PDF - Cygwin/X User`s Guide
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1. esesseseseeseeseeneeeereneen eene remettre 13 Starting in Windowed mode startx eeesssssssssseseeeeeeeee eene enne nnne tnter 14 Notes for advanced usets eie rr ottico tiem n ea edi reete 14 Obsolete startup inethods ccs EE he edite a ee ies 15 Switching out OF C yg WII cepe tren i EE ERE ERE EGRE aptvece ss SEGUE NES EFE KESE TEE RE FH TES NaN 15 otopping CVBWID X 4 Obere ottico actae d deba ase eir debeas ey 15 Window MANAGES uite ert reri ce eroe aside pr re er Em ve cul ederet ee 15 Windows Clipboard integration sess eene nennen eene A ES DANESE EES 16 Shared memory SupDOEL occus cte epe ete e RE eHRE aA ER ONE SEXT NER STE CR TEREN 16 Displaying remote clients cem DD edm ne Ud 17 Secure SSI sex ses oy 17 Insecure telnet or rsh Not recommended sess 18 Remote sessions via XDMCP ione ER rr ek t EIE CURE HERES GER RI IER SORORIS 19 GIONE CCIS OE 20 Input 1nternationalizatioh 2 nr tet etr rrr Petr Le ERE HC Ae SEE dudes i te tops 22 Compose key Multi key eise tereti tuit datu ro doe G et o dE pe EXP NE e Pr dE ENS d age 22 Input Method Editors IMES eese nennen nennen nnne nnne nnne 22 Starting the bus UME ece ette teet etia de dob did re oe eo e Sura eue darn 22 Starting Other IMES aie it oca epit eb ed ie E E HP RE HERE D ERES 22 Terminal Server or Fast User2. holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License for any work from that copyright holder and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it 10 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns See Copyleft http www gnu org copyleft Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document specifies that a
3. using the best performing engine that is installed on your system with clipboard integration enabled You do not need to pass any parameters to X to use the default behavior Up to date documentation of X options can be read with man XWin http x cygwin com docs man1 X Win 1 html XWinrc configuration file With the XWinrc configuration file it is possible to Add items and submenus into the menu opened by right clicking on the notification area icon In multiwindow mode add items and submenus into the Windows window system menu opened by clicking on the icon in the top left of the Windows window frame and override the window icon and window styles for Windows windows by window name or window class name Full documentation of the XWinrc file format and command can be read with man XWinrc http x cygwin com docs man5 X Winrc 5 html Notes 1 Although this can be worked around to some extent by using a utility like xroot http www sealiesoftware com xroot c which provides a clickable area of root window 12 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Starting Cygwin X Described below are several methods of starting up the Cygwin X X Server with a startup utility that optionally starts initial clients for example a terminal a window manager or a desktop environment and performs X server configuration for example loading a keyboard map Starting in multiwindow mode startxwin The custom XWin startup utility startx
4. List on the Title Page as authors one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document all of its principal authors if it has fewer than five unless they release you from this requirement C State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version as the publisher D Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document E Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices F Include immediately after the copyright notices a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License in the form shown in the Addendum below 27 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License G Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document s license notice H Include an unaltered copy of this License I Preserve the section Entitled History Preserve its Title and add to it an item stating at least the title year new authors and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page If there is no section Entitled History in the Document create one stating the title year authors and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence J Preserv
5. Switching sesesssssesssseeeeeeneeenrenee rennen enne rennes 23 Customizing the notification area icon menu ssssssssseseeeeeeeenen eene eene emen 23 A GNU Free Documentation License eere eee eee eese estne n senta eats enata sensns sto stas tasto sensns estu sens 25 end 32 iii List of Tables 4 1 Summary of OpenGL rendering options Chapter 1 Cygwin X Overview Cygwin X is a port of the X Window System to Cygwin The Cygwin library provides a UNIX like API on the Win32 platform Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Installing Cygwin X Cygwin has a nice setup program that downloads and installs the necessary Cygwin packages for you 1 Open the Cygwin http cygwin com page in your web browser 2 Click on the setup x86 exe http cygwin com setup x86 exe 32 bit installation or setup x86_64 exe http cygwin com setup x86_64 exe 64 bit installation link to download the appropriate setup program from the primary Cygwin server Save it to the directory that you would like to store the downloaded packages in e g c download Do not save to c cygwin as that is the default directory for the extraction and installation of the downloaded packages 3 Run the Cygwin setup program and you will see the welcome screen Cygwin Setup 4 Click Next to proceed to the next screen 5 Choose Install from
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7. an MMC contained in the site under CC BY SA on the same site at any time before August 1 2009 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page Copyright YEAR YOUR NAME Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License If you have Invariant Sections Front Cover Texts and Back Cover Texts replace the with Texts line with this with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES with the Front Cover Texts being LIST and with the Back Cover Texts being LIST If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts or some other combination of the three merge those two alternatives to suit the situation If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license such as the GNU General Public License to permit their use in free software 31 Colophon This docume
8. like to have available You may also want to ensure that the openssh package is selected if you wish to use ssh connections to run remote X clients You may also want to ensure that the inetutils or rsh packages are selected if you wish to use telnet or rsh connections to run remote X clients not recommended You can run setup again in the future to add more packages Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Select Packages Select packages to install G C Keep C Prev Cur C Ep Mew Category 175k xorg 4iles X Org Imake config 5 430k xorg docs Xorg documentation 8k xorg scripts Xorg miscellaneous 3 728k xorg server X Org X servers 2k xorg sgml doctools Xorg SGML 11k xorg til macros Xorg aclocal m 4 883k xpdf An open source viewer for 34k xpr X Org X window dump d gt JV Hide obsolete packages 16 Click Next to begin the download process you may want to try another mirror if you see a Connecting message on this screen for a long period of time 85 Cygwin Setup Ini xl x This page displays the progress of the download or installation Downloading xorg server 1 5 3 5 tar bz2 from http www mirrorservice org sit 85 3276k 3817k 19 7 kb s Package Es Total I ILU Disk NENNEN Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X 17 After the packages are downloaded setup will automatically begin to install them 74 Cygwin Setup 18 I highly recommend allowing Cy
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10. the display number parameter such as 0 A display number is not the same as a screen number as a single display can have multiple screens associated with it Each display listens on a different network port number so each display can connect to multiple machines Start Cygwin X with command lines similar to the following to login to several remote sessions using XDMCP X 0 query remote hostname or ip address 0 X 1 query remote hostname or ip address 1 Note that the display number parameter is a general X Server parameter not specific to Cygwin X Further documentation of the display number parameter can be found in the X Server manual page http x cygwin com docs man l Xserver 1 html XDMCP is a complex system that is not specific to Cygwin X further discussion of XDMCP is beyond the scope of this document You may wish to read the Linux XDMCP HOWTO http en tldp org HOWTO XDMCP HOWTO or the X Server XDMCP Options http x cygwin com docs man 1 Xserver 1 html lbAH for more information 19 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Note For security reasons XDMCP is not enabled by default on most modern UNIX distributions You will have to enable remote logins to your X Display Manager xdm kdm gdm etc See the configuration documentation for your X Display Manager and or UNIX distribution The Cygwin X FAQ section on XDMCP http x cygwin com docs faq cygwin x faq html xdmcp may also be helpful Note XDMCP suffers f
11. unmodified and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers The combined work need only contain one copy of this License and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it in parentheses the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known or else a unique number Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work In the combination you must combine any sections Entitled History in the various original documents forming one section Entitled History likewise combine any sections Entitled Acknowledgements and any sections Entitled Dedications You must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements 6 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects You may extract a single document from such a collection and distribute it individually under t
12. Cygwin X User s Guide Harold L Hunt Il Jon Turney Cygwin X User s Guide by Harold L Hunt II by Jon Turney Copyright c 2000 Harold L Hunt II Copyright A 2009 2015 Jon Turney Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections with no Front Cover Texts and with no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License Table of Contents 1 Cygwin X Overview 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Installing Cy SWIM X oir tette reich eri mte E ett EY eir E RE Dn be Eod etri E E eM EE 2 Men niil C 10 Config ration OVerVIBW i eeeetcoirert heiter ti bebe teet eub e eet eee Exe besut ones EE gene cee rado 10 Windowtng mode ea tect E e re b IEEE RE 10 Command line parameters sssesesesseeeeseeeneeeee nennen netet tret etre tre trt rne treten enne testen 12 Peces niue 12 AM USING Cy SWIX C Ec sinais asis 13 Startins CygwIn X ai cade nme deve Re deed dece ty WEA Dent op PES 13 Starting in multiwindow mode startxwin eesseeseeeeeeeeeeeee nennen nnne nnne 13 Starting an X desktop environment session or X window manager in windowed mode 13 Starting an X session with XLaunch
13. Cygwin shell 18 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X 5 Login to your remote machine 6 Ensure the DISPLAY environment variable is set correctly in your remote session export DISPLAY windows hostname or ip address 0 0 7 You can now launch remote X clients in your ssh session for example xterm amp will launch an xterm running on your remote host that will display on your Cygwin X screen 8 Launch other remote clients in the same manner I recommend starting the remote clients in the background by appending amp to the command name so that you don t have to open several telnet or rsh sessions Note This is insecure because 1 when you log in your username and password may be transmitted in clear across the network between you and the remote host 2 the X protocol is transmitted in clear across the network between you and the remote host and 3 you have allowed any user on the remote host to connect to your X server and monitor your X session For these reasons use ssh forwarding if at all possible Remote sessions via XDMCP Cygwin X can be used login to one or several remote sessions using XDMCP X Display Manager Control Protocol Start Cygwin X with a command similar to the following to login to a single remote session using XDMCP X query remote hostname or ip address You may login to several remote sessions with a single or multiple hosts using XDMCP Each session will need a separate display number specified by
14. Each top level X window appears in its own Windows window Note This is typically used to work with local or remote X applications integrated into your native Windows desktop e g X applications emacs gitk and xterm and Windows applications explorer and firefox in multiwindow mode Il Chapter 3 Configuring Cygwin X Rootless mode rootless The X root window is hidden from view but top level X windows are drawn Note This is typically used to work with local or remote X applications integrated into your native Windows desktop but controlled using the X window manager of your choice Because the X root window is hidden in this mode this is not particulaly useful with X window managers with which you need to interact with the root window for example clicking on the root window to get a menu listing programs you can launch but is more useful with X window managers which work with a dock or panel window for selecting applications from Also note that the X window manager has no knowledge of the stacking of Windows windows and vice versa so raising one X window above a Windows window raises all of the X windows and raising one Windows window above an X window raises it above all of the X windows Exactly as if all X windows were being drawn into a hidden Windows window Command line parameters Cygwin X by default runs in windowed mode with the largest window that will fit on your Windows desktop
15. Internet this will still save the package files to your download directory so that you can install Cygwin on any number of machines Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Cygwin Setup Choose Installation Type 6 Click Next to proceed to the next screen 7 The default Install Root is c cygwin which should be fine for most installations Leave Default Text File Type as UNIX Leave Install For set to All unless you lack local administrative privileges Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Cygwin Setup Choose Installation Directory Select Root Install Directory Select the directory where you want to install Cygwin Also choose a few G installation parameters r Root Directory Cygwin Browse rM Install For Default Text File Type All Users RECOMMENDED Unix binary RECOMMENDED Cygwin will be available to all users of No line translation done all files opened the system NOTE This is required if in binary mode Files on disk will have you wish to run services like sshd etc LF line endings C Just Me C DOS text Cygwin will only be available to the Line endings will be translated from unix current user Only select this if you lack LF to DOS CR LF on write and vice versa on read Admin privileges or you have specific needs Read more about file modes 8 Click Next to proceed to the next screen 9 Local Package Directory should default to the directory that you ran the setup pr
16. L outputs something mentioning your graphics card vendor you have hardware accelerated rendering If it mentions Mesa you have software rendering Please ensure you are using the latest display drivers for your graphics hardware before reporting any visual issues with WGL Known issues OpenGL drawing is just drawn on top of the X window This works well enough when the OpenGL window is a top level window or is non top level and has no occluding relatives and is drawn after anything it occludes but can mis render in more complex scenarios OpenGL windows with static contents aren t re drawn when occluded by a native Window and then exposed Workaround force the window to redraw e g by resizing it When an OpenGL window is behind a native application window which uses layered windows for translucency the OpenGL rendering is drawn over the top flickering 21 Input Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Rendering to GLX pixmaps is only partially implemented due to WGL limitations internationalization Compose key Multi key The compose key is a dead key which introduces a multi key sequence to generate a character You can configure the compose key by using setxkbmap e g setxkbmap option compose rctrl or starting the X server with the xkboption option e g X xkboption compose ralt The possibilities for the compose key e g ralt lwin rwin menu lctrl rctrl caps etc are listed in the xkeyboard config 7 http ww
17. d name so that you don t have to open several ssh sessions Note By default the OpenSSH server does not allow forwarded X connections This must be configured on the remote host by adding x11Forwarding yes to the ssha config configuration file The OpenSSH server must be restarted or SIGHUP ed to re read the configuration file after it is changed Note The OpenSSH server requires the xauth command to be available to forward X connections Consequently it must be installed on the remote host Insecure telnet or rsh Not recommended An example of connecting remote clients using host based authorization On your Windows machine 1 Make sure you have the inetutils package installed for telnet or rsh package for rsh 2 Launch Cygwin X Note You must provide the 7isten tcp option to startx or startxwin so that the X server will listen for TCP IP connections See this FAQ fag cygwin x faq html q remote clients cant connect for more details 3 In an X terminal use the xhost command to allow the remote host access to make connections to your X server xhost remote hostname or ip address 4 Run the telnet or rsh command to connect to the remote host usr bin telnet remote hostname or ip address or rsh remote hostname or ip address Note Use the explicit path to ensure that Cygwin s telnet is run instead of Microsoft s telnet Microsoft s telnet cannot read input or display output correctly when run from a
18. e remote machine using telnet or rsh and directing clients to connect to the server by setting the DISPLAY environment variable This method is insecure and not recommended Secure ssh On your Windows machine 1 Make sure you have the openssh package installed 2 Launch Cygwin X 3 Ensure the DISPLAY environment variable is set correctly This step is not neccessary if you are entering your commands into an X terminal as DISPLAY must already be set in that case export DISPLAY 0 0 4 Run the ssh command to connect to the remote host ssh Y username8 remote hostname or ip address 5 Enter your password when prompted by ssh 6 Your ssh session should now show you a shell prompt for your remote machine Note The ssh server will automatically set the DISPLAY environment variable appropriately typically to something like localhost 10 0 so clients will connect to a proxy X11 display on the remote host from which the X11 protocol will be forwarded over ssh to your X server If your login scripts unconditionally set DISPLAY to something else this will break X11 forwarding 17 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X 7 You can now launch remote X clients in your ssh session for example xterm amp will launch an xterm running on your remote host that will display on your Cygwin X screen 8 Launch other remote clients in the same manner I recommend starting the remote clients in the background by appending amp to the comman
19. e the network location if any given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on These may be placed in the History section You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission K For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications Preserve the Title of the section and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and or dedications given therein L Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document unaltered in their text and in their titles Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles M Delete any section Entitled Endorsements Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version N Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Endorsements or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section O Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers If the Modified Version includes new front matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant To do this add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version s licen
20. for fcitx gcim iiimf scim uim etc Terminal Server or Fast User Switching When multiple users may start X servers on same computer each X server must have a unique display number Instead of specifying a display number using the display number option such as 0 starting the X server with the displayfd option locates an unused display number and writes it to the specified file descriptor startx xinit and startxwin notice this option and transparently use it to determine the display number for any clients they start and then pass on the display number to the specified file descriptor Note It may be necessary to also use the engine 1 option GDI drawing for the X server windows to draw correctly when connecting to a Terminal Server using RDP depending on the Windows version and or graphics driver in use Note Automatically communicating the allocated display number to all future X clients started by the user who started the X server is left as an exercise for the reader Customizing the notification area icon menu You can customize the right click menu for the XWin icon in the Windows notification area system tray using the XWinrc file e g cp etc X11 system XWinrc etc X11 xinit xinitre XWinrc edit Xwinrc as desired See the Section called XWinrc configuration file in Chapter 3 for more details Notes 1 startxwin is a specialized version of startx with a few differences appropriate to running i
21. gwin Setup to create Desktop and Start Menu icons for you these icons simply launch a bash shell Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Cygwin Setup Installation Status and Create Icons 19 Click Finish to close the setup program You have now successfully installed Cygwin X Chapter 3 Configuring Cygwin X Configuration overview Cygwin X settings are configured primarily through command line parameters passed to x A XWinrc file is used to configure the notification area icon menu and customize window appearance in multiwindow mode Windowing mode Cygwin X can be configured to present X windows for an X screen in three different ways Windowed or rooted mode default Each X screen appears as a single Windows window and all X windows are contained within those windows the Windows window contains the X root window for the screen Note This is typically used to present a virtual full screen X session using the X desktop environment or window manager of your choice or for remote XDMCP sessions e g r fedoro An XDMCP session to a remote Fedora host 10 Chapter 3 Configuring Cygwin X xfce4 terminal and emacs under the Openbox window manager in windowed mode The nodecoration option can be used to remove the Windows window decorations from the X screen window Alternatively the fullscreen option can be used to show the X screen in exclusive fullscreen mode Multiwindow mode multiwindow
22. he notification area icon menu See the Section called Command line parameters in Chapter 3 for more information on the no clipboard and no primary command line options Shared memory support Shared memory is needed by the MIT SHM and XFree86 BigFont extensions which may provide better performance for local applications which use large images or fonts and are written to use those extensions In Cygwin XSI shared memory is provided by the cygserver Windows service To install cygserver install it using the setup program run the cygserver config script to install the service and then reboot or use cygrunsrv S cygserver to start the service 16 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Note This note is applicable to Cygwin 1 5 only Cygwin 1 7 automatically enables shared memory if the cygserver Windows service is running Shared memory will only be used if the cycwrw environment variable contains the server keyword For example starting X with CYGWIN server X or setting the cycwrzN environment variable in the Windows control panel to contain server will enable shared memory support if the cygserver service is running Displaying remote clients Displaying remote X clients with Cygwin X is identical to displaying remote X clients with any other X Server It is recommended that you use the secure method of tunnelling the X connection over ssh Alternatively you can use the host based access control provided by the X server connecting to th
23. his License provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document 7 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation s users beyond what the individual works permit When the Document is included in an aggregate this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate the Document s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate 8 TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in additi
24. is in part a textbook of mathematics a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters or of legal commercial philosophical ethical or political position regarding them The Invariant Sections are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated as being those of Invariant Sections in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none 25 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License The Cover Texts are certain short passages of text that are listed as Front Cover Texts or Back Cover Texts in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License A Front Cover Text may be at most 5 words and a Back Cover Text may be at most 25 words A Transparent copy of the Document means a machine readable copy represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or for images composed of pixels generic paint programs or for drawings some widely available drawing editor and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translatio
25. n multiwindow mode rather than windowed mode e startxwin supplies the multiwindow option to X t uses a different script to start clients startxwinrc rather than xinitrc because xinitrc Will normally end by starting a window manager which would be incorrect for 23 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X startxwinrc asit would discover the internal window manager is already running and exit immediately Note that startxwin no longer exits after startxwinrc has completed leaving X running but similar to startx waits until startxwinrc exits and then kills X If you don t want the X server to exit until explicitly told to do so end your startxwinrc with something like exec sleep infinity It s not recommended to start start xwin from a MS DOS shell or by double clicking it in Windows Explorer To do so means that the X server is not started from a login shell and programs started from the notification area icon menu will not inherit the environment of a login shell This may lead to unexpected behaviour for example if you have customizations to your login shell start up scripts which set environment variables Alternatively these sessions can be started from the command line e g startx usr bin dbus launch mate session Or echo usr bin dbus launch startxfce4 xinitrc and then running startx Note that startxwin and startx use the special option to mark the end of client options and the beginni
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27. ng of server options So for example if you wish to also start the X server with the options emulate3buttons and noclipboard as described in the Section called Command line parameters in Chapter 3 use the following command startx usr bin fvwm2 emulate3buttons noclipboard pressing the keys in that order Right Alt Shift is 4th level shift 24 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 3 November 2008 Copyright 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 Free Software Foundation Inc http www fsf org Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed 0 PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual textbook or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it with or without modifying it either commercially or noncommercially Secondarily this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others This License is a kind of copyleft which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense It complements the GNU General Public License which is a copyleft license designed for free software We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software because free software needs free doc
28. nt to the public A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below such as Acknowledgements Dedications Endorsements or History To Preserve the Title of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section Entitled XYZ according to this definition The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License but only as regards disclaiming warranties any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License 2 VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium either commercially or noncommercially provided that this License the copyright notices and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute However you may accept compensation in exchange for copies If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
29. nt was produced from DocBook http docbook org source XML using OpenJade http openjade sourceforge net and the DocBook DSSSL Stylesheets The production process for this instance of this document was started at 2015 06 05 13 24 32
30. ntegration The X Window System uses its own clipboard system that is distinct from the clipboard system used by Windows Copying and pasting text between these two clipboard systems requires a clipboard integration program that watches for updates to either clipboard and copies data between them when either one is updated Cygwin X has an internal clipboard integration program that is enabled by default The clipboard integration monitors the X PRIMARY selected highlighted text and CLIBPOARD cut copied text selections for changes in ownership and makes the contents of the most recent one to change available to paste from the Windows clipboard It also monitors the contents of the Windows clipboard for changes taking ownership of the PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD selections and making the contents of the Windows clipboard available in them Note Some X clients notably ones written in Tcl Tk do not re assert ownership of the PRIMARY selection or update it s timestamp when it s contents change which currently prevents the clipboard integration program from correctly noticing that the PRIMARY selection s contents have changed Note With some X clients it may be inconvenient that updating the PRIMARY selection causes that to overwrite the Windows clipboard contents you were just about to paste so monitoring of the X PRIMARY selection can be disabled using the noprimary option or temporarily using the Clipboard may use PRIMARY selection toggle on t
31. ogram from Cygwin Setup Select Local Package Directory 1nl x fer you er c Select a directory where you want Setup to store the installation files it downloads The directory will be created if it does not already exist Local Package Directory C download Browse Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X 10 Click Next to proceed to the next screen 11 Choose your proxy setup or just choose Direct Connection if no proxy is needed Cygwin Setup Select Connection Type 12 Click Next to proceed to the next screen 13 Select your nearest mirror for downloading Chapter 2 Setting Up Cygwin X Cygwin Setup Choose Download Site s 14 Click Next to proceed to the next screen setup will download a list of available packages as it moves to the next screen 15 On the next screen you will select the packages that will be downloaded and installed A listing of the Cygwin X packages is given below a listing of the general Cygwin packages would be beyond the scope of this document Cygwin X packages are located in the X11 category xorg server required the Cygwin X X Server xinit required scripts for starting the X server xinit startx startwin and a shortcut on the Start Menu to run it startxdmcp bat xorg docs optional man pages xlaunch optional a wizard for starting X sessions You may also select any X client programs you want to use and any fonts you would
32. on to the original versions of these Invariant Sections You may include a translation of this License and all the license notices in the Document and any Warranty Disclaimers provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer the original version will prevail 29 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements Dedications or History the requirement section 4 to Preserve its Title section 1 will typically require changing the actual title 9 TERMINATION You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense or distribute it is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However if you cease all violation of this License then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated a provisionally unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license and b permanently if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation Moreover your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright
33. rom some of the same security problems noted in the previous section but unfortunately cannot be tunnelled over ssh due to it s use of UDP A similar effect can be achieved with a command like ssh Y remote hostname or ip address Xnest 1 query localhost Note In some cases e g if you have multiple network interfaces it may be necessary to use the from local ip parameter to specify the local IP address to be used OpenGL GLX Note Hardware accelerated OpenGL is still under active development and should be considered beta quality but should be working well enough to be useful Please report problems with specific OpenGL applications to the cygwin mailing list The Cygwin X X Server supports both software OpenGL rendering using the mesa software renderer and hardware accelerated OpenGL rendering using the native Windows OpenGL WGL interface The X server command line options wg1 and nowg1 turn on and off the use of the native Windows OpenGL implementation Currently wg1 is only supported in multiwindow mode and is on by default in that mode wg1 has no effect if your display driver does not support hardware accelerated OpenGL Table 4 1 Summary of OpenGL rendering options hardware accelerated rendering software rendering a indirect Uses GLX protocol limited to OpenGL 1 4 start server with iglx nowgl options export LIBGL ALWAYS INDIRECTZ ILLIBGL ALWAYS INDIRECT 1 start server with tigl
34. s included in the x1aunch package installed by following the instructions in the Section called Installing Cygwin X in Chapter 2 Run xlaunch using the XLaunch shortcut under Cygwin X on the Start Menu Full documentation for xlaunch is available as online help within the program Starting in windowed mode startx Use the standard X Window System startx command and its associated xinitrc configuration file Run startx in a Cygwin shell startx Full documentation for startx can be read with man startx http www x org releases X 1 IR7 5 doc man manl startx 1 html You may create a xinitrc from the template in etc X11 xinit xinitrc and then customize xinitrc to start client programs and configure your X server cp etc X11 xinit xinitre xinitre edit xinitrc as desired Note startx waits until xinitrc exits which is often waiting for a window manager started by it to exit and then kills X so the last client started by should be started with exec and without amp Alternatively if you just want to start a single client program perhaps a window manager you don t need to use a xinitrc and can start the client directly from startx e g startx usr bin fvwm2 Note The client name supplied to startx must begin with or otherwise it is treated as an option to the default xterm client Notes for advanced users Advanced users may wish to start the X server by invoking XWin directl
35. se notice These titles must be distinct from any other section titles You may add a section Entitled Endorsements provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties for example statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front Cover Text and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back Cover Text to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version Only one passage of Front Cover Text and one of Back Cover Text may be added by or through arrangements made by any one entity If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of you may not add another but you may replace the old one on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one The author s and publisher s of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version 5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions provided that you include in the combination all of the 28 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Invariant Sections of all of the original documents
36. t the upper left corner of the X screen window frame Using the unixkill option allows the Ctrl Alt Backspace key combination to shutdown the X Server If clients are still connected to the X server you will be prompted to confirm you wish to shutdown the X server Window managers A window manager is required in order to decorate move resize and perform other operations on individual X windows Cygwin X can work with window managers in several different ways Internal window manager for multiwindow mode The internal window manager that creates a Windows window for each top level X window is automatically started when using the multiwindow command line parameter to X See the Section called Command line parameters in Chapter 3 for more information on the multiwindow command line parameter 15 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X External local window managers e g twm mwm part of the motif package fvwm2 openbox aewm WindowMaker These local window managers must be installed on Cygwin and run locally Remote window managers started by logging into an XDMCP session You can read more about XDMCP in the Section called Remote sessions via XDMCP Remote window manager launched through an ssh tunnel This is not Cygwin X specific so you should be able to find information about launching remote window managers from other sources See the Section called Secure ssh for more information on using ssh Windows Clipboard i
37. the conditions in section 3 You may also lend copies under the same conditions stated above and you may publicly display copies 26 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 3 COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies or copies in media that commonly have printed covers of the Document numbering more than 100 and the Document s license notice requires Cover Texts you must enclose the copies in covers that carry clearly and legibly all these Cover Texts Front Cover Texts on the front cover and Back Cover Texts on the back cover Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible You may add other material on the covers in addition Copying with changes limited to the covers as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly you should put the first ones listed as many as fit reasonably on the actual cover and continue the rest onto adjacent pages If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100 you must either include a machine readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer network location from which the general network using public has
38. umentation a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does But this License is not limited to software manuals it can be used for any textual work regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference 1 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work in any medium that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License Such a notice grants a world wide royalty free license unlimited in duration to use that work under the conditions stated herein The Document below refers to any such manual or work Any member of the public is a licensee and is addressed as you You accept the license if you copy modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law A Modified Version of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it either copied verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language A Secondary Section is a named appendix or a front matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document s overall subject or to related matters and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject Thus if the Document
39. w x org releases current doc man man7 xkeyboard config 7 html man page Alternatively the option 1v3 ralt switch multikey configures Right Alt as 3rd level shift Shift Right Alt as Compose Note that this option is on by default in the gb layout The standard compose key sequences available are determined by the locale Refer to the compose key sequence charts http www x org releases current doc libX 1 1 i18n compose libX 1 1 keys html for the available compose key sequences for each locale Note that most locales using a Microsoft codepage character set e g with a LANG environment variable of the form rr cC CPnnn are not currently recognized by Xlib See the Compose 5 http www x org releases current doc man man5 Compose 5 html man page for more details on how the locale is mapped to a compose key sequence file and how to configure custom compose key sequences Input Method Editors IMEs If an IME is configured it should be started as part of a remote session See the Section called Remote sessions via XDMCP To use an IME with remote clients started from a command line See the Section called Displaying remote clients the IME must be started explicitly e g Starting the ibus IME After configuring ibus with ibus setup start the ibus daemon ibus daemon drx and set XMODIFIERS so XIM clients will use ibus export XMODIFIERS im ibus 22 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Starting other IMEs Similarly
40. win starts the X server in multiwindow mode along with a single X terminal startxwin is included in the xinit package installed by following the instructions in the Section called Installing Cygwin X in Chapter 2 Run startxwin by using the XWin Server shortcut under Cygwin X on the Start Menu Starting usr bin startxwin in a Cygwin shell startxwin You may create a startxwinrc script to customize the client programs started rather than a single xterm Full documentation for startxwin can be read with man startxwin http x cygwin com docs man l startxwin 1 html Starting an X desktop environment session or X window manager in windowed mode Several of these are packaged for Cygwin MATE Desktop Environment install the nate session manager package Openbox window manager install the openbox package WindowMaker window manager install the WindowMaker package Xfce Desktop Environment install the x Ce4 session package and use the provided Start Menu shortcut Packages for several other desktop environments e g GNOME KDE LXDE ROX Sugar and window managers e g Blackbox dwm Enlightenment Fluxbox are available in cygwinports http cygwinports org 13 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Starting an X session with XLaunch XLaunch is a GUI wizard for starting the Cygwin X X server and a local or remote X client These sessions can be saved and shared as x 1aunch files XLaunch i
41. x wgl options export 20 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X software rendering a hardware accelerated rendering direct start server with wg1 option export LIBGL USE WGL 1 b local clients only Notes a The software renderer used e g Ilvmpipe softpipe can be selected using the GALLIUM DRIVER environment variable b Since direct accelerated rendering is currently experimental the LIBGL USE WGL environment variable is required to enable it but that will be removed when the feature is mature at which point it will be the default and export LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE 1 will be required to force software rendering Currently the default configurations are For local clients the default is direct software rendering To use the experimental direct hardware accelerated rendering you must do export LIBGL USE WGL 1 before starting the client application Forremote clients Mesa s libGL prefers to use client side software rendering and then transfer the rendered image to the server To force indirect rendering which takes place on the server you must start the server with the iglx option and do export LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT 1 before starting the client application There is a performance trade off between rendering performance and network latency so you might wish to try both direct and indirect rendering and see which performs best in your specific circumstances If glxinfo grep OpenG
42. y for example to start XDMCP sessions See the Section called Remote sessions via XDMCP If you want to have a Start Menu shortcut which runs startxwin with custom options you should use a copy of the Start Menu shortcut installed by xinit so that your changes are not overwritten when the xinit package is updated 14 Chapter 4 Using Cygwin X Obsolete startup methods The MS DOS batch file startxwin bat and bash shell script startxwin sh previously used to start the X server are no longer provided This implementation made it difficult to reliably wait until the the X server had started before starting any clients Use start xwin instead The executable startxwin exe previously used to start the X server has been retired and replaced with a shell script startxwin Switching out of Cygwin X When running in windowed mode press Alt Tab to switch from Cygwin X to your Windows desktop or other running Windows applications Stopping Cygwin X When you are done using Cygwin X you can shutdown the X server by Selecting the Exit option from the notification area icon menu In Windowed mode Press Alt F4 to shutdown the X Server This can be disabled using the nowinkill option In Windowed mode Close the X server window in the conventional ways e g by clicking on the X button at the upper right corner of the X screen window frame or choosing Close from the control menu opened by left clicking on the X logo icon a
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