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(Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e

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1. TeX is pronounced as tau epsilon chi L6pt 100 m 13 of wateriN 6pt This comes from my begin math heartsuit end math Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach ai P TEX is pronounced as Tey 100 m of water This comes from my Q The American Mathematical Society has produced a powerful extension to IATEX Many of the examples in this chapter make use of this extension It is provided with all recent TEX distributions If yours is missing it go to macros latex required amslatex 46 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae When you want your larger mathematical equations or formulae to be set apart from the rest of the paragraph it is preferable to display them rather than to break the paragraph apart To do this you can either enclose them in L and M or between begin displaymath and end displaymath Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach begin displaymath c 2 a7 2 b7 2 end displaymath or you can type less with Latb c Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach Pes qp or you can type less with at b ec If you want IXTEX to enumerate your equations you can use the equation environment You can then label an equation number and refer to it somewhere else in the text by using ref or eqref begi
2. IV Thank you While preparing this document I asked for reviewers on comp text tex I got a lot of response The following individuals helped with corrections suggestions and material to improve this paper They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape I would like to sincerely thank all of them Naturally all the mistakes you ll find in this book are mine If you ever find a word that is spelled correctly it must have been one of the people below dropping me a line Rosemary Bailey Marc Bevand Friedemann Brauer Jan Busa Markus Br hwiler Pietro Braione David Carlisle Jos Carlos Santos Neil Carter Mike Chapman Pierre Chardaire Christopher Chin Carl Cerecke Chris McCormack Wim van Dam Jan Dittberner Michael John Downes Matthias Dreier David Dureisseix Elliot Hans Ehrbar Daniel Flipo David Frey Hans Fugal Robin Fairbairns J rg Fischer Erik Frisk Mic Milic Frederickx Frank Kasper B Graversen Arlo Griffiths Alexandre Guimond Andy Goth Cyril Goutte Greg Gamble Neil Hammond Rasmus Borup Hansen Joseph Hilferty Bj rn Hvittfeldt Martien Hulsen Werner Icking Jakob Eric Jacoboni Alan Jeffrey Byron Jones David Jones Johannes Maria Kaltenbach Michael Koundouros Andrzej Kawalec Sander de Kievit Alain Kessi Christian Kern J rg Knappen Kjetil Kjernsmo Maik Lehradt R mi Letot Johan Lundberg Alexander Mai Martin Maechler Aleksandar S Milosevic Henrik Mi
3. Within a paragraph similar behavior can be accessed with verbt text The is just an example of a delimiter character You can use any character except letters or space Many IATEX examples in this booklet are typeset with this command 39 The verb ldots command ldots The ldots command begin verbatim 10 PRINT HELLO WORLD 10 PRINT HELLO WORLD ZO ROTO oe 20 GOTO 10 end verbatim begin verbatim the starred version of the starred version of the verbatim the i uiii verbatim environment emphasizes environment emphasizes the spaces in the text the spaces y in the text end verbatim The verb command can be used in a similar fashion with a star verb like this like muthis LI The verbatim environment and the Nverb command may not be used within parameters of other commands 2 11 6 Tabular The tabular environment can be used to typeset beautiful tables with optional horizontal and vertical lines IATEX determines the width of the columns automatically The table spec argument of the begin tabular pos table spec command defines the format of the table Use an for a column of left aligned text for right aligned text and for centred text ptwidth 40 Typesetting Text for a column containing justified text with line breaks and E for a vertical line If the text in a column is too wide for the page IXTEX won t au
4. frac 49 framebox 114 frenchspacing 31 33 frontmatter 34 frq 28 frqq 28 fussy 18 ged 49 height 114 hline 40 121 hom 49 href 77 78 80 hspace 101 108 hyphenation 18 idotsint 52 ignorespaces 101 102 ignorespacesafterend 101 iiiint 52 iiint 52 iint 52 include 13 14 includegraphics 66 75 79 119 includeonly 14 indent 108 index 68 69 inf 49 input 14 int 50 item 37 ker 49 label 35 46 LaTeX 19 LaTeXe 19 idots 22 51 left 51 leftmark 69 70 lg 49 lim 49 liminf 49 limsup 49 line 88 93 linebreak 17 linespread 107 linethickness 90 91 93 listoffigures 43 listoftables 43 Mn 49 Vlog 49 mainmatter 34 78 makebox 113 114 makeindex 68 maketitle 34 marginsize 82 122 mathbb 47 mathrm 55 max 49 mbox 19 22 113 Amin 49 multicolumn 41 multiput 87 90 newcommand 100 newenvironment 101 newline 17 newpage 17 newsavebox 92 newtheorem 55 56 noindent 108 nolinebreak 17 nonumber 54 nopagebreak 17 not 59 oval 91 93 overbrace 48 overlay 82 overleftarrow 48 overline 48 overrightarrow 48 pagebreak 17 pageref 35 72 pagestyle 11 panelwidth 82 par 104 paragraph 33 parbox 113 parindent 107 parskip 107 part 33 pause 82 phantom 44 54 pmod 49 Pr 49 printindex 69 prod 50 protect 44 providecommand 100 Provides
5. hline end tabular no leading space 2 12 Floating Bodies begin tabular 1 hline leading space left and right leading space left and right hline end tabular Since there is no built in way to align numeric columns to a decimal point we can cheat and do it by using two columns a right aligned inte ger and a left aligned fraction The command in the begin tabular line replaces the normal inter column spacing with just a giving the ap pearance of a single decimal point justified column Don t forget to replace the decimal point in your numbers with a column separator amp A column label can be placed above our numeric column by using the multicolumn command begin tabular i c r 1 Pi expression amp multicolumn 2 c Value Pi expression Value hline TO 31416 pi amp 381416 q 36 46 Npi iNpil amp 36446 NN a 80662 7 pi pi pit amp 80662 amp 7 NN end tabular begin tabular clcl hline multicolumn 2 cl Ene Ene aac Ene M Muh deae dida SS hline end tabular Material typeset with the tabular environment always stays together on one page If you want to typeset long tables you might want to have a look at the supertabular and the longtabular environments 2 12 Floating Bodies Today most publications contain a lot of figures and tables These elemen
6. models perp asymp neq or ne Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 5 Binary Operators EDT pm cdot times H cup sqcup vee lor oplus odot otimes bigtriangleup lhd unlhd Ie AE eh Oo er XDe all I tup Amp div setminus cap sqcap wedge land ominus oslash Nbigcirc bigtriangledown rhd unrhd O A o V A O oO e triangleleft triangleright star ast circ bullet diamond uplus amalg dagger ddagger wr 60 Eu Xeq xc I 1 O O a 4 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 6 BIG Operators gt sum U bigcup V bigvee bigoplus I prod Nbigcap A Nbigwedge 4 bigotimes I coprod bigsqcup bigodot f Nint oint Wl biguplus Table 3 7 Arrows leftarrow or gets longleftarrow T Nuparrow rightarrow or Ato longrightarrow downarrow leftrightarrow longleftrightarrow updownarrow Leftarrow Longleftarrow f Uparrow Rightarrow Longrightarrow Downarrow Leftrightarrow lt Longleftrightarrow Updownarrow mapsto gt longmapsto nearrow hookleftarrow hookrightarrow N searrow leftharpoonup rightharpoonup swarrow leftharpoondown rightharpoondown S nwarrow rightleftharpoons lt iff bigger spaces leadsto Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 8 Delimiters 3 T up
7. In the header and footer definition you use the commands rightmark and leftmark to represent the current section and chapter heading respectively The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapter or section command is processed Available from macros latex contrib supported fancyhdr 70 Specialities documentclass book usepackage fancyhdr pagestyle fancy A with this we ensure that the chapter and section A headings are in lowercase renewcommand chaptermark 1 markboth 1 renewcommand sectionmark 1 markright thesection 1 fancyhf delete current setting for header and footer fancyhead LE RO bfseries thepage fancyhead L0 bfseries rightmark fancyhead RE bfseries leftmark renewcommand headrulewidth 0 5pt renewcommand footrulewidth Opt addtolength headheight 0 5pt make space for the rule fancypagestyle plain fancyhead get rid of headers on plain pages renewcommand headrulewidth Opt and the line Figure 4 1 Example fancyhdr Setup For ultimate flexibility the chapter command and its friends do not redefine rightmark and leftmark themselves They call yet another com mand chaptermark sectionmark or subsectionmark that is respon sible for redefining rightmark and leftmark If you want to change the look of the chapter name in the header line you need only renew the chaptermark command Figure 4 1 shows a p
8. Pcmz foo dvi o foo ps If you are lucky your I4TEX system even comes with the dvipdf tool which allows you to convert your dvi files straight into pdf dvipdf foo dvi This is the case with most well groomed Unix Systems and Real Men use Unix SO e 1 6 The Layout of the Document 1 6 The Layout of the Document 1 6 1 Document Classes The first information TFX needs to know when processing an input file is the type of document the author wants to create This is specified with the documentclass command Ndocumentclass options class Here class specifies the type of document to be created Table 1 1 lists the document classes explained in this introduction The BTEX 25 distribution provides additional classes for other documents including letters and slides The options parameter customises the behaviour of the document class The options have to be separated by commas The most common options for the standard document classes are listed in Table 1 2 Example An input file for a ATEX document could start with the line documentclass 1ipt twoside a4paper article which instructs IXTEX to typeset the document as an article with a base font size of eleven points and to produce a layout suitable for double sided printing on A4 paper 1 6 2 Packages While writing your document you will probably find that there are some areas where basic IXTEX cannot solve your problem If you want to include graphics colo
9. The square root is entered as sqrt the n root is generated with sqrt n The size of the root sign is determined automatically by IATRX If just the sign is needed use surd sqrt x qquad sqrt x 2 sqrtty Je V2 4 V2 qquad sqrt 3 21 NN 3pt Vx y surd x72 y 21 The commands overline and underline create horizontal lines di rectly over or under an expression overline mtn mtn The commands overbrace and underbrace create long horizontal braces over or under an expression a b z me 26 underbrace atb cdots z _ 26 To add mathematical accents such as small arrows or tilde signs to vari ables you can use the commands given in Table 3 1 on page 58 Wide hats and tildes covering several characters are generated with widetilde and widehat The symbol gives a prime begin displaymath y x l2JNqquad y 2x qquad y 2 uo sin y 2 end displaymath Vectors often are specified by adding small arrow symbols on top of a variable This is done with the Avec command The two commands overrightarrow and overleftarrow are useful to denote the vector from A to B 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula begin displaymath vec a quad overrightarrow AB i AB end displaymath Usually you don t typeset an explicit dot sign to indicate the multiplica tion operation however sometimes it
10. Xypic User s Guide Downloadable from CTAN with Xy pic distribution John D Hobby A User s Manual for MetaPost Downloadable from http cm bell labs com who hobby Alan Hoenig TEX Unbound Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0 19 509685 1 0 19 509686 X pbk Urs Oswald Graphics in HTEX 2 containing some Java source files for generating arbitrary circles and ellipses within the picture en vironment and MetaPost A Tutorial Both downloadable from http www ursoswald ch Index Symbols 14 6 o gt 39 a 32 He sa 32 D E 39 45 NG 45 45 46 51 20 20 19 20 20 Space after 32 T X5 ol 3 ol 32 L 46 17 37 38 40 110 ANE 17 A 46 WER A A4 paper 10 A5 paper 10 a 23 abstract 38 accent 22 acrobat reader 73 acute 23 addtolength 110 advantages of XT RX 3 ae 23 aeguill 74 Alph 31 alph 31 amsbsy 57 amsfonts 47 64 amsmath 49 52 54 55 57 amssymb 47 58 and 34 ansinew 24 appendix 33 34 applemac 24 ar 96 arccos 49 arcsin 49 arctan 49 arg 49 array 02 53 arrow symbols 48 article class 9 Asbuk 31 asbuk 31 author 34 78 B B5 paper 10 babel 18 23 31 32 background 82 backmatter 35 backslash 5 backslash 5 base font size 10 120 begin 36 86 94 bibitem 67 bibliography 67 Big 51 big 51 Bigg 51 bigg 51 bigskip 110 bino
11. check Xy pic documentation Chapter 6 Customising IATEX Documents produced with the commands you have learned up to this point will look acceptable to a large audience While they are not fancy looking they obey all the established rules of good typesetting which will make them easy to read and pleasant to look at However there are situations where IATEX does not provide a command or environment that matches your needs or the output produced by some existing command may not meet your requirements In this chapter will try to give some hints on how to teach ATEX new tricks and how to make it produce output that looks different from what is provided by default 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages You may have noticed that all the commands I introduce in this book are typeset in a box and that they show up in the index at the end of the book Instead of directly using the necessary IATEX commands to achieve this I have created a package in which I defined new commands and environments for this purpose Now I can simply write Nbeginilscommand d ci aun end 1lscommand In this example I am using both a new environment called 1scommand which is responsible for drawing the box around the command and a new command named ci which typesets the command name and makes a corre sponding entry in the index You can check this out by looking up the dum command in the index at the back of this book wh
12. for all zech 3 3 end equation Mathematicians can be very fussy about which symbols are used it would be conventional here to use blackboard bold which is obtained using mathbb from the package amsfonts or amssymb The last example becomes begin displaymath x 2 geq ONqquad n textrm for all x in mathbb R r 0 for alla R end displaymath 3 2 Grouping in Math Mode Most math mode commands act only on the next character so if you want a command to affect several characters you have to group them together using curly braces begin equation a xty neq a x y vp Gi 3 4 end equation Ml SE 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula This section describes the most important commands used in mathematical typesetting Take a look at section 3 10 on page 58 for a detailed list of commands for typesetting mathematical symbols Lowercase Greek letters are entered as alpha beta gamma uppercase letters are entered as Gamma Delta There is no uppercase Alpha defined in IATEX 2e because it looks the same as a normal roman A Once the new math coding is done things will change 48 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae lambda xi pi mu Phi Omega A ET u Q Exponents and Subscripts can be specified using the and the _ character a_ 1 qquad x 2 qquad e alpha t qquad a1 Se poe a a 3 _ ij ev Ler e ix 2 neq ie x 2
13. savebox folderb 40 32 1 definition put 0 14 line 1 0 8 put 8 0 usebox foldera put 34 26 line 0 1 1102 put 14 128 usebox foldera multiput 34 86 0 37 3 usebox folderb end picture A picture box can be declared by the command newsavebox name then defined by savebox name width height position content and finally arbitrarily often be drawn by put x y usebox name The optional position parameter has the effect of defining the anchor point of the savebox In the example it is set to bl which puts the anchor point into the bottom left corner of the savebox The other position specifiers are top and right 5 2 The picture Environment The name argument refers to a IATEX storage bin and therefore is of a command nature which accounts for the backslashes in the current exam ple Boxed pictures can be nested In this example foldera is used within the definition of folderb The Noval command had to be used as the Aline command does not work if the segment length is less than about 3mm 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves setlength unitlength 1cm begin picture 6 4 lLinethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 93 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 0 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 put 1 3 line 4 1 2 qbezier 0 5 0 5 1 3 3 3 5 thinlines put 2 5 2
14. thinlines put 3 2 oval 3 1 8 thicklines put 2 1 oval 3 1 8 t1 put 4 1 oval 3 1 8 b put 4 3 1Nova1 3 1 8 r put 3 1 5 Noval 1 8 0 4 end picture The command put Cz y oval w h put Cz y oval w h Lposition Y produces an oval centered at x y and having width w and height h The optional position arguments b t 1 r refer to top bottom left right and can be combined as the example illustrates Line thickness can be controlled by two kinds of commands linethickness length on the one hand thinlines and Nthicklines on the other While linethickness length applies only to horizontal and vertical lines and quadratic B zier curves thinlines and thicklines apply to oblique line segments as well as to circles and ovals 92 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes setlength unitlength 0 5mm begin picture 120 168 newsavebox foldera declaration savebox foldera 40 32 b1 definition multiput 0 0 0 28 2 Aline 1 0 140 multiput 0 0 40 0 12 gt line 0 1 28 put 1 28 oval 2 2 t1 put 1 29 line 1 0 5 put 9 29 oval 6 6 t1 put 9 32 line 1 0 8 put 17 29 oval 6 6 tr put 20 29 line 1 0 19 put 39 28 oval 2 2 tr Le newsavebox folderb declaration
15. use the option gen in place of the official option If the Adobe Eurofonts are installed on your system they are available for free from ftp ftp adobe com pub adobe type win all you can use either the package europs and the command EUR for a Euro symbol that matches the current font or the package eurosans and the command euro for the official Euro The marvosym package also provides many different symbols including a Euro under the name EUR It s disadvantag is that it does not provide slanted and bold variants of the Euro symbol Table 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols package command roman sans serif typewriter eurosym euro lgenleurosym Neuro europs EUR eurosans euro ai ah ch d AD dd dd th tt AD db ch qp marvosym EUR 22 Typesetting Text 2 4 6 Ellipsis On a typewriter a comma or a period takes the same amount of space as any other letter In book printing these characters occupy only a little space and are set very close to the preceding letter Therefore you cannot enter ellipsis by just typing three dots as the spacing would be wrong Instead there is a special command for these dots It is called Not like this but like this Not like this but like this New York Tokyo Budapest ldots New York Tokyo Budapest 2 4 7 Ligatures Some letter combinations are typeset not just by setting the different letters one after the other but by actual
16. 0 5 line 0 1 3 multiput 2 0 0 1 4 line 1 0 4 linethickness 2mm put 3 12763 line 1 0 4 put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 put 7 12763 line 1 0 4 put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 T put 8 54308 line 1 0 4 e put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 put 1 2 54308 line 1 0 4 put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 put 1 3 1 35241 line 1 0 4 put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 1 7 1 35241 line 1 0 4 put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 2 5 0 25 circle x 0 2 end picture In this figure each symmetric half of the catenary y cosha 1 is approximated by a quadratic B zier curve The right half of the curve ends in the point 2 2 7622 the slope there having the value m 3 6269 Using again equation 5 1 we can calculate the intermediate control points They turn out to be 1 2384 0 and 1 2384 0 The crosses indicate points of the real catenary The error is barely noticeable being less than one percent This example points out the use of the optional argument of the begin picture command The picture is defined in convenient mathe matical coordinates whereas by the command begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 its lower left corner marked by the black disk is assigned the coordinates 2 5 0 25 5 3 Xy pic 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity setle
17. 114 description 37 det 49 Deutsch 27 diagonal dots 51 dim 49 dimensions 108 displaymath 46 displaystyle 55 doc 12 document font size 10 document title 10 documentclass 9 13 18 dotless 1 and j 23 double line spacing 107 double sided 10 dq 28 dum 99 E eepic 85 89 ellipsis 22 em dash 20 emblema 82 emph 36 104 empty ll en dash 20 Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT 65 75 encodings font LGR 25 OT1 25 T1 25 9d T2 31 T2A 25 31 T2B 25 126 25 X2 25 input ansinew 24 124 applemac 24 cp1251 24 cp850 24 cp866nav 24 koi8 ru 24 31 latini 24 macukr 24 utf8 24 end 36 86 enumBul 31 enumEng 31 enumerate 37 enumLat 31 environments abstract 38 array 02 53 center 37 comment 6 description 37 displaymath 46 enumerate 37 eqnarray 53 equation 46 figure 42 43 flushleft 37 flushright 37 itemize 37 lscommand 99 math 45 minipage 113 parbox 113 picture 85 86 89 90 pspicture 86 quotation 38 quote 38 subarray 50 table 42 43 tabular 39 113 thebibliography 67 verbatim 39 70 71 verse 38 epic 85 eqnarray 53 eqref 46 INDEX equation 46 equation system 53 eufrak 64 EUR 21 euro 21 europs 21 eurosans 21 eurosym 21 euscript 64 executive paper 10 exp 49 exponent 48 exscale 12 51 extension 11 aux 13 cls 13 dbz A dvi 13 66 eps 66 fd 13 idx 13 68 ilg 13 ind 13 68 i
18. 96 Producing Mathematical Graphics The xymatrix command must be used in math mode Here we specified two lines and two columns To make this matrix a diagram we just add directed arrows using the ar command begin displaymath As B xymatrix A Nar r amp B Nar d D Nar u amp C Nar 1 end displaymath DEE The arrow command is placed on the origin cell for the arrow The arguments are the direction the arrow should point to up down right and left begin displaymath xymatrix A b A Nar d Nar dr Nar r amp B NN b D amp C end displaymath D C To make diagonals just use more than one direction In fact you can repeat directions to make bigger arrows begin displaymath xymatrix A A Nar d Nar dr Nar drr amp amp NN IS B amp C amp D end displaymath B C D We can draw even more interesting diagrams by adding labels to the arrows To do this we use the common superscript and subscript operators begin displaymath xymatrixt A gt B A Nar r f arld _g amp B ar d g D Nar r 1f amp C D C end displaymath d As shown you use these operators as in math mode The only difference is that that superscript means on top of the arrow and subscript means under the arrow There is a third operator the vertical bar It causes text to be placed in the arrow 5 3 Xy pic begin displa
19. Das AMORS nro eee 4 mem Sm ud wd 89 5 2 5 Text and POPRULAS ooo om omo ooo omo os 90 5 2 6 The multiput and the Nlinethickness command 90 5 2 7 Ovals The thinlines and the thicklines command 91 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes 92 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves 00 93 SOLID Se a wor cv s x X we pom EN SEE eS 94 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity 95 Do ERI ulum Es RA MEG ORGSESuxe ede 95 6 Customising ATRX 99 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages 99 6 1 1 New Commands 299 43x39 x9 8 100 6 1 2 New Environments 101 Odes EA DD dorem Ro ow CAS AE omm 101 6 1 4 Commandline His 102 6 1 5 Your Own Package 103 G2 Fonts abO pies 2 2 22 these we we on oo Ro ee sawu 103 6 2 1 Font Changing Commands 103 6 2 2 Danger Will Robinson Danger 106 ICM NES lo errs ee bh ee sd E RA BR 106 Ce PRIME 2452442443543 3 53 Die beau 107 6 3 1 6 3 2 6 3 3 6 3 4 6 4 Page Layout 6 5 More Fun With Lengths 6 6 Boxes 6 7 Rules and Struts Bibliography Index Line Spacing Paragraph Formatting Horizontal Space Vertical Space CONTENTS List of Figures 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 6 1 6 2 A Minimal Dis File llle i Example of a Realistic Journal Article 2 T Example fancyhdr Setup 2 2 ee 70 Example pdfscreen input file 0 0 8l Example Package 24 o9 eRe
20. However documents are not restricted to a single font encoding For multi lingual documents using Cyrillic and Latin based languages it makes sence to include latin font encoding explicitly babel will take care of switching to the appropriate font encoding when a different language is selected within the document In addition to enabling hyphenations translating automatically gener ated text strings and activating some language specific typographic rules like frenchspacing babel provides some commands allowing typesetting according to the standards of Bulgarian Russian or Ukrainian languages For all three languages language specific punctuation is provided The cyrillic dash for the text it is little narrower than latin dash and surrounded by tiny spaces a dash for direct speech quotes and commands to facilitate hyphenation see Table 2 6 The Russian and Ukrainian options of babel define the commands Asbuk and asbuk which act like Alph and alph but produce capital and small letters of Russian or Ukrainian alphabets whichever is the active language of the document The Bulgarian option of babel provides the commands enumBul and enumLat enumEng which make Alph and alph produce letters of either Bulgarian or Latin English alphabets The default be haviour of Alph and alph for the Bulgarian language option is to produce letters from the Bulgarian alphabet Tf you use AA4S IATEX packages load them before
21. Mode eses sd 47 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula AT JA MMS osos c os Pow c Rp OEC 3 4 ee 3 eB mew 51 3 5 Vertically Aligned Material 52 DO FOODIE 22x x9 556 PKR E ee e EE eh EE 54 S Math Font Se sss eee See eke we eee EGRE OR EG eH S 54 3 8 Theorems Laws a0 0 22r n 55 o elt ege e sss oxsR 4c ho RR OR ROBUR DE dE 57 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols a a aoao a a a 58 CONTENTS i 4 Specialities 65 4 1 Including Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT Graphics 65 42 Bibliography 67 B JMR voa ww G5 ee Py XE DE 68 4 4 Fancy Headers 2 229232 969 omo Ee RO S s 69 4 5 The Verbatim Package lll 084s 10 4 6 Downloading and Installing IETEX Packages T1 4 7 Working with pdfd TEX 2 00 12 4 7 1 PDF Documents for the Web 13 d Te Ee e 3 eh Ee ER E 3 owe 13 4 7 3 Using Graphics oaoa 19 4 7 4 Hypertext Links 65a v 6o ono x 64 DE 16 4 7 5 Problems with Links 18 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks 18 4 8 Creating Presentations with pdfscreen 80 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics 85 DI enke ono ow ee oko ox mox Eos RE b ACE E 85 0 4 The picture Environment gt e s ss ed ss se sb ss e sa 86 5 2 1 Basic Commandes 86 5 2 2 Line Segments amp us9 6 de he de ee ox oy 3 4 ST D29 AMORS cu 6 9x 9 o Bom m om ho OE EUR ESTA ow 88
22. Sizes Table 6 3 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes size tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize large Large LARGE huge Huge Command mathcal mathrm mathbf mathsf Amathtt i mathnormal mathit Lei cho Lei YY Ee 10pt default 11pt option opt Tpt Spt Opt 10pt 12pt 14pt 17pt 20pt 29pt Table 6 4 Math Fonts Example mathcal B c mathrm K _2 sum x mathbf v Opt Spt 9pt 10pt lpt 12pt 4pt 17pt 20pt 29pt mathsf G times R mathtt L b c 12pt option Opt Spt 10pt lpt 12pt 14pt 17pt 20pt 25pt 25pt Output Dee Ko pers GxR L b c mathnormal R_ 19 neq R_ 19 Rig Rig mathit ffi neq ffi mA ffi 105 106 Large Don t read this It is not true You can believe me par Large This is not true either But remember I am a liar par Customising ATEX Don t read this It is not true You can believe me This is not true either But re member I am a liar If you want to activate a size changing command for a whole paragraph of text or even more you might want to use the environment syntax for font changing commands begin Large This is not true But then again what is these days ldots end Large This is not true But then again what is these days This will save you from counting lots of curly braces 6 2 2 Dan
23. The 1 tag gets replaced by the argument you specify If you wanted to use more than one argument use 2 and so on newcommand txsit 1 This is the emph 1 Short Introduction to LaTeXe A in the document body begin itemize item txsit not so e This is the not so Short Introduction to IST Rx 2e e This is the very Short Introduction to XT BX 2e item txsit very end itemize IATEX will not allow you to create a new command that would overwrite an existing one But there is a special command in case you explicitly want this renewcommand It uses the same syntax as the newcommand command In certain cases you might also want to use the providecommand com mand It works like newcommand but if the command is already defined IATEX 2e will silently ignore it 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages 101 There are some points to note about whitespace following IXTEX com mands See page 5 for more information 6 1 2 New Environments Just as with the newcommand command there is a command to create your own environments The newenvironment command uses the following syn tax newenvironment name num before after Again newenvironment can have an optional argument The material specified in the before argument is processed before the text in the envi ronment gets processed The material in the after argument gets processed when the end name command is encountered The ex
24. Xo Row tadu ha 103 Page Layout Parameters lcs 111 List of Tables 1 1 Document Classes llle 9 12 Document Class Options 10 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with Rita T2 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of IKTEX lll ss 12 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols llle 21 2 2 Accents and Special Characters 000 4 23 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents 26 2 4 Special commands for French Sr 2 5 German Special Characters oaoa a s e 0 0008 oe 28 2 6 Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian 32 2 7 Float Placing Permissions lll les 42 3 1 Math Mode Accents llle 58 3 2 Lowercase Greek Letters 0 0000 ee ee 58 3 3 Uppercase Greek Letters ll 58 3 4 Binary Relations e A e ex eee ee EX xx v 59 on Busy Operator se oe xce RO ow paoa r dekai DES 59 3 6 BIG Operators 22s es 60 Ke AMON S E LARA FO RE 60 3 8 Delimiters deg 99 A ESSES RES 60 J9 Large DCS ss e ee dA ns A eer DUM ED es 60 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols 0 0000 eee 61 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols lle 61 312 AMS De sossssps egw en ao DEE E xx 61 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew 0 0000 4 61 3 14 AMS Binary Relations a 0a a a a 62 3 15 AMS Arrows 0 san 62 3 16 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows 63 3 17 AMS Binary Ope
25. active in the language activated through babel The example below will allow hyphenation to be hyphenated as well as Hyphenation and it prevents FORTRAN Fortran and fortran from being hyphenated at all No special characters or symbols are allowed in the argument Example hyphenation FORTRAN Hy phen a tion Although IATEX gives you a warning when that happens Overfull hbox and displays the offending line such lines are not always easy to find If you use the option draft in the Ndocumentclass command these lines will be marked with a thick black line on the right margin 2 3 Ready Made Strings 19 The command inserts a discretionary hyphen into a word This also becomes the only point hyphenation is allowed in this word This command is especially useful for words containing special characters e g accented char acters because IXTEX does not automatically hyphenate words containing special characters I think this is su per cal i frag i lis tic ex pi 7 al i do cious I think this is supercalifragilisticexpialido cious Several words can be kept together on one line with the command It causes its argument to be kept together under all circumstances My phone number will change soon It will be mbox 0116 291 2319 My phone number will change soon It will be 0116 291 2319 The parameter The parameter filename should contain the mbox em
26. ated bibliographies is based on a style sheets concept that allows you to create bibliographies following a wide range of established designs 4 3 Indexing A very useful feature of many books is their index With IATEX and the support program makeindex an index can be generated quite easily This introduction will only explain the basic index generation commands For a more in depth view please refer to The ATRX Companion 3 To enable the indexing feature of IATEX the makeidx package must be loaded in the preamble with usepackage makeidx and the special indexing commands must be enabled by putting the command into the input file preamble The content of the index is specified with commands where key is the index entry You enter the index commands at the points in the text that you want the final index entries to point to Table 4 2 explains the syntax of the key argument with several examples When the input file is processed with Rita each Nindex command writes an appropriate index entry together with the current page number to a special file The file has the same name as the IATEX input file but a different extension idx This idx file can then be processed with the makeindex program makeindex filename The makeindex program generates a sorted index with the same base file name but this time with the extension ind If now the IXTEX input file On systems not necessarily supporting filenames l
27. com mand latex file tex by pdflatex file tex On systems where IATEX is not called from the command line you may find a special button in the TEXControlCenter In BIFX you can define the the paper size with an optional documentclass argument such as a4paper or letterpaper This works in pdflIATEX too but on top of this pdf TEX also needs to know the physical size of the paper and not just the area to use for the layout If you use the hyperref package see page 76 the papersize will be adjusted automatically Otherwise you have to do this manually by putting the following lines into the preamble of the document pdfpagewidth paperwidth pdfpageheight paperheight The following section will go into more detail regarding the differences between normal IXIEX and pdfLATEX The main differences concern three areas the fonts to use the format of images to include and the manual configuration of hyperlinks 4 7 2 The Fonts pdfIATEX can deal with all sorts of fonts PK bitmaps TrueType POSTSCRIPT type 1 but prime IATEX font format the bitmap PK fonts produce very ugly results when the document is displayed with Acrobat Reader It is best to use POSTSCRIPT Type 1 fonts exclusively to produce documents that display well The POSTSCRIPT Type 1 implementation of the Computer Modern and AMSFonts was produced by Blue Sky Research and Y amp Y Inc who then transferred copyright to the American Mathematical Society The fonts were
28. do it end mur The Murphy theorem gets a number that is linked to the number of the current section You could also use another unit for example chapter or subsection 3 9 Bold Symbols 3 9 Bold Symbols It is quite difficult to get bold symbols in IXTEX this is probably intentional as amateur typesetters tend to overuse them The font change command mathbf gives bold letters but these are roman upright whereas mathe matical symbols are normally italic There is a boldmath command but this can only be used outside mathematics mode It works for symbols too 57 begin displaymath mu M qquad mathbf M qquad mbox boldmath mu M pM M pM end displaymath Notice that the comma is bold too which may not be what is required The package amsbsy included by amsmath as well as the bm from the tools bundle make this much easier as they include a boldsymbol command begin displaymath mu M qquad boldsymbol mu boldsymbol M BM pM end displaymath 58 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols The following tables demonstrate all the symbols normally accessible from math mode To use the symbols listed in Tables 3 12 3 16 the package amssymb must be loaded in the preamble of the document and the AMS math fonts must be installed on the system If the AMS package and fonts are not installed on your system have a look at macros latex r
29. fontenc and babel as well 31 32 Typesetting Text Table 2 6 The extra definitions made by Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian options of babel disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech EN like but producing no hyphen sign for compound words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allowing hyphenation in the composing words E thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname for German left double quotes looks like E for German right double quotes looks like 9 ig for French left double quotes looks like lt x gt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt 2 6 The Space Between Words To get a straight right margin in the output IXIEX inserts varying amounts of space between the words It inserts slightly more space at the end of a sentence as this makes the text more readable IXTEX assumes that sentences end with periods question marks or exclamation marks If a period follows an uppercase letter this is not taken as a sentence ending since periods after uppercase letters normally occur in abbreviations Any exception from these assumptions has to be specified
30. generate paragraphs that are either left or right aligned The center environment generates centred text If you do not issue NN to specify line breaks IXTEX will automatically deter mine line breaks begin flushleft This text is left aligned This text is LaTeX is not trying to make left aligned IATEX is not trying to make each line the same length each line the same length end flushleft begin flushright This text is right aligned This text is right LaTeX is not trying to make aligned IXTEX is not trying to make each each line the same length line the same length end flushright begin center At the centre of the earth end center At the centre of the earth 38 Typesetting Text 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse The quote environment is useful for quotes important phrases and examples A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is begin quote On average no line should be longer than 66 characters end quote This is why LaTeX pages have such large borders by default and also why multicolumn print is used in newspapers A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is On average no line should be longer than 66 characters This is why IATEX pages have such large bor ders by default and also why multicolumn print is used in newspapers There are two similar environments the quotation and the verse
31. hbp The placement specifier hbp allows IXIEX to place the table right here h or at the bottom b of some page or on a special floats page p and all this even if it does not look that good If no placement specifier is given the standard classes assume tbp IATEX will place every float it encounters according to the placement specifier supplied by the author If a float cannot be placed on the current page it is deferred either to the figures or the tables queue When a new page is started TEX first checks if it is possible to fill a special float page These are FIFO first in first out queues Table 2 7 Float Placing Permissions opec Permission to place the float h here at the very place in the text where it occurred This is useful mainly for small floats at the top of a page at the bottom of a page on a special page containing only floats PO oO ct without considering most of the internal parameters which could stop this float from being placed Note that pt and em are TEX units Read more on this in table 6 5 on page 109 Such as the maximum number of floats allowed on one page 2 12 Floating Bodies with floats from the queues If this is not possible the first float on each queue is treated as if it had just occurred in the text ta tries again to place it according to its respective placement specifiers except h which is no longer possible Any new floats occur
32. in a sans serif font or in typewriter emph sans serif font style Ntextttior in emph typewriter style 2 11 Environments Nbeginienvironment text end environment Where environment is the name of the environment Environments can be nested within each other as long as the correct nesting order is maintained begintaaa begin bbb end bbb end aaa In the following sections all important environments are explained 2 11 Environments 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description The itemize environment is suitable for simple lists the enumerate envi ronment for enumerated lists and the description environment for descrip tions flushleft begin enumerate item You can mix the list environments to your taste 1 You can mix the list environments to begin itemize your taste item But it might start to look silly e But it might start to look silly item With a dash EE e gebr end itemize item Therefore remember 2 Therefore remember beginid ipti oia Pd nd Stupid things will not become smart item Stupid things will not because they are in a list become smart because they are in a list Smart things though can be item Smart things though can be presented beautifully in a list presented beautifully in a list end description end enumerate 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center The environments flushleft and flushright
33. mathbf 105 mathcal 105 mathematical accents 48 delimiter 51 functions 49 minus 20 mathematics 45 mathit 105 mathnormal 105 mathrm 55 105 mathrsfs 64 mathsf 105 mathtext 31 mathtt 105 max 49 mbox 19 22 113 METAPOST 75 min 49 minipage 113 minus sign 20 Mittelbach Frank 1 mltex 74 mltex 74 modulo function 49 multicolumn 41 multiput 87 90 N newcommand 100 newenvironment 101 newline 17 newpage 17 127 newsavebox 92 newtheorem 55 56 noindent 108 nolinebreak 17 nonumber 54 nopagebreak 17 normalsize 104 not 59 O ce 23 one column 10 option 9 optional parameters 5 OT1 25 oval 91 93 overbrace 48 overfull hbox 18 overlay 82 overleftarrow 48 overline 48 overrightarrow 48 P package 6 9 99 packages aeguill 74 amsbsy 57 amsfonts 47 64 amsmath 49 52 54 55 57 amssymb 47 58 babel 18 23 31 32 bm 57 calc 112 color 80 dcolumn 41 doc 12 eepic 85 89 epic 85 eufrak 64 europs 21 eurosans 21 eurosym 21 euscript 64 128 exscale 12 51 fancyhdr 69 70 fontenc 12 25 31 geometry 71 graphicx 65 75 80 hyperref 73 76 80 hyphenat 71 itthen 12 indentfirst 108 inputenc 12 24 31 latexsym 12 layout 110 longtabular 41 makeidx 12 68 marvosym 21 mathrsfs 64 mathtext 31 mltex 74 pause 82 pdfscreen 80 82 83 pstricks 85 86 89 pxfonts 75 showidx 69 super
34. of this document is available on CTAN tex archive info lshort Contents Thank you iii Preface V 1 Things You Need to Know 1 1 1 The Name of the Game 1 AARE SEENEN 1 E Sy Sea dE ga 5 1 DO ec ew eee eee 9 oe P NE SEES p 2 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter 2 1 22 Layout Eesen 4 4 ieee thee X AA E E o dd 2 1 2 3 Advantages and Disadvantages 3 1 3 BIFX Input Piles Na 9 o X oo o RE o9 9 X xS 4 1 3 1 Spaces 22 22 nn 4 1 3 2 Special Characters lr 4 1 3 3 BIPA Commands 5 1 3 4 Comments 2 6 4448644424 e Oo E ws 6 LA l put Pile SHHODHE ke eee 09 9x 5x SS 6 1 5 A Typical Command Line Session f 1 6 The Layout of the Document 9 1 6 1 Document Classes 9 LE POBRE 6x9 x 4X OA dd E RS GE de We WO d 9 163 Pape rie A cee Ais d ee e E EUER 11 1 7 Files You Might Encounter 2 11 LO I IINE 22x 9x99 o9 ELEGER Sd RA 13 2 Typesetting Text 15 2 1 The Structure of Text and Language 15 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 17 2 2 1 Justified Paragraphs eos ooo ES dA ES 17 2 2 2 Hyphenation 18 2 3 Ready Made Strings 2l rl 19 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols a a a s 19 vill CONTENTS 24 1 Qu tation Marks lt ss de ox 4a o9 go woo os 19 2 4 2 Dash
35. or llless lesssim lessapprox lessgtr lesseqgtr lesseqqgtr preccurlyeq Ncurlyeqprec precsim precapprox subseteqq Subset sqsubset therefore shortmid smallsmile vartriangleleft Ntrianglelefteq dashleftarrow leftleftarrows leftrightarrows Lleftarrow twoheadleftarrow leftarrowtail leftrightharpoons Lsh looparrowleft curvearrowleft circlearrowleft gtrdot Ngeqslant Neqslantgtr Ngeqq ggg or Ngggtr gtrsim gtrapprox gtrless Ngtreqless gtreqqless succcurlyeq curlyeqsucc succsim succapprox Nsupseteqq Supset O UY NU RY CN YW WV AIIVAIVAV RV ev Y IV VN NV sqsupset because I Nshortparallel smallfrown vartriangleright IV Vo trianglerighteg Table 3 15 AMS Arrows dashrightarrow rightrightarrows rightleftarrows Rrightarrow twoheadrightarrow rightarrowtail rightleftharpoons Rsh looparrowright curvearrowright Oe Le Lou E circlearrowright I gt Ilo H Q 0 b 22 a E IS us Si VA Q v ee Ndoteqdot or Doteq Nrisingdotseq fallingdotseg eqcirc circeq triangleq Nbumpeq Bumpeq thicksim thickapprox Napproxeq backsim backsimeq vDash Vdash Vvdash backepsilon varpropto between pitchfork blacktriangleleft blacktriangleright multimap upuparrows downdownarrows upharpoonleft upharpoonright downharpoonleft downharpoonright rightsquigarrow leftrightsquig
36. outside the repertoire of US ASCII they will look rather strange with a normal ASCII editor The two most widely used encodings for Ko rean text files are EUC KR and its upward compatible extension used in Korean MS Windows CP949 Windows 949 UHC In these encod ings each US ASCII character represents its normal ASCII character similar to other ASCII compatible encodings such as IS0 8859 x EUC JP Shift JIS and Big5 On the other hand Hangul syllables Han jas Chinese characters as used in Korea Hangul Jamos Hirakanas Considering a number of issues Korean B TEX users have to cope with This section was written by Karnes KIM on behalf of the Korean lshort translation team It was translated into English by SHIN Jungshik and shortened by Tobi Oetiker 2 5 International Language Support Katakanas Greek and Cyrillic characters and other symbols and let ters drawn from KS X 1001 are represented by two consecutive octets The first has its MSB set Until the mid 1990 s it took a consider able amount of time and effort to set up a Korean capable environ ment under a non localized non Korean operating system You can skim through the now much outdated http jshin net faq to get a glimpse of what it was like to use Korean under non Korean OS in mid 1990 s These days all three major operating systems Mac OS Unix Windows come equipped with pretty decent multilingual sup port and internationalization features so that edit
37. puzzling 6 6 Boxes 6 6 Boxes IATEX builds up its pages by pushing around boxes At first each letter is a little box which is then glued to other letters to form words These are again glued to other words but with special glue which is elastic so that a series of words can be squeezed or stretched as to exactly fill a line on the page I admit this is a very simplistic version of what really happens but the point is that TEX operates on glue and boxes Letters are not the only things that can be boxes You can put virtually everything into a box including other boxes Each box will then be handled by IATEX as if it were a single letter In the past chapters you have already encountered some boxes although I did not tell you The tabular environment and the includegraphics for example both produce a box This means that you can easily arrange two tables or images side by side You just have to make sure that their combined width is not larger than the textwidth You can also pack a paragraph of your choice into a box with either the parbox pos width text command or the begin minipage Lpos width text end minipage environment The pos parameter can take one of the letters c t or b to control the vertical alignment of the box relative to the baseline of the surrounding text width takes a length argument specifying the width of the box The main difference between a minipage and a parbox is that yo
38. the text The complete document is here A click on the word here will open the file manual pdf The filename is relative to the location of the current document The author of an article might want her readers to easily send email messages by using the href command inside the author command on the title page of the document author Mary Oetiker lt href mailto mary oetiker ch mary oetiker ch gt Note that I have put the link so that my email address appears not only in the link but also on the page itself I did this because the link href mailto mary oetiker ch Mary Oetiker would work well within Acrobat but once the page is printed the email address would not be visible anymore 4 7 5 Problems with Links Messages like the following pdfTeX warning ext4 destination with the same identifier name page 1 has been already used duplicate ignored appear when a counter gets reinitialized for example by using the command mainmatter provided by the book document class It resets the page num ber counter to 1 prior to the first chapter of the book But as the preface of the book also has a page number 1 all links to page 1 would not be unique anymore hence the notice that duplicate has been ignored The counter measure consists of putting plainpages false into the hy perref options This unfortunately only helps with the page counter An even more radical solution is to use the opt
39. there are more characters on a single line This is because it is difficult for the eyes to move from the end of one line to the start of the next one This is also why newspapers are typeset in multiple columns 50 if you increase the width of your body text keep in mind that you are making life difficult for the readers of your paper But enough of the cautioning I promised to tell you how you do it IATEX provides two commands to change these parameters They are usually used in the document preamble The first command assigns a fixed value to any of the parameters Nsetlengthiparameter Fl length The second command adds a length to any of the parameters addtolength parameter Hi length This second command is actually more useful than the Nsetlength com macros latex required tools mean a real printed book produced by a reputable publisher 6 4 Page Layout WO e e ONO one inch hoffset oddsidemargin 22pt or evensidemargin headheight 13pt textheight 595pt marginparsep pt footskip 27pt hoffset Opt paperwidth 597pt 10 one inch voffset topmargin 22pt headsep 19pt textwidth 360pt marginparwidth 106pt marginparpush 5pt not shown voffset Opt paperheight 845pt Figure 6 2 Page Layout Parameters 111 112 Customising ATEX mand because you can now work relative to the existing settings To add one centimetre to the overall text w
40. useful for drawing vertical and horizontal lines The line on the title page for example has been created with a rule command A special case is a rule with no width but a certain height In professional typesetting this is called a strut It is used to guarantee that an element on a page has a certain minimal height You could use it in a tabular environment to make sure a row has a certain minimum height begin tabular cl hline rule 1ipt 4ex Pitprop ldots hline rule Opt 4ex Strut Strut hline end tabular The End Bibliography H 2 kl 3 4 kel 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leslie Lamport ATRX A Document Preparation System Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1994 ISBN 0 201 52983 1 Donald E Knuth The TgXbook Volume A of Computers and Type setting Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1984 ISBN 0 201 13448 9 Michel Goossens Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin The Hick Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1994 ISBN 0 201 54199 8 Michel Goossens Sebastian Rahtz and Frank Mittelbach The BTEX Graphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 ISBN 0 201 85469 4 Each BTFX installation should provide a so called ATpX Local Guide which explains the things that are special to the local system It should be contained in a file called Local tex Unfortunately some lazy syso
41. with pdfIATEX 77 citecolor green color of citation links bibliography filecolor magenta color of file links urlcolor cyan color of URL links mail web If you are happy with the defaults use usepackage pdftex hyperref To have the bookmark list open and links in color the true values are optional usepackage pdftex bookmarks colorlinks hyperref When creating PDFs destined for printing colored links are not a good thing as they end up in gray in the final output making it difficult to read You can use color frames which are not printed usepackagethyperref hypersetup colorlinks false or make links black usepackagethyperref hypersetup colorlinks citecolor black filecolor black linkcolor black urlcolor black 3 pdftex When you just want to provide information for the Document Info sec tion of the PDF file usepackage pdfauthor Pierre Desproges J pdftitle Des femmes qui tombent 7 pdftex thyperref In addition to the automatic hyperlinks for cross references it is possible to embed explicit links using href url text The code The href http www ctan org CTAN website 78 Specialities produces the output CTAN a click on the word CTAN will take you to the CTAN website If the destination of the link is not a URL but a local file you can use the href command The complete document is href manual pdf here Which produces
42. you Try the backslash command instead It produces a Things You Need to Know 1 3 4 Comments When IETEX encounters a character while processing an input file it ignores the rest of the present line the line break and all whitespace at the beginning of the next line This can be used to write notes into the input file which will not show up in the printed version This is an A stupid 4 Better instructive lt example Supercalf This is an example Supercalifragilisticexpi alidocious ifragilist icexpialidocious The 4 character can also be used to split long input lines where no whites pace or line breaks are allowed For longer comments you could use the comment environment provided by the verbatim package This means to use the comment environment you have to add the command usepackage verbatim to the preamble of your document This is another begin comment rather stupid but helpful end comment This is another example for embedding com ments in your document example for embedding comments in your document Note that this won t work inside complex environments like math for example 1 4 Input File Structure When IATEX 2e processes an input file it expects it to follow a certain struc ture Thus every input file must start with the command documentclass This specifies what sort of document you intend to write A
43. 0 30 circle 12 put 40 30 circle 13 put 40 30 circle 14 put 15 10 circle 1 put 20 10 circle 2 put 25 10 circle 3 put 30 10 circle 4 put 35 10 circle 5 end picture The command put Cz y circle diameter draws a circle with center x y and diameter not radius diameter The picture environment only admits diameters up to approximately 14mm and even below this limit not all diameters are possible The circle command produces disks filled circles As in the case of line segments one may have to resort to additional pack ages such as eepic or pstricks For a thorough description of these packages see The ATRX Graphics Companion 4 There is also a possibility within the picture environment If one is not afraid of doing the necessary calculations or leaving them to a program arbitrary circles and ellipses can be patched together from quadratic B zier curves See Graphics in Dik 2s 17 for examples and Java source files 90 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 5 Text and Formulas setlength unitlength 1cm begin picture 6 5 thicklines put 1 0 5 line 2 1 3 put 4 2 line 2 1 2 put 2 3 line 2 5 1 put 0 7 0 3 A put 4 05 1 9 B put 1 7 2 95 C put 3 1 2 5 a put 1 3 1 7 b put 2 5 1 05 c put 0 3 4 F sqrti s s a s b s c put 3 5 0 4 displaystyl
44. 112 settodepth 112 settoheight 112 settowidth 112 showidx 69 sin 49 single sided 10 sinh 49 slanted 104 slides class 9 sloppy 18 small 104 small caps 104 smallskip 110 space 4 special character 22 129 sqrt 48 square brackets 5 square root 48 stackrel 50 stretch 101 108 structure 6 strut 115 subarray 50 subparagraph 33 subscript 48 subsection 33 subsectionmark 70 substack 50 subsubsection 33 sum 50 sum operator 50 sup 49 superscript 50 supertabular 41 syntonly 12 14 T Ti 20 M T2x 31 T2A 25 31 T2B 25 120 25 table 39 table 42 43 table of contents 33 Ntableofcontents 33 83 tabular 39 113 tan 49 tanh 49 ATeX 19 texcomp 20 texdegree 20 texorpdfstring 79 textbf 104 textcelsius 20 textcomp 21 texteuro 21 textit 104 textmd 104 130 INDEX textnormal 104 verbatim 6 70 71 textrm 55 104 verbatim 39 70 71 textsc 104 verbatiminput 71 textsf 104 verse 38 Ntextsl 104 vertical dots 51 textstyle 55 vertical space 109 texttt 104 vspace 109 textup 104 thebibliography 67 WW thicklines 88 91 93 whitespace 4 thinlines 91 93 after commands 5 at the start of a line 4 thispagestyle 11 dob widehat 48 three dots 51 uide 20 48 widetilde 48 tilde 2 width 114 tiny 104 Word 69 title 10 34 SS Besse WYSIWYG 2 3 tnss 100 X Ntoday 19
45. 18 126 I idotsint 52 ifthen 12 ignorespaces 101 102 ignorespacesafterend 101 iiiint 52 iiint 52 Mant 52 include 13 14 includegraphics 66 75 79 113 includeonly 14 indent 108 indentfirst 108 index 68 index 68 69 inf 49 input 14 input encodings ansinew 24 applemac 24 cp1251 24 cp850 24 cp866nav 24 koi8 ru 24 31 latini 24 macukr 24 utf8 24 input file 7 inputenc 12 24 31 int 50 integral operator 50 international 23 italic 104 item 37 itemize 37 K ker 49 Knuth Donald E 1 koi8 ru 24 31 Korean 28 Korean font UHC font 30 Korean input files 28 INDEX L label 35 46 Lamport Leslie 1 language 23 LARGE 104 Large 104 large 104 LaTeX 19 IXTEX3 4 LaTeXe 19 latexsym 12 latini 24 layout 110 idots 22 51 left 51 left aligned 37 leftmark 69 70 legal paper 10 letter paper 10 lg 49 LGR 25 ligature 22 Nim 49 liminf 49 limsup 49 Mine 88 93 line break 17 line spacing 107 linebreak 17 linespread 107 linethickness 90 91 93 listoffigures 43 listoftables 43 Mn 49 log 49 long equations 53 longtabular 41 lscommand 99 M macukr 24 mainmatter 34 78 makebox 113 114 makeidx 12 68 INDEX makeidx package 68 makeindex 68 makeindex program 68 maketitle 34 margins 110 marginsize 82 marvosym 21 math 45 math font size 54 math spacing 51 mathbb 47
46. 2e is that the font attributes are indepen dent This means that you can issue size or even font changing commands and still keep the bold or slant attribute set earlier In math mode you can use the font changing commands to temporarily exit math mode and enter some normal text If you want to switch to another font for math typesetting you need another special set of commands refer to Table 6 4 In connection with the font size commands curly braces play a significant role They are used to build groups Groups limit the scope of most IATEX commands He likes LARGE large and Ei anal debt ok He likes large and smal letters The font size commands also change the line spacing but only if the paragraph ends within the scope of the font size command The closing curly brace should therefore not come too early Note the position of the par command in the next two examples Npar is equivalent to a blank line Table 6 1 Fonts textrm roman textsf sans serif texttt typewriter textmd medium textbf bold face textup upright textitt italic textsl slanted textsc SMALL CAPS emph emphasized textnormal document font Table 6 2 Font Sizes tiny tiny font Large larger font EE very small font LARGE VETY large font footnotesize quite small font small small font huge hu ge normalsize normal font large large font Huge argest 6 2 Fonts and
47. 5cm is a space This of 1 5 cm Customising ATEX The plus and minus parts of the length above tell TEX that it can com press and expand the inter paragraph skip by the amount specified if this is necessary to properly fit the paragraphs onto the page In continental Europe paragraphs are often separated by some space and not indented But beware this also has its effect on the table of contents Its lines get spaced more loosely now as well To avoid this you might want to move the two commands from the preamble into your document to some place after the tableofcontents or to not use them at all because you ll find that most professional books use indenting and not spacing to separate paragraphs If you want to indent a paragraph that is not indented you can use at the beginning of the paragraph Obviously this will only have an effect when parindent is not set to zero To create a non indented paragraph you can use as the first command of the paragraph This might come in handy when you start a document with body text and not with a sectioning command 6 3 3 Horizontal Space IATEX determines the spaces between words and sentences automatically To add horizontal space use hspacet length If such a space should be kept even if it falls at the end or the start of a line use hspace instead of hspace The length in the simplest case is just a number plus a unit The most important units are listed in Tabl
48. BTEX in addition has multi line super subscripts 3 4 Math Spacing If you put the command left in front of an opening delimiter or right in front of a closing delimiter TEX will automatically determine the correct size of the delimiter Note that you must close every left with a corre sponding right and that the size is determined correctly only if both are typeset on the same line If you don t want anything on the right use the invisible right 91 begin displaymath 1 Meft frac i 1 x 2 i X Wight 3 tT fer end displaymath In some cases it is necessary to specify the correct size of a mathematical delimiter by hand which can be done using the commands big Big bigg and Bigg as prefixes to most delimiter commands Big x 1 x 1 Big 7 2 e 1 e 1 big Big bigg Bigg Squad big Big bige Bigg quad H il big Big bigg Bigg I There are several commands to enter three dots into a formula ldots typesets the dots on the baseline and cdots sets them centred Besides that there are the commands vdots for vertical and ddots for diagonal dots You can find another example in section 3 5 begin displaymath x_ 1 ldots x_ n qquad x_ 1 cdots x_ n L1 Tn fa EE EH end displaymath 3 4 Math Spacing If the spaces within formulae chosen by TEX are not satisfactory they can be adjusted by inserting sp
49. Package 103 put 87 92 INDEX qbezier 85 87 93 qquad 46 51 quad 46 51 raisebox 114 ref 35 46 72 renewcommand 100 renewenvironment 101 right 51 52 right 51 rightmark 69 70 rule 101 115 savebox 92 screensize 82 scriptscriptstyle 55 scriptstyle 59 sec 49 section 33 44 sectionmark 70 selectlanguage 24 setlength 86 107 110 112 settodepth 112 settoheight 112 settowidth 112 sin 49 sinh 49 sloppy 18 smallskip 110 sqrt 48 stackrel 50 stretch 101 108 subparagraph 33 subsection 33 subsectionmark 70 substack 50 subsubsection 33 sum 50 sup 49 tableofcontents 33 83 tan 49 tanh 49 ATeX 19 Ntexdegree 20 Ntexorpdfstring 79 Ntextcelsius 20 INDEX texteuro 21 textrm 55 textstyle 55 thicklines 88 91 93 thinlines 91 93 thispagestyle 11 title 34 tnss 100 today 19 totalheight 114 underbrace 48 underline 30 48 unitlength 86 88 usebox 92 usepackage 11 21 23 25 103 vdots 51 Avec 48 vector 88 verb 39 verbatiminput 71 vspace 109 widehat 48 widetilde 48 width 114 xymatrix 96 comment 6 comments 6 cos 49 cosh 49 cot 49 coth 49 cp1251 24 cp850 24 cp866nav 24 cross references 35 csc 49 curly braces 5 104 D dash 20 date 34 dcolumn 41 ddots 51 123 decimal alignment 41 deg 49 degree symbol 20 delimiters 50 depth
50. The Not So Short Introduction to IXI EX 2e Or Hick 2s in 131 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 4 13 10 September 2003 ii Copyright C 1995 2002 Tobias Oetiker and all the Contributers to LShort All rights reserved This document is free you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 675 Mass Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA Thank you Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian in troduction to IATEX 2 09 written in German by Hubert Partl lt partlQOmail boku ac at gt Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universitat f r Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna lt Irene Hyna bmwf ac at gt Bundesministerium f r Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl lt noemail gt in Graz If you are interested in the German document you can find a version updated for IXTEX 2e by Jorg Knappen at CTAN tex archive info lshort german
51. X2 25 Ntotalheight 114 xpdf 73 two column 10 xy 95 txfonts 75 xymatrix 96 U ucs 24 umlaut 23 Nunderbrace 48 underfull hbox 18 Nunderline 36 48 unitlength 86 88 units 108 109 upright 104 URL 20 usebox 92 usepackage 11 21 23 25 103 utf8 24 y vdots 51 vec 48 vector 88 vectors 48 verb 39 INDEX 131
52. able of contents because this example does not contain a tableofcontents command the resolution of the link fails If you want the table of contents to be displayed right inside the navi gation panel you can use the option paneltoc when calling pdfscreen This will only produce satisfactory results if your presentation has very few and short entries in the table of contents You may want to provide short titles for your section headings in square brackets This short introduction only scratches the surface of what is possible with pdfscreen and PPower4 Both come with their own extensive documentation 83 Chapter 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics Most people use IATEX for typesetting their text But as the non content and structure oriented approach to authoring is so convenient IATEX also offers a if somewhat restricted possibility for producing graphical output from textual descriptions Furthermore quite a number of IATEX extensions have been created in order to overcome these restrictions In this section you will learn about a few of them 5 1 Overview The picture environment allows programming pictures directly in IATEX A detailed description can be found in the ATEX Manual 1 On the one hand there are rather severe constraints as the slopes of line segments as well as the radii of circles are restricted to a narrow choice of values On the other hand the picture environment of LATEX 2 brings with it the Nqbezier co
53. ae Qa For binary relations it may be useful to stack symbols over each other stackrel puts the symbol given in the first argument in superscript like size over the second which is set in its usual position begin displaymath int f_N x stackrel 1 end displaymath 94a The integral operator is generated with Nint the sum operator with sum and the product operator with Nprod The upper and lower limits are specified with and _ like subscripts and superscripts begin displaymath sum_ i 1 n qquad int_ 0 frac pi 2 qquad prod_ epsilon end displaymath To get more control over the placement of indices in complex expressions amsmath provides two additional tools the substack command and the subarray environment begin displaymath sum_ substack 0 lt i lt n 1 lt j lt m P i j sum_ begin subarray 1 i in INN 1 lt j lt m end subarray Q i j end displaymath TEX provides all sorts of symbols for braces and other delimiters e g T O lt i lt n icI 1 j m l j m Round and square braces can be entered with the corresponding keys and curly braces with but all other delimiters are generated with special commands e g Nupdownarrow For a list of all delimiters available check Table 3 8 on page 60 begin displaymath a b c neq a b c end displaymath a b c a b c 3 AMS
54. aller text unit is a sentence In English texts there is a larger space after a period that ends a sentence than after one that ends an abbreviation IXTEX tries to figure out which one you wanted to have If IATEX gets it wrong you must tell it what you want This is explained later in this chapter The structuring of text even extends to parts of sentences Most lan guages have very complicated punctuation rules but in many languages in cluding German and English you will get almost every comma right if you remember what it represents a short stop in the flow of language If you are not sure about where to put a comma read the sentence aloud and take 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking a short breath at every comma If this feels awkward at some place delete that comma if you feel the urge to breathe or make a short stop at some other place insert a comma Finally the paragraphs of a text should also be structured logically at a higher level by putting them into chapters sections subsections and so on However the typographical effect of writing e g section The Structure of Text and Language is so obvious that it is almost self evident how these high level structures should be used 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 2 2 1 Justified Paragraphs Books are often typeset with each line having the same length IATEX inserts the necessary line breaks and spaces between words by optimizing the con tents of a w
55. ample below illustrates the usage of the newenvironment com mand newenvironment king rule tex lex hspace stretch 1 hspace stretch 1 rule 1ex 1ex B My humble subjects E begin king My humble subjects ldots end king The num argument is used the same way as in the newcommand com mand IAXIEX makes sure that you do not define an environment that al ready exists If you ever want to change an existing command you can use the renewenvironment command It uses the same syntax as the newenvironment command The commands used in this example will be explained later For the rule command see page 115 for stretch go to page 108 and more infor mation on hspace can be found on page 108 6 1 3 Extra Space When creating a new environemnt you may easily get bitten by extra spaces creaping in which can potentially have fatal effects For example when you want to create a title environemnt which supresses its own indentation as well as the one on the following paragraph The ignorespaces command in the begin block of the environment will make it ignore any space after executing the begin block The end block is a bit more tricky as special processing occures at the end of an environment With the ignorespacesafterend 102 Customising ATEX IATEX will issue an ignorespaces after the special end processing has occured newenvironment simple 7 noindent par noindent See t
56. and cyinpenc dtx respectively Section 4 6 tells how to produce package documentation 2 5 International Language Support four bytes Font encoding is a different matter It defines at which position inside a TpEX font each letter is stored Multiple input encodings could be mapped into one font encoding which reduces number of required font sets Font encodings are handled through fontenc package usepackage encoding fontenc where encoding is font encoding It is possible to load several encodings simultaneously The default IATEX font encoding is OT1 the encoding of the the original Computer Modern TEX font It containins only the 128 characters of the 7 bit ASCII character set When accented characters are required TEX creates them by combining normal character with an accent While the resulting output looks perfect this approach stops the automatic hyphenation from working inside words containing accented characters Besides some of latin letters could not be created by combining a normal character with an accent to say nothing about letters of non latin alphabets such as Greek or Cyrillic To overcome these shortcomings several 8 bit CM like font sets were cre ated Extended Cork EC fonts in T1 encoding contains letters and punctu ation characters for most of the European languages based on Latin script The LH font set contains letters necessary to typeset documents in languages using Cyrillic script Because of
57. arrow 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols a Qua Ke e ft T HO TRH AD RA RA HA DR DR RARA TAHA HA VA Ta LA A 63 Table 3 16 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows nless Vlneg nleq nlegslant lneqq lvertneqq nleqq lnsim lnapprox nprec npreceq Nprecneqq precnsim precnapprox subsetneq Nvarsubsetneq nsubseteq subsetneqq nleftarrow nLeftarrow dod HU TL IU RY RY NY BC C RV RV Wiel HV HV WET IV e ngtr gneq ingeg ngegslant gneqq Ngvertneqq ngeqq gnsim gnapprox nsucc nsucceq Nsuccneqq succnsim succnapprox supsetneq varsupsetneq nsupseteq Nsupsetneqq nrightarrow MMA BRA RR H KR Ss x Wl DI nRightarrow Nvarsubsetneqq Nvarsupsetneqq nsubseteqq nsupseteqq nmid nparallel nshortmid nshortparallel nsim ncong nvdash nvDash nVdash nVDash ntriangleleft ntriangleright ntrianglelefteq ntrianglerighteq nleftrightarrow nLeftrightarrow Table 3 17 AMS Binary Operators dotplus ltimes Cup or doublecup veebar boxplus boxtimes leftthreetimes curlyvee me Xo el Tat Xx centerdot rtimes Cap or doublecap barwedge boxminus boxdot rightthreetimes curlywedge intercal divideontimes smallsetminus doublebarwedge circleddash Ncircledcirc G Oil 5 A Ncircledast 64 Qua Ne ua pe ET za Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 18 AMS Miscellaneous hbar h hslash
58. arrow ff Uparrow or Mbrack orirbrack downarrow Downarrow Mor lbrace M or rbrace 7 Nupdownarrow Updownarrow langle rangle or vert M or Wert M floor rfloor lceil Nrceil V backslash dual empty Table 3 9 Large Delimiters lgroup rgroup f lmoustache rmoustache arrowvert Arrowvert bracevert 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols 61 Table 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols cus NdOUs Ncdots Nvdots Addots h Nhbar a imath 3 jmath l Nell Jt Re S Im H Naleph Q Nwp V Mforall J exists O mho O Npartial AE Nprime O emptyset oo Ninfty V nabla A Ntriangle O Box Diamond JL Woot T Ncop Z Nangle vV surd lt gt Mdiamondsuit Q heartsuit amp clubsuit spadesuit gt Meg or Mnot b f lat 1 natural D sharp Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols These symbols can also be used in text mode Mag 8 S copyright R textregistered i ddag NP pounds 76 Nh Table 3 12 AMS Delimiters Nulcorner urcorner Mlcorner Nlrcorner lvert rvert MVert rVert Table 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew F digamma x varkappa 3 beth J gimel Ndaleth 62 Go54t4 olIltdgiliI IA A X 1 A WA RA CA A A VIAVIA VA QA 2A A HA N A A Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 14 AMS Binary Relations lessdot leqslant Neqslantless leqq 111
59. ave a paragraph break but the old thought continues it should be removed If some totally new line of thought occurs in the same paragraph then it should be broken Most people completely underestimate the importance of well placed paragraph breaks Many people do not even know what the meaning of Different At All Cost a translation of the Swiss German UVA Um s Verrecken An ders 16 Typesetting Text a paragraph break is or especially in IATEX introduce paragraph breaks without knowing it The latter mistake is especially easy to make if equa tions are used in the text Look at the following examples and figure out why sometimes empty lines paragraph breaks are used before and after the equation and sometimes not If you don t yet understand all commands well enough to understand these examples please read this and the following chapter and then read this section again Example 1 ldots when Einstein introduced his formula begintequation e m cdot c 2 end equation which is at the same time the most widely known and the least well understood physical formula Example 2 ldots from which follows Kirchhoff s current law begintequation sum_ k 1 n Ik 0 end equation Kirchhoff s voltage law can be derived ldots Example 3 ldots which has several advantages begintequation I_D I_F I_R end equation is the core of a very different transistor model ldots The next sm
60. book class an additional top level sectioning command becomes available As the article class does not know about chapters it is quite easy to add articles as chapters to a book The spacing between sections the numbering and the font size of the titles will be set automatically by ATRX Two of the sectioning commands are a bit special e The part command does not influence the numbering sequence of chapters e The appendix command does not take an argument It just changes the chapter numbering to letters IATEX creates a table of contents by taking the section headings and page numbers from the last compile cycle of the document The command tableofcontents expands to a table of contents at the place it is issued A new document has to be compiled FIXTEXed twice to get a correct table of contents For the article style it changes the section numbering 33 34 Typesetting Text Sometimes it might be necessary to compile the document a third time IATEX will tell you when this is necessary All sectioning commands listed above also exist as starred versions A starred version of a command is built by adding a star after the command name This generates section headings that do not show up in the table of contents and are not numbered The command section Help for example would become section Help Normally the section headings show up in the table of contents exactly as they are ent
61. by the author A backslash in front of a space generates a space that will not be enlarged A tilde character generates a space that cannot be enlarged and additionally prohibits a line break The command in front of a period specifies that this period terminates a sentence even when it follows an uppercase letter Mr Smith was happy to see her Mr Smith was happy to see her Grs Fie 5 cf Fig 5 I like BASIC What about you I like BASIC What about you The additional space after periods can be disabled with the command frenchspacing which tells IATEX not to insert more space after a period than after ordinary 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections character This is very common in non English languages except bibliogra phies If you use frenchspacing the command is not necessary 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections To help the reader find his or her way through your work you should divide it into chapters sections and subsections ATEX supports this with special commands that take the section title as their argument It is up to you to use them in the correct order The following sectioning commands are available for the article class section subsection subsubsection paragraph subparagraph If you want to split your document in parts without influencing the sec tion or chapter numbering you can use When you work with the report or
62. cal Guide 5 should give more information on this 3 Language specific typographic rules In French for example there is a mandatory space before each colon character If your system is already configured appropriately you can activate the babel package by adding the command usepackage language babel after the documentclass command A list of the languages built into your IATEX system will be displayed every time the compiler is started Babel will automatically activate the appropriate hyphenation rules for the lan guage you choose If your I4TEX format does not support hyphenation in the language of your choice babel will still work but will disable hyphen ation which has quite a negative effect on the appearance of the typeset document Table of Contents List of Figures Table 2 2 Accents and Special Characters O N o No No O No o o O o O No Xe og uo 6 v o 6 Ho Q Aco o do o bo o Nt oo ce Noe E ADE Nae NE Naa A NA do NO I A L NE 1 i J Nj Ew Lh E 23 24 Typesetting Text Babel also specifies new commands for some languages which simplify the input of special characters The German language for example contains a lot of umlauts With babel you can enter an 6 by typing o instead of No If you call babel with multiple languages usepackage languageA languageB babel you have to use the command selectlanguage languageA to s
63. cuments Chapter 3 explains how to typeset formulae with Rita Many examples demonstrate how to use one of IXTEX s main strengths At the end of the chapter are tables listing all mathematical symbols available in IATEX Chapter 4 explains indexes bibliography generation and inclusion of EPS graphics It introduces creation of PDF documents with pdfl4TRX and presents some handy extension packages Chapter 5 shows how to use IATEX for creating graphics Instead of draw ing a picture with some graphics program saving it to a file and then including it into IXTEX you describe the picture and have IATEX draw it for you Chapter 6 contains some potentially dangerous information about how to alter the standard document layout produced by IATEX It will tell you how to change things such that the beautiful output of IXTEX turns ugly or stunning depending on your abilities vi Preface It is important to read the chapters in order the book is not that big after all Be sure to carefully read the examples because a lot of the information is in the examples placed throughout the book IATEX is available for most computers from the PC and Mac to large UNIX and VMS systems On many university computer clusters you will find that a IATEX installation is available ready to use Information on how to access the local IATEX installation should be provided in the Local Guide 5 If you have problems getting started ask the person who gave
64. d paragraph The aspect ratio is 1 0 because no special height is specified The width and height parameters can also be specified in absolute dimensions Refer to Table 6 5 on page 109 for more information If you want to know more about this topic make sure to read 9 and 13 4 2 Bibliography You can produce a bibliography with the thebibliography environment Each entry starts with bibitem Llabel marker The marker is then used to cite the book article or paper within the document citetmarker If you do not use the label option the entries will get enumerated au tomatically The parameter after the begin thebibliography command defines how much space to reserve for the number or labels In the example below 99 tells IXTEX to expect that none of the bibliography item numbers will be wider than the number 99 Partl 1 has proposed that Partl Nciteipa has proposed that ldots begin thebibliography 99 bibitem pa H Parti emph German TeX B ibliogr ap hy TUGboat Volume 9 Issue 1 1988 end thebibliography 1 H Partl German TEX TUGboat Vol ume 9 Issue 1 1988 68 Specialities For larger projects you might want to check out the BibTRX program BibTEX is included with most TEX distributions It allows you to main tain a bibliographic database and then extract the references relevant to things you cited in your paper The visual presentation of BibTRX gener
65. e characters such as blank or tab are treated uniformly as space by BIFX Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one space Whitespace at the start of a line is generally ignored and a single line break is treated as whitespace An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a paragraph Several empty lines are treated the same as one empty line The text below is an example On the left hand side is the text from the input file and on the right hand side is the formatted output It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph 1 3 2 Special Characters The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under IZXTEX or are not available in all the fonts If you enter them directly in your text they will normally not print but rather coerce IATEX to do things you did not intend F amp Rumour says that this is one of the key elements that will be addressed in the upcoming IATEX3 system 1 3 RTEX Input Files As you will see these characters can be used in your documents all the same by adding a prefix backslash NIE ENO MN VI 8 7 The other symbols and many more can be printed with special commands in mathema
66. e s frac atbtc 2 end picture As this example shows text and formulas can be written into a picture environment with the put command in the usual way 5 2 6 The multiput and the linethickness command setlength unitlength 2mm begin picture 30 20 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 31 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0 1 21 line 1 0 30 linethickness 0 15mm multiput 0 0 5 0 7 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0 5 5 line 1 0 30 linethickness 0 3mm multiput 5 0 10 0 3 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 5 0 10 2 line 1 0 30 end picture The command multiput x y Az Ay n object has 4 arguments the starting point the translation vector from one ob 5 2 The picture Environment 91 ject to the next the number of objects and the object to be drawn The linethickness command applies to horizontal and vertical line segments but neither to oblique line segments nor to circles It does however apply to quadratic B zier curves 5 2 7 Ovals The thinlines and the thicklines command setlength unitlength 1cm begin picture 6 4 Linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 2 3 oval 3 1 8
67. e 6 5 is a space of 1 5 cm The command generates a special rubber space It stretches until all the remaining space To indent the first paragraph after each section head use the indentfirst package in the tools bundle 6 3 Spacing 109 Table 6 5 TEX Units mm millimetre 1 25 inch JU cm centimetre 10 mm L j in inch 25 4mm pt point 1 72 inch mm em approx width of an M in the current font L ex approx height of an x in the current font on a line is filled up If two hspace stretch n commands are issued on the same line they grow according to the stretch factor x hspace stretch 1 x hspace stretch 3 x When using horizontal space together with text it may make sense to make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font This can be done by using the text relative units em and ex Large big hspace lem y big y tiny tin hspace iem y E 6 3 4 Vertical Space The space between paragraphs sections subsections is determined au tomatically by IXIEX If necessary additional vertical space between two paragraphs can be added with the command Nvspacetlength This command should normally be used between two empty lines If the space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page use the starred version of the command Nvspace instead of Nvspace The Nstretch command in c
68. e ATEX Companion 3 latexsym To access the IATEX symbol font you should use the latexsym package Described in latexsym dtx and in The ATRX Companion 3 makeidx Provides commands for producing indexes Described in section 4 3 and in The ATRX Companion 3 syntonly Processes a document without typesetting it inputenc Allows the specification of an input encoding such as ASCII ISO Latin 1 ISO Latin 2 437 850 IBM code pages Apple Macintosh Next ANSI Windows or user defined one Described in inputenc dtx This file should be installed on your system and you should be able to get a dvi file by typing latex doc dtx in any directory where you have write permission The same is true for all the other files mentioned in this table Table 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of IATRX plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page in the middle of the footer This is the default page style headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number in the header on each page while the footer remains empty This is the style used in this document empty sets both the header and the footer to be empty 1 8 Big Projects ins The installer for the files contained in the matching dtx file If you download a ta package from the net you will normally get a dtx and a ins file Run IATEX on the ms file to unpack the dtx file cls Class files define what your document looks like They are selected wit
69. e a file extension in the Nincludegraphics command graphicx will go looking for a suitable file on its own depending on the setting of the driver op tion For pdftex this is formats png pdf jpg mps METRPOST and tif but not eps The simple way out of this problem is to just convert your EPS files into PDF format using the epstopdf utility found on many systems For vector graphics drawings this is a great solution For bitmaps photos scans this is not ideal because the PDF format natively supports the inclusion of PNG and JPEG images PNG is good for screenshots and other images with few colors JPEG is great for photos as it is very space efficient It may even be desirable not to draw certain geometric figures but rather describe the figure with a specialized command language such as METR POST which can be found in most TEX distributions and comes with its own extensive manual 79 76 Specialities 4 7 4 Hypertext Links The hyperref package will take care of turning all internal references of your document into hyperlinks For this to work properly some magic is necessary so you have to put Nusepackage pdftex ihyperref as the last command into the preamble of your document Many options are available to customize the behaviour of the hyperref package e either as a comma separated list after the pdftex option usepackage pdftex hyperref e or on individual lines with the command hypersetup opti
70. ecial spacing commands There are some commands for small spaces for A quad 1 for is quad U and for is quad Ll The escaped space character Ny generates a medium sized space and quad L and Nqquad i produce large spaces The size of a quad corresponds to the width of the character M of the current font The command produces a negative space of 2 quad 1 These commands do not work as expected if a size changing command has been used or the 11pt or 12pt option has been specified Use the exscale or amsmath packages to correct this behaviour 92 newcommand ud mathrm d begin displaymath int int_ D g x y Xs ud x Nud y end displaymath instead of begin displaymath int int_ D g x y ud x ud y end displaymath Typesetting Mathematical Formulae J sew avay EET instead of Note that d in the differential is conventionally set in roman AMS ETEX provides another way for fine tuning the spacing between multiple integral signs namely the iint Niiint iiiint and idotsint commands With the amsmath package loaded the above example can be typeset this way newcommand ud mathrm d begin displaymath iint_ D X ud x V ud y end displaymath J Aen See the electronic document testmath tex distributed with AMS ETEX or Chapter 8 of The HTEX Companion 3 for further details 3 5 Vertically Aligned Material To ty
71. ent e g in the table of contents as well as in the body of the document Some commands fail when used in the argument of section like commands These commands are called frag ile commande Jor example footnote or phantom These fragile com mands need protection don t we all You can protect them by putting the protect command in front of them protect only refers to the command that follows right behind not even toits arguments In most cases a superfluous Nprotect won t hurt section I am considerate protect footnote and protect my footnotes 18 assuming the figure queue is empty Chapter 3 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Now you are ready In this chapter we will attack the main strength of TEX mathematical typesetting But be warned this chapter only scratches the sur face While the things explained here are sufficient for many people don t despair if you can t find a solution to your mathematical typesetting needs here It is highly likely that your problem is addressed in A 4S IATEX 3 1 General IATEX has a special mode for typesetting mathematics Mathematics can be typeset inline within a paragraph or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately Mathematical text within a paragraph is entered between and between and or between begin math and end math Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach c 23 a 2 b 1 2
72. envi ronments The quotation environment is useful for longer quotes going over several paragraphs because it indents the first line of each paragraph The verse environment is useful for poems where the line breaks are important The lines are separated by issuing a at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse I know only one English poem by heart It is about Humpty Dumpty I know only one English poem by heart It is begin flushleft about Humpty Dumpty begin verse Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall Humpty Dumpty had a great All the King s horses and all fall the King s men All the King s horses and all Couldn t put Humpty together the King s men again Couldn t put Humpty together end verse again end flushleft 2 11 4 Abstract In scientific publications it is customary to start with an abstract which gives the reader a quick overview of what to expect IXTEX provides the abstract environment for this purpose Normally abstract is used in documents typeset with the article document class begin abstract The abstract abstract The abstract abstract end abstract 2 11 Environments 2 11 5 Printing Verbatim Text that is enclosed between begin verbatim and endt verbatim will be directly printed as if typed on a typewriter with all line breaks and spaces without any IATEX command being executed
73. equired amslatex An even more comprehensive list of symbols can be found at info symbols comprehensive Table 3 1 Math Mode Accents a hatta checkfa a tilde a acute a Ngravelas a _ dott a a ddott a brevet a a bar at g Wec a A Widehat A A Widetilde A Table 3 2 Lowercase Greek Letters a Nalpha 0 theta O o v upsilon B beta vartheta m pi o phi gamma L iota w varpi p varphi d delta k Nkappa p Nrho X chi epsilon A lambda o varrho w psi Nvarepsilon pz Amu o sigma w omega C zeta y inu Nvarsigma n Neta E Nxi T tau Table 3 3 Uppercase Greek Letters I Gamma A Lambda Sigma V Psi A Delta Mi Y Upsilon Q Omega O Theta II Pi dh Phi These tables were derived from symbols tex by David Carlisle and subsequently changed extensively as suggested by Josef Tkadlec 3 10 List of Mathematical Symbols Table 3 4 Binary Relations 99 You can negate the following symbols by prefixing them with a not com mand H AA LE re E SECA lt leq or Me M prec preceq subset subseteq sqsubset sqsubseteq in vdash mid smile E SSR Or RR ME E M S gt geq or ge Ng succ succeq supset supseteg sqsupset sqsupseteq ni owns dashv parallel frown E E e LR de EA SY AE AY notin d d IW 2 I L8 X X le v IX Nequiv doteq sim simeq approx cong Join bowtie propto
74. ere have been many attempts to create translators from IATEX to HTML Some were even quite successful in the sense that they are able to produce legible web pages from a standard IATEX input file But all of them cut corners left and right to get the job done As soon as you start using more complex LATEX features and external packages things tend to fall apart Authors wishing to preserve the unique typographic quality of their documents even when publishing on the web turn to PDF Portable Document Format which preserves the layout of the document and permits hypertext navigation Most modern browsers come with plugins that allow the direct display of PDF documents 4 7 Working with pdfIATEX Even though there are DVI and PS viewers for almost every platform you will find that acrobat reader and xpdf for viewing PDF documents are more widely deployed So providing PDF versions of your documents will make them much more accessible to your potential readers 4 7 1 PDF Documents for the Web The creation of a PDF file from IXTEX source is very simple thanks to the pdfTEX program developed by H n Th Thanh pdfIFX produces PDF output where normal TFX produces DVI There is also a pdft amp TEX which produces PDF output from IATEX sources Both pdfIEX and pdflATEX are installed automatically by most modern TEX distributions such as te TEX fp TEX MikTEX TEXLive and CMacTEX To produce a PDF instead of DVI it is sufficient to replace the
75. ere you ll find an entry for dum pointing to every page where I mentioned the dum command 100 Customising ATEX If I ever decide that I do not like the commands to be typeset in a box any more I can simply change the definition of the 1scommand environment to create a new look This is much easier than going through the whole document to hunt down all the places where I have used some generic IXTEX commands to draw a box around some word 6 1 1 New Commands To add your own commands use the newcommand name Lnum definition command Basically the command requires two arguments the name of the command you want to create and the definition of the command The num argument in square brackets is optional and specifies the number of arguments the new command takes up to 9 are possible If missing it defaults to 0 i e no argument allowed The following two examples should help you to get the idea The first example defines a new command called tnss This is short for The Not So Short Introduction to IATEX 2e Such a command could come in handy if you had to write the title of this book over and over again newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe This is tnss ldots Nonss This is The not so Short Introduction to IATEX 25 The not so Short Introduction to BTFX Qe The next example illustrates how to define a new command that takes one argument
76. ered in the text Sometimes this is not possible because the heading is too long to fit into the table of contents The entry for the table of contents can then be specified as an optional argument in front of the actual heading chapter Title for the table of contents A long and especially boring title shown in the text The title of the whole document is generated by issuing a command The contents of the title have to be defined by the commands title author and optionally date before calling maketitle In the argument to author you can supply several names separated by and commands An example of some of the commands mentioned above can be found in Figure 1 2 on page 7 Apart from the sectioning commands explained above IXTEX 2 intro duced three additional commands for use with the book class They are useful for dividing your publication The commands alter chapter headings and page numbering to work as you would expect it in a book frontmatter should be the very first command after begin document It will switch page numbering to Roman numerals and sections be non enumerated As if you were using the starred sectioning commands eg chapter Preface but the sections will still show up in the table of contents mainmatter comes right before the first chapter of the book It turns on Arabic page numbering and restarts the page counter appendix marks the start of additional mater
77. ering of headings have to be chosen to make the structure of chapters and sections clear to the reader What you see is what you get 1 2 Basics e The line length has to be short enough not to strain the eyes of the reader while long enough to fill the page beautifully With WYSIWYG systems authors often generate aesthetically pleasing documents with very little or inconsistent structure IATEX prevents such formatting errors by forcing the author to declare the log cal structure of his document IATEX then chooses the most suitable layout 1 2 3 Advantages and Disadvantages When people from the WYSIWYG world meet people who use IATEX they often discuss the advantages of TFX over a normal word processor or the opposite The best thing you can do when such a discussion starts is to keep a low profile since such discussions often get out of hand But sometimes you cannot escape So here is some ammunition The main advantages of IATEX over normal word processors are the following e Professionally crafted layouts are available which make a document really look as if printed e The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a convenient way e Users only need to learn a few easy to understand commands that spec ify the logical structure of a document They almost never need to tinker with the actual layout of the document e Even complex structures such as footnotes references table of co
78. es and Hyphens 4 20 dL THOSE aa eese AE 9 3o 3 RES o 3 Ed Rn 20 2 4 4 Degree Symbol o llle 20 2 4 5 The Euro Currency Symbol 21 AO BENE 2533343 R3 Xem Rp yos ES 22 254 Ligature e ss o9 ooo 9o 9o now o mE mo moR S Xx 27 2 4 8 Accents and Special Characters 22 2 5 International Language Support 23 2 9 1 Support for Portuguese 06 25 2 9 2 Support for French 2f 20 0 GOUDDUR IDE GEMAN o ue gov E OR YA GR Ree HS 27 2 5 4 Support for Korean se ce ee eR rd Ew SS 28 2 5 5 Support for Cyrilic os s s s sa s cse eres sls 31 2 6 The Space Between Words 02 0008 32 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections 0 33 2 8 Cross References 1 a 2 a n 35 29 POUCO co eee eee ow ERES BO Ne RA 39 2 10 Emphasized Words 0 0 ee eee ee ee 36 Jl IGMOPONIDODS ess et RK MERECE X Xo amp E HO 36 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description 37 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center 37 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse 38 21144 Abstract on eee ep bbw be Ee SSH EO A A 38 211 5 Printing Verbatim ne ha me NR EN 9 ex Ea 39 2210 TDU 23 99 om B3 RSH ERE HEROES 9 39 242 Floating Bodies cs auos ono ee Ss ma Oe omm E E 41 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands 44 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 45 EL AM cs 5 9 9 XO e 9o ue x Sw EUROS HP mE A ee PP id 45 3 2 Grouping in Math
79. es and other automatic text that will change while you edit the document It takes a painstaking effort to place appropriate particles manually every time you add remove references or simply shuffle parts of your document around HIATEX relieves its users from this boring and error prone process In case you don t need Korean localization features but just want to typeset Korean text you can put the following line in the preamble instead usepackage hf ont For more details on typesetting Korean with HIXTEX refer to the HA TRY Guide Check out the web site of the Korean TEX User Group KTUG at Korean Ministry of Culture 2 5 International Language Support http www ktug or kr There is also a Korean translation of this manual available 2 5 5 Support for Cyrillic By Maksym Polyakov lt polyama myrealbox com gt Version 3 7h of babel includes support for the T2 encodings and for type setting Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian texts using Cyrillic letters Support for Cyrillic is based on standard IATEX mechanisms through the fontenc and inputenc packages But if you are going to use Cyrillics in math mode you need to load mathtext package before fontenc usepackage mathtext Nusepackage T1 T2A fontenc usepackage koi8 ru inputenc usepackage english bulgarian russian ukranian babel Generally babel will authomatically choose the default font encoding for the above three languages this is T2A
80. et the current language Most of the modern computer systems allow you to input letter of na tional alphabets directly from the keyboard In order to handle variety of input encoding used for different groups of languages and or on different computer platforms I TEX employs the inputenc package usepackage encoding inputenc When using this package you should consider that other people might not be able to display your input files on their computer because they use a different encoding For example the German umlaut on OS 2 is encoded as 132 on Unix systems using ISO LATIN 1 it is encoded as 228 while in cyrillic encoding cp1251 for Windows this letter does not exist at all therefore you should use this feature with care The following encodings may come in handy depending on the type of system you are working on Operating encodings system western latin cyrillic Mac applemac macukr Unix latini koi8 ru Windows ansinew cp1251 DOS OS 2 cp850 cp866nav If you use multilingual document with conflicting input encodings you might want to switch to unicode with the help of ucs package usepackage ucs Nusepackage utf8 inputenc will enable you to create I4TEX input files in utf8 a multi byte encoding in which each character can be encoded in as little as one byte and as many as To learn more about supported by IATEX input encodings for Latin based and Cyrillic based languages read documentation for inputenc dtx
81. extension ins and another with the extension dtx There will often be a readme txt with a brief description of the package You should of course read this file first In any event once you have copied the package files onto your machine you still have to process them in a way that a tells your TEX distribution about the new style package and b gives you the documentation Here s how you do the first part 1 Run IATEX on the ins file This will extract a sty file 2 Move the sty file to a place where your distribution can find it Usu ally this is in your Llocaltezmf tex latex subdirectory Win dows or OS 2 users should feel free to change the direction of the slashes 3 Refresh your distribution s file name database The command depends on the I IEXdistribution you use teTeX fpTeX texhash web2c maktexlsr MikTeX initexmf update fndb or use the GUI Now you can extract the documentation from the dtx file 1 Run TRX on the dtx file This will generate a dvi file Note that you may have to run IATEX several times before it gets the cross references right 2 Check to see if IATEX has produced a idx file among the various files you now have If you do not see this file then you may proceed to step 5 71 72 Specialities 3 In order to generate the index type the following makeindex s gind ist name where name stands for the main file name without any extension 4 Run BIFX
82. flipo univ lille1 fr gt Some hints for those creating French documents with LEXIEX you can load French language support with the following command usepackage frenchb babel Note that for historical reasons the name of babel s option for French is either frenchb or francais but not french This enables French hyphenation if you have configured your IXTRX sys tem accordingly It also changes all automatic text into French chapter prints Chapitre today prints the current date in French and so on A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write French input files more easily Check out table 2 4 for inspiration Table 2 4 Special commands for French og guillemets fg guillemets M upi me D up r Mi D 1 ier 1 iere i ieres 1 In Um 2 ieme 4 iemes 27 qs No 1 no 2 N 1 n 2 20 degres C 45 degres 20 C 45 bsc M Durand M DURAND nombre 1234 56789 1 234 567 89 You will also notice that the layout of lists changes when switching to the French language For more information on what the frenchb option of babel does and how you can customize its behaviour run IATEX on file frenchb dtx and read the produced file frenchb dvi 2 5 3 Support for German Some hints for those creating German documents with IAXTEX you can load German language support with the following command usepackage german babel This enables German hyphenation if you have configured y
83. fter that you can include commands that influence the style of the whole document or you can load packages that add new features to the IXTEX system To load such a package you use the command usepackage When all the setup work is done you start the body of the text with the command The area between documentclass and begin document is called the preamble 1 5 A Typical Command Line Session begintdocument Now you enter the text mixed with some useful IXTEX commands At the end of the document you add the end document command which tells IATEX to call it a day Anything that follows this command will be ignored by BIFX Figure 1 1 shows the contents of a minimal TFX 2e file A slightly more complicated input file is given in Figure 1 2 1 5 A Typical Command Line Session I bet you must be dying to try out the neat small IATEX input file shown on page 7 Here is some help IXTEX itself comes without a GUI or fancy buttons to press It is just a program that crunches away at your input file Some la installations feature a graphical front end where you can click documentclass article begintdocument Small is beautiful end document Figure 1 1 A Minimal IATRX File documentclass L a4paper 11pt article A define the title author H Partl title Minimalism begintdocument A generates the title maketitle insert the table of contents tableofcontents section Some Intere
84. ger Will Robinson Danger As noted at the beginning of this chapter it is dangerous to clutter your document with explicit commands like this because they work in opposition to the basic idea of IATEX which is to separate the logical and visual markup of your document This means that if you use the same font changing com mand in several places in order to typeset a special kind of information you should use newcommand to define a logical wrapper command for the font changing command newcommand oops L1 textbf 1 Do not oops tenter this room it s occupied by a oops machine of unknown origin and purpose Do not enter this room it s occupied by a machine of unknown origin and purpose This approach has the advantage that you can decide at some later stage that you want to use some visual representation of danger other than textbf without having to wade through your document identifying all the occurrences of textbf and then figuring out for each one whether it was used for pointing out danger or for some other reason 6 2 3 Advice To conclude this journey into the land of fonts and font sizes here is a little word of advice 6 3 Spacing 107 ee The MO RE fonts you use in a document the more READABLE and beautiful it becomes 6 3 Spacing 6 3 1 Line Spacing If you want to use larger inter line spacing in a document you can change its value by putting the Mlinespreadd actor com
85. h the documentclass command fd Font description file telling BIFX about new fonts The following files are generated when you run BIFX on your input file dvi Device Independent File This is the main result of a IXIEX compile run You can look at its content with a DVI previewer program or you can send it to a printer with dvips or a similar application log Gives a detailed account of what happened during the last compiler run toc Stores all your section headers It gets read in for the next compiler run and is used to produce the table of content lof This is like toc but for the list of figures lot And again the same for the list of tables aux Another file that transports information from one compiler run to the next Among other things the aux file is used to store information associated with cross references idx If your document contains an index IXTEX stores all the words that go into the index in this file Process this file with makeindex Refer to section 4 3 on page 68 for more information on indexing ind The processed idx file ready for inclusion into your document on the next compile cycle ilg Logfile telling what makeindex did 1 8 Big Projects When working on big documents you might want to split the input file into several parts TFX has two commands that help you to do that include filename You can use this command in the document body to insert the contents of another file
86. he space to the left begin simple Same See the space to the left here end simple Same here newenvironment correct noindent ignorespaces par noindent ignorespacesafterend No space to the left begin correct Same No space to the left here end correct Same here 6 1 4 Commandline ta If you work on a Unix like OS you might be using Makefiles to build your TFX projects In that connection it might be interesting to produce dif ferent versions of the same document by calling BIFX with commandline parameters If you add the following structure to your document usepackage ifthen ifthenelse equal blackandwhite true black and white mode do something ios A color mode do something different Now you can call IATEX like this latex newcommand blackandwhite true input test tex First the command blackandwhite gets defined and then the actual file is read with input By setting Nblackandwhite to fals the color version of the document would be produced 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 103 6 1 5 Your Own Package If you define a lot of new environments and commands the preamble of your document will get quite long In this situation it is a good idea to create a BIFX package containing all your command and environment definitions You can then use the usepackage command to make the package available in your document A Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker Provide
87. hole paragraph If necessary it also hyphenates words that would not fit comfortably on a line How the paragraphs are typeset depends on the document class Normally the first line of a paragraph is indented and there is no additional space between two paragraphs Refer to section 6 3 2 for more information In special cases it might be necessary to order IATEX to break a line or newline starts a new line without starting a new paragraph additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break starts a new page linebreak n Nnolinebreak n pagebreak n and Nnopagebreak n do what their names say They enable the author to influence their actions with the optional argument n which can be set to a number between zero and four By setting n to a value below 4 you leave IATEX the option of ignoring your command if the result would look very bad Do not confuse these break commands with the new commands Even when you give a break command IXTEX still tries to even out the right border of the page and the total length of the page as described in the next section If 17 18 Typesetting Text you really want to start a new line then use the corresponding command Guess its name IATEX always tries to produce the best line breaks possible If it cannot find a way to break the lines in a manner that meets its high standards it lets one line stick out on the right
88. hter in law X rated pages 13 67 pages 13 67 yes or no yes or no 0 1 and 1 0 1 and 1 The names for these dashes are hyphen en dash em dash and 6 7 minus sign 2 4 3 Tilde A character often seen in web addresses is the tilde To generate this in IATEX you can use but the result is not really what you want Try this instead http www rich edu bush NN http www clever edu sim demo http www rich edu bush http www clever edu demo 2 4 4 Degree Symbol 0 The following example shows how to print a degree symbol in IATEX It s 30 7 circ mathrm C I will soon start to super conduct It s 30 C I will soon start to super conduct The texcomp package makes the degree symbol also available as textcelsius and Ntexdegree 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 2 4 5 The Euro Currency Symbol amp When writing about money these days you need the Euro symbol Many current fonts contain a Euro symbol After loading the textcomp package in the preamble of your document usepackage textcomp you can use the command to access it If your font does not provide its own Euro symbol or if you do not like the font s Euro symbol you have two more choices First the eurosym package It provides the official Euro symbol usepackage Lofficial eurosym If you prefer a Euro symbol that matches your font
89. ial in your book After this command chapters will be numbered with letters 2 8 Cross References 35 backmatter should be inserted before the very last items in your book such as the bibliography and the index In the standard document classes this has no visual effect 2 8 Cross References In books reports and articles there are often cross references to figures tables and special segments of text TFX provides the following commands for cross referencing lLabel marker ref marker and pageref marker where marker is an identifier chosen by the user IATEX replaces ref by the number of the section subsection figure table or theorem after which the corresponding label command was issued pageref prints the page number of the page where the label command occurred As with the section titles the numbers from the previous run are used A reference to this subsection label sec this looks like A reference to this subsection looks like see see section ref sec this on section 19 on page 35 page pageref sec this 2 9 Footnotes With the command footnotet footnote text a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page Footnotes should always be putt after the word or sentence they refer to Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period 17 a Footnotes footnote This is Footnotes are often used by peop
90. idth I put the following commands into the document preamble addtolength hoffset 0 5cm addtolength textwidth 1cm In this context you might want to look at the calc package It allows you to use arithmetic operations in the argument of setlength and other places where you can enter numeric values into function arguments 6 5 More Fun With Lengths Whenever possible I avoid using absolute lengths in IXTEX documents I rather try to base things on the width or height of other page elements For the width of a figure this could be textwidth in order to make it fill the page The following 3 commands allow you to determine the width height and depth of a text string settoheight variable text Nsettodepthivariable text Y settowidth variable text The example below shows a possible application of these commands flushleft newenvironment vardesc 1 settowidth parindent 1 makebox Opt r 1 4 begin displaymath a 2tb 2 c 2 end displaymath begin vardesc Where a b are adjoin to the right angle of a right angled triangle c is the hypotenuse of the triangle and feels lonely d finally does not show up here at all Isn t that puzzling end vardesc arb Se Where a b are adjoin to the right angle of a right angled triangle c is the hypotenuse of the triangle and feels lonely d finally does not show up here at all Isn t that
91. ill then automatically look for a file of a suitable format in the current directory All you have to do is create appropriate versions of the graphics files TFX will look for eps and pdfIATEX will try to include a file with the extension png pdf jpg mps or tif in that order For the cases where you want to use different code for the PDF version of your document you can add newif ifPDF ifx pdfoutput undefined PDFfalse else ifnum pdfoutput gt OMPDFtrue else PDFfalse fi fi as the very first few lines of your document This defines a special command that will allow you to easily write conditional code 80 Specialities ifPDF usepackage T1 fontenc usepackage aeguill usepackage pdftex graphicx color usepackage pdftex hyperref else usepackage T1 fontenc usepackage dvips graphicx Nusepackage Ldvips hyperref fi In the example above I have included the hyperref package even in the non PDF version The effect of this is to make the href command work in all cases which saves me from wrapping every occurrence into a conditional statement Note that in recent TEX distributions T XLive for example the choice between pdftex and dvips when calling graphicx and color will happen auto matically according to the settings made automatically in the configuration files graphics cfg and color cfg 4 8 Creating Presentations with pdfscreen By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ 1lil
92. ing Korean text file is not so much of a problem anymore even on non Korean operating systems 2 TEX and IATEX were originally written for scripts with no more than 256 characters in their alphabet To make them work for languages with considerably more characters such as Korean or Chinese a sub font mechanism was developed It divides a single CJK font with thou sands or tens of thousands of glyphs into a set of subfonts with 256 glyphs each For Korean there are three widely used packages HIATRX by UN Koaunghi hATEXp by CHA Jaechoon and the CJK package by Werner Lemberg HIATEX and hIATEXp are specific to Korean and provide Korean localization on top of the font support They both can process Korean input text files encoded in EUC KR HEATEX can even process input files encoded in CP949 Windows 949 UHC and UTF 8 when used along with A The CJK package is not specific to Korean It can process input files Korean Hangul is an alphabetic script with 14 basic consonants and 10 basic vowels Jamos Unlike Latin or Cyrillic scripts the individual characters have to be arranged in rectangular clusters about the same size as Chinese characters Each cluster represents a syllable An unlimited number of syllables can be formed out of this finite set of vow els and consonants Modern Korean orthographic standards both in South Korea and North Korea however put some restriction on the formation of these clusters Therefore onl
93. ion hypertexnames false but this will cause the page links in the index to stop working 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks The text displayed by bookmarks does not always look like you expect it to look Because bookmarks are just text much fewer characters are available for bookmarks than for normal IXTEX text Hyperref will normally notice such problems and put up warning 4 7 Working with pdfIATEX 79 Package hyperref Warning Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string You can now work around this problem by providing a text string for the bookmarks which replaces the offending text Ntexorpdfstringi TEX text ki Bookmark Text Math expressions are a prime candidate for this kind of problem section texorpdfstring E mc 2 E mc texttwosuperior which turns section E mc 2 to E mc2 in the bookmark area Color changes also do not travel well into bookmarks section textcolor red Red produces the string redRed The command textcolor gets ignored but its argument red gets printed If you use section texorpdfstring textcolor red Red Red the result will be much more legible Source Compatibility Between ATX and pdf4ATRX Ideally your document would compile equally well with IAXTEX and pdfl T Rx The main problem in this respect is the inclusion of graphics The simple solution is to systematically drop the file extension from includegraphics commands They w
94. is possible to change the page style of the current page with the com mand thispagestyle style A description how to create your own headers and footers can be found in The HTEX Companion 3 and in section 4 4 on page 69 1 7 Files You Might Encounter When you work with IXIEX you will soon find yourself in a maze of files with various extensions and probably no clue The following list explains the various file types you might encounter when working with TEX Please note that this table does not claim to be a complete list of extensions but if you find one missing that you think is important please drop me a line tex BIFX or TFX input file Can be compiled with latex sty BIEX Macro package This is a file you can load into your I4TEX document using the usepackage command dtx Documented TEX This is the main distribution format for ATRX style files If you process a dtx file you get documented macro code of the IATEX package contained in the dtx file 11 12 Things You Need to Know Table 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with RIpX doc Allows the documentation of ATEX programs Described in doc dtx and in The ATRX Companion 3 exscale Provides scaled versions of the math extension font Described in 1texscale dtx fontenc Specifies which font encoding IATEX should use Described in 1toutenc dtx ifthen Provides commands of the form af then do otherwise do Described in ifthen dtx and Th
95. is written to help the reader s eyes in grouping a formula You should use cdot in these cases begin displaymath v sigma _1 cdot sigma _2 tau _1 cdot tau _2 ee HATTE end displaymath Names of log like functions are often typeset in an upright font and not in italics as variables are so IATEX supplies the following commands to typeset the most important function names arccos cos csc exp ker limsup Amin arcsin cosh deg gcd Mg Mn Pr arctan cot det hom Alim log sec arg coth dim inf liminf max sin sinh sup tan tanh lim_ x rightarrow 0 sing frac sin x x 1 250 qm For the modulo function there are two commands bmod for the binary operator a mod b and pmod for expressions such as x a mod b a bmod b a mod b x equiv a pmod b x a mod b A built up fraction is typeset with the frac command Often the slashed form 1 2 is preferable because it looks better for small amounts of fraction material 1 frac i 2 hours begin displaymath 15 hours frac x i2 H k 1 qquad x frac 2 k 1 qquad p en 1 2 x 1 2 ppp WU x end displaymath To typeset binomial coefficients or similar structures you can use the command binom from the amsmath package 50 begin displaymath binom n k qquad mathrm C _n k end displaymath Typesetting Mathematical Formul
96. k Bbbk square B blacksquare S circleds vartriangle A blacktriangle C Ncomplement Ntriangledown V blacktriangledown Wo NGame lozenge blacklozenge bigstar angle X measuredangle lt sphericalangle diagup NM diagdown Nbackprime nexists j Finv Nvarnothing eth O Nmho Table 3 19 Math Alphabets Example Command Required package ABCdef mathrm ABCdef ABCdef Nnathiti ABCdef ABCdef mathnormal ABCdef ABC mathcal ABC euscript with option mathcal A BE mathscr ABC mathrsfs ABCoef mathfrak ABCdef eufrak ABC mathbb ABC amsfonts or amssymb Chapter 4 Specialities When putting together a large document TEX will help you with some special features like index generation bibliography management and other things A much more complete description of specialities and enhancements possible with IATEX can be found in the ATEX Manual 1 and The ATRX Companion 3 4 1 Including Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT Graphics IATEX provides the basic facilities to work with floating bodies such as im ages or graphics with the figure and table environments There are also several ways to generate the actual graphics with basic IATEX or a IATRX extension package but most users find them quite difficult to understand so this manual will not explain them Please refer to The ATRX Companion 3 and the ATEX Manual 1 for more information on that subject A much easier way to get graphics into a document is to gene
97. know about the basic stuff of which a IATEX 25 document is made In this chapter will fill in the remaining structure you will need to know in order to produce real world material 2 1 The Structure of Text and Language By Hanspeter Schmid lt hanspi schmid werren ch gt The main point of writing a text some modern DAAC literature excluded is to convey ideas information or knowledge to the reader The reader will understand the text better if these ideas are well structured and will see and feel this structure much better if the typographical form reflects the logical and semantical structure of the content IATEX is different from other typesetting systems in that you just have to tell it the logical and semantical structure of a text It then derives the typographical form of the text according to the rules given in the document class file and in various style files The most important text unit in IXTEX and in typography is the para graph We call it text unit because a paragraph is the typographical form that should reflect one coherent thought or one idea You will learn in the following sections how you can force line breaks with e g NN and paragraph breaks with e g leaving an empty line in the source code Therefore if a new thought begins a new paragraph should begin and if not only line breaks should be used If in doubt about paragraph breaks think about your text as a conveyor of ideas and thoughts If you h
98. l tool related with IXTEX is MetaPost the twin of Donald E Knuth s METAFONT MetaPost has the very powerful and mathematically sophisticated programming language of METAFONT Contrary to METAFONT which generates bitmaps MetaPost generates encapsulated POSTSCRIPT files which can be imported in BIFX For an introduction see A User s Manual for MetaPost 15 or the tutorial on 17 A very thorough discussion of IATEX and TEX strategies for graphics and fonts can be found in TEX Unbound 16 9 2 The picture Environment By Urs Oswald lt osurs bluewin ch gt 5 2 1 Basic Commands A picture environment is created with one of the two commands begin picture xz y end picture Or begin picture x y xo yo end picture The numbers x y xo yo refer to unitlength which can be reset any time but not within a picture environment with a command such as setlength unitlength 1 2cm The default value of unitlength is 1pt The first pair x y effects the reservation within the document of rectangular space for the picture The optional second pair zo yo assigns arbitrary coordinats to the bottom left corner of the reserved rectangle Believe it or not the picture environment works out of the box with standard IATEX 2e no package loading necessary 5 2 The picture Environment Most drawing commands have one of the two forms put Cz y object multiput x y Az Ay n objec
99. le using A a footnote are often used EXT EX by people using LaTeX This is a footnote 1 Note that these commands are not aware of what they refer to label just saves the last automatically generated number Sout is one of the most common English words Note that footnotes distract the reader from the main body of your document After all everybody reads the footnotes we are a curious species so why not just integrate everything you want to say into the body of the document 1 A guidepost doesn t necessarily go where it s pointing to 36 emph If you use emphasizing inside a piece of emphasized text then LaTeX uses the emph normal font for emphasizing Typesetting Text 2 10 Emphasized Words If a text is typed using a typewriter important words are emphasized by underlining them underline text In printed books however words are emphasized by typesetting them in an italic font IAT RX provides the command to emphasize text What the command actually does with its argument depends on the context If you use emphasizing inside a piece of em phasized text then DIE uses the normal font for emphasizing Please note the difference between telling IXTEX to emphasize something and telling it to use a different font textit You can also emph emphasize text if it is set in italics You can also emphasize text if it is set in ital textsff in a ics
100. le1 fr gt You can present the results of your scientific work on a blackboard with transparencies or directly from your laptop using some presentation soft ware pdfIATFX combined with the pdfscreen package allows you to create pre sentations in PDF equally as colorful and lively as is possible with Power Point but much more portable because Acrobat Reader is available on many more systems The pdfscreen class uses graphicx color and hyperref with options adapted to screen presentations To create this type of document you normally work within the article class Figure 4 2 shows an example input file First you have to load the pdfscreen package together with appropriate options screen screen presentation Use print to create a printable version panelright put a navigation panel on the right side of the screen If the panel should be on the left side use panelleft If you do not want panels use nopanel french or some other supported language will render the text on the nav igation buttons appropriately This option is independent of the op tions set with the babel package If your language is not suppoted by 4 8 Creating Presentations with pdfscreen documentclass pdftex 12pt article hhh misc extensions hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhlh usepackage latini inputenc usepackage english babel usepackage T1 fontenc usepackage aeguill hhh pdfscreen hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhlh use
101. line 2 1 3 put 5 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 lLinethickness imm Ndbezi r 2 5 2 5 5 0 5 552 thinlines qbezier 4 2 4 3 3 3 qbezier 3 3 2 3 2 2 qbezier 2 2 2 1 3 1 qbezier 3 1 4 1 4 2 end picture As this example illustrates splitting up a circle into 4 quadratic B zier curves is not satisfactory At least 8 are needed The figure again shows the effect of the linethickness command on horizontal or vertical lines and of the thinlines and the thicklines commands on oblique line segments It also shows that both kinds of commands affect quadratic B zier curves each command overriding all previous ones Let P zi y1 Po 2 y2 denote the end points and my m the respective slopes of a quadratic B zier curve The intermediate control point S x y is then given by the equations Mexa mun yo y mo m 5 1 yi mi x xi i 1 2 y See Graphics in ATRX 2e 17 for a Java program which generates the neces sary qbezier command line 94 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 10 Catenary setlength unitlength 1 3cm begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 put 2 0 vector 1 0 4 4 put 2 45 05 x put 0 0 vector 0 1 3 2 put 0 3 35 Nnakebox 0 0 y qbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 qbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 y linethickness 075mm multiput 2 0 1
102. ll occupy some space in many people s minds TFX is no different We can use this for some interesting spacing tricks When vertically aligning text using and _ IATEX is sometimes just a little bit too helpful Using the phantom command you can reserve space for characters that do not show up in the final output The easiest way to understand this is to look at the following examples begin displaymath 12 _ phantom 1 6 textrm C qquad textrm versus qquad S versus O 12 _ 6 textrm C end displaymath begin displaymath Gamma_ ij phantom ij k qquad textrm versus qquad r versus TE S 1J tj NGamma ijl ikk end displaymath 3 7 Math Font Size In math mode TEX selects the font size according to the context Super scripts for example get typeset in a smaller font If you want to typeset part of an equation in roman don t use the textrm command because the font size switching mechanism will not work as textrm temporarily escapes 3 8 Theorems Laws 55 to text mode Use mathrm instead to keep the size switching mechanism ac tive But pay attention mathrm will only work well on short items Spaces are still not active and accented characters do not work begin equation 2 textrm nd quad 2 Nnathrmind pus 2 3 10 end equation Sometimes you still need to tell ta the correct font size In math mode this is set with the followi
103. ly using special symbols ff fi fl fh instead of fffifl ffi These so called ligatures can be prohibited by inserting an mbox between the two letters in question This might be necessary with words built from two words Large Not shelfful Not shelfful but shelf mbox ful but shelfful 2 4 8 Accents and Special Characters IATEX supports the use of accents and special characters from many lan guages Table 2 2 shows all sorts of accents being applied to the letter o Naturally other letters work too To place an accent on top of an i or a j its dots have to be removed This is accomplished by typing Ni and j HN otel na i ve el eve sm o rrebr o d Se norita Sch onbrunner Schlo ss Stra ss e Hotel naive l ve sm rrebr d jSenorita Sch nbrunner Schlof Strafse 2 5 International Language Support 2 5 International Language Support When you write documents in languages other than English there are three areas where IXTEX has to be configured appropriately 1 All automatically generated text strings have to be adapted to the new language For many languages these changes can be accomplished by using the babel package by Johannes Braams 2 IATEX needs to know the hyphenation rules for the new language Get ting hyphenation rules into IXTEX is a bit more tricky It means re building the format file with different hyphenation patterns enabled Your Lo
104. m 49 blackboard bold 47 bm 57 bmod 49 bold face 104 bold symbols 47 57 boldmath 57 boldsymbol 57 book class 9 braces 50 brazilian 25 C calc 112 caption 43 44 cdot 49 cdots 51 center 37 chapter 33 chaptermark 70 ci 99 circle 89 circle 89 cite 67 CJK package 29 cleardoublepage 44 clearpage 44 cline 40 color 80 coloured text 9 comma 22 commands 5 XL 51 XC 45 45 X54 45 od INDEX 19 SM 3 91 32 VL 46 NN 17 37 38 40 110 17 M 46 addtolength 110 Alph 31 alph 31 and 34 appendix 33 34 ar 96 arccos 49 arcsin 49 arctan 49 arg 49 Asbuk 31 asbuk 31 author 34 78 background 82 backmatter 35 backslash 5 begin 36 86 94 bibitem 67 Big 51 big 51 Bigg 51 bigg 51 bigskip 110 binom 49 bmod 49 boldmath 57 boldsymbol 57 caption 43 44 cdot 49 cdots 51 chapter 33 chaptermark 70 ci 99 circle 89 circle 89 cite 67 INDEX cleardoublepage 44 clearpage 44 cline 40 cos 49 cosh 49 cot 49 coth 49 csc 49 date 34 ddots 51 deg 49 depth 114 det 49 dim 49 displaystyle 55 documentclass 9 13 18 dq 28 dum 99 emblema 82 emph 36 104 end 36 86 enumBul 31 enumEng 31 enumLat 31 eqref 46 EUR 21 euro 21 exp 49 fbox 19 flq 28 flqq 28 foldera 93 folderb 93 footnote 35 44
105. made publicly available in early 1997 and currently come with most of TRX distributions 73 TA Specialities However if you are using IXTEX to create documents in languages other than English you might want to use EC LH or CB fonts see the discussion about OT1 fonts on the page 25 Vladimir Volovich has created the cm super font bundle which covers the entire EC TC EC Concrete EC Bright and LH font sets It is available from CTAN fonts ps typei cm super and is included with TEXLive 7 and MikTEX Similar type 1 CB Greek fonts created by Apostolos Syropoulos are available at CTAN tex archive fonts greek cb Unfortunately both of these font sets are not of the same typographic quality as the Typel CM fonts by Blue Sky Y amp Y They were automatically hinted and the document might look as neat on the screen as the ones using Blue Sky Y amp Y type 1 CM fonts on high resolution output devices they produce results identical to the original bitmap EC LH CB fonts If you are creating document in one of Latin based languages you have several other options e You might want to use aeguill package aka Almost European Computer Modern with Guillemets Just put the line usepackage aeguill into the preamble of your document to enable AE virtual fonts instead of EC fonts e Alternatively you can use mltex package but this only works when your pdfTEX has been compiled with the mltex option The AE virtual fontset like the MITEX
106. mand into the preamble of your document Use linespread 1 3 for one and a half line spacing and linespread 1 6 for double line spac ing Normally the lines are not spread so the default line spread factor is 1 Note that the effect of the linespread command is rather drastic and not appropriate for published work So if you have a good reason for changing the line spacing you might want to use the command setlength baselineskip 1 5 baselineskip setlength baselineskip 1 5 baselineskip This paragraph is typeset with the baseline skip set to 1 5 of what skip set to 1 5 of what it was before Note the it was before Note the par command at the end of the paragraph par This paragraph is typeset with the baseline par command at the end of the paragraph This paragraph has a clear purpose it show This paragraph has a clear purpose that after the curly brace has been closed ev it show that after the curly brace erything is back to normal has been closed everything is back to normal 6 3 2 Paragraph Formatting In BIFX there are two parameters influencing paragraph layout By placing a definition like setlength parindent 0Opt setlength parskip lex plus 0 5ex minus 0 2ex in the preamble of the input file you can change the layout of paragraphs These two commands increase the space between two paragraphs while set ting the paragraph indent to zero 108 This hspace i
107. mmand q meaning quadratic Many frequently used curves such as circles ellipses or catenaries can be satisfactorily approximated by quadratic B zier curves although this may require some mathematical toil If in addition a programming language like Java is used to generate qbezier blocks of IATEX input files the picture environment becomes quite powerful Although programming pictures directly in IATEX is severly restricted and often rather tiresome there are still reasons for doing so The documents thus produced are small with respect to bytes and there are no additional graphics files to be dragged along Packages like epic and eepic described for instance in The ATEX Com panion 3 or pstricks help to eliminate the restrictions hampering the orig inal picture environment and greatly strengthen the graphical power of IAT EX 86 Producing Mathematical Graphics While the former two packages just enhance the picture environment the pstricks package has its own drawing environment pspicture The power of pstricks stems from the fact that this package makes extensive use of PosTSCRIPT possibilities In addition numerous packages have been written for specific purposes One of them is Xy pic described at the end of this chapter A wide variety of these packages is described in detail in The ATRX Graphics Companion 4 not to be confused with The ATEX Companion 3 Perhaps the most powerful graphica
108. n tents and bibliographies can be generated easily e Free add on packages exist for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic BIFX For example packages are available to in clude POSTSCRIPT graphics or to typeset bibliographies conforming to exact standards Many of these add on packages are described in The ATEX Companion 3 e fa encourages authors to write well structured texts because this is how BIFX works by specifying structure e TFX the formatting engine of IATEX 2e is highly portable and free Therefore the system runs on almost any hardware platform available IATEX also has some disadvantages and I guess it s a bit difficult for me to find any sensible ones though I am sure other people can tell you hundreds Things You Need to Know e XIX does not work well for people who have sold their souls e Although some parameters can be adjusted within a predefined docu ment layout the design of a whole new layout is difficult and takes a lot of time e It is very hard to write unstructured and disorganized documents e Your hamster might despite some encouraging first steps never be able to fully grasp the concept of Logical Markup 1 8 BT X Input Files The input for EIpX is a plain ASCII text file You can create it with any text editor It contains the text of the document as well as the commands that tell IXTEX how to typeset the text 1 3 1 Spaces Whitespac
109. n designed to work in harmony in a single document as has been done for the Computer Modern fonts Two ready made font sets are available for this purpose pxfonts which is based on Palatino as its main text body font and the txfonts package which is based on Times To use them it is sufficient to put the following lines into the preamble of your document usepackage T1 fontenc usepackage pxfonts Note you may find lines like Warning pdftex file eurmoi0 Font eurmo10 at not found in the log file after compiling your input file They mean that some font used in the document has not been found You really have to fix these problems as the resulting PDF document may not display the pages with the missing characters at all This whole font business especially the lack of a good EC fontset equiv alent in quality to the CM font in type 1 format is occupying the minds of many people so new solutions are cropping up all the time 4 7 3 Using Graphics Including graphics into a document works best with the graphicx package see page 65 By using the special driver option pdftex the package will work with pdfIATEX as well Nusepackage pdftex color graphicx In the sample above I have included the color option as using color in doc uments displayed on the web comes quite naturally 5o much for the good news The bad news is that graphics in Encapsu lated POSTSCRIPT format do not work with PdfIATEX If you don t defin
110. n equation label eq eps epsilon gt 0 end equation From ref eq eps we gather ldots From Neqref eq eps we do the same e gt 0 3 1 From 3 1 we gather From 3 1 we do the same Note the difference in typesetting style between equations that are type set and those that are displayed lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 7n frac i k72 frac pi 2 6 begin displaymath lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 7n frac 1 k7 2 frac pi 2 6 end displaymath n l1 n lim e 5 4 NE ue There are differences between math mode and text mode For example in math mode 1 Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as Nquad or qquad 2 Empty lines are not allowed Only one paragraph per formula 3 2 Grouping in Math Mode 47 3 Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such If you want to typeset normal text within a formula normal upright font and normal spacing then you have to enter the text using the textrm commands see also section 3 7 on page 54 begin equation forall x in mathbf R qquad x7 2 geq O Va ER x gt 0 3 2 end equation begin equation x i2 geq ONqquad textrm for all x in mathbf R ne
111. named filename tex Note that IXTEX will start a new page before processing the material input from filename tez 13 14 Things You Need to Know The second command can be used in the preamble It allows you to instruct IXTEX to only input some of the included files includeonly filename filename After this command is executed in the preamble of the document only include commands for the filenames that are listed in the argument of the includeonly command will be executed Note that there must be no spaces between the filenames and the commas The include command starts typesetting the included text on a new page This is helpful when you use includeonly because the page breaks will not move even when some included files are omitted Sometimes this might not be desirable In this case you can use the input filename command It simply includes the file specified No flashy suits no strings attached To make IATEX quickly check your document you can use the syntonly package This makes IATEX skim through your document only checking for proper syntax and usage of the commands but doesn t produce any DVI output As TFX runs faster in this mode you may save yourself valuable time Usage is very simple usepackage syntonly syntaxonly When you want to produce pages just comment out the second line by adding a percent sign Chapter 2 Typesetting Text After reading the previous chapter you should
112. ng four commands displaystyle 123 textstyle 123 scriptstyle 123 and scriptscriptstyle 123 Changing styles also affects the way limits are displayed begin displaymath mathop mathrm corr X Y frac displaystyle sum_ i 1 n x_i overline x k y_i overline y 3 displaystyle bigg1 corr X Y O E 7 sum i iJ n x i Noverline x 2 AB AD sum_ i 1 n y_i overline y 2 2 es e Dus d biggr 1 2 end displaymath en This is one of those examples in which we need larger brackets than the standard Nleft right provides 3 8 Theorems Laws When writing mathematical documents you probably need a way to typeset Lemmas Definitions Axioms and similar structures IXTEX supports this with the command Anewtheoreminamey counter text section The name argument is a short keyword used to identify the theorem With the text argument you define the actual name of the theorem which will be printed in the final document The arguments in square brackets are optional They are both used to specify the numbering used on the theorem Use the counter argument to The AMS BTEX amsmath package makes the textrm command work with size changing 96 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae specify the name of a previously declared theorem The new theorem will then be numbered in the same sequence The section argument allows you to
113. ng the name of the driver the graphicx package can choose the correct method to insert information about the graphics into the dvi file so that the printer understands it and can correctly include the eps file 3 Use the command includegraphics key value file to include file into your document The optional parameter accepts a comma separated list of keys and associated values The keys can be used to alter the width height and rotation of the included graphic Table 4 1 lists the most important keys Table 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package width scale graphic to the specified width height scale graphic to the specified height angle rotate graphic counterclockwise scale scale graphic If your software can not export into EPS format you can try to install a POSTSCRIPT printer driver such as an Apple LaserWriter for example and then print to a file with this driver With some luck this file will be in EPS format Note that an EPS must not contain more than one page Some printer drivers can be explicitly configured to produce EPS format 4 2 Bibliography The following example code may help to clarify things begin figure begin center includegraphics angle 90 width 0 5 textwidth test end center end figure It includes the graphic stored in the file test eps The graphic is first rotated by an angle of 90 degrees and then scaled to the final width of 0 5 times the width of a standar
114. ngth unitlength 1cm begin picture 6 4 3 2 put 2 5 0 vector 1 0 5 put 2 7 0 1 chi put 0 1 5 vector 0 1 3 multiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 line 1 0 0 2 JV m multiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 line 1 0 0 2 put 0 2 1 4 beta v c tanh chi qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 8 v c tanh x 2 0 9640 qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 2 0 9640 put 3 2 circle 0 2 end picture The control points of the two B zier curves were calculated with formu las 5 1 The positive branch is determined by P 0 0 m 1 and P 2 tanh 2 mo 1 cosh 2 Again the picture is defined in mathe matically convenient coordinates and the lower left corner is assigned the mathematical coordinates 3 2 black disk 0 9 Xy pic By Alberto Manuel Brand o Sim es lt albie alfarrabio di uminho pt gt xy is a special package for drawing diagrams To use it simply add the following line to the preamble of your document Nusepackage options xy options is a list of functions from Xy pic you want to load These options are primarily useful when debugging the package I recommend you pass the all option making TX load all the Xy commands Xy pic diagrams are drawn over a matrix oriented canvas where each diagram element is placed in a matrix slot begin displaymath A B xymatrix A amp B C amp D end displaymath C D
115. ns 13 lof 13 log 13 X00 13 sty 11 Tl tex 1l TOC 19 F fancyhdr 69 70 fbox 19 figure 42 43 file types 11 floating bodies 42 flq 28 flqq 28 flushleft 37 flushright 37 foiltex 9 foldera 93 folderb 93 INDEX font 103 footnotesize 104 Huge 104 huge 104 LARGE 104 Large 104 large 104 mathbf 105 mathcal 105 mathit 105 mathnormal 105 mathrm 105 mathsf 105 mathtt 105 normalsize 104 scriptsize 104 small 104 textbf 104 textit 104 textmd 104 textnormal 104 textrm 104 textsc 104 textsf 104 Ntextsl 104 texttt 104 textup 104 tiny 104 font encoding 12 font encodings 25 LGR 25 OT1 25 TT 29 91 T2 31 T2A 25 31 T2B 25 T2C 29 X2 25 font size 103 104 fontenc 12 25 31 footer 11 footnote 35 44 footnotesize 104 formulae 45 125 frac 49 fraction 49 fragile commands 44 framebox 114 French 27 frenchspacing 31 33 frontmatter 34 frq 28 fraq 28 fussy 18 G Ngcd 49 geometry 71 German 24 27 GhostScript 65 graphics 9 65 graphicx 65 75 80 grave 23 Greek letters 47 grouping 104 H HIATEX 29 hIATEXp 29 header 11 textttheadings 11 height 114 hline 40 hom 49 horizontal brace 48 dots 51 line 48 space 108 href 77 78 80 hspace 101 108 Huge 104 huge 104 hyperref 73 76 80 hypertext 72 hyphen 20 hyphenat 71 hyphenation
116. of the docu ment In the example the document is not centered because the section numbers are kept in the left margin It is possible to use a background image in any of the image formats supported by pdfTEX using the command overlay image or if you prefer a plain background you can define its color using background color Finally if you want to place the logo of your organization into the navi gation panel use the command emblematlogo If you believe in the presentational power of successive exposure of your bullet points you may want to make use of the pause package It provides the command pause You can place this command right into the flow of your text wherever you want Acrobat to pause the display of your document The pause package is part of the ppower4 P Pdf Presentation Post Processor system which can post process pdf output from pdfIFX and make it sing and dance and beg for food On the command line it looks like this ppower4 xy pdf xyz pdf To control what goes onto a single slide use the environment begin slide end slide The content of each slide will get displayed centered verti cally on its page Compiling the example above will end in an error message 4 8 Creating Presentations with pdfscreen pdfTeX warning dest name contents has been referenced but does not exist replaced by a fixed one This is because there is a button in the navigation panel that wants to point to the t
117. of the paragraph IXIEX then complains overfull hbox while processing the input file This happens most often when I4TEX cannot find a suitable place to hyphenate a word You can instruct IXTEX to lower its standards a little by giving the Ns1oppy command It prevents such over long lines by increasing the inter word spacing even if the final output is not optimal In this case a warning underfull hbox is given to the user In most such cases the result doesn t look very good The command fussy brings ATEX back to its default behaviour 2 2 2 Hyphenation IATEX hyphenates words whenever necessary If the hyphenation algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points you can remedy the situation by using the following commands to tell TEX about the exception The command hyphenation word list causes the words listed in the argument to be hyphenated only at the points marked by The argument of the command should only contain words built from normal letters or rather signs that are considered to be normal letters by BIFX The hyphenation hints are stored for the language that is active when the hyphenation command occurs This means that if you place a hyphenation command into the preamble of your document it will influence the English language hyphenation If you place the command after the begin document and you are using some package for national language support like babel then the hyphenation hints will be
118. on the dtx file once again 5 Last but not least make a ps or pdf file to increase your reading pleasure Sometimes you will see that a glo glossary file has been produced Run the following command between step 4 and 5 makeindex s gglo ist o name gls name glo Be sure to run IXTEX on the dtx one last time before moving on to step 5 4 7 Working with pdfEXTpEX By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ 1lille1 fr gt PDF is a hypertext document format Much like in a web page some words in the document are marked as hyperlinks They link to other places in the document or even to other documents If you click on such a hyperlink you get transported to the destination of the link In the context of BIFX this means that all occurrences of Nref and Npageref become hyperlinks Addi tionally the table of contents the index and all the other similar structures become collections of hyperlinks Most web pages you find today are written in HTML Hyper Text Markup Language This format has two significant disadvantages when writing sci entific documents Including mathematical formulae into HTML documents is not gener ally supported While there is a standard for it most browsers used today do not support it or lack the required fonts 2 Printing HTML documents is possible but the results vary widely between platforms and browsers The results are miles removed from the quality we have come to expect in the IXTEX world Th
119. onger than 8 characters the program may be called makeidx 4 4 Fancy Headers Table 4 2 Index Key Syntax Examples Example Index Entry Comment index hello hello 1 Plain entry Nindex hello Peterj Peter 3 Subentry under hello index Sam texts1 Sam Sam 2 Formatted entry index Lin textbf Lin Lin 7 Same as above index Jenny textbf Jenny 3 Formatted page number index Joe textit Joe A Same as above index eolienne eolienne olienne 4 Handling of accents is processed again this sorted index gets included into the document at the point where IATEX finds The showidx package that comes with IXTEX 2e prints out all index entries in the left margin of the text This is quite useful for proofreading a document and verifying the index Note that the Nindex command can affect your layout if not used care fully My Word index Word As opposed to Word index Word Note the position of the full stop My Word As opposed to Word position of the full stop Note the 4 4 Fancy Headers The fancyhdr package written by Piet van Oostrum provides a few sim ple commands that allow you to customize the header and footer lines of your document If you look at the top of this page you can see a possible application of this package The tricky problem when customising headers and footers is to get things like running section and chapter names in there IXIEX accomplishes this with a two stage approach
120. onnection with Npagebreak can be used to typeset text on the last line of a page or to centre text vertically on a page Some text ldots vspace stretch i This goes onto the last line of the page pagebreak 110 Customising ATEX Additional space between two lines of the same paragraph or within a table is specified with the command With bigskip and smallskip you can skip a predefined amount of vertical space without having to worry about exact numbers 6 4 Page Layout IATEX 2e allows you to specify the paper size in the documentclass com mand It then automatically picks the right text margins but sometimes you may not be happy with the predefined values Naturally you can change them Figure 6 2 shows all the parameters that can be changed The figure was produced with the layout package from the tools bundle WAIT before you launch into a Let s make that narrow page a bit wider frenzy take a few seconds to think As with most things in ATEX there is a good reason for the page layout to be as it is oure compared to your off the shelf MS Word page it looks awfully narrow But take a look at your favourite book and count the number of characters on a standard text line You will find that there are no more than about 66 characters on each line Now do the same on your IATEX page You will find that there are also about 66 characters per line Experience shows that the reading gets difficult as soon as
121. ons The only required option is pdftex the others are optional and allow you to change the default behaviour of hyperref In the following list the default values are written in an upright font bookmarks true false show or hide the bookmarks bar when display ing the document unicode false true allows to use characters of non latin based lan guages in Acrobat s bookmarks pdftoolbar true false show or hide Acrobat s toolbar pdfmenubar true false show or hide Acrobat s menu pdffitwindow true false adjust the initial magnification of the pdf when displayed pdftitle text define the title that gets displayed in the Document Info window of Acrobat pdfauthor text the name of the PDF s author pdfnewwindow true false define if a new window should get opened when a link leads out of the current document colorlinks false true surround the links by color frames false or colors the text of the links true The color of these links can be configured using the following options default colors are shown linkcolor red color of internal links sections pages etc It is worth noting that the hyperref package is not limited to work with pdfTEX It can also be configured to embed PDF specific information into the DVI output of normal IATEX which then gets put into the PS file by dvips and is finally picked up by Adobe Distiller when it is used to turn the PS file into PDF 4 7 Working
122. ossible setup for the fancyhdr package that makes the headers look about the same as they look in this booklet In any case I sug gest you fetch the documentation for the package at the address mentioned in the footnote 4 5 The Verbatim Package Earlier in this book you got to know the verbatim environment In this section you are going to learn about the verbatim package The verbatim package is basically a re implementation of the verbatim environment that works around some of the limitations of the original verbatim environment This by itself is not spectacular but the implementation of the verbatim package added new functionality which is why I am mentioning the package 4 6 Downloading and Installing ra Packages here The verbatim package provides the verbatiminput filename command which allows you to include raw ASCII text into your document as if it were inside a verbatim environment As the verbatim package is part of the tools bundle you should find it pre installed on most systems If you want to know more about this package make sure to read 10 4 6 Downloading and Installing IEXTpX Packages Most IATEX installations come with a large set of pre installed style packages but many more are available on the net The main place to look for style packages on the Internet is CTAN http www ctan org Packages such as geometry hyphenat and many others are typically made up of two files a file with the
123. our IATEX system accordingly It also changes all automatic text into German Eg 27 28 Typesetting Text Chapter becomes Kapitel A set of new commands also becomes avail able which allows you to write German input files more quickly even when you don t use the inputenc package Check out table 2 5 for inspiration With inputenc all this become moot but your text also is locked in a par ticular encoding world Table 2 5 German Special Characters a a Ha Is c o lt or flqq gt or frqq gt flq lt frq gt dq n In German books you often find French quotation marks guillemets German typesetters however use them differently A quote in a German book would look like this In the German speaking part of Switzerland typesetters use guillemets the same way the French do A major problem arises from the use of commands like N 1q If you use the OT1 font which is the default font the guillemets will look like the math symbol which turns a typesetter s stomach T1 encoded fonts on the other hand do contain the required symbols So if you are using this type of quote make sure you use the T1 encoding Nusepackage T1 fontenc 2 5 4 Support for Korean To use IATEX for typesetting Korean we need to solve three problems 1 We must be able to edit Korean input files Korean input files must be in plain text format but because Korean uses its own character set
124. package screen panelleft chocolate pdfscreen A Screen Format panelwidth 25mm hh height width screensize 150mm 200mm hh left right top bottom marginsize 42mm 8mm 10mm 10mm A Color or image for background overlayempty definecolor mybg rgb 1 0 9 0 7 backgroundcolor mybg A Logo emblema MyLogo hhh For PPower4 post processor hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh usepackage pause o Jo fo dh do do do do ho do do ha fo do ha bo do dh oo do do ha do do ha fo oda do ha fo do ha fo do ha do do da do do do do ha fa do h fo do ha bo do do do ha ho begintdocument begin slide begin itemize item Good News dots pause item Bad News end itemize end slide end document Figure 4 2 Example pdfscreen input file 81 82 Specialities pdfscreen you still can localize navigation panel buttons by using file pdfscreen cfg see pdfscreen cfg specimen for an example chocolate color scheme for the navigation panel Other choices are gray orange palegreen bluelace and blue which is the default Then you configure the display format Because the presentation will al ways scale to the real size of the screen when displayed this can be used to configure the overall font size panelwidth defines the width of the navigation panel screensize width height define the width and height of the screen in cluding the navigation panel marginsizet left right top bottom defines the margins
125. peset arrays use the array environment It works somewhat similar to the tabular environment The command is used to break the lines begin displaymath mathbf X left begin farray ccc x_ 11 amp x_ 12 amp ldots x_ 21 amp x_ 22 amp ldots vdots amp vdots amp ddots end array right end displaymath X411 X12 X 421 22 The array environment can also be used to typeset expressions that have one big delimiter by using begin displaymath y left beginfarray 11 a amp textrm if d gt c b x amp textrm in the morning l amp textrm all day long end array right end displaymath as an invisible right delimiter a ifd gt c y lt b a in the morning all day long 3 5 Vertically Aligned Material 53 Just as with the tabular environment you can also draw lines in the array environment e g separating the entries of a matrix begin displaymath left begintarray clc 1 S 2 XN 119 hline E 3 amp 4 end array right end displaymath For formulae running over several lines or for equation systems you can use the environments eqnarray and eqnarray instead of equation In eqnarray each line gets an equation number l he eqnarray does not num ber anything The eqnarray and the eqnarray environments work like a 3 column table of the form rcl where the middle column can be used for the equal sign
126. ph filename should nanmsoahe nie contain the name of the file fbox is similar to mbox but in addition there will be a visible box drawn around the content 2 3 Ready Made Strings In some of the examples on the previous pages you have seen some very simple IA4TEX commands for typesetting special text strings Command Example Description today 10th September 2003 Current date in the current language Vleit TEX The name of your favorite typesetter LaTeX IATRX The Name of the Game LaTeXe IATEX 2e The current incarnation of IATEX 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 2 4 1 Quotation Marks You should not use the for quotation marks as you would on a typewriter In publishing there are special opening and closing quotation marks In IXTEX use two s grave accent for opening quotation marks and two s vertical quote for closing quotation marks For single quotes you use just one of each 20 4 Please press the x key Typesetting Text Please press the x key Yes I know the renderin here is not ideal it s realy grave accent and vertical quote on your keyboard despite what the font chosen might suggest 2 4 2 Dashes and Hyphens IATEX knows four kinds of dashes You can access three of them with different numbers of consecutive dashes The fourth sign is actually not a dash at all it is the mathematical minus sign daughter in law X rated daug
127. ps do not provide such a document In this case go and ask your local IATEX guru for help IATEX3 Project Team ATEX 2s for authors Comes with the IATEX 25 distribution as usrguide tex IATEX3 Project Team HTEX 2 for Class and Package writers Comes with the IATEX 25 distribution as clsguide tex IATEX3 Project Team ATEX 2s Font selection Comes with the IATEX 25 distribution as fntguide tex D P Carlisle Packages in the graphics bundle Comes with the graph ics bundle as grfguide tex available from the same source your I4TEX distribution came from Rainer Sch pf Bernd Raichle Chris Rowley A New Implementation of ATRX s verbatim Environments Comes with the tools bundle as 118 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY verbatim dtx available from the same source your IATEX distribution came from Vladimir Volovich Werner Lemberg and IA3TEXS Project Team Cyrillic languages support in TFX Comes with the IXTEX 25 distribution as cyrguide tex Graham Williams The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing of many TFX and ILXTEX related packages Available online from CTAN tex archive help Catalogue catalogue html Keith Reckdahl Using EPS Graphics in BTEX 2s Documents which explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know about EPS files and their use in BIFX documents Available online from CTAN tex archive info epslatex ps Kristoffer H Rose
128. racters and multiple languages TEX is renowned for being extremely stable for running on many different kinds of computers and for being virtually bug free The version number of TEX is converging to 7 and is now at 3 14159 TEX is pronounced Tech with a ch as in the German word Ach or in the Scottish Loch In an ASCII environment TEX becomes TeX 1 1 2 BIFX IATEX is a macro package that enables authors to typeset and print their work at the highest typographical quality using a predefined professional layout IATEX was originally written by Leslie Lamport 1 It uses the TEX formatter as its typesetting engine These days IXTEX is maintained by Frank Mittelbach Things You Need to Know IATEX is pronounced Lay tech or Lah tech If you refer to TFX in an ASCII environment you type LaTeX I4TEX 2e is pronounced Lay tech two e and typed LaTeX2e 1 2 Basics 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter To publish something authors give their typed manuscript to a publishing company One of their book designers then decides the layout of the docu ment column width fonts space before and after headings The book designer writes his instructions into the manuscript and then gives it to a typesetter who typesets the book according to these instructions A human book designer tries to find out what the author had in mind while writing the manuscript He decides on chapter headings ci
129. rate them with a specialised software package and then include the finished graphics into the document Here again IXTEX packages offer many ways to do this but this introduction will only discuss the use of Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT EPS graphics because it is quite easy to do and widely used In order to use pictures in the EPS format you must have a POSTSCRIPT printer available for output A good set of commands for inclusion of graphics is provided in the graphicx package by D P Carlisle It is part of a whole family of packages called the graphics bundle Such as XFig CorelDraw Freehand Gnuplot Another possibility to output POSTSCRIPT is the GHOSTSCRIPT program available from support ghostscript Windows and OS 2 users might want to look for GSVIEw macros latex required graphics 66 Specialities Assuming you are working on a system with a POSTSCRIPT printer avail able for output and with the graphicx package installed you can use the following step by step guide to include a picture into your document 1 Export the picture from your graphics program in EPS format 2 Load the graphicx package in the preamble of the input file with usepackage driver lgraphicx where driver is the name of your dvi to postscript converter program The most widely used program is called dvips The name of the driver is required because there is no standard on how graphics are included in TEX Knowi
130. rators 0000 eee 63 3 18 AMS Miscellaneous eee ees 64 3 19 Math Alphabets rrr 64 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package 66 XIV 4 2 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 LIST OF TABLES Index Key Syntax Examples 69 PONI ss praise eh wok BOR ReX Di ox Ew Po 104 Pom BS e uo ur a omo Ge ce m o mob E A GEO GR AC c CHE en 104 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes 105 Math Fonts e sos ss sonaas ado k TURIS Si 105 rh EENEG 109 Chapter 1 Things You Need to Know The first part of this chapter presents a short overview of the philosophy and history of IATEX 2e The second part focuses on the basic structures of a IATEX document After reading this chapter you should have a rough knowledge of how IATEX works which you will need to understand the rest of this book 1 1 The Name of the Game 1 1 1 TEX TEX is a computer program created by Donald E Knuth 2 It is aimed at typesetting text and mathematical formulae Knuth started writing the TEX typesetting engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital printing equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing industry at that time especially in the hope that he could reverse the trend of deteriorating typographical quality that he saw affecting his own books and articles TEX as we use it today was released in 1982 with some slight enhancements added in 1989 to better support 8 bit cha
131. rea d par framebox 1 1 width Guess I m framed now par framebox 0 8 width r Bummer I am too wide par framebox 1cm 1 never mind so am I Can you read this Bur central S p r e a d Guess I m framed now nmer I am too wide never Gin you anad this Now that we control the horizontal the obvious next step is to go for the vertical No problem for IATEX The raisebox lift depth height text command lets you define the vertical properties of a box You can use width height depth and totalheight in the first three parameters in order to act upon the size of the box inside the tert argument raisebox 0pt LOpt Opt Large textbf Aaaa raisebox 0 3ex a raisebox 0 7ex taa y raisebox 1 2ex r raisebox 2 2ex g raisebox 4 5ex h he shouted but not even the next one in line noticed that something terrible had happened to him Total control is only to be obtained by controlling both the horizontal and the vertical Aaaaaaa he shouted but not even the next one Troline noticed that something terrible had happpgned to him 6 7 Rules and Struts 115 6 7 Rules and Struts A few pages back you may have noticed the command rule lift Lwidth height In normal use it produces a simple black box rule 3mm 1pt rule 1mm 5mm 1cm rule 3mm 1pt E rule 1mm 1cm 5mm m rule 3mm 1pt This is
132. ring in the text get placed into the appropriate queues IATEX strictly maintains the original order of appearance for each type of float That s why a figure that cannot be placed pushes all further figures to the end of the document Therefore If IATEX is not placing the floats as you expected it is often only one float jamming one of the two float queues While it is possible to give IATEX single location placement specifiers this causes problems If the float does not fit in the location specified it becomes stuck blocking subsequent floats In particular you should never ever use the h option it is so bad that in more recent versions of IXTEX it is automatically replaced by ht Having explained the difficult bit there are some more things to mention about the table and figure environments With the caption caption text command you can define a caption for the float A running number and the string Figure or Table will be added by IATRX The two commands listoffigures and listoftables operate analogously to the tableofcontents command printing a list of figures or tables respectively These lists will display the whole caption so if you tend to use long captions you must have a shorter version of the caption for the lists This is accomplished by entering the short version in brackets after the caption command caption Short LLLLLoooooonnnnngggg g With label and ref you can crea
133. sPackage demopack newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe newcommand txsit li The emph 1 Short Introduction to LaTeXe newenvironment king begin quote end quote Figure 6 1 Example Package Writing a package basically consists of copying the contents of your doc ument preamble into a separate file with a name ending in sty There is one special command ProvidesPackage package name for use at the very beginning of your package file ProvidesPackage tells IATEX the name of the package and will allow it to issue a sensible error message when you try to include a package twice Figure 6 1 shows a small example package that contains the commands defined in the examples above 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 6 2 1 Font Changing Commands IATEX chooses the appropriate font and font size based on the logical struc ture of the document sections footnotes In some cases one might like to change fonts and sizes by hand To do this you can use the com mands listed in Tables 6 1 and 6 2 The actual size of each font is a design issue and depends on the document class and its options Table 6 3 shows the absolute point size for these commands as implemented in the standard document classes small The small and textbf bold Romans ruled The small and bold Romans ruled all of Large all of great big great big Italy textit Italy 104 Customising ATEX One important feature of IATEX
134. specify the sectional unit within which the theorem should get its numbers After executing the newtheorem command in the preamble of your doc ument you can use the following command within the document begintname text This is my interesting theorem end name This should be enough theory The following examples should remove any remaining doubt and make it clear that the newtheorem environment is way too complex to understand 7 definitions for the document preamble newtheorem law Law newtheorem jury law Jury Law 1 Don hide in the witness box Ain the document begin law label law box Jury 2 The Twelve It could be you So Don t hide in the witness box beware and see law 1 end law begin jury The Twelve It could be you So beware and see law ref law box end jury Law 3 No No No begin law No No No end law The Jury theorem uses the same counter as the Law theorem so it gets a number that is in sequence with the other Laws The argument in square brackets is used to specify a title or something similar for the theorem flushleft newtheorem mur Murphy section Nbegintmur Murphy 3 8 1 If there are two or more If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those ways ways to do something and can result in a catastrophe then someone one of those ways can result will do it in a catastrophe then someone will
135. sting Words Well and here begins my lovely article section Good Bye World ldots and here it ends end document Figure 1 2 Example of a Realistic Journal Article Things You Need to Know IATEX into compiling your input file On other systems there might be some typing involved so here is how to coax IATEX into compiling your input file on a text based system Please note this description assumes that a working IATEX installation already sits on your computer 1 Edit Create your IATEX input file This file must be plain ASCII text On Unix all the editors will create just that On Windows you might want to make sure that you save the file in ASCII or Plain Text format When picking a name for your file make sure it bears the extension tex 2 Run IATRX on your input file If successful you will end up with a dvi file It may be necessary to run ta several times to get the table of contents and all internal references right When your input file has a bug IATEX will tell you about it and stop processing your input file Type ctrl D to get back to the command line latex foo tex 3 Now you may view the DVI file There are several ways to do that You can show the file on screen with xdvi foo dvi amp This only works on Unix with X11 If you are on Windows you might want to try yap yet another previewer You can also convert the dvi file to POSTSCRIPT for printing or viewing with Ghostscript dvips
136. such as the one offered by HIATEX and it does not come with as many special Korean fonts as HIATEX 3 The ultimate purpose of using typesetting programs like TFX and IATEX is to get documents typeset in an aesthetically satisfying way Arguably the most important element in typesetting is a set of well designed fonts The HIATEX distribution includes UHC POSTSCRIPT fonts of 10 different families and Munhwabu fonts TrueType of 5 different families The CJK package works with a set of fonts used by earlier versions of HIATEX and it can use Bitstream s cyberbit True Type font To use the HIXTEX package for typesetting your Korean text put the following declaration into the preamble of your document usepackage hangul This command turns the Korean localization on The headings of chap ters sections subsections table of content and table of figures are all trans lated into Korean and the formatting of the document is changed to follow Korean conventions The package also provides automatic particle selec tion In Korean there are pairs of post fix particles grammatically equiv alent but different in form Which of any given pair is correct depends on whether the preceding syllable ends with a vowel or a consonant It is a bit more complex than this but this should give you a good picture Native Korean speakers have no problem picking the right particle but it cannot be determined which particle to use for referenc
137. system makes TEX believe it has a full 256 character fontset at its disposal by creating most of the missing letters from characters of the CM font and rearranging them in the EC order this allows to use the excellent type 1 format CM fonts available on most systems As the font is now in T1 encoding hyphenation will work well in Latin based European languages The only disadvantage of this approach is that the artificial AE characters do not work with Acrobat Reader s Find function so you cannot search for words with accented characters in your final PDF file For the Russian language a similar solution is to use Cl virtual fonts available at ftp ftp vsu ru pub tex font packs cifonts These fonts combine the standard CM type 1 fonts from Bluesky collection and CMCYR type 1 fonts from Paradissa and BaKoMa collection all available on CTAN Because Paradissa fonts contain only Russian letters C1 fonts are missing other Cyrillic glyphs Another solution is to switch to other POSTSCRIPT type 1 fonts Ac tually some of them are even included with every copy of Acrobat Reader Because these fonts have different character sizes the text layout on your pages will change Generally it will use more space than the CM fonts which are very space efficient Also the overall visual coherence of your document will suffer because Times Helvetica and Courier the primary candidates for 4 7 Working with pdfIATEX such a replacement job have not bee
138. t B zier curves are an exception They are drawn with the command qbezier zi y1 12 Y2 3 Y3 5 2 2 Line Segments setlength unitlength 5cm begin picture 1 1 put 0 0 line 0 1 13 put 0 0 line 1 0 13 put 0 0 line 1 1 1 put 0 0 line 1 2 5 put 0 0 line 1 3 3333 87 put 0 0 line 1 4 25 put 0 0 line 1 5 2 put 0 0 line 1 6 1667 put 0 0 line 2 1 1 put 0 0 line 2 3 6667 put 0 0 line 2 5 4 put 0 0 line 3 1 1 put 0 0 line 3 2 1 put 0 0 line 3 4 75 put 0 0 line 3 5 6 put 0 0 line 4 1 1 put 0 0 line 4 3 1 put 0 0 line 4 5 8 put 0 0 line 5 1 1 put 0 0 line 5 2 1 put 0 0 line 5 3 1 put 0 0 line 5 4 1 put 0 0 line 5 6 8333 put 0 0 line 6 1 1 put 0 0 line 6 5 1 end picture 88 Producing Mathematical Graphics Line segments are drawn with the command put Cz y Line x1 y1 length Y The line command has two arguments 1 a direction vector 2 a length The components of the direction vector are restricted to the integers 6 5 5 6 and they have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 The figure illustrates all 25 possible slope values in the first quadrant The length is relative to unitlength The length argument is the vertical coordina
139. tabular 41 syntonly 12 14 texcomp 20 textcomp 21 txfonts 75 ucs 24 verbatim 6 70 71 xy 95 page layout 110 page style 11 empty 11 headings ll plain 1l pagebreak 17 pageref 35 72 pagestyle 11 panelwidth 82 paper size 10 73 110 par 104 paragraph 15 paragraph 33 INDEX parameter 5 parbox 113 parbox 113 parindent 107 parskip 107 part 33 pause 82 pause 82 PDE 12 pdfBTEX 73 80 pdfscreen 80 82 83 pdfEATEX 73 pdfTEX 73 period 22 phantom 44 54 picture 85 86 89 90 placement specifier 42 plain 11 pmod 49 Portugu s 25 Portuguese 25 POSTSCRIPT 3 8 30 44 65 66 73 74 86 Encapsulated 65 75 Pr 49 preamble 6 prime 48 printindex 69 prod 50 product operator 50 protect 44 providecommand 100 ProvidesPackage 103 pspicture 86 pstricks 85 86 89 put 87 92 pxfonts 75 Q qbezier 85 87 93 qquad 46 51 quad 46 51 quotation 38 quotation marks 19 INDEX quote 38 R raisebox 114 ref 35 46 72 renewcommand 100 renewenvironment 101 report class 9 reserved characters 4 right 51 52 right aligned 37 right 51 rightmark 69 70 roman 104 rule 101 115 S sans serif 104 savebox 92 Scandinavian letters 23 screensize 82 scriptscriptstyle 55 scriptsize 104 scriptstyle 55 sec 49 section 33 44 sectionmark 70 selectlanguage 24 setlength 86 107 110
140. tations examples formulae etc based on his professional knowledge and from the contents of the manuscript In a BIFX environment IATEX takes the role of the book designer and uses TFX as its typesetter But IATEX is only a program and therefore needs more guidance The author has to provide additional information to describe the logical structure of his work This information is written into the text as IATRX commands This is quite different from the WYSIWYG approach that most modern word processors such as MS Word or Corel WordPerfect take With these applications authors specify the document layout interactively while typing text into the computer They can see on the screen how the final work will look when it is printed When using IXTEX it is not normally possible to see the final output while typing the text but the final output can be previewed on the screen after processing the file with ATEX Then corrections can be made before actually sending the document to the printer 1 2 2 Layout Design Typographical design is a craft Unskilled authors often commit serious formatting errors by assuming that book design is mostly a question of aesthetics If a document looks good artistically it is well designed But as a document has to be read and not hung up in a picture gallery the read ability and understandability is much more important than the beautiful look of it Examples e The font size and the numb
141. te a reference to a float within your text The following example draws a square and inserts it into the document You could use this if you wanted to reserve space for images you are going to paste into the finished document Figure ref white is an example of Pop Art begin figure hbp makebox textwidth Nframebox 5cm rule Opt 5cm caption Five by Five in Centimetres label white end figure 43 44 Typesetting Text In the example above IATEX will try really hard to place the figure right here h If this is not possible it tries to place the figure at the bottom b of the page Failing to place the figure on the current page it determines whether it is possible to create a float page containing this figure and maybe some tables from the tables queue If there is not enough material for a special float page IATEX starts a new page and once more treats the figure as if it had just occurred in the text Under certain circumstances it might be necessary to use the Nclearpage or even the Ncleardoublepage command It orders IATEX to immediately place all floats remaining in the queues and then start a new page Ncleardoublepage even goes to a new right hand page You will learn how to include POSTSCRIPT drawings into your I4TEX 2e documents later in this introduction 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands Text given as arguments of commands like Ncaption or Nsection may show up more than once in the docum
142. te in the case of a vertical line segment the horizontal coordinate in all other Cases 5 2 3 Arrows setlength unitlength 1mm begin picture 60 40 put 30 20 vector 1 0 30 put 30 20 vector 4 1 20 put 30 20 vector 3 1 125 put 30 20 vector 2 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 2 10 thicklines put 30 20 vector 4 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 thinlines put 30 20 vector 1 1 5 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 end picture Arrows are drawn with the command put x y vector r1 yi length For arrows the components of the direction vector are even more nar rowly restricted than for line segments namely to the integers m E Components also have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 Notice the effect of the thicklines command on the two arrows pointing to the upper left 5 2 The picture Environment 5 2 4 Circles setlength unitlength 1mm begin picture 60 40 put 20 30 circle 1 put 20 30 circle 2 put 20 30 circle 4 put 20 30 circle 8 put 20 30 circle 16 put 20 30 circle 32 put 40 30 circle 1i 89 put 40 30 circle 2 put 40 30 circle 3 put 40 30 circle 4 put 40 30 circle 5 put 40 30 circle 6 put 40 30 circle 7 put 40 30 circle 8 put 40 30 circle 9 put 40 30 circle 10 put 40 30 circle 11 put 4
143. the document only The option twoside does not tell the printer you use that it should actually make a two sided printout landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode openright openany Makes chapters begin either only on right hand pages or on the next page available This does not work with the article class as it does not know about chapters The report class by default starts chapters on the next page available and the book class starts them on right hand pages 1 7 Files You Might Encounter need to enhance the capabilities of IXTEX Such enhancements are called packages Packages are activated with the usepackage options package command where package is the name of the package and options is a list of keywords that trigger special features in the package Some packages come with the TFX 25 base distribution See Table 1 3 Others are provided separately You may find more information on the packages installed at your site in your Local Guide 5 The prime source for information about IXTEX packages is The ATRX Companion 3 It contains descriptions on hundreds of packages along with information of how to write your own extensions to IAT EX 2e 1 6 3 Page Styles IXTEX supports three predefined header footer combinations so called page styles The style parameter of the pagestyle style command defines which one to use Table 1 4 lists the predefined page styles It
144. the large number of Cyrillic glyphs they are arranged into four font encodings T2A T2B T2C and X2 The CB bundle contains fonts in LGR encoding for the composition of Greek text By using these fonts you can improve enable hyphenation in non English documents Another advantage of using new CM like fonts is that they provide fonts of CM families in all weights shapes and optically scaled font sizes 2 5 1 Support for Portuguese By Demerson Andre Polli lt polli linux ime usp br gt To enable hyphenation and change all automatic text to Portuguese use the command usepackage portuguese babel Or if you are in Brazil substitute the language for brazilian The list of languages supported by each of these encodings could be found in 11 25 26 Typesetting Text Table 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents usepackage portugese babel usepackage latini inputenc usepackage T1 fontenc As there are a lot of accents in Portuguese you might want to use usepackage latin1 inputenc to be able to input them correctly as well as usepackage T1 fontenc to get the hyphenation right See table 2 3 for the preamble you need to write in the Portuguese lan guage Note that we are using the latinl input encoding here so this will not work on a Mac or on DOS Just use the appropriate encoding for your system 2 5 International Language Support 2 5 2 Support for French By Daniel Flipo lt daniel
145. the not equal sign or any other sign you see fit The NN command breaks the lines begin eqnarray f x amp amp cos x N f r oss 3 5 f x amp amp Asinx NN F o int_ 0 x f dy amp i fm sms 3 6 amp sin x J dy sing ST end eqnarray 0 WU Sp Notice that the space on either side of the the equal signs is rather large It can be reduced by setting setlength arraycolsep 2pt as in the next example Long equations will not be automatically divided into neat bits The author has to specify where to break them and how much to indent The following two methods are the most common ways to achieve this setlength arraycolsep 2pt begin eqnarray e gP sin x amp amp x frac x 3 3 sin x id Si 5l frac x7 5 5 g nonumber LR zr 3 8 amp amp frac x 7 7 cdots i end eqnarray 54 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae begin eqnarray leftegn cos x 1 frac x 2 2 o e nonumber CS Set amp amp frac x7 4 4 y r frac x 6 6 cdots dp eu DINE 3 9 end eqnarray The nonumber command tells IATEX not to generate a number for this equation It can be difficult to get vertically aligned equations to look right with these methods the package amsmath provides a more powerful set of alter natives see align flalign gather multline and split environments 3 6 Phantoms We can t see phantoms but they sti
146. tical formulae or as accents The backslash character can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it this sequence is used for line breaking 1 3 3 FTRX Commands IATEX commands are case sensitive and take one of the following two for mats e They start with a backslash and then have a name consisting of letters only Command names are terminated by a space a number or any other non letter e They consist of a backslash and exactly one non letter IATEX ignores whitespace after commands If you want to get a space after a command you have to put either and a blank or a special spacing command after the command name The stops IATEX from eating up all the space after the command name I read that Knuth divides the people working with TeX into I read that Knuth divides the people working TeX nicians and TeX perts W with TEX into TpEXnicians and TEXperts Today is 10th September 2003 Today is Ntoday Some commands need a parameter which has to be given between curly braces after the command name Some commands support optional pa rameters which are added after the command name in square brackets The next examples use some BIFX commands Don t worry about them they will be explained later You can textsl lean on me You can lean on me Please start a new line right here Nnewline Thank you Please start a new line right here Thank
147. tomatically wrap it Using ptwidth you can define a special type of column which will wrap around the text as in a normal paragraph The pos argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text Use either of the letters it D and to specify table alignment at the top bottom or center Within a tabular environment amp jumps to the next column AN starts a new line and hline inserts a horizontal line You can add partial lines by using the cline j 2 where j and i are the column numbers the line should extend over begin tabular r 1 hline 7CO amp hexadecimal NN 3700 amp octal cline 2 2 11111000000 amp binary hline hline 1984 amp decimal hline end tabular begin tabular p 4 7cm hline Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you ll all enjoy the show hline end tabular 7CO hexadecimal 3700 octal 11111000000 1984 Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you ll all en joy the show The column separator can be specified with the construct This command kills the inter column space and replaces it with whatever is be tween the curly braces One common use for this command is explained below in the decimal alignment problem Another possible application is to suppress leading space in a table with OL begin tabular 1 hline no leading space
148. ts need special treatment because they cannot be broken across pages One method would be to start a new page every time a figure or a table is too large to fit on the present page This approach would leave pages partially empty which looks very bad The solution to this problem is to float any figure or table that does not fit on the current page to a later page while filling the current page with 161f the tools bundle is installed on your system have a look at the dcolumn package 42 Typesetting Text body text TFX offers two environments for floating bodies one for tables and one for figures To take full advantage of these two environments it is important to understand approximately how IXTEX handles floats internally Otherwise floats may become a major source of frustration because IXTEX never puts them where you want them to be Let s first have a look at the commands ta supplies for floats Any material enclosed in a figure or table environment will be treated as floating matter Both float environments support an optional parameter Nbeginifigure placement specifier or Nbeginitable placement specifier called the placement specifier This parameter is used to tell IXTEX about the locations to which the float is allowed to be moved A placement specifier is constructed by building a string of float placing permissions See Table 2 7 A table could be started with the following line e g begin table
149. tsch Claus Malten Kevin Van Maren Philipp Nagele Lenimar Nunes de Andrade Urs Oswald Demerson Andre Polli Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl John Refling Mike Ressler Brian Ripley Young U Ryu Bernd Rosenlecher Chris Rowley Risto Saarelma Hanspeter Schmid Craig Schlenter Gilles Schintgen Baron Schwartz Christopher Sawtell Miles Spielberg Geoffrey Swindale Laszlo Szathmary Boris Tobotras Josef Tkadlec Scott Veirs Didier Verna Fabian Wernli Carl Gustav Werner David Woodhouse Chris York Fritz Zaucker Rick Zaccone and Mikhail Zotov Preface TFX 1 is a typesetting system that is very suitable for producing scientific and mathematical documents of high typographical quality It is also suitable for producing all sorts of other documents from simple letters to complete books IATFX uses TEX 2 as its formatting engine This short introduction describes TFX 25 and should be sufficient for most applications of IATEX Refer to 1 3 for a complete description of the IATRX system This introduction is split into 6 chapters Chapter 1 tells you about the basic structure of IATEX 25 documents You will also learn a bit about the history of TEX After reading this chapter you should have a roughly understand how IX works Chapter 2 goes into the details of typesetting your documents It explains most of the essential IXTEX commands and environments After reading this chapter you will be able to write your first do
150. u cannot use all commands and environments inside a parbox while almost anything is possible in a minipage While parbox packs up a whole paragraph doing line breaking and ev erything there is also a class of boxing commands that operates only on horizontally aligned material We already know one of them it s called mbox It simply packs up a series of boxes into another one and can be used to prevent IXTEX from breaking two words As you can put boxes inside boxes these horizontal box packers give you ultimate flexibility makebox width pos text width defines the width of the resulting box as seen from the outside Be This means it can be smaller than the material inside the box You can even set the width to Opt so that the text inside the box will be typeset without influencing the surrounding boxes 113 114 Customising ATEX sides the length expressions you can also use width height depth and totalheight in the width parameter They are set from values obtained by measuring the typeset text The pos parameter takes a one letter value center left flush right flush or s which spreads the text inside the box to fill it The command framebox works exactly the same as makebox but it draws a box around the text The following example shows you some things you could do with the makebox and framebox commands makebox textwidth 7 centra 1 par makebox Ntextwidth s 7 s p
151. ured text or source code from a file into your document you Table 1 1 Document Classes article for articles in scientific journals presentations short reports program documentation invitations report for longer reports containing several chapters small books PhD theses book for real books slides for slides The class uses big sans serif letters You might want to consider using FoilTpX instead macros latex contrib supported foiltex Things You Need to Know Table 1 2 Document Class Options 10pt 11pt 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document If no option is specified 10pt is assumed a4paper letterpaper Defines the paper size The default size is letterpaper Besides that abpaper b5paper executivepaper and legalpaper can be specified fleqn Typesets displayed formulae left aligned instead of centred leqno Places the numbering of formulae on the left hand side instead of the right titlepage notitlepage Specifies whether a new page should be started after the document title or not The article class does not start a new page by default while report and book do onecolumn twocolumn Instructs ta to typeset the document in one column or two columns twoside oneside Specifies whether double or single sided output should be generated The classes article and report are single sided and the book class is double sided by default Note that this option concerns the style of
152. y a finite number of orthographically correct syllables exist The Korean Charac ter encoding defines individual code points for each of these syllables KS X 1001 1998 and KS X 1002 1992 So Hangul albeit alphabetic is treated like the Chinese and Japanese writing systems with tens of thousands of ideographic logographic characters ISO 10646 Unicode offers both ways of representing Hangul used for modern Korean by encoding Conjoining Hangul Jamos alphabets http www unicode org charts PDF U1100 pdf in addition to encoding all the orthographically allowed Hangul syllables in modern Korean http www unicode org charts PDF UACOO pdf One of the most daunting challenges in Korean typesetting with ta and related typesetting system is supporting Middle Korean and possibly future Korean syllables that can be only rep resented by conjoining Jamos in Unicode It is hoped that future TEX engines like Q and A will eventually provide solutions to this so that some Korean linguists and historians will defect from MS Word that already has a pretty good support for Middle Korean They can be obtained at language korean HLaTeX language korean CJK and http knot kaist ac kr htex 29 30 Typesetting Text in UTF 8 as well as in various CJK encodings including EUC KR and CP949 Windows 949 UHC it can be used to typeset documents with multilingual content especially Chinese Japanese and Korean The CJK package has no Korean localization
153. ymath xymatrix A f B A Nar r lf ar d g amp B arl d l g NN 1 D ar r f amp Cj D f gt C end displaymath To draw an arrow with an hole in it use ar hole In some situations it is important to distinguish between different types of arrows This can be done by putting labels on them or changing their appearance EEN is shorthandoff begin displaymath e e xymatrix bullet ar gt rr amp amp bullet bullet ar lt rr amp amp bullet e bullet ar rr amp amp bullet bullet ar rr amp amp bullet bullet ar rr EE bullet KEE bullet ar gt rr amp amp bullet bullet ar 2 gt rr amp amp bullet bullet ar 3 gt rr amp amp bullet bullet ar rr amp amp bullet end displaymath shorthandon o o e e oO Notice the difference between the following two diagrams begin displaymath xymatrix bullet ar r are gt r amp e gt o bullet end displaymath 98 Producing Mathematical Graphics begin displaymath xymatrix bullet ar L r ar _ gt t r amp e e bullet mE end displaymath The modifiers between the slashes define how the curves are drawn Xy pic offers many ways to influence the drawing of curves for more information
154. you this booklet The scope of this document is not to tell you how to install and set up a IATEX system but to teach you how to write your documents so that they can be processed by IATEX If you need to get hold of any IXTEX related material have a look at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network CTAN sites The homepage is at http www ctan org All packages can also be retrieved from the ftp archive ftp www ctan org and its various mirror sites all over the world They can be found e g at ftp ctan tug org US ftp ftp dante de Germany ftp ftp tex ac uk UK If you are not in one of these coun tries choose the archive closest to you You will find other references to CTAN throughout the book especially pointers to software and documents you might want to download Instead of writing down complete urls I just wrote CTAN followed by whatever location within the CTAN tree you should go to If you want to run BIFX on your own computer take a look at what is available from CTAN tex archive systems If you have ideas for something to be added removed or altered in this document please let me know I am especially interested in feedback from IATEX novices about which bits of this intro are easy to understand and which could be explained better Tobias Oetiker lt oetiker ee ethz ch gt Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology The current version

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