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Mitel 5000 IP Phone User Manual

1. Test Pattern Connecting the LX 80 to Your Computer First Printing Exercise SelecType kae x Red Choosing Print Modes Turning SelecType Mode On Using SelecType First SelecType Exercises Testing Your Software for the Reset Code Mode Combinations SelecType Cautions and Tips Elements of Dot Matrix one The Print Head Bidirectional Printing Changing Pitches NLQ Mode m Printer Control Codes ASCII Codes ESCape Code Printer Codes Embedded codes Inserted codes Programming Languages LX 80 Features jo gd Demonstration Programs Pica Printing Changing Pitches Cancelling Codes Resetting the Printer Pitch Comparison tte ette Near Letter Quality Mode elt Print Enhancements and Special Characters Bold Modes cece cece cece e eee eens Emphasized mode 1993 5 9035 9 E SLE AREA e S UE Master program s KI Dou ble sttrtke mnn Expanded Mode Mode Combinations nme Italic Mode eee eee ee ee ee eee eee Underline Mode eee ee ee eee eee eee Master Select eect c ete et eee Superscript and Subscript BBZB P 0G C7 Special Characters c o eet etes International Characters Graphi
2. Figure 1 8 Control panel There are several buttons and indicator lights on the control panel Their primary functions are described below The POWER light glows green when the power is on The READY light glows green when the printer is ready to accept data This light flickers somewhat during printing The PAPER OUT light glows red to indicate that the printer is out of paper or the paper is loaded incorrectly The ON LINE light glows green when the printer can receive data The ON LINE button switches the printer between on line and off line status When the printer is on line the ON LINE light glows and the printer is ready to accept data The following two buttons work only when the printer is off line If the ON LINE light is on press the ON LINE button to put the printer off line before you use these buttons The FF Form Feed button advances the paper to the top of the next page The LF Line Feed button advances the paper one line at a time The control panel buttons can also be used to turn on several printing functions using a feature called SelecType which is described in Chapter 2 In addition you ll find another use for the LF and FF buttons in the next section 11 Test Pattern Now you ll see your LX 80 print something even though it s not connected to a computer yet Make sure that your printer has paper in it and that the power switch is off Now hold down the LF button on the control pane
3. Remember that mode you turn on with SelecType stays in effect until the printer is turned off or receives a cancelling or reset code Turning off the printer is the simplest method to cancel the modes you have set but if you want to learn how to cancel them by using SelecType turn to the section called Cancelling Functions with SelecType in Appendix F 22 Chapter 3 Elements of Dot Matrix Printing This chapter is for those of you who want to know something about how your printer works It s a simple non technical explana tion of the basics of dot matrix printing that will help you understand some of the later chapters The Print Head The LX 80 uses a print head with nine pins or wires mounted vertically Each time a pin is fired it strikes the inked ribbon and presses it against the paper to produce a dot This dot is about 1 72nd of an inch in diameter The size varies slightly depending upon the age of the ribbon and the type of paper used As the head moves horizon tally across the page these pins are fired time after time in different patterns to produce letters numbers symbols or graphics For example to print a pica capital T the head fires the top pin moves 1 60th of an inch fires the top pin again moves 1 60th of an inch fires the top seven pins moves 1 60th of an inch fires the top pin moves another 1 60th of an inch and fires the top pin once more to finish the letter All this happens in only 1 100
4. 232 E8 h 41 29 105 69 i 169 A9 233 E9 1 42 2A 106 6A 3 170 234 EA i 43 2B 107 6B k 171 AB 235 k 44 2C 108 6C 1 172 AC 236 1 45 20 109 60 173 237 ED a 46 2E 110 6E n 174 AE 238 EE n 47 2 111 6F 175 239 EF eo 48 30 o 112 70 p 176 BO 240 FO 49 31 1 113 71 q 177 B1 1 241 F1 q 50 32 2 114 72 p 178 B2 2 242 F2 r 51 33 115 73 s 179 B3 3 243 F3 52 34 4 116 74 t 180 B4 4 244 F4 t 53 35 5 117 75 u 181 B5 5 245 F5 u 54 36 6 118 76 v 182 B6 246 F6 v 55 37 7 119 77 183 87 7 247 F7 w 56 38 8 120 78 x 184 B8 8 248 F8 x 57 39 9 121 79 y 185 B9 249 F9 y 58 3A 122 7A z 186 BA E 250 FA z 59 38 123 7B 187 BB 251 FB 1 60 3C 124 7C 188 B 252 FC 4 61 3D 125 70 gt 189 BD 253 FD 62 126 7E 190 A 254 FE ig 63 i 127 7F DEL 191 BF 2 255 Control Keys Decimal Hexadecimal Control key 0 00 1 01 2 02 3 03 4 04 D 5 05 E 6 06 F 7 07 G 8 08 H 9 09 I 10 0A 7 11 OB K 12 13 0 M 14 OE N 15 OF O 16 10 P 17 11 Q 18 12 R 19 13 S 20 14 T 21 15 U 22 16 V 23 17 W X Y Z EPSON AMERICA INC LIMITED WARRANTY Epson America Inc hereby warrants that it will repair or replace at its option any part of the Epson product with which this warranty is enclosed which proves defective by reason of improper workmanship and or material without charge for parts or labor for a period of one 1 year This
5. 95 5F 96 60 97 61 a 98 62 b 99 63 c 100 64 d 101 65 e 102 66 f 103 67 g 104 68 h 105 69 1 106 6A J 107 6B k 108 6C 1 109 6D m 110 6E n 111 6F o 112 70 P 113 71 q 114 72 r 115 73 5 116 74 t 117 75 u 118 76 Y 119 77 w 120 78 x 121 79 y 122 7A z 123 7B i 124 7C 125 7D 3 126 7E e 127 7F DEL Dec 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 et OVE Me i x 0g M 3 ow Won eNO RA GL RS UM Dec 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 CO C1 C2 C3 C4 C7 C8 cg CA CB cD CE CF DO 01 02 D3 D4 D6 D7 08 09 DB DC DD DE DF EO E E2 E3 E4 ES E6 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EF F1 F2 F3 FA F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF NN XXE CX SsOoxxmcmuurommuouoUUn moa Vox Pwr NK Special Graphics Charact
6. 0 138 116 138 0 8 112 220 DATA 58 68 2 128 0 128 2 68 58 Check your work by making sure that there are nine numbers each line and that the numbers are separated by commas To define more than one character use the total number of charac ters you are defining instead of the 1 in line 100 You can define as many as six characters at a time Just run the first program several times and enter all the DATA numbers in this program Running the program When you run this second program it prints six characters then re defines some or all of them and prints them again as in the exam ple below 66 The two lines when printed by your own program provide you with a key to the characters your LX 80 will now print When you press the key for one of the characters in the top row the printer will print the corresponding character in the bottom row In the example above if you type your LX 80 will print 7 although your screen will continue to show the character Because the program puts these new definitions in your printer s Random Access Memory RAM it will print the new characters the ones in the bottom row unless it is turned off or receives the reset code If you have designed a few characters and want to use them with your word processing program for example just run the second definition program before you start using your word processing program Then use the two line printout as your guide to tell yo
7. 129 81 193 C1 2 02 66 42 B 130 82 194 2 B 03 none 67 43 t 131 83 195 C3 4 04 68 44 D 132 84 t 196 C4 D 5 05 none 69 45 E 133 85 197 C5 E 6 06 none 70 46 134 86 198 C6 F 7 07 BEL 71 47 G 135 87 r 199 C7 G 8 08 BS 72 48 H 136 88 1 200 C8 H 9 09 HT 73 49 I 137 89 E 201 C9 I 10 0A LF 74 J 138 8A 202 CA J 11 08 VT 75 4B k 139 8B 5 203 CB 12 OC FF 76 4C L 140 8C u 204 CC L 13 00 CR 77 40 141 80 205 CD 14 OE SO 78 4E N 142 BE I 206 CE N 15 OF SI 79 143 4 207 16 10 none 80 50 F 144 90 e 208 DO P 17 11 none 81 51 Q 145 91 209 D Q 18 12 DC2 82 52 R 146 92 v 210 D2 R 19 13 none 83 53 S 147 93 211 03 5 20 14 DC4 84 54 T 148 94 212 04 T 21 15 85 55 Uu 149 95 a 213 05 u 22 16 none 86 56 v 150 96 214 D6 23 17 87 57 151 97 215 07 24 18 88 58 X 152 98 4 216 08 x 25 19 89 59 Y 153 99 Ly 217 D9 Y 26 1A none 90 5A 2 154 9 218 DA 2 27 1B ESC 91 5B L 155 9B t 219 DB t 28 1C none 92 5C N 156 9C n 220 DC 29 10 93 5D 1 157 9D 221 DD J 30 1E 94 SE 158 9E 222 DE i 31 1F none 95 5 159 9F 223 32 20 96 60 160 224 EO 33 21 97 61 161 A1 f 225 E1 a 34 22 98 62 b 162 A2 id 226 E2 b 35 23 99 63 c 163 A3 227 c 36 24 100 64 d 164 A4 228 E4 d 37 25 101 65 e 165 A5 z 229 E5 e 38 26 102 66 4 166 amp 230 t6 f 39 27 103 67 g 167 A7 231 E7 g 40 28 104 68 h 168
8. 80 You are familiar with the command format that uses the ESCape code and a letter but LX 80 graphics commands can also be in the following format LPRINT CHR 27 CHR M CHR N1 CHR N2 with m being the mode number found in the left column of Table 9 1 As usual n and n reserve the number of columns for graphics The seven modes include six densities with two speeds for double density Reassigning Code The LX 80 has a graphics command that changes one graphics mode to another You can use it with many commercial graphics software programs to change the density and shape of your printouts The code is ESCape s n where s is one of the four alternate graphics codes K L Y or Z and n is the number of the new code O 6 For example if you send the following code before you run a graphics program it will change every instance of mode Y high speed double density to mode 5 one to one LPRINT CHR 27 Y CHR 5 As usual this example is in MBASIC but you can send the code in any programming language Even if you don t know which code your graphics program uses a little experimentation should tell you whether the reassigning code can improve your graphics printouts Column Reservation Numbers Now that we ve introduced you to the rest of the S pin graphics densities and the reassigning code we ll explain in more detail the part of the graphics command that reserves the number of columns for graphics
9. ESC U n where n toggles the mode on and off O turns it OFF 1 turns it ON Turns expanded mode ON stays ON until turned OFF Cannot be turned off with ASCII 20 Format ESC W n where n toggles the mode on and off O turns it OFF 1 turns it ON Turns high speed double density graphics mode ON gives the same density as ESC L but cannot print two adjacent dots in the same row Turns quadruple density graphics mode ON Allows 1920 dot posi tions per S inch line Format ESC Z followed by n data numbers where n total number of dot columns n n MOD 256 n INT n 256 For example to print 1920 dots n 128 n 7 ESC Dec Hex Symbol ESC ESC ESC ESC 94 97 98 101 5E 61 62 65 Function Turns nine pin graphics ON Format ESC d nn followed by 2 times n data numbers where n total number of dot columns n n MOD 256 n INT n 256 The printer expects two data num bers for each column of print The d selects the density where 0 produces single density and 1 produces double density Sets justification format in NLQ mode Format ESC n where 0 for left justification 1 for centering 2 for right justifica tion and n 3 for full justification Sets up to 16 vertical tabs for channel n Format ESC b n nn n amp 0 where 0 7 and n 0 is the same as ESC B Terminate this tab se quence with 0 or a nu
10. Reassigns an alternate graphics code ESCape Reset code 38 ESCape Sets line spacing in 72nds of inch B 5 ESCape Sets the form length B 5 ESCape D Sets horizontal tabs B 6 2 ESCape Turns emphasized mode on 41 43 ESCape F Turns emphasized mode off 41 43 ESCape Turns double strike mode 13 ESCape Turns double strike mode off ESCape J Produces an immediate line feed ESCape Turns single density graphics mode on 76 ESCape L Turns low speed double density graphics mode on 80 ESCape Turns elite mode on 24 25 ESCape N Sets skip over perforation 57 ESCape 0 Turns skip over perforation off 57 ESCape Turns elite mode off 24 25 ESCape Sets the right margin 55 56 ESCape Selects an international character set 49 51 ESCape SO Turns superscript mode on ESCape 1 Turns subscript mode on ESCape Turns superscript or subscript mode off 49 ESCape UO Turns continuous unidirectional mode off B 8 ESCape U1 Turns continuous unidirectional mode 8 ESCape WO Turns expanded mode off ESCape 1 Turns continuous expanded mode on ESCape Turns high speed double density graphics mode 80 ESCape 2 Turns quadruple density graphics mode 80 ESCape Turns nine pin graphics
11. Turns either expanded mode OFF ESC W1 Turns continuous expanded mode ON Character Weight ESC E Turns emphasized mode ON ESC Turns emphasized mode OFF ESC G Turns double strike mode ON ESC Turns double strike mode OFF Print Enhancement ESC S0 ESC SI ESC T ESC 0 ESC 1 Turns superscript mode ON Turns subscript mode ON Turns either script mode OFF Turns underline mode OFF Turns underline mode ON Mode and Character Set Selection ESC ESC 4 ESC 5 ESC ESC R ESC Master select Turns italic mode ON Turns italic mode OFF Reset code Selects an international character set Selects and cancels special graphics characters Special Printer Features ASCII 8 ESC 25 ESC lt ESC U0 ESC U1 ESC 0 ESC s1 Line Spacing ESC 0 ESC 1 ESC 2 ESC A n ESC 3 n ESC J n Forms Control ESC 8 ESC 9 ESC ESC C ESC N ESC Page Format ASCII 9 or 137 ASCII 11 ESC p ESC Q ESC Backspaces Enables and disables the optional cut sheet feeder Turns one line unidirectional mode ON Turns continuous unidirectional mode OFF Turns continuous unidirectional mode ON Returns to normal speed Turns half speed mode ON Sets line spacing to 1 8 inch Sets line spacing to 7 72 inch Se
12. 1 Always turn the power OFF with the switch on the right side of the printer before you change the setting of any of these switches Any changes made while the power is on will be ignored until you turn the printer off and back on So set all switches with the power off In Table D 1 we show you the functions of all the switches Then we explain each of them Table D 1 DIP switch functions Switch 1 Functions International character set International character set International character set OFF Inactive Paper out sensor Active 12 inch Form length 11 inch Active Cut sheet feeder Inactive NLQ draft Compressed Print width Switch 2 Functions Beeper Autornatic line feed Inactive Note The shaded boxes show the factory settings Switches 1 6 1 7 and 1 8 determine the active international character set as shown in Table D 2 Table D 2 International DIP switch settings Country Switch 1 6 Switch 1 7 Switch 1 8 ES On On On France m On On de Off Germany On Off On United Kingdom On Ott Ks Ott Denmark On On On L Off Off On Spain Off Ot The use of international sets is discussed in Chapter 6 D 2 Switch 1 5 controls the paper end detector When it is ON the detector is inactive causing printing to continue even when the print er is out of paper When it is OFF the printer stops when the end of the paper passes the pa
13. 20 LPRINT CHR 27 390 LPRINT This sample of printing uses 40 LPRINT Master Select number M 50 LPRINT CHR 27 Q In this program you can use any number you calculate with the formula above but remember that emphasized can t combine with compressed or elite If you try to combine emphasized with either of the two narrow pitches you won t harm your printer it will simply use a priority list in its memory to determine which mode to use This priority list causes a combination of emphasized and elite to produce elite only a combination of emphasized and compressed to produce emphasized only and a combination of all three to produce com pressed elite Master Select is a powerful code that gives you an easy way to produce multiple combinations with a single command To see double strike emphasized italic printing for example you need only one ESCape code instead of three 48 Indeed Master Select is such a powerful feature that it may occa sionally be more powerful than you want it to be Because it controls eight different modes a Master Select code will cancel any of those eight that are not selected For example suppose that you have a page in elite and want part of it printing in italic If you use ESCape 64 to turn on italic your LX 80 will begin printing in italic pica instead of italic elite because the 64 code does not include elite Use 65 for italic elite Superscript and Subscript Yo
14. 3 dot Stays on until changed Format ESC 3 n where n O 255 Turns italic mode ON Turns italic mode OFF Disables the paper out sensor Can also be disabled with DIP switch 1 5 Enables the paper out sensor Can also be enabled with DIP switch 1 5 Copies the ROM character set to RAM Format ESC nn n where n n and n are all 0 They are included for future expansion The RAM character set must be acti vated with ESC Turns one line unidirectional mode ON Prints each line from left to right ESC Dec Hex Symbol ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC 63 64 65 66 67 67 40 41 42 43 43 Function Redefines one of the four alternate graphics codes K L or Z as one of the seven graphics density numbers used with the ESCape command Format ESC s n where s is K L Y or Z and n is O 6 Reset code which resets the printer to its power up state including reset ting top of page Clears all text and control codes from the print buffer Sets line spacing to n 72 inch n dot Format ESC n where n O 255 Sets up to 16 vertical tabs in the cur rent line spacing Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in line spacing Format ESC B nn ny 0 where 1 255 Terminate this tab sequence with O or a number less than the last defined tab Sets the form length to n lines in the current line sp
15. 47 49 Matrix See Dot matrix N Near Letter Quality NLQ mode 12 26 27 39 Can be set with SelecType DIP switch or ESCape code Nine pin graphics See Graphics O ON LINE light and button 11 See also SelecType P Page top of E 6 Panel buttons selecting typestyles with See SelecType Paper bail 6 9 continuous E ile guide E 3 loading 9 10 E 4 6 separator single sheet 9 10 Paper feed knob 4 5 Paper out sensor ESCape 9 turns it on ESCape 8 turns it off Can also be controlled by DIP switch Parallel interface Parts printer 3 PEEK Perforation See Skip over perforation Top of page Pica mode 24 26 36 37 Pin feed paper See Paper Pin feeder and pin feed lever E 4 6 Pins numbering of 76 78 Pitch summary table of 40 POKEing codes F 9 10 Preparation See Set up operations Print head and dot graphics 75 78 and dot matrix printing Print pitch summary table Printer driver for problem codes F 10 Protective lid See Lid Quadruple density See Graphics densities QX 10 80 F 14 R Reset code with user defined characters Resetting the printer Ribbon installation and replacement 5 8 Right margin See Margins S Script mode ESCape SO turns superscript mode on ESCape SI turns subscript mode on ESCape T turns either mode off SelecType feature 15 22 cancelling functions with F 4 5 troubleshooting F 3 4 Self test See Test pattern Senso
16. ASCII Codes and Character Fonts This appendix provides information about the way ASCII codes are used on the LX 80 printer and about the character fonts associ ated with those codes The first section summarizes the codes The second section displays the decimal and hexadecimal numbers a printout and an enlarged dot matrix for each of the special graphics characters and the draft international characters Other dot matrixes are in Chapter 3 The enlarged dot matrix characters are shown in elite to save space Sending printer codes is discussed in Chapter 4 and the method of printing the special graphics and international characters is discussed in Chapter 6 1 Dec Hex 0 00 1 01 2 02 3 03 4 04 5 05 6 06 7 07 8 09 9 10 11 OB 12 OC 13 OD 14 15 OF 16 10 17 101 18 12 19 13 20 14 21 15 22 16 23 17 24 18 25 19 26 1 27 1B 28 1C 29 10 30 1E 31 32 20 33 21 34 22 35 23 36 24 37 25 38 26 39 27 40 28 41 29 42 2 43 2B 44 2C 45 20 46 2E 47 OF 48 30 49 31 50 32 51 33 52 34 53 35 54 36 55 37 56 38 57 39 58 59 38 60 3C 61 3D 62 63 OONOU Dec Hex CHR 64 40 65 41 A 66 42 B 67 43 68 44 69 45 70 46 F 71 47 G 72 48 H 73 49 I 74 J 75 4B k 76 4C L 77 40 M 78 4E N 79 o 80 50 F 81 51 82 52 R 83 53 5 84 54 T 85 55 U 86 56 v 87 57 88 58 X 89 59 Y 90 5A 2 91 5B t 92 5C N 93 5D 3 94
17. Center SOME EPSON PRODUCTS HAVE A COMPARTMENT CONTAINING STATIC SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY THIS COMPARTMENT IS CLEARLY LABELED DO NOT OPEN IT THIS WARRANTY WILL BECOME VOID IF YOU ATTEMPT TO MODIFY OR ADJUST ANY ROM OR OTHER PART OR DEVICE IN SUCH A COMPARTMENT OR IF YOU ATTEMPT TO ADD OR INSERT ANY ROM OR OTHER PART OR DEVICE IF ANY OF THESE STEPS IS REQUIRED BRING YOUR EPSON PRODUCT TO AN AUTHORIZED EPSON DEALER THE DURATION OF ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE ON YOUR EPSON PRODUCT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE EXPRESS WAR RANTY SET FORTH ABOVE IN NO EVENT SHALL EPSON AMERICA INC OR ITS AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS INCONVENIENCE OR DAMAGE WHETHER DIRECT INCIDENTAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHERWISE OR WHETHER CAUSED BY NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER FAULT RESULTING FROM BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABIL ITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE WITH RE SPECT TO YOUR EPSON PRODUCT EXCEPT AS SET FORTH HEREIN SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WAR RANTY LASTS AND SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU You may request information on how to obtain service under this warranty by contacting the Dealer from whom your Epson product was purchased or by contact ing Epson America Inc at the address printed
18. Line SLCT IN ERROR BUSY ACKNLG DATA ENTRY OFF HIGH LOW LOW HIGH Not generated Disabled ON HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH Generated after data entry Enabled ON LOW HIGH Same Same Enabled normal entry When SLCT IN is at high level data entry is enabled but the input data will be disregarded until SLCT IN is at low level Note ERROR status is assumed to rest only in off line state and the ERROR status does not always mean SLCT IN I 4 INDEX A American Standard Code for Information Interchange See ASCII Apple computers F 11 12 See also Seven bit systems ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 29 30 codes listed for all characters A 2 Automatic test See Test pattern Bail See_Paper bail Beeper F 6 zal Bidirectional pri Tf 24 1 Board interface Bold printing See Double strike Emphasized C Cable 13 14 Centronics Codes See ASCII codes Control codes ESCape code Embedded codes Inserted codes Compressed elite mode Can also be set with pop Wd mode 24 25 ASCII 15 turns it on decir 18 turns it off Can also be set with p switch or SelecType margin settings in Continuous feed paper E 1 6 Control codes 29 33 data dumping in hexadecimal F 6 8 listed by function C 1 3 listed by number B 1 10 See also specific modes and functions Control panel 10 11 Selecting typestyles with See SelecType Cover See Lid Cut sheet feeder option B 2 D 2 3 Data d
19. NLQ Mode The preceeding examples are in the LX 80 s draft mode but the LX 80 also has the high quality NLQ Near Letter Quality mode that you have seen in previous chapters The NLQ letters are more fully formed than the draft letters be cause they are made up of many more dots Two differences between draft and NLQ printing enable the LX 80 to print such a large num ber of dots for each character In the NLQ mode the head moves more slowly so that dots can overlap horizontally and each character is printed with two passes of the print head To further insure the quality of NLQ characters both passes of the print head are in the same direction so the alignment of the dots is exact Because the NLQ mode uses two passes for each line and prints only in one direction your printing does take longer in this mode With the two modes draft and NLQ the LX 80 lets you choose high speed or high quality each time you print You can print your ordinary work or preliminary drafts quickly in the draft mode and use the NLQ mode for final copies or special purposes 26 SelecType makes it especially easy to change from draft to NLQ but you can also select and cancel the NLQ mode with a software command or with a special switch in the back of your printer You can find the software command in Chapter 5 and the operation of the switch called a DIP switch in Appendix D 27 Chapter 4 Printer Control Codes The LX 80 printer is easy to
20. The Apple II Plus is a case in point On such computers the CHR function cannot send the entire range of ASCII codes 0 255 to the printer it can send only the lower half 0 127 F 10 To find out whether your system is an 8 bit system capable of generating all 256 ASCII codes enter this simple test 10 FOR X 160 TO 254 20 LPRINT CHR X 30 NEXT X If you get italic characters when you RUN this you are using an 8 bit system If you have a 7 bit system you need to understand what happens to the control codes you send The LX 80 automatically interprets these codes the way your system sends them as the lower half of the range There is something you can do when you want to send the upper half 128 255 have your program convert all codes outside of the active range to their equivalent in the upper half by adding 128 to them The problems that are associated with 7 bit systems include e Limitations on width in graphics mode e Inability to use the top pin for graphics mode User defined characters can t be printed with the top eight pins the standard position for most characters Eight pins can t be used in defining characters Remember that the best solution usually is to use an interface that can send eight bits to the printer Solutions for Specific Systems The next four subsections illustrate dealing with interface puzzles on four types of computers Applesoft BASIC solutions Applesoft BASIC does not use PRIN
21. a two step process just as it is for the international characters In BASIC first you send CHR 27 m CHR 4 to turn on the graphics character set then you send the code numbers given in Figure 6 6 After you have used the ESCape code to turn on the graphics character set the LX 80 prints the codes from 128 through 159 as graphics characters You can change pitch and weight with the graphics characters just as you can with the other characters in the ROM of the LX 80 The characters in Figure 6 6 are printed in expanded elite The printout below shows the characters in pica HOME a HO m no oe odo uh X oT box t 52 The next printout shows the characters in emphasized expanded pica t o d t C a 2 MM n E ee 0c E The design of all the special graphics characters is shown in en largements in Appendix A Because normal line spacing leaves space between the lines of graphics characters just as it does between lines of text you must change the line spacing when you combine line graphics characters to form boxes or other figures For most programs ESCape 1 gives you the best line spacing for combinations of graphics characters Further details on line spacing are in Chapter 7 Although you can use any print mode with the graphics characters we suggest that you not use elite or compressed These modes cause small gaps in horizontal lines that are formed by a combination of line graph
22. and a line feed after every 80 characters This inser tion is usually no problem with text but it can spoil your graphics In the graphics mode they may insert the control codes after 120 col umns which could be in the middle of a line You can usually prevent these unwanted control codes with a WIDTH statement such as the one below WIDTH LPRINT 255 The format for your system may be different Consult your computer or computer language manual to find the correct format for your system Then put a WIDTH statement in one of the first lines of all your graphics programs It is easier to put a WIDTH statement in all but the simplest of your programs than to examine each one to see whether or not such a statement is necessary 82 5 Design Your Own Graphics In this section we take you through the development of a graphics program The example is not especially complicated but it does in clude the same steps you would use for a more complex figure so that you have the basis for designing graphics on your LX 80 You will plan your figure with dots on graph paper but before beginning to place the dots you should decide which graphics density you want Figure 9 3 shows the differences between the three most used graphics modes so that you can choose the one you want Single High speed Low speed Double Double Figure 9 3 Designing in di
23. below Epson America Inc Service Division 23155 Kashiwa Court Torrance CA 90505 213 534 0360 This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state
24. best to have both the printer and the computer turned off when you do this Remember that each computer system has its own way of com municating with a printer If your computer expects to communicate through a Centronics parallel interface all you need is a cable If your computer requires any other kind of interface you will also need an interface board If you don t know what a Centronics parallel interface is your computer manual or your dealer will tell you what you need Then once you have plugged your printer cable into your printer and computer you will probably never think about interfaces again If you do want the technical specifications however you can find them in Appendix 1 The first three steps in connecting your printer and computer are shown in Figure 1 10 Plug one end of your printer cable into the cable connector of your LX 80 printer The plug is shaped so that there is only one way it will fit the connector Now secure the plug to the printer with the wire clips on each side of the connector These clips insure that your cable will not be loosened or unplugged accidentally If your cable has a grounding wire fasten it to the grounding screw below the connector 13 Grounding WC wire Figure 1 10 Cable connection Next connect the other end of the printer cable to your computer On most computers you can easily find the correct connector for the printer cable but if you are not
25. mode on B 9 ESCape Selects NLQ justification mode 56 ESCape I Sets left margin 55 56 ESCape 0 Turns half speed mode off B 10 ESCape 1 Turns half speed mode B 10 ESCape x Selects NLQ or draft mode Expanded mode ESCape 1 turns continuous version on ESCape WO turns it off ASCII 14 turns one line version on ASCII 120 turns it off F FF See Form feed Foreign language characters See International characters Form feed FF button 11 Formatting page 55 59 Friction lever 9 10 Function switches See DIP switches G Graphics 73 89 column reservation numbers 81 82 densities 80 81 designing 83 85 inc in Bo problem codes with reassigning code special graphics_characters 52 53 summary table H Head See Print head Hex dumping See Data dump mode I IBM Personal Computer F 13 14 Inserted codes 32 33 Interface 1 1 4 International characters 49 51 A 5 DIP switch setting or ESCape R selects one Italic mode 45 46 ESCape 4 turns it on ESCape 5 turns it off Justification with NLQ 56 Knob See Paper feed knob Left margin See Margins Lever See Friction lever LF 10 11 Lid o Line feed 57 automatic DIP switch setting for D 2 3 button Line spacing 57 58 in graphics 4 Location of printer E 1 2 Lubrication Maintenance G l Margins 55 56 Master Select
26. next top of form Carriage return Prints the contents of the buffer and resets the buffer character count to 0 Shift out Turns expanded mode ON for the length of the line Can be can celled by ASCII 20 or ESC WO Works with pica elite or compress ed mode Shift in Empties buffer and turns compressed 17 16 cpi ON Cannot mix with emphasized or pica Can also use DIP switch 1 When DIP switch 2 2 is OFF places printer in the active state Device control 2 Turns compressed mode OFF Device control 3 When DIP switch 2 2 is OFF places printer in the inac tive state until a code is re ceived Device control 4 Turns the ex panded mode set by ASCII 14 OFF Cancels all text but not control codes in the print buffer Sets the optional cut sheet feeder Format ESC 25 n where n toggles the cut sheet feeder n 0 turns it OFF and n 4 turns it ON You cannot use EM in place of 25 Can also use DIP switch 1 3 ESC Dec 27 ESC 33 ESC 37 ESC 38 Hex Symbol ESC 21 25 6 amp Function Escape Prepares the printer to re ceive control codes Master Select Selects 1 of 64 unique print mode combinations Format ESC n where n stands for a number between 0 and 255 Activates a character set ESC 00 selects the ROM set and ESC 1 0 selects the RAM set defined by ESC amp Defines user characters in RAM Format ESC amp 0 The 0
27. on expanded For this mode the letter and the numeral one together turn on the mode and the letter and the numeral zero together turn it off Thus ESCape W1 turns on expanded and ESCape WO turns it off Those of you who are programmers may be interested in another form of expanded In this alternate form called one line expanded the printing is the same as that in Figure 6 3 but it is turned on by ASCII 14 and is turned off by a line feed ASCII 20 or ESCape MO Mode Combinations If you have read Chapter 2 by now you re probably wondering how to combine modes using control codes as you did with the SelecType feature For example can a title be made especially vivid by combining expanded and emphasized The answer is that you can combine nearly all of the print modes on the LX 80 Indeed your 44 LX 80 printer can print such complicated combinations as double strike emphasized expanded underlined italic subscript although we re not sure that you would ever want to use such a combination The point is however that the LX 80 has the ability to produce almost any combination you can think of it s up to you to decide which ones you want to use To see a few combinations remove line 90 from the master prog ram In MBASIC simply type 90 and press RETURN delete the line Now run the program once and enter and emphasized in response to the questions on the screen This will give you the same result
28. sends it by printing letters numbers symbols and graphics in various print modes Even if you never use BASIC again you will know the capabilities of your printer capabilities that can often solve your printing prob lems For example if you need a special symbol such as the Greek character X you will know that you can turn to the chapter on user defined characters and create such a character 35 If you don t want to do the exercises in BASIC you don t have to Many users are quite happy with their printers without ever learning load paper Therefore you shouldn t be intimidated by the informa tion in this manual In most cases the software that you use for word cating with the printer for you In fact because of Epson s long standing popularity many prog need to do is specify in an installation program that you are using an Epson printer Then the program sends the correct codes for the explained in the manual for your software program We have designed these chapters so that you can concentrate on using the features of the LX 80 instead of on programming but a few instructions arc necessary Because the examples in this manual are in Microsoft BASIC MBASIC the most widely used BASIC in per sonal computers most users can enter and run the programs exactly as they appear in these pages If your computer system uses any other kind of BASIC you may have to make a few changes Probably the only item you will need
29. smaller you may have overlapping dots with out realizing it overlapping dots dot on horizontal line Figure 8 2 Correct and incorrect designs If you do accidentally call for overlapping dots don t worry The program will still work but only one of the dots will be printed First definition program Once you have drawn your dots on the grid type in the following BASIC program and run it If you are using Applesoft BASIC see Appendix F 100 DIM F 9 119 FOR I 1 TO 9 120 PRINT WHICH ROWS HAVE DOTS IN COLUMN I 130 INPUT IF R THEN 158 140 F I F I 42 R 1 150 IF R THEN NEXT I ELSE GOTO 138 160 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR O CHR O CHR 9 178 LPRINT CHR 27 X CHR 1 CHR O 189 LPRINT CHR 27 amp CHR 2 190 LPRINT CHR 128 200 FOR X 1 TO 9 210 LPRINT CHR F X NEXT X 220 LPRINT CHR O CHR 230 LPRINT YOUR CHARACTERIN PICA lt lt lt 240 LPRINT IN EXPANDED EMPHASIZED PICA 250 LPRINT CHR 27 lt lt lt 260 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR YOUR DATA NUMBERS 270 FOR K 1 TO 9 LPRINT F K NEXT 300 END 63 So that you can see how the program works we ll present the steps used to create the Greek letter sigma First is the grid we used to design the character 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 123456789 Figure 8 8 Design for sigma Running the program For each of the nine columns the program will ask for the num bers of the rows in w
30. to its defaults resets the top of page and empties the contents of the buffer any including user defined characters that you may have put there F 4 Occasionally you may wish to cancel one or more modes with SelecType instead of resetting the printer with power switch To cancel all modes controlled by SelecType simply enter SelecType mode and then press the FF button without pressing the ON LINE button This is the zero code from Table 2 1 This is useful when you make a mistake while setting codes and want to start over again and it does not interfere with top of page user defined characters or other items that are not controlled by SelecType If you do make a mistake while using SelecType just press the LF button to turn off SelecType and then turn it on again and press the FF button before you press the ON LINE button In fact some users like to use the FF button to cancel any previous SelecType setting each time they use SelecType If you want to be absolutely certain that no previous settings interfere with your use of SelecType always press the FF button once immediately after you enter SelecType mode For this procedure after you press the ON LINE and FF buttons to turn on SelecType press the FF button once and then make and set your selection or selections as outlined at the beginning of this chapter You can also cancel individual modes with SelecType if you wish You do this with the same procedure that sets them W
31. to lock that holder in place Leave the other holder unlocked Figure E 6 Pin feed bolder adjustment Next open the pin feed covers as shown in Figure E 7 and feed the paper under the paper separator and into the paper slot push the paper through until it comes up between the ribbon guide and the platen Figure E 7 Open pin feed cover E 5 Next pull the paper up until the top is above the pin feed holders Fit the holes on the left side of the paper over the pins in the left holder and close the cover Now fit the right side of the paper in the right holder moving the holder as needed to match the width of the paper Close the second cover make sure the paper has no dips or wrinkles lock the right holder in place and push the paper bail against the paper Now you are ready to set the top of page position Turn the paper feed knob to advance the paper until a perforation between sheets is approximately 1 8 of an inch below the top of the ribbon guide as you see in Figure E 8 Figure 8 Top of page position When you turn on your LX 80 it will remember this top of page setting and will use it when any program tells it to move to the top of the next page If you later find that your word processing or other applications program is putting your printing too high or too low on the page or is printing on the perforations check to see that your top of page setting is correct Once you hav
32. use especially with commercial soft ware that has print control features This chapter explains some of the how a computer communicates with your printer This information should also help you understand the terms used in your software or If you are an advanced user or a programmer you may want to turn to Appendix B which has a full summary of all the LX 80 ASCII Codes When you write a document with a word processing program you press keys with letters on them When you send the document to a printer it prints the letters on paper The computer and the printer however do not use or understand letters of the alphabet They function by manipulating numbers Therefore when you press the A key for example the computer sends a number to its memory When the computer tells the printer to print that letter it sends the number to the printer which must then convert the number to a pattern of pins that will fire to print the dots that make up that letter The numbers that computers and printers use are in binary form which means that they use only the digits O and 1 In this manual however we use decimal numbers in our explanations because most users are more familiar with these numbers and because most pro gramming languages and applications programs can use decimal num bers The computer system or the program takes care of changing the decimal numbers to binary form for you 29 Computer and printer interaction would be terribl
33. you prefer for program listings Just remember that once you run a pro gram that sets margins those margins are in effect until you change them with new margin commands or turn off or reset the printer 55 You should be aware that a few applications programs reset the printer before each document or file they print These programs will of course cancel your new margin settings See Chapter 2 to find out how to test for a reset code in your program The maximum right margins on the LX 80 printer are 80 in pica 96 in elite 137 in compressed and 160 in compressed elite For further information on this command see Appendix B Justification with NLO The NLQ Near Letter Quality mode offers a justification com mand that will give you four choices in the formatting of your text The command is ESCape followed by one of these numbers 0 Left justification Centering 2 Right justification 3 Full justification Left justification is the standard format in which the left margin is even and the right margin is not This is the way most typewritten pages look The centering command centers a line of text between the margins This is handy for headings titles and captions Right justification is the opposite of left justification The right margin is even and the left is not Full justification puts extra spaces between words where necessary so that both the left and right margins are even This is the wav most magazine
34. 1 for future use c is the start ing character c is the ending charac ter Both c and c must be between 58 and 68 inclusive If a 128 char acter uses top 8 pins if a 128 character uses bottom 8 pins Each character in the range c c requires an attribute byte a and 11 data bytes 9 41 If NLQ mode is selected first the command requires 3 bytes for a The first ag is ignored the second a is the printing width and values above 12 are ignored The third is the value of the right spacing and is auto matically adjusted to 12 a In NLQ the command also requires 3 a data bytes 3 ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC 4 Dec 42 45 47 48 49 50 52 53 56 57 58 60 Hex Symbol 2A 2D 2F 30 0 31 32 2 33 3 34 4 35 5 38 8 39 9 3C lt Function Turns graphics mode ON Format ESC mnn followed by n data numbers where n total number of dot columns n MOD 256 n INT n 256 m selects mode O 6 See Chapter 9 for modes Turns underline mode ON Format ESC n where n toggles underline on and off O turns it OFF 1 turns it ON Selects a vertical tab channel Format ESC n where n 0 7 Sets line spacing to 1 8 inch 9 dot Sets line spacing to 7 72 inch 7 dot Returns line spacing to the default of 1 6 inch 12 dot Sets line spacing to n 216 inch 1 216 inch is 1
35. 44 n 1 ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function ESC 76 4C L Turns low speed double density graphics mode ON Prints 960 dots per 8 inch line Format ESC L n n followed by n data numbers where n total number of dot columns ni n MOD 256 n INT n 256 For example to print 960 dots m 192 n 3 ESC 77 4D M Turns elite mode 12 cpi ON Can not mix with NLQ pica or empha sized mode ESC 78 4E N Sets skip over perforation to n lines Format ESC N n where n 1 127 Turns skip over perforation OFF Turns elite mode OFF Returns to pica unless compressed mode is ac tive ESC 81 51 Q Sets the right margin Also cancels all text that is in the print buffer Format ESC Q n where n ranges from 2 80 in pica 3 96 in elite 4 137 in compressed 4 160 in compressed elite You may need a WIDTH state ment consult your system docu mentation ESC 82 52 R Selects an international character set by its country s number See Chapter 6 Format ESC n where n O 10 ESC 79 4 ESC 80 50 PD B 7 ESC Dec Hex Symbol ESC 83 ESC 84 ESC 85 ESC 87 ESC 89 ESC 90 B 8 53 54 55 57 59 5 5 Function Turns script mode ON Either type of script is printed in double strike Format ESC S CHR n where O produces superscript and 1 produces subscript Turns script mode OFF Turns unidirectional mode ON Prints each line from left to right Format
36. 5 C to 35 C Storage 22 F to 149 F 30 C to 65 Operating 10 to 80 no condensa tion Storage 596 to 8596 no condensation Operating 1 G less than 1 milli second Storage 2 G less than 1 millisecond Operating 0 25 G 55Hz maximum Storage 0 50 G 55Hz maximum 10 megaohms between AC power line and chassis No trouble when 1 kilovolt R M S 50 or 60 Hz is applied for more than 1 minute between AC power line and chassis Centronics compatible 8 bit parallel By externally supplied STROBE pulses By ACKNLG or BUSY signals Input data and all interface control signals are compatible with TTL levels H 3 Appendix I The Parallel Interface The LX 80 printer uses a parallel interface to communicate with the computer this appendix describes it Connector pin assignments and a description of respective interface signals are shown in Table I 1 Table I 1 Pins and signals Description STROBE pulse to read data in Pulse width must be more than 0 5 micro seconds at the receiving terminal These signal represent information of the 1st to 8th bits of parallel data respectively Each signal is at HIGH level when data is logical 1 and LOW when it is logical O 2 3 4 5 6 T 8 9 0 Approximate y 12 microsecond pulse LOW indicates that data has been received and that the printer is ready to accept more data A HIGH signal indicates that the print er cannot receive data The signal go
37. 9 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 71 When you run this program it prints six characters then redefines one or more of them and prints them again As with the draft charac ters you use this two line printout as a guide to the new characters your LX 80 will print You can use them with an applications prog ram or a program you write yourself 72 Chapter 9 Introduction to Dot Graphics The Epson dot graphics mode allows your LX 80 printer to pro duce pictures graphs charts or almost any other illustrative or crea tive material you can devise Instead of using the standard letters numerals and symbols stored in the LX 80 s ROM Read Only Memory the graphics mode prints dots column by column and line by line You plan where you want the dots to appear and then use a program to tell the LX 80 where to put them Because many software programs take advantage of Epson dot graphics you may be able to print graphics like the ones on this page and the next by simply giving your software a few instructions The chart on the next page for example was created and printed in about 10 minutes 73 Bookstore Inventory MAGAZINES BEST SELLERS SCIENCE FICTION 7 ROMANCE sep NON FICTION CLASSICS MYSTERIES ___ WESTERNS Some commercial software programs perform what is called a screen dump in which whatever is on the computer screen is sent to and printed by the printer This fu
38. EPSON LX 80 PRINTER User s Manual FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT FOR AMERICAN USERS This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly that is in strict accordance with the manufacturer s instructions may cause interference to radio and television reception It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a of Part 15 of FCC rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation However installation If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the following measures Reorient the receiving antenna Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver are on different branch circuits If necessary the user consult the dealer or an experienced radio television booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful How to Identify and Resolve Radio TV Interference Problems Washington DC 20402 Stock No 004 000 00345 4 WARNING invalidate the FCC certification of this device and may cause interference which exceeds the limits established by the FCC for this equipment If this equipment has more than one interface connector do not leave cables connected to unused interfaces Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc Centron
39. ESC ESC ESC Page Format ASCII 9 or 137 ASCII 11 ESC ESC QUO CIUS 9 D Q ESC 1 Turns the paper out sensor OFF Turns the paper out sensor ON Sets the form length in inches Sets the form length in lines Turns variable skip over perforation ON Turns skip over perforation OFF Activates a horizontal tab Activates a vertical tab Sets horizontal tab stops Sets the right margin Sets the left margin User defined Characters ESC amp ESC ESC Dot Graphics ESC 399 ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC Z ESC Defines characters in user RAM Copies the character set from ROM to RAM Activates ROM or RAM character set Selects one of seven graphics densities Reassigns a graphics density Turns single density graphics mode ON Turns double density graphics mode ON Turns high speed double density graphics mode ON Turns quadruple density graphics mode ON Turns nine pin graphics mode ON C 3 Appendix D The DIP Switches Several tiny switches called DIP for Dual In Line Package switches are in the back of your LX 80 printer They control a num ber of important printer functions For most uses they can be left as they were set at the factory but you may want to change some settings The design of the LX 80 gives you easy access to the switches You can see them in the back of the printer as indicated in Figure 1 Figure D 1 DIP switch location D
40. Press the LF button to leave SelecType and return the panel but tons to their standard functions Now press the ON LINE button and print your file again using exactly the same command that you used before If your document comes out in elite as in our example below you can forget about resetting codes and continue to use SelecType as described above ihis is is a short document but it is long enough to ch eck for a resetting cade If your example is once again printed in pica turn your printer off and back on Then try the steps above one more time to be sure that you made no mistakes If your printout is still in pica after the second test turn to Appendix F for an explanation of how to solve the problem Now that you know the basics of using SelecType all you need to learn is how to combine modes and how to avoid unexpected results with SelecType Mode Combinations In addition to the five typestyles available with SelecType there are also many combinations of those five that you can use Table 2 2 shows which modes can be combined An X in a box indicates that the two modes can be combined 20 Table 2 2 Mode combinations Double f um NLQ Emphasized Double strike Compressed To combine modes you simply select and set more than one mode before you press the LF button to leave SelecType After beginning the procedure in the normal way and pressing the ON LINE button to sele
41. R X 1 TO 36 76 READ C LPRINT CHR C 80 NEXT X 90 LPRINT YOUR CHARACTER IN PICA lt lt lt 100 LPRINT IN EXPANDED EMPHASIZED PICA 110 LPRINT CHR 27 x lt lt 120 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 92 130 DATA 4 0 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 32 0 0 140 DATA 64 0 0 255 255 192 64 0 0 32 0 0 150 DATA 16 0 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 When you run this program for your own character you find out whether or not it looks right to you If it doesn t move the dots as needed recalculate and change the data numbers and run the prog ram again Second NLQ definition program When you are satisfied with the character you have created enter and run the next program Use your data numbers instead of the ones in lines 130 150 If you want to define more than one character change line 10 so that J equals the total number of characters you are defining the maximum is six and enter the extra data numbers 36 for each character 10 J 1 IF J gt 3 THEN A 58 ELSE A 6090 20 LPRINT CHR 27 x CHR 1 30 FOR X 58 TO 63 LPRINT CHR X NEXT X 40 LPRINT E 50 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR O CHR 2 CHR 9 60 LPRINT CHR 27 X CHR 1 CHR 92 70 LPRINT CHR 27 amp CHR O CHR A CHR A 14J 80 FOR Y 1 TO J 90 LPRINT CHR O CHR 12 CHR 2 100 FOR X 1 TO 36 119 READ C LPRINT CHR C 120 NEXT X NEXT Y 130 FOR X 58 TO 63 LPRINT CHR X NEXTX 140 DATA 4 0 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 32 0 0 150 DATA 64 0 0 255 255 192 64 0 0 32 0 9 160 DATA 16
42. T to send data to the screen and LPRINT to send data to the printer as MBASIC does Therefore put an PR 1 at the beginning of a program and change all instances of LPRINT to PRINT If one of our programs contains an INPUT statement or a PRINT statement there will be a message that should go to the screen before anything is sent to the printer In these programs leave the first lines as they are and after the INPUT and or PRINT statements add a line that states PR 1 then change all the instances of LPRINT to PRINT and put a line that states PR 0 at the end of the program Apple II solutions There are two types of problems that you who own Apple II computers will need to address The first is that the Apple II is an S bit computer but its printer interface only handles seven bits The second is that there is one problem code number nine The printer interface card furnished with the Apple II computer only passes seven bits to the LX 80 which means that you have a 7 bit system Should you need an 8 bit system the simplest solution is to purchase a new printer interface card from your computer deal er Such a card is available for the Apple II You can POKE codes to memory as discussed above you can write your own printer driver or you can avoid the types of prog rams that require eight bits A routine to POKE codes to the memory of an Apple II Plus is given in the POKEing codes subsection The Apple II uses CHR 9 to initializ
43. Wo Turns either expanded mode OFF ESC 1 Turns continuous expanded mode ON Character Weight ESC E Turns emphasized mode ON ESC Turns emphasized mode OFF ESC G Turns double strike mode ON ESC H Turns double strike mode OFF C 1 Print Enhancement ESC SO ESC S1 ESC T ESC 0 ESC 1 Turns superscript mode ON Turns subscript mode ON Turns either script mode OFF Turns underline mode OFF Turns underline mode ON Mode and Character Set Selection ESC ESC 4 ESC 5 ESC ESC R ESC Master select Turns italic mode ON Turns italic mode OFF Reset code Selects an international character set Selects and cancels special graphics characters Special Printer Features ASCII 8 ESC 25 ESC lt ESC UO ESC 01 ESC s0 ESC s1 Line Spacing ESC 0 ESC 1 ESC 2 ESC A n ESC 3 n ESC J n C 2 Backspaces Enables and disables the optional cut sheet feeder Turns one line unidirectional mode ON Turns continuous unidirectional mode OFF Turns continuous unidirectional mode ON Returns to normal speed Turns half speed mode ON Sets line spacing to 1 8 inch Sets line spacing to 7 72 inch Sets line spacing to 1 6 inch default Sets line spacing to n 72 inch Sets line spacing to n 216 inch Produces an immediate one time line feed of n 216 inch without a carriage return Forms Control ESC ESC ESC
44. a message that your printer is off line and tells you to press a certain key to re try the printing after the printer is on you may be able to turn on the printer and use SelecType before you press the key to signal that you want to re try printing Try turning on the printer and using SelecType as outlined above Once you have selected your print function and put the printer back on line by pressing the ON LINE button once give your computer system the signal to resume printing Method 4 This is a variation of Method 3 Try giving the print command for your program and then pressing the ON LINE button to take the LX 80 off line before printing actually starts Then follow the proce dure in Method 3 Other software For some software you may have to consult its manuals or your dealer to find out at what point the printer is reset You will probably find some stage in the printing process after the resetting where you can use SelecType Some of these tests may seem to take too much time and trouble but you need to do them only once Then you will know exactly what you need to do each time you use SelecType After you have done the procedure two or three times it will become quick and easy Cancelling Functions with SelecType If you want to cancel the modes you have set with SelecType you can turn your printer off and back on with the power switch on the right side of the printer This cancels all SelecType settings returns your LX 80
45. ach time you enter LPRINT G you have issued the graphics command Lines 20 and 30 do the same thing with the data used in this program As you can see the use of string variables saves some typing even in this short program In a long program it can save you much more time and effort Graphics and low ASCII codes Sending a few of the codes between 0 and 31 with BASIC or another programming language can cause problems on some compu ter systems The problem is that most computer systems handle some of these codes in a special way instead of delivering them to the printer For example one computer system handles form feeds by itself It counts lines to keep track of the top of page If a program sends the ASCII code for form feed 12 to the printer the computer system intercepts it and sends instead the code for line feed 10 several times If you are in a graphics mode with this system and send a 12 to fire pins 3 and 4 the computer system will intercept that 12 and send several 105 instead You can see how this would ruin your graphics You would get pins 2 and 4 whose sum is 10 several times instead of pins 3 and 4 only once If your computer system screens out or changes any codes sent to it you can often design around these problems by using other num bers with similar patterns and you can see Appendix F for a method to determine which codes may cause problems and for some ideas on overcoming those problems 89 Appendix A
46. acing The default is 66 lines Also resets top of form Format ESC n where n 1 127 Sets the form length to n inches re gardless of the current line spac ing The default length is a set by the DIP switches Also resets top of form Format ESC 0 n where 1 22 5 ESC Dec Hex Symbol ESC 68 44 D ESC 69 45 E ESC 70 46 F ESC 71 47 G ESC 72 48 H ESC 74 4A J ESC 75 4B Function Resets the current tabs and sets up to 32 horizontal tabs in the current pitch Tabs may range up to the max imum width for the character and printer size For example the max imum tab for pica characters on an 8 inch line is 79 Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in pitch Format ESC D nn ny 0 Terminate this tab sequence with 0 or a number less than the last defined tab ny Turns emphasized mode ON Can not mix with elite or compressed mode Turns emphasized mode OFF Turns double strike mode ON Can not mix with NLQ mode Turns double strike mode OFF Forces an immediate line feed of n 216 inches without changing the current line spacing Prints the con tents of the buffer without a carriage return Format ESC J n where n 0 255 Turns single density graphics mode ON Prints 480 dots per 8 inch line Format ESC n n followed by n data numbers where n total number of dot columns n n MOD 256 n INT n 256 For example to print 480 dots n 2
47. acing and line 40 calls for the printing of a pin pattern 50 times If you wish refer back to Figure 9 2 to see a representation of the pin pattern that 74 produces Although this program has all the necessary elements it will not give you the single pin pattern that you want as you can see in the partial printout in Figure 9 6 Expected pattern Actual result Figure 9 6 Result of incorrect program 86 What went wrong To help you understand the graphics command and avoid some of the more common errors made with it we ll examine this program in detail First look at line 20 ESCape calls for single density graphics and the two CHR numbers specify 50 columns of dots Once that command is given every number sent to the printer is interpreted as a pin pattern and printed on the paper Since there is no semicolon at the end of the line the numbers 13 and 10 the codes for carriage return and line feed are sent to the printer after CHR 0 Because the graphics command has been issued these codes are printed as pin patterns Line 30 would normally be the command for 7 dot line spacing but since the graphics mode is still in effect the command is inter preted by the printer as two pin patterns 27 and 49 the ASCII codes for ESCape and 1 Since there is no semicolon at the end of this line the numbers 13 and 10 are sent again and again they are printed as pin patterns In line 40 nothing is sent to t
48. alic and pica The code to turn italic mode on is ESCape 4 Try it in the master program if you wish When you use this code in the master program enter 4 in answer to the first question just as if it were a letter of the alphabet instead of a number ESCape 5 turns off italic mode Those of you who use this code in an applications program should remember that any character in quotation marks in our discussions of ESCape codes is an alphanumeric character not a numerical value Underline Mode The LX 80 also has a mode that will underline characters and spaces You turn it on with ESCape 1 and off with ESCape 0 Note that the underline code is like the expanded code in that it uses a character in this case the hyphen or minus sign combined with numeral one to turn it on and a character combined with the numeral zero to turn it off As you can see in Figure 6 5 this mode prints a dot in the bottom row of each column thus producing a continuous underline 46 Figure 6 J The underline mode As shown in Figure 6 5 the underline mode is continuous but some word processing and other applications programs produce an underline that leaves spaces between characters as demonstrated in the printout below Ihis uses the underline character If your software prints this type of underline it is using the LX 80 s underline
49. am Inserted codes To take advantage of some of the advanced features of the LX 80 some programs require inserted codes Those codes allow you to send commands to the printer in the middle of text or data In most of these programs one code signals that the next numbers are printer instructions not text or data In one such program for example you type Control V pressing V while holding down the control key to signal the beginning of printer instructions Then you enter your print codes and type Control V again to signal the end of the printer instructions 32 If your word processing program allows inserted codes it will probably do standard printing without such codes It is only for special features that you will need to use inserted codes For example if you want to have headings in wide bold printing called expanded emphasized you would probably have to use inserted codes For the program we mentioned above you would type Control V then the code for expanded emphasized Control V again and then the text of the heading The codes for expanded emphasized are in Chapter 6 and Appendix B Again if this sounds terribly complicated don t worry Use your LX 80 with the standard features of your word processing program until you become more familiar with both of them Then you can decide whether or not you need or want to learn to use inserted codes Programming Languages If neither of the methods described above seems approp
50. ar Letter Quality characters some times you would like to have a few more For those occasions when you need a special character or a few letters in a different typeface the LX 80 allows you to create your own characters and print them just as if they were ordinary letters Defining Your Own Characters The printout below displays a few such characters to give you an idea of what can be done but remember that these characters are truly user defined you create what you need or want x 2 T It may seem that designing a character and telling the LX 80 how to print it would be extremely complicated but we have reduced the task to a simple three step process planning your character running one program that tests your work and calculates the required DATA numbers and running another program to put the character in your printers RAM Random Access Memory for use whenever you need it Because the high resolution NLQ Near Letter Quality mode uses many more dots per character than the draft mode defining NLQ characters is somewhat more complex than defining draft char acters You will find the programs for defining NLQ characters at the end of this chapter 61 After you have created your own characters with our programs certain keys that you seldom use will generate the user defined char acters For example you will be able to type to print f Your user defined characters can be utilitarian or imaginative any thing f
51. arkness of printing F 2 affect your system if possible You can also POKE the problem codes directly to the printer port Seven bit computers cannot use the eighth pin 128 If you have a seven bit computer and any of your graphics data numbers are larger than 127 change the num bers Be sure that no other commands or carriage returns come between the graphics command and its data See Chapter 9 in graphics The printer expects a certain number of pin patterns deter mined by np It will wait patiently until the quota is full Note that 9 pin graphics mode requires two bytes for each col umn of graphics Some systems require a WIDTH statement See your system docu mentation Seven bit computers are limited to widths of O 127 256 383 512 639 etc See seven bit graphics subsection If a self adhesive label comes off of the backing it may stick be hind the platen and cause prob lems with paper feeding and printing If this happens take your LX 80 to a qualified service person do not attempt to re move the label yourself Paper out sensor Can t deactivate paper out sensor with DIP switch 1 5 or ESCape g Computer systems that monitor printer cable pin 12 will ignore both ESCape 8 and the setting of switch 1 5 These systems will stop the printing when no paper is in contact with the paper end detector a small switch located beneath the platen Certain prin ter cables a
52. ations program you can take advantage of all the features of the LX 80 that you want to use Incidentally there is no standard terminology for software codes thus the terms in your software manual may be different from the ones we use here In general there are three ways you send printer codes with com mercial software e Using SelecType the feature described in Chapter 2 Instructing the program during an installation or setup procedure so that you can then use codes that are typed in along with your text or numbers we call these embedded codes Inserting LX SO printer codes in your text along with a special code that tells the printer that the inserted codes are not text or data There are three common formats for sending printer codes Your applications software or its manual should tell you which one to use e Decimal numbers for example 27 is the decimal number for the ESCape code and 13 is the decimal number for a carriage return Hexadecimal numbers in which the ESCape code is 1B and a carriage return is OD You don t have to understand hexadecimal numbers to use them If your software calls for hex numbers just consult Appendix B or the Quick Reference Card for the appropriate number 31 The ESCape and control keys on your computer s keyboard With this system you send the ESCape code by pressing the ESCape key and a carriage return by pressing the control key and the M at the same time See Appendi
53. becomes hot during use Be careful not to touch it Also remember never to move the print head by hand when the printer is turned on Paper Loading Now put a sheet of paper in your LX 80 so you can test it Figure 1 7 shows the names of the parts that you need to know Friction lever SA WM Paper slot Front lid Paper feed knob Figure 1 7 LX 80 ready for paper loading See that the printer is turned off open the front lid and push the friction lever back and the paper bail forward Then move the print head by hand to the center of the printer and feed the paper into the paper slot in the top of the printer When the paper will not go any farther turn the paper feed knob to advance it as you would with a typewriter Turn the knob until the top of the paper is at least 3 4 inch above the ribbon guide Then push the paper bail against the paper If the paper becomes crooked pull the friction release lever forward straighten the paper and push the friction lever back If you have the optional tractor unit for continuous pin feed paper see Appendix E for instructions on its use Control Panel Now that your paper is loaded it is time to plug in the printer and see what the buttons on the control panel do First see that the power switch on the right side of the printer is off then plug in the power cord Now turn on the power switch and look at the control panel on the right side of the top of your LX 80
54. ch 80 characters you send it Second it adds an LF to each CR in an LPRINT statement Here is the way to adjust the width when it is the only problem Tell the computer that the print line is wider than 80 characters with ths WIDTH statement WIDTH LPT1 7 255 The 255 is a special number that prevents the computer system from inserting a CR LF into the line Unless of course there s one in your program The extra line feed CHR 10 that accompanies each carriage return CHR 13 is no problem except when you need to use CHR 13 in a graphics program Getting rid of the extra CHR 10 is rather complicated First you open the printer as a random file OPEN LPT1 AS 1 Although this allows you to send any code to the printer you can no longer use the LPRINT command Instead you must use a PRINT 1 command PRINT 1 Now I can print anything This does allow you to print anything but it ignores any previous WIDTH statements If you want to print more than 80 characters per line in a graphics program you must therefore change your opening statement to ir clude the appropriate WIDTH statement OPEN LPT1 A_ 5 1 WIDTH 1 255 And for the programs in this manual don t forget to use PRINT wherever we use LPRINT This won t work for those of you who have the original release of the Disk Operating System DOS 1 0 It can t run a printer like a file IBM has however issued a free update DOS 1 05 take a disk
55. character ASCII 95 not the underline mode Because the underline character is only five dots wide it does not fill the spaces between characters If you prefer a continuous underline you may be able to use the underline mode through one of the methods we discussed in Chapter 4 Master Select The LX 80 has a special ESCape code called Master Select that allows you to choose any possible combination of eight different modes pica elite compressed emphasized double strike expanded italic and underline The format of the Master Select code is ESCape followed by a number that is calculated by adding together the values of the modes listed below underline 128 italic 64 expanded 32 double strike 16 emphasized 8 compressed 4 elite 1 pica 0 47 For any combination just add up the values of each of the modes you want and use the total as the number after ESCape For example to calculate the code for expanded italic underlined pica add the following numbers together underline 128 italic 64 expanded 32 pica _0 224 To print this combination therefore you use ESCape followed by the number 224 In BASIC the command is CHR 27 CHR 224 To try this number or any other enter and run this short program which will ask you for a Master Select number and then give you a sample of printing using that code Again if you are using Applesoft BASIC see Appendix F I INPUT Master Select number
56. commands to specify the line spacing in 7214 of an inch and 216ths of an inch If you need to make such fine adjustments in the line spacing see Appendix B for the proper com mands In the chapter on dot graphics you will see how useful ESCape 1 can be 58 Paper Out Sensor Under the platen the black roller of your LX 80 printer is a small switch that senses whether or not paper is in the printer When the end of the paper passes this switch it sends a signal that sounds the beeper and stops your printing This saves wear on your print head ribbon and platen but because of the distance between the switch and the print head it stops the printing about 2 inches from the end of the page Therefore if you use single sheet paper in your LX 80 you can t print on the last 2 inches of each page without an adjustment For most computer systems you merely send the printer an ESCape 8 to deactivate the paper out sensor or change one of the DIP switches described in Appendix D Then you can print to the end of the page with single sheet paper Some systems however ignore the ESCape code and the DIP switch setting If ESCape 8 or the DIP switch setting does not solve this problem for you see Appendix F for other solutions 59 Chapter 8 User Defined Characters The LX 80 has 416 different characters stored in its ROM Read Only Memory Although this number includes draft italic interna tional special graphics and Ne
57. computer works If you don t have this knowledge your computer dealer may be able to help you or suggest someone who can We show a sample printer driver below following the examples of POKEing codes The idea is to pass the codes issued by a BASIC program directly to the printer POKEing codes The TRS 80 Model I version of the CHR function does not correctly pass on the values of 0 10 11 and 12 Zero is a particular problem as it is very important to the ESCape codes of the LX 80 printer These codes can be sent directly to the printer by POKEing them to a special memory location where they are immediately forwarded to the printer The format is POKE 14312 N where N is the decimal value of the code you wish to send to the printer This works fine as long as the printer is ready to receive the data when you are ready to send it On the Model I the printer s readiness is assured if location 14312 contains a decimal 63 It is best to first test to see if the printer is ready with 100 IF PEEK 14312 lt gt 63 THEN 100 This puts the program into a continuous loop until the printer is ready to receive data If data is sent while the printer is out to lunch it will be lost To show how similar these commands can be from system to system here is the same concept implemented on the Apple II Plus 100 IF PEEK 49621 127 THEN 100 200 POKE 49296 F 9 The printer s status is stored in location 49601 and th
58. creates problems for your printing either by trial and error or by using the data dumping capability of the LX 80 you can start overcoming them Because each computer system deals with ASCII codes differently it is impossible to provide solutions for all potential problems in one appendix We can however point out generic problems and suggest ways to handle them There are four common approaches First you may be able to buy an alternative printer interface card for your system This is the best solution for 7 bit system problems See your computer dealer for advice about this The second approach is to use commercially available software that is specifically designed to overcome these coding problems Consult your computer dealer or computer publications to see if a program for your computer system is available The third approach consists of avoiding the software that is chang ing the codes On most computers you can send each code directly to the printer port This bypasses the BASIC interpreter and avoids the interface Unfortunately this process is also different for each computer system We ll give the procedure for a couple of systems here if your system is neither of them use the procedure as a model Consult your computer s manual to determine if you can do the same on your system A fourth approach is to change the printer driver program in your system This requires a knowledge of machine language and of the way your
59. cs Character Set Page Formatting Margins ET Justification with NLQ Skip Over Perforation Spat Shand sat Line Spacing LLL Paper Out Sensor 5 User Defined Characters Defining Your Own Characters Designing Process First definition program elt Running the program mms Second definition program TI Running the program Defining NLQ Characters m NLQ grid Qtr First NLQ definition program Second NLQ definition program 9 Introduction to Dot Graphics Dot Patterns Print Head i Ren Graphics Mode Pin Labels ils Ra Rb ERE at First Graphics Program Multiple Line Exercise Density Varieties 6 6 cece eee eee Reassigning Code Column Reservation Numbers WIDTH Statements Design Your Own Graphics SRR T el else Graphics Programming Tips 86 Semicolons and command placement 36 String variables or oe Graphics and low ASCII codes 189 Appendixes A ASCII Codes and Character Fonts Special Graphics Characters Draft International Characters A 5 B Con
60. ct a function and the FF button to set it you do not press the LF button Instead you press the ON LINE button the required number of times to select another mode and set that mode with the FF button When you have selected and set all the modes you want press the LF button to leave SelecType Don t worry about harming your printer if you try to combine two modes that the LX 80 can t mix Your settings cannot damage the printer because it is prepared for the possibility of receiving codes for conflicting modes If it receives codes for two modes that it can t combine it uses only one of the codes The essential element in combining modes is keeping a correct count of the number of times you press the ON LINE button You do not start counting again after you press the FF button the first time Instead you continue the count Therefore pressing the ON LINE button three times then the FF button then the ON LINE button two more times and the FF button again gives you a combina tion of double strike and elite The first pressings of the ON LINE button select double strike and the next two give a total of five which is the number for elite The number of times you press ON LINE is cumulative For another example follow these steps to combine NLQ with emphasized for a crisp bold effect 1 See that the ON LINE and READY lights are on Then press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time 21 2 Press the ON LINE button once and then
61. d ESC xl will also work Deletes the last text character in the print buffer but does not affect con trol codes The printer s high order control codes from 128 to 155 mirror their low order counterparts O 27 In some cases it is necessary or more convenient to use the high order codes instead of the low order ones For example if your system will not send a 9 for a horizontal tab use 137 instead For ready reference both sets are listed here Low High Dec Dec 0 128 185 8 186 9 187 10 188 11 139 12 140 13 141 14 142 15 143 18 146 20 148 24 152 25 158 27 155 High Hex 80 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 92 93 97 98 9B Symbol NUL BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DC2 DC4 CAN EM ESC Function Terminates horizontal and vertical tab setting ESCape sequence Sounds beeper Backspace Horizontal tab Line feed Vertical tab Form feed Carriage return Shift out turns expanded mode ON Shift in turns compressed mode ON Device control 2 turns compres sed mode OFF Device control 4 turns expanded mode set by ASCII 14 OFF Cancels all text in print buffer Used with ESCape code to enable disable cut sheet feeder ESCape code Note The high order control codes cannot be used if the special graphics characters are activated Control Key Chart Some applications programs can use control key codes for decimal values 0 27 The table below gives you the proper va
62. de is for a non printable character such as the ESCape code or the code for a line feed or carriage return a dot is printed F 6 Therefore if you ran the following BASIC program while your LX SO was in the data dump mode you would get the printout below it The printer will print all but this last line and then stop Press the ON LINE button to make the printer print the last line 10 FOR X 79 TO 73 20 LPRINT NEXT X 30 LPRINT CHR 27 E 49 LPRINT Sample text 50 LPRINT CHR 27 Q9 You can consult Appendix A or the Quick Reference Card to see the meaning of the hexadecimal codes We will explain the first line to put you on the right track for using the data dump mode The first code in line 0000 is hex 46 which is the same as decimal 70 which is the code for therefore is printed in the first position in the guide section Then because there is no semicolon in line 20 MBASIC sends a carriage return and a line feed hex codes OD and OA Each of these is represented by a dot in the guide section The program then sends the hex codes 47 48 and 49 with each followed by a carriage return and line feed When the program gets to line 30 it sends ESCape E and a carriage return and line feed These are hex codes 1B 45 OD and 0A which are represented in the guide section by a dot an and two more dots Now you can follow a data dump printout on your own Some computer system
63. derline ABDUDEFGHIJKELMnoparstuvwxyz Empha cd zed o Chapter 1 Setting Up Your LX 80 Printer Setting up your LX 80 printer is a simple matter of attaching two parts putting in the ribbon and paper and connecting the printer to your computer This chapter will have you printing a test pattern within fifteen to twenty minutes and doing more complicated work not long after Printer Parts First see that you have all the parts you need In addition to this manual the printer box should contain the items shown in Figure 1 1 n the United States the printer is delivered with the power cord attached Figure 1 1 Printer parts In addition to the items in the box you need a cable and possibly an interface board The cable connects the printer to your computer and the interface board is necessary only for those computers that can t use the LX 80 s Centronics parallel interface Your computer manual or your dealer will tell you which cable you need and whether or not you need a special interface Printer Location Now that you have unpacked your printer you should choose a suitable location for it The main requirement of course is that the printer be close enough to your computer for the cable to reach Also remember the following e Use a grounded outlet and do not use an adapter plug e Avoid using electrical outlets that are controlled by wall switches Accidentally turnin
64. e the printer This code and the following character or characters are intercepted by the prin ter interface card and used to change modes You can divert all output to the printer instead of to the screen by sending the following line to the printer PR I PRINT CHR 9 80N Then type anything followed by RETURN The CHRS 9 80N code directs all subsequent output to the printer up to 80 characters per row You can cancel this by typing PRINT CHR 9 I or PR O The problem is that the LX 80 uses CHR 9 to activate horizontal tabulation and can also use it in graphics programs When you send this code however your system will interpret it as a printer initializa tion code and the program will not work properly In these cases use the following method to change your printer initialization code to a number that is not used in the program For example you can change your initialization code to one by typing PR 1 PRINT CHR 9 CHR 1 TRS 80 solutions A routine to POKE codes to the memory of a Model I is given in the POKEing codes subsection special printer driver for either the Model I or the Model III is shown in the Special printer drivers subsection One of those methods should solve any problems with the programs in this manual IBM PC solutions There are two problems in using the IBM Personal Computer BASIC to drive a printer First the IBM PC BASIC inserts a carriage return line feed CR LF after ea
65. e outgoing values are sent to 49296 Special printer drivers An even better but more difficult way to overcome these prob lems is to modify the printer driver so that the codes are passed correctly to the printer without any PEEKs If you do not want to write such a driver yourself your computer dealer may be able to help you Or you may find aid in the pages of a trade journal The following printer driver for instance was written for the TRS 80 Model I by Bob Boothe and reprinted with the kind permis sion of 80 Micro Wayne Green Publishers The program POKEs a machine language printer driver program stored in line 10 into memory then tells the system where its new driver is located Once you RUN the program all codes sent by any BASIC program are sent directly to the printer including Os 10s and 12s 10 DATA 21E837CB7E20FC211100397E32E837C9 20 READ B 16571 30 FOR 1 TO LEN B STEP 2 49 B ASC MID B P 1 48 50 IF gt 9 THEN B B 7 60 T A5C MID B P 1 1 48 7 IF T 9 THEN T T 7 B0 POKE 16 T 90 A A41 100 NEXT P 110 POKE 16422 187 120 POKE 16423 64 This driver will also work on TRS 80 Model III with one change in line 10 change 32E837 to D3FB That s all there is to it Solutions for Seven Bit Systems The BASIC language on some computers can only send seven bits to the printer at one time even though the machine language may be able to send eight
66. e set the top of page each time you finish printing a document push the ON LINE button to put the printer off line and then push the FF button once to advance the paper so that you can tear off your just printed pages and the paper will be in the right position to begin the next document E 6 Appendix F Troubleshooting and Advanced Features This appendix approaches troubleshooting from several directions The first section uses a columnar format to match solutions with problems Other sections cover beeper error warnings hexadecimal data dumping coding and seven bit solutions and specific solutions for several popular personal computer systems Problem Solution Summary Possible problems are listed on the left and solutions on the right Problem Setting print styles Can t get compressed print Tabbing Horizontal tabs don t work Horizontal tabs are incorrect when changing pitch Graphics Strange things print Solution Cancel emphasized it has prior ity over compressed Set margins before tabs not after Tabs are set according to current print pitch Changes in pitch do not affect the position of the tabs on the page Some systems require a WIDTH statement See your system docu mentation Many computers have problems sending one or more of the codes between 0 and 13 Avoid any that F 1 Printer mode freezes Can t get a full page in width Problems with paper feeding or irregular d
67. echnical Specifications Pfinti PE Character size F p me i Characters per line 0 ese e sence eee LH 2 Paper irse e me RERO dala na RECS EROR Ed LET 2 Printer ccu GAS Red eco oro Rae H 2 Dimensions and Weight H 2 Environment 0 cece cee cece ee eens H 3 Interface eR H 3 The Parallel Interface Data Transfer Sequence Interface timing Signal relationships List of Figures Printer parts Paper feed knob installation Ribbon cassette Print head assembly Ribbon cassette installation Ribbon placement LX 80 ready for paper loading Control panel Test patterns ll orm t n Cable connection loe SelecType setting and functions Acapital T The three pitches of the LX 80 LX 80 dot matrix characters Emphasized and single strike Double strike and single strike Expanded and standard characters Italic and pica The underline mode Special graphics characters Standard line spacing Grid for designing draft characters Correct and incorrect designs Design for sigma Pin labels Calculating numbers for pin patterns Designing in different densities Arrow design First line of arrow figure Result of incorrect program Pin patterns
68. er Quality mode for top quality printing A variety of print styles including Roman and italic six widths and two kinds of bold printing User definable characters so you can create and print your own symbols or characters High resolution graphics for charts diagrams and illustrations Eleven international character sets Easy paper loading Ribbon cassette for quick and clean ribbon changing About This Manual We re not going to waste your time with unnecessary information but we won t neglect anything you need to know about the LX 80 and its many features You can read as much or as little of this manual as you wish If you have used printers before and have a specific program that you want to use with the LX 80 a quick reading of the first chapter may be all you need If on the other hand you are new to computers and printers you will find this manual easy to follow and the LX 80 easy to use No matter what your background if you want to learn about and experiment with all the advanced features of the LX 80 the information you need is here For a preview of what your LX 80 can do look at the following samples of a few of its typestyles NEAR LETTER QUALITY NLQ standard ABCDEFGHIJKLMnoparstuvwxyz emphasized ABCDEFGHIJKLMnoparstuvwxyz DRAFT MODE Pica AE ER GA TE Mirra ope sab Lwin ye Elite ABCOCFOHIIELMnoogrstuvens Compressed ABCOEFGHIJELNnoparstuvwx yz Italic ABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqr stuvixvz Un
69. er of times you press the ON LINE button to select each function After you press the ON LINE button the required number of times press the FF button to set your selection Then press the LF button to turn off SelecType and return all the panel buttons to their standard operations 17 First SelecType Exercises For practice in using SelecType try setting emphasized mode First turn the printer off and back on with the switch on the right side of the printer Then press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time The LX 80 beeps to tell you that it is in SelecType mode the READY light turns off and the ON LINE light begins blinking Then press the ON LINE button two times to select emphasized The printer beeps each time you press the ON LINE button in SelecType mode After that press the FF button once to set the function You have now set emphasized mode Next press the LF button once and your panel buttons return to their normal operation but your printer is in emphasized mode Since this is only an exercise turn the LX 80 off and back on again to cancel all settings and prepare for the next exercise You will probably use SelecType with commercial software as well as with BASIC or another programming language but for now try a simple exercise using BASIC You don t need to know anything about programming for this exercise It is merely for practice If your computer system does not include BASIC or if you would rather not
70. er will not get in your way Also be sure that the paper bail is against the black roller so it too will not be in your way Note Moving the print head by hand when the printer is turned on can harm the printer Always be sure that the printer is turned off before you move the print head Paper bail Figure 1 4 Print bead assembly Then hold the ribbon cassette so that the small knob is on top and the exposed section of ribbon is away from you Insert the cassette in its holder by first sliding the pins at the back of the ribbon cassette under the small hooks on the holder See Figure 1 5 Then lower the front of the cassette so that the exposed section of ribbon can fit between the print head nose and the silver ribbon guide Push down until the cassette fits firmly in place Figure 1 5 Ribbon cassette installation Now turn the knob on the cassette in the direction of the arrow to tighten the ribbon As you turn the knob see that the ribbon slips down into its proper place between the print head nose and the silver ribbon guide Figure 1 6 If it doesn t guide it with a pen or a pencil Figure 1 6 Ribbon placement Ribbon Replacement When your printing begins to become light and you need to re place the ribbon lift the front of the cassette to remove it and then follow the above instructions with a new cassette If you have been using your printer just before you change cassettes be aware that the print head
71. ers Hex Dec 129 Dec Hex Character 137 Character 8A 138 8C 140 8E 142 130 83 131 132 133 134 87 135 136 A 3 Dec Hex Character Dec Hex Character 145 91 154 9B X 146 92 155 9C T 147 93 156 9C 4 148 94 157 9D 149 95 158 9E 150 96 159 OF 151 97 152 98 153 9 Draft International Characters Roman characters Italic characters A 5 Appendix B Control Codes in Numeric Order You can use any of the methods explained in Chapter 4 to send these control codes to your LX 80 If you use MBASIC you send a control code using LPRINT CHR 27 followed by CHR n where n is a number from the decimal Dee column below For a few codes those with a dash in the ESC column you omit the ESCape code For the codes above decimal 27 you ca
72. es HIGH in the following cases 1 During data entry 3 During printing 3 When off line 4 During printer error state 30 OUT A HIGH signal indicates that the print er is out of paper I 1 Table I 1 continued signal Return icd Pin Pin Signal Description 13 Pulled up to 5 volts through 3 3K ohm resistance 14 AUTO FEED When this signal is LOW the paper is XT automatically fed 1 line after printing The signal level can be fixed to this by setting DIP switch 2 3 to ON 15 Unused 16 Logic ground level 17 CHASSIS Printer s chassis ground which is iso GND lated from the logic ground 18 Unused 19 30 Twisted pair return signal ground level 31 When this level becomes LOW the printer controller is reset to its power up state and the print buffer is cleared This level is usually HIGH its pulse width must be more than 50 mic roseconds at the receiving terminal 32 ERROR OUT This level becomes LOW when the printer is in 1 Paper end state 2 Off line 3 Error state 33 GND Same as for pins 19 30 34 NC Unused 35 Pulled up to 5V through 3 3K ohm e resistance 36 SLCT IN IN Data entry to the printer is possible only when this level is LOW DIP Switch 2 2 is set for this at the factory Notes l Thecolumn heading Direction refers to the direction of signal flow as viewed from the pri
73. fferent densities In this figure you can see the main rules for graphics design in the three densities In single density no dots can be placed on vertical lines In high speed double density dots can be placed on vertical lines but no dots can overlap In low speed double density dots can be placed on vertical lines and they can overlap Now look at our figure designed for high speed double density It should point you in the right direction for your own designs 83 Figure 9 4 Arrow design After plotting all the dots as in Figure 9 4 you calculate the num bers for each pin pattern by dividing the design grid into separate print lines For the arrow design the grid was divided into three lines each seven dots high Then each column was examined and the sums of the pin values determined This process for the first line is shown in Figure 9 5 The pin values are on the left side and the sums are at the bottom of each column Those of you who have read the previous chapter will see that designing graphics is much like designing user defined characters 8 1088888842110 000000 234 41000000000 0000000008 2000 Figure 9 5 First line of arrow figure 84 The numbers for the second and third line
74. g off a switch can wipe out valuable informa tion in your computer s memory and disrupt your printing e Avoid using an outlet on the same circuit breaker with any large electrical machines or appliances These can cause disruptive pow er fluctuations e Keep your printer and computer away from base units for cordless telephones Protect the printer from direct sunlight excessive heat moisture and dust Make sure that it is not close to a heater or other heat source Paper Feed Knob Installation Now that you have chosen where to set up your LX 80 the first and simplest piece to install is the paper feed knob which you use to manually advance the paper just as you do on a typewriter To install the knob merely push it onto the shaft found in the hole on the right side of the printer See Figure 1 2 The shaft has one flat side that must be matched with the flat side of the hole in the knob Figure 1 2 Paper feed knob installation Ribbon Installation The LX 80 printer uses a continuous loop inked fabric ribbon which is enclosed in a cassette that makes ribbon installation and replacement a clean and easy job The parts of this cassette are labelled in Figure 1 3 Figure 1 3 Ribbon cassette To install the ribbon first open the lid at the front of the LX 80 so that you can see the print head assembly shown in Figure 1 4 Move the assembly by hand to the center of the printer so that the other parts of the print
75. he loop it is only executed 50 times 78 90 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 100 CHR 0 40 FOR X 1 TO 50 LPRINT CHR 85 CHR 42 50 NEXT X If you run the program now you ll see how one line of the pattern looks To see a how more than one line combines to form a figure enter and run the following program which uses two of the lines you have already typed and adds several more 10 LPRINT CHR 27 1 20 FOR R 1 TO 3 30 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 100 CHR 0 40 FORX 1 TO 50 LPRINT CHR 85 CHR 42 50 NEXT X LPRINT 60 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 100 CHR Q 70 FOR X 1 TO 50 LPRINT CHR 42 CHR 85 80 NEXT X LPRINT NEXT 90 LPRINT CHR 27 e Now run the program to see the six print lines combine into a pattern The short and simple program that produced the pattern demon strates many elements of graphics programming Therefore we ll ex plain each line Line 10 changes the line spacing to 7 dot which is the height of the dot patterns used in the program Therefore there is no space between the print lines T9 Line 20 begins a loop to produce multiple print lines Lines 30 and 40 were covered above but an LPRINT is added to line 50 to pro duce a line feed after line 40 Lines 60 and 70 are like lines 30 and 40 except that line 70 uses a reversal of the patterns in line 40 As the loop is executed the program prints lines 40 and 70 alternately so that the patterns of the print lines will fit together wel
76. he printer until after the LPRINT Then the desired pin pattern 74 is finally sent but since no semi colon is after it 13 and 10 are sent next each time the loop is executed Figure 9 7 is an enlarged representation of the first 13 columns of the printout In this figure you can see exactly how the printer reacted to the first part of the incorrect program e T ETE T SES 6a gl 32 xr 16 Mp edge 8 o o PP SP SEP SP S 4 ai RET i dim m Lim xN 2 P lt ee 1 WP WP d d Figure 9 7 Pin patterns of incorrect program 87 You may also wonder why the program prints not only the differ ent pin patterns but also the character J number of times The reason lies in the number of columns you reserved with the graphics command After the LX 80 receives all the numbers reserved by a graphics command 50 in this case it leaves the graphics mode and resumes interpreting numbers as printable characters or print com mands Since the incorrect program has sent many extra numbers mainly 10s and 13s the 50 columns reserved are filled before the loop in line 40 has been executed 50 times Therefore during the last passes of the loop the LX 80 interprets CHR 74 as the ASCII code for J and prints that character each of the last 35 passes of the loop If you want to make the program work correctly put the line spacing command in line 10 delete line 30 and add two semicolons one at the e
77. he program turns on compressed but doesn t turn off elite giving you the printout below AECDEFGH LTE MNOPORSTUVWY TEX abedefohi If your printout is different you may need a WIDTH statement such as the one below 5 WIDTH LPRINT 255 The format for your system will probably be different Consult your BASIC manual Near Letter Quality Mode The examples so far in this chapter are in the draft mode and you have already learned how to turn on the NLQ mode with SelecType but you can also see the NLQ mode with the following program 10 LPRINT CHR 27 x CHR 1 20 FOR X 65 TO 105 30 LPRINT CHRE X 40 NEXT X LPRINT Note that you use a lowercase x not a capital X in line 10 Because of the high resolution of the NLQ mode it prints only in pica not in elite or compressed 39 the modes demonstrated in this chapter are compared in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 Summary of LX 80 pitches Print sample 1inch gt On Off Near Letter Quality 1000 ESC 1 ESC x 0 PicaPRINT 10 00 Elite print 12 00 ESC M ESC P Compressed print 17 16 15 18 Compressed el i te grint 20 00 ESC M 15 ESC P 18 Remember that you don t have to use BASIC to change modes you can use any method that sends the printer the proper codes 40 Chapter 6 Print Enhancements and Special Characters Now that you have seen how you can change the pitch of your LX 80 printing we can show yo
78. hen a mode is already set selecting it again cancels it as demonstrated in the exam ple below Suppose that you have set emphasized and NLQ modes and then you decide that you don t want emphasized You can either cancel all the modes and reset NLQ or you can use the following steps to cancel emphasized and leave NLQ 1 See that the ON LINE and READY lights are on Be sure that you do not touch the power switch and cancel all the modes 2 Press the ON LINE and FF buttons to enter SelecType 3 Press the ON LINE button twice This is the code for empha sized Notice that the ON LINE light is blinking and that it is on more than it is off This tells you that the emphasized mode is set 4 Press the FF button once Now the ON LINE light is still blink ing but it is off more than it is on This tells you that the empha sized mode is not set 5 Press the LF button once to leave SelecType mode F 5 6 Press the ON LINE button to put the printer on line Now you have cancelled emphasized without affecting any other modes Some users think that this procedure is too complicated and prefer to cancel all the SelecType settings and then reset the ones they want Use whichever method you prefer If you want to cancel modes individually remember to watch the ON LINE light It blinks main ly on when a mode is set and mainly off when it is not Beeper Error Warnings When the LX 80 s beeper sounds it usually indicates that
79. hes fit over the rear pegs Then tilt the unit forward until it clicks into place That s all there is to it Now install the paper separator and pull out the paper guide as shown in Figure E 4 Fit the notches in the bottom corners of the separator over the pins at the front of the paper slot The separator keeps the paper that is coming out of the printer from being pulled back in Pull out the paper guide at the back of the printer This guide helps keep the incoming paper from catching on the printer cable Figure E 4 Paper separator and paper guide E 3 When you want to use single sheet paper in your LX 80 you can remove the tractor unit quite easily Just push back the two tractor release levers shown in Figure E 5 tilt the unit backwards and lift it Figure 5 Tractor release levers Loading Continuous Paper Once your tractor is installed you can load continuous paper See that the printer is turned off and open the front lid Then move the print head to the center of the printer and pull the paper bail away from the platen the black roller just as you did for single sheet loading Look back at Figure 1 7 if you need to check on the names of any of these parts Now using Figure E 6 as your guide pull the locking levers for ward so that you can move the pin feed holders to the left and right Put the left holder approximately 3 4 of an inch from the extreme left position and then push the locking lever back
80. hich you want dots to appear Enter the row numbers one at a time pressing the RETURN key after each one When you have entered all the numbers for a column or when you want no dots in a column press RETURN without a number Re member that the vertical lines in the grid are the even numbered columns In our example the program first asks what rows have dots in column 1 Respond with 8 RETURN and 2 RETURN to indicate that you want dots in rows 8 and 2 Then press RETURN alone to indicate that no more dots go in column 1 For column 2 the vertical line enter 7 and 3 with a RETURN after each of them Then enter RETURN to finish with column 2 and go on to column 3 For column 3 enter 8 6 4 and 2 From now on we assume that you know to press RETURN after each number and one extra time to end the entries for each column For column 4 enter 5 for column 5 enter 8 and 2 in column 6 there are no dots so press RETURN only for column 7 enter 8 and 2 for column 8 RETURN only for column 9 enter 8 7 3 and 2 64 Now wait a moment for your computer to calculate the dot pat terns and your LX 80 to print the new character in two different typestyles Your printout also gives you nine numbers which you will use in the next program You should get the printout you see below Y OLI IM zB EMPHAGI MUP Ss a 130 i i28 130 1985 When you get to this point with a character of your own you see how it looks and
81. ics characters 53 Chapter 7 Page Formatting Although the LX 80 printer has many sophisticated commands to set margins line spacing and horizontal and vertical tabs we won t take up your time with extensive discussions of these because most of these functions are taken care of by applications programs This chap ter merely describes a few commands that the average user might need If you want more information you can find all the commands in Appendixes B and C Margins The LX 80 allows you to set the left and right margins with simple ESCape sequences The left margin command is ESCape 1 followed by the number of the column you choose for the left margin The right margin command is ESCape followed by the column num ber of the right margin you want For the left margin command be sure to use a lowercase letter 1 not the numeral one If your word processing program does not allow you to change the margins you can send margin commands to your LX 80 with BASIC or another programming language before you print your documents For example if you prefer wider margins than your word processing program gives you run the following BASIC program before print ing This program gives you a left margin of 10 and a right margin of 60 but you can use any numbers you prefer for the margin com mands 10 LPRINT CHR 27 1 CHR 19 20 LPRINT CHR 27 Q CHR 62 Such a program will also allow you to choose the margins
82. ics is a registered trademark of Data Computer Corporation LX 80 is a trademark of Epson America Inc IBM PC is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation QX 10 is a trademark of Epson America Inc TRS 80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack a division of Tandy Corporation 80 Micro is published by Wayne Green Publishers NOTICE All rights reserved Reproduction of any part of this manual in any form whatsoever without EPSON s express written permission is forbidden The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this manual However should any errors be detected EPSON would greatly appreciate being informed of them The above notwithstanding EPSON can assume no responsibility for any errors in this manual or their consequences xe Copyright 1984 by EPSON CORPORATION Nagano Japan P8492004 Contents List of Figures 4 6 4 vii List of Tables i240 94 o om Introduction LX 80 Features TE About This Manual Setting Up Your LX 80 Printer Printer Parts cece eee ee eee eee Printer Location Paper Feed Knob Installation Ribbon Installation Ribbon Replacement Paper Loading Control Panel
83. in Compressed 041 in 122 in Compressed expanded 083 in 122 in Super Subscript 063 in Line spacing Default is 1 6 inch Programmable in increments of 1 72 inch and 1 216 inch Hal Characters per line Maximum characters per line Pica 80 Pica expanded 40 Elite 96 Elite expanded 48 Compressed 132 Compressed expanded 66 Compressed elite 160 137 if right margin is changed 68 if right margin is changed Paper Paper width Paper feed Pin feed c dnm os 4 t 10 Tractor feed with optional tractor Single sheet up to 8 5 Friction feed Number of copies One original plus one copy total thickness not to exceed 0 005 Printer Ribbon Cassette ribbon black MTBE ihe ete 3 million lines excluding print head life Print head 100 million characters 3 3 in 16 6 in Depth without paper separator 12 4 in Weight 11 5 Ibs Power eese 120 10 US models 220 240 VAC 10 European models Power usage 70 volt amperes maximum Frequency ioo rese 49 5 to 60 5 Hz Environment Temperature Vibration Insulation resistance Dielectric strength Interface Interface Synchronization Handshaking Logic level perating 41 F to 95 F
84. is used your program controls where each dot is printed For each column on a print line the print head prints the pattern of dots you have specified In the standard graphics mode it uses only the top eight pins on the print head because the computer uses eight data lines to communicate with the printer Therefore each of the top eight pins of the print head corresponds to one of the data lines To print figures taller than eight dots the print head makes more than one pass It prints one line then advances the paper and prints another just as it does with text To keep the print head from leaving gaps between the graphics lines as it does between the text lines the line spacing must be adjusted to eliminate the space between lines When the line spacing is properly adjusted the LX 80 prints finely detailed graphics images that give no indication that they are made up of separate lines each no more than 1 8 of an inch wide To insure the proper alignment of dots in figures that use more than one pass of the print head the LX 80 abandons the bidirectional printing it uses for draft text Instead it prints graphics from left to right only Each pass of the print head contains one piece of the total pattern which can be as tall or short and as wide or narrow as you desire You don t have to fill the whole page or even an entire line with your graphics figures In fact you can use as little or as much space as you like for a figure and
85. l Notice that the graphics command can be in effect for only one print line The command is in lines 30 and 60 so that it is issued each time a new print line is begun You cannot print more than one line of graphics without having the graphics command issued more than once Line 90 is the reset code to return the printer to its defaults Density Varieties Although all the examples so far in this chapter have been in the single density graphics mode the LX 80 offers five other eight pin density modes and two nine pin ones Nine pin graphics is not neces sary for most uses but you can find its command Escape in Appendix B the eight pin densities and their commands are de scribed in Table 9 1 Table 9 1 Graphics modes Alternate code Single 60 dots inch 480 dots 8 line Low Speed 120 dots inch Double 960 dots 8 line High Speed 120 dot positions inch Double Faster than Mode 1 does not print consecutive dots in a row Quadruple s 240 dot positions inch 1920 dot positions 8 line Does not print consecutive dots in a row Epson 80 dots inch Qx 10 640 dots 8 line Matches the screen density of the QX 10 which makes it easy to do Screen dumps One to one 72 dots inch plotter 576 dots 8 line Produces the same density hori zontallv as vertically which makes circles look round 90 dots inch none 90 dots inch 720 dots 8 line Mode Density Description
86. l while you turn the printer on with the power switch The LX 80 will begin printing all the letters numbers and other characters that are stored in its ROM Read Only Memory for the draft mode When the printing starts you can release the LF button the printing will continue until you turn the printer off or until the print head gets near the end of the page To see the same test in the NLQ Near Letter Quality mode turn the printer on while holding down the FF button Partial results of both tests are shown in Figure 1 9 FUVIX Y Z LIVI YZ i STUVIMXYZ imn lt NLQ gt 123456789 lt gt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUYWXY 23456789 lt gt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUYVWXYZ 3456789 lt gt 9ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 456789 lt gt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiIN 56789 lt gt ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiN 6789 lt gt ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiNG 789 lt gt ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiNG _ 89 lt gt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiNg _ 9 lt gt ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiNG _ a D z GABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiN ZL 3 lt gt TOABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ N lt gt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZiN _ abcd Figure 1 9 Test patterns 12 Connecting the LX 80 to Your Computer Now that the test pattern has shown that your printer is working well it s time to hook it up to your computer It is
87. line printed in compressed mode BBCDEFBHIJELMNOPORSTUVWYYZUNI abcdefghi Cancelling Codes As you saw in the third version of the print pitch program you must cancel a code when you do not want it any more With very few exceptions the LX 80 modes stay on until they are cancelled It is important to remember this because an LX 80 mode can stay on even if you change from BASIC to another type of software For example if you print a memo with a word processing program after you run the program above the printer will still be in compressed mode therefore the memo will be in compressed print To cancel compres sed use ASCII 18 37 To avoid having one program interfere with the printing modes of another you can cancel a mode one of two ways With a specific cancelling code such as the ESCape P that we used above to cancel elite Each mode has a cancelling code which you can find in the discussion of the code and in Appendix B Pica is an exception to this rule To cancel pica turn on elite By resetting the printer a method explained in the next section Resetting the Printer Resetting your LX 80 cancels all modes that are turned on You can reset the printer with one of two methods e Sending the reset code Escape e Turning the printer off and back on Either one of these methods returns the printer to what are called its defaults which are the standard settings that are in effect every time you t
88. lues The Con trol key column indicates that you press the control key at the same time you press the key for the letter or symbol in that column For example you press the control key and at the same time to send the value 1 Some programs that use this system cannot use control and many programs use the control keys for other purposes Decimal Hexadecimal Control key 0 00 01 2 02 B 3 03 C 4 04 D 5 05 6 06 7 07 G 8 08 H 9 09 I 10 0A 11 0B K 12 OC L 13 OD M 14 OE N 15 OF O 16 10 17 11 Q 18 12 R 19 13 S 20 14 T 21 15 U 22 16 V 23 17 W 24 18 X 25 19 Y 26 1A Z B 12 Appendix C Control Codes by Function This appendix shows most of the control codes in Appendix B but this time they are arranged by categories If your computer cannot generate lowercase letters use the equivalent decimal ASCII values This appendix enables you to find a particular code quickly but does not give all the details on the format and use of each code See Appendix B or the appropriate chapter for further information Near Letter Quality Mode ESC x 1 Turns NLQ mode ON ESC 0 Turns draft mode ON ESC Activates NLQ justification modes Character Width Pitch ASCII 15 Turns compressed mode ON ASCII 18 Turns compressed mode OFF ASCII 14 Turns one line expanded mode ON ASCII 20 Turns one line expanded mode OFF ESC M Turns elite mode ON ESC P Turns elite mode OFF ESC
89. mber less than the last defined tab n Sets horizontal and vertical tab incre ments Horizontal format ESC e0 n where n is the number of spaces and equals 0 21 in pica 0 25 in elite 0 36 in compressed Vertical format ESC el n where n is the number of line feeds and equals INT 255 x for x 216 inch line spac ing INT 85 x for x 72 inch line spacing 7 for 12 dot line spacing B 9 ESC Dec Hex Symbol ESC 102 606 ESC 108 6C ESC 109 6D ESC 115 73 ESC 120 78 127 B 10 f DEL Function Prints spaces or line feeds without carriage returns Horizontal format ESC 0 n where n is the number of spaces and equals 0 127 Vertical format ESC f1 n where n is the number of line feeds and equals 0 127 Sets the left margin Format ESC l CHR n where n ranges from 0 78 in pica 0 93 in elite 0 133 in compressed 0 156 in compressed elite Makes available the graphics charac ter set which is stored behind the control codes at ASCII positions 128 to 159 Format ESC m where n toggles the character set on and off 4 turns the graphics charac ters ON 0 turns them OFF Selects the print speed Half speed mode can be employed to reduce noise Format ESC s where n toggles half speed on and off so that 1 produces 50 cps while 0 produces 100 cps Selects draft or NLQ mode ESC O selects draft ESC x 1 selects NLQ ESC 0 an
90. n B A amp DENMARK I E amp E A a amp 50 Table 6 2 International characters in draft mode 35 36 64 9 92 93 94 96 123 124 125 126 USA amp t N 1 is t H 3 re FRANCE a 2 amp n e ic GERMANY 8 A E a B UK 5 E N 3 s t H io DENMARK I G 5 A e SWEDEN dg 6 A ITALY S N A e i SPAIN nh i n H M JAPAN Bot G UL 3 3 gt NORWAY 5 A DENMARK II 8 ft g u e a i Table 6 3 International characters in draft italic 35 36 64 91 92 93 94 96 123 124 125 126 USA a 1 a 3 1 F is FRANCE 2 5 GERMANY amp T a B UK a 1 P i i Kd DENMARK I 9 a e A A z SWEDEN S 5 A ITALY i i E e i SPAIN R a n amp i b 5 j 74 JAPAN a 9 t i 1 id NORWAY ge A DENMARK II EF Rt A A xz 4 The number at the top of each column in the tables is the ASCII code that prints the characters in that column Once you have selected an international character set with the DIP switches or the ESCape code you can use the tables to see which characters on your standard USA keyboard will produce the interna tional characters you want Simply t
91. n several different ways depending on your needs and the capabili ties of your software The most common ways include placing print ing codes in your document using a programming language such as BASIC and giving print commands as part of the printing instruc tions for your software Often the SelecType feature is the easiest way to choose print modes on the LX 80 This feature changes the function of the three buttons on top of your printer ON LINE FF and LF After turn ing on the SelecType mode you can use the buttons to choose one or more of six separate functions The functions include five typestyles and a reset code Table 2 1 shows the typestyles you can print with SelecType and as you will learn later in this chapter you can combine some of them Table 2 1 SelecType modes ABOCDEFGH LUELLA Nopagr stiva yE ABCDEFGHIJKLMNoparstuvwxyz Emphasized ARCDEFGHIJKLMMoOpqcstuvwxyz Double strike ABCDEFGHIJELMNaparstuvaxsy2 Compressed BBCDEFSHIJKLMNoparstuvwtyz Elite AHCDEFGHIJKLMNopgrstuvaxyz SelecType lets you use the Epson typestyles in Table 2 1 and combinations of those styles even if your word processing or business program does not support all of them SelecType also lets you make print style choices when you print rather than when you edit If you would like a memo or letter to be in the NLQ mode a few taps on the panel buttons tell your printer what you want and you don t have to re edit the document to put in pri
92. n use either the character in the symbol column in quotation marks or CHR n For exam ple the command for turning on emphasized can be entered as LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 69 or LPRINT CHR 27 E See Chapter 4 and your system documentation for other methods of sending codes to the printer Some applications programs can use control key codes for decimal codes O 26 See the control key chart at the end of this appendix or the Quick Reference Card for a complete list of control key values Abbreviations cpi characters per inch characters per second ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function 0 00 NUL Terminates horizontal and vertical tab setting ESCape sequences 7 07 BEL Sounds beeper 8 08 BS Backspace Empties the printer buf fer then moves the print head left 1 space in the current pitch 9 09 Horizontal tab Empties the printer buffer then moves the print head to the next tab stop B 1 ESC Dec 10 17 18 19 20 24 ESC 25 B 2 Hex OA OB 0C OD OE OF 11 12 13 14 18 19 Symbol LF VT FF CR SO SI DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 CAN EM Function Line feed Empties the printer buffer performs a line feed at the current line spacing and resets the buffer character count to 0 Vertical tab Empties the printer buf fer then advances the paper to the next vertical tab stop Form feed Empties the printer buf fer then advances the paper to the
93. nction is sometimes accomplished by a print screen command If you have a program for screen dumps or any other software that produces graphics all you need to know about Epson dot graphics is how to use the software If on the other hand you wish to do your own programming or merely wish to understand how the LX 80 prints graphics read on Dot Patterns The LX 80 forms graphic images approximately the same way that pictures in newspapers and magazines are printed If you look closely at a newspaper photograph you can see that it is made up of many small dots The LX 80 also forms its images with patterns of dots In fact the resolution of Epson graphics is higher than that of standard newspaper photographs because the LX 80 graphics mode allows as many as 240 dot positions per inch horizontally and 72 vertically The images you print on the LX 80 can therefore be as finely detailed as the one on the first page of this chapter If you plan carefully where you want the dots to appear and then use or create a program that gives the proper instructions to the printer your LX 80 will print nearly any pattern or figure you can imagine 74 Print Head The graphics mode on the LX 80 is quite different from the text modes Instead of sending codes for letters and printing functions you send codes for dot patterns one number for each column in a line Since none of the predefined characters or symbols in the prin ter s memory
94. nd of line 20 and one between CHR 74 and the colon in line 40 We have explained this incorrect program in detail so that you will remember two important tips about using the graphics command e Use semicolons to prevent the LX 80 from printing carriage re turn and line feed codes as pin patterns Do not put any other commands between the graphics command and its data Our example should help you understand the graphics mode better and may help you find the problem when one of your own programs gives you unexpected results String variables In a long and complicated graphics program typing in the graphics command or repetitive data numbers over and over can become time consuming You can avoid much of the repetitive typing by storing commands and data in string variables Look at the program below It is the same as the multiple line exercise earlier in the chapter except for the string variables 88 10 G CHR 27 4 K 4CHR 1090 4CHR O 20 A CHR 85 CHRS 42 30 BS CHRS 42 CHRS B5 40 LPRINT CHR 27 1 50 FOR R 1 TO 3 60 LPRINT 70 FOR X 1 TO 59 LPRINT A NEXT X 80 LPRINT 98 I PRINT G 100 FOR X 1 TO 59 LPRINT B NEXT X 110 LPRINT NEXT R 120 LPRINT CHE 27 Q9 Notice that the first line stores the whole graphics command in a single string variable In order to do this you must put plus signs between the elements of the command Once you have done this at the beginning of the program e
95. nt codes SelecType is also handy for selecting narrow pitches to put more characters on a line If you find that your spreadsheet would be too wide for a single page in pica with SelecType you can choose com pressed to fit over 130 characters on a line or compressed elite for over 150 characters In addition you undoubtedly will have your own uses for this feature Using SelecType is a simple four step process 1 Enter SelecType mode 2 Select a print function 3 Set the function 4 Exit SelecType mode Turning SelecType Mode On To turn on SelecType make sure that the printer is turned on with the POWER READY and ON LINE lights all on and then press the top two buttons on the panel ON LINE and FF at the same time as illustrated in Figure 2 1 The LX 80 will beep to signal that it is in SelecType mode The READY light also turns off and the ON LINE light begins flashing Now that your printer is in SelecType 16 mode all the panel buttons have new functions also shown in Figure 2 1 Mode Select Mode Set Exit SelecType Figure 2 1 SelecType setting and functions In SelecType mode the ON LINE button selects printing func tions the FF button sets the functions and the LF button turns SelecType off returning the panel buttons to their former operation Using SelecType Once you have turned on SelecType you select the print functions you want according to Table 2 1 The mode number is the numb
96. nter 2 Return denotes the twisted pair return to be connected at signal ground level For the interface wiring be sure to use a twisted pair cable for each signal and to complete the connection on the return side To prevent noise these cables should be shielded and con nected to the chassis of the host computer or the printer 3 Allinterface conditions are based on TTL level Both the rise and the fall times of each signal must be less than 0 2 microsecond 1 2 4 Data transfer must be carried out by observing the ACKNLG or BUSY signal Data transfer to this printer can be carried out only after receipt of the ACKNLG signal or when the level of the BUSY signal is LOW 5 Under normal conditions printer cable pins 11 12 and 32 are activated when the paper end condition is detected The ESCape 8 code disables pins 11 and 32 but not pin 12 Those computers that monitor pin 12 halt printing when the paper is out making ESCape 8 ineffective Data Transfer Sequence Interface timing Figure I 1 shows the timing for the parallel interface BUSY ACKNLG DATA STROBE Approx 5 us Approx 7 us 0 5 us min 0 5 us min 0 5 us min Figure I 1 Parallel interface timing Signal relationships Table I 2 shows the way data entry is handled in the on line and off line states by showing the relationships between seven signal sets Table 1 2 Signal interrelations On
97. of incorrect program DIP switch location Using the bottom eight rows Grid for NLQ characters Data numbers for one column Arrow design and data numbers f 55 maea lt gt r3 25 BEEBE EE vii E 1 E 2 E 3 E 5 E 6 E 7 E 8 I 1 2 1 2 2 5 1 6 1 6 3 9 1 D 1 D 2 I 1 1 2 viii Continuous paper with printer stand Continuous paper without stand Tractor placement Paper separator and paper guide Tractor release levers Pin feed holder adjustment Open in feed cover Top of page position Parallel interface timing nn List of Tables SelecType modes Mode combinations Summary of LX 80 pitches International characters in NLQ mode International characters in draft mode International characters in draft italic Graphics modes DIP switch functions International DIP switch settings Pins and signals Signal interrelations Introduction The Epson LX 80 printer combines low price with the high quality and advanced features formerly available only on more expensive printers LX 80 Features In addition to the high performance and reliability you ve come to expect from an Epson printers the LX 80 offers Draft mode for quick printing of ordinary work Near Lett
98. on setting the top of page Line Spacing Ordinarily you don t have to worry about how the printer moves the paper so that it doesn t print lines of text on top of each other the LX 80 takes care of this without any special instructions If however you want to understand how line spacing works or you need to change the line spacing for a special application such as graphics you ll want to read this brief explanation of line spacing on the LX 80 The movement of the paper between lines is called a line feed and the distance the paper moves is called a line space In ordinary print ing the line spacing is 1 6 inch which produces six lines of print per inch Figure 7 1 will help you visualize this spacing As you can see in the figure the standard default spacing is the same as 12 rows of dots Since the LX 80 characters use nine rows of dots the 12 dot line spacing leaves three blank rows between the lines of text 57 116 inch 1 6 inch e a bd F m mid Figure 7 l Standard line spacing The default line spacing illustrated in Figure 7 1 is the only one you need for almost all printing of text but in some cases you may want to increase or decrease the space between lines The LX 80 has several commands to do this ESCape 0 decreases the line spacing to 9 dot 9 72 inch ESCape 1 decreases it to 7 dot and ESCape 2 returns it to 12 dot In addition there are
99. otice the size LPRINT and darkness of the print Turn your printer off to cancel the compressed setting and if you wish try this exercise with other modes Testing Your Software for the Reset Code A few commercial software programs clear all previous modes by resetting the LX SO before printing each document Of course this resetting wipes out whatever you have done with SelecType But don t worry if your software resets the printer you can still use SelecType In Appendix F we tell you ways around the problem Since only a few programs reset the LX 80 before printing you probably won t have this problem The following test tells you for sure First use your word processing or business program in the normal way to create a short file or document of the type you usually print After you have created a file or document print it in the usual way Save this first copy for comparison with the next versions you print Your test can be as simple as our example below a two line docu ment created with a word processor and printed with its standard print command Ghas dio h Now set your LX 80 for elite printing using the following steps 19 1 See that both the ON LINE and READY lights are on 2 Press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time 3 Press the ON LINE button five times the code for elite You should hear a beep each time you press the button 4 Press the FF button to set elite 5
100. pe code for which decimal 27 is used printers and computers are not restricted to only 256 instructions The ESCape code is a signal that the next code will be a printer control code instead of text to print For example if the printer receives the num ber 69 it prints a capital E because 69 is the ASCII code for that letter If however the printer receives a 27 just before the 69 it turns on emphasized mode because ESCape E is the code for emphasized You can see how important the ESCape code is by looking at Appendix B There you will see that nearly every code the LX 80 uses is an ESCape code 30 Printer Codes Totake advantage of the many print features of the LX 80 you can use a software program that sends the correct codes or you can use another method to send codes It s not possible to be as precise and specific as we would like in the rest of this chapter because the LX 80 works with so many different applications programs and com puter systems If we gave precise instructions on how to use your LX 80 with every one of them this manual would fill at least four volumes and would have to be updated every month We will therefore give you the general principles of how software communicates with your printer plus several ways the codes of the LX 80 are used by applications programs such as word processing and business programs With this information and possibly some help from your dealer or the manual for your applic
101. per end detector Some computer systems ignore the setting of this switch See Appendix F Switch 1 4 selects the paper length When it is OFF the length is 11 when it is ON the length is 12 Switch 1 3 controls the optional cut sheet feeder When it is ON the cut sheet feeder is enabled When it is OFF the cut sheet feeder is disabled Switch 1 2 selects draft or Near Letter Quality When it is ON the printer prints in the NLQ mode When it is OFF it prints in the draft mode If the switch is off you can still use the NLQ mode by using SelecType or an ESCape code Switch 1 1 selects condensed or pica printing ON is condensed OFF is pica Regardless of the setting you can still select condensed with SelecType and either condensed or pica with ESCape codes Switch 2 4 enables the beeper to sound when it is OFF when it is ON the beeper cannot sound Switch 2 3 controls line feeds When it is ON the LX 80 performs an automatic line feed with each carriage return when it is OFF the computer system sends the line feeds If your printing has an extra space between lines turn the switch OFF If all the lines of your printing are on top of each other turn the switch ON This switch enables the LX 80 to match either type of computer system Switch 2 2 selects the printer When it is ON the printer cannot be deactivated by software codes When it is OFF the printer is inactive until it receives the proper software code Swi
102. printing The code to turn off emphasized is ESCape F Double strike The other bold mode on the LX 80 is double strike For this mode the printer prints each line then moves the paper up slightly and prints the line again Each dot is printed twice with the second one slightly below the first as you can see in Figure 6 2 standard Print Double strike print Figure 6 2 Double strike and single strike Unlike emphasized double strike combines with any draft pitch but not with NLQ because it does not overlap dots horizontally Since each line in this mode is printed twice the speed of your printing is slowed The code for double strike is ESCape Try it in the the master program if you wish The code to turn off double strike is ESCape 43 Expanded Mode Perhaps the most dramatic mode on the LX 80 is expanded It produces extra wide characters that are good for titles and headings For this mode the dot pattern of each character is expanded and a duplicate set of dots is printed one dot to the right You can see the difference between pica and expanded pica in Figure 6 3 Figure 6 3 Expanded and standard characters You can try expanded yourself by using the code W1 in the master program Notice that expanded uses an ESCape code format that is slightly different from the previous ones You must use the numeral one as well as a capital W to turn
103. program then reads the next two numbers 8 and 0 and sends them to the printer six times This feature is not a necessary part of the program but it does allow you to type fewer data numbers Otherwise the program is a straightforward graphics program that uses 7 dot line spacing and reads numbers from DATA statements and sends them to the printer If you want to see the figure in other densities change the Y in line 600 to L or Z 85 Graphics Programming Tips Now that we ve shown you how to design your own graphics we ll review and emphasize a few elements of graphics programming As usual we use MBASIC in the examples but the principles apply to any programming language Semicolons and command placement After the graphics command is issued every number sent to the LX 80 is interpreted as a pin pattern and printed on paper Therefore you must be careful where you put graphics commands in your program For example suppose you want a 50 column graphics line with the line spacing set to 7 dot You might enter the following program 20 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 50 CHR 9 30 LPRINT 27 1 40 FOR G 1 TO 59 LPRINT CHR 74 NEXT G This program has all the necessary elements Line 20 has the com mand for single density graphics and specifies 50 columns Remem ber that you must use two numbers to reserve columns even if you only need the first one Line 30 has the correct command for 7 dot line sp
104. purposes because emphasized printing is faster than NLQ printing Now that you have seen our example of emphasized printing we will give you a master program that allows you to test almost any of the ESCape codes including the ESCape code to turn on empha sized ESCape E Master program First type in the program below If you have some programming experience you can see that the program asks you what codes you want to test and then prints a sample of what the codes do Be sure to type in the blank spaces in lines 70 and 80 If you are using Applesoft M BASIC see Appendix F 20PRINT Which ESCape code do you 30 INPUT want to test A 40 PRINT What kind of printing 50 INPUT does it produce Bf 60 LPRINT CHR 27 A 70 LPRINT This sample uses ESCape Af 80 LPRINT to produce B printing 990 LPRINT 27 Now run the program When the first question appears on the screen type a capital E and then press the RETURN key Type emphasized and press the RETURN key in answer to the second question The program is easy to use Just remember to press the RETURN key after the answer to each question and to use a capital letter in the answer to the first question unless we tell you to use a lowercase letter for a specific code 42 You should get the following printout when you run this program and type and emphasized in answer to the questions This sample uses ESCape E to produce emphasized
105. put it anywhere on the page Graphics Mode The graphics mode command is quite different from the other commands covered so far in this manual For most of the other LX 80 modes such as italic and emphasized one ESCape code turns the mode on and another turns it off For graphics the command is more complicated because the code that turns on a graphics mode also specifies how many columns it will use 15 The LX 80 has several different graphics densities but we ll keep things simple by using only one in the first exercises The code for entering single density graphics mode is ESCape n n In Mi crosoft BASIC the command is given in this format LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR N1 CHR N2 ESCape K specifies single density graphics and the next two num bers n and n specify the number of columns reserved for graphics The graphics command requires more than one number to specify how many columns to reserve because as many as 1920 columns are possible in graphics printing Since the LX 80 uses eight digit binary numbers it can t accept decimal numbers larger than 255 Therefore the graphics mode command uses two numbers for reserving col umns The number of columns reserved is the first number plus 256 times the second number Since the command is set up for two numbers you must supply two even if you only need one When you need less than 256 columns just make n the number of columns you are reserving and make n a ze
106. r See Paper out sensor Separator paper See Paper Set up operations for printer 3 14 1 6 Seven bit systems F 10 11 limitations of F 11 test for computer s ern 7 Skip over perforation 5 ESCape N turns it on ESCape 0 turns it off Spacing See line spacing Special graphics characters 52 53 A 3 4 Specifications H 1 3 Subscript See Script mode Superscript See Script mode Switches See DIP switches T Technical specifications H 1 3 Temperature Test for reset code 19 20 for seven bit system F 11 pattern 12 Top of page E 6 Tractor optional E 1 6 Troubleshooting F 1 14 TRS 80 F 9 10 F 13 U Underline mode 46 47 ESCape 1 turns it on ESCape 0 turns it off User defined characters 61 72 ESCape amp defines characters ESCape downloads ROM characters into RAM ESCape selects a character set W Width of characters H 1 WIDTH statements 39 F 13 14 Z Zero slashed i om e Spectrum LX 80 Printer Control Codes by Function Near Letter Quality Mode ESC x 1 ESC x 0 ESC Turns NLQ mode ON Turns draft mode ON Activates NLQ justification modes Character Width Pitch ASCII 15 Turns compressed mode ON ASCII 18 Turns compressed mode OFF ASCII 14 Turns one line expanded mode ON ASCII 20 Turns one line expanded mode OFF ESC M Turns elite mode ON Turns elite mode OFF ESC W0
107. re designed to over come this problem or you can tape a business card over the switch Be sure to remove the card if you use a cut sheet feeder however SelecType Solutions If you have found that your software sends a resetting code and wipes out your SelecType settings one of the following methods should help you find a way around the problem Method 1 Use the installation program for your software to remove the initialization code See your software manual for details Method 2 Without using SelecType give your program the command to print your document Then before the printing actually starts give the command to stop printing Now use SelecType to select com pressed mode using the following steps 1 Be sure that both the ON LINE and READY lights are on 2 Press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time 3 Press the ON LINE button four times the code for compressed 4 Press the FF button to set compressed 5 Press the LF button to exit SelecType 6 Press the ON LINE button F 3 Now give your printer the command to resume printing If your example is now in compressed you can use this same sequence each time you want to use SelecType The procedure is not complicated once you practice it a few times it gives you fingertip control of your printing Method 3 Another method that may work with your software is to give the print command with the printer turned OFF If at this point your screen gives you
108. riate for your application you can write a program in BASIC or any other programming language to send control codes to your printer In the chapter on page formatting you will find examples of such programs Just remember that with this method your printer control code stays in effect for the whole document you print This method is good for setting margins for example but does not work for italicizing a word Now you have some background on how printers work and how software can communicate with them Turn to the next chapters to learn about the specific features of your LX 80 printer 33 Chapter 5 LX 80 Features Beginning with this chapter we describe many of the printing fea Demonstration Programs Along with our discussion and examples of the LX 80 features we include demonstrations in the BASIC programming language so that you can see these features in action Although we know that you will probably not do much of your printing using BASIC we chose it for our demonstrations because most computer systems include some form of BASIC so our examples are ones that almost every one of you can try You don t need to know anything about BASIC to type in and run these programs Just check your BASIC manual to see how to load BASIC in your computer and how to run a program As you run the programs or even as you read the explanations and look at the printed examples you learn how the LX 80 responds to the mes sages your computer
109. ro Pin Labels Once you put the printer into graphics mode and reserve the number of columns you want your next step is to tell the print head which pins to fire in each column There are 256 possible combina tions of eight pins and you send only one number for each column The numbering system that allows you to use a single number to specify which of the 256 possible patterns you want is shown in Figure 9 1 76 a N P5 o OOOOOOO00 not used Figure 9 1 Pin labels To fire any one pin you send its number To fire more than one pin at the same time add up the numbers of the pins and send the sum to the printer With these labels for the pins you fire the top pin by sending 128 To fire the bottom graphics pin you send 1 If you want to fire only the top and bottom pins you simply add 128 and 1 then send 129 By adding the appropriate label numbers together you can fire any combination of pins you want Figure 9 2 shows you three examples of how to calculate the number that will fire a particular pattern of pins 128 o 128 128 O 128 O 64 C 64 c C 32 2 21 16 16 1610 16 O se 8 4 Q 4 O 4 e 4 2 2 219 2 2 1 10 JL JE not used 9 d not used O not used O 5 Figure 9 2 Calculating numbers for pin patterns TT With this numbering system any combination of the eight pins adds up to a unique decimal number between 0 and 255 Although you
110. rom a scientific symbol to script letters for your initials Just follow the simple steps below The only restriction on your creativity is that the characters you define must follow the same rules that govern the rest of the charac ters printed by the LX 80 They must fit into an 11x9 matrix no dot can overlap another and either the top or the bottom row must be empty Look at the enlargements of sample letters in Chapter 3 to see how the standard LX 80 characters are designed Designing Process Suppose that you need the Greek letter sigma for your work Although the LX 80 has a number of special symbols the sigma is not one of them You can however create and print such a symbol with ease First use a grid like the one in Figure 8 1 to plan where to place the dots 123456789 Figure 8 1 Grid for designing draft characters Because the last two columns are reserved for the space between characters we have not included them in the grid And since most characters do not use the bottom two rows we have used a heavy line to indicate the usual lower limit for an LX 80 character 62 When you place your dots on this grid remember that dots cannot go on horizontal lines but they can go on vertical lines so long as they do not overlap any other dots As you design your characters draw the dots as large as you see them in the example on the left in Figure 8 2 If you draw them
111. rush Use a mild cleanser for the outside framework and after removing the ribbon cassette denatured alcohol for the inside See your Epson dealer for replacement ribbon cassettes Rarely Once in a great while your printer should be lubricated Epson recommends two lubricants O 2 Epson Part No B710200001 and G 2 Epson Part No B70020001 Every 6 months or one million lines use O 2 lubricant on the shafts and platen bearings wiping off excess with cloth Use G 2 sparingly on ribbon feed line feed and carriage return drive gears every five million lines Note Using too much lubricant can cause problems with your printer Apply the lubricant sparingly Appendix H Technical Specifications Printing Printing method Printing speed Paper feed speed Printing direction Character set Character size Impact dot matrix 100 characters per second per line in Approximately 150 ms line at 1 6 inch line Approximately 100 ms line during continuous line feed Bidirectional logic seeking Unidirectional left to right in graphics mode 96 Roman characters 96 italic characters 32 international characters 32 italic international characters 32 graphic characters 96 NLQ characters 32 NLQ international characters Mode Width inches Height inches Pica 083 in 122 in Pica expanded 166 in 122 in 059 in 122 in Elite expanded 118 in 122
112. s newspapers and books including this one are printed With this command you may need a WIDTH statement Since diffe rent systems use different WIDTH statements see your computer or programming language manual for the proper format Remember also to use carriage returns only at the end of paragraphs when you are using auto justification When you use any of the justification commands be sure that you send the NLQ command first The justification command is designed to be used withs BASIC or another programming languages not with word processing prog rams 56 Skip Over Perforation If you are using continuous pin feed paper for printing program listings or other material not controlled by an applications program you may find that the LX 80 prints right over the perforations be tween pages The LX 80 has an ESCape code to prevent this the ESCape N command You send ESCape N followed by the number of lines you want the LX 80 to skip at the bottom of a page For example in BASIC the following line will make the LX 80 skip six lines after each 60 lines 19 LPRINT CHR 27 N CHR 6 Since a standard page is 66 lines this will give you one inch of blank space at the bottom of each page If you prefer to have half of the blank space at the top of the page and half at the bottom simply set the top of page approximately three lines 1 2 inch below the perforation See Appendix E if you need to refresh your memory
113. s as the first time you ran the program but it will leave the printer in emphasized mode so that you can add another mode Then run the program again without turning off the printer The second time enter W1 and emphasized expanded Your printout should be in the typestyle below showing that the two modes combine with no trouble You can experiment with other combinations if you wish or you can wait for the section later in this chapter that explains a special ESCape code Master Select which allows you to combine as many as seven features with one ESCape code emph ansi z ed expanded When you are through trying combinations be sure to replace line 90 in the master program so that you can again try one feature at a time Italic Mode You may occasionally want to print italic words for emphasis titles or other uses The LX 80 has italic mode to enable you to use italic characters for any purpose Although characters produced by the previous modes in this manual are modifications of the standard pica characters the LX 80 uses completely different characters for the italic mode In the printer s Read Only Memory ROM is a complete set of draft italic characters You can see the difference between stan dard and italic draft characters in Figure 6 4 45 italic Pica Print Figure 6 4 It
114. s change one or more codes when sending them from BASIC to the printer The ability of the LX 80 to dump in hexadecimal lets you determine which codes are creating problems for your system A hex printout of a program shows you exactly what the printer is receiving regardless of what the computer is sending The following test program lets you check to see what codes if any are problems for your computer system 10 FOR X TO 255 20 LPRINT CHR X 30 NEXT X F 7 Put the printer in data dump mode and then RUN the program Remember to press the ON LINE button to make the LX 80 print the final line Then compare your printout with the list of hex codes in order in the middle columns of page 2 in Appendix A If any are skipped or repeated you will know that your BASIC language changes some codes before it sends them to the printer For example in the line below which is the first line of the print out of the test program run on a QX 10 you can see that in this case MBASIC changes hex 09 which is the code for horizontal tabbing to several 20s the code for a space Therefore you know that if you use this system you must be careful about sending a decimal 9 hex 09 du s an 04 AS 07 OB 20 SM 20 20 The data dumping capability can help you debug a program quick ly Appendix A will help you translate the hex codes to ASCII equivalents Coding Solutions Once you ve determined that a code
115. s were calculated in the same manner Once the numbers for the pin patterns are calculated they go in DATA statements separated by commas First we ll give you the whole program and its printout then we ll explain two techniques we have not used before 90 WIDTH LPRINT 255 1909 LPRINT CHR 27 1 599 FOR K 1 TO 3 6200 LPRINT CHR 27 Y CHR 59 CHR 0 610 READN IFN 128 THEN 659 620 IF N gt THEN LPRINT CHR N GOTO 619 630 READ P R FOR J 1 TO N 632 LPRINT CHR P CHR R NEXT J 640 GOTO 610 650 LPRINT NEXT LPRINT CHR 27 END 800 DATA 8 4 10 1 6 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 9 0 0 0 805 DATA 23 8 4 2 1 2 8 0 8 128 810 DATA 2 0 0 0 64 32 17 10 4 0 6 90 0 10 815 DATA 64 90 0 0 0 64 32 17 10 4 128 820 DATA 2 4 10 16 34 64 5 2 0 4 0 8 0 16 825 DATA 9 32 0 61 2 4 8 16 32 64 0 9 9 128 In this program we used number 128 in DATA statements to signal the end of a print line This is the reason for the IF THEN statement in line 610 that skips to line 650 and causes a line feed The other special technique used in this program is found in lines 620 and 630 Since some of the data numbers are repeated many times we save typing by using negative DATA numbers for repeti tions Line 620 tests for a negative number and if it finds one reads the next two numbers and prints their pin patterns the number of times indicated by the negative number For example when the minus 6 in line 800 is read the
116. sure consult your computer manual or your dealer First Printing Exercise Now it is time to see something more interesting than the test pattern from your LX 80 printer Your next step depends upon what kind of printing you plan to do If you have a word processing or other commercial software program just load the program in your computer follow its printing instructions and watch your LX 80 print If you plan to use your LX 80 for printing program listings load a program and use your computer system s listing command LLIST for Microsoft M BASIC for example Note If all the lines of your first printing exercise are printed on top of each other don t worry There is nothing wrong with your printer All you have to do is change the setting of a small switch in the back of your printer See the section on automa tic line feeds in Appendix D 14 Chapter 2 SelecType At the end of the introduction you saw samples of the typestyles available on your LX 80 In this chapter you ll learn how Epson s SelecType feature puts the most used print modes at your fingertips With a few taps on the panel buttons of the LX 80 you can change your printing from standard single atrike pica to the more detailed Near Letter Quality NLQ mode or any of several other possibilities Choosing Print Modes The LX 80 printer s many print modes give you a great choice of width weight and style of characters You can activate these modes i
117. tch 2 1 controls the printing of zeros When it is ON the zeros are slashed when it is OFF they are not D 3 Appendix E Using the Optional Tractor Unit The optional tractor unit allows you to use continuous paper with pin feed holes along the sides The unit is adjustable so that the continuous paper can be any width from 4 to 10 inches Printer Location When you use the tractor and continuous paper you must put your LX 80 where the paper can flow freely in and out of the printer Use a printer stand or any other arrangement that fits your working area Just make sure that the paper coming out of the printer does not interfere with the paper going in and that the paper going in does not catch on the printer cable Because of the cable it is usually best for the paper that feeds into the printer to be stacked somewhat behind the printer instead of directly beneath it Two possible setups are shown in Figures E l and E 2 Figure E l Continuous paper with printer stand E 1 Figure E 2 Continuous paper without stand Tractor Unit Installation To install the removable tractor unit first pull the friction lever toward the front of the printer Then hold the tractor with the gears to the right as shown in Figure E 3 Figure E 3 Tractorplacement E 2 In each tractor slot are two pegs that fit into the notches on the tractor fittings Tilt the tractor back so that the rear notc
118. th of a second Figure 3 1 A capital T 28 Bidirectional Printing In nearly all of our discussions in this manual we describe the action of the LX 80 print head as moving from left to right as a typewriter does During its normal operation while printing in the draft mode however the LX 80 prints bidirectionally That is the print head goes from left to right only on every other line On the other lines it reverses everything and prints right to left By reversing both the dot patterns and the printing direction the LX 80 produces a line that is correct and looks no different from a line printed from left to right It does this to save time Otherwise the time the print head takes to go from the right margin back to the left would be wasted The intelligence of the printer takes care of all the calculations necessary for this bidirectional printing so you don t have to be concerned about it You simply do your part of the work as if the printer will be printing from left to right on each line and let the LX 80 do all the necessary calculations so that you can enjoy the increased speed Changing Pitches In addition to pica in which there are 10 characters per inch the LX 80 can also print in other widths or pitches It does so by reduc ing the distance between pin firings In the elite mode it prints 12 characters per inch and in the compressed mode it prints slightly more than 17 characters per inch The pattern of
119. the following character sets and then use the individual characters within that set 0 USA 6 Italy 1 7 spain 2 Germany 8 Japan 3 United Kingdom 9 Norway 4 Denmark I 10 Denmark II 2 Sweden You select the character set in one of two ways with an ESCape code or with a switch in the back of your printer The ESCape code in BASIC has the following format LPRINT CHR 27 R CHR n in which n stands for the appropriate number from the list above In other words the BASIC command to select the French character set is LPRINT CHR 27 R CHR 1 The other method of selecting an international character set is with the small switches called DIP switches in the back of the printer If you plan to use one of the international sets quite a bit see Appendix D for instructions for using the DIP switches Once you have selected a character set whether you do it with the ESCape code or the DIP switches you will be able to print several new characters The character sets are shown in Tables 6 1 6 2 and 6 3 Table 6 1 International characters in NLQ mode 35 36 64 91 92 93 94 96 123 124 125 126 USA No JY FRANCE c 8 7 GERMANY d 85 A O U a8 G6 B UK N J DENMARK I t ER O A 7 SWEDEN 8 n B A GO A B8 GO B ITALY i SPAIN HR 5 JAPAN s 7 NORWAY nu
120. the printer is out of paper The beeper can also be sounded by any program that sends the ASCII 7 code and by certain error conditions in the printer itself If the printer beeps and stops printing when it is not out of paper turn the printer off and check to see if the paper is loaded correctly If the paper is loaded correctly turn the printer back on and try to print again If the printer beeps and does not print again take it to a qualified service person Data Dump Mode The LX 80 has a special feature that makes it easy for experienced printer users to find the causes of problems Called the data dump mode it gives a printout of exactly what codes reach the printer Turn on this mode by turning on the printer while holding down the FF and LF buttons at the same time The printer responds by printing the words Data Dump Mode Then when you run program either an applications program or one you have written in any programming language the LX 80 prints one or more lines Each line has three parts the line number four digits the hexadecimal codes up to 16 numbers and the guide section 16 characters at the end of each line except the last The hexadecimal numbers are the codes received by the printer and the guide section helps you find a certain place in the list of codes Each character in the guide section corresponds to one of the codes If the code is for a printable character that character is printed If the co
121. the FF button once Since one is the code for you have now set the LX 80 for that mode 3 Press the ON LINE button one more time and then the FF button once This makes a total of two times and thus sets the LX 80 for emphasized also 4 Press the LF button to return the panel buttons to their stan dard functions Now press the ON LINE button and print your document If your printing appears in emphasized Near Letter Quality as you see here you have successfully combined the two modes If you get any other results turn your printer off and back on to reset it and then try the steps again SelecType Cautions and Tips Once you have learned the simple technique for controlling print styles with the panel buttons you can use it whenever you wish You should be aware of two minor restrictions however e SelecType is designed to control the printing of an entire file or document not an individual line or word To print a single word in an enhanced mode use one of the other print control methods listed at the beginning of this chapter If there are print codes in the document or file you are printing those codes override your SelecType settings This seldom hap pens since most people use SelecType on files that don t have print codes but remember that if your LX 80 follows the Selec Type instructions for only part of a document you may have print codes in the document that are conflicting with the SelecType modes
122. the dots is not changed but the horizontal space between them is reduced In Figure 3 2 are enlargements of four sample letters in each of the three pitches These letters are chosen to show how the LX 80 prints letters that are uppercase and lowercase wide and narrow and with and without descenders the bottom part of the y 24 Pica 00000 o e o K o o 0 o eee o amp Elite e ese ec o eee o o Compressed Figure 3 2 The three pitches of the LX 80 The dot pattern of each character is carefully designed so that in pica mode no dot overlaps another The reason is that in normal high speed printing of pica the pins cannot fire and retract and fire again quickly enough to print one dot overlapping another 25 In Figure 3 3 there is a grid of lines behind the pica characters so that you can more easily see how they are designed As you look at these characters you can see three rules that govern their design the column on the right side is always left blank so that there will be spaces between the characters on a line no character uses both the top and the bottom row and a dot can be placed on a vertical line only when the columns next to that line are not used O ity yt emt Ini a e 4 6 2 4 X E f 4 a a a Figure 3 8 LX 80 dot matrix characters
123. the numbers n and n in our examples If you need fewer than 255 columns of graphics n is the number of columns you want and n is zero you can see in Table 9 1 however a single line will hold as many as 1920 columns in quadru ple density Specifying more than 255 is where the second number slot n fits in The first number that you send indicates num ber of columns but the second does not represent a number of columns it is multiplied by 256 and added n The command for 8l the maximum number of dots you can reserve on the LX SO then is CHR 27 Z CHR 128 CHR or in the other format CHR 27 CHR 3 CHR 128 CHR which is 128 dots plus 7 times 256 dots for a total of 1920 dots in one row Once you have chosen the number of columns you want to use you can have your program do the calculations for you with the following format CHR 27 L CHR N MOD 256 CHR INT N 256 N is the total number of columns you want to specify The MOD modulus function calculates the value for and the INT integer function calculates the value for nj For programming languages other than BASIC consult your manual for the proper form for these functions This format can be used with any graphics density and with any value of N up to the maximum number of columns per line for that density WIDTH Statements Many computer systems automatically insert the control codes for a carriage return
124. to change is the instruction LPRINT which is the MBASIC command to send something to the printer Some forms of BASIC use at the beginning of a program to route information to the printer and PR 0 at the end to restore the flow of information to the screen If you have such a system just put PR 1 at the beginning of your program and then use PRINT instead of LPRINT in the programs If you have any other system consult its manual to see if any modifica tions to our programs arc necessary In Chapter 3 you saw the enlargements of the three LX 80 pitches Now you ll learn how to produce them Pica Printing The first exercise is a simple three line program to print a sample line of characters in pica the standard pitch Just type in this program exactly as you see it 40 FOR X 65 TO 195 50 LPRINT CHRE X 60 NEXT X LPRINT 36 Now run the program You should get the results you see below 10 pica characters per inch ARCDEP GH MAC AEOTUVIIEYZEXI abcdetoahi Changing Pitches Now you can try other pitches As we explained in Chapter 3 the 20 LPRINT CHR 27 M This line uses the command for elite ESCape M to turn on that mode Your printout should look like the one below ABCDEFGHIJELMNOPORSTUNVWXYZUNSI abcdefahi The next addition to the program cancels elite with ESCape P and turns on compressed with ASCII 15 30 LPRINT CHR 27 15 Now run the program to see the
125. to your dealer to get your copy Another printer problem with DOS 1 0 is that it doesn t send CHR 7 to the printer it just rings the computer s bell This has also been corrected in subsequent versions QX 10 solutions There are two types of computer printer interface problems that you owners of Epson 105 may need to address The first is making a width statement when a line is to be more than 80 characters wide The second is changing any occurrence of the number nine to some other number Any time you want to print more than 80 characters or more than 130 dot columns in