief description of their functions CAUTION The special characters described in Table 5 5 apply only to regular expression operations Some of these characters also have meanings often radically different in Shell commands and other software products If you want to use a regular expression as a part of one of those Shell commands or products be sure to enclose the expression in quotation marks so that it will not be misinterpreted Editing a Pad 5 16 Table 5 5 Characters Used in Regular Expressions ASCII Character Any standard ASCII character except those listed in this table matches one and only one occurrence of that character By default the case of the characters is insignificant Use the SC SET_CASE command to control case significance see the Setting Case Comparison section The following examples are all valid expressions SAM fred12 Joe a amp b Percent Sign 96 A percent sign at the beginning of a regular expression matches the empty string at the beginning of a line If a 96 is not the first character in the expression it simply matches the percent character Use this special feature to mark the beginning of a line in a regular expression For example 9o Print matches the string in line a but not line b because in line b Print is not at the be
247. tilities Miscellaneous System Software SYSTEST On Line System Tests Figure A 1 The Node Entry Directory and Subdirectories Initial Structures A 2 SYSDEV ISYS System Software Directory Display Manager Files System Help Files User Insert Files Per Node Read Write Data Files Files in Printer Queue Serial 1 O Files COLOR_ MICROCODE PEB MICROCODE Color System Microcode Performance Enhancement Board Micro code Shell Environ ment Boot strap Figure A 2 The System Software Directory SYS A 3 Initial Structures SYS IDM Display Manage Directory FONTS DM Character DM The Display Font Descriptions Manager TEMPLATES DM Start Up Files STD KEYS Standard Keys STD KEYS2 STARTUP Log in Start LOGIN Up Files Figure A 3 The Display Manager Directory SYS DM Initial Structures A 4 SYS NET Network Mngmt Directory DISKLESS LIST List of the diskless nodes that can use this node as a partner NETBOOT Diskless Node Bootstrap Program used by NETMAN NETMAN Diskless Node Management Program SAMPLE An example of a DISKLESS LIST file DISKLESS LIST Figure A 4 The Network Management Directory SYS NET A 5 Initial Structures APPENDIX B Summary of Predefined Key Definitions The tables presented in this appendix describe the predefined key definitions for both the 880 and low profile type keyboards The 880 keyboard is an older style k
248. u interface specify the PRFD PRINT FILE DIALOG command as follows PRFD As shown in Figure 7 1 the PRFD command creates a special window pane at the top of the Shell process window displaying the print menu The print menu is in control until you either print the file by selecting Print quit the menu by selecting Quit or select one of the 7 13 Managing Objects commands submenu items we ll learn more about the commands submenu later in this section To use the print menu move the arrow cursor to the menu item you want to select the system highlights the item name in reverse video To select the item press either the F1 key the space bar or if you are using a mouse the left mouse button M1 Hereafter we use the term select key to refer to any of these keys You can also display help information about an item by moving the cursor over the item and pressing HELP To specify any of the File type items text bitmap or transparent move the cursor over the item name Once the item is highlighted use the select key to select it and a checkmark will appear as shown below File type gt text D ap m transparent O For items that require you to type in specific information such as File to print printer and copies a small triangular cursor appears in the item field For example to specify the pathname of the file you want to type move the cursor to the line next to File to print and press
249. uffer or permanent file XP inserts the contents of the default unnamed paste buffer You can use this command only in pads created with lt EDIT gt or the CE command The R option instructs XP to insert a rectangular block of text that you have copied or deleted using the XC or XD command and the R option XP uses the current cursor position as the origin upper left corner of the block By default the lt PASTE gt key invokes the XP command using the contents of the default unnamed paste buffer You must specify the XP command with the name argument or the f pathname option to insert the contents of a named paste buffer or permanent file respectively 5 15 Editing a Pad Using Regular Expressions The DM search and substitute operations described in the next several sections allow you to use special notation called regular expressions to specify patterns for search and substitute text strings You can also use regular expressions with the Shell commands ED EDIT EDSTR EDIT_STREAM FPAT FIND_PATTERN FPATB FIND PATTERN BLOCK and CHPAT CHANGE PATTERN See the DOMAIN System Command Reference for descriptions of these Shell commands Regular expressions permit you to concisely describe text patterns without necessarily knowing their exact contents or format You can create expressions to describe patterns in particular positions on a line patterns that always contain certain characters and at times may include o
250. ullifies the meaning of any special character such as the input request character it precedes When the DM reads a command line containing the escape character it strips off the character and any special meaning of the character following its If you can t remember whether a character has some special meaning it is safe to escape the character If the character is not special the DM still removes the so the character appears as it should Character escaping is generally confined to search and substitute operations see Chapter 5 commands requiring quoted strings and key definitions When the DM reads the pound sign in a DM script it ignores the information on the remainder of the line Use this character to add comments to your DM script Use the semicolon to separate commands that you specify on the same line amp The input request character amp enables you to supply keyboard input from the DM input pad to a command in a key definition or script When the DM reads the amp it stops reading commands and moves the cursor to the DM input pad When you enter input usually a command argument the DM replaces the amp character with the specified input and continues reading commands You can also specify a prompt in the form amp prompt to display a prompt in the DM input pad that requests the proper input 3 5 Using the Display Manager The following commands accept strings surrounded by sing
251. unning programs and monitoring system activity This chapter describes the command Shell environment that processes Shell commands The chapter includes information on Shell commands controlling command input and output the command line parser and using pathname wildcards 6 1 Using the Shell Shell Commands The command Shell runs ina process called a Shell process As shown in Figure 6 1 you enter Shell commands in the Shell s process input pad referred to simply as the Shell input pad To specify a Shell command type the name of the command next to the dollar sign prompt and press RETURN Most Shell commands that you specify in the Shell input pad are actually the names of command files that the Shell looks for and executes For example when you specify the command DATE the Shell looks for a command file named DATE and executes it The Shell looks for command files according to a set of command search rules that indicate which directories the Shell should search You ll learn more about command search rules later in this chapter Shell Input Pad Figure 6 1 The Shell Process As part of the DOMAIN system we supply a set of Shell commands for your use You ve seen many of these commands in Getting Started With Your DOMAIN System The DOMAIN System Command Reference provides detailed descriptions of all the commands Using the Shell 6 2 that we supply You can also create your own Shell commands called
252. users of this node 0 300 dr 700 700 cp com sh and the user s private dm command file from his home directory s user_data sub directory Personal key_defs file is also kept in user_data by DM cmdf user_data startup_dm 19L Figure 2 6 A Sample Log In Start Up Script STARTUP_LOGIN 19L As shown in Figure 2 6 the command that creates the initial Shell process is the only command not commented out in the script You may leave it in comment it out by adding the pound sign character or change it to draw the process s windows in a different location You can also add commands that will start certain processes that you want to run each time you log in You ll notice that the last line in the sample script shown in Figure 2 6 contains the DM command CMDF COMMAND FILE This command invokes another script STARTUP DM I9L If you remove the character from the command line the DM attempts to execute this additional script as part of the log in sequence Otherwise the system performs Step 5 Note that when you remove the 2 17 Start Up and Log In the DM will not attempt to execute the script until the next time you log in 4 If no character precedes the CMDF command line the DM looks in the USER_DATA subdirectory of your log in home directory for the specified file If the DM finds the file it executes the script otherwise it displays an error message in the DM output window when the log in seque
253. vious section Table 5 6 Commands for Searching for Text DM Command Predefined Key Search forward for string string Search backward for string string Repeat last forward CTRL R search Repeat last backward CTRL U search Cancel search or any CTRL X action involving the ECHO command Set case comparison SC ON OFF for search To search forward from the current cursor position enclose the regular expression in slashes as follows string To search backward from the current cursor position enclose the regular expression in backslashes as follows string A search operation moves the cursor to the first character in the pattern specified by string If necessary the pad moves under the window to display the matching string If the search fails the cursor 5 23 Editing a Pad position does not change and the DM displays the message No match in its output window Searches do not wrap around the end or beginning of the file Therefore to search an entire pad position the cursor at the beginning of the pad By default searches are not case sensitive This means for example that mary will locate mary MARY and even maRy To perform a case sensitive search use the SC command see the Setting Case Comparison section Actually a search is not syntactically a command It is a pointing operation Note as described in the Defining Points and Regions section in Chapter 3 t
254. wn in Figure 1 4 the pathname directs the system to 1 Start at your node s entry directory NODE B 2 Follow the path through the upper level directory USER 1 3 Stop at the file MEMO The DOMAIN System 1 8 You can specify other starting points in the naming tree by beginning a pathname with any of the symbols in Table 1 1 Table 1 1 Pathname Symbols Symbol System starts search at Network root directory Node entry directory No symbol or Working directory Naming directory Parent directory The Working Directory If you specify a pathname without a symbol preceding it or if you precede the pathname with a period the system starts its search at a default location in the naming tree called the working directory Think of the working directory as the directory location in which you are currently working Each process that you create uses one of the directories in the naming tree as its working directory When you log into a node the system creates a process running the Shell program and sets that process s working directory to the home directory name designated in your user account Chapter 2 describes your home directory and how to change it at log in The system uses this directory as your working directory unless you change it to another directory Chapter 7 describes how to change your working directory 1 9 The DOMAIN System The following command deletes the file MEMO in the current wor
255. xecutes the command at the current cursor position Some DM commands require you to define an area or region on the screen instead of a single point You define the size of a region by defining two points on the screen The region is simply the area between the two points The Defining Points and Regions section describes how to define points and regions To specify a DM command interactively 1 Press lt CMD gt to move the cursor next to the Command prompt in the DM input pad The DM remembers where the cursor came from so it can apply the next command to that point 2 Type the command along with any arguments or options 3 Press RETURN to invoke the command Use this procedure to specify commands interactively from your keyboard You can also specify commands in special DM programs called scripts When you invoke a DM script the DM reads and executes DM commands in the order you specify them The Using DM Command Scripts section describes how to use DM scripts Using the Display Manager 3 2 The method you use to define a point depends on the DM command you use and how you use it When you specify a command interactively you usually point with the cursor In scripts you specify a point explicitly as acommand argument Figure 3 1 illustrates the interactive procedure for invoking the WC command to delete a window node file Command Figure 3 1 Invoking a DM Command Interactively You can also invo
256. y Icons are very similar to the windows they represent For example you can move icons with the WME command see the Moving a Window section discussed earlier or you can set the position on 4 33 Controlling the Display the screen where icons will appear by default You cannot however change the size of an icon on the display The DM displays an icon as a small window containing a specific icon symbol The icon symbol describes the type of information the related window or group contains Figure 4 8 shows the default icon for Shell process windows wd sys d DENM SHELL Figure 4 8 Default Icon for Shell Process Windows To either change a window or window group into an icon or to change an icon into the window or group it represents specify the ICON command in the following format ICON entry name I W C char where entry name specifies the name of the window or window group you want to change into an icon or change back into a window If you specify the name of a window group as the entry name the ICON command changes each window in the group If you omit the entry name argument ICON uses the window where you last positioned the cursor Controlling the Display 4 34 The W option forces the specified window or window group to appear as a window the option forces the specified window or group to change to an icon If you specify the ICON command without either of these option
257. y the PN PAD NAME command in the following format PN pathname where pathname specifies the pathname of the file where the DM saves the contents of the pad You must specify a pathname cataloged on your node you can not use a pathname cataloged on another node The PN command stores the current transcript pad in a file that remains opened and locked until you stop the process and delete all windows Once you specify the PN command the DM saves all current and subsequent output written to the pad Controlling the Display 4 30 Using Window Groups and Window Icons The DM provides several commands that enable you to create window groups make these groups invisible or use icons to represent them Table 4 10 summarizes the commands used to control window groups and icons Table 4 10 Commands for Controlling Window Groups and Icons DM Command Predefined Key Create or add to a WGRA grp name window group entry name Remove a window WGRR grp name from a window group entry name Make windows WI entry name invisible Change windows to ICON icons entry name character Set icon positioning IDF and offset Display list of CPB group name windows in group Creating and Adding to Window Groups When you create a window group you establish a group name and assign windows to the group You can then make the window group invisible or represent the group with icons by specifying the group 4 31 Controlling
258. you can use in expressions To evaluate an expression you must enclose the expression within expression delimiters a set of double parentheses as follows ARGS 4 2 The only exception to this rule is the case where you use the assignment operator to assign an expression to a variable TOTAL 4 2 In this example the Shell evaluates the expression and assigns the resulting value to the variable TOTAL While the assignment operator doesn t require you to use expression delimiters you can use them if you prefer no error will occur if you do use them The Defining Variables section describes how to use the assignment operator to assign values to variables Writing Shell Scripts 9 12 Table 9 3 Summary of Expression Operators Grouping Group Any value Operators operations Math Operators String Operators Math or String Comparison Operators Logical Operators 1 Precedence 1 is the lowest 9 is the highest Positive value Negative value Opl to the Op2 Mod Op by Op2 Multiply Divide Add Subtract Concatenate Subtract last occurrence of Op2 Compare for equality Less than Greater than Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Not equal Logical or Logical and Logical negate 9 13 Integer Integer Integers Integers Integers Integers Integers Integers Strings Strings Integer or string Integer or string Integer or string Integer or stri
259. your current home directory Change home directory pathname To change your home directory change the pathname to the pathname of the new home directory you want to use and press RETURN When you enter the pathname of your new home directory the system attempts to update the file ACCOUNT in your site registry directory This file contains information about your account such as your username password and home directory By updating the ACCOUNT file the system stores your new home directory for logging in later See Administering Your DOMAIN System for more information about the ACCOUNT file and system registries If the system succeeds in updating the ACCOUNT file it displays a message in the DM output window verifying the update If the system cannot update the ACCOUNT file it displays a message in the DM output window In the latter case although the system could not 2 21 Start Up and Log In update the file it still uses the new home directory during the current log in session Logging Into a DOMAIN Server Processor DSP Unlike user nodes a DOMAIN Server Processor DSP doesn t have a keyboard or display Therefore you must log into it from a user node in the network As described earlier in the Disked Node Start Up section when you start up a DSP the system starts a program called the Server Process Manager SPM The SPM makes it possible for you to create a process on the DSP log into the process and

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