Chapter 1
Contents
1. Figure 1 7 The Apple IIgs keyboard If there s a lot of dust down in there do your best to blow it out A few major components you should see include the power supply on the left the RAM chips near the front the expansion slots to the back and many other small integrated circuit chips abound The Apple II and II Plus have over 100 chips laid out in a grid The later models the Ile and Ilgs have far fewer less than half that amount One of these chips is responsible for acting as the Apple s brain Its the microprocessor or CPU Central Processing Unit and is called either a 6502 65002 or 650816 depending on what model of Apple you have Direct your attention to the rectangular slots at the back of the motherboard If you have an Apple IIgs then it is possible that all seven of them are empty As it turns out a lot of common functionality which was provided by expansion cards is built in to the IIgs However if you have any older model of Apple II then there should be at least one card there maybe even two The New Apple Il User s Guide Figure 1 8 The Apple II and II Plus motherboard Memory Unless you have an Apple IIgs or a souped up Ile your Apple s memory is measured in kilobytes a term often abbreviated as K or KB 1K is equal to 1 024 bytes The byte is the smallest unit of memory capable of storing exactly one character Most Apples have 128K of total memory However if you have an origi2. does not have as many built in fea tures compared to the IIgs The IIc and IIc Plus are distinctive for the built in disk drive which can come in quite handy but are limited by lack of expansion slots The Keyboard All models of Apple except for the IIgs have a built in typewriter style keyboard The Apple IIgs differs in that its keyboard is not built into the case but is instead detached If you have an Apple IIgs or a Platinum Ile then there is also a numeric keypad on the right hand side An external numeric keypad is an optional add on for the Apple II II Plus and earlier Ile models Most of the keys should be familiar to you letters and numbers the SPACE BAR and the SHIFT keys Others are unique to the Apple Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple The earliest models of Apple the II and II Plus only type upper case letters Starting with the IIe lowercase became a built in op tion Therefore the SHIFT key on the Apple II and II Plus is only used to produce the upper character on the numeric and alpha betic keys with one exception The G key has the word BELL printed above it but SHIFT G does not make a bell on the screen Read on to find out what this key s alternate use is Special Keys Common to All Models Each model of Apple II has a keyboard with a different set of spe cial keys However some keys are common among all models CONTROL Or CTRL This key is used in conjunction with another key to send a certain
3. printers use a better print head which pro duces crisper type that looks as good as a typewriter Dot matrix printers produce output which is of lesser quality compared to a letter quality printer but have the advantage of being more versa tile they can print graphics Many different types of printers were manufactured for use with the Apple II over the years A popular printer for the Apple II is the Apple ImageWriter II The ImageWriter II is a dot matrix printer and can even print in color with the appropriate ribbon 24 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Figure 1 14 Left to right IIgs Mouse AppleMouse 116 Mouse IIc Figure 1 15 The Apple ImageWriter II printer 25 The New Apple Il User s Guide Printer Connections Printers connect to the Apple using one of two methods serial or parallel The technical details of the two methods are beyond the scope of this chapter but suffice it to say you will need to obtain an appropriate printer expansion card for your type of printer The ImageWriter II happens to use a serial connection Fortunately the Apple 116 16 Plus and Ilgs all have a built in serial port These models of Apple will need a parallel card if the printer s connection is parallel however The Apple II II Plus and Ile do not have any built in printer connection and will need an expan sion card no matter what type of printer you have Printer Buffers Ordinarily when you send a document to b
4. signal or command to the Apple For exam ple CONTROL G makes a beep To use this key hold down the CON TROL key then press a letter or number key Finally release both keys ESCAPE or ESC If you become stuck in a program you may try pressing the ESCAPE key to exit from it Other programs require one to press ESCAPE to cancel the current operation In addition the ESCAPE key is used in cursor control movements known as Es cape key sequences These are explained in Chapter 2 RESET Pressing the RESET key will end whatever program is cur rently running and return control of the Apple to the keyboard On the earliest models of Apple a press of the RESET key alone would do the trick With newer models the CONTROL key must be held down while the RESET key is pressed This combination is a requirement that was designed to avoid accidental resets of the Apple LEFT ARROW and RIGHT ARROW These keys are also used to control the screen cursor On the earliest models of Apple the II and II Plus the LEFT ARROW key is the only way to back up and correct a typing mistake The Apple IIe and later models also have up and down arrows Special Keys on the Apple Il and Il Plus The only unique key on these models is the REPT key which stands for repeat This key is used to automatically repeat an The New Apple Il User s Guide other key For example to back the cursor over many spaces hold down REPT and the LEFT ARROW key simul
5. the keyboard and screen and allows you to look at and modify the Apple s memory as well as load and execute pro grams A further operating system known as DOS is responsible for managing data on a disk drive DOS which stands for 16 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Disk Operating System must be loaded into your Apple before a disk may be used The second type of software known as applications is what you use to perform everyday tasks on the Apple such as typing a let ter managing a database designing graphics or even just playing a game Applications software relies on the operating system to function Without an operating system you would have a hard time running an application program Over the thirty five years of its life more than 10 000 application programs have been written for the Apple II series Therefore it is quite likely that the program you re looking for has already been written However if you need something specialized you can pro gram the Apple to do it Later chapters in this book will instruct you on how to write your own programs Generally speaking all software for the Apple is compatible with all models There are some exceptions though The IIgs in par ticular is the biggest exception Software written specifically for the Apple IIgs cannot run on any older Apple such as the IIc or Ile However the Apple IIgs is compatible with nearly all older software The small number of programs which w
6. 6 kilobytes of additional RAM and 2 kilobytes of ROM Figure 1 9 The Apple Language Card in an Apple II or II Plus 13 The New Apple Il User s Guide Peripheral Expansion Cards Every model of Apple except for the IIc and IIc Plus has a number of expansion slots at the back of the motherboard In these slots are placed various peripheral cards which add functionality to the Apple II similar to PCI cards in today s computers Hardly anyone runs an Apple without any cards for even features which one might take for granted today such as the disk drive require an expansion card in most models of Apple During the course of its life several hundred peripheral expansion cards were manufactured for the Apple II series and a handful still are produced today Compatible Typical PUES Apple 5 25 Controller All Apples Card Connects to the newer style Apple 5 25 drives AppleMouse Enables mouse support for Card All Apples programs that include it Disk II Con Connects to the older style troller Card BIEGpples Disk II 5 25 drives Allows the 116 to display 80 Ile columns of text and adds 64K of additional memory Extended 80 column Card Grappler Allows a variety of printers Printer Inter All Apples to be connected to the Ap face Card ple Adds an additional 16K of II II Plus RAM and the Autostart ROM to the Apple Language Card Connects to a range of se Super Serial rial devices such as pr
7. IIc Plus you will want to have at least one 5 25 drive but two are better For the Apple II and II Plus be sure that it has the full 48K of RAM on the motherboard It s rare these days to find one that doesn t You will also want to get one that has the Language Card installed This card shown in Figure 1 8 is distinctive in that it is installed in slot O and has a cable that connects to where a RAM chip would go on the motherboard Do not buy an Apple II or II Plus that is missing a RAM chip unless you are receiving a Lan guage Card too An 80 column card is desirable to have with the II and II Plus Check for one in slot 3 a popular 80 column card of the day was the Videx Videoterm When purchasing an Apple IIe make sure that it has an Extended 80 column text card or compatible installed in the Aux slot It is also preferable to obtain an Enhanced Ile since it will be compati ble with a wider range of software The Enhanced Ile typically has black lettered keys and may have a sticker that says Enhanced on the power light Since the Apple IIc requires an external power brick be sure to buy one with a power supply and make sure that the power sup ply is working The Apple IIc Plus uses a conventional electrical plug meaning that you do not have to worry about the external supply Early models of the Apple IIc had design faults and firm ware limitations that make them less desirable In particular the original revision o
8. IIgs keyboard is adorned with a left facing triangle This key located at the top left of the keyboard is used as part of a key combination to simulate a power cycle flip ping the power switch off then on Taking the Lid Off If you have an Apple 116 or IIc Plus then you unfortunately are go ing to have to miss out on this section Like today s laptop com puters the IIc models are not made to be opened and looked at You can if you really want to but for the beginning Apple II user there is no advantage to doing so To take the lid off an Apple II II Plus or 116 simply pop up the tabs on the left and right sides of the back of the case Lift up the lid slightly and slide it toward the keyboard Finally pull it away from the computer If the lid will not budge take a close look at the back of the Apple and see if there is a screw or two holding down the lid If so remove them With an Apple IIgs there are two plastic tabs on the left and right sides of the back Press these tabs inward and lift up the case from the back Be sure to do this slowly since the plastic is quite old and may be brittle by now If the case will not come off check the back for any screws and remove them if found You have now successfully exposed your Apple s interior Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple rt DON BRR ieee Pili 1141 3 la Lalalala n anla
9. The New Apple II User s Guide David Finnigan All text photographs and illustrations are copyright 2012 by David Finnigan All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or redistributed in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the author except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review The computer program listings may be entered stored and executed in a computer system but only for personal use ISBN 10 0615639879 ISBN 13 978 0 615 63987 1 This book was prepared using Adobe software products on Macintosh computers The display face is Futura Text is in Bookman Old Style Published by Mac GUI Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple This chapter will explain the main components of the Apple com puter system You will learn to identify what model of Apple you have as well as the parts which make it up Not every system is alike not every system consists of the same components How ever this chapter will cover the most common components and peripherals which the beginning Apple user is likely to have At the end is a summary of significant advances in the Apple II world over the past 20 years About the Apple If you re used to modern day computer systems then many as pects of the Apple will seem novel to you there is no built in hard drive there is no video card needed a programming langua
10. The New Apple Il User s Guide nl Af Figure 1 2 The Apple IIc LARD M uss Figure 1 3 An Apple IIgs system 4 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple The Apple Ilgs Finally if your Apple II looks like a vaguely modern yet quaint desktop box then you likely have an Apple IIgs The Apple IIgs was first produced in 1986 and underwent two revisions The first release named ROM 00 is not compatible with some software later released for the IIgs and isn t very common The next revi sion ROM 01 is compatible with the widest range of software and is also the most common Ilgs revision The final revision the ROM 3 includes more built in memory than the previous two ver sions as well as several other improvements The Apple lle Card In 1991 Apple Computer introduced the Apple 116 Card essen tially an enhanced Apple Ile that worked inside of a Macintosh computer Primarily intended to ease schools transitions from Ap ple II to Macintosh the Ile Card allowed the Macintosh LC and other models to run most Apple II software The Apple 116 Card featured a 650202 processor and 256K of RAM built in Furthermore the Macintosh host computer allowed the Apple IIe access to a clock 1 44 MB SuperDrive SCSI hard drive mouse two serial ports 80 columns video AppleShare network ing and 1 MB additional RAM A port on the 116 Card allowed a joystick an 800K UniDisk drive and up to two 5 25 drives to be connec
11. board Moving the pointer over different ar eas of the screen such as a menu allows you to issue commands without having to use the keyboard The mouse can also be used for gaming and producing graphics The Apple IIgs has a built in port called ADB to which the key board mouse and other input devices may be attached The Ap 23 The New Apple Il User s Guide ple IIc and IIc Plus have a combination mouse and game port meaning that it is not possible to have both a mouse and a joy stick or game paddles connected The use of a mouse on an Apple II II Plus or IIe requires an AppleMouse peripheral card which is typically installed in slot 4 The ADB mouse used with the Apple IIgs is not compatible with any other model of Apple Likewise the AppleMouse 116 and Mouse IIc cannot be used with the Apple IIgs unless the AppleMouse pe ripheral card is installed Except for the Apple IIgs it is fairly uncommon to have a mouse connected to an Apple The device which debuted on the Macin tosh in 1984 never really caught on with the earlier Apple II sys tems Printer A printer is useful for obtaining hardcopy output of your work on the Apple It is especially advantageous for reading long docu ments such as program listings With the right type of printer your Apple can also reproduce graphics such as pictures dia grams and greeting cards There are two main types of printers letter quality and dot matrix Letter quality
12. d data from a file the Apple first consults the catalog entry for the file then gets the track and sectors where the file is stored Finally the disk drive reads the appropriate sectors and sends the data to the Apple 2 The New Apple Il User s Guide Where to Get Disks If you have been to a computer store recently then you probably didn t see any 5 25 disks for sale and you may not have seen any 3 5 disks either Unfortunately magnetic computer disks are be coming harder and harder to find Likely what will end up as the best solution for you is to buy new old stock that is disks which are still shrink wrapped in their box after all these years but were never sold Several online web sites sell these disks When buying 5 25 disks be sure to get double sided double density DS DD disks If you end up with high density disks HD they will not work with your Apple Do not buy them For 3 5 disks you should be on the lookout for double sided 720K disks In a pinch 1 44 MB high density 3 5 disks will work but they may not be reliable when formatted for 800K in the Uni Disk or Apple 3 5 drives The reliability is subject to debate the author of this book has several HD disks that he had formatted as 800K for use with an Apple IIgs several years ago and which still hold their data today Hand Controls In some cases it may be convenient to send input to the Apple by means other than the ke
13. e printed the Apple II cannot do anything else until the entire document has finished With a small one page document this may not seem like a bur den but with a longer document you may not want to have your Apple tied up with printing The solution is an add on called a printer buffer The buffer stores the information sent from the Apple II such that the printer can access it without holding up the computer Some printer cards such as certain models of the Grappler card have a buffer built in to them In other cases the buffer is part of the printer such as the 32K memory option for the ImageWriter II Tips for Buying an Apple If you re inheriting someone s Apple then you should be grateful to accept whatever it is that you re given However if you have de cided to go out and spend money then you should aim to get a good system that won t require you to obtain more parts or cause you a headache to get running Of course every Apple will func tion quite well without any add ons or cards but its capabilities will be rather limited Therefore it is best if the Apple that you are considering buying meets the following minimum requirements For all models of Apple except for the 116 IIc Plus and IIgs you will want to make sure that there is a disk controller card pro 26 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple vided either a Disk II controller card or the newer Apple 5 25 card For all models of Apple except for the 116 and
14. eft of the SPACE BAR on the 116 and 116 is similar in purpose to the CONTROL key It can be used in conjunction with another key to send a command to a program When held down in association with the CONTROL and RESET keys the IIe will do a full restart as if you had flipped the power switch off and on Finally the OPEN APPLE key is con nected to paddle button 0 so it can be used for gaming SOLID APPLE The SOLID APPLE key is the twin of the OPEN APPLE key When used with CONTROL RESET it triggers the Ile self test routine The OPEN APPLE key is also connected to paddle button 1 Sometimes this key is referred to as the CLOSED APPLE key Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple ak AW 65 amp i 2 EE I rrrrrrrrrrrr Terre Figure 1 6 The Apple IIc keyboard The New Apple Il User s Guide CAPS LOCK When in the depressed position the Apple keyboard will only produce uppercase letters Many older programs includ ing BASIC on the unenhanced Apple 116 only recognize commands entered in uppercase Special Keys on the Apple llc Plus and Ilgs These two models of Apple were the last to be produced and therefore have the most amount of keys The same keys from the Ile and IIc are included with two exceptions the OPEN APPLE key has been turned into the COMMAND key the SOLID APPLE key be came the OPTION key The RESET key on the Apple
15. f the IIc could not use a 3 5 UniDisk drive and had problematic serial ports If you are buying an Apple Ilgs try to avoid the original ROM 00 model These are typically found in the Limited Edition Woz case Also make sure that the IIgs has an Apple Memory Expansion card or compatible installed The IIgs should come with at least one Apple 5 25 drive and one Apple 3 5 drive Other useful things to have include a Super Serial Card for the II II Plus and Ile a video monitor with composite input and a sup ply of floppy disks that match your Apple s disk drive 2 The New Apple Il User s Guide Testing an Apple You should always obtain verification that the Apple is working before you buy it Some sellers may claim that they are unable to test it usually because they don t have a monitor or a disk Don t settle for that It is simple enough to test an Apple with no disk or monitor Simply instruct the seller to do the following 1 Plug in the Apple and turn it on It should beep and the power light should be lit 2 Press CONTROL RESET The Apple will beep again If there is a CAPS LOCK key make sure that it is depressed If an original Apple II with Integer BASIC is being tested then press CONTROL B and RETURN instead of CONTROL RESET The Apple will not beep after CONTROL B 3 Type the following two lines remembering to press RETURN after each line CALL 198 GOTO 0 RUN This short BASIC program wil
16. ge and rudimentary operating system are built in and for the most part you won t be using a mouse The New Apple Il User s Guide Yes this is the Apple II a computer first released in the late 70 s that became wildly popular because it had built in color graphics sound game paddles and the BASIC programming language You will learn about all of these features in this book Since then six or seven different models of Apple have been re leased Each one has features unique to it though for the most part all Apples behave the same way Identify Your Apple The first step to take is to identify what model of Apple you have This is important to do now because while many techniques re main the same among varieties of Apple there are some key dif ferences These differences will be duly noted in this guide so you can read the material which applies to your specific kind of Apple Fortunately all models of Apple II come with a nameplate or badge that serves as a fairly accurate means of identification The Apple II Apple Il Plus and Apple lle If your Apple resembles a typewriter and has slotted vents in the sides then you have either an Apple II an Apple II Plus or an Ap ple IIe The original model of Apple II was produced from 1977 un til about 1980 There are not many of them left in the world so you would do well to hang on to it The second model known as the Apple II Plus was manufactured from 1979 to 1983 T
17. he Apple II Plus is quite similar to the origi nal Apple II except that it has some modifications which make using the disk drive more convenient as well as having a newer version of BASIC built in The final model in this set the Apple 116 is the longest lived model of Apple and was produced from 1983 to 1993 with a few revi sions in between The most significant revision to the IIe is known as the Enhanced Ile released in 1985 The Enhanced Ile includes additional features and options which became standard with the release of the Apple IIc in 1984 These features include an up graded processor the 65C02 MouseText characters and firm Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple ware updates Most Apple 116 computers are of the Enhanced vari ety The final revision of 116 the Platinum 116 debuted in 1987 It is an Enhanced He that comes in a slightly redesigned case its key board featuring an updated layout as well as a numeric keypad The Apple llc and Apple llc Plus Two models of Apple look like bulky laptops without an LCD screen These are the IIc and IIc Plus The 116 released in 1984 has a large 5 25 floppy disk drive on the right hand side The IIc Plus introduced in 1988 has a smaller 3 5 disk drive on that side and sports a faster processor The IIc and IIc Plus have much in common with the Enhanced Ile as they all share the same processor and similar firmware Figure 1 1 The Apple II Plus and Apple Ie
18. imilar to C 30
19. int Card Apples ers modems and other computers not needed on the Ilgs but can be used if desired Table 1 1 Some common peripheral cards Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple An entire book could be dedicated to describing the many types of cards available disk controllers printing modems memory ex pansion video display input networking and communications and many others Shown in Figure 1 10 are several peripheral expansion cards From left to right top to bottom they are AppleMouse Card Ex tended 80 column Card Super Serial Card Grappler Disk II Controller and Apple 5 25 Controller All models of Apple with slots contain seven general purpose slots and one specialized slot In the Apple Ile and IIgs the slots are numbered starting with slot 1 at the left and the Apple II and II Plus start with slot O being at the left All three models of Apple end with slot 7 being rightmost For the most part a card which is compatible with the general purpose slots may be inserted into any of them and will work properly However over the years a set of conventions developed for what types of cards go into which slots For example the floppy disk card usually goes in slot 6 A hard disk controller is generally placed in slot 7 A printer card typically occupies slot 1 A modem customarily takes up slot 2 Some cards were designed only to work in a certain slot The eighth slot the special slot is located nearest to
20. l make the Apple beep continuously Once this test has been passed the Apple may be switched off and there is little doubt that it is working properly This test is not absolutely conclusive there could be other problems with the computer or the speaker may not be working but it is better than no test at all If you find a seller who is unwilling or unable to perform these three simple procedures then perhaps you should save your money and buy from someone else Improvements Over the Past 20 Years This section is mainly for the old timers who are rediscovering the Apple II from the good old days Here are just a few of the devel opments which have taken place since the early 1990s when the II line was discontinued 28 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Accelerators Using a replacement oscillator crystal the TransWarp GS can be accelerated up to 10 MHz A group known as BrainSystems is working on new accelerator technology to push the IIgs up to 30 MHz Emulators Several excellent emulators for both Mac OS X and Windows are available Virtual and Sweet16 provide highly accurate emula tion of the Apple Ile and IIgs respectively on Mac OS X Apple Win for Windows also provides competent emulation All three of these emulators are regularly updated Mass Storage There are now a few different IDE and CompactFlash cards avail able whose capacity and reliability far exceed all previous forms of storage The FocusDri
21. le in the middle enables a motor to spin the inner disk surface The disk surface is divided into a scheme of tracks and sectors these terms will be described later in this chapter With the exception of the Apple Ilgs and the 116 Plus the 5 25 disk is by far the most common type of disk for the Apple A large percentage of the world s Apple II data is stored on this type of disk The original disk system for the Apple II was released in 1978 and was called the Disk II It could store up to 116 480 bytes of data on a removable disk in the 13 sector format A later upgrade al lowed the disk to store 143 360 bytes of information or 140K called the 16 sector format It is extremely unlikely that you will come across the earlier 13 sector type of disk The Apple II uses a peculiar formatting scheme for its 5 25 disks that makes them completely incompatible with other models of computers such as IBM PCs and the Macintosh One advantage of this peculiar scheme is that both sides of the disk may be used to store data effectively doubling the capacity of the disk To use the second side of the disk simply cut a notch on the right side of the disk jacket and flip the disk over Such a disk is called a flippy disk A disadvantage of 5 25 disks is that they are vulnerable to dust dirt and other contaminants They are also rather flexible which can cause harm to them For these reasons 5 25 disks should always be stored in a p
22. nal Apple II or II Plus your computer likely has either 48 or 64 kilobytes of memory In those two models the Apple Language Card is used to provide an additional 16 kilobytes of RAM thus giving 64 kilo bytes in total As you no doubt know the computer uses its memory to store both the program which you are currently using such as a word 12 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple processor and the data that the program is currently working with such as a letter The larger the program and data are the more memory required To add a slight twist to things the Apple has two types of memory One type just mentioned is known as RAM which stands for Random Access Memory RAM is used to store data which will change such as programs and the data being used in a program The contents of RAM are not permanent When the power is switched off the Apple forgets everything in its random access memory The second type of memory has a similar acronym ROM meaning Read Only Memory Another term for ROM is firmware ROM is nearly the exact opposite of RAM its contents never change and they are permanent no matter if the Apple is on or off What gets stored in ROM are programs and helper functions which never need to change The BASIC programming language which you will learn about in Chapter 3 is one example of a program stored in ROM The Apple Language Card shown in Figure 1 9 adds both types of memory to an Apple II or II Plus 1
23. of damaging a disk with dust or dirt Hard disks range in capacity from 5 120 kilobytes to 32 768 kilobytes and more Since hard disks do not involve a removable disk some models are internal fitting entirely within the Apple II case Others are external and connect to an interface card within the Apple Recently some new developments in hard disk technology have resulted in the release of IDE controller cards and Compact Flash adapters The advantage of these two media is that they can be connected to a modern PC or Macintosh where special software may then be used to view and modify the disk contents The downside to these new types of hard disks is expense they typi cally cost two to three times as much as traditional forms of stor age How Disks Work Except for Compact Flash CF all disk systems use a spinning magnetic disk to store and retrieve data To facilitate access for the Apple disks are divided using a system of tracks and sectors A sector represents the smallest unit of data which may be stored on a disk Many sectors together make up a track Tracks run in concentric circles from the outer edge of the disk to the inside edge They are similar to grooves on a phonograph record except that they are not connected in a spiral To speed up access to the data on a disk the Apple II keeps a catalog The catalog is a listing of all files on the disk and the loca tion of each one just like a library card catalog To rea
24. on t work on newer models of Apple are generally incompatible because they make use of clever programming tricks that weren t officially sup ported by Apple Computer In addition some software written af ter 1984 that takes advantage of the 65002 processor will not work on older models of Apple 116 II Plus and original Apple II which only have the 6502 CPU When run on an incompatible Ap ple these programs will typically display an error message such as Requires an Enhanced Ile Disks If you re not using cassette tapes to load and store your programs and data then you ll use a disk system instead It is not necessary to have a disk drive and disks to use the Apple but it s the most common and convenient arrangement There are a few different types of disks which can be used with the Apple Most disk sys tems are removable that is you can use more than one disk with them Expanding your storage is as easy as getting another disk to 7 The New Apple Il User s Guide put your data on Some other disk systems are fixed They cannot be so easily expanded but there is nothing to insert or remove Fixed disk systems typically store 10 to 30 times as much as data as removable disk systems 5 25 Disks These disks are so named because they are exactly 5 1 4 inches square They are made up of a plastic jacket that encloses a round magnetic recording surface An oval cutout allows access to the recording surface while a circular ho
25. rotective paper disk sleeve when not in use Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Figure 1 11 The Disk II system including drive controller and diskette Disks should be kept away from magnets extreme temperatures and other adverse conditions If properly taken care of the data on 5 25 disks can last for as long as two decades 3 5 Disks Unless you have an Apple IIgs or IIc Plus the 3 5 disk is not commonly used The Apple II II Plus and Ile all require a special expansion card that was not as popular as the 5 25 disk card Early models of Apple IIc cannot use a 3 5 disk drive at all though later revisions can Despite that the 3 5 disk format is superior to that of the 5 25 disk in that it can store roughly 5 times as much data up to 800K on a double sided disk The 3 5 disk is enclosed in a rigid shell which makes it more secure than the flexible 5 25 disk Older models of Macintosh computers made before 1999 with a built in floppy disk drive can read and write 3 5 Apple II disks PCs generally cannot Two models of 3 5 disk drive were popular with the Apple the UniDisk and the Apple 3 5 drive The UniDisk is the older of the two and was originally intended for the Apple He and IIc It has 19 The New Apple Il User s Guide on board logic which regulates the high speed flow of data slow ing it down for the Apple The newer model the Apple 3 5 drive was designed for the Apple IIgs and operates at a m
26. taneously Release both keys when the cursor has moved to the desired position The REPT key has no effect when used with the RESET CTRL ESC or SHIFT keys On some models of Apple II pressing REPT by itself will re peat the most recently typed key exactly once Special Keys on the Apple lle and llc The Apple IIe introduced not only a keyboard that could produce lowercase letters but also nine new keys Some of these keys merely add more symbols to the typist The rest are special keys The Apple IIc has exactly the same keyboard layout On the Ilc the switch labeled Keyboard is used to switch the key layout be tween Qwerty and Dvorak The Platinum Ie has a larger keyboard as it includes a numeric keypad and some of the key positions have been changed Except for those two changes the Platinum Ile keyboard features no other differences TAB This key s function is identical to the tab key on a typewriter It indents the cursor to the next tab stop Programs must be writ ten to take advantage of the TAB key however Typically these are word processing programs Notably the version of BASIC provided with the Apple IIe and IIc does not recognize TAB DELETE The DELETE key is an alternative to using the LEFT ARROW key to correct mistakes As with the TAB key programs must be written to make use of it and BASIC on the early models of 6 and IIc does not recognize the DELETE key OPEN APPLE The OPEN APPLE key located on the l
27. ted In essence the Apple IIe Card is similar to using an emulator ex cept that some functions such as disk access are still handled by physical equipment For the purposes of this book think of the Apple Ile Card as an Apple IIc Plus Its firmware and built in hardware make it a close equivalent Apples in Disguise In most cases what s printed on the lid or case of the Apple is enough to identify it but there is also the possibility that the original lid has been substituted for a different one or even that the computer inside the case has been upgraded To name some The New Apple Il User s Guide examples an Apple IIgs could be inside of a Ile case and an Apple II could have its original lid and case but be upgraded to a II Plus Timeline In terms of features added where later models have the same fea tures as well as new ones compared to previous models a time line of Apple computers would look like this Apple II 1977 Apple II Plus Apple 116 unenhanced Apple IIc Apple Ile Enhanced Apple IIc Plus Apple IIgs DUUM DU ES E Which Model is Best This is a question which comes up fairly often and which can be the subject of intense debate However the answer is simple it depends on what you the user need If you re beginning on the Apple system then the IIgs is a good choice since it has the most features built in and the greatest compatibility The IIe is also an excellent machine though it
28. the power supply on the left in the Apple II II Plus and American Ile In the IIgs the eighth slot is located on the right side of the mother board near the front In the European version of the Apple IIe the slot is located near the center of the motherboard directly in front of slot 3 In the Apple II and II Plus this slot is called slot O In the Ie and Ilgs it is referred to as the Auxiliary or Aux slot The majority of cards designed for this special slot are those that provide memory ex pansion the typical expansion card will not work in this slot In Table 1 1 is a brief description of some Apple II peripheral cards For brevity this table only covers a few of the more popular and common cards In the table All Apples should be inter preted to mean All Apples which can accept peripheral cards 15 The New Apple Il User s Guide Figure 1 10 Several common peripheral expansion cards Software Software is what makes your Apple do something useful it s the set of instructions which the Apple follows There are two main types of software operating systems and application programs Your Apple needs both to be of any use to you An operating system takes care of the most basic functions of the computer such as keyboard entry screen display and manage ment of the disk drive Your Apple already comes with an operat ing system built into its ROM known as the Monitor The Monitor takes care of
29. uch faster speed The two disk drives look similar but there are some differences the UniDisk is distinctly whiter in color and the emergency eject hole is below the eject button On the bottom of both disk drives is a label which identifies the device by name The Apple 116 Plus has a built in 3 5 disk drive and the Apple IIgs has a disk port which can power up to four 3 5 drives On later revisions of the IIc the UniDisk can be plugged directly into the disk port For other models of Apple a UniDisk card is required to attach a 3 5 UniDisk drive Since not many of these cards were sold when they were new there are not many of them around to day A final type of 3 5 disk drive is available for the Apple II the Su perDrive first introduced with the Macintosh SE 30 in 1989 The SuperDrive can read and write high density 1 44 MB and double density 800K and 720K Apple II Macintosh and PC disks The SuperDrive requires a special controller card both card and drive are quite expensive and hard to find these days Figure 1 12 At left the UniDisk right the Apple 3 5 drive 20 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Hard Disks Another popular type of disk system for users with a lot of data is a hard disk sometimes referred to as a Winchester or fixed disk Hard disks are high capacity low maintenance disk systems which consist of a disk that is sealed inside a case There are no disks to swap out and no fear
30. ve released in 1994 was the first popular IDE card for the Apple Now there is also the MicroDrive and CFFA cards both of which offer potentially gigabytes of storage on a CompactFlash card or USB flash drive C dric Peltier is working on an external hard drive for the IIc IIc Plus and IIgs which should be available when you read this book Networking The first Ethernet card for Apple II was released in 2000 called the LANceGS Another Ethernet card called the Uthernet was re leased later around 2005 Both cards are capable of 10 Mbps communication Two open source TCP IP stacks are readily available for the Apple The first Marinetti written by Richard Bennett is for the Apple IIgs The second Contiki was ported to the Apple Ile by Oliver Schmidt and is in fact an entire operating system Parallel Computing Michael J Mahon has devised a novel form of networking using the Apple II game socket which he calls NadaNet Using a cluster 29 The New Apple Il User s Guide of Apple Ile computers he has even written parallel computing applications He has provided full schematics and source code on line Programming Languages David Schmenk gained fame in 2010 for writing a Java Virtual Machine JVM called VMO2 that will run on any model of Apple with at least 64K of RAM He is currently working on a system known as PLASMA that is a hybrid virtual machine combining a 6502 assembler and a high level language that is s
31. yboard Three such methods are typically available on Apple II systems a joystick game paddles and a mouse Collectively these are known as hand controls Not every Apple system will have hand controls they are largely optional Joystick and Paddles Every model of Apple II can use a joystick or game paddles for gaming and all other manner of analog input You are probably familiar with a joystick but may be wondering what game pad dles are The term goes back to 1977 when the first ever Apple II game Breakout was written As you may recall Breakout in volves a paddle which moves left and right to deflect a ball upward to break bricks 22 Chapter 1 Meeting Your Apple Figure 1 13 Game paddles and joystick The device used to control the on screen movement of the paddle was therefore also called a paddle Put simply the paddle is a large knob with a button They come in pairs and are attached to the same cable In typical computer counting fashion they are la beled O and 1 It is possible to have a third paddle number 2 but it is rare to do so Later on Apple Computer started calling the game paddles hand controls instead Mouse You are probably familiar with the computer mouse It s a small device which fits in your hand One rolls it across a flat surface to move an on screen pointer A button on the mouse is used to make selections and execute commands similar to pressing the RETURN key on the key
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