AdTorrent: Digital Billboards for Vehicular Networks
Contents
1. tracks streets a group can then be split into multiple smaller groups some groups may be even merged into a bigger group Such group dynamics happen randomly under the control of configured split and merge probabilities Nodes in the same group move along the same track They also share the same group movement towards the next switch station In addition each group member will also have an internal random mobility within the scope of a group The mobility speeds of these groups are randomly selected between the configured minimum and maximum mobility speeds One can also define multiple classes of mobile nodes such as pedestrians and cars etc Each class of nodes has different requirements such as moving speed etc In such cases only nodes belonging to the same class can merge into a group Groups split and merge happen at the switch stations Each group is defined with a group stability threshold value When at the switch stations each node in the group will check whether its stability value is beyond its group stability threshold value If it is true this node will choose a different track from its group A group split happens When several groups arrive at the same station and select the same track for the next movement naturally they will be merged into one bigger group The proposed RT model is also capable to model randomly and individually moving nodes as well as static nodes such as sensors Such non grouped nodes are not restricted2. by the switch stations and real tracks Instead their movements are modeled as random moves in the whole field Fig 2 illustrates a main idea of the proposed real track based group mobility model In this example group moving nodes are moving towards switch stations along the tracks They split and merge at switch stations as shown in the figure The black nodes in Fig 2 represent the individually moving nodes and static nodes They are placed and move independent of tracks and switch stations We evaluate the scenarios along the following metrics as defined in 3 For brevity we present only the average connectivity duration metric which is the most essential for protocol design in our scenario Average connectivity duration This is the duration of time 2 nodes have a path between them We further quantify this metric based on the maximum allowable hops for any path between the two nodes This metric is relevant to our application as it justifies the usage of a swarming content delivery model in the presence of limited connectivity between the nodes We used a 500m transmission range for the radios In our case we adjusted the number of nodes to 30 50 and 60 spread over an area of 2400m x 2400m The average number of nodes in the transmission range were 4 1 6 9 and 8 1 respectively Each run of simulation were 900s long Also we evaluate the scenarios are regular intervals of 10s We observe that the for a 4 hop limit path the connectivity
3. duration has a almost 100 increase as opposed to a 3 hop limited path Hence one of the design parameters of the protocol the limit to which the search and the pieces that need to be collected is a function of the mobility pattern For urban vehicular mobility we conclude that the incremental gain from increasing the hop limit upto 4 might be useful for increasing the robustness of protocol performance 250 T T T Ton 3 hop path limit 4 hop path Jimit x x x 2007 4 D ge c O 8 oO a S 150b 3 5 a 2 g 2 oS g 1007 4 c fo o oO D gt T 50H 0 fi fi L 1 1 L 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of Nodes Figure 3 Average Connectivity duration 5 AdTorrent Design We outline the primary design goals of AdTorrent as follows 1 location aware torrent ranking algorithm 2 search should be simple and robust in presence of node failures and departures 3 leverage churn lwe use the terms document and torrent interchangeably 4 minimal overhead of communication There are three main tasks performed by our application Namely search for relevant ad content query dissemination and content delivery We address each of these functions in the following sections 5 1 Search Search involves associating keywords with document identifiers and later retrieving document identifiers that match combinations of keywords Each file is associated with a set of metadata the file name its f
4. latency once the index for that data has been located 5 2 Query Data Dissemination Optimization Each node disseminates the content availability information in the form of a bloom filter Bloom filter 1 is an efficient method to test for set membership In our case the bloom filter is constructed to test the keyword membership for a particular node A bloom filter is computed by each node based on the keywords related to the data the node has stored Since the data downloaded is only once every AP encounter or if the node explicitly downloads some swarming torrent hence the updates of bloom filter and dissemination is not very frequent We now enumerate the basic steps of the algorithm 11 Algorithm 1 AdTorrent Query Processing Ranking and Content Delivery user_input search A B C num _local_entries lookup_local_index hash AB hash BC hash CA if num_local_entries gt k goto LookupDone else Found lt k local entries not in the 2 hop neighborhood num_remote_entries scoped_flood hash XY m Y XY AB BC CA After T seconds if NO response return NO If k entries are found then LookupDone now have k entries local or remote in 1 4 hops send_udp ctrl Hash XY METADATA e g TorrentID Collect meta_data after To torrent_ranking meta_data params Step Final swarm lt TorrentID returns a list of Peers amp HopCounts this may be beyond
5. the edge of the Internet Several interesting challenges in application design arise while designing a targeted ad delivery mechanism for cars Consider this scenario you are driving on I 5 Los Angeles towards SF visiting relatives On the way you realize that you need buy some gift for them You initiate a search for new DVD releases The Ad software is not only keyword aware but also location aware Hence the search results return not only the content or latest DVD releases but also the latest deals on those DVD releases in BestBuy s and Walmart s in your vicinity Imagine another similar scenario you are traveling to Las Vegas You are 50 miles from the city and want to get information of all hotels lt 200 cost preferably virtual tours of the hotels in the vicinity In this paper we present Digital Billboards an ad service provider architecture for urban vehicular net works We use a realistic group mobility model to evaluate certain key parameters that guide the design of our advertisement search and delivery service Finally we propose AdTorrent a location aware advertise ment dissemination service for this architecture The vehicular environment presents interesting challenges and constraints not encountered in content delivery on the Internet In particular mobility and the lim ited intermittent bandwidth cause sessions to be transitory and subject to frequent disconnections AdTorrent seeks to provide to the user rel
6. AdTorrent Digital Billboards for Vehicular Networks Alok Nandan Shirshanka Das Biao Zhou Giovanni Pau Mario Gerla Computer Science Department University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 1596 alok shanky zhb gpau gerla cs ucla edu May 30 2005 Abstract Advertisements are the most important source of revenue for some of the biggest Internet based companies With vehicular networks poised to become part of the Internet in the near future this new edge of the Internet represents a new frontier that companies will be striving to reach In this paper we investigate the feasibility of targeted dissemination of ad content in a car network We present Digital Billboards a scalable push model architecture for ad content delivery We then propose AdTorrent an integrated system for search ranking and content delivery in this architecture We evaluate our design using a realistic vehicular mobility model which captures mobility characteristics such as temporal and spatial dependencies and geographic restrictions 1 Introduction As advertisers struggle to reach increasingly distracted and jaded American consumers they have sought nontraditional media for their Ads from elevators to cell phone screens Content targeted advertising paradigm has proved to be a resounding success in advertising on the conventional Internet As the Internet expands to mobile devices even vehicular nodes are becoming a part of
7. ed Ads but also on larger multimedia Ads for example trailers of movies playing at the nearby theater virtual tours of hotels in a 5 mile radius or conventional television advertisements relevant to local businesses Every node that runs the application collects these advertisements and indexes the data based on certain meta data which could be keywords location and other information associated with the data We assume that Ads are uniquely identifiable using a document identifier Docld In the next section we describe a group mobility model for an urban vehicular network The model guides us in the design of AdTorrent an application for advertisement search and delivery on the vehicular network 4 Mobility Model The mobility model is designed to describe the movement pattern of mobile users and how their location and velocity change over time Mobility patterns play a significant role in determining the protocol performance and thus are an important parameter to the protocol design phase It is important for mobility models to emulate the movement pattern of targeted real life applications in a reasonable way Otherwise the observations made and the conclusions drawn from the simulation studies may be misleading Thus when evaluating our vehicular ad hoc network protocol it is imperative to choose the proper underlying mobility model Different application scenarios lend themselves to different mobility models For example a campus w
8. ed on a push model of content dissemination based on a popular swarming protocol We outline the related work in section 7 Finally Section 8 concludes the paper 2 Preliminaries In this section we describe the vehicular environment and the assumptions about the environment we used to design our protocol The network consists of a set of N nodes with same computation and transmission capabilities commu nicating through bidirectional wireless links between each other this is the infrastructure less ad hoc mode of operation There are wireless gateways at regular intervals providing access to the rest of the Internet using infrastructure support either wired or multi hop wireless We do not assume any routing protocol running in the underlying network Nodes may or may not run the peer peer application protocol Hence P the size of the peer peer network is such that P C N and is established on top of this vehicular network In addition we assume a CSMA CA MAC layer protocol IEEE 802 1la that provides RTS CTS Data ACK handshake sequence for each transmission Nodes use TCP for reliable transfer of data and UDP for dissemination of index updates It includes data packets as well as gossip messages However the packet is the unit for network layer We assume each node is reachable to every other node Our vehicular wireless architecture is composed of two kinds of communications namely vehicle vehicle and vehicle gateway Dedicated Short Ran
9. ent application one of the key characteristics will be the infrequent updates of ads maybe once in one day or less The index we maintain is distributed However every node tries to maintain information of the all the two hop neighborhood of itself The documents are indexed on keys Keys consists of SHA 1 hashes of the 10 Table 2 Index Key URL of Data Meta Data Hash AB 131 179 168 66 a mp3 Size 1MB Hash BC 131 167 134 71 Complete TRUE Genre Ox0FAB Table 3 Parameters Name Purpose Timers 2 Search End and MetaData Search k k2 m Aggressiveness of the search ties to the mobility node entropy k Keyword Set parameter MetaData e g torrentID Multimedia keywords sets Along with the keys and the URL of the data we also store additional meta data associated with the data The metadata is stored in an index corresponding to each subset of at most K metadata items KSS uses a distributed inverted index to answer queries efficiently with minimal communication overhead Each entry of the index contains 1 the hash of the searchable sets of keywords as the index key 2 a pointer to the data such as the URL of the data and 3 meta data associated with the data such as This is illustrated in the table 3 Placement In a wireless scenario it makes sense to co locate the index and the data corresponding to the index entry This is to reduce the overhead of data discovery
10. evant Ads guided by a particular keyword search Ads poten tially can be multimedia clips for example virtual tours of hotel rooms trailers of movies in nearby theatres or a conventional television ad Our Contributions Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks VANETs present interesting challenges to protocol design One of the key differentiating characteristics is the time varying nature of vehicle densities and the mobility model The mobility has a important impact of the application design The contributions of this paper are as follows 1 firstly we propose a novel push model based location aware ad service architecture designed for vehicular environments 2 secondly we present a group mobility model for urban vehicular traffic 3 thirdly we present a peer peer protocol that enables efficient keyword set based search We propose a novel search result ranking scheme that is optimized for vehicular networks We leverage our earlier work on swarming to quickly deliver the top ranked content to the end user 1 1 Organization of the Paper The rest of the paper is organized as follows Section 2 1 describes the Vehicular communication architecture Section 3 gives an overview of the operation of the ad service in a vehicular scenario Section 4 describes the novel mobility model we used for the purpose of evaluation and details our evaluation of the performance of our protocol using simulation Section 5 gives a brief overview of AdTorrent bas
11. eyword search the requester sends a message asking the node for some data The requested can send back a Didn t match or a Busy response Neighbors of the requested node can monitor the node to see if it is truly busy or not If it is sending back Busy responses when it is not then the node is blacklisted If the node sends back more than one Didn t match response to different nodes then the node will be blacklisted 6 2 2 Propagation of Cheat Information URSA 20 is a robust access control mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks Given a detection mechanism for detecting cheating nodes in the neighborhood URSA does a good job of propagating this information and resisting individual and collaborative attacks against the access control URSA assumes that there is a system wide public and private key Each node in the system v has partial knowledge of the private key This mechanism could be implemented easily in AdTorrent during the software installation Vehicles receive partial tickets k of which can be combined to construct a valid ticket with a certain lifetime When vehicles 16 are detected to be cheating the accuser sends out a signed scoped broadcast of the accusation k accusations result in the node being refused access rights to the ad hoc network We propose to use URSA for the propagation of cheating information and the access control for the net work As discussed earlie
12. ge Communication DSRC 13 is a short to medium range com munication technology operating in the 5 9 GHz range The key characteristics of DSRC are given in the table 1 For a more detailed description we refer the reader to an earlier paper 17 Table 1 DSRC Characteristics Parameter alue Range 1000m Frequency Band 5 9Ghz Speed lt 85mph Data Rates 6 27Mbps depending on Range 2 1 Assumptions 3 Data is not strictly real time There are no real time constraints on the data thus in some sense the data is delay tolerant Storage of data is not constrained VANETs are typified by no power constraints and data storage limitations Data is meta tagged Meta data can be the file name the format and or key words extracted from the data For some types of data such as text documents metadata can be extracted manually or algorithmically Some types of files have metadata built in for example ID3 tags on MP3 music files Communication between vehicles is over a low data rate connection While this constraint depends on the radio technology used typically current 802 11x devices will offer goodput of the order of a few hundred Kbps Push model Data is being continually pushed by the access points to the nodes in the transmission range Multi hop delivery It is infeasible to transmit data to more than 2 3 hops The Digital Billboard Architecture The digital billb
13. ide wireless network deployment will see different mobility patterns less constrained more random than an urban vehicular grid scenario low entropy of vehicles group mobility In modeling and analyzing the mobility models in a VANET we are more interested in the movement of individual nodes at the microscopic level including node location and velocity relative to other nodes because these factors directly determine when the links are formed and broken since the communication pattern is peer to peer We used the US Census bureau data for street level maps As a starting point we used the script from 3 paper to generate the mercator projection of the data in our case the local map of an area around UCLA in Figure 1 Span 2400 m N 141139 m S 138739 m W 54605 m E 57005m Figure 1 Local Map of Westwood an area around UCLA However in the paper by Saha et al 3 the actual mobility model is quite similar to the Random Waypoint in the sense that the vehicle arrival and direction and speed are similar to the Random Waypoint model Hence the results that the vehicular mobility model is very similar to the Random Waypoint model In our mobility model we actually take into account the mobility behaviors observed in real life and develop a more realistic mobility model which is applied in the streets from the real map Figure 2 Overview of Real Track Based Group Mobility Model In reality a complex mobili
14. les battery life and bandwidth All of these concerns are relevant only to power constrained cpu strained devices Another possible motivation would exist if the scenario permitted the selfish node to transmit one of its own packets rather than forward someone else s packets We argue that in the vehicular wireless network both these motivations do not exist First vehicles are not power constrained or CPU constrained in any way to motivate selfishness with respect to transmission of packets on the wireless interface Secondly in the wireless network typically due to the broadcast nature of the medium if the selfish node does not forward some packet someone else within the wireless range would This will lead to collision if the selfish node tries to sneak in its own packet thus the selfish node doesn t benefit significantly by not forwarding traffic There exists a feasible solution to this situation when all nodes behave selfishly but the end result will be that no packets will be forwarded thus it will not be a stable solution 14 Application Layer AdTorrent At the application layer too we consider selfish nodes which just want to reap the benefits of the AdTorrent network without cooperating with it This could be accomplished for instance by only turning on the AdTorrent application when the user in the car wishes to search for content and then turn it off immediately after the user is done with the search and consequent delivery
15. oard architecture serves to deliver Ads to the vehicles that pass within the range of the Access Points APs This architecture is e Safer Physical billboards can be distracting for drivers e Aesthetic The skyline is not marred by unsightly boards e Efficient With the presence of a good application on the client vehicle side users will see the Ad only if they actively search for it or are interested in it e Localized The physical wireless medium automatically induces locality characteristics into the adver tisements Every Access Point AP disseminates certain sets of Ads that are relevant to the proximity of the AP deployment This is reasonable since it is the extension of the physical billboards that we very often see lined on the streets and freeways that advertise the best offers available at the next restaurant Our AP acts as a sort of digital billboard that is location aware This model makes sense economically as well since business owners in the vicinity subscribe to this digital billboard service for a fee The APs continually disseminate these advertisements to the vehicles that traverse the coverage area The dissemination rate can be determined by different levels of service demanded and paid for by the billboard owner Leveraging this architecture we want to design a location aware distributed mechanism to search rank and deliver content to the end user the vehicle We focus not only on simple text bas
16. of the content This is similar to the behaviour of free riding BitTorrent users who turn on the BitTorrent client get the file they need and then turn it off to avoid seeding for other peers We also want to catch nodes who lie about the content they have Nodes could cheat by pretending to have nothing even while they continue to download content from other people Thus for example a selfish node could broadcast a bloom filter of an empty hash Nodes could also broadcast false bloom filters e g by generating a random bloom filter Note that in AdTorrent cooperation is automatically built in only for the duration of the download of the file After the file has been downloaded the node can choose to not advertise this newly acquired content thus denying service to neighbors who might have been interested in this content at a later time 6 2 Securing AdTorrent 6 2 1 Detection of Cheating This section looks at a couple of approaches that have been proposed to handle similar problems and discusses how to adapt these techniques to our particular scenario Routing Layer Cheating Watchdog 22 was one of the first techniques proposed to catch malicious nodes in an multi hop wireless network It involves upstream nodes eavesdropping on the next hop downstream to check whether they forward packets correctly Watchdog is a simple and effective technique to detect routing layer cheating There exist ways to subvert watchdog However all of them requi
17. ormat genre e g in advertisements For some types of data such as text documents metadata can be extracted manually or algorithmically Some types of file have metadata built in for example ID tags on MP3 files Distributed Hash Tables DHTs have been proposed for distributed lookups We do not use a DHT for distributed lookup since it is well known that DHT s are not very stable under high churn 2 Our query dissemination mechanism aims to achieve robustness rather than communication efficiency However we introduce certain optimizations to the index information dissemination that will reduce the amount of search query communication overhead Indexing Vertical partitioning divides an index across keywords Horizontal partitioning divides an index across documents so all the nodes have an entry for each keyword Vertical partitioning minimizes the cost of searches However horizontal partitioned index reduces the cost of update of document In our scenario the number of queries will far outnumber the number of updates since we assume the documents typically searched for not changing frequently Our index is partitioned based on set of keywords This was first introduced in KSS 18 The motivation of using a keyword set based indexing is the reduction of overhead in terms of query data information The downside of this approach is higher cost of insert and storage In VANETs we believe storage will not be a limitation In the AdTorr
18. r we use our application specific mechanisms to detect application layer cheating 7 Related Work This section summarizes previous work related to co operative data transfer protocols for the wired settings as well as gossiping mechanisms used in ad hoc routing BitTorrent is a popular 5 file sharing tool accounting for a significant proportion of Internet traffic There are two other peer peer bulk transfer protocols namely Slurpie and CoopNet CoopNet uses HTTP redirect messages sent by the server to enable co operative downloads CarTorrent 17 is a recent work that extends the BitTorrent protocol to the vehicular networks scenarios addressing issues such as intelligent peer and piece selection given the intermittent connectivity and limited bandwidth of the wireless medium The Infostations model 8 of wireless ad hoc networks aims to provide trade offs between delay and capacity of these networks by providing geographically intermittent connectivity It has been observed that the Infostations model trade connectivity for capacity by exploiting the mobility of the nodes 8 Conclusion In this paper we presented a novel application involving search and location aware content delivery in our case advertisements deals to the nodes We proposed a efficient keyword search on this content overlay We have proposed a new mobility model for our protocol design and analysis In particular our new model uses real street map data modeling vehicle
19. re directional antennas and sophisticated power control algorithms We do not believe that the simple civilian application of ad dissemination can motivate people to engage in complicated attacks to simply free ride on the network Catch 21 is a recent work which addresses the problem of corner nodes in static ad hoc wireless networks Catch builds on top 15 of watchdog to distinguish between a poorly connected node and a selfish node which just appears to be poorly connected In vehicular networks vehicles are constantly moving in either an infinitely straight line freeway scenarios or are part of an infinite grid urban road scenario Thus the corner node situation does not arise at all and even when it does the situation is transient due to the constant mobility Thus we argue that we do not need extra techniques on top of watchdog to detect routing layer cheating Additionally we have discussed earlier why we believe that vehicles will have very little motivation to cheat at the routing layer Application Layer Cheating e Advertising false content Neighbors can monitor the node and detect when it is downloading some thing They can independently compute the new bloom filter that the node should broadcast after the download is done If the new bloom filter does not match the broadcasted hash then the nodes can blacklist the neighbor e Not responding to queries When their is a match on the bloom filter for a particular k
20. s traveling on these streets We analyzed the properties of this mobility model that affect protocol design Our work is a first step in the design and eventually the implementation of AdTorrent application 17 References 1 B Bloom Space time tradeoffs in in hash coding with allowable errors CACM 13 7 422 426 1970 2 S Rhea D Geels T Roscoe and J Kubiatowicz Handling Churn in a DHT USENIX 2005 3 A Saha and D Johnson Modeling mobility for vehicular ad hoc networks ACM VANET 2004 4 B Zhou K Xu and M Gerla Group and swarm mobility models for ad hoc network scenarios using virtual tracks In Proceedings of MILCOM 2004 5 B Cohen Incentives Build Robustness in BitTorrent IPTPS 2003 6 R Sherwood R Braud and B Bhattacharjee Slurpie A Co operative Bulk Data Transfer Protocol In Proc of IEEE INFOCOM 2004 7 K Tang M Gerla and R Bagrodia TCP Performance in Wireless Multi hop networks Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications 1999 8 T Small and Z J Haas The Shared Infostation Model A New Ad Hoc Networking Paradigm or Where there s a Whale there s a Way In the Proc of ACM MOBIHOC 2003 9 Z J Haas J Y Halpern and L Li Gossip based ad hoc routing In the Proc of IEEE INFOCOM 2002 10 QualNet user manual www scalable networks com 11 K Birmanm M Hayden O Ozkasap Z Xiao M Budiu and Y Minsky Bimodal Multicas
21. t ACM Trans on Computer Systems vol 17 no 2 pp 41 88 1999 12 P Eugster S Handurukande R Guerraoui A M Kermarrec and P Kouznetsov Lightweight probabilis tic broadcast in Proc of IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks DSN 2001 13 Dedicated Short Range Communication Architecture www astm org SNEWS MAY 2004 dsrc may04 html 14 F Bai N Sadagopan and A Helmy Important a framework to systematically analyze the impact of mobility on performance of routing protocols for ad hoc networks in 1 A Survey of Mobllity Models 29 18 Proceedings of IEEE Information Communications Conference INFOCOM 2003 San Francisco Apr 2003 T Camp J Boleng and V Davies A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research in Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing WCMC Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Research Trends and Applications vol 2 no 5 pp 483 502 2002 C Bettstetter H Hartenstein and X Perez Costa Stochastic Properties of the Random Waypoint Mobility Model in ACM Kluwer Wireless Networks Special Issue on Modeling and Analysis of Mobile Networks vol 10 no 5 Sept 2004 A Nandan S Das G Pau M Y Sanadidi and M Gerla Cooperative Downloading in Vehicular Wireless Ad Hoc Networks In Proceedings of Wireless On Demand Networks and Services St Moritz Switzerland Jan 2005 Omprakash Gnawali A Keyword Set Search System for Peer to Peer Net
22. the the scope of the search decentralized_tracker By allowing the list of Peers beyond the k hop scope of the search we add some randomization 12 The indexing scheme described above does not have a document ranking algorithm The order of query results propagation and display is equally important for successful and timely dissemination in a VANET This assumes further importance in VANET since the mobility of nodes might render some query results obsolete or irrelevant in short period of time We incorporate a location metric in the document ranking scheme One way to support the document ranking would be to score a document based on the following categories 1 location 2 max of pieces 3 stability of neighbors 4 relevance of the DocID to the Meta Data queried 5 3 Content Delivery Once an accurate document ranking has been performed the actual delivery of content can be done by swarming One of the factors that determined the ranking of a document in the query results was the number of sub pieces of the document that were available and the location of the pieces Thus the torrent ranking guides the system to choose documents which are more amenable to swarming downloads The vehicle now joins the existing BitTorrent like stream to start getting pieces of the document from neighboring nodes We propose to do this using our earlier work in 17 Swarming allows us to be robust to node failures cars going out of range or po
23. ty behavior is observed Some nodes move in groups while others move indi vidually and independently a fraction of nodes are static Moreover the group affiliation is not permanent The mobile groups can dynamically re configure themselves triggering group split and mergence All these different mobility behaviors coexist in vehicle or urban scenarios We refer to the non uniform dynamic changing scenario described above as heterogeneous group mobility scenario 4 A good realistic mobility model must capture all these mobility dynamics in order to yield realistic performance evaluation results which unfortunately is not satisfactorily captured in any of the existing models We propose a real track based group mobility model RT model that closely approximates the above heterogeneous mobility patterns happening in the scenarios of vehicle ad hoc networks It models various types of node mobility such as group moving nodes individually moving nodes as well as static nodes Moreover the RT model not only models the group mobility it also models the dynamics of group mobility such as group merge and split The key idea of our proposed model is to use some real tracks to model the dynamics of group mobility In our simulation scenarios these real tracks are represented by streets from real map The grouped nodes must move following the constraint of the tracks At the switch stations which are the intersections of
24. wering down and efficient in terms of delivery the cars form a sort of end system multicast tree However the success of swarming especially in wireless ad hoc networks depends hugely upon cooperation among vehicles at both the routing layer forwarding packets for others and at the application layer sharing the advertisements that have been downloaded In the next section we address the concerns with respect to selfish behavior on the AdTorrent network and discuss ways to mitigate it 13 6 Discouraging Selfishness on the AdTorrent Network AdTorrent shares with other proposed peer to peer content delivery protocols 6 17 and even MANET routing protocols the implicit assumption that nodes in the network are cooperative and honest We work with the assumption that a majority of nodes in the network will be playing the fair game and raise the bar for cheating to make cooperation an evolutionary stable strategy ESS 21 6 1 Adversary Model We discuss two broad kinds of cheating that a node may indulge in Routing Layer People have proposed selfish nodes which do not want to cooperate in the forwarding of data packets for others in the context of multi hop ad hoc wireless networks These nodes are not attacking the network in terms of trying to stop routing they are just trying to not forward packets for others unless compelled to Selfish nodes in these settings are driven mainly to reduce consumptions of CPU cyc
25. works Masters Thesis Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology 2002 19 Agilent Technologies Inc www agilent com 20 H Luo J Kong P Zerfos S Lu L Zhang URSA Ubiquitous and Robust Access Control for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks In IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking October 2004 21 R Mahajan M Rodrig D Wetherall and J Zahorjan Sustaining Cooperation in Multi hop Wireless Networks To appear at Networked Systems Design and Implementation NSDI May 2005 22 S Marti T J Giuli K Lai and M Baker Mitigating Routing Misbehavior in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 23 X Hong M Gerla G Pei and C C Chiang A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks in Proc ACM Intern Workshop on Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems MSWiM August 1999 30 Chapter 1 19 24 A Jardosh E M Belding Royer K C Almeroth and S Suri Towards Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad hoc Networks in Proceedings of Ninth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking MobiCom 2003 San Diego CA pp 217 229 September 2003 25 J Yoon M Liu and B Noble Sound Mobility Models in Proceedings of Ninth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking MobiCom 2003 September 2003 San Diego CA 20
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