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1. Green is life ABN 43 064 478 842 231 osborne avenue clayton south vic 3169 PO box 1548 clayton south vic 3169 Mm t 039265 7400 f 03 9558 0875 TD freecall 1800 680 680 www tmgtestequipment com au Test amp Complimentary Reference Material Measurement This PDF has been made available as a complimentary service for you to assist In gt sales evaluating this model for your testing requirements e rentals TMG offers a wide range of test equipment solutions from renting short to long term buying refurbished and purchasing new Financing options such as e Financial Rental and Leasing are also available on application calibration TMG will assist if you are unsure whether this model will suit your requirements repair Call TMG if you need to organise repair and or calibrate your unit disposal If you click on the Click to Call logo below you can all us for FREE TMG Corporate Website TMG Products Website e Level 4 Disposal Disposal Click to Call TMG Now Review amp Level 5 Renew Review amp Renew Level3 REI Repair Level Wide Ga Calibration Recycled Level MaL Acquisition B Purchase M Lease l Rent Solution Centre Product Lifecycle Management System Disclaimer All trademarks appearing within this PDF are trademarks of their respective owners Form 080 01 BRUKER CeL BRUKER AXS HANDHELD S1 TRACER Portable XRF A
2. The default measurement mode is Analyze This mode is used for analysis of unknown materials When testing in this mode the PDA displays the alloy name along with the chemical composition of the material as shown in Figure 5 16 Upon starting a test the PDA will alert the user and the calculated material composition will begin to display If the material is an alloy contained in the S1 TRACER library the alloy name will be displayed at the top of the screen As the test progresses the results will become more precise The display also includes a Match Quality value displayed to the right of the reported Grade ID The Match Quality number will range from 0 0 to 10 and is an indicator of how closely the measured chemistry for the material being tested matches the chemistry for the Grade ID found in the library For Match Quality higher numbers indicate a closer match to the library values For most standard alloy Grades a value of 8 0 or higher may be expected The concentration for each element is recalculated with every data sample and compared to the allowable range of concentrations for that element in the reported alloy Grade ID Calculated concentrations which fall within the allowable range are displayed against a green background those which are outside of but within 3 sigma of a range threshold are displayed against a yellow background and those falling outside the 3 sigma range are displayed against a red background The color sch
3. Z Vacuum port A a d Zo Yellow LED indicates power on e Dual red LED solid or error vw indicates X rays on blinking Figure 3 2 S1 TRACER control panel Issued 6 08 22 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 3 2 Principal PDA Components Stylus storage on top of PDA Power button Universal Sync Connector port on bottom of PDA Reset Button on bottom of Figure 3 3 iPAQ PDA PDA 3 3 Principal Vacuum Pump Components Power Switch Battery Compartment Vacuum LCD Display Exhaust e i P owe r Port Vacuum Port Figure 3 4 Vacuum Pump Issued 6 08 23 Supersedes New Le BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 3 4 Included Accessories The following accessories are included with the S1 TRACER For replacement parts call Bruker AXS Handheld at 509 783 9850 S1 TRACER Accessories Power E PDA Release Interlock Keys 2 Keys 2 y llon Battery BE oes si Eacks 3 ii Power Cord SHIA Ame A C Power Stand with Ka 234 Supply Cincon PDA cradle deel re Clip on R T Window emote Trigger Cable Protector Replacement Kapton Windows 5 Replacement Vacuum Windows 10 SNOMS Wrist Strap Strap AL7075 Calibration Forceps Check Standard Issued 6 08 24 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Duplex 2205 Calibration Check Standard Clip on Sample
4. Edit Library Delete Library Create Library Figure 6 9 User Library Maintenance screen after user libraries have been added 6 3 3 Edit Library To edit one of the existing User Libraries select the name of the library to be edited and then select the Edit Library button A User Grade Entry screen similar to that illustrated in Figure 6 11 will open To delete a user library select the name of the library name to be deleted and then select the Delete Library button The system will open a dialog box on the PDA screen asking if the user is sure they want to delete the selected library If the user selects Yes from the dialog box the selected library will be deleted To create a new user library select the Create Library button to open the New User Library naming screen illustrated in Figure 6 10 Enter the new User Library name using the keypad then select the OK button to create the new library name When the new library name has been created User Grade Entry screen shown in Figure 6 11 will open Issued 6 08 70 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual New User Library E 2 12 06 Dk Enter the Library name Figure 6 10 New User Library screen 6 3 4 Material Records To add new material records or edit existing material records the User Grade Entry screen Figure 6 11 is used User Grade Entry EA q 12 08 Dk Grade Mame Element Min max
5. Holder Shipping Case Compact Flashcard Null Modem Cable Display Covers Issued 6 08 Supersedes New AL5083 Calibration Check Standard Safety Shield PDA Accessories A C Power Supply Sync Cradle Battery Charger 25 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Laptop Accessories PC Download USB to Serial Cable Cable Vacuum Pump Accessories NiMH Battery Universal Smart Pack 2 Battery Charger Vacuum Tubing P A C Power may be clear VA Ka Supply and or black e Power Cord Shoulder Strap Shipping Case Issued 6 08 26 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 3 5 Additional Available Accessories These accessories are available to be used with the S1 TRACER To order these parts call Bruker AXS Handheld at 509 783 9850 The wire adaptor attaches to the clip on window protector Wire Adaptor and narrows the aperture to a thin slit that allows smaller diameter pieces to be examined The safety shield is used in bench top operations to protect the user from accidental exposure to X rays For the case of Safety Shield j 4 small test samples it can safely cover the IR sensor while the sample covers the aperture Replacement Additional replacement vacuum or Kapton windows are Windows also available 3 6 Operating Conditions of the S1 TRACER Instrument 10 to 50 C Temperature Charger 5 to 45 C Continuous operation at 20 to 95 RH no
6. Note All persons not directly involved in operating the XRF should be kept at least three feet away e A wall or partition may not be a safe shield for persons on the other side e Scattered radiation may bounce around corners and reach nearby individuals whether or not they are directly in line with the test location Note The operator should ensure that there is no one on the other side of the wall when using an XRF Analyzer Issued 6 08 106 Supersedes New
7. 2007 11 03 3255 Alloy 3215S 0 0 Meas Time 15 0 DateTime 08 08 2007 11 03 on T T am Le LI bai U Geht ll ees LVL een Now Figure 5 19 Examples of the spectra screen spectra screen with the iron peaks indicated by the red lines and the spectra axis menu Prevy Next gt The spectra can be manipulated by dragging the stylus along the screen Dragging the stylus up and down will stretch and compress the y axis count rate scale Dragging the stylus left and right will move the x axis keV scale so that the entire spectrum can be viewed The spectrum can also be manipulated through the spectral menu Press and hold the stylus anywhere on the spectrum to bring up the spectral menu see the right hand screen in Figure 5 19 The following options are available e X Stretches the x axis keV scale to zoom in on the spectrum e X Compresses the x axis keV scale to zoom out from the spectrum e XO Re centers and returns the spectrum to the original scale along the x axis e Cent Re centers the spectrum on both the x and y axes e Y Stretches the y axis count rate scale Issued 6 08 58 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e Y Compresses the y axis count rate scale e YO Returns the spectrum to the original scale along the y axis e Def Restores the spectrum back to its default setting the spectrum is re centered and t
8. PART OF BODY TO THE BEAM Figure 2 5 X ray warning label near nosepiece of analyzer e On the clip on window protector that covers the analyzer nose Figure 2 6 are two signs Figure 2 6 Clip on window protector warning sign Issued 6 08 10 Supersedes New Le BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e A metal manufacturer s plate Figure 2 7 is mounted under the analyzer housing near the handle In countries other than the USA this label may be different based on local regulatory requirements Figure 2 7 Instrument base caution sign 2 4 1 TRACER Radiation Profile The radiation profile of the S1 TRACER shown in Figures 2 8 and 2 9 are for normal operating conditions These readings show the radiation background around the instrument in all directions These values were obtained using a Bicron Low Energy Micro Rem ion chamber These measurements indicate that the dose rate at 10 cm from any accessible surface was lower than 5 0 uSv hr less than 50 wrem hr In Figure 2 8 measurements were made at 40 kV and 10 uA the maximum current voltage permitted with the Ti Al filter in place In Figure 2 9 measurements were made at 15 kV and 20 pA without the Ti Al filter Issued 6 08 11 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Radiation Profile For 40 kV 10 uA Duplex 2205 sample in beam Beam ven a Background Background w Planeof S
9. RAY RADIATION FROM THE S1 TRACER trto tt estts ttres erretore ere PePPe PSS e reeeo eeose ertene eroest ens ernennen 5 2 3 HAND HELD XRF ANALYZER SAFETY DESIGN EE 6 2 4 SI TRACER RADIATION PROFILE EEN 11 2 5 USING THE S1 TRACER SAFELY EE 15 2 6 RADIATION SAFETY TIPS FOR USING THE XRF ANALYZER ss ttte tettet testet tetteste oree teee tos tosereeteeteseosereeeete 15 2 7 CORRECT S1 TRACER POSITIONING ccccceccssecccscccceccuscccsccceccusccnsscceeccusccuscccueceusceuseccseccusceusceeeccusceuceeeeeuceceusceeecesceutceeeeens 18 2 8 INCASE OF EMERGENCY ee Te Ey EE T oe ey E mE Mr es Rn eR een 19 2 9 huet ei EECH 19 2 10 MAIOR DAMAGE EE 19 2 11 LOSSOR THER EE 19 2 12 LICENSE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS EE 20 2 13 TRANSPORTATION REQUIREMENTS 5s osc sand eaccttacie cesar nae pases ean a poten e trte terte S eree E PEPEES PEEPS PEPEES SE PEPEO SEESE es 21 3 Principal Components of the ST TRACER jsscssscssssasesassssncvsvenncesssaicscccnciavanasesesceeeussnwasssassesskeencvasceneseonusnsuunsesesascsecencsnsatacesenshsevansnoassasessstnanbobene 22 3 1 PRINCIPAL SL TRACER COMPONENTS ii cans picasa tcc eases a asd ea 22 3 2 PRINCIPAL PDA COMPONENTS EN 23 3 3 PRINCIPAL VACUUM DUMPCOMPONENTS trte ttte tt tettest teete esor ee eS er e Pee PS PSSE P EPSE EPPES Eeee eeens teoer eenst eenn 23 3 4 INCLUDED ACCESSORIES EE 24 3 5 ADDITIONAI AY AILABIE ACCES EE 27 3 6 OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE S1 TRACER EE 27 4 Preparing the S1 TRACER for US E 29 4 1 POWERING
10. Range in air can be Figure 11 A Gamma or X ray easily several hundred feet Shielding Gamma and X rays are best shielded by use of dense materials such as concrete lead or steel Hazard Due to their range and penetrating ability gamma and X ray radiation are considered primarily an external hazard Issued 6 08 88 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Neutron Particles Neutron radiation consists of neutrons that are ejected from the nucleus of an atom Neutron particles e Are produced during the normal operation of a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator as well as the natural decay process of some radioactive elements e Can split atoms by colliding with their nuclei forming two or more unstable atoms This is called fission These atoms then may cause ionization as they try to become stable Figure 12 A Neutron e Neutrons can also be absorbed by some atoms capture without causing fission resulting in creation of a sometimes radioactive atom dependent on the absorber This is called fusion Range Since neutrons have no electrical charge they have a high penetrating ability and require thick shielding material to stop Range in air can be several hundred feet Shielding The best materials to shield against neutron radiation are those with high hydrogen content water concrete or plastic Hazard Neutron radiation is considered primarily an external hazard due to its range an
11. THE S1 TRACER AND PDA coisccsciascvevesaetercervenecucavecivensdesavenieicueveiveiaveseteiaveratasavediavarayerierstenverneeasoatae cuaveieeunel 29 4 2 VACUUM CONFIGURATION creana a a a a ence 37 4 3 TESTING CONFIGURA TION EE 39 4 4 STARTING THE ANALYZER EE 42 4 5 ADJUSTING THE PDA EIERE 44 Gr Operation General Purpose EE 45 5 1 STARTING THE BRUKERS PROGRAM iasiissciacacavsarecuarceanvivdadacedeautertinesiansuereranenaaavaravarerareveredauniesadenecanadesssevsiadatesadadene Eeee eeste eetos erneten 45 5 2 DAMPIUE ata E TN e EN 49 5 3 ANALYZER SETTINGS CONFIGURATION ee 49 5 4 E SU Te re 53 5 5 MAKING WE Re ke De eer Rr ee ee ent OREO NT Ete nO Tn EEN 56 5 6 VIEWING RESULTS AND SPECTRA EE 58 5 7 EDING INFORMATION EE 59 5 8 SAVING RESULTS AND RPECTRA trest tettre streets trese eet eee PSE PS EPSE PESE PSS EPS EPSE EPSO EPA EPPES EPS EEES Eese eene e esere eene 60 5 9 TURNING OFF THE ANALYZER assicvessrvsccscussciccadecersssarevavecavecevasevesnsadednarcaacevevecsieuecavevecaianadevssddedenssadenss ecavecadevecesav estan evaveceusneieqedenacecenes 60 5 10 VIEWING AND EXPORTING STORED DATA 60 5 11 CHECKING AIIBR A TIONG EE 63 6 hu Ta TE EE saws EEE ES E E E EEN 65 6 1 NMIEWREADINGS EE 65 6 2 MEE EG EE 66 Issued 6 08 iV Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Supersedes New 6 3 LIBRARY MAINTENANCE EEN 67 6 4 SYSTEM SETUP onee Ee EE 12 7 Re TE 76 7 1 MEASUREMENT WILL NOT START EE 76 7 2 CAN T FIND THE B
12. TRACER normal operation configuration Readings are in urem hr All other locations on side top bottom and back of the analyzer are background bkgd Readings taken with a Bicron Model RSO 50 E low energy ion chamber survey instrument with the beta shield open Reference distances were measured from the effective center of the detector to the surface of the analyzer or sample The indicated readings were the maximum noted for the distances and locations Each reading was taken over a one minute period with the analyzer operating at approximately 20 WA and 15 kV without a filter Issued 6 08 13 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Note dose rates will vary based on current energy sample target collimator and windows Issued 6 08 14 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 5 Using the 1 TRACER Safely When the S1 TRACER is used properly X ray radiation from the analyzer poses no potential for harm to the user nearby persons or objects A properly trained user will use the S1 TRACER in a manner that eliminates or minimizes the risk of unnecessary exposure to X ray radiation Safe use of any XRF device is based on the principles of e Time managing the amount of time during which X rays are being produced by the analyzer e Distance keeping all parts of the user s body as far away from the X ray producing nosepiece as possible keeping the
13. and using Test Results Data Downloaded to the PC e Open Excel on the PC e In Excel select File Open and in the Files of Type drop down box select Text Files or csv Select the name of the file to be opened E Microsoft Excel Results 21 Eile Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help Type a question for help 3 j oO G5 D 710 v B Z U SS o a 1 2 File Mode Type ElapsedTi Alloy1 MatchNur Alloy2 MatchNur Alloy3 MatchNur Ti Ti Err Y V Err Cr Cr i 3 2579 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic50 0 01 19 9 DX 0 81 19 9 DL 0 84 0 03 0 05 0 17 0 02 21 66 4 2580 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic50 O 19 9 DX 0 69 19 9 DL 0 73 0 02 0 05 0 15 0 02 21 25 3 Eal 2581 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic50 DU 19 9 DX 0 74 19 9 DL 0 77 0 06 0 04 0 13 0 02 21 38 6 2582 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic50 O 19 9 DX 0 79 19 9 DL 0 83 0 12 0 06 0 12 0 02 21 69 ra 2583 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic50 DU 19 9 DX 0 74 19 9 DL 0 77 0 0 05 0 16 0 02 21 54 8 2584 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic60 D Nitronic40 0 55 20355 0 76 0 01 0 04 0 11 0 02 16 66 RH 2585 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic60 0 04 Nitronic40 0 59 Nitronic50 0 8 0 03 0 04 0 1 0 02 16 52 10 2586 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic60 0 01 Nitronic40 0 57 20338 0 72 0 03 0 04 0 09 0 02 16 51 ANN 2587 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic60 D Nitronic40 0 56 2038S 0 74 0 07 0 04 0 05
14. available at 20 WA is 15 kV In some cases allowable ranges for X ray tube voltage and current may be different to comply with local regulations The tube target is dependent on the intended application and may contain target material such as Rh Ag or Re The X ray tube and high voltage HV power supply are sealed in a fluid filled assembly The X ray tube is shielded by a variety of materials to minimize any stray X ray radiation This is mounted in the XRF housing and the XRF housing is closed using tamper proof fasteners The S1 TRACER X ray beam is collimated through an aperture that is approximately 0 14 inches 3 5 mm in diameter The aperture is part of the beam collimator assembly The radiation Issued 6 08 6 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual profiles illustrated in Figures 2 8 and 2 9 illustrate the effectiveness of the design to limit X ray emission to primarily that which passes through the aperture See the Radiation Profile Section for discussion of the radiation profile measurements 2 3 1 Safety Logic Circuit Indicator Lamps and Warning Labels The S1 TRACER analyzer is designed with a Failsafe Safety System to prevent inadvertent operation of the analyzer The safety system for the S1 TRACER analyzer consists of a key switch password protection two 2 failsafe LED indicator lamps a trigger to activate X rays an infrared proximity sensor to verify close proximity of a test sample and a
15. gt lt BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual battery is not used for extended periods of time recharge about once per year to prevent over discharge GENERAL BATTERY WARNINGS e Misusing the battery can cause the battery to get hot ignite or rupture and cause serious injury e Do not place the battery in a fire or heat the battery Do not place the battery in direct sunlight or use or store batteries in a hot location Do not place the battery in a microwave oven high pressure container or induction cookware e Do not puncture the battery with nails or other sharp objects strike the battery with a hammer step on the battery or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks e Do not expose the battery to water or saltwater or allow the battery to get wet e Do not disassemble the battery as this may disconnect its safety protection devices e Charge the battery only with the charger that is intended to charge the battery e Do not use any other devices to discharge the battery The battery should be discharged only by using the analyzer Issued 6 08 36 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 2 Vacuum Configuration ENOTE If possible before starting testing make an initial determination of Analysis of aluminium the material to be analyzed Aluminum or titanium alloys should be or titanium alloys measured using the vacuum system with the clip on window require
16. if required by a regulatory agency when operating the S1 TRACER e The operator is responsible for the security of the analyzer When in use the device should be in the operator s possession at all times i e either in direct sight or a secure area The key should not be left in an unattended analyzer Always store the instrument in a secure location when not in use also store the key in a location separate from the analyzer to avoid unauthorized use e During transport to and from the field store the instrument in a cool dry location i e in the trunk of a car rather than in the back seat Issued 6 08 17 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 7 Correct 1 TRACER Positioning Always place the analyzer on the sample or when testing small parts place the S1 TRACER in the stand and place the sample onto the nose of the analyzer When testing very small samples use a clip on sample holder and a radiation safety shield and keep a Safe distance from the nosepiece of the analyzer while X rays are being generated Thin or Light Element Samples A less obvious risk of excess radiation exposure occurs when testing thin samples Part of the radiation coming from the X ray tube is of a sufficiently high energy to penetrate thin samples especially if the sample is composed of lighter low atomic number elements The following tables illustrate relative intensities after the radiation has passed through al
17. material and pull the trigger If Timed Assay was selected pull and release the trigger to start the measurement e IMPORTANT High intensity X rays are generated when the trigger is pulled Keep eyes and other body parts away from the nose of the analyzer Only trained operators may use this analyzer Issu Supersedes New Be sure that the analyzer window is pressed firmly against the material Ensure that the infrared IR sensor on the nose of the analyzer is covered by the material or the measurement will not start The infrared safety sensor on the analyzer nose operates by detecting light reflected from the material surface In addition the Backscatter Detection safety feature will shut off the X rays when the detector does not sense an object in front of the nosepiece Both 56 Le BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual safety features are incorporated to prevent accidental X ray radiation exposure IR sensor Figure 5 17 The nose of the analyzer There are two indicator lamps on the control panel of the analyzer see Figure 5 18 The yellow lamp indicates that the power is on or if it is blinking that an error has occurred see section 7 The red lamp indicates that the analyzer is generating X rays trigger is pulled Note that if the red lamp looks uneven one of the dual red LEDs may have failed and X rays will not be generated see section 7 for troubleshooting Y
18. materials e Combustible fuels e Smoke detectors e Camera lenses e Welding rods The total average dose received by the general public from all these products is about 10 mrem or 100 uSv per year Industrial uses Industrial uses include X ray generating machines used to test all sorts of welds material integrity bore holes and to perform microscopic analyses of materials The average dose received by the general public from industrial uses is less than 1 mrem or 10 uSv per year Issued 6 08 94 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Table A 1 Example of Annual Radiation Doses from Selected Sources Exposure uSv Cigarette Smoking 13000 Radon in homes 2000 Medical exposures 530 Terrestrial radiation 300 Cosmic radiation 300 Round trip US by air 50 Building materials 36 World wide fallout lt 10 Natural gas range 2 Smoke detectors 0 001 mrem 1300 200 53 30 30 5 3 6 lt 1 0 2 0 0001 Table A 2 Average Annual Occupational Doses Occupation Airline flight crewmember Nuclear power plant worker Grand central station worker Medical personnel DOE DOE contractors Based on U S data only Significant Doses mrem 1000 700 120 70 44 As stated previously the general public is exposed daily to small amounts of radiation However there are four major groups of people that have been exposed in the past to significant levels of radiation Because of this we know much about i
19. of radiation characteristics This should help in preventing unnecessary radiation exposure to S1 TRACER users and persons nearby The concepts have been simplified to give a basic picture of what radiation is and how it applies to operators of the Bruker XRF Analyzer e Section 2 2 Specific Bruker S1 TRACER User Requirements characterizes the S1 Tracer safety features and controls and provides specific radiation profiles for the user s S1 TRACER analyzer Issued 6 08 80 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual A 2 The Composition of Matter e To help understand radiation wel start by briefly discussing the composition of matter e The physical world is composed of key materials called elements The basic unit of every element is the atom Although microscopic each atom has all the chemical characteristics of its element All substances or materials are made from atoms of different elements combined together in specific patterns That is why atoms Figure A 1 An Atom are called the basic building blocks of matter Example Oxygen and hydrogen are two very common elements If we combine one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen the result is a molecule of H20 or water A 2 1 Parts of the Atom Just as all things are composed of atoms atoms are made up of three basic particles called protons neutrons and electrons Together these particles determine the properties electrical charg
20. of material is known e g steel alloy copper alloy etc Empirical methods will identify the results more quickly than the FP method and will often report slightly more accurate analytical results Auto automatically switches from Empirical analysis to Fundamental Parameters analysis if a Grade ID cannot be determined within five seconds Dual will be implemented in a future version of the BrukerS1 software Analyze EMP er 11 59 ok Set Analysis Type GradelD Emp Figure 5 7 Analysis Type screen 5 3 2 Test Parameters When testing several different materials it may be desirable to test each material sample for a fixed amount of time It may also be convenient to have the 1 TRACER automatically continue to generate X rays after the trigger is pulled rather than having to hold down the trigger for the entire duration of the test this function is called the Auto Trigger These settings can be adjusted in the Test Parameters menu as shown in Figure 5 8 Issued 6 08 50 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Analyze FP ef 2 12 00 ok Set Test Parameters Set Test Time Manual Unlimited Trigger Active Meas Active Figure 5 8 Test Parameters screen To toggle between Manual and Auto trigger tap on the Trigger Active button The Manual trigger setting specifies that the trigger must be held down for the entire duration of the test the Auto trigger setting specifies that the
21. radiation is and how it applies to operators of the S1 TRACER XRF analyzer e Sections 2 2 2 4 characterize the S1 Tracer safety features and controls and provide specific radiation profiles for the S1 TRACER analyzer e The user of a S1 TRACER XRF analyzer should study Appendix A to better understand the nature of radiation and how to be safe using handheld XRF analyzers Appendix A will also provide perspective as to the exposure levels associated with the equipment Issued 6 08 4 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 2 X Ray Radiation from the 1 TRACER X rays are emitted at approximately a 53 angle from the aperture to the user s left as viewed from the user s perspective shown in figure 2 1 IR Sensor SS Aa RAYS A wanume e HIGH Ge X ee _ DO NOT EXPOSE ANY PART OF BODY TO THE BR o em e E Figure 2 1 Emission of X rays from the aperture Radiation Scatter Radiation scatter is produced whenever an absorbing material is directly irradiated from a nearby source The atoms within the material become temporarily excited producing X rays before becoming stable again This process called X ray fluorescence XRF is the principle of operation of the S1 TRACER XRF analyzer The X ray tube within the S1 TRACER is used to irradiate a chosen material at very close range with a narrow collimated beam The X rays from the tube excite the atoms of the material which then produce
22. the intensity dose rate of the radiation source D is the distance at which C was measured D2 is the distance from the source I is the new level of intensity at distance D2 from the source Issued 6 08 105 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The inverse square law does not apply to sources of greater than a 10 1 distance source size ratio or to the radiation fields produced from multiple sources ORIGINAL 1 4 1 9 DOSE ORIGINAL ORIGINAL RATE DOSE DOSE RATE RATE Figure A 13 The Inverse Square Law A 12 3 Shielding The third and perhaps most important method of reducing exposure is shielding Shielding is generally considered to be the most effective method of reducing radiation exposure and consists of using a material to absorb or scatter the radiation emitted from a source before it reaches an individual As stated earlier different materials are more effective against certain types of radiation than others The shielding ability of a material also depends on its density or the weight of a material per unit of volume Example A cubic foot of lead is heavier than the same volume of concrete and so it would also be a better shield Although shielding may provide the best protection from radiation exposure there are still several precautions to keep in mind when using S1 TRACER XRF devices e Persons outside the shadow cast by the shield are not necessarily 100 protected
23. time the PDA waits before turning off the backlight if the device is running on external power The Brightness tab will enable the user to adjust the brightness level on battery or external power 44 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual gt lt BRUKER CX 5 Operation General Purpose Measure The S1 TRACER is delivered fully calibrated for a variety of alloys Therefore it can be used for normal work without any preparation other than that described in Chapter 4 The analyzer is operated through the BrukerS1 analytical program This program is located in the PDA s Start menu 5 1 Starting the BrukerS1 Program Bruker AXS Handheld recommends using ONLY the stylus provided with the iPAQ PDA Use of any other item in place of the provided stylus may void the PDA warranty The flash memory card containing the BrukerS1 program files for the PDA does NOT need to be installed into the PDA during normal operation The flash card should be stored ina safe location for use in case reinstallation of the BrukerS1 program becomes necessary If it appears that this action is required see the section on troubleshooting Section 7 3 for detailed instructions on reinstalling the BrukerS1 software onto the PDA To start the BrukerS1 Program e Tap onthe Start icon in the upper left corner of the main screen e Tap onthe BrukerS1 icon to start the analytical program It will take a few seconds to load the
24. to avoid writing over previous data Device icon see Figure 5 21 The PDA directory is e My Windows Mobile Based Device Data e Select the files in the Data folder to be exported e Copy the files to your PC hard drive File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Q Bak 3 ba E Search Wey Folders Fa Address es data Folders x E d My Computer N H Se Local Disk C H 4 DVD CD RW Drive D E public on Fileserver J E E apps on Fileserver K Ze swapfiles on Fileserver Y E G Control Panel E Mobile Device 5 o My Windows Mobile Based Device a Databases GO 2577 Application Data Documents and Settings O EDX Calibration 3 EDX Databases E O My Documents H O Program Files E O System 4 LH Business LH My Music My Pictures fara B ee a D ANALYZE_EMP 3247 D ANALYZE_EMP 3252 A ANALYZE_EMP 3253 lz ANALYZE_EMP 3254 A ANALYZE_EMP 3255 lz ANALYZE_EMP 3265 E ANALYZE EMP 2766 ANALYZE_EMP 3267 Data is stored here Bomen PDZ and CSV files PASSFAIL 3250 Z PASSFAIL 3251 2 PASSFAIL 3256 Z PASSFAIL 3257 E PASSFAIL 3258 2 PASSFAIL 3259 2 PASSFAIL 3260 PASSFAIL 3261 Z PASSFAIL 3262 2 PASSFAIL 3263 Z PASSFAIL 3264 BL Results 23 objects Mobile Device Figure 5 21 Example of File Explorer Issued 6 08 Supersedes New 62 gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 10 5 Viewing
25. types The result files are sorted by the selected test type first and then by the test number Issued 6 08 65 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual iew Readings 4 11 55 ok fedex twee os ANALYZE_EMP P F ANALYZE_EMP SS 3254 ANALYZE_EMP e ANALYZE_EMP ANALYZE_EMP ANALYZE_EMP PASSFAIL PASSFAIL PASSFAIL Recalculate results in current mode _ Recalculate results in current mode 3254 Bak Figure 6 3 View Readings screen Figure 6 4 View Readings screen with list Highlight a result file and then tap on the button containing the corresponding number this will display the results screen as seen in Figures 5 12 5 14 or 5 16 depending on the mode in which the test data was taken The spectrum and the edited information can also be viewed from this screen The check box labeled Recalculate results in the current mode enables the user to recalculate GradelD or Pass Fail determination based upon the current library or mode selected respectively The chemistry and spectral data is reread and redisplayed in the current mode The new results are displayed by tapping on each individual test This option could be useful if several libraries are being compared or if a Pass Fail test was made when an Analyze test was desired or vice versa NOTE Use caution when selecting the Recalculate results feature as this permanently alters the calculated chemistry an
26. 0 02 16 53 12 2588 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Nitronic60 D Nitronic40 0 63 20355 0 76 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 02 16 2 13 2589 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Greek Ast DU 42258 0 35 D 2 4 0 44 0 03 0 05 0 13 0 02 12 06 14 2590 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Greek Asi 0 05 4225S 0 38 D 2 4 0 45 0 06 0 05 0 11 0 02 11 6 15 2591 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Greek As 0 02 42258 0 35 D 2 4 0 39 0 06 0 05 0 15 0 02 11 68 16 2592 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Greek Asi 0 06 42258 0 4 D 2 4 0 45 0 03 0 04 0 12 0 02 11 98 17 2593 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Greek Ast 0 03 42288 0 36 D 2 4 0 4 0 04 0 05 0 09 0 02 11 82 18 2594 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom 4 0 31 Custom 4 0 34 3218S 0 46 0 03 0 05 0 03 0 01 12 87 19 2595 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom A 0 34 Custom 4 0 35 32188 0 55 0 1 0 05 0 02 0 01 12 41 20 2596 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom A 0 34 Custom A 0 35 32155 0 53 0 09 0 05 0 03 0 01 12 44 21 2597 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom 4 0 31 Custom 4 0 33 3218S 0 49 0 04 0 05 0 04 0 01 12 74 22 2598 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom 4 0 34 Custom 4 0 35 3218S 0 51 0 1 0 05 0 04 0 02 12 52 23 2599 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 15 5 PH D 17 4 PH 0 17 Custom 4 0 19 0 02 0 04 0 05 0 02 143 24 2600 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 15 5 PH D 17 4 PH 0 17 Custom 4 0 2 0 06 0 04 0 06 0 02 14 29 25 2601 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 15 5 PH D 17 4 PH 0 15 Custom 4 0 2 0 01 0 04 0 05 0 02 14 42 26 2602 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 15 5 PH D 17 4 PH 0 16 Custom 4 0 21 0
27. 01 0 04 0 08 0 02 14 41 27 2603 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 15 5 PH D 17 4 PH 0 15 Custom 4 0 2 0 0 04 0 03 0 01 14 45 28 2604 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 17 4 PH 0 03 15 5 PH 0 05 Custom 4 0 27 0 01 0 04 0 05 0 02 15 32 29 2605 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom A 0 33 Custom 4 0 35 32155 0 48 0 14 0 05 0 03 0 01 12 76 30 2606 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom 4 0 34 Custom 4 0 36 32188 0 55 0 01 0 04 0 02 0 01 12 33 31 2607 Metal Ane GradelD E 20 Custom 4 0 32 Custom 4 0 34 3215S 0 48 0 12 0 05 0 02 0 01 12 79 e n 4 gt H Results SR DEn EE Sa eege weg WI i Draw I AutoShapesy a 1 z Ready fim 2 Windows Expl E Outbox Microso th radiation safety EI Microsoft Excel Figure 5 22 Example of a Results file opened in Excel 5 11 Checking Calibrations In the document envelope provided with the analyzer there are the following items e A stainless steel duplex 2205 check sample used to verify non vacuum alloy calibration e An aluminum 5083 or 7075 check sample used to verify the vacuum aluminum calibration e Acalibration sheet for stainless steel duplex 2205 e Acalibration sheet for aluminum 5083 or 7075 e A CD ROM with a copy of the calibration files All S1 TRACER XRF analyzers are calibrated with NIST traceable alloy standards unless the client s application is not intended for alloys Issued 6 08 63 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Ha
28. 1 right click on the icon and select Cut Click on the Windows folder and then on the Start Menu folder Click on the Programs folder Right click on an open area in the window and select Paste Remove the PDA from the cradle and access the Start menu on the PDA If the BrukerS1 program did not appear repeat Step 1 7 3 The BrukerS1 program on the PDA will not start or locks up Step 1 If other programs are running the BrukerS1 program may lock up and fail to respond to commands Closing other programs will free system memory and allow the BrukerS1 program to run more smoothly Open the Start menu and tap on Settings Choose the System tab Tap on the Memory icon and select Running Programs and close all running programs except Menu If this procedure does not restore proper function of the BrukerS1 program perform a soft reset of the PDA as described in section 7 1 If a soft reset does not restore proper operation the BrukerS1 program may need to be reinstalled Step 2 To reinstall the BrukerS1 software Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Remove the PDA from the S1 TRACER or if connected via the null modem cable disconnect the cable from the PDA 7 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e Ensure that the flashcard is NOT inserted into the PDA NOTE If a hard reset is performed on the PDA with a flashcard
29. Figure 6 11 The User Grade Entry screen When adding a new material record begin by selecting the Grade Name field The keyboard pop up dialog box will appear Enter the desired ID name for the new material To Enter or edit elemental concentration range values select the appropriate element and percentage minimum or maximum by tapping on that value Then use the Issued 6 08 71 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual gt lt BRUKER CX keyboard to enter the new or edited value Continue until all desired concentrations are entered then close the keyboard pop up and select the Save button NOTE Determining or selecting the minimum and maximum concentration values for each user defined material is beyond the scope of this document Be particularly cautious when selecting a range of values for a particular element which overlap the range of values for that element in another material When value ranges overlap ambiguous Grade Identification may result Figure 6 12 illustrates a typical example of a concentration value being entered for a user library grade entry Editing values for an existing grade uses the same screen and procedure as for a new grade entry Grade Name 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 O 03 User Grade Entry f q 12 10 Dk See Element Mn Max 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 70 18 75 19 34 Figure 6 12 Entering values for a g
30. Manual If the current password was entered incorrectly the software will display a warning as illustrated in Figure 6 16 i System Setup gf 11 36 Current Password KE KEE Current Password entered is not correct Figure 6 16 Current password entered incorrectly banner NOTE The password scheme in the BrukerS1 software is case sensitive Be sure you record your selected password in a safe place away from the analyzer as Bruker AXS Handheld cannot recover a lost user password Issued 6 08 75 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 7 Troubleshooting 7 1 Measurement will not start Ensure that the IR sensor and the analyzer window are covered by the test material If the PDA program was started before the analyzer was turned on and initialized the program may not respond when the trigger is pulled Be sure to wait at least 60 seconds after the power key is turned on before starting the BrukerS1 Program Should this condition occur perform a soft reset on the PDA by performing the following steps Exit the BrukerS1 program and turn off the PDA and the analyzer section 5 9 Remove the PDA from the instrument or disconnect the null modem cable Use the stylus to press the reset button recessed into the bottom left side of the PDA Remount the PDA on the analyzer or reconnect the null modem cable Make sure the analyzer power is on for at least one 1 minute before st
31. POSURE ALARA e e 1 WE 104 Issued 6 08 v Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 1 81 TRACER Overview The Bruker S1 TRACER produced by Bruker ANS Handheld is a portable wide range elemental analyzer intended for a variety of applications including alloys environmental analysis and hazardous substance detection It provides a method for chemical analysis or material identification sorting directly for materials of various forms The S1 TRACER is based on energy dispersive X ray fluorescence technology ED XRF and uses an X ray tube as its excitation source Tubes may use a bulk Rhodium Rh or Silver Ag target depending on the purchased configuration The instrument contains a high resolution Peltier cooled Silicon PIN Si PIN diode detector The S1 TRACER is a fully field portable analyzer with an integrated PDA Personal Digital Assistant computer see Figure 1 1 The removable PDA provides the user interface for operating the instrument and contains the BrukerS1 analytical program This program enables the user to select analytical modes view spectra and save data The display is a color touch screen TFT which can be operated with either a fingertip or the provided stylus The instrument is factory calibrated for measurements of e Aluminum alloys e Titanium alloys e Low alloy steels e Stainless steels e Tool steels e Nickel alloys e Cobalt alloys e Copper alloys Figure 1 1 Portable configuration of th
32. RUKERS 1 PROGRAM ON THE START MENU 76 7 3 THE BRUKERS PROGRAM ON THE PDA WILL NOT START OR LOCKS UP sis siocsssascicasassaisaassavecsandnvvsysrvansiaweonsncunvdavasdsaaasaodansabvavanavanan T11 7 4 THE PDA IS DISPLAYING AN INCORRECT DATE AND OR TIME 78 7 5 THE VACUUM PUMP WILL NOT REACH 10 TORR OR LESS sssssssssceusesscerersesrtteestttrrestttestttttt etste ttre ttt reset ans adeaiehedaraddsauasanaenoasunnsaneniun 79 7 6 THE YELLOW LAMP ON THE CONTROL PANEL IS BLUNK ING ciccinccishcntintdaesevndvdeadinavanadaraniuadacawtud stert tress ttt te ttt eere Ere EE EEES E 79 7 7 THE RED LAMP ON THE CONTROL PANEL LOOKS UNEVEN Adel esett reee tt esre ttre E EEEE ee E Eees gege 79 APPENDIX A BASIC RADIATION SAFETY INFORMATION WE 80 Al WHAT IS RADIATION pastaisusienavaalsuepiacsvtosta aaa E suave eas aoe apace aetna ahaa adanadda AAEN E NNE NNO E A N EANES 80 A 2 THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER gceseens scart rdedacaiennvicencicndictanscaipesietauae daa EEEIEE E EEEREN TEE KE AENEA AEAEE EEEE EEEE 81 A ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF EE 83 A 4 THE STABILITY OF FHE ATOM parue ca ch n e aaaea E E A a TaS 84 A 5 RADIA TON hee EE 84 A 6 SEENEN eam 85 A 7 UNITS FOR MEASURING RADIATION iscwaswahaccesosudsavorsbuxaddvanvenadoneaeuss oneatinnatulcuseanasauasdadiensnsausbuicessnavenedoseaiaen soeagnedbseuessieareuaacadansniutbansaya 89 A 8 SOURCES e E KE EE 91 AO BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION EEN 96 A 10 RADIATION DOSE LIMITS EE 100 A 11 EE EE 102 A 12 REDUCING EX
33. X ray producing nosepiece pointed in a direction away from nearby persons and keeping nearby persons away from the analyzer during use e Shielding ensuring that the S1 TRACER is mechanically intact and sound and using the shielded sample cup accessory when measuring physically small or unknown samples which might permit unnecessary X ray radiation to escape Collectively these practices are know by the phrase As Low As Reasonably Achievable or the acronym ALARA User practice to implement ALARA will be further discussed in Appendix A Basic Radiation Safety Information and during S1 TRACER user training 2 6 Radiation Safety Tips for Using the XRF Analyzer All S1 TRACER operators should follow minimum safety requirements discussed below When handled properly the amount of radiation exposure received from the analyzer will be negligible The following safety procedures are provided to help ensure safe and responsible use e Do not allow anyone other than trained and certified personnel to operate the S1 TRACER XRF analyzer e Be aware of the direction that the X rays travel when the red lamp is on and avoid placing any part of your body especially the eyes or hands near the X ray port during operation see the Radiation Profile Section for measurement information WARNING No one but the operator s should be allowed to be closer than 1 meter 3 feet from the S1 TRACER particularly the beam port Ignoring this warni
34. actors are unity so that for these purposes a rad and arem are equal Sievert is the SI unit for dose equivalence 1 rem 1000 millirem mrem 1 rem 0 01 Sievert Sv and 1Sv 100 rem A 7 3 Dose and Dose Rate Dose is the amount of radiation you receive during any exposure Dose Rate is the rate at which you receive the dose Example 1 Dose rate dose time mrem hr 2 Dose dose rate x time mrem Issued 6 08 Supersedes New 90 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual A 8 Sources of Radiation We live in an environment which is and has always been subject to radiation As human beings we have evolved in the presence of ionizing radiation from natural background radiation No one can completely avoid exposure to radiation whether working with radioactive materials or not We are continually exposed to sources of radiation from our environment both natural and man made The average person in the U S receives about 3 6 mSv or 360 mrem of radiation per year The average annual radiation dose in the state of Colorado is 4 5 5 0 mSv 450 500 mrem per year A 8 1 Natural Sources Most of our radiation exposure comes from natural sources about 3 0 mSv or 300 mrem per year In fact most of the world s population will be exposed to more ionizing radiation from natural sources than they will ever receive on the job There are several sources of natural background radiation The radiation from th
35. ain some trace amount of natural radioactive materials These naturally occurring radioactive isotopes include Na 24 C 14 Ar 41 and K 40 Most of our internal exposure comes from K 40 There are four ways to receive internal exposure e Breathing e Swallowing ingestion e Absorption through the skin e Wounds breaks in the skin The average dose received by the general public from internal sources is about 400 uSv 40 mrem per year Issued 6 08 92 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Examples of Internal Exposure 1 Inhalation of radon or dust from other radioactive materials 2 Potassium 40 in bananas 3 Water containing traces of uranium radium or thorium 4 Handling of a specified radioactive material without protective gear or with an unhealed cut Radon Radon comes from the radioactive decay of radium which is naturally present in soil Radon and its decay products are present in the air and when inhaled can cause a dose to the lung e Is agas which can travel through soil and collect in basements or other areas of the home e Emits alpha radiation Because alpha radiation cannot penetrate the outer layer of skin on a human body it presents a hazard only if ingested into the body e ls the largest contributor of natural occurring radiation A 8 2 Man made Sources In addition to natural background radiation some exposure comes from man made sources that are part of our eve
36. alyze Unknown Sample Figure 5 20 Accessing and Using the Edit Information screen Issued 6 08 59 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Entering or editing test information must be done before making a measurement The Edit Information screen can also be accessed from the View Readings menu see section 6 1 If test information is added that test information will be recorded for ALL measurements subsequent to the one for which the test information was recorded To prevent this after the measurement for which the test information was entered is completed re enter the Edit Information screen and delete the information 5 8 Saving Results and Spectra Results and chemistry for each test are automatically saved in individual rows in one file On the PDA this test data file name automatically defaults to results In addition spectra data for each test are saved as PDZ files in the data directory of the PDA For more information on how to access this directory see section 5 10 To change the settings on the PDA so that it saves results or spectra to a Compact Flash or SD memory card see section 6 4 5 9 Turning off the Analyzer Tap the Back button on the Analyze or Pass Fail results screen Tap the Main button on the General Purpose Measure screen and then tap LogOff to return to the Login screen Tap the Exit button to exit the BrukerS1 program Turn the PDA power of
37. alyzers The following four sections plus Appendix A contain important information on the safe use of this XRF device These are Z 3 4 5 S1 TRACER Operator Radiation Safety Requirements Principal Components of the S1 TRACER Preparing the S1 TRACER for Use Operation General Purpose Measure Appendix A Basic Radiation Safety Information Section 2 contains operator safety requirements specific to the Bruker S1 TRACER and Appendix A contains basic radiation safety information Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Responsibilities of the Customer Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Before using the S1 TRACER all users shall read and understand the Operator Radiation Safety Requirements Section 2 and Basic Radiation Safety Appendix A of this manual Because the S1 TRACER produces X ray radiation the analyzer shall only be used by trained personnel who have passed the Bruker AXS Handheld Radiation Safety Examination Damage to a Bruker AXS Handheld analyzer may cause unnecessary radiation exposure If a Bruker XRF analyzer is damaged immediately contact Bruker AXS Handheld at 800 466 5323 or 509 783 9850 Disassembly of or tampering with any Bruker AXS Handheld XRF analyzer component except to replace the batteries or remove the handheld computer PDA voids the warranty and compromises the integrity of the instrument Harm or serious injury may result in cases where disassembl
38. ample Surface Background h a 1 fa i 1 Ka CH j L H V Fi A f om VU j ff t Ka 3 d d CRED Sf l 1 i paaa xy i dp l K Pi j ee i k 4 f j l Saue eg SE a i f n V d e Oem j N eg Se Z a D e ee lt Background 30 cm d sien Pi d A Re NS ef e D Alff wf Background ee oe f Plane of ee d Sample o f ae Ba Surface Top View Side View Figure 2 8 Dose rates for the S1 TRACER normal operation configuration Readings are in urem hr All other locations on side top bottom and back of the analyzer are background bkgd Readings taken with a Bicron Model RSO 50 E low energy ion chamber survey instrument Reference distances were measured from the effective center of the detector to the surface of the analyzer or sample The indicated readings were the maximum noted for the distances and locations Each reading was taken over a one minute period with the analyzer operating at approximately 10 WA and 40 kV with a Ti AI filter Note dose rates will vary based on current energy sample target collimator and windows Issued 6 08 12 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Radiation Profile For 15 kV 20 uA no filter AL2014 sample in beam Background LL Plane of Sample Surface Background 100 cm Top View Figure 2 9 Dose rates for the S1
39. arting the BrukerS1 program If a measurement still cannot be started check that the BrukerS1 software is configured properly for communication with the S1 TRACER analyzer See section 6 4 and figure 6 13 Ensure that the Instrument Port is set to Comm 1 To prevent this error it is important to remember to exit the BrukerS1 program before turning off the analyzer 7 2 Can t find the BrukerS1 program on the Start menu Step 1 e Access the Start Menu on the PDA and tap on Settings e Tap on Menus and ensure that the BrukerS1 program is checked The BrukerS1 icon will now appear in the Start Menu If the BrukerS1 program is not displayed in the Menus menu proceed to Step 2 Step 2 e Connect the Sync Cradle to your computer e Insert the PDA into the cradle e Ensure that ActiveSync is installed see section 5 10 3 Issued 6 08 76 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Access the PDA s files by clicking on Explore on the ActiveSync screen Click on Mobile Device and then My Windows Mobile Based Device On the top menu bar access the Tools menu and then click Folder Options Click on the View tab scroll down and ensure that Show hidden files and folders is selected Locate the BrukerS1 program right click on the icon and select Create Shortcut Find the shortcut you just created it should be labeled Shortcut to BrukerS
40. ases of cancer among individuals exposed to occupational levels of ionizing radiation e Using other occupational risks and hazards as guidelines nearly all scientific studies have concluded the risks of occupational radiation doses are acceptable by comparison Issued 6 08 99 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Table A3 Average Lifetime Estimated Days Lost Due to Daily Activities Activity Cigarette smoking 25 Overweight Accidents all types Alcohol consumption Driving a motor vehicle Medical X rays 10 mSv 1 rem Occupational Exposure 10 mSv 1 rem per year for 30 years Estimated Days Lost 2250 1100 435 365 207 6 1 30 Table A4 Average Estimated Days Lost By Industrial Occupations Occupation Mining Quarrying Construction Agriculture Transportation Utilities Radiation dose of 50 mSv 5 rem per yr for 50 years All industry Government Service Manufacturing Trade Estimated Days Lost 328 302 277 164 250 74 55 47 43 30 The comparison of health and industrial risks illustrates the fact that no matter what you do there is always some associated risk For every risk there is some benefit so you as the worker must weigh these risks and determine if the risk is worth the benefit Exposure to ionizing radiation is a consequence of the regular use of many beneficial materials services and products By learning to respect and work safely around radiation we can
41. ator must release the trigger and then re start the test Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 3 2 S1 TRACER XRF Safety Warning Labels The S1 TRACER has safety warning labels to alert the user and or identify the functions of the controls These labels are described below e To the right of the power key switch part of the analyzer Figure 2 2 is a sign as follows AA AA 2 CAUTION 3 THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES X RAYS WHEN ENERGIZED TO BE OPERATED BY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY Figure 2 2 Caution radiation sign e The control panel of the analyzer is labeled as illustrated in Figure 2 3 Power safety key T switch Power On Off Dual red LED Dual yellow LED indicates X rays on indicates power on solid or error blinking Figure 2 3 S1 TRACER control panel and indicator lamps e The yellow lamp when illuminated indicates power is applied to the analyzer e The red lamp when illuminated indicates that X rays are being generated e The power key switch is labeled with an international power On Off symbol Issued 6 08 9 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e The vacuum window over the examination window carries a label with an X ray warning Figure 2 4 Figure 2 4 Vacuum window and X ray warning label e An X ray warning label is located near the nosepiece of the analyzer Figure 2 5 44 WARNING Ze HIGH INTENSITY X RAYS DO NOT EXPOSE ANY
42. bed orbit e Have a specific number of electrons e Produce a negative electrical field e Are the principle controls in chemical reactions Figure 6 Electron Shells The protons and neutrons that form the nucleus are bound tightly together by powerful nuclear forces Electrons are held in orbit by their electromagnetic attraction to the protons When these ratios become unbalanced the electrical charge and stability of the atom are affected A 3 Electrical Charge of the Atom The ratio of protons and electrons determine whether the atom has a positive negative or neutral electrical charge The term ion is used to define atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative electrical charge e Positive Charge If an atom has more protons than electrons the charge is positive e Negative Charge If an atom has more electrons than protons the charge is negative e Neutral No Charge If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons it is neutral or has no net electrical charge An atom s charge is important because it determines whether the atom is capable of chemical reactions The process of removing electrons from a neutral atom is called ionization Atoms that develop a positive or negative charge gain or lose electrons are called ions When an electrically neutral atom loses an electron that electron and the now positively charged atom are called an ion pair Issued 6 08 83 Super
43. ceptacle e IMPORTANT Do not start the BrukerS1 program until the S1 TRACER is initialized The BrukerS1 program is looking for communication with the S1 TRACER If started in the wrong sequence refer to section 7 1 Error Measurement will not start to correct the problem Issued 6 08 Supersedes New For typical operation the steps to start the analyzer are If the unit is to be used in vacuum mode hook up the vacuum pump to the S1 TRACER Start the pump and wait for the readout to display 10 Torr or less an indication of 5 Torr or less is preferable If desired set up the analyzer in the bench top configuration Install the remote trigger cable into the remote trigger port on the handle of the S1 TRACER if desired Remove the stylus from the PDA Attach the PDA to the S1 TRACER Handheld Configuration Bench Top Configuration e Unlock the PDA plunger lock Insert the Null Modem cable with the barrel key into the serial port on the control panel on the S1 TRACER NOTE Use caution inserting the connector on the null modem cable into the receptacle on the control panel of the S1 TRACER Both are keyed and must be aligned for proper insertion Place the PDA snugly into the cradle of the analyzer Be careful not to use too much force when installing the PDA This may damage the PDA connector at the base of the cradle and disable the analyzer Insert the opposite end of the cable into the botto
44. condensation Humidity Instrument should not be exposed to rain The charger is designed for indoor use only During transportation and operation the instrument must not be dropped or left in extreme conditions that might damage Shock its sensitive components Resistance To achieve optimum accuracy avoid movement or vibration during measurements Issued 6 08 27 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Charging Line Voltage Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Instrument 90 240 V 50 60 Hz iPAQ PDA 100 240 V 50 60 Hz Charger 100 260 V 45 70 Hz Vacuum Pump Charger 100 240 VAC 47 63 Hz 28 gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 Preparing the 1 TRACER for Use 4 1 Powering the Si TRACER and PDA All of the S1 TRACER components may be operated using either battery or A C power The batteries for the S1 TRACER and the vacuum pump should arrive fully charged However it will be necessary to fully charge the PDA batteries prior to using the analyzer for the first time In addition if the PDA has not been used for a week or more it should be recharged prior to use 4 1 1 1 TRACER 4 1 1 1 Battery Power Charging the Batteries The S1 TRACER uses a Li ion battery pack that is contained in the handle of the analyzer Ensure that the analyzer is off prior to removing the battery pack To change the battery push the leve
45. d or pass fail results for that test 6 2 View Energies The View Energies screen enables the user to view spectral line energies and intensities for all the elements The other elemental information that is displayed includes the following e Atomic number e Element symbol e Element name e Atomic weight Issued 6 08 66 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e Spectral line energies and intensities for each element typically denoted by designations such as Kal Ka2 KB1 KB2 KB3 Lai La2 LB1 LB2 L63 LB4 Ly1 Ly2 Ly3 and LI View Energy ao 2 11 55 ok moma Symbol Joen S Hydrogen 1 2 Helium 3 Lithium d Beryllium SI Boron 6 Fi DO q Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Figure 6 5 View Readings screen Tap the Back button on the bottom of the screen to return to the Utilities menu Spectral energy information can also be viewed in Appendix B a Comment s1 Has it been verified that the numbers in the PDA match the numbers in Appendix B know that different charts can contain 6 3 Library Maintenance slightly different results and it would be nice if ours were consistent Selecting the Library Maintenance button opens a second Libraries screen illustrated in Figure 6 6 NOTES e Inthe context of the Tracer S1 a library is a file within the PDA software which defines the names of the alloys to be identifi
46. d penetrating ability A 7 Units for Measuring Radiation The absorption of radiation into the body or anything else depends upon two things the type of radiation involved and the amount of radiation energy received The units for measuring radiation internationally are the Gray and Sievert and in the USA are the rad and rem A 7 1 Rad Radiation Absorbed Dose A rad is e A unit for measuring the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material i e dose e Defined for any material e g 100 ergs gm Issued 6 08 89 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Applied to all types of radiation Not related to biological effects of radiation in the body 1 rad 1000 millirad mrad The Gray Gy is the System International SI unit for absorbed energy 1 rad 0 01 Gray Gy and 1 Gray 100 rad A 7 2 Rem Actual biological damage depends upon the concentration as well as the amount of radiation energy deposited in the body The rem is used to quantify overall doses of radiation their ability to cause damage and their dose equivalence see below A rem Is Is a unit for measuring dose equivalence Is the most commonly used unit of radiation exposure measure Pertains directly to humans Takes into account the energy absorbed dose the quality of radiation the biological effect of different types of radiation in the body and any other factor For gamma and X ray radiation all of these f
47. d when in vacuum mode to obtain accurate readings Note When the user selects an aluminum or titanium method in the BrukerS1 program the software prompts the user to connect the vacuum pump Additional information on selection of vacuum mode is contained in sections 4 2 and 5 3 4 The S1 TRACER analyzer and the vacuum pump are battery operated They may also be operated from A C power Note that for bench top operation the instrument can be used with battery or A C line voltage power An optional PC can also be puchased with the S1 TRACER when it is used for special applications such as Art amp Conservation Issued 6 08 3 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 81 TRACER Operator Radiation Safety Requirements 2 1 What is Radiation e The term radiation is used with all forms of energy light X rays radar microwaves and more For the purpose of this manual radiation refers to invisible waves or particles of energy from X ray tubes e High levels of radiation may pose a danger to living tissue because it has the potential to damage and or alter the chemical structure of cells This could result in various levels of illness i e mild to severe e This section of the manual provides a basic understanding of radiation characteristics This should help in preventing unnecessary radiation exposure to S1 TRACER users and persons nearby The concepts have been simplified to give a basic picture of what
48. detectable elements are listed with the corresponding allowable range of concentrations in weight percent is listed These ranges of concentration are used by the analyzer in identifying the alloy Tap the Back button on the bottom of the screen to return to the Utilities menu The chemistry library of the S1 TRACER can also be viewed in Appendix B Issued 6 08 68 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual View Library ao 42 11 56 ok ege wns JE E IropdCarbonGteel various 4340 LAS 43400 11 4 cr K11597 kz21590 k41545 550300 KOCOAL KOCOOL T30102 T30106 T30110 Figure 6 7 View Library screen 6 3 2 Maintain User Libraries The Maintain User Libraries button see Figure 6 6 opens the User Library Maintenance screen shown in Figure 6 8 User Library Mainti dr 12 06 ok Figure 6 8 User Library Maintenance screen From the User Library Maintenance screen the user may create and manage user libraries to define special alloys and or custom alloy names Issued 6 08 69 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Figure 6 8 illustrates a User Library Maintenance screen before any user libraries have been defined or saved After a User Library has been created and saved the User Library Maintenance screen will appear similar to the illustration of Figure 6 9 User Library Mainter Et DES Example User Librar
49. doses are maintained ALARA There are three basic practices to maintain external radiation ALARA e Time e Distance e Shielding A 12 1 Time The first method of reducing exposure is to limit the amount of time spent in a radioactive area The shorter the time the lower the amount of exposure The effect of time on radiation could be stated as Dose Dose Rate x Time This means the less time you are exposed to ionizing radiation the smaller the dose you will receive Issued 6 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Example If 1 hour of time in an area results in 1 mSv 100 mrem of radiation then 1 2 an hour results in 0 5 mSv 50 mrem 1 4 an hour would result in 0 25 mSv 25 mrem and so on A 12 2 Distance The second method for reducing exposure is by maintaining the maximum possible distance from the radiation source to the operator or member of the public The principle of distance is that the exposure rate is reduced as the distance from the source is increased The greater the distance the amount of radiation received is reduced This method can best be expressed by the Inverse Square Law The inverse square law states that doubling the distance from a point source reduces the dose rate intensity to 1 4 of the original Tripling the distance reduces the dose rate to 1 9 of its original value Expressed mathematically D Cx I 2 Variables C is
50. e and stability of an atom Protons e Are found in the nucleus of the atom e Have a positive electrical charge e Determine the atomic number of the element therefore if the number of protons in the nucleus changes the element changes Figure A 2 A Proton Issued 6 08 81 Supersedes New Le BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Neutrons Figure A 3 A Neutron Electrons Figure A 4 An Electron A 2 2 Are found in the nucleus of the atom Have no electrical charge Help determine the stability of the nucleus Are in the nucleus of every atom except Hydrogen H 1 Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons but can have a different number of neutrons Are found orbiting around the nucleus at set energy levels or shells K and L shells are important in X ray fluorescence Have a negative electrical charge Determine chemical properties of an atom Have very little mass Structure of the Atom The design or atomic structure of the atom has two main parts The nucleus and the electron shells that surround the nucleus Nucleus Figure A 5 The Nucleus Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Is the center of an atom Is composed of protons and neutrons Produces a positive electrical field Makes up nearly the entire mass of the atom 82 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Electron Shells e Circle the nucleus of an atom in a prescri
51. e S1 TRACER Issued 6 08 1 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The S1 TRACER has an internal mechanism called a filter wheel which inserts various filters into the primary X ray beam The filter wheel contains five filter positions one position contains no filter material Selection of a particular filter is completely automatic and depends on the test method chosen in the BrukerS1 program as described in section 5 3 4 When the Method setting is changed the filter wheel can be heard briefly spinning inside of the analyzer The filter wheel is also heard shortly after the analyzer power has been turned on This sound is normal and indicates that the analyzer is working properly In some cases it may be more convenient to use the S1 TRACER in a stationary bench top configuration Figure 1 2 shows the S1 TRACER in the stand provided There are grooves in the body and the handle which slide into the stand Figure 1 2 Bench top configuration Figure 1 3 Vacuum configuration Issued 6 08 2 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual When aluminum or titanium alloys are to be examined the S1 TRACER should be used in vacuum mode The vacuum pump attaches to the instrument with the provided tubing as shown in Figure 1 3 The slide vent valve vents the system when vacuum is not in use to prevent damage to the highly sensitive Si Pin detector The clip on window protector must be remove
52. e holder installed on the S1 TRACER Issued 6 08 Supersedes New 41 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual i o Figure 4 17 Preparing to use the safety shield when testing a very small sample The safety shield must be completely flat against the sample holder with the instrument IR sensor covered for testing 4 4 Starting the Analyzer If using the analyzer and accessories in battery power mode be sure to use fully charged batteries in the S1 TRACER PDA and vacuum pump Otherwise connect them to A C power See section 4 1 3 2 for more information Remember that for vacuum operation examining light alloys such as aluminum and titanium the clip on window protector should be removed If small samples are to be analyzed in bench top mode install the clip on sample holder Issued 6 08 42 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e IMPORTANT Before turning off or disconnecting the pump from the analyzer open the vacuum release valve Failure to open the vacuum release valve e prior to removing the vacuum tubing from the vacuum pump or the analyzer will damage the highly sensitive Si PIN detector e e NOTE Ensure that the cable connector and the receptacle are properly aligned the red dot on the body of the cable connector should be aligned with the red dot and notch in the receptacle on the handle of the analyzer Do not force the cable connector into the re
53. e subject to license and or registration with the appropriate local agency The owner operator should Contact the appropriate regulatory agency where the analyzer is to be used regarding specific requirements In the U S this agency is generally the State Health Department Never remove labels from the analyzer Comply with all instructions and labels provided with the device Store the analyzer in a safe place where it is unlikely to be stolen or removed accidentally Keep the key separate from the analyzer Maintain records of the storage removal and transport of the analyzer Know its whereabouts at all times Monitor operators compliance with safe use practices Use dosimetry where required Report to the local regulatory agency any damage to the shielding and any loss or theft of the analyzer Only sell or transfer the analyzer to persons registered to receive it Notify your regulatory agency upon the transfer or disposal of the X ray unit Issued 6 08 20 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 2 13 Transportation Requirements An owner operator of a S1 TRACER may only transfer custody of the analyzer to authorized licensed registered individuals The user must notify the destination State s regulatory agency at least one week typical in advance of intent to transport and use the instrument in that state When transferring control or ownership of the S1 TRACER the owner must verify that t
54. e to radiation above permissible levels If the analyzer is damaged store it in a secured area and contact Bruker AXS Handheld at 800 466 5323 All XRF analyzers should be operated only by individuals who have completed an approved radiation safety training program The red LED on the analyzer indicates that the X rays are on Do not point the analyzer at any person when the analyzer is activated While measuring make sure that the analyzer is in contact with the sample material and that the entire aperture as well as the infrared IR sensor is covered by the material While measuring do not hold the sample material with your hand Keep your eyes away from the nosepiece of the S1 TRACER while the trigger is pulled NOTE Bruker XRF Bruker AXS Handheld S1 TRACER Bruker S1 TRACER and S1 TRACER as used throughout this manual refer specifically to the device manufactured by Bruker AXS Handheld Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Important Notes for Bruker AXS Handheld XRF Analyzer Customers The Bruker S1 TRACER is classified as a portable hand held open beam X ray tube based analytical X ray device It is registered Accession Number 0191097 01 with the United States Food and Drug Administration FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health Specific safety requirements are provided for any purschased analyzer which uses an X ray tube This Bruker S1 TRACER User Manual provides training for Bruker S1 TRACER XRF an
55. easuring aluminum or titanium a pressure of 5 Torr or less is preferable for accurate readings sensitive Si PIN dtertet alloys allow the vacuum pump to run for several minutes before beginning testing Issued 6 08 37 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Vacuum release port in open position Vacuum release port in closed position lt ___ gt To vacuum pump To TRACER Figure 4 12 Opening closing the vacuum release valve When analyzing light alloys such as aluminum or titanium alloys in vacuum mode remove the clip on window protector as illustrated in Figure 4 13 Grip the clip on window protector firmly on both sides and lift off of the analyzer To reinstall gently press the clip on window protector over the nose of the analyzer lining up the four holes on the window protector with the alignment pins on the nose that hold it in place nA Figure 4 13 Installing removing the clip on window protector Issued 6 08 38 Supersedes New Lo BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 2 3 Replacing the Vacuum Window To replace a damaged vacuum window first ensure that the analyzer is turned off and the vacuum pump is properly disconnected see section 4 2 2 Carefully peel the old window tape from the nose of the analyzer Now that the nose is exposed be careful not to allow dust and debris into the aperture as this debris may damage sensitive comp
56. ecovery is unlikely Acute Dose to Part of the Body Acute dose to a part of the body most commonly occur in industry use of X ray machines and often involve exposure of extremities hand fingers etc Sufficient radiation doses may result in loss of the exposed body part The prevention of acute doses to part of the body is one of the most important reasons for proper training of personnel Chronic Dose A chronic dose is a small amount of radiation received continually over a long period of time such as the dose of radiation we receive from natural background sources every day Chronic Dose vs Acute The body tolerates chronic doses better than acute doses because e Only asmall number of cells need repair at any one time e The body has more time to replace dead or non working cells with new ones e Radical physical changes do not occur as with acute doses Genetic Effects Genetic effects involve changes in chromosomes or direct irradiation of the fetus Effects can be somatic cancer tumors etc and may be heritable passed on to offspring Somatic Effects Somatic effects apply directly to the person exposed where damage has occurred to the genetic material of a cell that could eventually change it to a cancer cell It should be noted that the chance of this occurring at occupational doses is very low Heritable Effects Issued 6 08 97 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual This ef
57. ed during testing along with the allowable range of concentration for each element within a particular alloy e Library Maintenance functions will generally not be accessed during normal operation of the Tracer S1 unless a custom User Library is being created or used e The Standard Library contains a list of all alloys also referred to as Grade IDs which will be identified by the S1 Tracer and the ranges of chemical concentrations for each element associated with a particular alloy e User Libraries are custom user created libraries which enable e Definition of alloys other than those contained in the Standard Library Issued 6 08 67 Supersedes New Lo BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e Definition of custom naming conventions which may be useful in some applications g qf 12 05 ok View Standard Library Maintain User Libraries Figure 6 6 Libraries Screen 6 3 1 View Standard Library The View Standard Library button opens the View Library screen as shown in Figure 6 7 From this screen the user may view the library of all the standard alloys identified by the S1 TRACER and the allowable range of their composition by weight percent The following data for each alloy is available e The alloy name e The UNS Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys designation e The allowable range of concentrations of elements for each alloy as identified by the S1 TRACER All
58. ed to as dosimeters and the use of them for monitoring is called dosimetry The following information may apply to personnel using the S1 TRACER XRF analyzers in jurisdictions where dosimetry is required e Wear an appropriate dosimeter that can record low energy photon radiation e Dosimeters wear period of three months may be used subject to local regulation e Each dosimeter will be assigned to a particular person and is not to be used by anyone else Measuring Devices Several devices are employed for measurement of radiation doses including ionization chambers Geiger Mueller tubes pocket dosimeters thermoluminescence devices TLD s optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters OSL and film badges It is the responsibility of your Radiation Safety Officer RSO or Radiation Protection Officer RPO to specify and acquire the dosimetry device or devices specified by your local regulatory authority for each individual and to specify any other measuring devices to be used The lonization Chamber Issued 6 08 102 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The lonization Chamber is the simplest type of detector for measuring radiation It consists of a cylindrical chamber filled with air and an insulated wire running through its center length with a voltage applied between the wire and outside cylinder When radiation passes through the chamber ion pairs are extracted and build up a charge This charge is
59. edia Language English e Change Password Figure 6 13 System Setup menu To change the threshold for Match Quality used in Pass Fail calculations enter the new value in the Match Quality Threshold box For most Pass Fail measurements the default value is applicable It is recommended to NOT change the Match Quality Threshold when using the Standard Library Generally the Match Quality Threshold should be changed only if testing in Pass Fail mode and using a User Library to define the materials that are being tested To change the user password tap Change Password in the System Setup menu screen to display the Password Management dialogue box illustrated in Figure 6 14 Enter the current password then the selected new password then re enter the new password Select OK to activate the new password Issued 6 08 73 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual f System Setup dr 11 37 ok Current Password Po New Password PF Werify Password Figure 6 14 Password Management screen When the new password has been successfully changed a confirmation will appear as illustrated in Figure 6 15 go 11 36 System Setup Current Password KE RER E Password successfully changed Figure 6 15 Password successfully changed banner Issued 6 08 74 Supersedes New Le BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User
60. effectively manage Our exposure Note based on US data only A 10 Radiation Dose Limits To minimize risks from the potential biological effects of radiation regulatory agencies and authorative bodies have established radiation dose limits for occupational workers These limits apply to those working under the provisions of a specific license or registration Issued 6 08 Supersedes New 100 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The limits described below have been developed based on information and guidance from the International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP 1990 the Biological Effects of lonizing Radiation BEIR Committee the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA and the National Council of Radiation Protection NCRP For an XRF analyzer using an X ray tube as the source any requirement on dose limits for the operators would be established by the appropriate regulatory agency In general the larger the area of the body that is exposed the greater the biological effects for a given dose Extremities are less sensitive than internal organs because they do not contain critical organs That is why the annual dose limit for extremities is higher than for a whole body exposure that irradiates the internal organs Your employer may have additional guidelines and set administrative control levels Each employee should be aware of such additional requirements to do their job safely and effic
61. ellow LED indicates power on solid or error blinking lt Dual red LED indicates X rays on Figure 5 18 The control panel of the analyzer A few seconds after the trigger is pulled the analyzer displays the first calculated chemistry result on the PDA screen The result is updated continuously as long as the trigger is held and the elapsed measurement time is shown beneath the alloy name on the PDA screen To stop the measurement release the trigger NOTE Increasing the measurement time will improve the precision of the results When the measurement is complete and results are shown a new measurement can be started simply by releasing the trigger and pulling it again Issued 6 08 57 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 6 Viewing Results and Spectra After making a measurement in Analyze mode the screen will display the finalized results of the test previously illustrated in Figure 5 16 The same screen display appears when viewing previous test results from View Readings in the Utilities menu see section 6 1 To view the spectrum from this screen tap the Spectra button at the bottom of the screen To return to the results screen tap the Results button i Results EMP 47 211 05 ok TN Results EMP gi 11 06 ig Results EMP 4r 11 08 ok 3255 Alloy 32155 0 0 Meas Time 15 0 DateTime 08 08 2007 11 03 3255 Alloy 32155 0 0 Meas Time 15 0 DateTime 08 08
62. eme for displaying calculated concentrations is illustrated in Figure5 16 Issued 6 08 55 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Configuration Analysis Type GradeID EMP Method Non Yacuum Alloys loy RA 330 Match Quality Meas Time 8 0 Match Qua RN Date Time 01 17 2008 11 27 Cr 17 00 Mn 0 00 Fe 40 50 H 34 00 Mo 0 00 Test Params Unlimited Library Standard Prevy Next gt Figure 5 15 Analyze in the General Purpose Figure 5 16 Example of the Analyze screen Measure menu When testing aluminum or titanium alloys using the vacuum system the S1 TRACER continually monitors the vacuum within the analyzer If the vacuum rises above the level required for accurate measurements the analyzer PDA will sound a chime tone and display a Vac Bad visual alert in the bottom left of the analysis screen See section 4 2 for additional information about use of the vacuum system 5 5 Making Measurements NOTE The analyzer should be allowed to warm up for at least 1 minute after being turned on before starting a test This allows the S1 TRACER internal microprocessor to initialize and for the Peltier cooler and the X ray tube to stabilize You will hear a slight whirring sound when the S1 TRACER is ready this sound is normal and comes from the internal filter wheel To analyze a material ensure that the BrukerS1 program is running on the PDA and then place the S1 Tracer nose on the
63. en entered close the Date Time setting screen by tapping the OK icon in the upper right of the screen Issued 6 08 78 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual If tests were performed while the date and or time were set incorrectly those test records in the results csv file will be incorrectly time stamped 7 5 The vacuum pump will not reach 10 Torr or less Ensure that the fittings on the tubing are fully inserted on the vacuum pump and S1 TRACER and that the vacuum release port is in the closed position See section 4 2 2 for instructions on proper installation of the vacuum pump IMPORTANT FAILURE TO OPEN THE VACUUM RELEASE VALVE PRIOR TO REMOVING THE VACUUM TUBING FROM THE VACUUM PUMP OR THE ANALYZER WILL DAMAGE THE HIGHLY SENSITIVE SI PIN DETECTOR If there continues to be a problem with the vacuum pressure level ensure that the analyzer window is completely sealed and not punctured See section 4 2 3 for instructions on replacing the vacuum window 7 6 The yellow lamp on the control panel is blinking The yellow light on the control panel may blink due to several errors including the following Low Battery indicator Temperature warning First turn off the analyzer with the key switch and exchange the battery for a freshly charged one see section 4 1 1 If the yellow light is still blinking after installing a freshly charged battery there may be a high temperature error Turn off the PDA and anal
64. ere are four basic types of ionizing radiation as shown below These are emitted from different parts of an atom Figure A 7 e Alpha Particles e Beta Particles e Gamma rays or X rays e Neutron Particles Note S1 TRACER XRF devices only emit X rays Gamma Ray 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 B Neutron Particle 8 by 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 X ra Figure A 7 Types of lonizing Radiation Issued 6 08 86 Supersedes New Le BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The penetrating power for each of the four basic radiations varies significantly see Figure A 8 OH alpha A particle beta N gt O arice E k 3 N gamma rays paper body metal Concrete Figure A 8 The Penetrating Power of Various Types of Radiation Alpha particles e Have a large mass consisting of two protons and two neutrons e Have a positive charge and are emitted from the nucleus e lonize by stripping away electrons from other atoms with its positive charge Figure 2 Range Due to the large mass and charge alpha particles will only Apna Eae travel about one to two inches in air This also limits its penetrating ability Shielding Most alpha particles will be stopped by a piece of paper several centimeters of air or the outer layer i e dead layer of the skin Hazard Due to limited range and penetration ability alpha particles are not considered an external radiation hazard Howe
65. ese sources is exactly the same as that from man made sources The four major sources of natural radiation include e Cosmic Radiation e Terrestrial Radiation sources in the earth s crust e Sources sources in the human body such as K 40 from e g eating bananas also referred to as internal sources e Radon Uranium and Thorium Cosmic Radiation e Comes from the sun and outer space e ls composed of positively charged particles and gamma radiation e Increases in intensity at higher altitudes because there is less atmospheric shielding Example The population of Denver Colorado receives twice the radiation exposure from cosmic rays as people living at sea level Issued 6 08 91 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual The average dose received by the general public from cosmic radiation is approximately 280 uSv 28 mrem per year Terrestrial Radiation There are natural sources of radiation in the soil rocks building materials and drinking water Some of the contributors to these sources include naturally radioactive elements such as Radium Uuranium and Thorium Many areas have elevated levels of terrestrial radiation due to increased concentrations of Uranium or Thorium in the soil The average dose received by the general public from terrestrial radiation is about 280 uSv 28 mrem per year Internal Sources The food we eat and the water we drink all cont
66. f Turn the S1 TRACER power switch to the OFF position If using the analyzer in vacuum mode turn off the vacuum pump e IMPORTANT SS Open the vacuum release valve and allow the pressure to stabilize Failure to open the vacuum release valve prior to removing the pump or tubing from the S1 TRACER see prior to removing the section 4 2 2 vacuum tubing from the vacuum pump or the analyzer will damage the highly sensitive Si PIN detector 5 10 Viewing and Exporting Stored Data S1 TRACER test results may be viewed using the Pocket Excel program on the PDA or by exporting the stored results to a PC Results can also be viewed individually on the PDA by accessing the View Readings screen in the Utilities menu See section 6 1 Issued 6 08 60 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 10 1 Viewing Results using Pocket Excel To view stored results with the PDA using Pocket Excel close the BrukerS1 program and open Pocket Excel Pocket Excel automatically searches the PDA for any Excel files Tap on the desired file to open and view it Result files are stored in the Data folder inside of the My Device folder 5 10 2 Viewing Results using a PC To view S1 TRACER test data on an external PC you must first export the test data to the PC Using Microsoft ActiveSync Transferring data from the PDA will be similar to transferring data from an external disk drive using Microso
67. fect applies to the offspring of the individual exposed where damage has occurred to genetic material that doesn t affect the person exposed but will be passed on to offspring To date only plants and animals have exhibited signs of heritable effects from radiation This data includes the 77 000 children born to the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The studies performed followed three generations which included these children their children and their grandchildren A 9 3 Biological Damage Factors Biological damage factors are those factors which directly determine how much damage living tissue receives from radiation exposure and include e Total dose the larger the dose the greater the biological effects e Dose rate the faster the dose is received the less time for the cell to repair e Type of radiation the more energy deposited the greater the effect e Area exposed the more body area exposed the greater the biological effects e Cell sensitivity rapidly dividing cells are the most vulnerable e Individual sensitivity to ionizing radiation a developing embryo fetus is the most sensitive b children are the second most vulnerable c the elderly are more sensitive than middle aged adults d young to middle aged adults are the least sensitive Prenatal Exposure A developing embryo fetus is the most sensitive to ionizing radiation because of its rapidly dividing cells While no inheritable effects from radiatio
68. ft Windows Explorer ActiveSync must be used in order to convert the Pocket Excel files pxl to Comma Separated Values files csv which can be read by Microsoft Excel If test data was saved on a Compact Flash or SD memory card data may be transferred directly to a PC by use of a card reader accessory In this case ActiveSync is not required 5 10 3 Installing Microsoft ActiveSync if required e Connect the PDA cradle s USB cable to the PC e f needed turn on the PC and wait until Microsoft Windows is fully started e Insert the ActiveSync CD ROM into the computer s disk drive e Follow the instructions that appear on the computer screen NOTE ActiveSync may also be downloaded from the Microsoft website http www microsoft com windowsmobile activesync activesync45 mspx Issued 6 08 61 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 10 4 Exporting the Results and Spectra Files using ActiveSync e NOTE e Remove the PDA from the 1 TRACER and install it into its The default file name cradle for data being saved in this process is e Open the ActiveSync program on the PC results csv If more than one set ofdatais Connect as Guest Do not create a Partnership it is not to be saved use the needed for exporting files save as function and rename the file tobe e Open My Computer and double click the PDA Mobile saved
69. ge and current for the X ray tube X ray System Apparatus for generating and using ionizing radiation including all X ray accessory apparatus such as accelerating voltage and current for the X ray tube and any needed shielding A 6 Types of Radiation As stated earlier radiation consists of invisible waves or particles of energy that can have a health effect on humans if received in too large a quantity There are two distinct types of radiation non ionizing and ionizing Non ionizing Radiation Non ionizing radiation does not have the energy needed to ionize an atom i e to remove electrons from neutral atoms Sources of non ionizing radiation include light microwaves power lines and radar Although this type of radiation can cause biological damage like sunburn it is generally considered less hazardous than ionizing radiation lonizing Radiation Issued 6 08 85 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual lonizing radiation does have enough energy to remove electrons from neutral atoms lonizing radiation is of concern due to its potential to alter the chemical structure of living cells These changes can alter or impair the normal functions of a cell Sufficient amounts of ionizing radiation can cause hair loss blood changes and varying degrees of illness These levels are approximately 1 000 times higher than levels that the public or workers are permitted to receive Th
70. gure 5 5 will appear Issued 6 08 46 Supersedes New Cc Le Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Mode Selection ar 10 23 ok BrukerS1 ae 42 10 44 ok Radiation Warning Instrument produces General Purpose Measure ionizing radiation authorized personnel only Utilities LogOft Ir Figure 5 4 Radiation Warning screen Figure 5 5 Main Mode Selection screen Before beginning testing the user should note that the PDA memory may fill up after a large number of tests have been run If the PDA memory is full the operator may continue testing but the results will not be stored To prevent data loss either install a flash memory card Compact Flash or SD available as an accessory and set the BrukerS1 software to write results to the memory card see section 6 4 System Setup or periodically download the test results to a PC see section 5 10 Viewing and Exporting Stored Data The PDA memory will store approximately 2000 readings depending on the individual test results After logging on to the PDA and when the main Mode Selection screen Figure 5 5 is displayed the user can begin testing by tapping on the General Purpose Measure button The audible sound of the filter wheel will be heard The second Mode Selection screen shown in Figure 5 6 is displayed The following options are located in the General Purpose Measure menu Issued 6 08 47 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Ha
71. he original scale along both axes is restored To highlight spectral peaks tap anywhere on the screen to mark the area of interest with two red vertical lines These lines correspond to the spectral energies of each element To identify which spectral energy lines correspond to a particular element tap on the Results button to return to the results page Highlight the element of interest by tapping on the element name Tap on the Spectra button to return to the spectrum The spectral energy lines associated with the element of interest will be displayed by two red lines the K and L energy lines 5 7 Editing Information Information related to the test may be added to the test record and saved by use of the Edit Information screen Tap on the Edit Info button in the Analyze screen In the Edit Information screen the user can enter the name of the test the identification ID of the material being tested and other information in the two provided fields To enter information in any field tap on the field to display the cursor open the PDA keyboard by tapping the keyboard icon at the bottom of the PDA screen and enter the desired information When a particular field is complete repeat the procedure for the other fields as needed To save this information tap Continue at the bottom of the screen To cancel tap Back Analyze EMP GC DT i Analyze FP en q 10 29 ok Edit Information Ready to An
72. he recipient is authorized to receive the analyzer No verification is required when returning it to Bruker AXS Handheld the original manufacturer Check with your local regulatory agency prior to transporting or shipping a S1 TRACER For travel or shipment within the U S there are no special Department of Transportation DOT interstate travel and shipping regulations for the S1 TRACER The analyzer may be shipped using any available means If the user is flying it is recommended that the device should be checked through due to possible concerns about the X ray unit in the main cabin For international shipping check with the transport company DHL FedEx and the government regulatory agency The owner is responsible for ensuring that all requirements of the local jurisdiction where the X ray tube XRF is to be used are followed To prevent inadvertent exposure of a member of the public in case the X ray tube XRF Analyzer is lost or stolen the key should be maintained and shipped separately Issued 6 08 21 Supersedes New Le BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 3 Principal Components of the S1 TRACER 3 1 Principal S1 TRACER Components PDA lock and plunger PDA cradle Control panel fe a DA aa Trigger Eyelet for wrist a shoulder strap Remote trigger cable port Figure 3 1 S1 TRACER right side profile Serial port for connecting to the PDA or computer Power interlock
73. held designed this hand held X ray tube analyzer to conform to 21 CFR 1020 40 safety requirements for cabinet i e closed beam X rays systems with the exception of providing a totally enclosed beam Note To prevent the operator from being directly exposed to the open X ray beam extensive safety circuit requirements including switches and failsafe lamps have been incorporated The S1 TRACER series portable XRF analyzers were tested by TUV SUD against safety requirements of IEC 61010 1 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory User Part General Requirements The S1 TRACER passed the ionizing radiation leakage requirements in IEC 61010 1 section 12 2 1 of lt 1 uSv hr lt 0 1 mrem hr at 100 mm Since the instruments passed all of the safety requirements the device was afforded the cTUVys license CB Global Scheme and the general CE marks The license requires periodic production audits by TUV SUD See the S1 TRACER Safety Logic Circuit section for discussion on the warning lamps failsafe features and labeling that has been incorporated to provide a high level of protection to the operator The S1 TRACER is a hand held 4 Ib X ray fluorescence XRF analyzer used as an analytical X ray system It employs a 4 watt miniature lt 15 mm diameter and lt 75 mm long X ray tube operated with an acceleration voltage range of 6 to 40 kV and a current range of 0 05 20 uA the maximum high voltage
74. iently The following table illustrates typical dose limits Table A 5 Annual Occupational Dose Limits International U S Whole Body 20 mSv 5 rem Extremities 500 mSv 50 rem Organs or Tissue 500 mSv 50 rem Excluding lens of the eye and skin Lens of the Eye 150 mSv 15 rem Averaged over 5 years Table A 6 Radiation Limits for Visitors and Public International Limit 1 mSv 100 mrem per year United States Limit 1 mSv 100 mrem per year Issued 6 08 101 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Declared Pregnant Worker A female radiation worker may inform her supervisor in writing of her pregnancy at which time she becomes a Declared Pregnant Worker The employer should then provide the option of a mutually agreeable assignment of work tasks without loss of pay or promotional opportunity such that further radiation exposure will not exceed the dose limits as shown below for the declared pregnant worker Table A 7 Dose to Pregnant Worker International Limit 2 mSv 200 mrem to abdomen during remainder of gestation period after declaration ICRP 60 United States Limit Declared Pregnant Worker embryo fetus 0 5 rem 9 months 0 05 rem month A 11 Measuring Radiation Because we cannot detect radiation through our senses special devices may be required by some jurisdictions for personnel operating an XRF to monitor and record the operator s exposure These devices are commonly referr
75. ing the library of interest and tapping on Continue An example of a Library menu screen with the standard and user libraries is shown in Figure 5 9 In some cases a User Library or Libraries may be required for testing An example would include identification of non standard specialized alloys To create or edit your own user library please refer to section 6 3 Library Maintenance Library EMP er 424 06 ok Select Library Figure 5 9 Library menu with Standard and User Libraries 5 3 4 Analysis Method In the Method menu the general category of materials being analyzed may be selected from the menu shown in Figure 5 10 Method settings establish different voltage current and filter settings for the S1 TRACER optimized to provide the most accurate measurement and chemistry calculation for each of the different types of alloys included in the Reference Library Issued 6 08 52 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Analyze EMP a q 7 38 ok Ti Non Vacuum Figure 5 10 Analysis Method menu needs update In the Method menu there are six different menu options Tap on the setting of interest and then tap Continue There will be a momentary pause followed by the audible sound of the filter wheel If selecting Al Vacuum Alloys or Ti Vacuum Alloys you will be prompted to connect the S1 TRACER to the vacuum pump for accurate analysis of light elements For a ful
76. ing to Al Vacuum Alloys and make sure to connect the vacuum pump properly see section 4 2 For more information about the Method menu see section 5 3 4 The Library menu enables selection of the standard factory library and or user defined libraries to be used during testing and identification CO Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual If the Pass Fail and Analyze buttons in the Metals Mode screen appear to be grayed out the PDA software has not established communications with the S1 Tracer instrument If this occurs see Section 6 4 Systems Setup and Section 7 Troubleshooting for assistance 5 2 Sample Preparation The analyzer analyzes the sample surface to a small depth so for most accurate assessment the material must be homogeneous i e the chemical composition must be uniform throughout the sample to be tested If the sample is flat and clean no rust oil dirt paint or other coating etc no additional sample preparation is necessary Contamination on the sample surface will have the greatest effect during analysis of lighter elements Dust dirt and oil can be simply cleaned from the surface with a cloth or soft brush Rust corrosion paint and coatings should be removed by sanding or grinding the sample surface When testing alloys based on lighter elements particularly aluminum use care when selecting the material to be used for cleaning the test surface Abrasives ba
77. inserted all files on the flashcard will be erased e Perform a hard reset on the PDA e The following keys must be pressed and held while resetting the PDA by pushing the PDA Stylus into the reset hole located on the end of the PDA next to the PDA connector e The Mail Key showing the Envelope icon e The Calendar Key showing the Calendar icon and e The Power Key e After the hard reset the PDA will display the screen alignment procedure Perform the screen alignment as prompted Continue the PDA setup as prompted until asked for a password Press Skip When the PDA displays the startup screen turn the PDA power off e Insert the Restore Flashcard into the PDA e Ifthe PDA does not automatically power up turn on the power The Bruker exe and supporting programs will automatically load e Remove the Restore Flashcard and keep it in a safe place e The PDA should be turned off and then may be reconnected to the S1 TRACER The analyzer is now ready to operate 7 4 The PDA is displaying an incorrect date and or time To adjust the date and or time displayed by the PDA start from the main screen illustrated in figure 5 1 Tap the Date Time field once to open the Date Time setting screen In the Date Time setting screen use of the Home settings is recommended for S1 Tracer applications Set the correct date and time by tapping on the up and down arrow icons with the stylus When the correct date and time have be
78. ity of the light can be measured and related directly to the amount of radiation received Thermoluminescent materials which are useful as dosimeters include lithium fluoride lithium borate calcium fluoride calcium sulfate and aluminium oxide There are two common types of dosimeters whole body and extremity Whole Body Dosimeter A TLD or OSL whole body dosimeter is used to measure both shallow and deep penetrating radiation doses It is normally worn between the neck and waist The measured dose recorded by this device may be used as an individual s legal occupational exposure Issued 6 08 103 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Extremity An extremity is a TLD in the shape of a ring which is worn by workers to measure the radiation exposure to the extremities The measured dose recorded by this device may be used as the worker s legal occupational extremity exposure A 12 Reducing Exposure ALARA Concept While dose limits and administrative control levels already ensure very low radiation doses it is possible to reduce these exposures even more The main goal of the ALARA program is to reduce ionizing radiation doses to a level that is As Low As Reasonably Achievable ALARA ALARA is designed to prevent unnecessary exposures to employees the public and to protect the environment It is the responsibility of all workers managers and safety personnel alike to ensure that radiation
79. l description of how to correctly connect and use the vacuum pump please see section 4 2 5 4 Analysis Modes 5 4 1 Pass Fail Mode Pass Fail mode enables the user to determine whether or not the material being analyzed matches a specific alloy from the library Tapping on the Pass Fail button opens a screen as seen in Figure 5 11 To test for a specific alloy scroll down the Fail list and highlight the alloy of interest Tap the arrow button underneath to add the selected alloy to the Pass list The Pass list indicates which alloys will pass the test To remove an alloy from the Pass list highlight the alloy on the Pass list and tap on the arrow button underneath to move the alloy into the Fail list Issued 6 08 53 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Pass Fail a 2 11 59 ok Ready to Test Pass 30455 220555 I Results EMP a d 11 14 bk Eem resit enor z Figure 5 11 The Pass Fail menu Figure 5 12 Example of a Pass Test screen zm CS Once the Pass alloys have been selected the analyzer is ready to start testing After the trigger is pulled and testing is started the screen will display results as shown in Figures 5 12 5 13 and 5 14 This screen displays the passable alloy name the chemistry of the tested material and whether or not the material passes or fails As the test progresses the color of the upper scree
80. low count rate detection safety shutoff The function of each of the S1 TRACER s safety features is described below e Primary Power Safety Key Switch A keyed main power switch Figure 2 3 is employed to control power to all components The key switch must be turned on before any other actions can be initiated e Software Password Protection BrukerS1 software on the companion PDA must be running for the analyzer to generate X rays Upon launching the BrukerS1 PDA software a user password must be correctly entered to enable the analyzer to generate X rays Issued 6 08 7 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Software X ray Radiation Warning Presuming that the correct password has been entered the PDA software displays a black and yellow X ray Radiation Warning symbol and a text warning for 15 seconds No user input is accepted during the time the X ray Radiation Warning is displayed Yellow Power On Indicator Lamp When the key switch is turned on the yellow lamp Figure 2 3 will illuminate indicating that the analyzer is powered on The lamp incorporates redundant LED elements for increased reliability If the instrument microprocessors detect a malfunction in the instrument the yellow lamp flashes to alert the user The redundant LED segments are incorporated in such a way that if either of the LED elements fails generation of X rays is disabled Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Ope
81. m of the PDA Lock the PDA into place The key cannot be removed until the plunger is raised Rest the PDA in the cradle on the analyzer stand Turn the S1 TRACER power interlock key to the ON position This will activate the yellow power indicator lamp Wait 1 minute for the Peltier cooler and X ray tube to stabilize The audible sound of the filter wheel will be heard The sound is normal and means that the analyzer has initialized Turn the PDA power on by the button on the top right side of the PDA 43 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 5 Adjusting the PDA Backlight Using the bright backlight on the PDA while running on battery power can substantially reduce battery runtime To adjust the backlight on the PDA do the following 1 NOTE If the backlight has turned off because it has not been used for the specified period of time simply press a button or tap on the screen to turn the backlight on again Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Tap on the Start icon in the upper left corner of the main screen Tap on the Settings icon Tap on the System tab near the bottom of the screen Tap on Backlight and adjust settings according to the need The Battery Power tab enables the user to set the amount of time the PDA waits before turning off the backlight if the device is running on battery power The External Power tab enables the user to set the amount of
82. n have yet been recorded there have been effects seen in some children exposed to radiation while in the womb Possible effects include o Slower growth e Impaired mental development Childhood cancer Issued 6 08 98 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Some of the children from Hiroshima and Nagasaki exposed to radiation while in the womb were born with low birth weights and mental retardation While it has been suggested that such exposures may also increase the risk of childhood cancer this has not yet been proven It is believed that only doses exceeding 150 mSv 15 rem increase this risk significantly It should be stressed that many different physical and chemical factors can harm an unborn child Alcohol exposure to lead and prolonged exposure in hot tubs are just a few of the more publicized dangers to fetal development For more information see Radiation Dose Limits Declared Pregnant Worker Section A 8 Putting Risks in Perspective Acceptance of any risk is a very personal matter and requires that a person make informed judgments weighing benefits against potential hazards Risk Comparison The following summarizes the risks of radiation exposure e The risks of low levels of radiation exposure are still unknown e Since ionizing radiation can damage chromosomes of a cell incomplete repair may result in the development of cancerous cells e There have been no observed incre
83. n will indicate the test status green indicates that the material matches one of the Grade IDs selected yellow indicates a possible match and red indicates that the material does not match one of the selected Grade IDs The display also includes a Match Quality value displayed in parenthesis The Match Quality number will range from 0 0 to 10 and is an indicator of how closely the measured chemistry for the material being tested matches the chemistry for the Grade ID found in the library For Match Quality higher numbers indicate a closer match to the library values For most standard alloy Grades a value of 8 0 or higher may be expected NOTE If a material does not match one of the alloys in the PASS list the S1 TRACER will still attempt to determine a Grade ID but display a FAIL indication NOTE If the chemistry of the alloy does not closely match the chemistry in a library No Match will display for Grade ID The Match Quality threshold below which No Match is displayed is set to a default value of 5 0 The Match Quality threshold may be changed from the System Setup Menu Issued 6 08 54 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual j g Results EMP d 11 21 ok d Results EMP g d 11 19 ok Eem Resut enor LH R S Prey Next gt Prey Next gt Figure 5 13 Example of a Possible Test screen Figure 5 14 Example of a Fail Test screen 5 4 2 Analyze
84. nalyzer User Manual June 2008 415 North Quay e Kennewick WA 99336 509 783 9850 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Caution e Note Most countries and states regulate the use of X ray generating devices such as XRF analyzers Regulations for XRF analyzers vary by location Contact your appropriate agency for specific information 1 Note Countries or states may require registration and or licensing A fee payment may be required If you are planning to transport a Bruker AXS Handheld XRF analyzer into another location contact the appropriate authority in that jurisdiction for their particular requirements before transporting the analyzer Issued 6 08 Supersedes New X Ray Radiation Bruker AXS Handheld manufactures an XRF analyzer designated as the S1 TRACER which contains an X ray tube It is registered with the United States Food and Drug Administration FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health Specific safety requirements are provided for any purchased analyzer which uses an X ray tube The S1 TRACER does not emit radiation when turned off It is designed with fail safe circuitry including switches lamps and interlocks to minimize the risk of accidental exposure to the user during operation The safety features of the S1 TRACER have been verified by radiation safety authorities So long as there is no physical damage to the analyzer there should be no danger of exposur
85. ndheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual To verify the calibration of the analyzer set the analyzer up to operate and run five 30 second tests Average the chemistry results The results for each element should be within the tolerance range specified on the corresponding calibration sheet Issued 6 08 64 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 6 Utilities Menu From the Main Mode Selection screen illustrated in Figure 6 1 the user may select the Utilities menu to access and change settings associated with the operation of the analyzer From the Utilities screen the following actions are possible e Review previously collected test results readings e View a table of line energies for each element e View the standard library entries and create and edit custom User Libraries e View and manage communications port settings used by the Bruker S1 program e Manage user passwords The Utilities screen is illustrated in Figure 6 2 g qf 12 02 k View Readings ow me Library Maintenance Figure 6 1 Main Mode Selection screen Figure 6 2 Utilities screen Mode Selection 4 10 23 ok General Purpose Measure 6 1 View Readings The View Readings screen illustrated in Figure 6 3 enables the user to view all results taken from testing Result files may be selected or sorted by checking the boxes on the left side of the screen corresponding to various test
86. ndheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 1 1 Metals Mode gt lt BRUKER LL Pass Fail mode enables the user to determine whether or not the material being analyzed matches a specific alloy from the library Analyze is the default mode for obtaining the Grade ID alloy name and chemical composition of aluminum titanium iron nickel cobalt and copper alloys e NOTE If you are unsure of the composition of the material to be analyzed using the Fundamental Parameters FP method may provide results faster and more correctly than Empirical Method in determining the Mode Selection Emp 7 10 26 ok Metals Mode Pass Fail H j Configuration Analysis Type Test Params Issued 6 08 4 GradeID Emp Time composition of the material Please see 8 erdege Library on vacuum section 5 3 1 for more Alloys Standard information about selection of Fundamental Parameters or Empirical methods Figure 5 6 General Purpose Measure menu 5 1 2 Configuration Select the Analysis Type PMI FP GradelD EMP or Auto Selection of Analysis Type will affect the accuracy of the results The Test Parameters option enables the user to adjust the length of time of the test and to activate or deactivate the auto trigger The Method can be changed to obtain more accurate results by using instrument settings optimized for measurement of certain alloy types For instance to assay aluminum alloys change the sett
87. ng could result in unnecessary exposure Issued 6 08 15 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Figure 2 11 Safe use of the S1 TRACER Figure 2 12 Unsafe Use of the S1 TRACER WARNING Never hold a sample to the X ray port for analysis by hand Hold the instrument against the sample Figure 2 13 Safe use of the S1 TRACER Figure 2 14 Unsafe use of the S1 TRACER e The infrared IR sensor located on the nosepiece is designed to prevent the emission of X rays from the X ray port without a solid object being in direct contact with the nosepiece WARNING The operator should never defeat the IR sensor in order to bypass this part of the safety circuit Defeating this safety feature could result in unnecessary exposure of the operator When using the bench top configuration obtain a sample large enough to cover both the analyzer window and the IR sensor If a sample is not sufficiently large to cover both the analyzer window and the IR sensor then the optional safety shield accessory should be used for testing that sample Issued 6 08 16 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Figure 2 15 Safe use of the 1 TRACER Figure 2 16 Unsafe use of the S1 TRACER e Pregnant women who use the S1 TRACER should be aware that improper handling or improper use of the instrument could result in radiation exposure which may be harmful to a developing fetus e Wear an appropriate dosimeter
88. o one of two categories acute or chronic Acute Dose An acute dose is a large dose of radiation received in a short period of time that results in physical reactions due to massive cell damage acute effects The body can t replace or repair cells fast enough to undo the damage right away so the individual may remain ill for a long period of time Acute doses of radiation can result in reduced blood count and hair loss Recorded whole body doses of 100 250 mSv 10 25 rem have resulted only in slight blood changes with no other apparent effects Radiation Sickness Radiation sickness occurs at acute doses greater than 1 Sv 100 rem Radiation therapy patients often experience it as a side effect of high level exposures to singular areas Radiation sickness may cause nausea from cell damage to the intestinal lining and additional symptoms such as fatigue vomiting increased temperature and reduced white blood cell count Acute Dose to the Whole Body Recovery from an acute dose to the whole body may require a number of months Whole body doses of 5 Sv 500 rem or more may result in damage too great for the body to recover Issued 6 08 96 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Example 30 firefighters at the Chernobyl facility lost their lives as a result of severe burns and acute radiation doses exceeding 8 Sv 800 rem Only extreme cases as mentioned above result in doses so high that r
89. onents and affect analysis results Remove any resident adhesive on the nose with a soft lint free cloth dampened with isopropyl alcohol Peel the backing off of the replacement window and line up the aperture with the window Press the tape such that there are no air bubbles gaps or creases to allow air to enter the nose Carefully use a fingernail to press firmly around the aperture for a good seal Figure4 14 Changing the vacuum window 4 3 Testing Configuration The S1 TRACER may be used as a handheld device or as a bench top instrument depending on the testing requirements 4 3 1 Hand Held Configuration To use the S1 TRACER as a hand held device be sure to secure the wrist strap To attach the wrist strap wind the ring through the eyelet on the back of the analyzer see Figure 3 1 Issued 6 08 39 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER LeeL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 3 2 Bench Top Configuration To set up the instrument stand lift the long side screw may need to be loosened to lift the side fully and tighten the screw to hold it in place Lift the shorter side such that the legs swing down and fit into the grooves in the base of the instrument stand Attach the PDA cradle with the Velcro dots Figure 4 15 Setting up the instrument stand Issued 6 08 40 Supersedes New e NOTE Ensure that the connector and the port are properly aligned the red dot on the body of the cable c
90. onizing radiation and its biological effects on the body These four major groups of people who have been exposed to significant levels of radiation are e The earliest radiation workers such as radiologists who received large doses of radiation before biological effects were recognized Since then safety standards have been developed to protect such employees e The more than 100 000 people who survived the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki e Those involved in radiation accidents like Chernobyl Issued 6 08 95 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e People who have received radiation therapy for cancer This is the largest group of people to receive significant doses of radiation A 9 Biological Effects of Radiation A 9 1 Cell Sensitivity The human body is composed of billions of living cells Groups of these cells make up tissues which in turn make up the body s organs Some cells are more resistant to viruses poisons and physical damage than others The most sensitive cells are those that are rapidly dividing that is why exposure to a fetus is so carefully controlled Radiation damage may depend on both resistance and level of activity during exposure A 9 2 Acute and Chronic Doses of Radiation All radiation if received in sufficient quantities can damage living tissue The key lies in how much and how quickly a radiation dose is received Doses of radiation fall int
91. onnector should be aligned with the red dot and notch in the receptacle on the analyzer Do not force the null modem cable connector into the port receptacle gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual To use the S1 TRACER in the bench top configuration remove the PDA from the analyzer PDA cradle see Figure 4 4 Place the analyzer into the stand by aligning the grooves in the body and handle and sliding it onto the stand so that the control panel of the analyzer is forward see Figure 1 2 Connect the PDA to the S1 TRACER with the null modem cable and place the PDA in the PDA cradle on the instrument stand To analyze small samples or to have a flat surface on which to work install the clip on sample holder instead of the clip on window protector When testing very small samples place the Safety Shield Accessory over the sample so that the end of the safety shield also covers the IR sensor Figure 4 17 illustrates the safety shield being placed over the sample prior to testing For actual testing the safety shield must rest flush onto the surface of the sample holder and the operator must not have their hand near the nosepiece of the analyzer Use care so that nothing punctures the window on the analyzer If the window is damaged see section 4 2 3 for instructions on how to replace the windows Do not use the analyzer until the punctured window has been replaced Figure 4 16 Clip on sampl
92. ontinuously Figure 4 5 Charging the PDA with the wall charger Issued 6 08 32 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Figure 4 6 Charging the PDA with the cradle For more information on the PDA please refer to the iPAQ user manual 4 1 2 2 A C Power To operate the PDA on A C power plug the A C power supply into the PDA and then plug the cord into a standard wall outlet Figure 4 7 Hooking up A C power to the PDA Issued 6 08 33 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 1 3 Vacuum Pump 4 1 3 1 Battery Power Charging the Batteries The vacuum pump uses nickel metal hydride NiMH batteries Ensure that the vacuum pump is off prior to removing the batteries To change the battery turn the three knobs one quarter turn counter clockwise to remove the battery cover Unclip the white connector and remove the battery from the compartment Figure 4 8 Removing the battery from the vacuum pump 4 1 3 2 A C Power To operate the vacuum pump on A C power plug the A C power supply into the port on the front of the vacuum pump connect the power cord to the A C power supply and then plug the power cord into a standard wall outlet Figure 4 9 Hooking up A C power to the vacuum pump Issued 6 08 34 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual To charge the vacuum pump battery first rem
93. ove the battery from the vacuum pump if necessary Connect the battery to the universal smart battery charger Ensure that the switch is set to 1 8A Connect the battery charger and the power cord and then plug the power cord into a standard wall outlet The orange LED on the charger indicates that the battery is charging and the green LED indicates that the charge is complete The vacuum pump batteries require 4 to 6 hours to completely recharge Figure 4 10 Charging the vacuum pump battery To reinstall the battery reattach the white connector and place the battery back into the compartment on the vacuum pump Replace the battery cover and turn the three knobs clockwise to lock it in place A new fully charged battery will operate the vacuum pump for 2 to 4 hours 4 1 4 A Note on NiMH Batteries NiMH batteries do not have a memory and provide best performance and service life under high load conditions To prolong the life of the batteries Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Recharge the NiMH batteries frequently Fully discharge the batteries by using them in the analyzer after every 30 charge cycles Ensure that the ambient temperature during charging is between 5 C and 45 C 40 F to 115 F If the vacuum pump or battery packs are to be stored for a prolonged period the batteries should NOT be fully charged before storage Rather keep the battery charged to about 30 to 50 and store at room temperature If the 35
94. ower 4 1 2 PDA 4 1 2 1 Battery Power Charging the Batteries e NOTE When the PDA is attached to the S1 TRACER and the analyzer is on with If the PDA battery is the BrukerS1 program running the PDA battery charge level will be sufficiently discharged monitored The S1 TRACER will automatically charge the PDA battery and cannot be turned g when its charge drops below 50 on you must charge the PDA battery manually prior to using the S1 TRACER connect it to A C power using the cords and adapters provided Before removing the PDA from the S1 TRACER ensure that the PDA and S1 TRACER are powered off Remove the PDA by using the PDA release To charge the PDA battery manually detach the PDA and Issued 6 08 31 Supersedes New Le BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual barrel key to move the plunger downward and then slide the PDA toward the nosepiece of the analyzer and out of the cradle The plunger must be extended to remove the PDA release barrel key Figure 4 4 Insert PDA release barrel key into lock and turn key to move plunger Either connect the PDA to the A C adaptor and then plug it into a standard wall outlet or place the PDA in the cradle connect the A C adaptor to the cradle and then plug it into a standard wall outlet An orange LED on the top left of the PDA face will flash to indicate that the PDA battery is charging When the PDA battery is fully charged the orange LED will be on c
95. program Issued 6 08 Supersedes New Wednesday August 08 20 GET No unread messages No tasks i No upcoming appointments E y P Du 64 38 82MB 128 29MB Device unlocked Tap here to sign in to Pocket MSN Calendar Contacts Today BrukerS1 P File Explorer Solitaire Programs ointments gt Settings e ai maar 64 38 82MB 128 29MB Device unlocked Tap here to sign in to Pocket MSN Calendar Contacts Figure 5 1 Starting the BrukerS1 program 45 gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Starting the BrukerS1 program brings up the Login screen as shown in ae anon Figure 5 2 After tapping on the Login button a login screen will appear receipt of the as shown in Figure 5 3 Enter your personal password and then tap analyzer the Continue password should be changed to a new password of your BrukerS1 8 38 ok choice Figure 5 2 Main screen Figure 5 3 Login screen When the software has verified the user password a radiation warning will appear as illustrated in Figure 5 4 indicating that the BrukerS1 is for use by trained and authorized personnel only This radiation warning screen will be displayed for approximately 15 seconds No operator action is possible during the time while the radiation warning is displayed After the Radiation Warning is completed the main Mode Selection screen illustrated in Fi
96. r may lead to unnecessary radiation exposure and or inaccurate measurements 2 10 Major Damage If the analyzer is severely damaged immediately stop use of the analyzer and contact Bruker AXS Handheld and notify the appropriate regulatory agency in your state or country Care must be taken to ensure that personnel near the device are not exposed to unshielded X rays that may be generated i e if the safety logic circuit has been damaged and is not functional Immediate removal of the battery pack will stop all X ray production 2 11 Loss or Theft Should an S1 TRACER be lost or stolen immediately notify the appropriate regulatory agency in the state or country in which the device was located Additionally immediately notify local law enforcement authorities and Bruker AXS Handheld Take the following precautions to minimize the chance of loss or theft e Never leave the analyzer unattended when in use e When not in use always keep the device in its shipping container and store it in a locked vehicle or in a secure area Issued 6 08 19 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual When not in use keep the key separate from the analyzer Maintain records to keep track of all instruments owned and the operators assigned to use them and where they were used Never share your BrukerS1 program password with another user 2 12 License Registration Requirements The owner operator of a S1 TRACER XRF analyzer may b
97. r on the bottom of the handle and then pull on the black base to remove eg Figure 4 1 Removing the battery from the S1 TRACER Issued 6 08 29 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual e NOTE Lithium batteries should not be stored for long periods with a full charge They should be stored with 50 charge Issued 6 08 To charge the battery pack connect the pack to the AVT battery charger Connect the battery charger and the power cord and then plug the power cord into a standard wall outlet The orange lamp on the charger indicates that the battery is charging and the green lamp indicates that charging is complete A totally depleted battery may take approximately 4 hours to fully charge Figure 4 2 Charging the S1 TRACER batteries To reinstall the battery pack insert the pack in the handle of the analyzer until a click is heard A new fully charged battery will operate the S1 TRACER for approximately 4 6 hours 30 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER LL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 4 1 1 2 A C Power To operate the S1 TRACER on A C power ensure that the analyzer is off and remove the batteries Plug the A C power supply into the handle of the S1 TRACER connect the power cord to the A C power supply and then plug the power cord into a standard wall outlet see Figure 4 3 below Figure 4 3 Operating the S1 TRACER using AC p
98. rade to be added into a User Library or editing an existing User Library grade record 6 4 System Setup The System Setup screen illustrated in Figure 6 13 enables the user to select various setting for use during subsequent testing In summary the user may select which data files to record where the data files will be recorded which COM port to use for communication with the S1 TRACER analyzer and the threshold for Match Quality used in Pass Fail testing The user password may also be changed beginning from the System Setup screen Issued 6 08 72 Supersedes New Lo BRUKER CeL Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual To change the COM port tap on the down arrow in the dialogue box Scroll up and down the list until the desired COM port is found In most cases the default value COM1 is applicable The user may choose which test data files to save Check the boxes next to Results and Spectra to choose to save those files Check the box next to Save CSV to save the results as a CSV file When saving files the default location is in a Data folder in the PDA memory structure To save to a Compact Flash or SD memory card check the box next to Removable Media Ensure that a memory card is installed in the PDA when selecting this storage method r 10 40 ok System Setup Output Instrument Results Port Spectra Save cS Match Quality Threshold Removable M
99. rator Trigger Interlock When the trigger style switch is pulled X rays are generated if the rest of the safety circuit has been satisfied The switch is spring loaded and must be held in during measurements If the switch is inadvertently released the spring mechanism will return the switch to its idle position and stop X ray generation Infrared IR Proximity Sensor The IR proximity sensor is used to confirm that the instrument has been placed against a sample The sensor is located in the instrument nosepiece near the tube detector opening If the nosepiece is removed from the sample by a distance greater than 38mm 1 5 the IR proximity sensor will stop X ray generation The exact distance is somewhat dependent on the sample material being tested Red X ray On Indicator Lamp When the trigger is pulled and the infrared sensor is engaged the red lamp Figure 2 3 will illuminate indicating the generation of X rays The lamp incorporates redundant LED elements for increased reliability If either of the red LED elements fail X rays cannot not be generated Low Count Rate Detection Safety Shutoff While X rays are being generated the S1 TRACER microprocessor continually monitors raw count rate from the detector If at any time during the measurement the raw count rate falls below 500 counts per second the microprocessor will stop X ray generation since this indicates that no sample is in place Should this occur the oper
100. ryday lives These sources account for the remaining approximately 65 mrem 650 uSv per year of the average annual radiation dose The four major sources of man made radiation exposures are e Medical radiation approximately 53 mrem or 530 uSv per year e Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons less than 1 mrem or 10 uSv per year e Consumer products approximately 10 mrem or 100 uSv per year e Industrial uses less than 3 mrem or 30 uSv per year Medical Radiation Medical radiation involves exposure from medical procedures such as X rays chest dental etc CAT scans and radiotherapy The typical dose received from a single chest X ray is about 10 mrem or 100 uUSv per exposure Issued 6 08 93 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Radioactive sources used in medicine for diagnosis and therapy result in an annual average dose to the general population of 14 mrem or 140 uSv The average dose received by the general public from all medical procedures is about 53 mrem or 530 uSv per year Atmospheric Testing of Nuclear Weapons Testing of nuclear weapons during the 1950s and early 1960s resulted in fallout of radioactive materials This practice is now banned by most nations The average dose received by the general public from residual fallout is approximately 1 mrem or 10 uv per year Consumer Products These include such products as e Televisions e Building
101. s enough energy to remove electrons from neutral atoms Isotope Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus Non ionizing Radiation Radiation that does not have enough energy to remove electrons from neutral atoms Issued 6 08 84 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Normal Operation Operation under conditions suitable for collecting data as recommended by manufacturer including shielding and barriers Primary Beam lonizing radiation from an X ray tube that is directed through an aperture in the radiation source housing for use in conducting X ray fluorescence measurements Radiation The energy in transit in form of electromagnetic waves or particles Radiation Generating Machine A device that generates X rays by accelerating electrons which strike an anode Radiation Source An X ray tube or radioactive isotope Radiation Source Housing That portion of an X ray fluorescence XRF system which contains the X ray tube or radioactive isotope Radioactive Material Any material or substance that has unstable atoms which are emitting radiation System Barrier That portion of an area which clearly defines the transition from a controlled area to a radiation area and provides the necessary shielding to limit the dose rate in the controlled area during normal operation X ray Generator That portion of an X ray system that provides the accelerating volta
102. s selection of a e i protector removed from the nosepiece specific method in the Bruker S1 analysis program 4 2 1 Inspecting the Vacuum Window The vacuum window protects the sensitive instrumentation from dust and debris in normal operation and also provides a vacuum seal during light element analysis The vacuum window needs to be replaced only if it has been damaged and can no longer hold a vacuum Five 5 replacement vacuum windows are included with the S1 TRACER Generally a vacuum of 10 Torr or less as indicated on the vacuum pump LCD display is sufficient to achieve accurate measurement of light elements Should the vacuum window require replacement please refer to section 4 2 3 4 2 2 Connecting the Vacuum Pump e IMPORTANT To analyze aluminum and titanium alloys attach the vacuum Before turning off or pump to the S1 TRACER Connect the vacuum tubing between eR connec rie LE the vacuum pump and the S1 TRACER ensuring that the pump from the r hees connector with the vacuum release port slide valve is vacuum release valve connected to the vacuum pump Ensure that the vacuum Failure to open the release port slide valve is closed by being moved toward the vacuum release valve prior toreroving the analyzer see Figure 4 12 Turn the vacuum pump on The vacuum tubing from vacuum system is ready when the display reads 10 Torr or less the vacuum pump or the analyzer will damage the highly For best accuracy when m
103. secondary X rays that scatter in random directions Hence the term radiation scatter Backscatter The S1 TRACER generates spectrum data by analyzing the specific secondary X ray energies that travel from the sample under test to the instrument detector Because X rays travel in random directions it is possible for an X ray to miss the detector and be scattered in the direction of the operator This is referred to as backscatter Issued 6 08 5 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Although the S1 TRACER is specifically designed to limit backscatter there is always the possibility that a small number of X rays may scatter beyond the detector To ensure safe operation of the system it is vital that the operator understands the radiation field The radiation profiles provided in Figures 2 8 and 2 9 illustrate the radiation field intensity for the S1 TRACER The Radiation Profile section contains the details on measurements of the radiation field The profiles should be studied carefully by anyone who operates the S1 TRACER in order to better understand and apply the practices of ALARA using time distance and shielding 2 3 Hand Held XRF Analyzer Safety Design The Bruker S1 TRACER series XRF analyzers employ a miniature X ray tube instead of a radioactive material to generate the X rays The general construction and the safety features described in this manual are the same for all S1 TRACER models Bruker AXS Hand
104. sed on silicon used in sand blasting or bead blasting or aluminum oxides used in sandpaper or grinding wheels may leave traces of those materials on or even embedded in the sample surface These traces can affect the accuracy of calculated concentrations and Grade ID 5 3 Analyzer Settings Configuration 5 3 1 Analysis Type e NOTE The S1 TRACER may be configured to analyze a material in one of Best results will be four different Analysis Types Make the selection then tap obtained if the general Continue to save your settings in this menu alloy type s of the material being tested are known prior to Positive Material Identification Fundamental Parameters PMI selecting Analysis Type FP uses a Fundamental Parameters method to analyze valid SES counts for each element and compute concentrations In general FP analysis should be selected if the general type of material to be tested is not certain The FP method can analyze the composition of a broader range of materials but will generally take longer to display results and the results may not be as accurate as those obtained using the Empirical method Issued 6 08 49 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Grade Identification Empirical GradelD Emp calculates elemental concentrations based upon an empirical calibration and analyzes valid counts for each element In general if the type
105. sedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual A 4 The Stability of the Atom The concept of stability of an atom is related to the structure and the behavior of the nucleus e Every stable atom has a nucleus with a specific combination of neutrons and protons e Any other combination results in a nucleus that has too much energy to remain stable e Unstable atoms try to become stable by releasing excess energy in the form of particles or waves radiation The process of unstable atoms releasing excess energy is called radioactivity A 5 Radiation Terminology Before examining the subject of radiation in more detail there are several important terms to be reviewed and understood Bremsstrahlung The X rays or braking radiation produced by the deceleration of electrons namely in an X ray tube Characteristic X rays X rays emitted from electrons during electron shell transfers Fail Safe Design One in which all failures of indicator or safety components that can reasonably be anticipated cause the equipment to fail in a mode such that personnel are safe from exposure to radiation For example if the red lamp indicating X RAY ON fails the production of X rays shall be prevented lon An atom that has lost or gained an electron lon Pair A free electron and positively charged atom lonization The process of removing electrons from the shells of neutral atoms lonizing Radiation Radiation that ha
106. trigger needs to be pressed only once to start the test Due to local regulations the Auto Trigger feature is not available in some countries To toggle between Timed Measurement and Unlimited Measurement tap on the Measurement Active Button In Timed Measurement mode the Minimum and Maximum boxes display the lower and upper timed limits for each test The Minimum value specifies the number of seconds the test must run before test results will be saved This helps prevent unwanted results from being saved when the trigger is accidentally pulled The Maximum value specifies the maximum number of seconds the test will run These values can be adjusted by tapping on the up and down arrows next to each box They can also be entered using the keyboard this can be done by tapping on the keyboard icon at the bottom of the screen When the Unlimited Measurement mode is enabled the numbers in the Minimum and Maximum boxes are grayed and their values cannot be adjusted In this mode the test time is controlled entirely by holding the trigger Tap Continue to save your settings in this menu Issued 6 08 51 Supersedes New gt lt BRUKER CX Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual 5 3 3 Library The Library option is for identifying and verifying alloys and grades that are not stored in the factory libraries The library to be used can be selected by entering the Library menu select
107. uminum iron sheets of various thicknesses the tube is operated at 40 kV and is filtered by a 1 27 mm thick aluminum sheet inside the instrument When testing thin samples use of the radiation safety shield is recommended Table 2 1 Intensity of X ray Radiation after Sample Penetration Aluminium Sheet Relative Intensities Iron Sheet Relative Intensities Relative Intensity Relative Intensity Issued 6 08 18 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual An aluminum sample must be quite thick before it absorbs a substantial amount of the radiation while iron provides much better absorption The transmission difference is very important and demonstrates why it is not a safe practice to measure samples while holding them in your hand 2 8 In Case of Emergency If a person without proper training attempts to operate the S1 TRACER analyzer resulting X ray emission from the X ray tube could be harmful to the operator or others nearby If an S1 TRACER is lost or stolen notify the local law enforcement and regulatory authority as soon as possible In the event of an accident with or damage to the S1 TRACER analyzer immediately turn off the device and remove the battery pack Then follow the steps below 2 9 Minor Damage If any hardware item appears to be damaged even if the analyzer remains operable immediately contact Bruker AXS Handheld at 800 466 5323 or 509 783 9850 for assistance Use of a damaged analyze
108. used as a measure of the exposure received This measurement is not highly efficient 30 40 efficiency is typical as some radiation may pass through the chamber without creating enough ion pairs for proper measurement The Geiger Mueller Tube The Geiger Mueller GM Tube is very similar to the ion chamber but is much more sensitive The voltage of its static charge is so high that even a very small number of ion pairs will cause it to discharge A GM tube can detect and measure very small amounts of beta or gamma radiation The Pocket Dosimeter The Pocket Dosimeter is also a specialized version of the ionization chamber It is basically a quartz fiber electroscope The chamber is given a single charge of static electricity which it stores like a condenser As radiation passes through the chamber the charge is reduced in proportion to the amount of radiation received and the indicator moves towards a neutral position A dosimeter that has been exposed to radiation must be periodically recharged or zeroed Thermo luminescence Devices TLDs and Optically Simulated Luminescence Dosimeter OSL TLDs and OSL are devices that use materials in the form of crystals which can store free electrons when exposed to ionizing radiation These electrons remain trapped until the crystals are read by a special reader or processor using heat TLD or light OSL When this occurs the electrons are released and the crystals produce light The intens
109. ver if inhaled or ingested alpha radiation is a potent internal hazard as it can deposit large amounts of concentrated energy in small volumes of body tissue Issued 6 08 87 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual Beta Particles e Have a small mass and a negative charge similar to an electron e Are emitted from the nucleus of an atom e lonize other atoms by stripping electrons out of their orbits with their negative charge Gi e SE Range Small mass and negative charge give the beta particle a a range of about 10 feet in air The negative charge limits penetrating ability Shielding Most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of plastic glass or metal foil depending on the density of the material Hazard Although beta particles have a fairly short range they are still considered an external radiation hazard particularly to the skin and eyes If ingested or inhaled beta radiation may pose a hazard to internal tissues Gamma Rays and X rays Gamma rays and X rays are electromagnetic waves or photons of pure energy that have no mass or electrical charge Gamma rays and X rays e Are identical except that gamma rays come from the nucleus while X rays come from the electron shells or from an X ray generating machine e lonize atoms by interacting with electrons Range Because gamma and X rays have no charge or mass they are highly penetrating and can travel quite far
110. y or tampering has occurred Comply with all instructions and labels provided with the S1 TRACER and do not remove labels Removal of any label will void the warranty Test the S1 TRACER for correct operation of the ON OFF mechanism every six months and keep records of the test results If the analyzer fails this test call Bruker AXS Handheld immediately for instructions Maintain a record of S1 TRACER use installation if applicable and any service to shielding and or containment mechanisms for two years or until ownership of the analyzer is transferred or the analyzer is decommissioned Report to the appropriate authority any possible damage to shielding and any loss or theft of the analyzer Do not abandon any XRF analyzer Transfer the S1 TRACER only to persons specifically authorized to receive it and report any transfer to the appropriate regulatory authority 15 to 30 days following the transfer if required Report the transfer of the analyzer to Bruker AXS Handheld at 800 466 5323 or 509 783 9850 Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Caution X Ray E EE TN i Important Notes for Bruker AXS Handheld XRF Analyzer Customesre cssssccccccccssssssssssscccscssssssssssscccccscssssssscccccssscssssssssscccssscsssssssscssssssssssssssssasees ii R sp nsibilities OF the Shutter iii 1 SL TRACER Over vie E 1 2 S1 TRACER Operator Radiation Safety Regensburg Hatin 4 2 1 WHAT E e EE e EE 4 2 2 X
111. yzer power section 5 9 Allow the unit to cool to operating temperatures 10 C to 50 C Turn the analyzer on again and verify that the error has been reset yellow light is no longer blinking If the yellow light continues to blink contact a Bruker AXS Handheld representative 7 7 The red lamp on the control panel looks uneven If the red light on the control panel looks uneven it means that one of the two red LEDs inside the indicator is not functioning As a safety measure if one or both of the red LEDs is not functioning X rays will not be generated when the trigger is pulled and no results will be displayed DO NOT attempt to look into the nose of the analyzer to see if X rays are being generated Contact a Bruker AXS Handheld representative for more information Issued 6 08 79 Supersedes New Bruker AXS Handheld Inc S1 TRACER User Manual APPENDIX A BASIC RADIATION SAFETY INFORMATION A 1 What is Radiation e The term radiation is used with all forms of energy light X rays radar microwaves and more For the purpose of this manual however radiation refers to invisible waves or particles of energy from radioactive sources or X ray tubes e High levels of radiation may pose a danger to living tissue because it has the potential to damage and or alter the chemical structure of cells This could result in various levels of illness i e mild to severe e This section of the manual provides a basic understanding

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