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HP EZ-KIT User's Manual

1. Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xiii Manual Contents the board and control the program execution You will build and run the first example project using the VisualDSP debug and data display tools Chapter 2 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite to Investigate Per formance Factors on page 2 1 Explores the memory hierarchy of the EZ KIT Lite and measures the ramifications of memory placement decisions Demonstrates the Blackfin processor core s built in voltage regulator and its abil ity to throttle the processor s power consumption and clock rate at run time The system services library SSL your API to the Black fin processor also is introduced in this chapter Chapter 3 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals on page 3 1 Explores the peripheral interfaces and devices available on the EZ KIT Lite Introduces the device driver software supplied with VisualDSP You will use one of the supplied device drivers to play an audio clip through the AD1980 audio codec on the EZ KIT Lite Chapter 4 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device on page 4 1 Examines the USB and hard disk functionality You will connect the EZ KIT Lite to your PC and have Windows use it as a remov able mass storage device Chapter 5 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen on page 5 1 Introduces the LCD panel driver of the SSL You will copy a bit map file to the EZ KIT Lite hard disk and dis
2. e Industry standard ATA ATAPI 6 interface An ATA ATAPI 6 interface is for control of a CD DVD hard disk drive or any other ATAPI compatible device 3 Specialized interfaces e Host DMA port A host DMA port allows an external pro cessor to control DMA transfers to and from an ADSP BF548 system e Secure digital SD I O controller e Controller Area Network CAN controllers The CAN controllers implement the CAN 2 0B active protocol The processor supports up to two CAN controllers 4 Miscellaneous interfaces e A 32 bit up down counter interface for standard manual rotary switches and mechanical drives e A keypad interface supporting a matrix of up to 8 x 8 keys e General purpose I O GPIO pins Individual pins from any unused processor peripheral can be used as input or out put data signals The pins can be configured as edge or level sensitive and used in a polled or interrupt driven manner The GPIO pins also are called the programmable flags PFs Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 3 ADSP BF548 Peripheral Interfaces on the EZ KIT Lite Due to limitations on the number of pins available on the proces sor package some peripherals are multiplexed onto the same pins and cannot be operated simultaneously For complete information about the ADSP BF548 processor and periph erals consult the processor s data sheet and hardware reference manuals The data sheet and manuals are available at ht
3. PROCESSED signal that this transfer has com s buffer desc pdesc ADI_DEV_1D_BUFFER pArg 7 extract address of flag and set pdesc gt Call o device call ple rip it bac Dac PLET EJ ted X tor ep Parameter It has taken a lot more effort to describe how to use a typical device driver than it does to actually use it To observe the device driver in action open and build the Example_4 dpj project located in lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ Kit Lite Getting Started Examples Example_4 On the EZ KIT Lite plug a pair of head phones or powered speakers into the audio socket labelled LINE OUT it is the single tier socket beside the two double tier sockets and press F5 to run the project You will hear the phrase An orange colored sky spoken five times with a short pause between repetitions Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 17 Example 4 Running 3 18 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE AS A MASS STORAGE DEVICE In this chapter we will make the EZ KIT Lite hard disk accessible from a PC as a removable mass storage device MSD with minimum application code Then we will copy some files from the PC to the disk in preparation for later examples In the exercise you will learn about the following concepts e ADSP BF548 processor s USB interface e USB standard software e USB data trans
4. s contents and scroll to the bottom of the file Listing 5 1 There are external declarations for two symbol pairs one pair for the default system heap the other pair for our user defined heap The symbols are defined by the linker when the example is built acting on commands placed in the linker description file by VisualDSP The rest of the file consists of the initialization of a heap descriptors table as detailed under Defining Heaps at Link Time in the VisualDSP C C Compiler for Blackfin Processors Manual in the online help Note that the generated Example_6_heaptab c requires no editing Listing 5 1 Example_6_heaptab c File Address and length of system user heaps extern asm int ldf_heap_space extern asm int ldf_heap_length extern asm int FSSGeneralHeap_space extern asm int FSSGeneralHeap_length struct heap_table_t void base unsigned long length long int userid k Program s heap descriptor table dfpragma file_attr libData HeapTable dfpragma section constdata struct heap_table_t heap_table 3 amp ldf_heap_space int amp ldf_heap_length 0 amp FSSGeneralHeap_space int amp FSSGeneralHeap_length 1 0 0 0 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 7 Example 6 Project Options The other generated C file Examp1e_6_cp1btab c does require modifica tion this has already been done in the Example_6 dpj pr
5. 3 Core Volts Core MHz System MHz Elapsed Seconds Core Cycles 0 85 250 0 83 3 12 2936M 0 95 325 0 81 3 9 2936M 1 05 400 0 100 0 7 2935M 1 25 500 0 125 0 6 2935M 2 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE PERIPHERALS Chapters 1 and 2 of this tutorial introduce the ADSP BF548 processor s features that affect code execution the memory hierarchy instruction and data caches and internal voltage regulator This chapter introduces the I O peripheral controllers and devices integrated with the processor and accessible on the EZ KIT Lite In this exercise you will learn about the following concepts e Peripheral integration on the ADSP BF548 processor e Peripheral accessibility on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite e VisualDSP software services and drivers for controlling and using the peripherals The chapter includes the following sections e ADSP BF548 Processor I O Peripherals on page 3 2 e ADSP BF548 Peripheral Interfaces on the EZ KIT Lite on page 3 4 e Using ADSP BF548 Peripherals on the EZ KIT Lite on page 3 5 e Example 4 Overview on page 3 7 e Example 4 Audio c File on page 3 8 e Example 4 Running on page 3 17 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 1 ADSP BF548 Processor I O Peripherals ADSP BF548 Processor I O Peripherals The ADSP BF548 processor s I O controllers and peripherals fall into
6. ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Creating A Bootable Application code and data sections directly in L1 L2 and L3 DDR memories and provide such features as breakpoints data variable display and statistical profiling Note that memory space for extra information is not required on the target hardware the information is retained within VisualDSP on the PC Once the application is ready for release the need arises for a loader file a version of the code and initialized data to be stored permanently on the target platform and be accessible to the ADSP BF548 processor s boot code Once this is done each time the processor is reset including power on the boot code will copy each application section to the appro priate part of L1 L2 or L3 memory and transfer control to the application s entry point In this form the application itself must ensure that all processor controllers and devices are initialized to an appropriate state if their post reset state is not sufficient since there is no Visu alDSP to perform that service Creating a Loadable Program File A loadable program file loader file for short is created by VisualDSP in an extra step added to the end of the typical compile assemble and link steps of a project build In the extra step the loader utility reads the code and data segments from the executable file produced by the linker and writes the segments to a new file in a format that the processor s boot l
7. Drive E Choose the option with the appropriate drive letter if there is more than one option When Windows indicates that the hard ware can be safely removed unplug the cable and use VisualDSP to halt example 5 4 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE HARD DISK AND LCD SCREEN In this chapter we will use a major new component of the system services library SSL the file system service FSS in addition to one of the supplied device drivers to create a program that reads a bitmap image from the EZ KIT Lite hard disk and displays the image on the LCD screen In order to run this program successfully first run Example 5 USB Project on page 4 3 and follow the instructions to copy the folder containing the bitmap file from your PC to the EZ KIT Lite hard disk The concept introduced in this exercise is that of pluggable or stackable components e The file system service can be plugged into the C I O library in place of the standard emulator based facilities e Alternative device drivers can be plugged into the file system ser vice to target different physical devices and to support different file system organizations e The LCD driver is stacked on top of a driver for its data source one of the ADSP BF548 processor s enhanced parallel peripheral interfaces EPPIs The chapter includes the following sections e SSL File System Service on page 5 2 e Sharp LQ04
8. Session Wizard 2 On the Select Processor page ensure that Processor family is set to Blackfin In Choose a target processor select ADSP BF548 Click Next Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 5 Example 1 Building and Running an Application 3 On the Select Connection Type page select EZ KIT Lite Click Next 4 On the Select Platform page ensure that the selected platform is ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite via Debug Agent Specify your own Session name for your session or accept the default name Click Next 5 On the Finish page check the presented information and click Finish VisualDSP creates the new session and connects to the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Once connected the main window s title is changed to include the session name set in step 4 Creating a particular session is a one time job VisualDSP records a ses sion s details between runs and by default tries to reconnect to the session that was in force when VisualDSP last ran You can create more than one session possibly changing the connection type to Simulator or Emulator The Session menu allows you to swap between sessions as you wish Examples in this manual assume that you are using an ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite session Example 1 Building and Running an Application Now it is time to start our first C program Example 1 Sorts c File on page 1 9 is the C program we start in this chapter and develop in the fol lowing one The prog
9. also uses the driver to prepare the SSL data transfer functions to handle the buffers of PCM audio samples that the application will send to the codec Listing 3 1 shows the call to the adi_dev_Open function that opens the AD1980 driver Listing 3 1 Opening the Device Driver open the AD1980 driver if Result adi_dev_Open adi_dev_ManagerHandle amp ADIADI9O80EntryPoint 0 NULL amp AD1980DriverHandle ADI_DEV_DIRECTION_OUTBOUND adi_dma_ManagerHandle DCBQueueHandle AD1980Callback ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS printf Failed to open audio output device Error Code Ox Z08X n Result break 3 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals A successful call to adi_dev_Open results in a value identifying the ini tialized driver instance We will use this value in future device manager calls to identify the driver instance The adi_dev_Open function takes nine arguments The values supplied by InitAudio are e adi_dev_ManagerHandle The adi_dev_Open function is part of the device manager section of the SSL All device driver related calls are made to the device manager not directly to the drivers The device manager has been initialized elsewhere in the example the first argument in the call is a variable containing a reference to the initialized device manager e amp ADIAD1980EntryPoint Every device driver contains a static table o
10. and set up the services and drivers for the specific devices file system service LCD display and an I O flag for a push button e Calls a function to read a specific bmp image file from the EZ KIT Lite hard disk and send the image data to the LCD to display e Loops checking once per second for a pushbutton event to termi nate the loop e Calls functions to close down the device drivers and services The two other major source files used in this project are located in the Common folder at the same level as the Example_6 folder These files are FileSystem c and LCD c FileSystem c The file s major function InitFileSystem initializes and configures the file system service Note that this needs only the inclusion of the appropriate header files plus four function calls to 1 Obtain identifier of the heap created for the FSS see Example 6 Project Options on page 5 4 2 Create a delayed callback queue for the FSS Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 9 Example 6 Application Structure 3 Call the FSS s initialization function passing in a table of seven configuration parameters 4 Call a C library function to install the FSS instance as the default STDIO driver That is all Our application s calls to the STD10 file handling functions and the directory manipulation functions now apply to the EZ KIT Lite hard disk The FSS automatically takes care of initializing and controlling the physical de
11. devices or memories that are best accessed via a file system such as FAT16 32 In addition the SSL manages a delayed callback service a decoupling pro cess between the interrupt and application levels The device drivers are individual units of code that facilitate configuration and operation of peripherals specific to one Blackfin processor or one EZ KIT Lite board They adhere to a common API for opening and clos ing the associated peripherals passing configuration data and reading writing application supplied data buffers The drivers use the SSL facilities to perform such common tasks as registering interrupt handlers performing DMA using GPIO pins to reset peripherals and more Each driver also contains device specific code for performing its device specific tasks 3 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals Some device drivers use other drivers for example on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite the AD1980 audio codec connects to the processor s SPORTO interface for data transfers The AD1980 device driver uses the supplied SPORT driver for managing the data transfers rather than driv ing the SPORT itself or requiring the application to do so Refer to the VisualDSP online help for more information about the SSL DD Example 4 Overview This chapter s example project Example_4 dpj uses the AD1980 audio codec device driver to send a buffer of audio samples through the D
12. event driven the Ana log Devices supplied driver obtains status information from the device and clears any interrupt conditions Applications are free to operate at a higher level to handle data transfer and control events VDK Device Model VDK is a real time kernel supplied with VisualDSP that supports e The definition of thread types and the creation of thread instances e A priority based thread scheduler e Inter thread synchronization mechanisms such as semaphores mutexes messages and events e A smooth interrupt domain to thread domain transition e A device model around which to structure applications The SSL device driver libraries provide low level code for configuring and driving specific devices but impose no particular organization on the applications that use the code In contrast the VDK device model pro vides a means to structure VDK applications around synchronous access to data streams VDK supplies appropriate synchronization methods and a driver framework for each device defined in the application leaving the user to supply the low level device access code Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 3 VDK Message Passing It is possible to use the two complementary features VDK s higher level device model and the SSL device drivers low level code together in one application as shown in example 7 VDK Message Passing As mentioned before VDK supports a variety of inter thread synchroniza tion
13. fe ke ol E Cache and Memory Protec Intemal scratchpad memory A RA Eh Processor Clock and Pow Add Update Delete me 4 Run time Initialization fi ke E Compiler Instrumented Pr B Add or Update User Heap A user heap is an alternative heap space that can be used for storing data Space on a user heap can be daimed using the alternative heap dynamic memory allocation functions such as heap_malloc Lox o Figure 5 2 User Heap Settings the application s general performance The processor s caches or memory protection features require a control table the cacheability and protection lookaside buffer CPLB to be set up Typically this is done automatically by VisualDSP using appropriate default settings However current FSS and some device drivers cannot operate correctly when the data sections they read to or write from are cacheable To allow this the option Gener ate a customizable CPLB table has been selected in the lower half of the Cache and Memory Protection window The option provides the oppor tunity to modify the appropriate CPLB table entries When you finish browsing the project options click Cancel rather than OK to dismiss the dialog box in case you unintentionally modified any project settings Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen Now double click the Example_6_heaptab c filename to open a source window containing the file
14. methods For example two different threads in your application may require access to the same shared resource for example a data buffer In this case a semaphore or mutex can be used to protect the resource against concurrent accesses Or your application takes the form of a control thread that creates data for worker threads to process and requires a syn chronized access to a queue of work requests messages VDK provides such a mechanism the required message queues are defined at project cre ation and created during application start up VDK automatically coordinates the flow of messages in to and out from the queue as the application executes Example 7 uses VDK messages to pass information about keypad presses from the boot thread to a worker thread Introductory and reference material about VDK can be found in the Visu alDSP Kernel VDK User s Guide that is part of the VisualDSP online help under Manuals gt Software Tools Manuals Example 7 Creating a VDK Application Example 7 was created as a VDK project by selecting the project type VDK application on the initial page of the New Project wizard When ever VisualDSP creates a new VDK project or opens an existing one a new tab labelled Kernel is created in the Project window The Kernel tab 6 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator is where VDK specific attributes of the project are entered and ed
15. more information about the Flash Programmer refer to the Visu alDSP online help under Graphical Environment gt Emulation Tools gt Flash Programmer Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 7 Booting From Burst Flash Memory Start Offset End Offset Pre program erase options oO 0x00000000 OxO000FFFF Erase affected Erase based on map C ox00010000 0x0001FFFF C Erase all gt C 2 ox00020000 ox0002FFFF C3 ox00030000 0x0003FFFF 22 Fie format C 4 0x00040000 Ox0004FFFF Pos oe a4 e x xt 2r Binary se 7 oxo0070000 ox0007FFFF 27 8 0x00080000 OxO008FFFF 777 x Data file Getting Started Examples Example _8 Debug Example _8 ldr Compare Program Figure 7 3 Flash Programmer Programming Dialog Box Booting From Burst Flash Memory The BMODE0 3 input pins of the processor select the location accessed by the processor s boot loader at reset On the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite rotary switch SW1 labelled DSP BOOT sets the values of the BMODEO 3 pins SW1 position 1 default selects the burst flash memory When Sw1 is in position 1 every processor reset including power on causes the boot loader to start processing the contents of flash memory as a boot stream 7 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Creating A Bootable Application Example 8 Loading This chapter s example project Example
16. new USB device is plugged in Windows may display a dialog see Figure 4 1 asking which of several actions to follow or may display a new Windows Explorer window with the contents of the new device that is the EZ KIT Lite hard disk It is possible that Windows only dis plays the disk as a new entry in the Hard Disk Drives section of My 4 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device Computer default action Figure 4 2 shows My Computer after Win dows has recognized the EZ KIT Lite disk and assigned it a drive letter E in this case FAT32DATA E x s This disk or device contains more than one type of content What do you want Windows to do Play Media Files using RealPlayer Play using Windows Media Player Print the pictures using Photo Printing Wizard f J View a slideshow of the images using Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Copy pictures to a folder on my computer using Microsoft Scanner and Camera Wiz zard amp Figure 4 1 Windows Explorer Dialog Box If Windows displays a message indicating that the new device is not formatted stop the example and locate the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite disk formatting utility in the lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ Kit Lite Se rvices File System HardDisk HardDiskFormat directory Refer to the readme file before building and running the utility
17. section directives 2 7 secure digital SD I O controller 3 3 serial data interfaces 3 2 serial flash memory 2 3 serial peripheral interface SPI xi 3 2 simulator debug session 1 4 simulators cycle accurate 1 4 functional compiled 1 4 specialized interfaces 3 3 SPORT driver 3 7 SRAM memory 2 2 SSL components defining resources 4 3 5 11 initializing and terminating 4 3 SSL device driver libraries 6 3 SSL device manager 3 9 3 10 3 12 statistical profiler 2 5 INDEX STDIO driver 5 10 synchronous dynamic random access memory See SDRAM synchronous memories 2 2 synchronous serial port SPORT 3 2 system services library See SSL T thread types 6 5 thumbwheel control xii two wire interface TWI 3 2 U universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UART xii USB cable 4 6 controller 3 2 debug agent port 1 2 monitor LED 1 2 USB mass storage device accessing 4 6 configuring 4 4 removing 4 8 USB_MONITOR LED 1 2 USB OTG port 1 2 V VDK device driver 6 6 device model 6 3 messages 6 4 project attributes 6 5 voltage regulator 2 8 3 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Il 3
18. table at the top of the window shows that in addition to the system heap which the C library functions malloc and free use by default there is a user heap FSSGeneralHeap allocated 4 MB of space in DDR SDRAM memory L3 FSS operates a cache of disk sectors to speed up its operation but instead of making FSS allocate and free memory for the cache from the system heap which may have a disruptive effect on other parts of the application we give FSS a heap of its own The FSS s heap does not require to be as large as 4 MB but 4 MB turns out to be a conve nient size for other reasons Now scroll down the project option tree control and locate the Cache and Memory Protection item under Startup Code Settings You can see that we have enabled the instruction cache and both the data caches to improve Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 5 Example 6 Project Options Project Options for Example_6 24 x a fe Load amp LDF Settings User Heap E Options Eh Kernel Stack and y Min Abs amp Splitter heaps lemo Size _ Size E Pre build system heap defaut 3 1MB E Post build system stack default L3 8KB D Remove Startup Code LDF luser heap FSSGeneralHeap L3 4MB ci fa LDF Settings E External Memory Heap name fs System Heap MyHeap lez User Heap Heap i ape Eh System Stack Remy ope sad Eh Advanced Options uted mesa Minimum size a f Startup Code Settings L3 extemal memory SDRAM
19. the device and terminates the LED thread before exiting back to VDK Note that this code runs only when an error is detected in the preceding loop because no way of terminating the program cleanly has been implemented Code has been added to the initialization function in LEDThreadType c which e Initializes the SSL s programmable flag manager e Opens each of the six flags which in turn control the EZ KIT Lite LED indicators Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 11 Example 7 Source Files e Sets the flag directions to out e Clears the flags turns each indicator off Corresponding code appears in the termination function to close each flag and termi nate the flag manager The run function of the LEDThreadType thread consists of an endless loop that pends on the thread s message queue waiting for the boot thread to post a message Then the run function retrieves the message extracts the row and column information displays the row and column numbers on the LED indicators and disposes of the message The message format is simple since there is only one type of message involved and all the data required by LEDThreadType is packed into the message s type word VDK also supports multiple message queues per thread multiple user defined message types and messages with data payloads When run the example program first extinguishes any of the six LED indicators that are lit The six indicators are labell
20. to inform the driver s user the application that a data transfer has completed or an error has occurred The application s response to the information may be some lengthy operation such 3 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals as preparing the next data buffer Such an operation can affect the application s response to interrupts from other peripherals The delayed callback manager provides a mechanism for drivers to place a function pointer and associated arguments in a queue The call back manager removes entries from the queue and calls the functions at a later time when no other interrupts are being serviced e AD1980Callback The ninth and final argument to adi_dev_Open is a pointer to the callback function AD1980Callback that we want the AD1980 driver to invoke See the callback function description on page 3 16 for more information adi_dev_Control Configuring the Driver The SSL s device manager API has one function adi_dev_Control for configuring and controlling a device driver An application can call adi_dev_Control multiple times in order to set up the operating param eters of the peripheral Thereafter the application uses the same function to instruct the device manager to enable and disable data flow to and from the peripheral if required The adi_dev_Control function takes three arguments e The first argument is the device hand
21. 3T1DG01 LCD Device Driver on page 5 3 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 1 SSL File System Service e Example 6 Displaying a Bitmap File on the EZ KIT Lite on page 5 4 e Example 6 Project Options on page 5 4 e Example 6 Application Structure on page 5 9 e Example 6 Running on page 5 12 SSL File System Service The file system service is a major addition to the SSL in VisualDSP 5 0 Embedded applications targeting Blackfin processors now have a direct means of accessing data held on mass storage devices using standard C library functions or custom APIs Built on the existing system service and device driver models the FSS can be configured to use different physical devices and different file system organizations by changing only a few settings in its initialization parame ters The initial release of the FSS is accompanied by physical device drivers for ATA ATAPI attached devices such as the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite hard disk SD devices and USB mass storage host for flash pen drives plugged into the EZ KIT Lite Also included is a soft ware driver supporting FAT 12 16 32 file systems The open architecture of the FSS means that the FSS can be used with different combinations of drivers to support a flash file system on NAND flash memory or an ISO 9660 file system on an attached CD drive with minimal changes to application level code At the application level the easiest way to use FS
22. A converter to the headphone socket The purpose of this example is to show how to use a data transfer periph eral s device driver When built and run the application initializes the SSL opens the AD1980 audio codec driver configures the AD1980 hard ware and sends a buffer of digital audio samples to the codec The codec converts the digital signals to analog form and plays back the signals through the headphone line out socket on the EZ KIT Lite Navigate to the lt instal _path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ Kit Lite Getting Started Examples Example_4 directory and open the project file Example_4 dpj The Project window lists all of the source files included in the project Open the Audio c file by double clicking its name Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 7 Example 4 Audio c File Example 4 Audio c File Four functions in Audio c interact with the AD1980 audio codec device driver InitAudio see InitAudio Opening the Driver Termina teAudio PlayBuffer and AD1980Callback The following sections describe some parts of these functions InitAudio Opening the Driver The audio functions assume that the SSL is initialized The initialization process is described in Chapters 4 and 5 on page 4 1 and on page 5 1 respectively InitAudio opens an instance of the Analog Devices sup plied device driver for the AD1980 audio codec and uses the driver to configure the hardware InitAudio
23. DSP and examine the Project window Figure 5 1 There is a new Generated Files folder with source files in the Startup and User Heap subfolders What are these source files and why do we need them The files were generated automatically when the project was created in response to customization options for an extra user defined heap and for modifiable memory cache control tables We need an extra heap for FSS s use we also need to modify the cache characteristics of the memory area that the heap occupies The project s linker description file Example_6 1df was also created automatically the 1af file plays an important part in defining the system and user heaps To see the customizations made when the project was created open the project s options viewer using the Project gt Project Options menu selec tion or by right clicking the project name in the Project window and selecting Project Options In the project tree control scroll down to the LDF Settings node and select the User Heap item Figure 5 2 5 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen Project Example 6 dpj___ EI Project Group 1 project Example_6 H E Source Files Linker Files Header Files Generated Files Startup B Example_6_basiccrt s B Example _6_cplbtab c User Heap B Example _6_heaptab c Figure 5 1 Example 6 Project Window The
24. EZ KIT Lite Help which is part of the Visu alDSP Help system use the Contents or Search tab of the Help window Accessing Documentation From Windows In addition to any shortcuts you may have constructed there are many ways to open VisualDSP online Help or the supplementary documenta tion from Windows Xx Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface Help system files chm are located in the Help folder and pdf files are located in the Docs folder of your VisualDSP installation CD ROM The Docs folder also contains the Dinkum Abridged C library and the FlexLM network license manager software documentation Your software installation kit includes online Help as part of the Windows interface These help files provide information about VisualDSP and the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite evaluation system Accessing Documentation From Web Download manuals at the following Web site http www analog com processors technicalSupport technicalLi brary Select a processor family and book title Download archive zip files one for each manual Use any archive management software such as Win Zip to decompress downloaded files Printed Manuals For general questions regarding literature ordering call the Literature Center at 1 800 ANALOGD 1 800 262 5643 and follow the prompts Hardware Tools Manuals To purchase EZ KIT Lite and in circuit emulator ICE manuals call 1 603 883 2430 The manuals may be order
25. Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Revision 1 0 November 2007 Part Number 82 000206 02 Analog Devices Inc One Technology Way ANALOG Norwood Mass 02062 9106 DEVICES Copyright Information 2007 Analog Devices Inc ALL RIGHTS RESERVED This document may not be reproduced in any form without prior express written consent from Analog Devices Inc Printed in the USA Limited Warranty The EZ KIT Lite evaluation system is warranted against defects in materi als and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of purchase from Analog Devices or from an authorized dealer Disclaimer Analog Devices Inc reserves the right to change this product without prior notice Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable However no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use No license is granted by impli cation or otherwise under the patent rights of Analog Devices Inc Trademark and Service Mark Notice The Analog Devices icon bar and logo VisualDSP the VisualDSP logo Blackfin the CROSSCORE logo EZ KIT Lite and EZ Extender are registered trademarks of Analog Devices Inc All other brand and product names are trademarks or service marks of their respective owners Regulatory Compliance The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite is designed to be used solely in a
26. NAND The largest and least expensive form of flash available but prone to errors through bad blocks and wearing Because of this NAND flash is most often accessed as a file system rather than as straight memory through library calls such as mkdir and fopen The EZ KIT Lite NAND flash is not explored directly in this tutorial but its usage from a software point of view is funda mentally identical to that of the hard disk explored in a later chapter e SERIAL Some flash memories are designed to be accessed serially receiving and supplying data one bit per clock cycle rather than in eight bit or 16 bit units Typically such memories are used for very low traffic tasks such as storing configuration parameters that are read only or modified infrequently The EZ KIT Lite has one such device connected to one of the SPI ports of the processor This tutorial does not cover the serial flash device operations Note that access to the L1 L2 DDR SDRAM and NOR flash memories can be made via the Blackfin processor s standard read and write instruc tions as generated by the C C compiler whereas access to other memories generally requires special sequences of commands to be written to the processor s control registers Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 3 Example 2 Benchmarking the Relative Performance of Memories Example 2 Benchmarking the Relative Performance of Memories Now that you are familiar with basic Vi
27. NG A BOOTABLE APPLICATION NP Un Pee LIRA Propra sinies 7 2 Executable and Loadable Program Files sorsrsnsnssorsisnriasarara 7 2 Creating a Loadable Program File sannoniicusicnininiinririisani 7 3 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite vii CONTENTS Woting a Loader File to Flash Memory saccucercisorrasantewcsrsererrieoss 7 5 Booting From Burst Plash Memory curorsunanisiaesai 7 8 Ene ae aa AR 7 9 LT Sa aay rrr ie nen prone nae one cme vn ch te an Geen emt mone rst Lit 7 10 viii Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite PREFACE Thank you for purchasing the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Analog Devices Inc evaluation system for ADSP BF548 Blackfin processors Blackfin processors are embedded processors that support a Media Instruction Set Computing MISC architecture This architecture is the natural merging of RISC media functions and digital signal processing DSP characteristics towards delivering signal processing performance in a microprocessor like environment The evaluation board is designed to be used in conjunction with the Visu alDSP development environment to test the capabilities of ADSP BF548 Blackfin processors The VisualDSP development envi ronment gives you the ability to perform advanced application code development and debug such as e Create compile assemble and link application programs written in C C and ADSP BF548 assembly e Load run step halt and set breakpoints in applicatio
28. S is to exploit its plugga bility and hook an initialized instance of FSS into the C library s I O system via a single function call Thereafter all of the file oriented func tions of the standard header lt stdio h gt such as fopen fread and 5 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen fwrite and many common directory oriented functions such as mkdir rmdir opendir readdir and closedir will apply to the file system device driver combination supported by the FSS instance The FSS also supports an API of its own which allows more detailed con trol of the underlying file system and device drivers The API description is included in the FSS documentation accompanying VisualDSP Note that this tutorial does not cover the API s use Sharp LQ043T1DG01 LCD Device Driver Most of the ADSP BF548 processor s on chip peripherals and most of the devices mounted on the EZ KIT Lite are supplied with device drivers which are included in VisualDSP 5 0 One of the supplied drivers con trols the display functions of the Sharp LQ0431T1DG01 LCD display Another driver controls the touch screen functionality of the display but this tutorial does not cover that driver s functionality The LCD driver is a typical driver for managing a bulk data device it is layered on top of another driver for its data provider and uses standard device manager facili
29. ST interface connector v Blackfin power measurement jumpers v PPI1 IDC connector v SPORT2 and SPORT3 IDC connectors v TWI SPI timers UART3 IDC connectors For information about the hardware components of the EZ KIT Lite refer to the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Evaluation System Manual xii Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface Purpose of This Manual The Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite familiarizes users with the hardware capabilities of the evaluation system and demonstrates how to access these capabilities in the VisualDSP environment EZ KIT Lite users should use this manual in conjunction with the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Evaluation System Manual which describes the evaluation system s components in greater detail Intended Audience The primary audience of this manual is a programmer with experience in desktop and or embedded programming but with little or no experience with the Blackfin architecture and or VisualDSP A working knowledge of the C and C programming languages will be extremely helpful in understanding the examples and source code blocks referenced in this manual Manual Contents The manual consists of e Chapter 1 Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with Visu alDSP on page 1 1 Provides instructions for connecting the EZ KIT Lite to Visu alDSP running on your PC The established connection allows you to download the example program along with your own to
30. Then come back and rerun Example_5 dpj Now you can treat the EZ KIT Lite hard drive as any other hard drive connected to your PC Inspect the disk s contents if any using Windows Explorer copy files using drag and drop save files and so on The real purpose of this example however is to copy some specific data files to the Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 7 Example 5 Running P My Computer ioj x File Edit View Favorites Tools Help ay O Back 7 F P Search E Folders gt X 19 fav Address Y My Computer Go Nemes Type Total Size Hard Disk Drives s Local Disk C Local Disk 37 2 GB s FAT32DATA E Local Disk 31 9 GB Devices with Removable Storage 4 DYD CD RW Driv CD Drive Network Drives S Public on edin go Network Drive 18 6 GB 6 73 GB S Spat on edinsms4 Disconnected Ne Other Control Panel System Folder Figure 4 2 Windows My Computer Display EZ KIT Lite drive for later use On the PC navigate to example 5 s direc tory and drag the BMP Files folder to the top level of the EZ KIT Lite drive thus creating the E BMP Files directory if E is the letter that Windows assigned to the EZ KIT Lite drive It shouldn t take long to copy the folder and its contents when finished left click the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the system tray area of your Windows task bar and select Safely remove USB Mass Storage Device
31. _8 dpj reuses much of the code from previous examples to create a simple VDK and SSL device driver based application that displays a series of bmp images on the LCD screen Each image has an optional audio caption held in a wav file and played through the audio output socket whenever the image is selected Image selection is under user control from the keypad Note that you must have built and run the example 5 project according to the instructions in Chapter 4 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device on page 4 1 in order for example 8 to have images to show and captions to play The Example_8 dpj project is supplied ready to create a loader file as described in Creating a Loadable Program File on page 7 3 The Example_8 dxe file from which the loader file is built is retained by the build process however After building the project but before using the Flash Programmer use VisualDSP to load the executable file into the EZ KIT Lite via the File gt Load Program menu command Now you can run the program to check that the application works The application first displays an instruction screen as shown in Figure 7 4 The instruction screen shows the action associated with each of four but tons on the EZ KIT Lite matrix keypad Note that the main purpose of the Redisplay Current Image action is to replay any audio caption associ ated with the current bmp file Also note that exiting the program does not sto
32. _Init initialize the SSL ef VDK_Initialize initialize VDK and boot time objects VDK_Run start VDK s thread scheduler return 0 Listing 6 1 shows the two essential VDK API calls preceded by a call to the common code that initializes the SSL as used in several other exam ples The adi_ssl_Init h include file defines the SSL resources required for the project The source files generated by the Project Wizard for the project s thread types and device driver consist essentially of empty definitions of the func tions that the VDK thread control and device handling models require See the VisualDSP 5 0 Kernel VDK User s Guide for more information Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 7 Example 7 Source Files The VDkK style device driver has only one skeleton function requiring completion KeypadDriver_DispatchFunction VDK calls KeypadDriver_DispatchFunction at specific points in the application passing an argument to indicate the reason text im italics describes the code added to the function s skeleton At boot time when VDK is creating the device object No additional code for the device driver is required at this point When the application opens or closes the device Our device driver calls the SSL driver to open and enable or disable and close the physical device driver Opening the physical driver also registers our callback function ISRCallback with the SSL Whe
33. al data transfer and device addressing e The enumeration of connected devices involving device class specification e The proper reaction of devices to standard control messages e The proper operation of USB hosts The Analog Devices USB software supplied with VisualDSP 5 0 uses the system services library SSL and device driver models to create an architecture to which you can add your own class and device specific 4 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device code The supplied software includes mass storage class and bulk transfer class device drivers In this exercise we will use the mass storage device driver The main principle behind the operation of a USB mass storage device is that communication from the host to the device takes the form of basic Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI commands wrapped inside standard USB transactions The SCSI is a long established standard inter face for the interconnection of system peripherals The USB mass storage class uses some SCSI basic commands for reading sectors from and writing sectors to the device s storage medium and for finding out the medium s storage capacity The USB host software is responsible for dealing with the higher level aspects of mass storage such as file system organization The USB device software is responsible for implementing the low level sector read and write commands appropriate for the
34. am s code will be placed in external memory Next we are going to enable the instruction cache 1 Open the project wizard Project gt Project Options or ALT F7 2 In the Project tree control locate the Startup Code Settings node Click Cache and Memory Protection under Startup Code Settings Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 7 Example 3 Using the Blackfin Processor Voltage Regulator 3 In the Instruction cache memory drop down list select Enable instruction cache 4 Click OK to set the new project option VisualDSP will regener ate the necessary files to enable the instruction cache when the program runs 5 Rebuild the project by selecting Project gt Rebuild Project or by right clicking the project name Example_2 in the Project window and selecting Rebuild Project Rerunning the example shows a further reduction in execution time and core cycles because now both the bubble sort and quick sort are benefiting from L1 code memory via the instruction cache Overlooking data placement can be a mistake in application development Accordingly as a final step in this exercise we will observe the effect of placing the two data arrays out_b and out_m in L1 memory Find the array definitions in the program s source file towards the end just above the main definition and uncomment the section directives This will place the arrays in the L1_data_a section of L1 data memory Rebuild and rerun the proj
35. an excellent tool for finding hotspots in a program s execution and assessing the performance effects of program changes Statistical Profiling ADSP BF548 BLACKFIN Memory 1 OF x Execution Unit E 76 31 _bubble_sort 20 92 _quick_sort 1 82 _randomize_arrays 0 92 _rand 0 03 _main Total Samples 352000 Elapsed Time 00 00 17 Figure 2 1 Statistical Profiler Window Now run the program While the program runs the Statistical Profiler window is updated periodically to show the percentage of runtime being spent in each function After 20 seconds or so the program prints a mes sage to the Console tab of the VisualDSP Output window in green text giving the approximate number of seconds the loop took to run and Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 5 Example 2 Benchmarking the Relative Performance of Memories the approximate number of millions of processor cycles executed see Table 2 1 The first row in Table 2 1 shows typical values along with the Statistical Profiler s final estimates of the percentage of execution time spent in the bubble_sort and quick_sort functions Your figures may differ slightly from those in Table 2 1 but still will show that as expected bubble_sort is using most of the processor time Table 2 1 Typical Results from Example 2 Code and Data Disposition Elapsed Core Bubble Sort Quick Sort Seconds Cycles Everything in exter
36. application 6 4 source files 6 7 external memory 2 2 2 6 external memory bus controller 3 6 F FAT file systems 5 2 5 10 features of this EZ KIT Lite x file system services FSS 5 1 5 2 5 4 5 9 flash memories of this EZ KIT Lite 2 3 full duplex universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UART 3 2 functional compiled simulators 1 4 G general purpose I O GPIO pins 3 3 3 5 general purpose timers 3 6 H hardware model of processor emulator 1 4 host DMA port 3 3 host mode 4 2 installation of this EZ KIT Lite 1 2 instruction cache 2 8 internal memory 2 6 internal voltage regulator 2 8 J JTAG emulators 1 4 K keypad interface 3 3 L L1 internal memory 2 2 L2 internal memory 2 2 L3 DDR SDRAM memory 5 5 LCD device driver 5 3 display module xi 5 3 5 10 linker description files ldf 2 6 M mass storage device driver 4 3 memory hierarchy of this EZ KIT Lite 2 2 MON LED USB monitor 1 2 N NAND flash memory x 2 3 5 2 NOR flash memory 2 3 notation conventions xxiii 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite O OTG on the go USB controller 4 2 P parallel data interfaces 3 2 peripheral mode 4 2 placement of code data in memory 2 6 plug and play devices 4 2 power consumption 2 10 project configurations 1 8 R real time clock RTC 2 4 3 6 release configuration of projects 1 9 2 5 S SDRAM memory L3 5 5
37. between the PC and EZ KIT Lite The connection is simple to manage and is an integral part of the EZ KIT Lite However the connection is available with the EZ KIT Lite only Once your custom hardware board is available for development you will use an emulator session description follows to connect to the custom hardware e Simulator This is a software model of the processor Simulators offer unique advantages the first being that no external hardware is required a great benefit when using VisualDSP on the road Furthermore simulators offer a deep insight to the internal work ings of the processor pipelines caches and more which is not possible with hardware based sessions The downside is that a sim ulator is several orders of magnitude slower than actual hardware The software model simulates only the processor making it diffi cult to accurately simulate a complex system that involves more than the processor VisualDSP includes two types of Blackfin simulators a cycle accurate interpreted simulator and a functional compiled simulator A cycle accurate simulator is a completely accurate model of the Blackfin processor and allows you to fully visualize the inner workings of the processor The compiled simulator sacri fices the detailed view but allows you to simulate much more quickly at millions of simulated cycles per second depending on the speed of your PC e Emulator This is a JTAG emulator the ideal device for c
38. bol Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xxiii Notation Conventions Additional conventions which apply only to specific chapters may appear throughout this document xxiv Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 PROGRAMMING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE WITH VISUALDSP In this chapter you will connect your personal computer PC to the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite evaluation system and write a simple C lan guage program to perform two sorting algorithms In the exercise you will learn about the following concepts e VisualDSP sessions and target types e Plot windows e Project configurations The chapter includes the following sections e Installing VisualDSP and the EZ KIT Lite on page 1 2 e Starting VisualDSP and Connecting to the EZ KIT Lite on page 1 3 e Example 1 Building and Running an Application on page 1 6 e Example 1 Sorts c File on page 1 9 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 1 Installing VisualDSP and the EZ KIT Lite Installing VisualDSP and the EZ KIT Lite If you have not already done so install the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Ensure the board is disconnected from your PC then install VisualDSP by following instructions in the VisualDSP Installation Quick Reference Card steps 1 to 3 There are two USB interfaces on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Be sure to use the debugger s interface labelled USB Debug Agent when connecting your comp
39. cessed in a similar manner although the set up and control required for most of the other peripherals is more com plicated than that for the RTC In Chapter 3 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals on page 3 1 we will see that VisualDSP sup plies libraries of service functions and device drivers to simplify and standardize the use of many processor peripherals including the RTC Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite to Investigate Performance Factors and associated EZ KIT Lite devices Another library function clock provides the current value of the processor s core clock cycle counter whenever the function is called Since we are examining performance in this example we will build the project in the Release configuration which invokes the compiler s opti mizer Ensure that the configuration drop down list in the project toolbar is set to Release rather than Debug then rebuild the project Before running the example program open a Statistical Profiler window using the Tools gt Statistical Profiling gt New Profile menu selection Position and resize the window as necessary While a program is running the Statistical Profiler repeatedly reads the processor s program counter value associates the values with locations in the program and displays a percentage of hits for different parts of the program in the profiler win dow Figure 2 1 The Statistical Profiler is
40. d later Listing 3 2 Configuring the Device Manager if Result adi_dev_Control AD1980DriverHandle ADI_DEV_CMD_SET_DATAFLOW_METHOD void ADI_DEV_MODE_CHAINED ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS printf Failed to set dataflow method for audio output device Error Code 0x Z08X n Result break 3 12 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals Other device manager commands include ADI_DEV_CMD_REGISTER_TABLE_WRITE whose operand is the address of an application defined table of register name value pairs and ADI_DEV_CMD_REGISTER_FIELD_TABLE_WRITE which takes a table of register name field name value triples The application can supply tables of whole register or part register values to modify an entire set of device reg isters with one call to adi_dev_Control The InitAudio function contains a call not shown setting up the AD1980 audio codec s registers appropriately for the two channel stereo audio samples supplied at a later time The device driver specific control commands are individual to each driver Many of them however are concerned with passing extra configuration information Listing 3 3 shows an example First a structure is populated with the information that the driver requires The structure layout is defined in the AD1980 audio codec device driver header file lt driv ers codec adi_ad1980 h gt included in Audio c The information held in t
41. e Event driven peripherals specific to one or several Blackfin processors are supported by device drivers For ADSP BF548 processors these peripher als include the keypad and rotary counter interfaces The drivers for the event driven peripherals are used in the same manner as the drivers for data driven peripherals In some respects it is easier to use event driven drivers because an application uses the same device manager APIs to open configure enable disable and close the device and there is no need to set up chains of DMA requests and to configure a dataflow model This is because all interactions with the device are event based and handled in the application s callback function The callback function is where the difference between the data driven and event driven device drivers is most evident For data driven events the emphasis is on processing the successful termination of data transfer oper ations and initiating new transfers In this case errors or exception 6 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator conditions are by and large not expected to happen For event driven drivers the emphasis is on reacting appropriately to each of the status or exception events that the device can generate The driver passes any infor mation supplied with the event notification to the rest of the application for processing Note that with both device forms data driven and
42. e loader utility to create with Intel Hex being the most commonly used format Now use the Browse command under the Data file text box to select the loader file created by your VisualDSP project You can instruct the flash driver to check that the loader file data is being programmed correctly on a sector by sector basis by clicking the Verify while programming check box Or you can use the Compare command once programming is com 7 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Creating A Bootable Application Hash Programmer 2 x Sector Start Offset EndOffset used Driver file ash Programmer Burst BF548EzFlashDriver_PC28f128 dxe Flash information Manufacturer code Device code Part description Company Driver information Message center Build date Warning A new driver has been selected a Version but has not been loaded Name Figure 7 2 Flash Programmer Driver Dialog Box plete Check your selections and click the Program command After a short while the message indicates that the erase and program operations have been successful The used column in the sector map list shows how much of each sector has been filled This completes the process of programming your loader file in flash mem ory The third page of the Flash Programmer dialog box Commands enables such operations as erasing some or all of the flash memory when you have no new data to program For
43. ease Used for your production system Compiler optimizations are on and maximally aggressive sacrificing readability and some debugger support At this point feel free to experiment further with the debugger familiariz ing yourself with the windows and basic mechanics of running halting stepping and reloading C C language debugging windows such as local variable and expression monitors function call stack window and others are available under the View gt Debug Windows menu selection Example 1 Sorts c File Getting Started With the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Example 1 a include lt stdlib h gt i fdefine NUM_ITERATIONS 1 d fdefine ARRAY_LENGTH 128 Initialize two arrays to the same set of random values void randomize_arrays int vl int v2 unsigned int length unsigned int i for i 0 i lt length i Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 9 Example 1 Sorts c File vi i J v2 i rand 1024 A standard bubble sort algorithm O n 2 void bubble_sort int v unsigned int length unsigned int i j for i 0 i lt length 1 i for j i 1 j lt length j iG VE A di dev Ep de int temp v i vE i J vE jd v j temp A standard quick sort algorithm O n log n void quick_sort int v unsigned int p unsigned int r Tepe ee unsigned int x i j q x vE p J Mes Peels J Sarl f
44. ect then marvel at the overall program performance improvement from 19 seconds down to 1 second or so Excellent result Example 3 Using the Blackfin Processor Voltage Regulator Of course speed is not everything in a high performance application Sometimes the power required to accomplish a task is more important than the time taken particularly for mobile devices Blackfin processors feature an internal voltage regulator that controls the voltage level at which the core operates The supported levels and the corresponding max imum core and system clock rates for each level are documented in the datasheet for each processor 2 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite to Investigate Performance Factors The voltage level can be changed on the fly as a program runs for exam ple to suit the current workload or battery state Changing the voltage regulator setting is not difficult but becomes a more complicated task with respect to coordinating the change with any necessary adjustments of the core and system clock rates Fortunately the system services library SSL that Analog Devices supplies as part of VisualDSP contains a power management module that includes many really useful functions One SSL function sets a particular voltage level and changes the clocks to the maxi mum speed supported at the new voltage Our next example will use this function in addition to another SSL function that repor
45. ections e ADSP BF548 Processor Memory Hierarchy on page 2 2 e Example 2 Benchmarking the Relative Performance of Memo ries on page 2 4 e Example 3 Using the Blackfin Processor Voltage Regulator on page 2 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 1 ADSP BF548 Processor Memory Hierarchy ADSP BF548 Processor Memory Hierarchy The ADSP BF548 processor supports a hierarchy of three synchronous memories where the term synchronous means that the memory operates in step with the edges of the clock signal on whichever processor bus is used to access the memory Understanding the differences between the differ ent memories is an important aspect of high performance application development Internal L1 memory Consists of 196K bytes of SRAM within the processor split into several different areas L1 memory is the high est performing memory available to the Blackfin core and can be accessed at core clock speeds An application never stalls waiting for a memory read write in L1 or for an instruction fetched from L1 Instructions code and data are held in separate areas of L1 and part of each area can be set aside and used as a cache for the lower level memories Internal L2 memory Consists of a single 128K byte area of SRAM within the processor L2 is somewhat lower performing than L1 requiring two core clock cycles for access L2 also has longer laten cies than L1 Instructions and data can co exist
46. ed Development and Debugging Environment IDDE and learn how to create a program that runs when ever the EZ KIT Lite is power cycled or reset The chapter s example program builds on the previous examples to produce an application that displays a slide show of BMP images with optional audio captions con trolled from the EZ KIT Lite keypad In the exercise you will learn about the following concepts Loader utility e Flash Programmer utility The chapter includes the following sections e VisualDSP Utility Programs on page 7 2 e Executable and Loadable Program Files on page 7 2 e Creating a Loadable Program File on page 7 3 e Writing a Loader File to Flash Memory on page 7 5 e Booting From Burst Flash Memory on page 7 8 e Example 8 Loading on page 7 9 e Epilogue on page 7 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 1 VisualDSP Utility Programs VisualDSP Utility Programs The loader utility is a VisualDSP tool which takes one or more execut able dxe files and converts them into a loader 1dr file in the format required by the processor s boot loader code The boot loader can access a variety of peripherals and memory types including flash memory The Flash Programmer utility is another VisualDSP tool that controls the burning of data to flash memories on the EZ KIT Lite Executable and Loadable Program Files For an application project type standard ap
47. ed LED 1 through LED 6 and located in a single row along the short edge of the EZ KIT Lite board furthermost from the LCD screen Then the program waits for one of the keys on the 4 x 4 keypad to be pressed The program displays that key s row number in binary on LEDs 6 4 and column number on LEDs 3 1 Since row and column numbers are in the range 0 3 which only requires two bits to display LED 6 and LED 3 should never be lit The key labelled ENTER is at row 0 column 0 Table 6 1 shows the LEDs that will light for each key Table 6 1 Keypad Row Column Display Key Label LED 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 ye Ke 2K l i y Y 2 x x x y Y Y 6 12 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator Table 6 1 Keypad Row Column Display Contd Key Label LED 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 X Xx R0 A Arrow up aura ak 4 vs She VI E q5 F 5 X 0g 6 gt x gt Y Y y Arrow down he Yy 7 ye Xx UK Y y Vv 8 Us 5 Yy Yy 9 Xx Me Y y 2ND Sl aa a Y CLEAR ae gt K Y y 0 X HELP 0g ENTER Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 13 Example 7 Source Files 6 14 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 CREATING A BOOTABLE APPLICATION In this final chapter we will step beyond executing programs under the control of the VisualDSP Integrat
48. ed by title or by product number located on the back cover of each manual Processor Manuals Hardware reference and instruction set reference manuals may be ordered through the Literature Center at 1 800 ANALOGD 1 800 262 5643 or downloaded from the Analog Devices Web site Manuals may be ordered by title or by product number located on the back cover of each manual Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xxi Product Information Data Sheets All data sheets preliminary and production may be downloaded from the Analog Devices Web site Only production final data sheets Rev 0 A B C and so on can be obtained from the Literature Center at 1 800 ANALOGD 1 800 262 5643 they also can be downloaded from the Web site To have a data sheet faxed to you call the Analog Devices Faxback System at 1 800 446 6212 Follow the prompts and a list of data sheet code numbers will be faxed to you If the data sheet you want is not listed check for it on the Web site xxii Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface Notation Conventions Text conventions used in this manual are identified and described as follows Example Description Close command File menu Titles in reference sections indicate the location of an item within the VisualDSP environment s menu system for example the Close command appears on the File menu this that this that Alternative required i
49. es that can exist simultaneously in the application and directs VDK to allocate space for messages from the standard mem ory heap When the project was created the Project Wizard generated header files and skeleton code files for the two thread types and device driver type The wizard can produce C C or assembly versions of the files C ver sion was selected for this project The wizard also generated the VDK h and VDK cpp files The header file contains pre processor definitions that enable or disable VDK features enumerations for identifier values for the application s thread and device types and gives access to the whole VDK public API The source file contains the VDK objects that correspond to the application s boot time thread device and device flag 6 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator Example 7 Source Files A VDK application typically does not define a main function VDK contains a default main that performs the necessary initialization and starts the scheduler resulting in execution of one boot thread However the default version only initializes the VDK system while we want our example program to initialize the SSL in the same manner as the previous examples Therefore we provide our own main in the main c file see Listing 6 1 Listing 6 1 main c File include VDK h d include adi_ssl_Init h int main void adi_ssl
50. f information such as function pointers defining its entry points Device manager uses this information to identify and manage each driver instance The second argument passes the address of the AD1980 device driver s information table to the device manager e 0 There are multiple instances of various processor peripherals for example multiple SPORTs and UARTs The device manager and the drivers for these peripherals need to know which SPORT or UART is being opened The third argument in the adi_dev_Open call is an integer that distinguishes between the multiple peripher als There is only one AD1980 audio codec on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite so we pass the value of 0 e NULL An application that has opened two or more devices of the same type must be able to distinguish between the devices when the device manager signals a processing or error event The fourth argument in the adi_dev_Open call attaches a value of type void to the instance of the device driver being opened The device manager remembers the value and presents it back when a Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 9 Example 4 Audio c File processing or error event occurs For the single instance of the AD1980 audio codec on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite we do not need a distinguishing value so we supply NULL amp AD1980DriverHandle Argument five informs the device manager where to store the device driver instance value handle As noted earlier we
51. fers to or from the EZ KIT Lite The chapter includes the following sections e ADSP BF548 Processor USB Interface on page 4 2 e Analog Devices USB Software on page 4 2 e Example 5 USB Project on page 4 3 e Example 5 Running on page 4 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 ADSP BF548 Processor USB Interface ADSP BF548 Processor USB Interface The ADSP BF548 processor incorporates a USB on the go OTG con troller capable of operating at high speed 480 Mbps full speed 12 Mbps and low speed 1 5 Mbps host mode only The controller operates in peripheral mode or OTG mode In peripheral mode the con troller appears as a single or multi function device on a USB bus In OTG host mode the controller directs data transfers between the ADSP BF548 processor and some attached USB device such as a digital camera On the EZ KIT Lite the USB controller connects to a standard OTG style socket which allows either host or device mode For more information about the USB interface refer to the ADSP BF548 processor s hardware reference and EZ KIT Lite manuals Analog Devices USB Software In order to support a wide variety of plug and play devices the USB stan dard defines a fast bus architecture supporting guaranteed data transfer bandwidth or latency and asynchronous control messaging The USB standard describes several layers of software that control e The low level protocol involving physic
52. four categories 1 Serial data interfaces Two wire interface TWI A TWI interface is compatible with the widely used I7C bus standard The processor sup ports up to two TWI interfaces Serial peripheral interface SPI bus standard The proces sor supports up to three SPI interfaces Synchronous serial port SPORT This is a powerful serial port containing two sets of input output pins that can operate in I S mode and has eight deep receive and transmit buffers A SPORT offers considerable control over word length and framing options The processor can support up to four SPORT interfaces Full duplex universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UART interface With external voltage level shifters the interface can provide RS 232 style communications The processor can support up to four UART interfaces Universal Serial Bus USB 2 0 controller The controller operates in device or host on the go mode at low full or high speed The processor has one USB controller 2 Parallel data interfaces Enhanced parallel peripheral interface EPPI An EPPI supports direct connection of LCD panels parallel ana log to digital A D and digital to analog D A converters 3 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals and other peripherals The interface is configurable and sup ports data widths up to 24 bits The ADSP BF548 processor can support up to three EPPI interfaces
53. g ADSP BF548 Peripherals on the EZ KIT Lite essees 3 5 Cee Oe eee 3 7 Pee Andoe FIE cst eenetaetereeoncre encase 3 8 InteAwdiol Opening the Diver cccunnncararienusaiierasase 3 8 adi_dev_Control Configuring the Driver sesser 3 11 Weer esasan a 3 14 PPPOE auenneet 3 14 ADI980Callbac k serrera 3 16 Ecrane KORNE arar S ena 3 17 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE AS A MASS STORAGE DEVICE ADSP BF548 Processor USB Interface cceeecceeeecceeeecnsececnseceaeees 4 2 Analog Deyices USB SoftWare veiciicsisseicsssciiassaninniesiisedanuaiindiios 4 2 Esample 3 USB Project siusdesennissimusietannuceeuciaaasesbaeniedeiaions 4 3 vi Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite CONTENTS Example S RUDNINE cccicsnwirniasirncincionnnucumaienneusmieiewns 4 6 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE HARD DISK AND LCD SCREEN Bo ee SI NE aE 5 2 Sharp LQ043T1DG01 LCD Device Driver eccerre 5 3 Example 6 Displaying a Bitmap File on the EZ KIT Lite 5 4 Example Gy Project pegs recicinsanicasussuisaancdosaatienmwieaanedou ka 5 4 Example 0 Fp ato SGC arena 5 9 Pee occ ean 5 9 Le A E IIA PA AO T 5 10 LLE ar O 5 11 Erample G SOS daietccicnetinrsasiniesenaind arduiiatinwiatniauadbianded 5 12 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE KEYPAD AND LED INDICATOR Event Limen Device Drives rnin einai 6 2 VOE Derice Model dod 6 3 FOR kiese TE ect rea 6 4 Example 7 Oreating a VOR Application casicmawnannunnens 6 4 Example 7 Source Filet oera i AAN 6 7 CREATI
54. he structure includes the memory address and size of some work areas that the driver instance needs for operation Also often required is infor mation regarding the target hardware configuration In Listing 3 3 we inform the driver that the AD1980 audio codec connects to SPORTO for data transfers and that programmable flag PB3 connects to the codec s reset pin Identifiers SPORT_DEVICE_NUMBER and AD1980_RESET_FLAG are defined and initialized elsewhere in the application Listing 3 3 Initializing Specific Diver InitAD1980 pDataFrame void AudioFrameBuf fer InitAD1980 DataFrameSize AUDIO_FRAME_BUFFER_SIZE InitAD1980 pAC97 amp AC97_Instance InitAD1980 ResetFlagld AD1980_RESET_FLAG InitAD1980 SportDevNumber SPORT_DEVICE_NUMBER if Result adi_dev_Control AD1980DriverHandle ADI_AD1980_CMD_INIT_DRIVER void amp InitAD1980 ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 13 Example 4 Audio c File printf Failed to initialize audio output device Error Code Ox Z08X n Result break TerminateAudio When an application no longer needs a peripheral the application termi nates the peripheral s driver and reclaims the driver s resources with two function calls A call to adi_dev_Control stops data flow to the periph eral A call to another device manager API adi_dev_Close makes any memory work areas given to the device driver instance ava
55. ilable for reuse PlayBuffer Two final basic device manager API functions are adi_dev_Read and adi_dev_Write As their names suggest the application supplies a mem ory buffer to be filled with data from the peripheral adi_dev_Read or a buffer whose contents are to be sent to the peripheral adi_dev_Write Listing 3 4 shows the entire PlayBuffer function from Audio c The function accepts the address and length of a buffer filled with audio samples and passes the information to adi_dev_Write Listing 3 4 Submitting a Data Buffer u32 PlayBuffer u8 buffer int buffer_length u32 Result ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS int i buff_n dx set up our buffer descriptor descLi Data buffer descLi ElementCount buffer_length desc i ElementWidth 1 descLi CallbackParameter void amp buff_freeLil 3 14 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals desc i ProcessedFlag FALSE desclLi pNext NULL if Result adi_dev_Write AD1980DriverHandle ADI_DEV_1D ADI_DEV_BUFFER amp desc i ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS printf Failed to submit buffer descriptor Error Code 0x Z08X n Result return 1 return Result ADI_DEV_RESULT_SUCCESS The data transfer functions require more information than just the appli cation buffer s address and length the functions need to know whether the application wants notified when the t
56. image and filling the frame buffer backwards to accommodate a line ordering difference between the bmp file format and the LCD In the InitLCD function we request the DMA manager to call function LcedCallback after the final transfer in each of the two DMA chains This callback function checks whether DisplayBMP has prepared a new frame to be displayed and if so updates the inactive chain s data buffer descriptor with the address of the new frame During this time the other chain s buffer is being displayed and when that chain terminates Lcd Callback will update this chain s descriptor too adi_ssl_Init h The final point to note is about the section of the adi_ss1_Init h header file that defines the number of SSL resources required by our application see Listing 5 3 because many drivers themselves use drivers it is vital to read each driver s documentation to determine the total resources required for your application Listing 5 3 adi_ssl_Init h File d tdefine ADI_SSL_INT_NUM_SECONDARY_HANDLERS 6 number of secondary interrupt handlers LCD EPPI DMA data transfer LCD EPPI DMA error LCD Timer Disk ATAPI read Disk ATAPI write if Disk ATAPI error define ADI_SSL_DCB_NUM_SERVERS 2 number of DCB servers one for LCD and one for disk define ADI_SSL_DMA_NUM_CHANNELS 3 number of DMA channels Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 11 E
57. in L2 memory External memory Sometimes referred to as L3 this is DDR SDRAM that exists external to the processor and can be found mounted on the EZ KIT Lite board 64M bytes of DDR SDRAM is supplied on the EZ KIT Lite but different sizes can be used on custom hardware to suit your application s specific needs up to a maximum of 512M bytes External memory operates synchro nously with the processor s system clock rather than the core clock causing access time to SDRAM to be relatively slower than to L1 or L2 memory Similar to L2 external memory can hold instructions and data 2 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite to Investigate Performance Factors The ADSP BF548 processor also supports asynchronous memories the internal operations of which are not tied to either of the processor s main clocks Typically these are flash memory devices of which the ADSP BF548 processor supports a number of different types The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite is populated with these flash devices e NOR The easiest to use but most costly form of flash memory NOR can be read without any special handling in software The final chapter of this tutorial Creating A Bootable Application on page 7 1 shows how to build an application to burn to NOR flash The application will be launched each time the EZ KIT Lite is powered up or reset without the need for the EZ KIT Lite to con nect to VisualDSP e
58. inutes and serves as means for you to select the information you want to receive If you are already a registered user just log on Your user name is your e mail address Processor Product Information For information on embedded processors and DSPs visit our Web site at www analog com processors which provides access to technical publica tions data sheets application notes product overviews and product announcements Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xvii Product Information You may also obtain additional information about Analog Devices and its products in any of the following ways e E mail questions or requests for information to processor support analog com World wide support processor europe analog com Europe support processor china analog com China support e Fax questions or requests for information to 1 781 461 3010 North America 49 89 76903 157 Europe Related Documents For information on product related development software and hardware see these publications Table 1 Related Processor Publications Title Description ADSP BF542 BF544 BF548 BF549 Embedded General functional description pinout and Processor Data Sheet timing ADSP BF548 Blackfin Processor Hardware Ref Description of internal processor architecture erence and all register functions Table 2 Related VisualDSP Publications Title Description ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Evaluation S
59. ion requires the address of a callback func tion while the USB mass storage device driver does not invoke the callback Our example supplies the address of a dummy callback function Callback Uses the standard configuration mechanism adi_dev_Control to pass the ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_INIT_RAW_PID command to the USB mass storage device driver The command instructs the driver to initialize a lower level driver responsible for physical access to the EZ KIT Lite hard disk then set a flag indicating the operation s success Uses adi_dev_Control again this time passing a table of com mands rather than a single instance Some commands in the table are generic and relate to the common device driver model the rest are specific to the USB mass storage device driver Table 4 1 lists the commands passed to the table and gives a brief description of each command Note that the USB vendor ID peripheral class ID and peripheral serial number values used in this example program are for demon stration purposes and must not be used in your production software Prints a message to the VisualDSP Console window indicating that the EZ KIT Lite is now ready to connect to a USB host 4 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device 5 Calls adi_dev_Contro1 again this time in a loop using the ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_IS_DEVICE_CONFIGURED command until the driver signals that a USB h
60. ions of this EZ KIT Lite 1 3 controller area network CAN 3 3 counter interface 3 3 customer support xv cycle accurate simulators 1 4 cycle counter 2 4 D data driven device drivers 6 2 data placement 2 6 2 8 data transfer bandwidth 4 2 functions 3 15 DDR SDRAM memory L3 x 2 2 debug configurations of projects 1 9 debug sessions types 1 3 1 4 delayed callback manager 3 10 device drivers callback function 3 11 3 16 config control commands 3 12 configuring 3 11 data event driven 6 2 identifying instance 3 9 3 11 3 16 instantiating 3 9 opening 3 8 terminating 3 14 device manager commands 3 13 configuring 3 12 di_dev_Read SSL API 3 14 disk formatting utility 4 7 DMA channels 3 6 3 10 DMA data transfer 5 10 6 2 E emulators 1 4 enhanced parallel peripheral interfaces EPPIs 3 2 3 5 5 1 5 3 5 10 EPPI device driver 6 2 Ethernet interface xi Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite I 1 INDEX event driven device drivers 6 2 example 1 building running an application 1 6 source listing 1 9 example 2 benchmarking performance of memories 2 4 typical results 2 6 using statistical profiler 2 5 example 3 enabling instruction cache 2 7 using voltage regulator 2 8 example 4 running 3 17 example 5 running 4 6 USB project config 4 3 example 6 application structure 5 9 displaying a bitmap file 5 4 project options 5 4 example 7 creating a VDK
61. is allows you to boot load and execute portions of your application in L3 DDR The default initialization executable file can be found in lt instal _path gt Blackfin ldr exkitBF548_initcode dxe For more information about the loader utility including the loader prop erty pages refer to the VisualDSP Loader and Utilities Manual in the VisualDSP online help Writing a Loader File to Flash Memory Following the procedures in this section will overwrite the current contents of the burst flash memory on your ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Review the contents of the Readme txt file in lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Power_On_Self_Test to learn how to build and restore the factory contents of the burst flash memory if you wish to do so Once a loader file containing a boot stream an optional initialization exe cutable followed by your application is written the next step is to put the loader file in a location where the processor s boot loader can find the file As mentioned previously the boot code can process boot streams from a variety of memories and devices The most convenient location for hold Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 5 Writing a Loader File to Flash Memory ing a boot stream on an ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite is the 32 MB 16 bit wide burst flash memory VisualDSP includes a Flash Programmer util ity to program the loader file into flash memory ready for booting From the Tools
62. ited Other general attributes of the project are entered or edited in the Project Wizard Figure 6 1 shows the Kernel tab for example 7 The VDK project attributes are displayed in a tree structure and grouped into subsections according to function We will examine the Threads I O Interface Device Flags and Messages subsections Project Example _7 dpj Event Bits Events Interrupts a 1 0 Interface Device Flags 33 Memory Pools Total Size 0 a Messages Heaps L Project Kernel Figure 6 1 VDK Kernel Tab for Example 7 e The Threads subsection defines two types of thread Boot Thread Type and LEDThreadType according to their initial priorities stack space requirements and ability to receive VDK messages Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 5 Example 7 Creating a VDK Application The VDK runtime system is instructed to create and start execu tion of one instance of BootThreadType as a boot thread when initializing the application e The I O Interface subsection defines one type of VDK device driver KeypadDriver and instructs VDK to create one instance of the device driver during application initialization e The Device Flags subsection defines the flag KeypadFlag which is the means of synchronization between the interrupt domain and thread domain code in KeypadDriver e The Messages subsection specifies the maximum number of VDK messag
63. l e VDK inter thread message passing The chapter includes the following sections e Event Driven Device Drivers on page 6 2 e VDK Device Model on page 6 3 e VDK Message Passing on page 6 4 e Example 7 Creating a VDK Application on page 6 4 e Example 7 Source Files on page 6 7 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 1 Event Driven Device Drivers Event Driven Device Drivers There are two classes of peripheral device within the ADSP BF548 proces sor those whose primary purpose is to control a flow of data in or out of the processor and those that generate or react to individual events In Example 6 Displaying a Bitmap File on the EZ KIT Lite on page 5 4 we have learned how the SSL s device manager and DMA manager work seamlessly with the EPPI device driver to control the flow of data to an external peripheral the LCD With the help of the SSL device and DMA managers the application was responsible only for providing the required data For event driven peripherals that are common across the Blackfin family of processors the SSL provides generic API sets such as the programma ble flag service timer service and port control service Each service API set includes useful functions for managing and controlling the relevant peripheral s This chapter s example project Example_7 dpj uses the programmable flag service to control the state of LED indicators on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lit
64. labora tory environment The board is not intended for use as a consumer end product or as a portion of a consumer end product The board is an open system design which does not include a shielded enclosure and therefore may cause interference to other electrical devices in close proximity This board should not be used in or near any medical equipment or RF devices The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite has been certified to comply with the essential requirements of the European EMC directive 89 336 EEC amended by 93 68 EEC and therefore carries the CE mark The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite has been appended to Analog Devices Inc Technical Construction File TCF referenced DSPTOOLS1 dated December 21 1997 and was awarded CE Certification by an appointed European Competent Body as listed below Technical Certificate No ZGO0ANA1 029 Issued by Technology International Europe Limited 60 Shrivenham Hundred Business Park Shrivenham Swindon SN6 8TY UK The EZ KIT Lite evaluation system contains ESD electrostatic discharge sensitive devices Electrostatic charges readily accumulate on the human body and equipment and can discharge without detection Permanent y damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy discharges Proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or 4 A loss of functionality Store unused EZ KIT Lite boards in the protective shipping package CONTENTS PREFACE Puitposc
65. le returned by a successful call to adi_dev_Open see Listing 3 1 on page 3 8 The value identi fies the device driver instance to the device manager e The second argument is an integer command value that specifies the requested configuration or control action There are two sets of command values for adi_dev_Control Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 11 Example 4 Audio c File v The first set is commands to the device manager requesting the device manager to take certain actions on behalf of the device driver instance These commands are defined in the device manager header file lt drivers adi_dev h gt and start with ADI_DEV_CMD_ v The second set is commands specific to the device driver and start with ADI_xxx_CMD_ where xxx identifies the driver In our example the driver identifiers start with ADI_AD1980_CMD_ There is a separate header file for each device driver where these commands are defined For the AD1980 codec driver the header is lt drivers codec adi_ad1980 h gt e The third argument is a pointer sized value that acts as the operand for the command If the operand is not needed the argument is ignored Listing 3 2 shows a call to adi_dev_Contro1 which is using a device manager command ADI_DEV_CMD_SET_DATAFLOW_METHOD and operand ADI_DEV_MODE_CHAINED Together they specify how the device manager should manage the flow of data buffers that the application will sen
66. ls hardware tools manuals processor manuals the Dinkum Abridged C library and Flexible License Manager FlexLM network license manager software documentation You can easily search across the entire VisualDSP documentation set for any topic of interest For easy printing supplementary pdf files of most manuals are also provided Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xix Product Information Each documentation file type is described as follows File Description chm Help system files and manuals in Help format htm or Dinkum Abridged C library and FlexLM network license manager software doc htm1 umentation Viewing and printing the htm1 files requires a browser such as Internet Explorer 6 0 or higher pdf VisualDSP and processor manuals in Portable Documentation Format PDF Viewing and printing the pdf files requires a PDF reader such as Adobe Acrobat Reader 4 0 or higher If documentation is not installed on your system as part of the software installation you can add it from the VisualDSP CD ROM at any time by running the Tools installation Access the online documentation from the VisualDSP environment Windows Explorer or the Analog Devices Web site Accessing Documentation From VisualDSP To view VisualDSP Help click on the Help menu item or go to the Windows task bar and navigate to the VisualDSP documentation via the Start menu To view ADSP BF548
67. medium being used The VisualDSP 5 0 mass storage device class software includes code that implements the necessary SCSI commands for the EZ KIT Lite hard disk Example 5 USB Project This chapter s example project Example_5 dpj is a straightforward piece of code that makes the EZ KIT Lite hard disk available to a PC as a removable storage device All the code has to do is to open and configure the supplied USB mass storage device class driver the underlying support code does the hard work The source files included in the project are e Example_5 c The source file contains all of the project specific code in function main e adi_ssl_Init h The project specific header file defines the numbers of various SSL resources that the project requires e adi ssl Init c The common source file defines functions for ini tializing and terminating the SSL components The SSL related examples in this tutorial use a project specific copy of Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 3 Example 5 USB Project adi_ssl_Init h to specify their requirements The common func tions in adi_ss l_Init c perform the SSL initialization according to the requirements and the final closing The code in main is also straightforward After initializing the SSL the code does the following l Uses the device manager to open and obtain a handle for the USB mass storage device driver The only unusual aspect is that the adi_dev_Open funct
68. menu click Flash Programmer to open a three page dia log box Figure 7 2 shows the Driver page the initial setup page of the dialog box The Flash Programmer manages the overall flash program ming process but relies on a driver running on the ADSP BF548 processor to issue the appropriate commands to erase and write flash sec tors or blocks VisualDSP provides drivers for the EZ KIT Lite flash memories You specify the driver file on the Driver page of the Flash Pro grammer dialog box For the burst flash memory use the Browse command to navigate to lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Flash Programmer Burst BF548EzFlashDriver_PC28f128 dxe then click Load Driver After a few seconds the message Success Driver loaded will appear in the Message center text box Now move to the next page by clicking the Programming tab of the dia log box Figure 7 3 Flash memory must be erased before it can be re programmed The Pre program erase options control the erasing pro cess and specify flash memory sectors to erase You can erase only sectors required to hold the new loader file the entire flash memory sectors listed on the right hand side of the page or none at all Erase affected is the appropriate choice for simple flash programming tasks The middle panel of Figure 7 3 is where you specify the format of the file holding the data to be programmed into flash memory This should match the format you direct th
69. n macros are set to zero Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 9 Example 3 Using the Blackfin Processor Voltage Regulator Our application Sorts c looks similar to the application in the previous example a work loop in main repeatedly executes the bubble sort and quick sort functions Additional calls at the start and end of main initial ize and terminate the SSL library as mentioned above additionally the work loop is wrapped inside another loop This new outer loop cycles through a number of core voltage settings and uses the SSL function adi_pwr_SetMaxFreqForVolt to adjust the voltage regulator and set the clocks to the maximum supported by the new level Then the loop calls the adi_pwr_GetFreq function to get the new clock rates runs the work loop and prints voltage clock elapsed time and cycles values to the Con sole window Table 2 2 shows typical results from example 3 Since the entire program is in L1 memory the Elapsed Seconds column shows a decrease as the core voltage and hence the core clock rate increases while the number of cycles executed remains more or less constant However the System MHz column serves as a reminder that for a real application with code and data in external memory and perhaps with other peripherals dependant on the system clock rate core clock speed is not the only determining factor when balancing power consumption against speed Table 2 2 Typical Results From Example
70. n programs e Read and write data and program memory e Read and write core and peripheral registers e Plot memory Access to the ADSP BF548 processor from a personal computer PC is achieved through a USB port or an optional JTAG emulator The USB interface provides unrestricted access to the ADSP BF548 processor and the evaluation board peripherals Analog Devices JTAG emulators offer Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite ix faster communication between the host PC and target hardware Analog Devices carries a wide range of in circuit emulation products To learn more about Analog Devices emulators and processor development tools go to http www analog com dsp tools The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite provides example programs to demon strate the capabilities of the evaluation board The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite installation is part of the Visu alDSP installation The EZ KIT Lite is a licensed product that offers an evaluation temporary license Once the evaluation license expires the linker restricts a user s program to 60 KB of memory for code space with no restrictions for data space The board features e Analog Devices ADSP BF548 Blackfin processor v Core performance up to 600 MHz v External bus performance up to 133 MHz v 400 pin mini BGA package v 25 MHz crystal e Double data rate DDR synchronous dynamic random access memory SDRAM v Micron MT46V32M16 64 MB 8M x 16 bits x 4 banks e Burst flash memor
71. n the physical device needs attention When a key press is detected the physical device driver calls the call back function The callback function appends the key press details to a buffer and activates this driver according to the VDK model causing an entry to the VDK driver at a later time All the VDK driver needs to do is signal when a key press is available by posting the device driver flag KeypadFlag When the application requests data transfers to or from the device In our case this means that a thread has issued a read on our VDK driver in order to get details of the next key press The driver checks the buffer of key presses if one is available the key press is removed from the buffer and passed back to the calling thread Otherwise the driver pends on KeypadFlag which blocks the calling thread until a subse quent activation entry posts the flag again 6 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator Each source file that the Project Wizard generates in response to a new thread type definition in the Kernel tab contains skeleton definitions of four functions e An initialization function called when an instance of the thread type is created by VDK as a boot thread or by some other thread in the application e A termination function called when an instance of the thread type is destroyed automatically by VDK or programmatically by the application e An erro
72. nal memory 19 9533 74 23 bubble_sort in L2 memory 13 7079 66 30 bubble_sort in L1 code memory 13 6866 64 32 Everything in external memory plus 10 5367 87 11 code cache on All code in external memory plus code 1 612 68 25 cache on plus data arrays in L1 data memory By default VisualDSP maps as much code and data as possible to inter nal L1 and L2 memories when building a program However this project s options contain a setting that maps all of the code and data from Sorts c into external memory and so the just obtained profiling results represent the worst case performance for our application In the following sections we will modify the placement of some parts of the program and observe the effects One way to alter the default placement of an individual code function or data variable is to place a section directive in front of its definition in the C source file This directive causes the VisualDSP compiler to place the item in the output section named in the directive The available section names are defined in the linker description 1af file that the project 2 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite to Investigate Performance Factors employs Since the profiler window shows that function bubble_sort is using the largest percentage of processor time we will move that function further up the memory hierarchy and examine the results There are tw
73. o commented out section directives in the middle of the Sorts c file immediately above the bubble_sort definition Uncom ment the directive that places bubble_sort in the section named L2_sram by removing the characters then rebuild and rerun the project Because the bubble sort s instructions now are fetched from L2 memory rather than external memory the processor spends less time waiting resulting in a faster elapsed time and smaller cycle count The profiler window also shows that bubble_sort is not dominating the execution of the program as much as before Now replace the comment at the start of the L2_sram directive and uncomment the directive on the line above This will result in the bubble sort s instructions being placed in the portion of L1 memory reserved for code Rebuild and rerun the project Your new results probably are not much different from the previous set One reason for this is that the access time difference between L2 and L1 is rather less than the difference between external memory and L2 However other factors are at work as we shall see in the next two steps All Blackfin processors have the option of using part of the L1 code and data memory areas as caches Enabling the caches allows the second and subsequent accesses to external memory locations to happen at L1 speeds We are going to examine this now Ensure that both section directives at the start of bubble_sort are commented out all of the progr
74. oader understands The loader utility s operation is configured by options set on the Loader pages of the Project Options dialog box associated with a project The Loader pages also called loader property pages are labelled Options Kernel and Splitter and accessed as nodes in the Project Options tree control Figure 7 1 shows the Loader Options page Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 3 Creating a Loadable Program File Project Options for Example_8 x E General Project Load Options fe LDF Preprocessing ae Bae Sear Elision Fash PROM UART Intel hex C Sbit Py oo SPI C Twi ASCII 16bit oa C SPISlave C FIFO Include iP Options Binay E Kernel E Splitter Wait state Baud rates Holditine Programmable Hag Eh Pre build z 7 v z Eh Post build F7 Use default stat address Start addes B0 5 D Remove Startup Code LDF Verbose LDF Settings a i Initialization file J Use default decompression INIT file E External Memory mm System He ap fos Devices VisualDSP 5 0 Blackfin idr ezkitBF548 initcode dxe E User Heap Output file fs System Stack TO eI Advanced Options s ci fg Startup Code Settings ecb acs th Cache and Mamans Prin m Figure 7 1 Loader Options Dialog Box On the Loader Options page the options grouped under the Boot Mode label select the memory or peripheral from which the boot loade
75. of the control commands the value is either a common event value defined by SSL s device man ager or a value specific to the device driver raising the event The event identifier indicates a successful event such as completion of a data transfer or an unsuccessful event such as a hardware error Either way at this point it is up to the application to take some appropriate action e The final argument identifies the buffer descriptor if any that triggered the event The application can process reuse or discard the buffer descriptor and the application data buffer it describes as required Listing 3 5 shows the callback function from example 4 The event descriptor ADI_DEV_EVENT_BUFFER_PROCESSED is one of the device man ager s standard events while ADI_AC97_EVENT_REGISTER_ACCESS_COMPLETE is specific to the audio codec driver Listing 3 5 Callback Function static void AD1980Cal lback void AppHandle u32 Event void pArg ADI_DEV_1D_BUFFER pdesc volatile bool pflag switch Event 3 16 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite case case defa ret Examp Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals ADI_AC97_EVENT_REGISTER_ACCESS_COM reg_update_complete break ADI DEV_EVENT_BUFFER_ get address of thi break urn le 4 Running pflag volatile bool xpflag true break ult printf Unexpected audi Event code 0x 08X n Event Crue
76. oject file distributed with VisualDSP 5 0 the properties of the data cache CPLB entries covering the FSS heap and frame buffers for the LCD have been changed to disable caching Listing 5 2 The startup code that runs before main transfers the contents of the CPLB tables into the appropri ate internal registers of the ADSP BF548 processor before enabling the caches Listing 5 2 Example_6_cplbtab c File CPLBs covering 48MB Ox01000000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE 0x01400000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE Ox01800000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE LCD frame DMA use Ox01c00000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CPLB_DNOCACHE Ox02000000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE 0x02400000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE Ox02800000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE LCD frame DMA use 0x02c00000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CPLB_DNOCACHE FSS Heap DMA use 0x03000000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CPLB_DNOCACHE 0x03400000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE 0x03800000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE 0x03c00000 PAGE_SIZE_4MB CACHE_MEM_MODE 5 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen Example 6 Application Structure The structure of the example 6 application is straightforward source file Example_6 c contains main which e Calls functions to initialize the main components of the SSL such as the interrupt and device managers
77. ol This Manual acsiniciiccrascunpeaeieiieiecdeareigadtabinald mdaiwnulaniis xiii POET hd GRO senrose ie xiii Pe ie arrira EER xiii Whats New m This Manual ceccironnicnncirannire aa xv Technical or Customer SUpport sneserriiienienari iiaa a XV Supported ProCEssOrS so cccinidinlianis aeiiaaie xvi Podaci Taras dca hia nenia xvi Fe OIG E A A E A AE E N xvii Processor Product Infotmati n sesmircsniracniiinoineronna a xvii Related Documents sarrerara EA xviii Online Technical Documentation ic ccccssicscssscsientessarsvcrvdunenseasanses xix Penod NORDS conaran aei xxi Notton Conventions sch licieccesnbuiniduciansnenelbnenmanbios xxiii PROGRAMMING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE WITH VISUALDSP Installing VisualDSP and the EZ KIT Lite sreciruserecsroirss 1 2 Starting VisualDSP and Connecting to the EZ KIT Lite 1 3 Example 1 Building and Running an Application 0 eeeeeeeeeees 1 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite CONTENTS rari ee Ser Oe raise eee 1 9 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE TO INVESTIGATE PERFORMANCE FACTORS ADSP BF548 Processor Memory Hierarchy sasisascastissscadacsricvesssanes 2 2 Example 2 Benchmarking the Relative Performance of Memories 2 4 Example 3 Using the Blackfin Processor Voltage Regulator 2 8 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE PERIPHERALS ADSP BF548 Processor I O Peripherals scssoiseusectcasusceiiecegeacnssuxsseuss 3 2 ADSP BF548 Peripheral Interfaces on the EZ KIT Lite 0 0 3 4 Usin
78. onnect ing to hardware giving the best performance and maximum flexibility An emulator is a separate module that provides a 1 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with VisualDSP high bandwidth USB or PCI connection between the PC and the target device An emulator is required to connect to a non EZ KIT Lite target To inform VisualDSP that your target is an ADSP BF548 processor on an EZ KIT Lite you must create and activate a new session Follow these steps 1 From VisualDSP Session menu select New Session which launches the Session Wizard Figure 1 2 Session Wizard i xi Select Processor Choose a target processor SelectProcessor WEEG LRO l Select Connection T Select Platform Processor family Blackfin z 388 Finish E ATA E XA ADSP BF537 Blackfin Processor 132K bytes on chip memory Day ADSP BF538 Blackfin Processor 148K bytes on chip memory tly ADSP BF539 Blackfin Processor 148K bytes on chip memory Day ADSP BF541 Blackfin Processor 132K bytes on chip memory A ADSP BF542 Blackfin Processor 132K bytes on chip memory Dy ADSP BF544 Blackfin Processor 196K bytes on chip memory K ADSP BF548 Blackfin Processor 260K bytes on chip memory xl M anan meren anami e s I Show all processors Configurator Licenses Tree navigation Select a page in the tree navigation to display that page mu f e Figure 1 2
79. or do j while v j do i while v i De ess Ea aE E Coa a int temp v i vL i J vE gj v j temp 1 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with VisualDSP else q 33 break quick_sort v p q quick_sort v q 1 r int out_b ARRAY_LENGT int out_m ARRAY_LENGT void main Ate srand 22 for i 0 i lt NUM_ITERATIONS i oie SE Eis randomize_arrays out_b out_m ARRAY_LENGTH bubble_sort out_b ARRAY_LENGTH quick_sort out_m 0 ARRAY_LENGTH 1 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 11 Example 1 Sorts c File 1 12 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 2 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE TO INVESTIGATE PERFORMANCE FACTORS In this chapter we will benchmark a program examine memory types and look at the effects of enabling a portion of fast internal memory as a cache for external memory Finally we will study the processor perfor mance in terms of clock speed and voltage trade offs In the exercise you will learn about the following concepts e Benchmarking code with a Blackfin processor s cycle counter and real time clock e Statistical profiling e Blackfin processor s memory hierarchy cache and direct memory placement e Blackfin processor s voltage regulator and the processor support library The chapter includes the following s
80. ost has enumerated and configured the EZ KIT Lite as a mass storage device Calls adi_dev_Control for the final time using the ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_SET_BUFFER command to pass the address of a data structure to the driver Among other data the structure includes the address of a memory buffer that the USB software will use and reuse while accepting and responding to commands from the USB host This is a non standard use of the device driver API usually the data structures are passed dynamically between the application and the driver in response to incoming or outgoing data transfer events An application that invokes the MSD driver however takes no part in the actual data transfer the alternative means of passing the data structure is used instead Prints another message indicating that a USB host has successfully recognized and configured the EZ KIT Lite as a mass storage device Enters an idle loop leaving the interrupt driven mass storage device driver and support software to accept commands from the USB host and to access the EZ KIT Lite hard disk Table 4 1 Example 5 Commands Configuration Command Description ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_SCSI_INIT Directs the MSD driver to initialize a subsystem that responds to SCSI disk access requests from the USB host ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_SET_VID Supplies a USB vendor ID for the driver to use ADI_USB_MSD_CMD_SET_PID Supplies a USB peripheral class ID fo
81. p the processor each VDK application thread terminates but the VDK system s idle thread continues running Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 7 9 Epilogue Figure 7 4 Example 8 Instruction Screen If the example works as expected you can burn the loader file to burst flash memory as described in Writing a Loader File to Flash Memory on page 7 5 The application will be booted and run every time the EZ KIT Lite is reset assuming that the board is not connected to a VisualDSP session Epilogue We hope that you have enjoyed exploring the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite and learning about some of VisualDSP features Refer to the Visu alDSP online help for more tutorial material and reference information Refer to the Analog Devices Web site www analog com for informative Application Notes and Engineer to Engineer articles Good luck with your future Blackfin projects 7 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite INDEX A AD1980 audio codec xi 3 7 AD1980Callback function 3 16 adi_dev_Write SSL API 3 14 advanced technology attachment packet interface See ATAPI asynchronous control messaging 4 2 asynchronous memories 2 3 ATA ATAPI 6 interface 3 3 3 5 audio interface xi 3 7 B burst flash memory x C cache enabling 2 7 cache and protection lookaside buffer CPLB 5 6 callback function 3 11 6 2 compiled simulators 1 4 configurations of projects 1 8 connect
82. payload size is zero xJ NULL no payload address is NULL check that message was created OK af r msg UINT_MAX if r 0 post message to LED display thread gi VDK_PostMessage LEDthread destination thread instance msg the message s ID Xy VDK_kMsgChannell queue to use in dest thread terminate loop if any errors detected gi running r 0 VDK_CloseDevice keypad_dd 6 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator VDK_DestroyThread LEDthread false This thread is automatically Destroyed when it exits its run function The code in Listing 6 2 does the following e Opens the VDK style keypad device which as described above opens the SSL style physical device driver for the keypad e Creates an instance of LEDThreadType The thread is created pro grammatically rather than being created by VDK as a boot thread in order to obtain the thread s identifier The thread s ID is required to send messages to the thread The newly created thread is responsible for displaying key press row and column numbers on the EZ KIT Lite LED indicators e Enters a loop to read details of the next key press from the keypad driver which blocks this thread if no key press is available creates a VDK message to hold the key press details and posts the message to the LED thread s message queue e Closes
83. play the file on the LCD panel xiv Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface e Chapter 6 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Keypad and LED Indicator on page 6 1 Explores the keypad interface of the EZ KIT Lite and introduces the VisualDSP real time kernel VDK You will use the LEDs to communicate the application status e Chapter 7 Creating A Bootable Application on page 7 1 Finally you will construct an application drawing from the previ ous chapters in the manual A working bitmap photo viewer application will be created including hard drive access USB con nectivity push button navigation and audio sample triggering The application will be burned to the on board flash devices This will allow the application to run while not connected to VisualDSP What s New in This Manual This is the first revision of the Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Technical or Customer Support You can reach Analog Devices Inc Customer Support in the following ways e Visit the Embedded Processing and DSP products Web site at http www analog com processors technicalSupport e E mail tools questions to processor tools support analog com Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xv Supported Processors E mail processor questions to processor support analog com World wide support processor europe analog com Europe support processor china analog com China support Phone que
84. plication LwIP Ethernet application or VDK application the VisualDSP Project Wizard offers a choice of project output type on the Application Settings page The choices are Executable dxe or Loader file ldr The project output type controls the end format of a project build An executable dxe file is written in Executable and Linkable Format ELF a standard format for executable files and contains all code and data sections that comprise the program In addition an ELF file includes further headers and tables required by the ELF standard If any program source files are compiled with the debugging option enabled the executable file also contains tables of line number and variable location information as required by the ELF related DWARF standard debugging format By contrast the end result of a loader project is a file 1dr containing only the program s code and initialized data sections in a simple data stream that the processor s boot code can handle A description of the boot process including the format of the boot stream can be found in the System Reset and Booting chapter of the ADSP BF54x Blackfin Processor Hardware Reference Manual in the VisualDSP online help Executable files are appropriate during the development testing and pro filing phases of an application s life cycle The extra information in the ELF DWARE headers and tables is what enables VisualDSP to load the 7 2 Getting Started with
85. r function called by VDK API functions to report an error condition e Arun function called by VDK to start execution of the thread instance The thread exists until the run function returns unless terminated programmatically The BootThreadType c file of example 7 adds no extra code to the initial ization termination or error functions the default code in the functions is sufficient for the application Listing 6 2 shows the code added to the thread s run function Listing 6 2 BootThreadType s Run Function void BootThreadType_RunFunction void inPtr bool running true get device descriptor for keypad from VDK style driver VDK_DeviceDescriptor keypad_dd VDK_OpenDevice kKeypad NULL create thread instance that will display row and Bf column values on LEDs xj VDK_ThreadID LEDthread VDK_CreateThread kLEDThreadType Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 9 Example 7 Source Files while running unsigned int r keycoords_t keypress get next keypress Xi r VDK_SyncRead keypad_dd device descriptor for keypad char amp keypress where to put next keypress number required ignored 0 no timeout wait forever if r pack row col info into type word to avoid needing a payload int type keypress row lt lt 8 keypress col VDK_MessageID msg VDK_CreateMessage type type is row col packed in int 0 no
86. r the driver to use Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 5 Example 5 Running Table 4 1 Example 5 Commands Cont d Configuration Command Description ADI_USB_MSD_ CMD SET SERIAL _NUMBER Supplies a USB peripheral serial number for the driver to use ADI_DEV_CMD_SET_DATAFLOW_METHOD Describes the format of the data buffer that will be supplied for device manager ADI_DEV_CMD_SET_DATAFLOW Enables data transfers within device manager ADI_USB_USB_CMD_ENABLE_USB Directs MSD driver to enable operation ADI_DEV_CMD_END End of table marker Example 5 Running To run Example_5 dpj you need a USB cable with an on the go mini B connector at one end and a series A connector at the other end The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite is supplied with a 5 in 1 USB cable and suit able connectors Plug the mini B end of the cable into the socket marked USB OTG on the EZ KIT Lite and leave the other end unconnected Build and run the project The message USB Mass Storage Device ready to be connected to PC appears in the Console window of VisualDSP Now connect the free end of the USB cable to a USB 2 0 socket on your PC The message USB Mass Storage Device is connected to PC appears in the Console window indicating that the USB host Windows software has recognized the EZ KIT Lite as a mass storage device What happens next depends on how you have configured Windows to react when a
87. r will read the loader file The boot loader can read from a UART SPI connected device and host port among other options a common choice is to place the loader file in flash memory The options under Boot Format choose between several representations of the loader file Intel hex is a widely used file representation and should be selected for loader files destined for flash memory The boot loader can read from eight or 16 bit wide memories or devices select the appropriate width option under the Output Width label The burst flash memory on the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite is 16 bits wide 7 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Creating A Bootable Application The boot stream processed by the processor s boot loader code can contain more than one program The boot loader copies the first program into memory and calls the program s entry point If the program returns the boot loader copies the next program in memory and calls that program s entry point and so on The Initialization file text box allows you to enter or browse for the name of an executable file for insertion in the loader file ahead of the project s executable file This is one way to initialize the processor s hardware prior to an application being loaded and run VisualDSP provides a default initialization executable file for the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite hardware setup including setting the DDR memory controller s registers Conse quently th
88. ram randomizes and sorts two arrays using classic sorting algorithms the bubble sort and the quick sort If you are familiar with the algorithms you know that the quick sort true to its name is the faster of the two algorithms on average 0 n log n versus 0 n2 1 6 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with VisualDSP To spare you from typing in the program the entire example 1 source code is included on the VisualDSP distribution CD The source code and project files can be found in the lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ Kit Lite Getting Started Examples Example_l subdirectory The default lt instal J_path gt is C Program Files Analog Devices VisualDSP 5 0 Open example 1 by selecting File gt Open gt Project browsing to the example s directory and selecting the Example_l dpj project file Once the project is opened view its source code by double clicking the Sorts c label in the Project window expand the Source Files tree control to see the label if necessary Build the project and load the executable program to the EZ KIT Lite using the Project gt Build Project command or use the F7 hotkey Once the program is loaded observe the blue bar on the first executable statement in the main function showing that the pro gram is stopped there awaiting your command to set it running or to single step through the source To visualize the activities discus
89. ransfer is complete To accom modate this per transfer information the device manager API defines a structure ADI_DEV_BUFFER for a buffer descriptor containing appropriate fields The PlayBuffer function in Listing 3 4 fills in the required fields and passes the address of the buffer descriptor to adi_dev_Write Note that the call to adi_dev_Write is asynchronous with respect to the actual data transfer A successful function return does not imply that the data has been written to the peripheral rather the buffer is queued for transfer at some future point Similarly a call to adi_dev_Read does not return any data the function only queues the buffer for future filling How does an application know when data has been received or written By setting the CallbackParameter field of the buffer descriptor to a non NULL value the application signals that it wants its callback function which it registered when it opened the device driver to be called when the buffer has been processed Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 15 Example 4 Audio c File AD1980Callback Callback functions have the following arguments e The first argument identifies which driver instance has invoked the callback This value was supplied as the fourth argument to adi_dev_Open see on page 3 8 when the driver instance was created e The second argument identifies the reason for the callback It is an integer value similar to the values
90. sed in the exercise create two plot win dows one for the out_b array and one for the out_m array To create a plot window for the out_b array 1 Select the View gt Debug Windows gt Plot gt New menu item The Plot Configuration dialog box appears Change Title to Monitoring out_b Type out_b in the Address field Type 128 the length of the out_b array in the Count field Change Data to int the type of our data Gi YY aie Se Click Add then click OK Tf your PC is used by multiple VisualDSP users and or you do not have write privileges in the installation directory copy the entire Getting Started Examples folder to a location you can use with out influencing other users Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 7 Example 1 Building and Running an Application Repeat this procedure to create a plot window for the out_m variable modifying steps 2 and 3 accordingly Once the plot windows are created adjust them to comfortable sizes Your plot windows look similar to those in Figure 1 3 Z Monitoring out_m ioj x TE Monitoring out_b ioj x peat ei 0 0 50 0 100 0 150 0 0 0 50 0 100 0 150 0 m Figure 1 3 Plot Windows Note that both line plots are flat at zero because the data arrays are zero initialized by VisualDSP We will see VisualDSP update the windows as we step into the program Issue the Debug gt Step Over com mand or use the F10 hotkey three times to highligh
91. stions to 1 800 ANALOGD Contact your Analog Devices Inc local sales office or authorized distributor Send questions by mail to Analog Devices Inc One Technology Way P O Box 9106 Norwood MA 02062 9106 USA Supported Processors The ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite evaluation system supports Analog Devices ADSP BF548 Blackfin processors Product Information You can obtain product information from the Analog Devices Web site from the product CD ROM or from printed publications manuals Analog Devices is online at www analog com Our Web site provides infor mation about a broad range of products analog integrated circuits amplifiers converters and digital signal processors xvi Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface MyAnalog com MyAnalog com is a free feature of the Analog Devices Web site that allows customization of a Web page to display only the latest information on products you are interested in You can also choose to receive weekly e mail notifications containing updates to the Web pages that meet your interests including documentation errata against all manuals You can also choose to receive weekly e mail notifications containing updates to the Web pages that meet your interests MyAnalog com provides access to books application notes data sheets code examples and more Registration Visit www myanalog com to sign up Click Register to use MyAnalog com Registration takes about five m
92. sualDSP operations it is time to analyze and tweak a program s performance Close the Example_1 dpj file using the File gt Close gt Project menu selection Open the next project file Example_2 dpj located in the lt install_path gt Blackfin Examples ADSP BF548 EZ Kit Lite Getting Started Examples Example_l subdirectory of your VisualDSP directory This project builds on the program discussed in the previous exercise The same sequence of function calls randomize_arrays bubble_sort and quick_sort now is enclosed in a loop that repeats the sequence suf ficient number of times in order to profile the loop s execution In addition some code has been added to the program to obtain and print a rough measure of the loop s execution time in seconds along with the number of clock cycles the loop required Looking at the new version of the C source file Sorts c you see there are some additional include directives at the top of the file These are C dec larations for using printf for starting and reading the processor s real time clock RTC and for reading the cycle counter The RTC is a straightforward device the code in functions start_real_time_clock and get_real_time_clock_in_seconds shows how the clock s control registers and value are accessed from a C program by simple pointer de referencing The control registers of all Blackfin peripherals are mapped into the stan dard address space and can be ac
93. t the call to the bubble_sort function as the next statement to execute The two plot windows show the random values to which the arrays are initialized Step Over again to observe that the out_b array is now sorted Step Over one more time to observe that out_m is also sorted Note that the example 1 project uses the debug configuration The debug configuration is one of the two configurations VisualDSP provides for projects You can create more configurations A configuration is a set of project build options similar in concept to a makefile target It is often desirable to maintain different types of configurations for your system For example while debugging you may want to include trace or other l You can add both plots to a single window However this is undesirable when two plots have the same results causing the plot lines to overwrite each other 1 8 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with VisualDSP debugging information which is not desired in the released product A VisualDSP configuration allows you to create alternate build settings without interfering with the build settings of your final product VisualDSP automatically adds two configurations for every project it creates These configurations are e Debug Used for functional debugging of your system Compiler optimizations are off giving you and the debugger the most linear and easily debugged code e Rel
94. tems in syntax descriptions appear within curly brackets and separated by vertical bars read the example as this or that One or the other is required Optional items in syntax descriptions appear within brackets and sepa rated by vertical bars read the example as an optional this or that this Optional item lists in syntax descriptions appear within brackets delimited by commas and terminated with an ellipse read the example as an optional comma separated list of this SECTION Commands directives keywords and feature names are in text with letter gothic font filename Non keyword placeholders appear in text with italic style format Note For correct operation A Note provides supplementary information on a related topic In the online version of this book the word Note appears instead of this symbol Caution Incorrect device operation may result if Caution Device damage may result if A Caution identifies conditions or inappropriate usage of the product that could lead to undesirable results or product damage In the online version of this book the word Caution appears instead of this symbol 9 Warning Injury to device users may result if A Warning identifies conditions or inappropriate usage of the product that could lead to conditions that are potentially hazardous for the devices users In the online version of this book the word Warning appears instead of this sym
95. ties for controlling the DMA based data flow In this instance the LCD s data provider is one of the ADSP BF548 processor s enhanced parallel peripheral interfaces The LCD driver is responsible for opening and running an instance of the EPPI driver but provides the application with an opportunity to configure the EPPI first as we will see in the following example on page 5 4 Using the LCD driver typically involves a specific set up for the Sharp LCD and for the EPPI to which the LCD connects then generic control of the DMA based I O The latter requires deciding which of the standard data flow methods chained buffers chained buffers with loopback circu lar buffers will be used then providing data to the device driver in a timely manner Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 5 3 Example 6 Displaying a Bitmap File on the EZ KIT Lite VisualDSP 5 0 includes full documentation about the LCD device driver Example 6 Displaying a Bitmap File on the EZ KIT Lite This chapter s example program Example_6 dpj uses the facilities of the FSS and LCD driver to read a bitmap image from the EZ KIT Lite hard disk and to display the image on the LCD There is remarkably little application level code needed to achieve the result but before examining the code we will examine the project set up Note that FSS requires only a few non default project settings Example 6 Project Options Open the Example_6 dpj file in Visual
96. tp www analog com processors technicalSupport technicalLi brary the hardware reference manuals are part of the VisualDSP online help ADSP BF548 Peripheral Interfaces on the EZ KIT Lite In addition to the ADSP BF548 processor and DDR and flash memories mentioned in Chapter 2 ADSP BF548 Processor Memory Hierarchy on page 2 2 the EZ KIT Lite contains the interface circuitry and sockets required for using most of the processor s peripheral interfaces An RS 232 line driver and DB9 socket for one of the UARTs A USB on the go OTG socket for using the EZ KIT Lite as a USB device or host An SD memory card connector plus a memory card for SD SDIO Two sockets for the CAN controller IDC connectors for various processor interfaces Furthermore the board includes user devices for the following interfaces An LCD screen on one of the EPPIs A 40 GB hard drive on the ATA ATAPI 6 3 4 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Peripherals e A rotary switch for the up down counter e A4x4 keypad matrix for the keypad interface e An audio codec for one of the SPORTs e Push buttons and LED indicators for the GPIO pins In addition the EZ KIT Lite board includes a 10 100 Ethernet controller with associated magnetics and RJ 45 socket The controller connects to the processor s asynchronous memory bus See the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Evaluation Manual for a full list of the board feat
97. ts back the current clock rates VisualDSP online help contains a comprehensive descrip tion of the SSL Close any open projects Locate the next project file Example_3 dpj in the Example_3 directory Double click the project file name or drag it to the Project Window of VisualDSP Expand the Source Files and Header Files nodes to investigate the file contents In addition to the example application program Sorts c there is a new C source file adi_ssl_Init c and corresponding header adi_ss1_Init h As with most libraries the SSL requires initialization before any of the library facilities are used Initialization takes the form of instructing the various SSL managers about the hardware platform such as the SDRAM timings for the external bus manager and supplying them with sufficient memory to service the interrupts and peripherals that we wish to employ Most of the VisualDSP example programs using the SSL services follow a similar pattern so standard code for initialization and termination of the library is provided in the common source file adi_ss1_Init c Of course the different examples use different library facilities so each project includes its own copy of the header file adi_ssi_Init h in which the values of various preprocessor macros vary to suit particular applica tion requirements For example 3 we use only the SSL s power management facility which does not need any extra information so all the configuratio
98. ures In the remainder of this and following chapters we will learn how to use some of these peripherals and devices using VisualDSP Using ADSP BF548 Peripherals on the EZ KIT Lite Writing code for the simpler peripheral interfaces such as the GPIO pins is a straightforward process Writing code for the data transfer interfaces such as ATA ATAPI 6 or EPPI is a more complex and time consuming process because it requires additional management of DMA channels and interrupt handling Analog Devices supplies software to aid the use of most of the peripherals on a Blackfin EZ KIT Lite The software is structured as two packages the system services library SSL and device drivers DDs when referred to as a whole the software is known as SSL DD Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 3 5 Using ADSP BF548 Peripherals on the EZ KIT Lite The SSL presents a set of application programming interfaces APIs for core peripherals and features common across the Blackfin processors The APIs facilitate configuration and operation of e The core and peripheral interrupt systems and associated interrupt service routines e DMA channels to and from the data oriented peripherals and between the various memories e The general purpose timers e The real time clock e The internal voltage regulator and core and system clocks e The external memory bus controller e The GPIO pins programmable flags e A file system service for those
99. uter to the board with provided USB cable The other USB interface labelled USB 0TG is for applica tions use Once the installation is complete the amber LED labeled MON found near the USB jack is illuminated indicating a successful physical connec tion between the PC and EZ KIT Lite Install your license following instructions in the VisualDSP Installation Quick Reference Card step 4 1 2 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Programming ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite with VisualDSP Starting VisualDSP and Connecting to the EZ KIT Lite If you have not already done so start VisualDSP Use the Windows Start menu to launch the VisualDSP environment also called the Inte grated Development and Debugging Environment or IDDE When VisualDSP first launches it is disconnected from your EZ KIT Lite or any other kind of debugging session Figure 1 1 P Analog Devices VisualDSP Target Not Connected File Edit Session View Project Pegister temor Debug Settings Tools Window Help PPIOSHES SS i BBV MACHT S 44M lah ax eak easa 4 zo RR EEEIEE T POOP Cow abe me ProjectWindow aE Figure 1 1 VisualDSP Main Window A VisualDSP debugging session consists of a session type and target processor There are three basic session types Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 1 3 Starting VisualDSP and Connecting to the EZ KIT Lite e EZ KIT Lite This is the dedicated USB connection
100. vice driver for the disk and the file system driver for the FAT file system LCD c The InitLCD function contains code to initialize and configure the driver for the LCD display In addition the driver layering see Sharp LQ043T1DG01 LCD Device Driver on page 5 3 allows the function to configure an EPPI driver acting through the LCD driver The configura tion parameters are commented in the source file For complete details see the Sharp LQ043T1DG01 LCD and the EPPI drivers documentation in the lt instal _path gt Blackfin docs folder of VisualDSP The most interesting part of the configuration process is how the DMA chains for the frame buffers are initialized and how the DMA data flow is set up In LCD c the data flow configuration is described in a comment headed DMA buffer preparation The DMA Manager section of the Device Drivers and System Services Manual for Blackfin Processors in the online help contains introductory and reference material about managing DMA in your applications The DisplayBMP function is responsible for opening a named file con taining a suitable bitmap image reading the file s contents into a temporary frame buffer and causing the LCD driver to start displaying the new image The function s code is straightforward with the only com 5 10 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Hard Disk and LCD Screen plications involving centering cropping the
101. will use this handle to identify the driver instance in later device manager calls ADI_DEV_DIRECTION_OUTBOUND For some peripherals the device manager and sometimes the device driver requires to know whether the application is going read data from the peripheral write data to the peripheral or both If data is to flow in one direc tion only interrupt and memory resources can be saved The device manager header file lt drivers adi_dev h gt contains defini tions of three identifiers to enumerate the possibilities We select this identifier to pass as the sixth argument to adi_dev_Open because we only are sending data to the AD1980 codec adi_dma_ManagerHandle Each of the data transfer peripherals on the ADSP BF548 processor has at least one dedicated direct mem ory access DMA channel DMA relieves the device driver from writing bytes or words of data to or reading them from the periph eral programmatically All DMA channels operate in an identical manner so the SSL provides a DMA manager for the drivers The DMA manager must be initialized before use the seventh argu ment to adi_dev_Open passes in the DMA manager handle obtained elsewhere in the application DCBQueueHandle The eighth argument is the handle of another SSL service the delayed callback manager Device drivers contain code that runs when the controlled peripheral raises an interrupt The driver does what is required to service the peripheral but often needs
102. xample 6 Running one for EPPI and two for Disk define ADI_SSL_FLAG_NUM_CALLBACKS 0 number of flag callbacks define ADI_SSL_DEV_NUM_DEVICES 4 number of device drivers LCD EPPI file system ATAPI Example 6 Running Build and run the project The LCD screen first turns black and then dis plays the image from the bitmap file Figure 5 3 To clear the screen and terminate the program press and hold for a second the PB4 button on the EZ KIT Lite GREEN BLUE Figure 5 3 LCD Screen Image If the program prints an error message stating it cannot open the bitmap file ensure that you have followed the instructions in Chapter 4 Using ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite As A Mass Storage Device on page 4 1 and copied the file from your PC to the EZ KIT Lite hard disk 5 12 Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 6 USING ADSP BF548 EZ KIT LITE KEYPAD AND LED INDICATOR In this chapter we will use the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite 4 x 4 matrix keypad and six LED indicators We will use a simple event driven driver to detect keypad presses and the system services library s SSL flag service to display each press s row and column numbers on the LEDs In addi tion we will use the VisualDSP real time kernel VDK to structure our example program In this exercise you will learn about the following concepts e Event driven as opposed to data driven SSL drivers e SSL device drivers within the VDK device mode
103. y v Intel PC28F128K3C115 32 MB 16M x 16 bits e NAND flash memory v ST Micro NANDO2 2 Gb Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface e SPI flash memory v ST Micro M25P16 16 Mb e Advanced technology attachment packet interface ATAPI v Toshiba 2 5 MK4032GAX 40 GB HDD e Analog audio interface v Analog Devices AD1980 SoundMAX codec v 6 DAC channels for 5 1 surround vl input stereo MIC jack vl input stereo LINE IN jack v 1 output stereo LINE OUT HEAD PHONE OUT jack v 1 output stereo SURROUND jack v 1l output center and LFE jack e TFT LCD display with touchscreen v Sharp LQ043T1DG01 480 x 272 4 3 touchscreen LCD v Analog Devices AD7877 touchscreen controller e Ethernet interface v SMSC LAN9218 device v 10 BaseT and 100 BaseTX Ethernet controller v Integrated PHY and MAC v HP Auto MDIX e Keypad v ACT components 4 x 4 keypad assembly Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite xi e Thumbwheel v CTS Corp rotary encoder e Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UART v ADM3202 RS 232 line driver receiver v DB9 female connector e LEDs v 10 LEDs 1 power green 1 board reset red 1 USB red 6 general purpose amber and 1 USB monitor amber Push buttons v 5 push buttons 1 reset 4 programmable flags with debounce logic e Expansion interface all ADSP BF548 processor signals e Other features v JTAG ICE 14 pin header v USB OTG connector v HO
104. ystem Description of the ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Manual hardware and software components VisualDSP Users Guide Description of VisualDSP features and usage VisualDSP Assembler and Preprocessor Man Description of the assembler function and ual commands xviii Getting Started with ADSP BF548 EZ KIT Lite Preface Table 2 Related VisualDSP Publications Contd Title Description VisualDSP C C Complier and Library Description of the complier function and com Manual for Blackfin Processors mands for Blackfin processors VisualDSP Linker and Utilities Manual Description of the linker function and com mands VisualDSP Loader and Utilities Manual Description of the loader splitter function and commands VisualDSP Device Drivers and System Services Description of the device drivers and system Manual for Blackfin Processors services functions and commands If you plan to use the EZ KIT Lite board in conjunction with a JTAG emulator also refer to the documentation that accompanies the emulator All documentation is available online Most documentation is available in printed form Visit the Technical Library Web site to access all processor and tools man uals and data sheets http www analog com processors technicalSupport technicalLi brary Online Technical Documentation Online documentation comprises the VisualDSP Help system software tools manua

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