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National Instruments 5411 Network Card User Manual

Contents

1. 1 6 Chapter 2 Installation and Configuration Installation 2 1 Hardware Configuration 2 2 Installing the Optional Memory Module 2 2 Chapter 3 Signal Connections I O Connector 3 1 ARB Connector 3 2 SYNC Connector 3 3 PLL Ref Connector 3 3 Dig Out Connector 3 4 Connector Pin Assignments 3 4 Signal Descriptions 3 5 SHC50 68 50 Pin Cable Connector 3 6 Power Up and Reset Conditions
2. 4 11 Modes of Operation 4 12 Single Trigger Mode 4 12 Continuous Trigger Mode 4 13 Stepped Trigger Mode 4 14 Burst Trigger Mode 4 15 Marker Output Signal 4 16 Analog Output 4 18 SYNC Output and Duty Cycle 4 19 Output Attenuation 4 19 Output Impedance 4 20 Output Enable 4 21 Pre attenuation Offset 4 21 Phase Locked Loops 4
3. 3 5 Figure 3 5 SHC50 68 68 Pin Connector Pin Assignments 3 7 Figure 4 1 DAQArb 5411 Block Diagram 4 1 Figure 4 2 Waveform Data Path Block Diagram 4 3 Figure 4 3 Waveform Memory Architecture 4 4 Figure 4 4 Waveform Linking and Looping 4 6 Figure 4 5 Waveform Staging Block Diagram 4 7 Figure 4 6 Waveform Generation Process 4 8 Figure 4 7 DDS Building Blocks 4 9 Figure 4 8 Waveform Generation Trigger Sources 4 12 Figure 4 9 Single Trigger Mode for Arb Mode 4 13 Figure 4 10 Single Trigger Mode for DDS Mode 4 13 Figure 4 11 Continuous Trigger Mode for Arb Mode 4 14 Figure 4 12 Continuous Trigger Mode for DDS Mode 4 14 Figure 4 13 Stepped Trigger Mode for Arb Mode
4. TTL Duty cycle 20 to 80 software controllable Appendix A Specifications National Instruments Corporation A 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Marker Output Types TTL Location User defined one per stage Pulse width Td4 8 sample clock periods Arb output delay from marker Td3 50 ns max Digital Pattern Output Sample rate 40 MHz max Resolution 16 bits Sample clock logic TTL Clock pulse HIGH time 25 ns fixed for clock interval counts gt 1 PCLK to pattern data output time Tco 1 ns max Digital pattern logic TTL Logic level output ratings for SYNC marker digital pattern and sample clock outputs Type Min Max VOH 3 0 V VOL 0 7 V IOH 1 0 mA IOL 1 0 mA VOH voltage output for logic level 1 VOL voltage output for logic level 0 IOH current output for logic level 1 IOL current output for logic level 0 Appendix A Specifications DAQArb 5411 User Manual A 6 National Instruments Corporation External Clock Reference Input Frequency
5. 1 MHz or 5 20 MHz in 1 MHz steps Amplitude 1 Vpk pk level 5 Vpk pk Internal clock Frequency 40 MHz Initial accuracy 5 ppm Temperature stability 0 to 5 C 25 ppm Aging 1 year 5 ppm Mechanical Connectors ARB output SMB SYNC output SMB PLL Reference input SMB Digital I O Digital Pattern Out Marker Out External Trigger In 50 pin digital Size 1 slot Power Requirements 5 V 3 5 A max 12V 125 mA National Instruments Corporation B 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual AppendixB Waveform Sampling and Interpolation This appendix describes the basics of waveform sampling and interpolation According to Shannon s sampling theorem a digital waveform must be updated at least twice as fast as the bandwidth of the signal to be accurately generated Even though the theoretical requirement for update clock fc is twice that of the bandwidth of the signal of interest it is very difficult to design an analog filter that will reject the images above the passband and also get maximum output bandwidth as represented by the curve
6. 40 MS s Sine 16 MHz max SYNC TTL 16 MHz max Square 1 MHz Ramp 1 MHz Triangle 1 MHz Frequency resolution DDS Mode 9 31 mHz Voltage Output Ranges 5 V into a 50 load 10 V into a high impedance load Accuracy 0 1 dB Appendix A Specifications DAQArb 5411 User Manual A 2 National Instruments Corporation Output attenuation 0 to 73 dB Resolution 0 001 dB steps Pre attenuation offset Range 2 5 V into 50 but with less than 10 dB of attenuation signal maximum plus offset before attenuation must not exceed 5 V into 50 Accuracy 5 mV Output coupling DC Output impedance 50 or 75 software selectable Load impedance 50 or greater Output enable Software switchable Protection Short circuit protected Sine Spectral Purity Harmonic products and spurious up
7. 292 links DDS mode 340 links Segment looping Arb mode only Count 65 536 loops Timing I O Update clock Internal 40 MHz max Interval count 2 65 535 Phase locking External reference sources Input connector RTSI clock line or internal Reference clock frequencies 1 MHz 5 20 MHz in 1 MHz steps Frequency locking range 100 ppm Appendix A Specifications DAQArb 5411 User Manual A 4 National Instruments Corporation Triggers Digital Trigger Compatibility TTL Response Rising edge Pulse width Td1 20 ns min Trigger to waveform output Arb mode delay Td2 76 sample clocks 38 ns max Trigger to waveform output DDS mode delay Td2 28 sample clocks 150 ns max RTSI Trigger lines 7 Clock lines 1 Bus Interface Type Slave Operational Modes Type Single continuous burst stepped Other Outputs SYNC Out Level
8. 4 15 Figure 4 14 Burst Trigger Mode for Arb Mode 4 16 Table of Contents DAQArb 5411 User Manual viii National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 15 Burst Trigger Mode for DDS Mode 4 16 Figure 4 16 Markers as Trigger Outputs 4 17 Figure 4 17 Analog Output and SYNC Out Block Diagram 4 18 Figure 4 18 Waveform Trigger and Marker Timings 4 19 Figure 4 19 Output Attenuation Chain 4 20 Figure 4 20 Phase Locked Loop PLL Architecture 4 22 Figure 4 21 Master Slave Configurations for Phase Locking 4 23 Figure 4 22 Analog Filter Correction 4 25 Figure 4 23 Digital Pattern Generator Data Path 4 26 Figure 4 24 Digital Pattern Generation Timing 4 26 Figure 4 25 DAQArb 5411 RTSI Trigger Lines and Routing 4 27 Figure B 1 Analog Filter and Signal Images without Digital Filtering B 1 Figu
9. 3 8 Table of Contents DAQArb 5411 User Manual vi National Instruments Corporation Chapter 4 Arb Operation Waveform Generation 4 2 Update Rate 4 3 Arb Mode 4 3 Waveform Size and Resolution 4 4 Waveform Memory 4 4 Minimum Buffer Size and Resolution 4 5 Waveform Linking and Looping 4 5 Waveform Staging 4 6 Direct Digital Synthesis DDS Mode 4 8 Frequency Resolution and Lookup Memory 4 10 Frequency Hopping and Sweeping 4 11 Triggering 4 11 Trigger Sources
10. 3 3 SYNC output analog output and SYNC out block diagram 4 18 duty cycle 4 19 changing 4 19 example figure 3 3 software control of 3 3 purpose and use 4 19 routing to RTSI lines 3 3 specifications A 4 system requirements 1 2 T technical support C 1 to C 2 telephone and fax support C 2 timing I O specifications A 3 transistor transistor logic TTL SYNC connector 3 3 trigger specifications digital trigger A 4 RTSI A 4 triggering 4 11 to 4 16 burst trigger mode 4 15 to 4 16 continuous trigger mode 4 13 to 4 14 modes of operation 4 12 to 4 16 single trigger mode 4 12 to 4 13 stepped trigger mode 4 14 to 4 15 trigger sources 4 11 to 4 12 U update rate 4 3 V VirtualBench software overview 1 3 to 1 4 VirtualBench Arb note 4 2 VirtualBench Function Generator note 4 2 voltage output specifications A 1 to A 2 W waveform generation 4 2 to 4 3 See also Arb mode direct digital synthesis DDS mode data path block diagram 4 3 overview 4 2 to 4 3 process of waveform generation figure 4 8 specifications A 3 VirtualBench Arb note 4 2 VirtualBench Function Generator note 4 2 waveform linking and looping 4 5 to 4 8 block diagram for waveform staging 4 7 concept of linking and looping figure 4 6 Index DAQArb 5411 User Manual I 6 National Instruments Corporation waveform generation process figure 4 8 waveform staging 4 6 to 4 7 waveform memory Arb mo
11. 4 24 National Instruments Corporation Example 2 shown in Figure 4 21b shows an external device as the master To phase lock the DAQArb devices to this master perform the following steps 1 Set the master device to send any valid reference clock to the PLL reference input connector 2 Set up the slave devices so that the PLL reference source is set to the I O connector 3 Set the PLL reference frequency parameter to the clock frequency sent by the master 4 The boards should now be frequency locked to the master 5 To further phase lock the boards connect the external trigger input to the trigger input of the 50 in digital connectors of all the boards and set up the slaves to receive the triggers on trigger input connector 6 Start the waveform generation on all the slaves 7 Activate the external trigger signal All the slaves are triggered at the same time and get phase and frequency locked Note If two or more DAQArb devices are running in Arb mode and are locked to each other using the same reference clock then you will see a maximum phase difference of one sample clock on the locked boards when they are triggered at the same time Note If two or more DAQArb devices are running in DDS mode and are locked to each other using the same reference clock they will be frequency locked but you will not know the phase relationship Analog Filter Correction The DAQArb 5411 can correct for slight deviatio
12. EXT_TRIG Input External trigger The external trigger input signal is a TTL level signal that you can use to start or step through a waveform generation For more information on trigger sources and trigger mode see Chapter 4 Arb Operation MARKER Output Marker A marker is a TTL level output signal that you can set up at any point in the waveform being generated You can use this signal to synchronize or trigger other devices at a certain time within waveform generation NC Not connected PA lt 0 15 gt Output Digital pattern generator The 16 bit digital representation of the analog waveform is available as digital pattern outputs along with the clock to which it is synchronized This data is available directly from the memory after some sample clocks pipeline delay The digital pattern outputs are available as TTL output levels PCLK Output Digital pattern clock The digital pattern clock output synchronizes the digital pattern output This data is available directly from the memory after some sample clocks pipeline delay The clock output is available as a TTL output level RFU Reserved for future use Do not connect signals to this pin 5V Output 5 V power A 5 V output signal is available on the DAQArb to power external devices The maximum current you can draw is 100 mA Chapter 3 Signal Connections National Instruments Corporation 3 7 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Note The SHC50 68 connecto
13. lookup memory DDS mode frequency generation process 4 10 loading cycles of waveforms 4 10 to 4 11 restrictions 4 9 synthesizing arbitrary waveforms 4 10 to 4 11 M manual See documentation marker offset in stages 4 6 marker output signal 4 16 to 4 18 generated marker positions table 4 17 markers as trigger outputs figure 4 17 specifications A 5 MARKER signal table 3 6 master slave operation 4 23 to 4 24 Index DAQArb 5411 User Manual I 4 National Instruments Corporation mechanical specifications A 6 memory waveform See waveform memory memory module installing 2 2 minimum buffer size and resolution 4 5 N National Instruments application software 1 3 to 1 4 NI DAQ driver software installing latest version note 2 1 overview 1 4 O operational mode specifications A 4 output See analog output SYNC output P PA lt 0 15 gt signal table 3 6 PCLK signal table 3 6 phase locked loops 4 22 to 4 24 architecture figure 4 22 master slave operation 4 23 to 4 24 PLL Ref connector 3 3 to 3 4 pin assignments Dig Out connector figure 3 5 SHC50 68 50 pin cable connector figure 3 7 PLL Ref connector 3 3 to 3 4 Plug and Play capability 1 1 4 1 power up and reset conditions 3 8 pre attenuation offset 4 18 4 21 R reference clock PLL Ref connector 3 3 requirements for getting started 1 2 reset conditions 3 8 RFU signal table 3 6 RTSI trigger lines 4 2
14. or the range of frequencies to which a measuring device can respond BNC a type of coaxial signal connector buffer temporary storage for acquired or generated data buffer linking linking different buffers stored in the waveform memory Glossary National Instruments Corporation G 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual buffer looping repeating the same buffer in the waveform memory This method of waveform generation decreases memory requirements burst trigger mode repeats a stage until a trigger advances the waveform to the next stage bus the group of conductors that interconnect individual circuitry in a computer Typically a bus is the expansion vehicle to which I O or other devices are connected Examples of PC buses are the AT bus also known as the ISA bus and the PCI bus bus master a type of a plug in board or controller with the ability to read and write devices on the computer bus C C Celsius CalDAC calibration DAC clock hardware component that controls timing for reading from or writing to groups continuous trigger mode repeats a staging list until waveform generation is stopped conversion device device that transforms a signal from one form to another For example analog to digital converters ADCs for analog input digital to analog converters DACs for analog output digital input or output ports and counter timers are conversion devices counter timer a circuit that counts external pulses or clo
15. 02 757 03 11 Canada Ontario 905 785 0085 905 785 0086 Canada Quebec 514 694 8521 514 694 4399 Denmark 45 76 26 00 45 76 26 02 Finland 09 725 725 11 09 725 725 55 France 01 48 14 24 24 01 48 14 24 14 Germany 089 741 31 30 089 714 60 35 Hong Kong 2645 3186 2686 8505 Israel 03 5734815 03 5734816 Italy 02 413091 06 57284309 Japan 03 5472 2970 03 5472 2977 Korea 02 596 7456 02 596 7455 Mexico 5 520 2635 5 520 3282 Netherlands 0348 433466 0348 430673 Norway 32 84 84 00 32 84 86 00 Singapore 2265886 2265887 Spain 91 640 0085 91 640 0533 Sweden 08 730 49 70 08 730 43 70 Switzerland 056 200 51 51 056 200 51 55 Taiwan 02 377 1200 02 737 4644 United States 512 794 0100 512 794 8411 United Kingdom 01635 523545 01635 523154 Fax on Demand Support E Mail Support currently U S only Technical Support Form Photocopy this form and update it each time you make changes to your software or hardware and use the completed copy of this form as a reference for your current configuration Completing this form accurately before contacting National Instruments for technical support helps our applications engineers answer your questions more efficiently If you are using any National Instruments hardware or software products related to this problem include the configuration forms from their user manuals Include additional pages if necessary Name ___________________________________________________________________
16. 4 to illustrate a single trigger mode of operation for Arb waveform generation mode After the DAQArb 5411 receives a trigger the waveform generation starts from the first stage and continues through to the last stage The last stage is generated repeatedly until you stop the waveform generation Software Trigger RTSI Trigger RTSI Trigger Lines lt 0 6 gt RTSI Switch Trigger Select Start Trigger External Trigger 7 Digital MUX Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 13 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 4 9 Single Trigger Mode for Arb Mode Note You can settle to a predefined state by making the last stage emulate that state DDS mode After the DAQArb 5411 receives a trigger the waveform generation starts from the first stage and continues through to the last stage The last stage is generated repeatedly until the waveform generation is stopped Figure 4 10 illustrates a single trigger mode of operation for DDS waveform generation mode Figure 4 10 Single Trigger Mode for DDS Mode Assume that one cycle of a sine wave is stored in the DDS lookup memory For stage 1 f1 specifies the sine frequency to be generated for time T1 f2 and T2 for stage 2 and so on If there are four stages in the staging list then f4 will be generated continuously until the waveform generation is stopped Continuous Trigger Mode The waveform you describe in the staging list is generated infin
17. Analog Filter 1 shown in Figure B 1 Analog Filter 2 represents a more practical filter This filter is not as aggressive and does not filter out the images near fc but it does reject all the others Figure B 1 Analog Filter and Signal Images without Digital Filtering fc 0 2fc 3fc 0 5fc Images f0 Analog Filter 2 Signal Power 4fc Analog Filter 1 Appendix B Waveform Sampling and Interpolation DAQArb 5411 User Manual B 2 National Instruments Corporation To ease the requirements of the analog filter and to get more output bandwidth the DAQArb 5411 uses a half band digital filter to interpolate a sample between every two samples at twice the update frequency 2fc Also the DAC operates at twice the sample frequency This increase pushes the images from fc to 2fc and the analog filter roll off easily rejects any images from the output spectrum This behavior can be seen in the frequency domain representation from Figure B 2 and in the time domain representation from Figure B 3 Figure B 2 Digital Filter Analog Filter and Signal Images with Digital Filtering Figure B 3 Waveform Updates Note The digital filter will be operational only for sample rates of 40 MHz and 20 MHz For other sample rates the digital filter will not be of any use fc 0 2fc 0 5fc Images f0 Analog Filter Digital Filter Signal Power Interpolation Frequency 4fc Without Interpolation With Interpolation
18. DSA VirtualBench DMM and VirtualBench Logger Chapter 1 Introduction DAQArb 5411 User Manual 1 4 National Instruments Corporation Your DAQArb 5411 kit contains a free copy of VirtualBench Arb and VirtualBench Function Generator VirtualBench Arb is a turn key application you can use to generate waveforms as you would with a standard arbitrary waveform generator NI DAQ Driver Software The NI DAQ driver software is included at no charge with all National Instruments DAQ hardware NI DAQ is not packaged with accessory products NI DAQ has an extensive library of functions that you can call from your application programming environment Whether you are using conventional programming languages LabVIEW LabWindows CVI or VirtualBench your application uses the NI DAQ driver software as illustrated in Figure 1 1 Figure 1 1 The Relationship between the Programming Environment NI DAQ and Your Hardware LabVIEW LabWindows CVI or VirtualBench Conventional Programming Environment NI DAQ Driver Software DAQ or SCXI Hardware Personal Computer or Workstation Chapter 1 Introduction National Instruments Corporation 1 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Optional Equipment National Instruments offers a variety of products to use with your DAQArb 5411 including probes cables and other accessories as follows Shielded and unshielded I O connector blocks SCB 68 TBX 68 CB 68 RTSI bus cables For
19. For DDS mode you should always keep the update rate at 40 MHz Doing this will yield the best performance of the combination of DDS digital filter DAC and analog filter Arb Mode The Arb mode of waveform generation uses a separate waveform memory for storing multiple waveform buffers This mode also uses a FIFO memory for storing the staging list which contains the buffer linking and looping information This FIFO is referred to as an instruction FIFO ARB Memory DDS Lookup Memory DDS Digital Filter Filter MUX A B 12 DAC Register 80 MHz Oscillator Div 2 DAC 12 16 Bits 12 Bits Digital Filter Enable 16 Bit Counter Mode Select Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 4 National Instruments Corporation Waveform Size and Resolution The DAQArb 5411 stores arbitrary waveforms in memory as 16 bit digital words Only the 12 most significant bits are sent to the digital filter and the DAC The following sections describe the waveform memory the sizes available and minimum buffer size Waveform Memory The DAQArb 5411 uses a waveform memory16 bits wide The standard memory size is 2 000 000 samples This large memory means you can store very long waveforms on the board itself and obtain reliable waveform generation even at full speed You can upgrade to an 8 million sample waveform memory by installing the optional 16 MB memory module See Chapter 2 Installation and Configura
20. and Interpolation describes the basics of waveform sampling and interpolation Appendix C Customer Communication contains forms you can use to request help from National Instruments or to comment on our products and manuals The Glossary contains an alphabetical list and description of terms used in this manual including abbreviations acronyms metric prefixes mnemonics and symbols The Index contains an alphabetical list of key terms and topics in this manual including the page where you can find each one About This Manual DAQArb 5411 User Manual x National Instruments Corporation Conventions Used in This Manual The following conventions are used in this manual lt gt Angle brackets enclose the name of a key on the keyboard for example lt option gt Angle brackets containing numbers separated by an ellipsis represent a range of values associated with a bit or signal name for example DBIO lt 3 0 gt arb Arb is a generic term that denotes one or more of the PCI 5411 and AT 5411 arbitrary waveform generating devices bold Bold text denotes the names of menus menu items parameters dialog box dialog box buttons or options icons windows Windows 95 tabs or LEDs bold italic Bold italic text denotes a note caution or warning DAQArb 5411 DAQArb 5411 is a generic term that denotes one or more of the PCI 5411 and AT 5411 arbitrary waveform generating devices italic Italic te
21. buffer to the nearest multiple of eight samples Waveform Linking and Looping Before you can start generating waveforms you have to load the buffers on your DAQArb 5411 Each signal to be generated loads into the memory in the form of 16 bit digital samples A finite number of these samples makes a waveform buffer sometimes also referred to as a waveform segment You can load multiple buffers in the memory on DAQArb 5411 To generate these buffers you have to prepare a staging list also known as a sequence list which contains a sequence of stages Each stage specifies the buffer to be generated the number of loops on that buffer and the marker position for that buffer Figure 4 4 illustrates the concept of waveform samples buffer stage staging list and looping and linking Waveform sample A shows the concept of waveform samples used to create a waveform shown in waveform buffer 1 In this example the waveform buffer 1 represents a single cycle of a sine wave and the waveform samples in sample A are 16 bit samples Waveform stage 1 shows a stage created from buffer 1 Stage 1 is buffer 1 with three cycle iterations Waveform sample B shows samples for waveform buffer 2 which represents a triangular waveform Waveform stage 2 is created using two iterations of buffer 2 Stage 3 is created using a single iteration of buffer 1 These waveforms are linked in a sequence as shown in Figure 4 4 The concept of using a staging list to gen
22. device into your computer Never touch the exposed pins of connectors National Instruments Corporation 2 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Chapter2 Installation and Configuration This chapter describes how to install and configure your DAQArb 5411 Installation Note You should install your driver software before installing your hardware Refer to the DAQArb 5411 Read Me First document for software installation information If you have an older version of NI DAQ already in your system that software will not work with your device Install NI DAQ from the NI DAQ software CD shipped with your DAQArb 5411 You can install the PCI 5411 in any PCI slot and the AT 5411 in any ISA slot in your computer However for best noise performance leave as much room as possible between the DAQArb 5411 and other hardware Before installing your 5411 device consult your PC user manual or technical reference manual for specific instructions and warnings Follow these general instructions to install your DAQArb 5411 1 Write down the DAQArb 5411 serial number on the DAQArb 5411 Hardware and Software Configuration Form in Appendix C Customer Communication You may need this serial number for future reference if you need to contact technical support 2 Turn off your computer 3 Remove the top cover or access port to the I O channel 4 Remove the expansion slot cover on the back panel of the computer 5 For the PCI 5411 inse
23. errors in the manual please record the page numbers and describe the errors _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your help Name _________________________________________________________________________ Title __________________________________________________________________________ Company _______________________________________________________________________ Address ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Phone ___ __________________________ Fax ___ _________________________________ Mail to Technical Publications Fax to Technical Publications National Instruments Corporation National Instruments Corporation 6504 Bridge Point Parkway 512 794 5678 Austin TX 78730 5039 National Instruments Corporation G 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Glossary Numbers Symbols p
24. in ohms and RO is the output impedance on the DAQArb 5411 By default RO 50 but the software can also set it to 75 Note Software will set the voltage output levels based on a 50 load termination For more information on waveform generation and analog output operation refer to Chapter 4 Arb Operation For specifications on the waveform output signal see Appendix A Specifications Figure 3 2 Output Levels and Load Termination Using a 50 Output Impedance Vout x 10 V RL RL RO ARB DAQArb 5411 Load 5 V RL 50 ARB DAQArb 5411 Load 10 V RL HiZ 50 Load High Impedance Load RO 50 RO 50 Chapter 3 Signal Connections National Instruments Corporation 3 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual SYNC Connector The SYNC connector is a transistor transistor logic TTL version of the sine waveform being generated at the output You can think of the SYNC output as a very high frequency resolution software programmable clock source for many applications You can also vary the duty cycle of SYNC output on the fly by software control as shown in Figure 3 3 tp is the time period of the sine wave being generated and tw is the pulse width of the SYNC output The duty cycle is tw tp x 100 Figure 3 3 SYNC Output and Duty Cycle You can route the SYNC output to the RTSI lines over the RTSI bus The SYNC output is derived from a comparator connected to the
25. is allowed You can specify a marker by giving an offset count in number of samples from the start of the waveform buffer specified by the stage If the offset is out of range of the number of samples in that stage the marker will not appear at the output If the buffer is looped multiple times in a stage the marker will be generated that many times Start Trigger Start Trigger End of Stage 1 Start Trigger End of Stage 2 End of Stage 3 Start Triggers End of Stage 1 Continues In This Way of Triggering Until Stopped End of All Stages f1 f2 f3 f4 Start Trigger Start Trigger Start Trigger Start Trigger Start Trigger f1 Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 17 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Note The marker is generated for eight update clocks and the placement resolution of the marker is 4 samples If you want a marker at an offset of zero from the start of the waveform buffer the marker will be eight samples long beginning with the first sample A marker at an offset of seven from the start of the waveform buffer also will be eight samples long beginning with the first sample as shown in Table 4 1 A marker at an offset of eight will be generated at positions 8 15 Figure 4 16 shows an analog waveform being generated at one connector and a marker being generated at another I O connector Point A shows a marker generated for requested positions 0 7 and point B shows r
26. more specific information about these products refer to your National Instruments catalogue or web site or call the office nearest you Cabling The following list gives recommended part numbers for cables that you can use with your 5411 device BNC male to BNC male 50 cable from ITT Pomona Electronics part number BNC C xx BNC male to BNC male 75 cable from ITT Pomona Electronics part number 2249 E xx BNC female to RCA phono plug adapter from ITT Pomona Electronics part number 5319 BNC 50 feed through terminator adapter from ITT Pomona Electronics part number 4119 50 BNC female female adapter from ITT Pomona Electronics part number 3283 Chapter 1 Introduction DAQArb 5411 User Manual 1 6 National Instruments Corporation Unpacking Your device is shipped in an antistatic package to prevent electrostatic damage to the device Electrostatic discharge can damage several components on the device To avoid such damage in handling the device take the following precautions Ground yourself via a grounding strap or by holding a grounded object Touch the anti static package to a metal part of your computer chassis before removing the device from the package Remove the device from the package and inspect the device for loose components or any other sign of damage Notify National Instruments if the device appears damaged in any way Do not install a damaged
27. publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording storing in an information retrieval system or translating in whole or in part without the prior written consent of National Instruments Corporation Trademarks LabVIEW NI DAQ CVI DAQArb RTSI SCXI and VirtualBench are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation Product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies WARNING REGARDING MEDICAL AND CLINICAL USE OF NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS National Instruments products are not designed with components and testing intended to ensure a level of reliability suitable for use in treatment and diagnosis of humans Applications of National Instruments products involving medical or clinical treatment can create a potential for accidental injury caused by product failure or by errors on the part of the user or application designer Any use or application of National Instruments products for or involving medical or clinical treatment must be performed by properly trained and qualified medical personnel and all traditional medical safeguards equipment and procedures that are appropriate in the particular situation to prevent serious injury or death should always continue to be used when National Instruments products are being used National Instruments products are NOT intended to be a substitute for any form of establi
28. screws on the side of the memory module 5 Gently unplug the memory module from the main board and store the old memory module in an antistatic bag to avoid damage to the components 6 Properly align the new 16 MB memory module over the connectors and plug it into the connectors 7 Fasten the two screws you removed in step 4 8 Follow the regular installation steps described in the Installation section earlier in this chapter National Instruments Corporation 3 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Chapter3 Signal Connections This chapter describes the I O connectors signal connections and digital interface to the DAQArb 5411 I O Connector The DAQArb 5411 has four connectors three SMB connectors and a 50 pin mini SCSI type connector as shown in Figure 3 1 Figure 3 1 DAQArb 5411 I O Connector ARB SYNC PLL Ref Dig Out Chapter 3 Signal Connections DAQArb 5411 User Manual 3 2 National Instruments Corporation ARB Connector The ARB connector provides the waveform output The maximum output levels on this connector depend on the type of load termination If the output of a DAQArb 5411 terminates into a 50 load the output levels are 5 V as shown in Figure 3 2 If the output of DAQArb 5411 terminates into a high impedance load HiZ the output levels are 10 V If the output terminates into any other load the levels are where Vout is the maximum output voltage level RL is the load impedance
29. 2 795 6990 You can access these services at United States 512 794 5422 Up to 14 400 baud 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity United Kingdom 01635 551422 Up to 9 600 baud 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity France 01 48 65 15 59 Up to 9 600 baud 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity To access our FTP site log on to our Internet host ftp natinst com as anonymous and use your Internet address such as joesmith anywhere com as your password The support files and documents are located in the support directories Bulletin Board Support FTP Support Fax on Demand is a 24 hour information retrieval system containing a library of documents on a wide range of technical information You can access Fax on Demand from a touch tone telephone at 512 418 1111 You can submit technical support questions to the applications engineering team through e mail at the Internet address listed below Remember to include your name address and phone number so we can contact you with solutions and suggestions support natinst com Telephone and Fax Support National Instruments has branch offices all over the world Use the list below to find the technical support number for your country If there is no National Instruments office in your country contact the source from which you purchased your software to obtain support Telephone Fax Australia 03 9879 5166 02 9874 4455 Austria 0662 45 79 90 0 0662 45 79 90 19 Belgium 02 757 00 20
30. 22 Master Slave Operation 4 23 Analog Filter Correction 4 24 Digital Pattern Generation 4 25 RTSI Trigger Lines 4 27 Calibration 4 28 Table of Contents National Instruments Corporation vii DAQArb 5411 User Manual Appendix A Specifications Appendix B Waveform Sampling and Interpolation Appendix C Customer Communication Glossary Index Figures Figure 1 1 The Relationship between the Programming Environment NI DAQ and Your Hardware 1 4 Figure 3 1 DAQArb 5411 I O Connector 3 1 Figure 3 2 Output Levels and Load Termination Using a 50 Output Impedance 3 2 Figure 3 3 SYNC Output and Duty Cycle 3 3 Figure 3 4 DAQArb 5411 50 Pin Digital Output Connector Pin Assignments
31. 4 shows the DAQArb 5411 50 pin digital connector Chapter 3 Signal Connections National Instruments Corporation 3 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 3 4 DAQArb 5411 50 Pin Digital Output Connector Pin Assignments Signal Descriptions Table 3 1 gives the pin names and signal descriptions used on the DAQArb 5411 digital output connector 50 1 26 2 27 3 28 4 29 5 30 6 31 7 32 8 33 9 34 10 35 11 36 12 37 13 38 14 39 15 40 16 41 17 42 18 43 19 44 20 45 21 46 22 47 23 48 24 49 DGND PA 1 DGND PA 4 DGND PA 7 DGND PA 13 DGND PA 13 DGND RFU DGND RFU DGND MARKER DGND 5V DGND NC DGND NC DGND NC DGND PA 0 PA 2 PA 3 PA 5 PA 6 PA 8 PA 9 PA 11 PA 12 PA 14 PA 15 RFU RFU RFU PCLK 5V 5V 5V NC NC NC NC NC NC EXT_TRIG 25 Chapter 3 Signal Connections DAQArb 5411 User Manual 3 6 National Instruments Corporation SHC50 68 50 Pin Cable Connector You can use an optional SHC50 68 50 pin to 68 pin cable for pattern generator output The cable connects to the digital output connector on the DAQArb 5411 Figure 3 5 shows the 68 pin connector pin assignments on the SHC50 68 cable Table 3 1 Digital Output Connector Signal Descriptions Signal Name Type Description DGND Digital ground
32. 5411 User Manual The DAQArb 5411 uses a 32 bit high speed accumulator with a lookup memory and a 12 bit DAC for DDS based waveform generation Figure 4 7 shows the building blocks for DDS based waveform generation Figure 4 7 DDS Building Blocks The lookup memory is dedicated to the DDS mode only and cannot be used in Arb mode You can store one cycle of a repetitive waveform a sine wave a triangular wave a square wave or an arbitrary wave in the lookup memory Then you can change the frequency of that waveform by sending just one instruction You can use DDS mode for very fine frequency resolution function generation You can generate sine waves of up to 16 MHz with a frequency resolution of 10 0 mHz Because this mode uses an accumulator waveform generation loops back to the beginning of the lookup memory after passing through the end of the lookup memory You should use DDS mode for standard function generation rather than for arbitrary waveform generation In this mode each stage is made up of two instructions the frequency which specifies the frequency of the waveform to be generated and time which specifies the time for which the frequency has to be generated 80 MHz Oscillator Div 2 16 Bit Counter Sequencer Instruction FIFO Frequency Time Data Out 16 DDS Time Frequency Lookup Memory 14 Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 10 National Instruments Corporation Frequ
33. 7 to 4 28 locking DAQArb 5411 to other National Instrument cards note 3 3 purpose and use 4 27 to 4 28 specifications A 4 trigger lines and routing figure 4 27 S sequence list 4 5 SHC50 68 50 pin cable connector 3 6 to 3 7 signal connections 3 1 to 3 8 I O connector 3 1 to 3 6 ARB connector 3 2 DAQArb 5411 connector figure 3 1 Dig Out connector 3 4 to 3 5 pin assignments figure 3 5 PLL Ref connector 3 3 to 3 4 SYNC connector 3 3 power up and reset conditions 3 8 SHC50 68 50 pin cable connector 3 6 to 3 7 signal descriptions table 3 6 sine spectral purity specifications A 2 single trigger mode Arb mode 4 12 to 4 13 DDS mode 4 13 software programming choices 1 3 to 1 4 National Instruments application software 1 3 to 1 4 NI DAQ driver software 1 4 specifications analog output A 1 bus interface A 4 digital pattern output A 5 external clock reference input A 6 filter characteristics A 2 to A 3 internal clock A 6 marker output A 5 Index National Instruments Corporation I 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual mechanical A 6 operational modes A 4 sine spectral purity A 2 SYNC out A 4 timing I O A 3 triggers digital trigger A 4 RTSI A 4 voltage output A 1 to A 2 stages instructions 4 6 maximum number note 4 6 waveform linking and looping 4 5 waveform staging block diagram 4 6 staging list 4 3 4 5 stepped trigger mode Arb mode 4 14 to 4 15 DDS mode 4 15 SYNC connector
34. AQ hardware ___________________________________________________________________ Serial number ____________________________________________________________________ Interrupt level of hardware __________________________________________________________ DMA channels of hardware _________________________________________________________ Base I O address of hardware ________________________________________________________ Programming choice _______________________________________________________________ NI DAQ LabVIEW LabWindows CVI or VirtualBench version ___________________________ Other boards in system _____________________________________________________________ Base I O address of other boards _____________________________________________________ DMA channels of other boards ______________________________________________________ Interrupt level of other boards _______________________________________________________ Other Products Computer make and model _________________________________________________________ Microprocessor ___________________________________________________________________ Clock frequency or speed ___________________________________________________________ Type of video board installed ________________________________________________________ Operating system version ___________________________________________________________ Operating system mode ___________________________________________________________
35. After Analog Filtering National Instruments Corporation C 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual AppendixC Customer Communication For your convenience this appendix contains forms to help you gather the information necessary to help us solve your technical problems and a form you can use to comment on the product documentation When you contact us we need the information on the Technical Support Form and the configuration form if your manual contains one about your system configuration to answer your questions as quickly as possible National Instruments has technical assistance through electronic fax and telephone systems to quickly provide the information you need Our electronic services include a bulletin board service an FTP site a fax on demand system and e mail support If you have a hardware or software problem first try the electronic support systems If the information available on these systems does not answer your questions we offer fax and telephone support through our technical support centers which are staffed by applications engineers Electronic Services National Instruments has BBS and FTP sites dedicated for 24 hour support with a collection of files and documents to answer most common customer questions From these sites you can also download the latest instrument drivers updates and example programs For recorded instructions on how to use the bulletin board and FTP services and for BBS automated information call 51
36. DAQArb TM 5411 User Manual High Speed Arbitrary Waveform Generator DAQArb 5411 User Manual June 1997 Edition Part Number 321558A 01 Copyright 1997 National Instruments Corporation All Rights Reserved support natinst com E mail info natinst com FTP Site ftp natinst com Web Address http www natinst com BBS United States 512 794 5422 BBS United Kingdom 01635 551422 BBS France 01 48 65 15 59 512 418 1111 Tel 512 795 8248 Fax 512 794 5678 Australia 03 9879 5166 Austria 0662 45 79 90 0 Belgium 02 757 00 20 Canada Ontario 905 785 0085 Canada Qu bec 514 694 8521 Denmark 45 76 26 00 Finland 09 725 725 11 France 01 48 14 24 24 Germany 089 741 31 30 Hong Kong 2645 3186 Israel 03 5734815 Italy 02 413091 Japan 03 5472 2970 Korea 02 596 7456 Mexico 5 520 2635 Netherlands 0348 433466 Norway 32 84 84 00 Singapore 2265886 Spain 91 640 0085 Sweden 08 730 49 70 Switzerland 056 200 51 51 Taiwan 02 377 1200 United Kingdom 01635 523545 National Instruments Corporate Headquarters 6504 Bridge Point Parkway Austin TX 78730 5039 Tel 512 794 0100 Internet Support Bulletin Board Support Fax on Demand Support Telephone Support U S International Offices Important Information Warranty The DAQArb 5411 is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment as evidenced by receipts or other documentation National Instrument
37. DAQArb 5411 contains seven trigger lines and one RTSI clock line available over the RTSI bus to send and receive DAQArb 5411 specific information to other boards having RTSI connectors Figure 4 25 shows the RTSI trigger lines and routing of DAQArb 5411 signals to the RTSI switch Figure 4 25 DAQArb 5411 RTSI Trigger Lines and Routing For phase locking to other boards as a master the 5411 sends an onboard 20 MHz signal to the RTSI Osc line as a Board Clock signal For locking to other devices as a slave the DAQArb 5411 receives the RTSI Osc line as a RTSI Clock signal The DAQArb 5411 can receive a hardware trigger from another board as a RTSI trigger signal on any of the RTSI trigger lines RTSI lt 0 6 gt The marker generated during waveform generation in Arb mode can be routed to any of the RTSI bus trigger lines The trigger generated on the DAQArb 5411 can be routed to other boards through any of the RTSI bus trigger lines RTSI Switch RTSI Bus RTSI 0 RTSI 1 RTSI 2 RTSI 3 RTSI 4 RTSI 5 RTSI 6 RTSI Osc Marker Start Trigger SYNC RTSI Trigger Board Clock RTSI Clock Master Slave Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 28 National Instruments Corporation The SYNC output generated on the DAQArb 5411 can be routed to other boards through any of the RTSI bus trigger lines You can use this signal to provide other boards with an accurate and fine frequency resolution clo
38. U should suspend its current task to service a designated activity interrupt level the relative priority at which a device can interrupt I O input output the transfer of data to from a computer system involving communications channels operator interface devices and or data acquisition and control interfaces ISA industry standard architecture K k kilo the standard metric prefix for 1 000 or 103 used with units of measure such as volts hertz and meters K kilo the prefix for 1 024 or 210 used with B in quantifying data or computer memory kbytes s a unit for data transfer that means 1 000 or 103 bytes s kS 1 000 samples Glossary National Instruments Corporation G 7 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Kword 1 024 words of memory L LabVIEW laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench latch a digital device that stores digital data based on a control signal latched digital I O a type of digital acquisition generation where a device or module accepts or transfers data after a digital pulse has been received Also called handshaked digital I O LED light emitting diode level DAC the calibration DAC used to change the voltage levels to another device low pass filter a circuit used to smooth the waveform output and removed unwanted high frequency contents form the signal LSB least significant bit M m meters M 1 Mega the standard metric prefix for 1 million or 106 when used with
39. _ Programming language ____________________________________________________________ Programming language version ______________________________________________________ Other boards in system _____________________________________________________________ Base I O address of other boards _____________________________________________________ DMA channels of other boards ______________________________________________________ Interrupt level of other boards _______________________________________________________ Documentation Comment Form National Instruments encourages you to comment on the documentation supplied with our products This information helps us provide quality products to meet your needs Title DAQArb 5411 User Manual Edition Date June 1997 Part Number 321558A 01 Please comment on the completeness clarity and organization of the manual _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ If you find
40. _______ Company _______________________________________________________________________ Address ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Fax ___ ___________________ Phone ___ ________________________________________ Computer brand ________________ Model ________________ Processor___________________ Operating system include version number ____________________________________________ Clock speed ______MHz RAM _____MB Display adapter __________________________ Mouse ___yes ___no Other adapters installed _______________________________________ Hard disk capacity _____MB Brand _____________________________________________ Instruments used _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ National Instruments hardware product model __________ Revision ______________________ Configuration ___________________________________________________________________ National Instruments software product ____________________________ Version ____________ Configuration ___________________________________________________________________ The problem is __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________
41. ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ List any error messages ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ The following steps reproduce the problem ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ DAQArb 5411 Hardware and Software Configuration Form Record the settings and revisions of your hardware and software on the line to the right of each item Complete a new copy of this form each time you revise your software or hardware configuration and use this form as a reference for your current configuration Completing this form accurately before contacting National Instruments for technical support helps our applications engineers answer your questions more efficiently National Instruments Products D
42. address bus that are local to the device The waveform sequencer performs multiple Data Path ISA PCI Channel Waveform Sequencer IFIFO Control Memory Controller RTSI Bus Memory Connector Instruction FIFOs AMM Control RTSI Control Digital Connector ARB SYNC PLL Ref Analog Control Pattern Generation Circuit DAC DDS Lookup Memory Attenuators Filter and Amplifier Level Crossing Detector PLL and Clocking DDS Control Digital Filter Trigger Control Filter Controls Clock Controls Bus Interface Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 2 National Instruments Corporation functions such as arbitrating the data buses and controlling the triggers filters attenuators clocks PLL RTSI switch instruction FIFO and direct digital synthesizer DDS The memory controller controls the waveform memory on the memory module The data from the memory is fed to a digital to analog converter DAC through a half band interpolating digital filter The output from the DAC goes through the filter amplifiers attenuators and finally to the I O connector Waveform Generation The DAQArb 5411 can generate waveforms in two modes Arb and DDS Use Arb mode for any arbitrary waveform generation but you can use DDS mode for standard frequency generation such as sine TTL square and triangular waveforms In Arb mode you can define waveforms as multiple buffers Y
43. analog waveform and is intended to be used when the waveform is a sine function The SYNC output will provide a meaningful waveform only when you are generating a sine wave on the ARB output For more information on SYNC output see Chapter 4 Arb Operation PLL Ref Connector The PLL Ref connector is a phase locked loop PLL input connector that can accept a reference clock from an external source and phase lock the DAQArb internal clock to this external clock The reference clock should not deviate more than 100 ppm of its nominal frequency The minimum amplitude levels of 1 Vpp are required on this clock You can lock reference clock frequencies of 1 MHz and 5 20 MHz in 1 MHz steps Note You can also lock the DAQArb 5411 to other National Instruments cards over the RTSI bus using the 20 MHz RTSI clock signal ARB Output tp SYNC Output 50 Duty Cycle SYNC Output 33 Duty Cycle tw Chapter 3 Signal Connections DAQArb 5411 User Manual 3 4 National Instruments Corporation If no external reference clock is available the DAQArb 5411 will automatically tune the internal clock to the best accuracy possible For more information on PLL operation refer to Chapter 4 Arb Operation Dig Out Connector Dig Out is a 16 bit digital I O connector that contains the 16 bit digital pattern outputs digital pattern clock output marker output external trigger input and power output Connector Pin Assignments Figure 3
44. ate 4 3 waveform generation 4 2 to 4 3 B buffer size 4 6 buffers minimum buffer size and resolution 4 5 waveform buffer 4 5 bulletin board support C 1 burst trigger mode Arb mode 4 15 to 4 16 DDS mode 4 16 bus interface specifications A 4 C cables part numbers for recommended cables 1 5 requirements for getting started 1 2 calibration 4 28 clock specifications external clock reference input A 6 internal clock A 6 configuration See installation and configuration connectors See I O connector SHC50 68 50 pin cable connector continuous trigger mode Arb mode 4 14 DDS mode 4 14 overview 4 13 customer communication x C 1 to C 2 D DAQArb 5411 See also Arb operation block diagram 4 1 cabling 1 5 features 1 1 to 1 2 locking to National Instruments cards over RTSI bus note 3 3 optional equipment 1 5 requirements for getting started 1 2 software programming choices 1 3 to 1 4 National Instruments application software 1 3 to 1 4 NI DAQ driver software 1 4 unpacking 1 6 DDS mode See direct digital synthesis DDS mode DGND signal table 3 6 Dig Out connector 3 4 to 3 5 pin assignments figure 3 5 signal descriptions table 3 6 digital pattern generation 4 25 to 4 27 data path figure 4 26 timing figure 4 26 digital pattern output specifications A 5 digital trigger specifications A 4 direct digital synthesis DDS mode 4 8 to 4 11 burst trigger mode 4 16 continuou
45. ck Note Refer to your software manual for selecting and routing signals to the RTSI bus Calibration Calibration is the process of minimizing measurement errors by making small circuit adjustments On the DAQArb 5411 NI DAQ automatically makes these adjustments by retrieving predetermined constants from the onboard EEPROM calculating correction values and writing those values to the CalDACs All DAQArb 5411 devices are factory calibrated to the levels indicated in Appendix A Specifications Factory calibration involves procedures such as nulling the offset and gain errors all at room temperature 25o C The calibration constants are stored in a write protected area in the EEPROM Factory calibration may not be sufficient for some applications where different environmental conditions and aging could induce inaccuracy Contact National Instruments to recalibrate your DAQArb 5411 National Instruments Corporation A 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual AppendixA Specifications This appendix lists the specifications of the DAQArb 5411 These specifications are typical at 25 C unless otherwise stated The operating temperature range is 0 to 50 C Analog Output Number of channels 1 Resolution 12 bits Maximum update rate 40 MHz DDS accumulator 32 bits Frequency range Arb
46. ck pulses timing coupling the manner in which a signal is connected from one location to another CPU central processing unit D D A digital to analog DAC digital to analog converter an electronic device often an integrated circuit that converts a digital number into a corresponding analog voltage or current Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 4 National Instruments Corporation DAQ data acquisition 1 collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors transducers and test probes or fixtures and inputting them to a computer for processing 2 collecting and measuring the same kinds of electrical signals with A D and or DIO boards plugged into a computer and possibly generating control signals with D A and or DIO boards in the same computer dB decibel the unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two signal levels dB 20log10 V1 V2 for signals in volts DC direct current DC coupled allowing the transmission of both AC and DC signals DDS direct digital synthesis a digital technique of frequency generation using a numerically controlled oscillator NCO a dedicated lookup memory and a DAC DDS mode a method of waveform generation that uses built in DDS functionality to generate very high frequency resolution standard waveforms default setting a default parameter value recorded in the driver In many cases the default input of a control is a certain value often 0 that mean
47. d by this VCXO The PLL can lock to a reference clock source from the external connector or a RTSI Osc line on the RTSI bus or it can be tuned internally using a calibration DAC CalDAC This tuning has been done at the factory for the best accuracy possible The reference clock and the VCXO clock are compared by a phase comparator running at 1 MHz The error signal is filtered out by the loop filter and sent to the control pin of the VCXO to complete the loop Figure 4 20 Phase Locked Loop PLL Architecture You can phase lock to an external reference clock source of 1 MHz and from 5 20 MHz in 1 MHz increments The PLL can lock to a signal level of at least 1 Vpk pk Caution Do not increase the voltage level of the clock signal at the PLL reference input connector by more than the specified limit 5 Vpk pk The VCXO output of 80 MHz is further divided by four to send a 20 MHz board clock signal to the RTSI bus 80 MHz Div 4 VCXO Board Clock Master RTSI Clock Slave Master Slave RTSI Switch RTSI Bus RTSI Osc Board Clock 20 MHz Loop Filter Tune DAC PLL Ref 1 Vpk pk min Control Voltage 20 MHz Source 14 Phase Comp AMUX Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 23 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Master Slave Operation The DAQArb may be phase locked to other devices or other DAQArb devices in either of two ways as shown in Figure 4 21 You can use maste
48. de 4 3 architecture figure 4 4 overview 4 4 waveform sampling and interpolation B 1 to B 2 waveform segment 4 5 waveform size and resolution 4 4 to 4 5 minimum buffer size and resolution 4 5 waveform memory 4 4 waveform staging 4 6 to 4 7 block diagram 4 7 instructions in stages 4 7 maximum number of stages note 4 7
49. ecifies where the marker has to be generated within that buffer For more information on markers see the Markers section later in this chapter Note The maximum number of waveform stages the instruction FIFO can store for Arb mode is 290 Note For more information on the waveform generation process refer to your software manuals Figure 4 6 shows a simple case of waveform generation process 80 MHz Oscillator Div 2 16 Bit Counter Memory Controller Waveform Memory Sequencer Address Generator Address Buffer Number Buffer Size Marker Offset Instruction FIFO Data In 16 Data Out 16 Instructions Buffer Loops Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 8 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 6 Waveform Generation Process Direct Digital Synthesis DDS Mode Direct digital synthesis DDS is a technique for deriving under digital control an analog frequency source from a single reference clock frequency This technique provides high frequency accuracy and resolution temperature stability wideband tuning and very fast and phase continuous frequency switching Yes No STOP Waveform Generation Stop Load Buffers Sequentially Load Staging List Start Waveform Generation Reset Device Setup Clocks and Triggers Filter Attenuation Impedance Output Enable Setups On the Fly Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 9 DAQArb
50. ector Detailed specifications of the DAQArb 5411 devices are in Appendix A Specifications What You Need to Get Started To set up and use your DAQArb 5411 you will need the following K One of the following DAQArb 5411 devices PCI 5411 AT 5411 K DAQArb 5411 User Manual K NI DAQ for PC compatibles version 5 0 or later K One of the following software packages and documentation VirtualBench Arb VirtualBench Function Generator LabVIEW LabWindows CVI Any standard C compiler K Cables and accessories SMB to BNC 50 cable SHC50 68 50 pin to 68 pin cable for pattern generator outputs optional SCB 68 terminal block accessory in generic configuration optional K 16 MB memory module optional K Your computer Chapter 1 Introduction National Instruments Corporation 1 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Software Programming Choices There are several options to choose from when programming your National Instruments DAQ hardware You can use LabVIEW LabWindows CVI or VirtualBench National Instruments Application Software LabVIEW and LabWindows CVI are innovative program development software packages for data acquisition and control applications LabVIEW uses graphical programming whereas LabWindows CVI enhances traditional programming languages Both packages include extensive libraries for data acquisition instrument control data ana
51. ency Resolution and Lookup Memory For DDS based waveform generation you must first load one cycle of the desired waveform into the lookup memory The size of the DDS lookup memory is 16 384 samples Each sample is 16 bits wide Note One cycle of the waveform buffer loaded into the memory should be exactly equal to the size of the DDS lookup memory Fc update clock for the accumulator Set the DAQArb 5411 at Fc 40 MHz Fa desired frequency of the output signal N accumulator size in bits Set the DAQArb 5411 at N 32 FCW frequency control word to be loaded into the accumulator to generate Fa This is calculated using the formula FCW 2N Fa Fc The frequency resolution is then given by frequency resolution Fc 2N 40 x 106 232 9 31322 mHz For example if you need to generate a frequency of 10 MHz then the FCW is 232 10E6 40E6 which equals 1 073 741 824 If you need to generate a frequency of 1 Hz then the FCW is 232 1 40E6 which equals 107 Note On the DAQArb 5411 the maximum frequency of a sine wave you can generate reliably is limited to 16 MHz Other waveforms like square or triangular waves are limited to 1 MHz You can also synthesize arbitrary waveforms using DDS Generating arbitrary waveforms this way will be very limited you are restricted to a single buffer and this buffer should be exactly equal to the size of the lookup memory To update every next sample of an a
52. equested positions of 8 15 Figure 4 16 Markers as Trigger Outputs Table 4 1 Generated Marker Positions Sample Number Marker Requested Marker Generated 1 At sample 0 from the beginning of the buffer Sample position 0 7 2 At sample 1 from the beginning of the buffer Sample position 0 7 3 At sample 7 from the beginning of the buffer Sample position 0 7 4 At sample 8 from the beginning of the buffer Sample position 8 15 5 At sample 255 from the beginning of the buffer Sample position 248 255 ARB Output Marker Output A B tm Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 18 National Instruments Corporation Note Marker output signals are an important feature to trigger other instruments or devices at a specified time while a waveform generation is in progress Analog Output Figure 4 17 shows the essential blocks of analog waveform generation The 12 bit digital waveform data is fed to a high speed DAC A low pass filter filters the DAC output This filtered signal is pre amplified before it goes to a 10 dB attenuator The DAC output can be fine tuned for gain and offset Since the offset is adjusted before the main attenuators and amplifier it is referred to as pre attenuation offset This fine tuning of gain and offset is done using separate DACs The output from the 10 dB attenuator is then fed to the main amplifier which can provide 5 V levels into 50 An output re
53. er Manual 4 26 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 23 Digital Pattern Generator Data Path You can enable or disable digital pattern generation through software All linking and looping capabilities are available for digital pattern generation as well If you select DDS mode the DDS data appears at the digital I O connector You can use digital pattern generation to test digital devices such as serial and parallel DACs and to emulate protocols Note At computer power up and reset pattern generation is disabled Figure 4 24 shows the timing waveforms for digital pattern generation tclk is the clock time period and tco is time delay from clock to output on pattern lines such as PA lt 0 15 gt Refer to the Appendix A Specifications for these timing parameters Figure 4 24 Digital Pattern Generation Timing Waveform Memory 16 16 Bit Register Output Buffer 16 Digital Pattern Out OE Clock Pattern Enable Clock Out Line Out 80 50 Output Enable Clock tco tclk Dn Dn 1 Dn 2 Data Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 27 DAQArb 5411 User Manual The sample clock for integral subdivisions of 40 MHz will always have a high pulse width of 25 ns If the tco time is insufficient for the hold time of your device then you can use the falling edge of the sample clock output PCLK to register the digital pattern data RTSI Trigger Lines The
54. erate waveforms is referred to as waveform linking and looping or waveform staging Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 6 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 4 Waveform Linking and Looping Waveform Staging Figure 4 5 shows waveform staging in hardware The instruction FIFO contains the staging list which the DAQArb 5411 sequencer reads for waveform generation Waveform Sample A Waveform Buffer Segment 1 Waveform Buffer Segment 2 Waveform Stage 1 Loops 3 Waveform Sample B Waveform Stage 2 Loops 2 Waveform Linking Staging List Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 7 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 4 5 Waveform Staging Block Diagram Each stage is made up of four instructions Buffer number Specifies the buffer number to be generated Buffer size Specifies the total count of the buffer to be generated This count may be more or less than the actual size of that buffer If the count is less only a part of that buffer will be used for that stage If the count is more than the actual size of that buffer part of the next sequential buffer will also be used If the buffer size is set to zero the software will automatically use the true size of that buffer Buffer loops Specifies the number of times that buffer has to be looped The maximum number of loops possible is 65 535 Marker offset Sp
55. ercent positive of or plus negative of or minus plus or minus per degree ohm 5V 5 V output signal Prefix Meaning Value p pico 10 12 n nano 10 9 micro 10 6 m milli 10 3 k kilo 103 M mega 106 Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 2 National Instruments Corporation A A amperes AC alternating current AMM advanced memory module used for storing waveform buffers for the Arb mode of waveform generation The standard AMM size is 2 000 000 16 bit samples amplification method of scaling the signal level to a higher level ARB normal waveform output signal Arb mode a mode of generating waveforms in which waveforms are defined by multiple buffers that can be linked or looped in any order arbitrary waveform instrument for generating any desired waveform this instrument is not generator restricted to standard waveforms such as sine or square ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit a proprietary semiconductor component designed and manufactured to perform a set of specific functions for a specific customer AT bus See bus attenuation decreasing the amplitude of a signal B b bit one binary digit either 0 or 1 B byte eight related bits of data an eight bit binary number Also used to denote the amount of memory required to store one byte of data bandwidth the range of frequencies present in a signal
56. formers fluorescent lights soldering irons CRT displays computers electrical storms welders radio transmitters and internal sources such as semiconductors resistors and capacitors Noise corrupts signals you are trying to send or receive O onboard RAM optional RAM usually installed into SIMM slots operating system base level software that controls a computer runs programs interacts with users and communicates with installed hardware or peripheral devices output enable relay a relay switch at the output of the DAQArb 5411 that can enable the waveform generation at any time or that can connect the output to ground Glossary National Instruments Corporation G 9 DAQArb 5411 User Manual P PA lt 0 15 gt digital pattern generator outputs passband the range of frequencies which a device can properly propagate or measure pattern generation a type of handshaked latched digital I O in which internal counters generate the handshaked signal which in turn initiates a digital transfer Because counters output digital pulses at a constant rate this means you can generate and retrieve patterns at a constant rate because the handshaked signal is produced at a constant rate PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect a high performance expansion bus architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA It is achieving widespread acceptance as a standard for PCs and work stations it offers a theoretical
57. iable for any damages arising out of or related to this document or the information contained in it EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED HEREIN NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS MAKES NO WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE CUSTOMER S RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES CAUSED BY FAULT OR NEGLIGENCE ON THE PART OF NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT THERETOFORE PAID BY THE CUSTOMER NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM LOSS OF DATA PROFITS USE OF PRODUCTS OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF This limitation of the liability of National Instruments will apply regardless of the form of action whether in contract or tort including negligence Any action against National Instruments must be brought within one year after the cause of action accrues National Instruments shall not be liable for any delay in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control The warranty provided herein does not cover damages defects malfunctions or service failures caused by owner s failure to follow the National Instruments installation operation or maintenance instructions owner s modification of the product owner s abuse misuse or negligent acts and power failure or surges fire flood accident actions of third parties or other events outside reasonable control Copyright Under the copyright laws this
58. ion the smallest signal increment that can be detected by a measurement system Resolution can be expressed in bits in proportions or in percent of full scale For example a system has 12 bit resolution one part in 4 096 resolution and 0 0244 percent of full scale rms root mean square the square root of the average value of the square of the instantaneous signal amplitude a measure of signal amplitude ROM read only memory RTSI bus real time system integration bus the National Instruments timing bus that connects DAQ boards directly by means of connectors on top of the boards for precise synchronization of functions S s seconds S samples sampling rate the rate in samples per second S s at which each sample in the waveform buffer is updated SCXI Signal Conditioning eXtensions for Instrumentation the National Instruments product line for conditioning low level signals within an external chassis near sensors so only high level signals are sent to DAQ boards in the noisy PC environment sequence list See staging list Glossary National Instruments Corporation G 11 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Shannon s Sampling a law of sampling theory stating that if a continuous bandwidth limited Theorem signal contains no frequency components higher than half the frequency at which it is sampled then the original signal can be recovered without distortion single trigger mode when the arbitrary waveform generato
59. itely by recycling through all the staging list After a trigger is received the waveform generation starts from the first stage and continues through to the last stage After the last stage is completed the waveform generation loops back to the start of the first stage and continues until it is stopped Only one trigger is required to start the waveform generation Start Trigger End of All Stages Last Stage Generated Continuously Until Stopped Start Trigger Last Stage Generated Continuously Until Stopped End of All Stages f1 T1 f2 T2 f3 T3 f4 Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 14 National Instruments Corporation You can use continuous trigger mode with the both the Arb and DDS waveform generation modes as follows Arb mode Figure 4 11 uses the stages shown in Figure 4 4 to illustrate a continuous trigger mode of operation for Arb waveform generation mode Figure 4 11 Continuous Trigger Mode for Arb Mode DDS mode Figure 4 12 illustrates a continuous trigger mode of operation for DDS waveform generation mode Figure 4 12 Continuous Trigger Mode for DDS Mode Stepped Trigger Mode After a start trigger is received the waveform described by the first stage is generated Then the device waits for the next trigger signal On the next trigger the waveform described by the second stage is generated and so on Once the staging list is exhausted the waveform generatio
60. lay can switch between ground level and the main amplifier The output of this relay is fed to a series of passive attenuators The output of the attenuators is fed through a selectable output impedance of 50 or 75 to the I O connector Figure 4 17 Analog Output and SYNC Out Block Diagram Figure 4 18 shows the timing relationships of the trigger input waveform output and marker output Td1 is the pulse width on the trigger signal Td2 is the time delay from trigger to output on Arb DAC Gain DAC Pre Amp Main Amp Filter Low Pass 10 db Attenuator Attenuators Output Enable 25 ARB Selector 50 75 Offset DAC 12 Clock Level DAC SYNC Comparator 50 50 63 dB in 1 dB steps Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 19 DAQArb 5411 User Manual output Td3 is the time between the marker output and Arb output Td4 is the pulse width on marker output Refer to Appendix A Specifications for more information on these timing parameters Figure 4 18 Waveform Trigger and Marker Timings Note You can switch off the analog low pass filter at any time during waveform generation SYNC Output and Duty Cycle The SYNC output is a TTL version of the sine waveform being generated at the output The signal from the pre amplifier is sent to a comparator where it is compared against a level set by the level DAC The output of this comparator is sent
61. le an analog input FIFO stores the results of A D conversions until the data can be retrieved into system memory a process that requires the servicing of interrupts and often the programming of the DMA controller This process can take several milliseconds in some cases During this time data accumulates in the FIFO for future retrieval With a larger FIFO longer latencies can be tolerated In the case of analog output a FIFO permits faster update rates because the waveform data can be stored on the FIFO ahead of time This again reduces the effect of latencies associated with getting the data from system memory to the DAQ device filters digital or analog circuits that change the frequency characteristics of a waveform frequency resolution the smallest frequency change that can be generated by a DAQArb 5411 ft feet G gain the factor by which a signal is amplified sometimes expressed in decibels Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 6 National Instruments Corporation H h hour hardware the physical components of a computer system such as the circuit boards plug in boards chassis enclosures peripherals cables and so on Hz hertz the number of cycles or repetitions per second I IC integrated circuit IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in inches instruction FIFO the FIFO that stores the waveform generation staging list interrupt a computer signal indicating that the CP
62. lysis and graphical data presentation LabVIEW features interactive graphics a state of the art user interface and a powerful graphical programming language The LabVIEW Data Acquisition VI Library a series of virtual instruments VIs for using LabVIEW with National Instruments DAQ hardware is included with LabVIEW Note DAQArb 5411 devices can use only the Advanced Analog Output VIs in LabVIEW for analog output functions LabWindows CVI features interactive graphics a state of the art user interface and uses the ANSI standard C programming language The LabWindows CVI Data Acquisition Library a series of functions for using LabWindows CVI with National Instruments DAQ hardware is included with the NI DAQ software kit Using LabVIEW or LabWindows CVI software will greatly reduce the development time for your data acquisition and control application VirtualBench is a suite of VIs that allows you to use your data acquisition products just as you use standalone instruments but you benefit from the processing display and storage capabilities of PCs VirtualBench instruments load and save waveform data to disk in the same forms used in popular spreadsheet programs and word processors A report generation capability complements the raw data storage by adding timestamps measurements user name and comments The complete VirtualBench suite contains VirtualBench Arb VirtualBench Function Generator VirtualBench Scope VirtualBench
63. maximum transfer rate of 132 Mbytes s PCLK digital pattern clock output peak to peak a measure of signal amplitude the difference between the highest and lowest excursions of the signal pipeline a high performance processor structure in which the completion of an instruction is broken into its elements so that several elements can be processed simultaneously from different instructions PLL phase locked loop a circuit that synthesizes a signal whose frequency is exactly proportional to the frequency of a reference signal PLL Ref a PLL input that accepts an external reference clock signal and phase locks to it the DAQArb 5411 internal clock Plug and Play devices devices that do not require dip switches or jumpers to configure resources on the devices also called switchless devices Plug and Play ISA a specification prepared by Microsoft Intel and other PC related companies that will result in PCs with plug in boards that can be fully configured in software without jumpers or switches on the boards ppm parts per million pre attenuation offset an offset provided to the signal before it reaches the attenuators Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 10 National Instruments Corporation protocol the exact sequence of bits characters and control codes used to transfer data between computers and peripherals through a communications channel such as the GPIB bus pts points R RAM random access memory resolut
64. n returns to the first stage and continues in a cyclic fashion You can use the stepped trigger mode with the both the Arb and DDS waveform generation modes as follows Arb mode Figure 4 13 uses the stages shown in Figure 4 4 to illustrate a stepped trigger mode of operation for the Arb mode If a trigger is received while a stage is being generated it will be ignored A trigger will be recognized only after the stage has been completely generated Start Trigger End of All Stages End of All Stages Repeat Until Stopped Start Trigger End of All Stages f1 T1 f2 T2 f3 T3 f1 T1 f2 T2 f4 T4 Repeat Until Stopped Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 15 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 4 13 Stepped Trigger Mode for Arb Mode After any stage has been generated completely the first eight samples of the next stage are repeated continuously until the next trigger is received Note For stepped trigger mode you can predefine the state in which a stage ends by making the first eight samples of the next stage represent the state you want to settle DDS mode Stepped trigger mode and burst trigger mode are the same thing for the DDS mode of waveform generation Burst Trigger Mode After a start trigger is received the waveform described by the first stage is generated until another trigger is received At the next trigger the buffer of the previ
65. ns in the flatness of the frequency characteristic of the analog low pass filter in its passband as shown in Figure 4 22 Curve A shows a typical low pass filter curve The response of the filter is stored in an onboard EEPROM in 1 MHz increments up to 16 MHz Curve C is the correction applied to the frequency response The resulting Curve B is a flat response over the entire passband If you want to generate a particular frequency with filter correction applied you have to specify that frequency through software Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 25 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 4 22 Analog Filter Correction Note You can change the filter frequency correction at any time during waveform generation Digital Pattern Generation The DAQArb 5411 provides 16 bit digital pattern generation outputs at the digital connector This digital data is first synchronized to the sample clock and then buffered and sent to the connector through a 80 series resistor The sample clock is also buffered and sent to the digital connector to latch the data externally Figure 4 23 shows the data path for digital pattern generation The digital pattern data is available directly from the memory it does not go through the digital filter A B C Frequency MHz Gain dB A Typical Analog Filter Characteristics B Corrected Filter Characteristics C Correction Applied Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 Us
66. nt devices on the fly to the DAQArb 5411 Note You can change the output enable state at any time during waveform generation Pre attenuation Offset Pre attenuation offset is an offset adjustment to the waveform before the attenuation chain You can adjust the pre attenuation offset provided you have at least 10 dB of attenuation switched in With a terminated load you get a 2 5 V offset adjustment before the attenuation chain With less than 10 dB of attenuation switched in you can also adjust the pre attenuation offset as much as 2 5 V into 50 provided that the waveform maximum plus offset before attenuation does not exceed 5 V into 50 Note The pre attenuation offset is also attenuated by the attenuation setting you specify through the software For example if you have waveform generation into a terminated load with 20 dB attenuation the output levels are 0 5 V If you set up a pre attenuation offset of 1 V the actual offset you will see at the output connector is 0 1 V 20 dB of 1 V Note You can change the pre attenuation offset at any time during waveform generation Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 22 National Instruments Corporation Phase Locked Loops Figure 4 20 illustrates the block diagram for the DAQArb 5411 PLL circuit The PLL consists of a voltage controlled crystal oscillator VCXO with a tuning range of 100 ppm The main clock of 80 MHz is generate
67. o 4 8 waveform memory 4 4 waveform size and resolution 4 4 to 4 5 Arb operation analog filter correction 4 24 to 4 25 analog output 4 18 to 4 21 analog output and SYNC out block diagram 4 18 output attenuation 4 19 to 4 20 output enable 4 21 output impedance 4 20 pre attenuation offset 4 21 SYNC output and duty cycle 4 19 waveform trigger and marker timings figure 4 19 Arb mode 4 3 to 4 8 minimum buffer size and resolution 4 5 waveform linking and looping 4 5 to 4 8 waveform memory 4 4 waveform size and resolution 4 4 to 4 5 calibration 4 28 DAQArb 5411 block diagram 4 1 digital pattern generation 4 25 to 4 27 data path figure 4 26 timing figure 4 26 direct digital synthesis DDS mode 4 8 to 4 11 DDS building blocks figure 4 9 frequency hopping and sweeping 4 11 frequency resolution and lookup memory 4 10 to 4 11 marker output signal 4 16 to 4 18 generated marker positions table 4 17 markers as trigger outputs figure 4 17 overview 4 1 to 4 2 Index DAQArb 5411 User Manual I 2 National Instruments Corporation phase locked loops 4 22 to 4 24 architecture figure 4 22 master slave operation 4 23 to 4 24 RTSI trigger lines 4 27 to 4 28 triggering 4 11 to 4 16 burst trigger mode 4 15 to 4 16 continuous trigger mode 4 13 to 4 14 modes of operation 4 12 to 4 16 single trigger mode 4 12 to 4 13 stepped trigger mode 4 14 to 4 15 trigger sources 4 11 to 4 12 update r
68. ou can link and loop these buffers in any order you desire This mode has more features and is more flexible than DDS mode Note If you use Virtual Bench software you must use VirtualBench Arb for Arb mode DDS mode is more suitable for generating standard waveforms that are repetitive in nature for example sine TTL square and triangular waveforms In DDS mode you are limited to one buffer and the buffer size must be exactly equal to 16 384 samples Note If you use VirtualBench software you must use VirtualBench Function Generator for DDS mode Figure 4 2 shows a block diagram representation of the data path for waveform generation The data for waveform generation can come from either the waveform memory module or DDS lookup memory depending on the mode of waveform generation This data is interpolated by a half band digital filter and then fed to a high speed DAC The data has a pipeline delay of 26 update clocks through this digital filter Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Figure 4 2 Waveform Data Path Block Diagram Update Rate On the DAQArb 5411 the high speed DAC itself is always updated at 80 MHz but the maximum update clock for waveform memory is 40 MHz The update clock for the waveform memory can be further divided by a 16 bit counter as shown in Figure 4 2 Therefore the slowest update rate is 40 MHz divided by 65 536 which is 610 35 Hz Note
69. ous stage is completed before the waveform described by the second stage is generated Once the staging list is exhausted the waveform generation returns to the first stage and continues in a cyclic fashion You can use burst trigger mode with the both the Arb and DDS waveform generation modes as follows Arb mode Figure 4 14 uses the stages shown in Figure 4 4 to illustrate a burst trigger mode of operation for Arb mode The first eight samples of the next stage are generated repeatedly Start Trigger Start Trigger Start Trigger End of Stage 3 End of Stage 1 Start Trigger End of Stage 2 End of Stage 1 Repeat Sequence Keep Going Until Stopped Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 16 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 14 Burst Trigger Mode for Arb Mode DDS mode Figure 4 15 illustrates a burst trigger mode of operation for DDS mode The switching from one stage to the other stage is phase continuous In this mode the time instruction is not used The trigger paces the waveform generation from one frequency to the other Figure 4 15 Burst Trigger Mode for DDS Mode Marker Output Signal A marker is equivalent to a trigger output signal and it is available on a separate pin in the digital I O connector You can define this TTL level trigger output signal at any position in the waveform buffer You can place a marker in every stage however only one marker per stage
70. r goes through the staging list only once SMB a type of miniature coaxial signal connector S s samples per second used to express the rate at which a DAQ board samples an analog signal stage in Arb mode specifies the buffer to be generated the number of loops on that buffer the marker position for that buffer and the sample count for the buffer for DDS mode specifies the frequency to be generated of the waveform in the lookup memory and the time for which that frequency has to be generated staging list a buffer that contains linking and looping information for multiple waveforms also known as a sequence list or waveform sequence stepped trigger mode a mode of waveform generation used when you want a trigger to advance the waveforms specified by the stages in the staging list SYNC TTL version of the sine waveform output signal generated by the DAQArb 5411 system noise a measure of the amount of noise seen by an analog circuit or an ADC when the analog inputs are grounded T transfer rate the rate measured in bytes s at which data is moved from source to destination after software initialization and set up operations the maximum rate at which the hardware can operate trigger any event that causes or starts some form of data capture TTL transistor transistor logic Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 12 National Instruments Corporation U update rate the rate at which a DAC is updated V V vol
71. r slave phase locking to synchronize multiple devices in a test system Figure 4 21 Master Slave Configurations for Phase Locking Example 1 shown in Figure 4 21a shows any National Instruments device with RTSI bus capability as the master To phase lock the DAQArbs to this master perform the following steps 1 Set the National Instruments device master to send a 20 MHz signal over the RTSI bus on the RTSI Osc line If this device is a DAQArb set the source for the RTSI clock line to board clock for NI DAQ software and internal for LabVIEW 2 Set up the slave devices so that the PLL reference source is set to the RTSI clock line 3 Set the PLL reference frequency parameter to 20 MHz 4 The boards should now be frequency locked to the master 5 To further phase lock the boards set up the master to send the trigger signal on one of the RTSI trigger lines 6 Set up the slaves to receive their trigger signal on the RTSI bus 7 Start the waveform generation on all the slaves 8 Start the waveform generation on the master 9 All the slaves will be triggered by the master and will be phase and frequency locked to each other and the master NI Device DAQArb DAQArb DAQArb DAQArb DAQArb Master Slave Slave Slave Slave Slave Master Ref In Ref In Ref In a RTSI Bus Master Slave Configuration Device b External Master Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual
72. r uses the same signals as the DAQArb 5411 digital output connector shown in Table 3 1 Figure 3 5 SHC50 68 68 Pin Connector Pin Assignments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 26 PA 0 PA 1 PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 PA 5 PA 6 PA 7 PA 8 PA 9 PA 10 PA 11 PA 12 PA 13 PA 14 PA 15 MARKER RFU PCLK RFU RFU RFU RFU 5V NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC EXT_TRIG NC 68 DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND 5V DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND DGND Chapter 3 Signal Connections DAQArb 5411 User Manual 3 8 National Instruments Corporation Power Up and Reset Conditions When you power up your computer the DAQArb 5411 is in the following state Output is disabled and set to 0 V Sample clock is set to 40 MHz Trigger mode is set to continuous Trigger source is set to automatic the software provides the t
73. rbitrary waveform in lookup memory at the maximum clock rate of 40 MHz write an FCW value of 2 N L where N is the size of the accumulator and L is the number of address bits of lookup memory L 14 bits for the AT 5411 and the PCI 5411 Thus the FCW value for the DAQArb 5411 equals 262 144 Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 11 DAQArb 5411 User Manual If you want to update every next sample in lookup memory at an integral subdivision D of the maximum clock rate you should write an FCW value of 2 N L D 1 In other words for an effective update rate of every sample at half the maximum clock rate you should write an FCW value of 2 32 14 2 1 which equals 131 072 Frequency Hopping and Sweeping You can define a staging list in DDS mode for performing frequency hops and sweeps The entire staging list uses the same buffer loaded into the lookup memory All stages differ in the frequency to be generated As shown in Figure 4 7 a stage in DDS mode has a different instruction set than Arb mode Note The minimum time that a frequency should be generated is at least 2 s Therefore the maximum hop rate from one frequency to the other frequency is limited to 500 kHz Note The maximum number of stages that can be stored in the instruction FIFO for DDS mode is equal to 340 For more information on the waveform generation process refer to your software manuals Triggering Triggering is a feature by
74. re B 2 Digital Filter Analog Filter and Signal Images with Digital Filtering B 2 Figure B 3 Waveform Updates B 2 Tables Table 3 1 Digital Output Connector Signal Descriptions 3 6 Table 4 1 Generated Marker Positions 4 17 National Instruments Corporation ix DAQArb 5411 User Manual About This Manual The DAQArb 5411 User Manual describes the features functions and operation of the DAQArb 5411 The DAQArb 5411 is a high speed arbitrary waveform generating device with performance comparable to standalone instruments Organization of This Manual The DAQArb 5411 User Manual is organized as follows Chapter 1 Introduction describes the DAQArb 5411 lists the optional software and optional equipment and explains how to unpack your DAQArb 5411 Chapter 2 Installation and Configuration describes how to install and configure your DAQArb 5411 Chapter 3 Signal Connections describes the I O connectors signal connections and digital interface to the DAQArb 5411 Chapter 4 Arb Operation describes how to use your DAQArb 5411 Appendix A Specifications lists the specifications of the DAQArb 5411 Appendix B Waveform Sampling
75. riggers Digital filter is enabled Output attenuation remains unchanged from previous setting Analog filter remains unchanged from previous setting Output impedance remains unchanged from previous setting Digital pattern generation is disabled When you reset the board using NI DAQ or any application software calling NI DAQ your DAQArb is in the following state Output is disabled and set to 0 V Sample clock is set to 40 MHz Trigger mode is set to continuous Trigger source is set to automatic the software provides the triggers Digital filter is enabled Output attenuation is set to 0 dB Analog filter is enabled Output impedance is set to 50 Digital pattern generation is disabled PLL reference frequency is set to 20 MHz PLL reference source is set to internal tuning RTSI clock source is disabled SYNC duty cycle is set to 50 National Instruments Corporation 4 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Chapter4 Arb Operation This chapter describes how to use your DAQArb 5411 Figure 4 1 shows the DAQArb 5411 block diagram Figure 4 1 DAQArb 5411 Block Diagram The DAQArb 5411 consists of a bus interface that communicates with the ISA bus for the AT 5411 or the PCI bus for the PCI 5411 The bus interface block handles Plug and Play protocols for assigning resources to the device and providing drivers for the data and
76. rminated load and 10 V for unterminated load For example to change the output level to 2 5 V into a terminated load use the following formula Attenuation 20 log10 2 5 5 6 020 dB Note You can change the output attenuation at any time during waveform generation Output Impedance As shown in Figure 4 17 before the signal reaches the output connector you can select the output impedance to be 50 or 75 If the load impedance is 50 and all the attenuators are off that is an output attenuation of 0 dB the output levels are 5 V A load impedance of 50 is used for most applications but 75 is required for applications such as testing video devices If the load is a very high input impedance load 1 M you will see output levels up to 10 V Note You can change the output impedance at any time during waveform generation 1 dB 16 dB 2 dB 4 dB 8 dB 32 dB Out In Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 21 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Output Enable You can switch off the waveform generation at the output connector by controlling the output enable relay as shown in Figure 4 17 When the output enable relay is off the output signal level goes to ground level Note Even though the output enable relay is in the off position the waveform generation process will continue internally on the DAQArb 5411 You can use this feature to disconnect and connect differe
77. rt the card into a PCI slot For the AT 5411 insert the card into a 16 bit ISA slot It may be a tight fit but do not force the device into place 6 Screw the mounting bracket of the DAQArb 5411 to the back panel rail of the computer 7 Visually verify the installation Chapter 2 Installation and Configuration DAQArb 5411 User Manual 2 2 National Instruments Corporation 8 Replace the cover 9 Plug in and turn on your computer The PCI 5411 or AT 5411 is now installed Hardware Configuration The DAQArb 5411 is a fully software configurable Plug and Play device Configuration information is stored in nonvolatile memory The Plug and Play services query the device read the information and allocate resources for items such as base address interrupt level and DMA channel After assigning these resources the operating system enables the device for operation Installing the Optional Memory Module The standard onboard memory for the DAQArb 5411 is 4 MB You can upgrade to a 16 MB memory module to store large waveform buffers directly on the card Perform the following steps to install the new memory module 1 Turn off the computer and remove the top cover or access port to the I O channel 2 Unscrew the bracket and remove the DAQArb 5411 from the slot it has been plugged into 3 Gently place your DAQArb 5411 on a flat surface with the component and memory module side facing up 4 Unfasten the two
78. s trigger mode 4 14 DDS building blocks figure 4 9 definition 4 8 Index National Instruments Corporation I 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual frequency hopping and sweeping 4 11 frequency instruction 4 9 frequency resolution 4 10 to 4 11 lookup memory 4 9 4 10 to 4 11 single trigger mode 4 13 stepped trigger mode 4 15 time instruction 4 9 update rate note 4 3 VirtualBench Function Generator note 4 2 documentation conventions used in manual x organization of manual ix E electronic support services C 1 to C 2 e mail support C 2 equipment optional 1 5 external clock reference input specifications A 6 EXT_TRIG signal table 3 6 F fax and telephone support C 2 Fax on Demand support C 2 FIFO instruction 4 3 FIFO memory 4 3 filter characteristics A 2 to A 3 frequency hopping and sweeping 4 11 frequency resolution DDS mode 4 10 to 4 11 FTP support C 1 H hardware configuration 2 2 I installation and configuration hardware configuration 2 2 installation procedure 2 1 to 2 2 installing optional memory module 2 2 unpacking DAQArb 5411 1 6 instruction FIFO 4 3 internal clock specifications A 6 I O connector 3 1 to 3 6 ARB connector 3 2 Dig Out connector 3 4 to 3 5 illustration 3 1 pin assignments figure 3 5 PLL Ref connector 3 3 to 3 4 SYNC connector 3 3 L LabVIEW software 1 3 LabWindows CVI software 1 3 linking and looping See waveform linking and looping
79. s use the current default setting device a plug in data acquisition board card or pad that can contain multiple channels and conversion devices Plug in boards PCMCIA cards and devices such as the DAQPad 1200 which connects to your computer parallel port are all examples of DAQ devices DGND digital ground signal DMA direct memory access a method by which data can be transferred to from computer memory from to a device or memory on the bus while the processor does something else DMA is the fastest method of transferring data to from computer memory drivers software that controls a specific hardware device such as a DAQ board or a GPIB interface board dynamic range the ratio of the largest signal level a circuit can handle to the smallest signal level it can handle usually taken to be the noise level normally expressed in dB Glossary National Instruments Corporation G 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual E EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read only memory ROM that can be erased with an electrical signal and reprogrammed external trigger a voltage pulse from an external source that triggers an event such as A D conversion EXT_TRIG external trigger input signal F FIFO first in first out memory buffer the first data stored is the first data sent to the acceptor FIFOs are often used on DAQ devices to temporarily store incoming or outgoing data until that data can be retrieved or output For examp
80. s will at its option repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period This warranty includes parts and labor The media on which you receive National Instruments software are warranted not to fail to execute programming instructions due to defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 90 days from date of shipment as evidenced by receipts or other documentation National Instruments will at its option repair or replace software media that do not execute programming instructions if National Instruments receives notice of such defects during the warranty period National Instruments does not warrant that the operation of the software shall be uninterrupted or error free A Return Material Authorization RMA number must be obtained from the factory and clearly marked on the outside of the package before any equipment will be accepted for warranty work National Instruments will pay the shipping costs of returning to the owner parts which are covered by warranty National Instruments believes that the information in this manual is accurate The document has been carefully reviewed for technical accuracy In the event that technical or typographical errors exist National Instruments reserves the right to make changes to subsequent editions of this document without prior notice to holders of this edition The reader should consult National Instruments if errors are suspected In no event shall National Instruments be l
81. shed process procedure or equipment used to monitor or safeguard human health and safety in medical or clinical treatment National Instruments Corporation v DAQArb 5411 User Manual Table of Contents About This Manual Organization of This Manual ix Conventions Used in This Manual x Customer Communication x Chapter 1 Introduction About Your DAQArb 5411 1 1 What You Need to Get Started 1 2 Software Programming Choices 1 3 National Instruments Application Software 1 3 NI DAQ Driver Software 1 4 Optional Equipment 1 5 Cabling 1 5 Unpacking
82. tion for more information on the memory module As shown in Figure 4 3 a 2 000 000 sample waveform memory is organized as eight banks of 256 k by 16 bit memory chips These eight banks are then shifted serially to achieve a single data stream of 16 bit words at 40 MHz Figure 4 3 Waveform Memory Architecture 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 2 M Words 8 M Words 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits 256 k X 16 bits 1 M X 16 bits Pipeline Load Shift Register 16 Clock Memory Control Lines Waveform Data 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Chapter 4 Arb Operation National Instruments Corporation 4 5 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Minimum Buffer Size and Resolution The 5411 device memory architecture imposes certain restrictions on the buffer size and resolution The minimum buffer size for Arb mode is 256 samples and the buffers must be in multiples of eight samples For example if you request the DAQArb to load a buffer of 257 samples NI DAQ will truncate the buffer to 256 samples The last sample will not be loaded into the memory Note If the minimum buffer size of 256 samples is not met NI DAQ will return an error Note If the buffer is not a multiple of eight samples NI DAQ will return a warning and truncate the
83. to 1 MHz 60 dBc up to 16 MHz 35 dBc Phase noise 105 dBc Hz at 10 kHz from carrier Filter Characteristics Digital Type Half band interpolating Selection Software switchable Taps 67 Filter coefficients Fixed 20 bit Data interpolating frequency 80 MS s Pipeline signal delay 26 sampling periods Note The digital filter will be operational only for sample rates of 40 MHz and 20 MHz For other sample rates the digital filter will not be of any use Appendix A Specifications National Instruments Corporation A 3 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Analog Type 7th order L C low pass filter Passband ripple 2 dB Waveform Specifications Memory Arb mode 2 000 000 16 bit samples DDS mode 16 384 16 bit samples Segment length Arb mode 256 samples min multiples of eight samples DDS mode 16 384 samples exact Max segments in waveform memory 5 000 Arb mode only Segment linking instruction FIFO Arb mode
84. to the SYNC connector through a hysteresis buffer and a 50 series resistor to provide reverse termination of reflected pulses You can use the SYNC output as a very high frequency resolution software programmable clock source for many applications You also can vary the duty cycle of SYNC output on the fly by changing the output of the level DAC The SYNC output might not carry any meaning for any other types of waveforms being generated Note You can change the duty cycle of SYNC output at any time during waveform generation Output Attenuation Figure 4 19 shows the DAQArb 5411 output attenuator chain The output attenuators are made of resistor networks and may be switched in any combination desired The maximum attenuation possible on the DAQArb 5411 is 73 dB Trigger Input Signal Slope Positive TTL Waveform Output 5 Vpp into 50 Marker Output TTL Td1 Td2 Td3 Td4 Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 20 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 19 Output Attenuation Chain By attenuating the output signal you keep the dynamic range of the DAC that is you do not lose any bits from the digital representation of the signal because the attenuation is done after the DAC and not before it attenuation in decibels 20 log10 Vo Vi where Vo desired voltage level for the output signal Vi input voltage level Note For the DAQArb 5411 Vi 5 V for te
85. ts VCXO voltage controlled crystal oscillator VI virtual instrument 1 a combination of hardware and or software elements typically used with a PC that has the functionality of a classic standalone instrument 2 a LabVIEW software module VI which consists of a front panel user interface and a block diagram program W waveform multiple voltage readings taken at a specific sampling rate waveform buffers the collection of 16 bit data samples stored in the waveform memory that represent a desired waveform Also known as a waveform segment waveform memory physical data storage on the DAQArb 5411 for storing the waveform data samples waveform segment See waveform buffer waveform sequence See staging list National Instruments Corporation I 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Index Numbers 5V signal table 3 7 A analog filter correction 4 24 to 4 25 analog output 4 18 to 4 21 analog output and SYNC out block diagram 4 18 output attenuation 4 19 to 4 20 output enable 4 21 output impedance 4 20 pre attenuation offset 4 21 specifications A 1 SYNC output and duty cycle 4 19 waveform trigger and marker timings figure 4 19 ARB connector 3 2 Arb mode 4 3 to 4 8 burst trigger mode 4 15 to 4 16 continuous trigger mode 4 14 minimum buffer size and resolution 4 5 single trigger mode 4 12 to 4 13 stepped trigger mode 4 14 to 4 15 VirtualBench Arb note 4 2 waveform linking and looping 4 5 t
86. units of measure such as volts and hertz 2 mega the prefix for 1 048 576 or 220 when used with B to quantify data or computer memory marker a digital signal that is generated on a pin on the digital I O connector at a requested point in the waveform buffer this happens while the analog waveform is being generated at the DAQArb 5411 Arb output connector MARKER marker output signal marker offset the position in number of samples from the start of the waveform buffer at which the marker is requested master slave locking the DAQArb 5411 clock in frequency and phase to an external phase locking reference clock source MB megabytes of memory Glossary DAQArb 5411 User Manual G 8 National Instruments Corporation Mbytes s a unit for data transfer that means 1 million or 106 bytes s MIPS million instructions per second the unit for expressing the speed of processor machine code instructions MS million samples MSB most significant bit MTBF mean time between failure mux multiplexer a switching device with multiple inputs that sequentially connects each of its inputs to its output typically at high speeds in order to measure several signals with a single analog input channel N NI DAQ NI driver software for DAQ hardware NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology noise an undesirable electrical signal Noise comes from external sources such as the AC power line motors generators trans
87. ut Your DAQArb 5411 Thank you for buying a National Instruments DAQArb 5411 device The DAQArb 5411 family consists of two different devices for your choice of bus the PCI 5411 for the PCI bus and the AT 5411 for the ISA bus Your 5411 device has the following features One 12 bit resolution analog output channel Up to 16 MHz sine and TTL waveform output Software selectable output impedances of 50 and 75 Output attenuation levels from 0 to 73 dB Phase locked loop PLL synchronization to external clocks Sampling rate of 610 S s to 40 MS s 2 000 000 sample onboard waveform memory Waveform linking and looping for arbitrary waveform generation Digital and analog filters 32 bit direct digital synthesis DDS for standard function generation External trigger input Marker output as trigger output 16 bit digital pattern generation with clock Real Time System Integration RTSI triggers All 5411 devices follow industry standard Plug and Play specifications on both buses and offer seamless integration with compliant systems If your application requires more than one channel of arbitrary waveform generation you can synchronize multiple devices on all platforms using Chapter 1 Introduction DAQArb 5411 User Manual 1 2 National Instruments Corporation RTSI bus triggers on devices that use the RTSI bus or the digital trigger on the I O conn
88. which you can start and step through a waveform generation The trigger sources and trigger modes are explained in the sections below Trigger Sources Trigger sources are software selectable By default the software provides the triggers You can use also use an external trigger from a pin on the digital I O connector or from any of the RTSI trigger lines on the RTSI bus Figure 4 8 shows the trigger sources for the DAQArb 5411 Chapter 4 Arb Operation DAQArb 5411 User Manual 4 12 National Instruments Corporation Figure 4 8 Waveform Generation Trigger Sources If you need to automatically trigger the waveform generation use software to generate the triggers A rising TTL edge is required for external triggering For more information on triggering over RTSI lines see the RTSI Trigger Lines section later in this chapter Modes of Operation DAQArb 5411 functionality is further enhanced by various triggering modes available on it The available trigger modes are single continuous stepped and burst These trigger modes are available for both arb and DDS modes Single Trigger Mode The waveform you describe in the sequence list is generated only once by going through the entire staging list Only one trigger is required to start the waveform generation You can use single trigger mode with the both the Arb and DDS waveform generation modes as follows Arb mode Figure 4 9 uses the stages 1 2 and 3 shown in Figure 4
89. xt denotes emphasis a cross reference or an introduction to a key concept This font also denotes text from which you supply the appropriate word or value as in Windows 3 x italic monospace Italic text in this font denotes that you must enter the appropriate words or values in the place of these items monospace Text in this font denotes text or characters that should literally enter from the keyboard sections of code programming examples and syntax examples This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives paths directories programs subprograms subroutines device names functions operations variables filenames and extensions and for statements and comments taken from programs The Glossary lists abbreviations acronyms metric prefixes mnemonics symbols and terms Customer Communication National Instruments wants to receive your comments on our products and manuals We are interested in the applications you develop with our products and we want to help if you have problems with them To make it easy for you to contact us this manual contains comment and configuration forms for you to complete These forms are in Appendix C Customer Communication at the end of this manual National Instruments Corporation 1 1 DAQArb 5411 User Manual Chapter1 Introduction This chapter describes the DAQArb 5411 lists the optional software and optional equipment and explains how to unpack your DAQArb 5411 Abo

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