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Evaluation of new Electricity Meters - IEA

1. Figure 28 RS232 meter connection pin at the terminal cover Load and power supply 46 As mentioned above only bulb is going to be connected as a load Also without the bulb connected it is possible to send and receive commands the result of the measure will show that no load is connected There will be voltage but not current measured The terminals where the load is going to be connected are terminal 3 and 11 On the other hand the power supply of the meter is going to be connected to terminals 1 2 and 11 The connection scheme is showed in Figure 28 whereas the connection performed is showed in Figure 29 Observing the scheme showed in Figure 28 between terminals 1 and 3 there is a current transformer The current of line 1 is going to be measured in terminal 1 Thorough terminals 1 and 3 there is a closed circuit where the transformed current from line 1 flows This current is used to supply the load the bulb which is connected between terminals 3 and 11 neutral terminal Also in the same figure can be noticed that terminal 2 is connected to a voltage transformer It is in this terminal where the voltage is measured Figure 29 Meter connection RS232 serial communication load and power supply The meter manufacturer provides the user with EMH COMBI MASTER this software is going to be explained later but in this step it is possible to check if the connection has been done correctly by using thi
2. esee 59 JA 3 CODCIUSIOBS Joe ene BAe AS A A Ba E af a eds 63 Chapter Test scias dest an 64 5 1 Communication with one meter by RS232 seen 64 5 1 1 Serial communication program in Java Basic communication 64 5 1 2 Serial communication program in Java Communication with one meter 68 5 2 Communication with one meter by RS232 10 81 5 3 Communication with three meters by 5232 2 4 2422200 81 5 4 Communication with three meters by RS232 Conclusions 84 5 5 Communication with three meters by GSM seen 84 5 6 Communication with three meters by GSM Conclusions 90 Chapter 6 Evaluation Time needed for reading measurements sess 90 Chapter 7 A 94 Hap et 3 Future WO Hc 95 Mars cet oc tae Mee acca 96 A 99 O 100 A eae dai ec iesus en seu tiu a uis esee T eda dd 101 PCTS este cuba ue een onde 102 Chapter 1 Introduction The focus of this work is to increase the knowledge about the new electricity meters and the potential of using their available functions in combination with more active dis
3. 24 2 3 2 5 Status of implementation in Spain eee 25 2 3 3 Current situation in Sweden 2 27 2 3 3 1 Policy measures for the introduction of smart metering 27 2 3 3 2 Legal foundation of smart metering services 27 2 3 3 3 Status of implementation in Sweden eee 28 Chapters Smart meter bye s dai 29 3 1 Different types OF Met a ties 30 3 1 1 Electromechanical Mt e 31 IA a 31 3 2 How does smart meters work td up sc it distulit 34 3 2 1 Smart Meter benefits to the Us iia 34 3 2 2 Different components of the Smart Meter sse 34 3 2 3 Stages of the signal in the Smart Meter ondes tense sy 35 3 2 3 1 Stage of sensing and the signal conditioning 2 2 36 3 2 3 2 Quantify and signal processing iii 36 3 2 3 3 System control and data transmission 1 36 Chapter 4 Smart meter communication and SetUP ooococnnncccnoncccnoncnonnncnononanonnnnnonnaninnnos 37 4 1 EMH metering LZQJ Smart 37 4 2 Connection and setup of the meter 42 AS EMH SOEUWBEO 1 i citada li p Nas 47 4 4 ComrmunicatlomprotOcoL ss ea et eee dete 55 Software ote tp A tie tt beds 55 4 4 2 Commands of the communication protocol
4. NO Ask forthe desired measure NO Is one of the possible measures ES Write onfile and display on screen the variable wanted Initialize communication Continue reading YES measures Close streams and port Flowchart 11 Main method for more than one meter 84 Once the code is prepared the next step is to connect the three smart meters together physically When the three meters were connected together to check how the programs worked the program was able to send commands but it did not receive any response from the meters This was checked with Termite To locate the problem an oscilloscope was used to display the data signal transmitted through the serial port With the oscilloscope connected to the common point where the three meters were connected the signal sent by the program was transmitted but there was no kind of response on the serial port The following was to connect the oscilloscope to the RS232 reception and transmission pins of the meter that was being read At this point the oscilloscope displayed both data direction signals Therefore the problem was at the connection between the counters Serial communication RS232 is a point to point protocol As it has been explained before this means that only one device can be connected with another device When try to connect three smart meters at the same communication physical port of the computer it did not work The immediate solution
5. 000 kvar Figure 59 Historical data file Data shown on the user interface and also data in the file are represented in ASCII To be able to do this another method that converts a string from hexadecimal to ASCII has been used To improve the time needed the code has been changed to make possible the reading of the Table 1 and the Service table It will be verified that with these new changes the reading is 2 seconds faster by reading the tables Chapter 6 Evaluation Time needed for reading measurements To achieve this a new method has been added Flowchart 10 because to read the tables a new sequence of commands is used This method will be called if some table has been chosen for reading Appendix 3 RS232 Communication 81 Initialize time to calculate the elapsed time for Flowchart 10 Communication Command sequence to read tables 82 5 2 Communication with one meter by RS232 Conclusions The program developed in this section is able to read measures from one smart meter by serial communication RS232 The user will be asked by using an interface about the variable that is going to read The program sets up and opens the serial port communication In addition it carries out the communication protocol showing the desired information on the screen and saving an historical of the measures read If while program is executed the communication fails after a time the program will end Another important as
6. solution is going to be a change at the method for reading the input stream The only difference by part of the communication method is that instead of sending the 2 length to the method mentioned 1 is going to be sent This indicates that in that case what is going to be read is the last instruction the one that contains the measure With this it could be enough but after that the meter is still waiting for a command and if it is not sent in some seconds the meter sends another instruction This is a problem because if another variable is wanted to be read this instruction is not expected and will fill out the input stream This will suppose that when the first command is sent and the received instruction is going to be verified the response to the test is going to be wrong because the input stream has been filled before incorrectly This problem has been solved just noticing that the meter is expecting a command to finish the communication if this command is not send after a while the meter sends is to end the communication Flowchart 5 72 73 Is the command read correctly received Flowchart 5 Communication 74 SerialReader has to be changed Flowchart 6 The method that reads the serial port has to distinguish between the last command read and the rest For this purpose the integer received as a parameter is going to be used If the parameter is 1 it is the last command It is no
7. Single Command EMAH software 6 seconds Master Thesis program 4 seconds EMAH software 13 seconds Master Thesis program 11 seconds Table 11 Comparison between EMH software and the program developed along this Master Thesis 4800 Bd 95 Chapter 7 Conclusions In this thesis a closer look was taken at the communication protocol used by smart meters To start with the place of electricity meters in smart grids was presented To do that electricity market participants have been introduced to understand why new technologies at electricity networks are needed A better communication between all electricity market participants and more effective use of the energy are some of the reasons why smart grids are the solution But these are not the only possibilities that smart grids offers Facilitate the increase of renewable energy sources by reducing effects in distribution networks and transmission grids reduce peak network load or achieve a more efficient energy use by the chance of having active consumers are some other features of smart grids An important part of smart grids are smart meters These electronic meters are able to handle a two way communication what is really important for communication among all smart grid participants There are different types of meters but the way they work is what causes that European Union start to legislate and regulate the implementation of this technology along all member states
8. Analog Digital Converter ADC The three options have in common a serial port for control by an external processor performs other operations It is the basic model Mid range MCU with computing capabilities such as hardware multiplication Structure Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC with communications peripherals memory of various types and analog mixed elements Normally MCU devices adapted to a generic design measures Low end MCU dedicated to the overall management of the system and its programming is more comfortable surrounded by a number of peripherals similar to the previous case where it has added a DSP based or programmable logic device technology elements mixed necessary This dual core system allows the process of calculating power and energy is developed in a more deterministic and optimized for the DSP GRID NLIL2L3 Figure 20 Smart Meter parts Block diagram 4 In all these designs have to be added a few extra communication peripherals items that are implemented only to allow local connections of a few meters at most The connection system must be electrically isolated included the mass of the system connected to electrical network neutral 3 2 3 Stages of the signal in the Smart Meter From the measurement of the electrical signal sent to the display or via the communication port the signal must pass through a number of stages as conditioning processing and transmission 37 3 2 3 1 Stage of
9. to facilitate the policies related to energy efficiency and emissions of the country 2 3 3 2 Legal foundation of smart metering services Energy Law Due to legislation on new regulation for electric meters in 2003 Sweden was the first country in European Union to mandate indirect automatic electricity meters reading On July 1 2006 was lowered from 200 A to 63 A the limit at which the hourly metering reading has to be done These regulations have enabled the deployment of smart meters to the point that in 2009 all users in Sweden had accountants which permitted the remote reading installed Although by legislation it is only needed monthly reading the distribution system operators prefer an hourly reading Swedish electricity market model has about 5 2 Mill final customers 170 distribution system operators 100 power retailers and 35 companies responsible of the maintenance The client has a contract with one of the distribution system operators to which he pays a fee for getting connected and using the electricity network Distribution system operators are the owners of the meters so that the user pays metering fees or tariffs because of using electricity network Minimum functional requirements for the metering system for customers over 63A commercial and industrial customers Must be measured active energy generated and consumed on a daily basis and at a frequency of one hour Data collection will be done as soon as possible
10. 0x30 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x55 0 0x02 0x30 Ox2e 0x32 0 2 0x30 0x28 0x31 0x32 0x35 0x30 0x30 0x30 0x30 0x32 0x29 0x03 0x34 0x45 0x32 0x02 0x46 0x31 0x30 0x31 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x01 0x01 0x52 0x32 0x02 0x33 0x32 Ox2e 0x32 0x35 0x03 0 49 0x02 0x33 0x32 Ox2e Command that contains the measured value The first command sent is the one that contains the meter ID Once the command is sent to the meter this sends another command indicating that the meter chosen is connected To check that everything is running well and as it is known the command that has to be transmitted by the meter this is going to be verified If it is correctly received the communication continues else it is finished After that the meter will wait for the next command to follow the communication protocol The same process continues command sent and then command received and checked if it is correct until the last part is reached The last part is more delicate because the command sent and the one received are different Last command that has to be written in the output stream is composed by two that have to be sent separately One 71 is common for the rest of variables and the other is the one that comes as a parameter when the method is called On the other hand the reading of the last command is different to the rest because this instruction is not fixed or in other words is not always the same It depends among others on the length of the measure read
11. System for Mobile Communications is a wireless network technology that makes use of a SIM card to identify the user s account Figure 63 Communication with three meters by GSM To achieve this the PC is going to be connected to a modem by USB This modem is going to receive the AT commands to start and hang up the communication with another modem connected to the meters Once the communication between PC and smart meters is allowed the commands are transmitted by the GSM transparent network as they were transmitted through RS232 before because between the modem of the meters and the meters the connection is by RS232 For the communication with the meters via GSM the program needs to send some AT commands to the serial port following this way connect with the modem 1 AT lt CR gt To check if there is a modem connected ready If there is lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt will be received 2 ATDxxxxxxxxxx lt CR gt The command to start the communication with the modem that matches with the dial sent The xxxxxxxxxx is the place where the dial SIM number has to be written The dial number used in the thesis is 0703657375 thus the command is ATDO703657375 lt CR gt If the connection has been done lt CR gt lt LF gt CONNECT lt CR gt lt LF gt is received hang up 1 This is the default escape sequence Transfers the modem from data mode to command mode Must be preceded by at least one seco
12. To connect three meters is not possible to do by RS232 without adding pull down resistance at the TXD pin of each meter As three meters are connected at the 96 same point at the same time when one of them tries to send something and switch from high level to low level this change does not appear at the serial port because the rest of the meters are keeping it at high level Pull down resistances avoid this problem Another consequence of connecting more than one meter is that the first command has to be changed writing the new ID of the meter that will be read time needed to read one variable from the meter is going to be the same as before Although three meters are connected at the same time once the ID is sent the communication goes exactly equal than before Finally between the meters and PC GSM communication is introduced One modem is going to be connected to the computer and another one is going to be connected at the meters side This second modem receives by one antenna the information sent from the first modem connected to the computer This means that the RS232 serial communication port is not going to be now the port by which the PC is sending and receiving data The modem is connected by USB what means that even though USB continues being a serial port it is not going to proceed equal Now the data which is sent has to be filtered by an even parity filter that was not needed before AT commands have to be used to c
13. which have subsequently added other operators such as Gas Natural Fenosa and EDP The company has started carrying out a project that will turn Castell n into the first Spanish city with a smart power Gas Natural Fenosa The company has developed three pilot projects in the period 2007 2010 in Madrid Barajas Madrid and Molina de Arag n Guadalajara installing a total of 1 000 measurement equipment In 2010 because of supply difficulties Gas Natural has installed only 5 000 of the planned total of 80 000 meters 27 In late 2011 the company s plan is the total installation of 580 000 meters The company has to recover the backlog to achieve the legal deadline and deploy 100 smart metering equipment before the end of 2018 To highlight the Project SCALA Smarts Cities Alcala and Aranjuez of remote management and remote control E ON In 2004 E ON began the first experience of deployment of the smart metering company in Spain It was developed in the period June 2004 July 2005 in Torrelavega Cantabria 950 smart meters were installed Until December 2010 a total of 180 000 smart meters have been installed It is expected that Eon Spain has installed a total of 708 000 meters by the end of 2014 Moreover the company expects to meet legal deadlines required integration of remote management system to have it set right before the end of 2013 Among the advantages of their smart devices include Minimize errors A
14. Hosting capacity concept 3 11 The main problem is that in low voltage networks the maximum voltage magnitude is high during periods of low load Those networks present a huge range between maximum and minimum voltage levels For fluctuating energy sources such as renewable energy sources the increase in minimum voltage is small therefore the result is an increase in maximum voltage that is not proportional to the rise in minimum voltage 3 This problem becomes more problematic as amounts of this fluctuating energy augment Using smart grids makes it possible to increase this threshold level by a more efficient way than using conventional technologies For example there is an innovative solution so called Active Network Management ANM that controls the output of fluctuant energy generators to match the available network capacity in real time and hence improving the grid hosting capacity Two effects are distinguished when impact of wind power on the electrical network 5 considered effects on distribution networks and effects on the transmission grid 2 2 2 1 Distribution and transmission networks As it is represented in the Figure 7 the transmission power network transports the electricity from the generating station to the substation where the step down transformer is located After that the distribution network carries the electricity from substation to the customer Color Key Substation Black Generation S
15. The time analyzed is the needed time for reading Connection time and hang up time times used in GSM communication are not included 94 significantly Table 9 Therefore this is not a good option to improve the time for reading Single Command by using EMH Software 4800 Bd 6 213 6 616 9600 Bd Table 9 Comparison between different baud rates The baud rate is more important if the amount of data is bigger because more time is needed to read all the information If the amount of data is small the time needed to transmit it is insignificant compared with the time that the meter needs to send an answer This can be noticed if the times to read Table 1 and Service table at different baud rates are compared Table 10 As Table 1 has less information than the Service table when the baud rate increases the time needed does not decrease as much as in Service table Nevertheless the baud rate does not change significantly the reading time needed EMH software RS232 Table 1 Service Table 4 451 sec 4 748 sec 4800 Bd 4 025 sec 4 648 sec 4 154 sec 4 850 sec 3 854 sec 4 256 sec 9600 Bd 3 984 sec 4 177 sec 4 235 sec 3 811 sec Table 10 Comparison between Table 1 and Service Table at different baud rates As it has been mentioned above the program developed along this Master Thesis reads faster than the software provided by the manufacturer in all the cases tested Table 111
16. Threads are used in Java to run a concurrent process As Java has not any preset method to stop and relaunch threads the thread is going to be defined as a class ThreadClass with its own methods that make it possible The class consists of three methods stopThread startThread and run In Java the method start has to be called to begin the execution of the thread by start running the method called run J The last one contains the code to be executed in the thread The purpose of this thread is to count the elapsed time and if this exceeds a desired value then end the program To initialize and run the thread again the chosen solution is keeping the thread running in parallel while the program is executed A boolean is going to be set as true by calling the method startThread and set as false by calling the method stopThread When the boolean is true the counter is going to start and be checked with the limit established To stop the counter the boolean has to be false That is how the thread is going to be stopped and relaunched startThread will be called at the beginning of the serial communication reading method and stopThread at the end of the method when reading has finished start will call run at the beginning of the program code in the main method Flowchart 7 77 Run Thread Wait until start the thread NO Is the thread st
17. after 00 00 on day pass following at which measurements have been made 29 The DSO has to deliver preliminary data to the national settlement daily at 08 00 Minimum functional requirements for the metering system for customers up to 63A household customers Readings as active energy consumption must be saved on a monthly data base Data collection has to be registered exactly at 00 00 of the first day of the month and collected as soon as possible else the registration will be estimated instead of being calculated Also the supply cuts or interruptions should be registered by the distribution company because the user can apply for an economic compensation 2 3 3 3 Status of implementation in Sweden Sweden has performed full scale deployment during the last years and by 1 July 2009 all customers had got installed technology for automatic meter reading The requirements are hourly metering of the consumption for larger customers with a fuse rating larger than 63 A commercial and industrial customers and monthly metering of the consumption for smaller customers households with a fuse rating smaller than 63 A The deployment of smart metering technology allows Sweden to have a wide range smart metering services The next step is to increase the frequency at which measurements are made Although the distribution system operators are read per hour instead of reading per month a regulation for a higher reading frequency than the
18. and negative active power and positive and negative reactive power The three first lines 0 0 0 0 9 1 and 0 9 2 correspond with the meter ID the date and time when the reading has done E EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info f oar 20 48 0 0 0 1 3 2 4 5 B F 00000000 Error register 0 01080089 Meter address l 165012 Clock time 2 120301 Date l 00002 56 kWh positive Active power Energy register Tariff 1 l 00000 55 kvarh positive Reactive power Energy register Tariff l l 00032 62 kWh negative Active power Energy register Tariff l l 00009 84 kvarh negative Reactive power Energy register Tariff 1 CC 53 OK Readout 2012 03 01 16 51 Figure 36 EMH COMBI MASTER Tablel 51 Table 2 Figure 37 Load profile with pre adjustment of the load x days standard last 40 days EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info VA Wass Yiu aaa Oo AS os Bo 0 0 0 01080089 Meter address 0 9 1 164759 Clock time 0 9 2 120301 Date P 01 120207170000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 0 019 0 000 0 000 0 001 P 01 120207180000 00000000 60 4 1 5 EW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Value correct 0 059 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120207190000 000000
19. communicate with the meter a baud rate of 4800 is going to be used the choice of this value will be explain later The digital logical levels are 1 if the voltage is within the range of 3 15 V and O if it is between 3 15 V This is not a problem at the beginning because the serial communication is managed by the communication module of the serial port in the PC The electrical interface RS232 galvanically de coupled is found at the three additional terminals RxD TxD and GND under the sealable terminal cover Figure 25 interface a z 9 29 Figure 25 RS232 meter connection pin at the terminal cover RS232 When talking about RS232 there are two optional connectors DE 9 and DB 25 As the meter is going to be connected to the computer and it has a DE 9 connector Figure 26 this is the one that is going to be used 45 Pin 1 Data arrier De 6 Data Set Head 2 Received Data Request to Send Transmitted Data 8 lear to Send 4 Data Terminal Read 9 Ring Indicator 5 Signal Ground Figure 26 RS232 female connector 20 Once the connections are known the RS232 wire Figure 27 can be built up and the meter can be connected to the serial port of the PC Figure 27 RS232 wire After having prepared the connections needed for the communication the electrical supply and the load are going to be connected E9532 pa
20. telemetry Spanish regulation about smart meter implementation Real Decreto 1634 2006 Additional disposition twenty second Installation plan of measuring equipment In the above plan will set out the criteria for the replacement of metering equipment as well as the number of equipment to be installed annually understood as a percentage of total national metering systems Orden ITC 3860 2007 This order establishes the plan of replacing meters measuring power supplies up to 15 kW of contracted power to promote the establishment of remote management systems Distribution companies are responsible for the meters replacement The percentages by which the replacement plan is governed are presented in the following graphic 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2018 30 20 4 Roll out of AMM System 20 30 Figure 13 Metering replacement plan in Spain 19 26 Minimum functional requirements for the metering system Remote control and tariffs with time rates per hour That means hourly metering and tariffs able to change depending on this hourly metering Remote management system That means the possibility thanks to the bidirectional communication between controllers and distribution company to make remote readings and managing energy also by distance with the connection and disconnection of the equipment among others The measuring equipment must be able to measure active and
21. the reader will notice that smart meter technology is needed at smart grids In Chapter 3 Smart meter types different types of meters and how they work will be explained Chapter 4 Smart meter communication and setup is going to present the meters used the software provided by the manufacturer and how to get the sequence of the commands to follow the communication protocol First of all the equipment that will be connected and the software provided by the manufacturer are analyzed specially the parts used along the thesis Before starting with the communication code program the communication protocol and how it was taken will be explained The laboratory work to develop a program that communicates with the meters will be detailed in Chapter 5 Test performance The chapter structure coincides with the step by step that has been taken place in the laboratory Finally how the final program has been reached is written It starts from a simple serial communication program and continues with the improvements implemented until the program that communicates over GSM with three counters connected simultaneously is made To conclude with one of the objectives of this work the times needed to read the measurements with the different options that the tool developed can manage and EMH software will be compared This will take place at Chapter 6 Evaluation Time needed for reading measurements A short summary of this thesis and the conclusions o
22. 001 01 120209200000 00000080 60 4 1 5 KU 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure 0 019 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120210150000 000000 0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 0 020 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120213190000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 KW 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 0 025 0 000 0 000 0 001 P 01 120213200000 00000080 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure 0 027 0 000 0 000 0 000 01 120214120000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 0 015 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120214130000 00000080 60 4 1 5 KU 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure 0 019 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120214140000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 10 030 0 000 0 000 0 000 01 120214150000 00000000 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Value correct 0 060 0 000 0 000 0 001 P 01 120214160000 000000 0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply Figure
23. 37 EMH COMBI MASTER Table2 Table 3 Figure 38 This table contains the information shown in Table 1 in this case the price for two different tariffs some of the information of Table 2 and also some information in Service table In addition internal tests of the EMH software checksums are displayed in this table EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info fi vrs Ep honc B m2 2 1 0 00878365 Serial number 0 0 01080089 Meter address 1 0 00 Number resets 8 0 60 Measurement period duration 8 4 60 Recording period for load profile 01 8 1 00002 51 kWh positive Active power Energy register Tariff 1 8 1 00000 55 kvarh positive Reactive power Energy register Tariff 1 8 1 00032 62 kWn negative Active power Energy register Tariff 1 8 1 00009 84 kvarh negative Reactive power Energy register Tariff 1 8 0 00002 51 kWh positive Active power Energy register Tariff 0 8 0 00000 55 kvarh positive Reactive power Energy register Tariff 0 8 0 00032 62 kWm negative Active power Energy register Tariff 0 8 0 00009 84 kvarh negative Reactive power Energy register Tariff 0 2 1 01 08081241 Parameter record PAR number 2 1 02 12521000 Parameter record PAR settings 2 1 50 08081241 Parameter record SET number 3 0 10000 000 Imp kWh LED constants Active power 3 9 1000 0000 Inp KWh Output constants Active power 3 4 1000 0000 Imp
24. 400 V 10 65 A 0 5 10 65 A 5A 50 Hz 2 CI 2 Cl B Option Cl 1 Cl A 2 tariff registers 1 tarifless register external control gt 20 years LZQJ 4 Quadrant Combi Meter yes yes yes yes 3 and 4 wire 4 wire version 3x58 100 V 3x240 410 V 3 wire version 3x100 V 3x415 V further voltages by enquiry 10 100 A 5111 A double area 50 Hz 60 Hz 2 CI 1 Option 0 55 or 0 25 CI 2 Option 1 or 0 5 2 tariff registers 1 tarifiless for every energy typ 2 maximum registers for every energy type 15 minutes external control Apparent energy current voltage power line frequency power factor gt 20 years Meter constant LED Imp KWh direct connection transformer connection Meter constant output Imp KWh direct connection transformer connection Control inputs Outputs Interfaces DO CLO M Bus LON Bus Further interfaces Display version direct connection transformer connection Power consumption per phase Voltage path Current path Temperature range Operate Limit Storage Class of protection Housing Connection Dimensions Weight Installation PTB Approval EC type examination certificate acc to directive 2004 22 EC 50 DIN 43 864 for transmission of impulses mechanical register 6 1 digits lt 2VA 10 45 IP 50 20 1 pitch 18 mm DIN 43 880 approx 0 1 kg DIN rail O 1 000 10 000 1 000 5 000 Opti
25. I cannot thank enough the support received these months Lund March 2012 V ctor de la Fuente Garc a iride 1 T1 Motivo ji a 1 MAS ub tm 2 1 3 Outltie of the thesis sio teh ii ta 3 Chapter 2 Electricity meters smart 4 2 1 Electricity market participants id td 4 Z LT Electricity A dp 4 DN O ceat 5 A AA O 6 DA AUD ES ON 6 2 2 MALT E o sue A Musa nieces tales lta deas 6 22 1 grids 1s ost icm wea evedisdu 6 2 2 2 Renewable energy sources in smart 2 9 2 2 2 1 Distribution and transmission networks 10 2 2 2 2 Effects in distribution NE Works iii a 11 2 2 2 3 Effects on transmission US stre as 12 2 2 3 Reducing peak network load MEE 13 2213 Elerdsc O suu fa etat 15 2 2 41 Acl Ve CONS a a 15 2 2 4 2 Controlling power flows eese enne enne enne 16 2 3 Current 5 oin e bebe pedo fee Te e 17 2 3 1 Legislation promoting change in Europe 2 22 2 3 2 Current situation in Spain iii HR S AR Ue SEA EN css 24 2 3 2 1 Policy measures for the introduction of smart metering 24 2 3 2 2 Legal foundation of smart metering services
26. another one and close the port and the streams The new structure is represented in next flowchart Start Main Y Run Thread Y Initialize constructor Y Ask forthe desired measure Y Is one of the possible measures NO YES Initialize communication Continue reading VES measures NO Y Close streams and port End of the program Flowchart 8 New main structure with communication method thread and interface with the user 79 In addition to ask if the user wants to read some more variables would also be good to display some more information on the screen which is useful for the user The information chosen to be displayed on the screen is more or less the same that EMH software prints Figure 58 et C WINDOWS system32 cmd exe fx Java lib Version Do you wanna know the value some variable lt Y N gt p What is the variable you wanna know 32 25 1 32 25 Voltage line 1 EMH4 61 LZQJC6G13F 235 78 U gt Elapsed time gt 0 0 12 250 Do you wanna know the value of some variable lt Y N gt What is the variable you wanna know 25 KwLsum 1 25_Total active power EMH4 61 LZQJC G13F 8 859 kW gt Elapsed time gt M 0 12 188 Do you wanna know the value of some variable lt Y N gt C Documents and Settings ielvictor Desktop Master Thesis Diary 2612 62 66 gt Pause Press any key to continue Fi
27. current ambient temperature and also the waveform of the current determine a component s operating temperature Therefore a way to improve the transport capacity would be improving the thermal features of the grid components But there are also other ways to have the same solution Definition extracted from Energy Vortex http www energyvortex com energydictionary peak_load__peak_demand html 15 Filtering the distortion of the current waveform compensating the distortion caused by equipment installed at consumers facilities Adding capacitor banks is possible to compensate reactive power By this way reducing reactive power the power flow is reduced As the required power is the active power with this upgrade the way the network works is more efficient Demand suffers greatly variations along the time These variations are more perceptible at the distribution network than in transmission network because variations at higher voltage levels occurred as a result of a large number of consumers tend to cancel each other out to certain extent The use of the electricity grid will be more efficient if smoothing the demand over time is possible This time shifting of demand is one of the important possibilities that brings the smart grids Demand can be managed smoothing peaks by spreading out the demand over time To achieve that some methods are available change the signal prices depending on the peaks grid operators controlli
28. give at the Product manual of the meter is use RS485 instead of RS232 But this solution needs convertors to adapt the signal from RS232 to RS485 and vice versa This solution is more expensive that the one carried out in this thesis The reason why the connection of three meters to the same serial communication port of the computer does not work is related with the voltage level at the transmission pin TXD of the meter This pin is normally at high level 15 3 V and if the meter is transmitting the pin is at low level 3 15 V As the three transmission pins of each meter are connected together when one of them tries to communicate and change the signal from high level to low level the other two meters are keeping this signal at high level That is why the meter is trying to transmit data but it is not being reflected at the serial port The solution is to use poll down resistance at TXD pins Figure 61 Pull down resistance to communicate three meters at the same time by RS232 85 The pull down resistance scheme normally is just a resistance connected between the transmission terminal and ground The scheme of Figure 61 is used to avoid the ground connection and only use the connection with the transmission terminal As it is shown in Figure 62 when no meter is transmitting the serial port is receiving a high level 15 3 V but if one of them transmits data and changes to low level 3 15 V the seri
29. hours of all tariffs 8 Transformer factor 0 4 2 Transformer factor U 0 4 3 Reset counter 0 1 0 Pre values reset counter 0 1 2 F Manipulation of the meter cover 96 70 Manipulation of the terminal cover 96 71 Device address 0 0 0 Identification number 0 0 1 0 0 9 Serial number C 1 0 Switching clock program number 0 0 2 Ripple control number 0 2 3 Standard data set recognition 94 49 2 02 Parameterization file number 0 2 1 F Set file number 0 2 1 50 Firmware identification 0 2 0 Last DCF synchronization C 51 4 In output conditions C 3 Internal control signal C 4 Internal operating conditions 5 Installation register C 86 0 Number of parameterizations C 2 0 Time of the last parameterization C 2 1 Time of the last switching program change C 2 2 Time of the last ripple control program change C 2 3 Measuring period length 0 8 0 Registration period length 0 8 4 Checksum PAR C 90 0 Checksum SET C 90 1 Checksum ROM C 90 2 Checksum System C 90 3 Display access protection C 75 F 62 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 3 3 0 3 4 1 B 0 7 0 1 Error register F F Clock time 0 9 1 Date 0 9 2 Weekday and week number 0 9 3 Weekday 0 9 5 Table 6 Variables that can be read by using a single command 1
30. if the user wants or not to continue reading measures from the meter save the measures in a file and the creation of a thread working in parallel to limit the time waited while reading To do that some of the methods explained before the constructor and the one used to write the output stream are not going to be changed 70 other methods the main method and the one used to read the input stream has to be changed and new ones have to be created The problems and the method followed will be explained and at the end final flow charts will be commented Now it is greatly facilitating the program development the fact that the communication protocol has been understood previously and also to have noticed that all the commands sent for all variables except the last one are the same The reason is that thanks to this observation all the communication protocol could be written in a method shared by all the variables As the only difference between the measures is the last command sent it is enough with sending to the method this command as a parameter received The communication protocol consists of five sent commands and four received commands U1_32 25 Voltage line 1 0x37 0x37 Ox2f Ox3f 0x31 0x30 0x38 0x30 0x35 0x32 0x33 0x21 Ox2f 0x45 0 44 0x48 0x34 0 5 0 40 0x30 0x31 0 4 Ox5a 0x51 Oxda 0x43 0x30 0x30 0x31 0x33 0x46 0 04 0x06 0x30 0x34 0x31 0x01 0x50 0x30 0x02 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x60 0x01 0x52 0x35 0x02 0x30 0 2 0x32 0 2
31. in intervals of time each 15 30 minutes or each hour two hours and communicates that information to the utility monitoring and billing purposes This communication between the meter and the central system Figure 15 is one of the most important differences between the Smart meters and the electronic meters 6 This section is based in the information find at Casellas F Velasco G Guinjoan F amp Pique R El concepto de Smart Metering en el nuevo escenario de distribuci n el ctrica Barcelona Spain 31 Energy flow User es Equipment Electricity Network AGC Automatic generation control DA Distribution Automation EMS Energy Management System AMI Advanced Meter Infrastructure DMS Distribution Management System SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Figure 15 Electric energy flow in parallel with information flow 4 Smart meter makes easier the introduction of renewable energies improve energy efficiency provides the necessary conditions for load reductions and makes possible the active participation of consumers in the electricity market 3 1 Different types of meters There are different types of electric meters that can be rated depending on their features Technologically electromechanical or electronic meters Functionally single phase or three phase According to energy active meters and or reactive meters Device or software that enables remote handing Th
32. is going to be connected between the other virtual port and the physical serial communication port of the PC the one linked to the smart meter Figure 47 Termite H cnt 5 com0com Figure 47 Scheme of the connection between the different programs To communicate correctly the EMH software settings have to be the ones shown in Figure 48 The COM port is chosen to communicate through in this case the virtual port COM6 the baud rate is set at 4800 Bd and also the ID of the meter is written 57 EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 E Settings Summertime Public holidays General Modem Communication COM port COM port OTcP Ap O IP telemetry ow m Baud rate WS password O preesse 300 Bd Y Meter address C 600 Bd 1080523 _ 1200 Ed 2400 Bd 4800 Bd O 9600 Ed 19200 Bd O 57600 Bd Send Break before every communication VDEW 2 0 2 1 OK Cancel Figure 48 EMH COMBI MASTER settings Termite is used to display the information flowing between the two ports at which it is connected Termite 2 6 by CompuPhase Serial port settings Port configuration Port Baud rate 4800 Data bits 8 Stop bits 1 Parity none Transmitted text amp ppend nothing O Append CR O Append LF Append CR LF Local echo Received text Options C Stay on top Clos
33. line currents the total active power and reactive power total These variables have been chosen because they are the most common In addition the voltage readings from the low voltage networks can be used for voltage control in the medium voltage networks That is another reason why these variables have been chosen The programming language used will be Java One of the reasons to choose this programming language is because it is widely used and found information about it will be easier than other programming languages 5 1 Communication with one meter by RS232 The objective of this point is to achieve a program able to receive data values from one smart meter by the serial communication port RS232 Figure 56 Figure 56 Communication with one meter by RS232 5 1 1 Serial communication program in Java Basic communication The first step is just writing the code of a program able to send simple data by RS232 To do that it is needed the package to manage serial communication in Java called RXTXcomm jar At the beginning the first option was javax comm but this application is obsolete and it was not possible to find somewhere to download it The classes necessaries from this package are going to be imported at the beginning of the code as follows 66 import gnu io SerialPort import gnu io CommPortIdentifier import gnu io NoSuchPortException import gnu io PortInUseException import gnu io SerialPortEvent impo
34. load to smooth the peak Generation and therefore the energy flow is depending more and more on renewable energy sources and these depends on the weather among others making the power flow less predictable For this reason continuous feedback on cost is needed to give consumers real information Smart meters can provide this information 16 These incentives and the participation of the consumers would facilitate the introduction of renewable electricity production This participation is not only to have users consuming energy in a more efficient way due to these incentives Users can participate adding energy to the grid if during peak load periods the price of the energy generated rises 2 2 4 Energy efficiency Electrical losses are part of the energy transportation through the grid but it is possible to reduce these losses To do that it is important to know where the losses come from Electrical losses can be defined as the product of resistance by the square of the current flowing through As it was explained before one possible solution to have a more efficient use of energy is reducing the current reducing reactive power because network losses are proportional to the square of the current Thanks to the relation that exists between current and voltage it is also possible to reduce losses by controlling the voltage To transport the same quantity of energy it is possible to transport it at higher voltages as at higher voltage
35. possible and economically efficient due to the energy savings European member states have to supply customer with competitive priced that reflect consumption and information of the time use and also that bills has to be based on actual energy consumption provided frequently enough to allow consumers to regulate their consumption The second one the Directive on the international electricity market 2009 72 EC is part of the Third Energy Package mentioned before Art 3 of this Directive requires that to promote efficient energy use the European member countries or regulatory authorities should encourage electricity companies to optimize the use of electricity by introducing for example smart metering systems or smart grids This metering system may be subject to an economic assessment of all the long term costs and benefits to the market and the individual consumer or which form of intelligent meter is economically reasonable and cost effective and which timeframe is 24 feasible for their distribution The Directive forces European countries to carry out cost benefit reports before the rollout of smart metering Deadline is placed for the 3 September 2012 There are two directives that drive the introduction of smart metering Energy Services Directives 2006 32 EC ESD and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010 31 EU EPBD Directly related with smart meters the recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings directive
36. reactive energy maximum power every 15 minutes hourly measurements with data storage for 3 months and must be able to handle flexible tariffs 2 3 2 3 Status of implementation in Spain To have a view of the situation in Spain it is a good view to see what happens with the five main electric companies that operates in Spain Endesa The timetable for implementation of Endesa to its customers is adapted to that established by the Order ITC 3860 2007 The smart metering system which will be applied is called Meters and more This is an open protocol communication for automatic measurement solutions Endesa has installed 22 000 units during 2010 in several main cities of Spanish regions e g M laga Smart City project while the target is to install 1 5 million meters by 2011 and 13 million units by the end of 2015 In October 2010 the company opened the Center for Management and remote management operation in Seville with the presence of the Minister of Industry Iberdrola Iberdrola says that a study of viable alternatives to meet with legal regulatory requirements has been conducted since 2006 Among the different alternatives Iberdrola has chosen the PRIME standard because of some features as low cost high performance open public specification standard medium term international and especially because it is currently available Iberdrola is a founding member of the PRIME Alliance Powerline Intelligent Metering Evolution in Spain
37. sensing and the signal conditioning The first part of the measurement process is analogical and external to the integrated circuit It is different how voltage or current is measured To detect the voltage signal it is necessary before attenuate it with a voltage divider or with a transformer to adjust the amplitude to the PGA values The measurements are made between phases or better between phase and neutral The current measurement is performed using a voltage current transformer a shunt resistance or a Rogowski coil The current measurement can be taken in one phase in two phases in three phases without neutral or in three phase with neutral depending on how the meter is going to be implemented and the number of ADC s that the integrated circuit has The use of transformers for voltage or current measurements presents a problem The offset at the phase of the signal introduced with respect to the secondary to the measured signal That means an error in the measure calculation of the instantaneous power from the DSP that has to be minimized by implementing a digital filter adjusted by the calibration of the meter 3 2 3 2 Quantify and signal processing The next stage has to adapt the signals with the PGA and convert them with the ADC sending the values to the DSP to perform the calculations of the powers The instantaneous power p t is given by the product of the instantaneous voltage v t and current i t To the result of t
38. tariff files and ripple control files reads out configurations and ends the program nothing related to reading measurements 49 The next option at menu bar is Direct Figure 33 E EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 BAE Fie 8 Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info QQ Set clock naang 251 RCR position Cumulate Identity numbers Baud rate LZQ3J settings VDEW2 1 Load disconmection Test mode reset manipulation Activate voltage record Single commands Delete Figure 33 EMH COMBI MASTER Direct This menu is used to send direct commands to the meter Read out the time and date from the meter or send the current PC time or PC date to the meter read out the identity numbers from the meter or send the identity numbers to the meter read out the start and data baud rates of the meter or send them to the meter read out the relay cumulation of the ripple control receiver etc are some of the possibilities of this menu The most important for the developing of this thesis is the possibility to send a single command Figure 34 That is used to read or write some variable like time meter identity or electric measurements E EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File 7 3 Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info Qn set clock af Awe Seas RCR position Cumulate Identity numbers Baud rate LZQJ settings VDEW2 1 Load disconnection
39. the elapsed time is more than 4 seconds and less than 5 seconds 4 380 sec 4 730 sec Reading Service table around 5 seconds are needed 4 965 sec 5 019 sec Comparing the values read at Table 1 and Service table the last one has more data but the time needed is practically the same The most interesting is that less time is used to acquire the information from the tables than the information read by direct commands despite containing less information To read the value of a measure the program written needs more than 4 seconds and less than 5 seconds 4 360 sec 4 281 sec by using single commands Table 1 is read in 2 seconds 2 281 sec 1 969 sec Figure 65 some milliseconds less than the Service table 2 562 sec 2 2594 sec The difference between the program 7 The EMH times have been measured by using a timer 92 written and the EMH software is that the program developed at this Master Thesis is 2 seconds faster Table 7 R amp TR 2 1 7 R amp TR 2 1 7 Do you want to know the value of a variable lt Y N gt Introduce meter address 1 080523 What is the variable you wanna know Table 1 EMH4 061 LZQJC6G13F 72 25 8 64U gt 1 25 8 660 kW gt 3 25 0 BBBx kvuar gt tElapsed time gt 6 6 2 266 Do you want to know the value of a variable lt Y N gt y Do you want to know change of meter lt Y N gt What is the variable you wanna know 32 25 U1
40. 0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 10 040 0 000 0 000 0 001 01 120207200000 00000080 60 4 1 5 KU 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure 0 001 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209110000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kV 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209120000 00000000 60 4 1 5 KW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 Load profile Value correct 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209130000 00000080 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209150000 000000C0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 0 006 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209160000 000000 0 60 4 1 5 3 5 kvar 2 5 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 10 042 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209170000 000000C0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 0 024 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120209190000 0000000 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 0 048 0 000 0 000 0
41. 0 1 08 0 00 000 30 0 15 000 000 1 44 0 00 0 00 31 0 18 0 00 0 00 1 69 0 00 0 00 Figure 43 EMH COMBI MASTER Evaluation of the harmonics The last option of the menu bar is Configuration The operation and user surface COMBI TOOL Figure 44 enables the advanced user of EMH electricity meters to configure and read out meters from the series LZQJ Meter identification Setting of the interface Reset pre value formation Time control Tariff configuration seasons holidays tariffs Ripple control characteristics Display and read out lists Log books Configuration of transformer factors and digitness accuracy Create a configuration list as a text file Meter Mew 7 Da NE Furctonal block Figure 44 EMH COMBI MASTER COMBI TOOL The COMBI TOOL has been utilized to configure the meter Change the baud rate of the meter Figure 45 or customize the tables Figure 46 that can be read are some of the options used 55 Channels user LP Average values 112 Average values 1L3 Average values Period definition Registering period length min LP memory depth days LUMEN Plausbity check Figure 46 COMBI TOOL Selection of the variables printed in tables In the
42. 011 11 23 00 00 Channel 1 1 1 1 5 Electricity Channel 1 positive Active power last average value Month Maximum Time stamp Energy 11 2011 0 058 kW 2011 11 22 14 00 15 00 0 217 kWh Channel 2 1 1 3 5 Electricity Channel 1 positive Reactive power last average value Month Maximum Time stamp Energy 11 2011 0 0 kvar 2011 11 22 00 00 01 00 0 0 kvarh Channel 3 1 1 2 5 Electricity Channel 1 negative Active power last average value Month Maximum Time stamp Energy 11 2011 0 0 kW 2011 11 22 00 00 01 00 0 0 kwh Channel 4 1 1 4 5 Electricity Channel 1 negative Reactive power last average value Month Maximum Time stamp Energy 11 2011 0 001 kvar 2011 11 22 13 00 14 00 0 003 kvarh Figure 41 EMH COMBI MASTER Load profile network quality The long timer recording of threshold monitoring is showing the quality of the measurements taken Figure 42 Network analysis long time recording Evaluation The evaluation shows the number of measured values in percentage terms which have not exceeded their limit value Parameter 100 100 100 Limit Frequency band 1 Maximum Minimum Frequency band 2 4 1 4 Maximum 52 00 Minimum 48 00 Voltage band 1 10 10 Maximum 253 00 Minimum 207 00 voltage band 2 10 15 Maximum 253 00 Minimum 195 50 Flicker strength Pst 1 THD Evaluation Starting time of the recording 2008 08 25 15 22 16 Figure 42 EMH COMBI MASTER Threshold monitoring With th
43. 1 c5 b2 82 c6 b1 30 b128 a9 03 81 AIAALE 0 1 06 81 d2 b2 82 33 b2 2e b2 35 03 c9 02 33 32 2 10213225 32 32 35 28 32 33 35 2e 34 31 2a 56 29 03 49 81 42 26 235 41 V IB 300371 0 Log out Figure 54 Communication protocol commands display by the Termite Once all the communication is written the next step is to differentiate which are the commands sent by the EMH software and which ones corresponds with the smart meter response 63 Observing how the communication goes the first command display at the termite is 0 05311 what corresponds in hexadecimal with 00 b7 b7 af 3f b1 30 b8 30 35 b2 33 21 8d This is the first command sent by EMH software The next command written is EMH4 01L2QJCO013F in hexadecimal 2f 45 4d 48 34 5c 40 30 31 4c 5a 51 4a 43 30 30 31 33 46 Od Following the same reasoning this would be the answer from the smart meter The first problem found is that if 0 05311 15 written it is not going to work well No response is going to be received Looking carefully the hexadecimal code it is easy to see that the last two digits corresponding to CR and LF are wrong More exactly LF in hexadecimal is OxOa so it matches but CR is OxOd and what is being displayed is Ox8d Moving from hexadecimal to binary it is easy to find what is happening Hexadecimal 0x8d Binary 1000 1101 Hexadecimal 0 04 Binary 0000 1101 The first bit the most significant bit is
44. 2 50 s 2 measuring path auxiliary voltage 6 kV impulse 1 2 50 s 500 outputs Opto MOSFET relay 30 V m with load Temperature range operating limit and storage 25 55 40 C 70 C Relative humidity 90 at 40 non condensing Housing Dimensions accord to DIN 43857 class of protection degree protection class of protection 2 of housing terminal block housing weight material fire characteristics 51 IP 31 polycarbonate glass fibre reinforced recyclable flame inhibiting without halogen 1 35 kg Table 3 LZQJ Smart meter specifications 17 43 Focusing in the RS232 the shown information Table 4 is going to be needed later Only one meter can be connected to the computer The length of the cable is not going to be a problem because the meter is always going to be close to the computer The data transmission rate goes from 300 to 9600 baud Voltages for high logic level and low logic level are also determined This voltage will be important along the thesis 5 5 Communication with three meters by GSM RS232 balanced two wire interface No of connected meters 1 Data transmission rate 300 9600 baud Signal accord to ITU T V 28 logical 1 logical 0 3Vto 15V T 3Vto 15V Table 4 LZQJ Smart meter RS232 features 17 4 2 Connection and setup of the meter Before start working with the meter it is necessary to connec
45. 2010 31 EU EPBD includes develops on the introduction of intelligent metering systems Art 8 2 of this Directive specifies that intelligent metering systems shall be installed at new constructions or buildings that needs major renovation Apart from this member states may promote the installation of control systems such as automation control and monitoring systems to save energy The European Commission 2010 offers more information to guide the implementation of measures in the new Electricity and Gas Directives For customers billing the Commission believes that it is positive the introduction of smart meters because thanks them it is possible to create a bidirectional communication between the consumer and supplier in addition to the energy efficiency at home The Commission also considers the implementation of smart metering as a key to implement smart grids With respect to the frequency of meter reading the Commission s services 2010 8 established that monthly readings are sufficient to regulate the consumer consumption However it is clear that the presence of most often readings would increase the control that the consumer can do on their consumption The new legislative at European level is pressing the Member States to the introduction of smart technologies for electrical purposes The mix of new technologies and the active participation on their development by part of the different countries to adjust to the new legislations is ma
46. 232 25 Voltage line 1 EMH4 61LZQJC6613F 231 Elapsed time gt 0 0 4 469 Do you want to know the value of a variable lt Y N gt C Documents and Settings ielvictor Desktop Master Thesis Diary 2 12 63 13 gt Pause Press any key to continue RS232 4800 Bd Single Command Table 1 Service Table 4 360 sec 2 281 sec 2 562 sec 4 281 sec 1 969 sec 2 594 sec 6 724 sec 4 380 sec 4 965 sec 6 846 sec 4 730 sec 5 019 sec With the program developed it is possible to show the time needed to send and to receive each command Figure 66 This time depends on the length of the command and the time the meter needs to send the response With all for a baud rate of 4800 and RS232 communication the time needed to send and receive commands is always less than one second This time is due to the time that the meter needs to reply it is not something that can be improved by improving the program This implies that depending on the amount of data to change the baud rate the reading time will not change too much because the limits are defined by the time of response that the meter needs 93 C WINDOWS system32 cmd exe What is the variable you wanna know 32 25 U1 232 25 Voltage line 1 Elapsed time to sent 1 gt 0 0 9 Elapsed time to receive 1 gt BM 0 M 844 EMH4 61LZQJC6613F time to sent 2 gt time to receive 2 time to sent 3 gt time to receive 3 time to sent 4 gt time to receive
47. 4 30 EXAMPLE OF ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS 23 enn 31 EXAMPLE OF ELECTRONIC METERS 10 32 EXAMPLE OF SMART METERS Tar e ERROR pto bet ee 33 DIAGRAM OF THE SMART METER IMPROVEMENTS 4 etn 33 SMART METER PARTS BLOCK DIAGRAM 4 eene 35 E ON AND EMH Oy E 37 LZOJ SMART METER A ed ette 39 FIRST STEP COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PC AND SMART 42 LZOJ EMH SMART METER DEZ T a ca doceret Fd de 43 RS232 METER CONNECTION PIN AT THE TERMINAL COVER 85 232 43 RS232 FEMALE CONNECTOR 20 sucus oan e Gad 44 RS232 e 44 RS232 METER CONNECTION PIN AT THE TERMINAL COVER LOAD AND POWER SUPPLV 44 METER CONNECTION RS232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION LOAD AND POWER SUPPLY 45 INSTALLATION CHECK WITH EMH COMBI MASTER een 46 EMHECOMBI MASTER SETTINGS lt A no pce cime t edite n bd Be 47 AER Sot hd data o Galat ae e oda aaa 47 EMH COMBI MASTER eeu 48 EMH COMBI MASTER DIRECT COMMAND TO READ VOLTAGE AT LINE 1 48 FIGURE 34 101 FIGURE 35 EMH COMBI MASTER 49 FIGURE 36 E
48. 4 to sent 5 gt to receive 5 to receive 6 Elapsed time to sent 6 gt Elapsed time gt 6 6 4 172 Figure 66 Time needed to send and receive each command during the reading There is no difference between having one meter connected or more than one because once the ID is sent with the first command the communication continues being point to point by RS232 as it was before connecting more than one meter When GSM communication is used the time increases from 4 seconds more or less to 11 seconds Using GSM the elapsed time is more than 11 seconds and less than 12 seconds 11 677 sec 11 019 11 789 sec The program developed continues reading faster than EMH software which needs around 13 seconds to read 13 696 sec 13 175 sec 13 094 sec Reading the tables continue being the faster way to read data Table 1 is read in 6 seconds 6 604 sec 6 508 sec 6 933 sec and Service table is read in 7 seconds 7 823 sec 7 460 sec 7 756 sec These conclusions are shown in the tables below Table 8 and Table 11 EMH software Single command 6 seconds Table 1 4 seconds Service table 5 seconds Single command 13 seconds Table 1 6 seconds Service table 7 seconds Table 8 Comparison between reading times by using EMH software 4800 Bd If the time that EMH software needs to read by single command is compared for different baud rates 4800 and 9600 the needed time does not change
49. 5 6 00000 a 56 FIGURE AS PUTIN 45253 UM Mei ee 57 FIGURE 49 NULL MODEM COMOCOM esses enne enne einn nr 58 FIGURE 50 DATA FLOW BETWEEN ALL 5 1 1 ense ene 58 FIGURE 51 READING VARIABLES BY USING SINGLE COMMANDS WITH EMH 5 61 FIGURE 52 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL COMMANDS DISPLAY BY THE 61 FIGURE 53 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL TO RECEIVE THE VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE AT LINE 1 63 FIGURE 54 COMMUNICATION WITH ONE METER BY RS232 coocccncccncccnnccnnccnnccnoncconaconaconnninncinnaccnniconase 64 FIGURE 55 INPUT AND OUTPUT STREAMS 25 cccsscccccccsssessececececessessesesecececseeeaeseeececsesesaeseesesesesaaeas 65 FIGURE 56 USER INTERFACE c0ccccesccseccoseccoseccssccssceescecncsosecsosaccssceusceassesesesseessesesssceusceacsesuesssecsossenssce 78 FIGURE 57 HISTORICAL DATA 1 1 1 iia 79 FIGURE 58 COMMUNICATION WITH THREE METERS BY 5232 81 FIGURE 59 PULL DOWN RESISTANCE TO COMMUNICATE THREE METERS AT THE SAME TIME BY RS23 AS A AC 83 FIGURE 60 TRANSM
50. 7 Impulse constants LED kWh Impulse constants LED kvarh Impulse constants output kWh Impulse constants output kvarh Impulse constants input kWh kvarh The procedure for obtaining the command is 1 Write the address of the variable that will be read Figure 53 V EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info Q set clock HRB eee EL position E EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 Q ho Turre E B Cumulate Identity numbers Baud rate 1292 settings VDEW2 1 Load disconnection Test mode 32 25 reset manipulation Read Activate voltage record El Command Delete Write command Figure 53 Reading variables by using single commands with EMH software 2 Display the commands at the Termite Figure 54 EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 Sel Termite 2 6 by CompuPhase 5 4800 bps 8E1 no handshake QA was Wis Epor aS e 5 2 00 b b Settings Clear _About Close EMHAXBOlLZQJCOOl3F 235 41 V af 3f b1 30 b8 30 35 b2 33 21 8d 0 05231 2145 4d 48 34 5c 40 30 31 4c 5a 51 4a 43 30 30 EMH4 01LZQJC00 31 33 46 Od Oa 1 06 30 b4 b1 8d 0 0 01 50 30 02 28 29 03 60 PUQ 81 d2 35 82 30 2e b2 2e 30 28 a9 03 55 10510 0 8 U 02 30 2e 32 2e 30 28 31 32 35 30 30 30 30 32 29 0 2 0 12500002 03 34 8
51. CODEN LUTEDX TEIE 5294 1 115 2012 Evaluation of new Electricity Meters Communication protocol V ctor de la Fuente Garc a Division of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Faculty of Engineering Lund University 5 lt 5 9 of E 0 0 Of aa ivi 0 E 6 Evaluation of new Electricity Meters Communication protocol V ctor de la Fuente Garc a LUND UNIVERSITY Master Thesis Division of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation 2012 Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund SWEDEN http ww w iea lth se CODEN LUTEDX TEIE 5294 1 115 2012 c V ctor de la Fuente Garc a 2012 Lund 2012 What you read without any effort it has been written many times with great effort Enrique Jardiel Poncela Abstract New technologies developed new ways of energy generation consumption are promoting the introduction of improvements at electricity networks Currently European legislation is promoting changes in electricity networks of member states These changes include new technologies to facilitate the introduction of renewable energy sources to the grid and have a more efficient use of energy Smart grids are able to achieve these objectives One of the important issues at smart grids is the requirement of having good measure
52. Consumption curves oo A Consumption control Load limit Quality of service ey Meters data Fault management A AAA Two way Communication 7 Figure 19 Diagram of the Smart meter improvements 4 To show the consumption curves to manage a fault if it occurs limit the load connected by the user or control the consumption to have a control of the billing and tariff information and the two way communication possibilities are some of the 35 applications of the meter that are useful for the Smart grid purposes and also for the consumer that has more information and can intervene as active part 3 2 How does smart meters work The smart meter benefits to the consumer the different parts that compound the smart meter and the stages that the signal has to pass since it is measured until it is processed and transmitted are going to be studied below to understand how smart meters work 3 2 1 Smart Meter benefits to the user There are several types of smart meters at the market all of them look like the rest of electronic meters but there is a difference between smart meters and the rest of them a difference that is at the same time a basic feature of smart meters All of them are connected to the communication network thanks to their communication port by which send the electricity consumption measured Not only the electricity consumption is recorded by the meter Al
53. ELECTRIC NETWORK SCHEME 11 oocoocccnoccconcninoncconanononcconanononccnnn 5 FIGURE 4 RELATION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A SMART GRID 7 7 FIGURE 5 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND SMART GRID 18 eene 9 FIGURE 6 HOSTING CAPACITY CONCEPT 3 esses ener 9 FIGURE 7 DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION NETWORKS 6 esee 10 FIGURE 8 EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ON THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 8 11 FIGURE 9 EXAMPLE OF A GRAPHIC WHERE IT IS SHOWN THE INTERMITTENCE OF WIND POWER SIGNAL DURING 127 i iei ere tr eot d D RR RR Pa 12 FIGURE 10 SMOOTHING A PEAK LOAD 161 13 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 FIGURE 16 FIGURE 17 FIGURE 18 FIGURE 19 FIGURE 20 FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22 FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24 FIGURE 25 FIGURE 26 FIGURE 27 FIGURE 28 FIGURE 29 FIGURE 30 FIGURE 31 FIGURE 32 FIGURE 33 GRAPHIC TO CLASSIFY COUNTRIES DEPENDING ON THE SMART METER DEVELOPMENT 19 18 GRAPHIC TO SHOW SMART METERING EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE 29 22 METERING REPLACEMENT PLAN IN SPAIN 19 24 SMART METERS 1 24 Seo russe ea ERO ERU tu ERU ENORMES 29 ELECTRIC ENERGY FLOW IN PARALLEL WITH INFORMATION FLOW
54. ISSION USING PULL DOWN RESISTANCES coocccccnncccnnnocononnnininonocononaninonunicnnnncccnnnes 84 FIGURE 61 COMMUNICATION WITH THREE METERS BY 65 3 4000 85 FIGURE 62 COMMUNICATION WITH THREE METERS BY 65 89 FIGURE 63 TIME NEEDED TO SEND AND RECEIVE EACH COMMAND DURING THE READING 92 Tables TABLE 1 TABLE EXTRACTED FROM OF THE PROJECT 19 RENNER S ALBU M VAN ELBURG H HEINEMANN C LAZICKI A PENTTINEN L ET AL 2011 EUROPEAN SMART METERING LANDSCAPE REPORT MIENNA e 21 TABLE 2 FEATURES OF SOME EMH METERS 13 39 TABLE 3 LZQJ SMART METER SPECIFICATIONS 17 occcccnnnnocnoncnncnnnonononononononononanonnncnconnonnnnnnnonccnnnonnnnos 41 102 TABLE 4 LZQJ SMART METER RS232 FEATURES 171 2 40 4 48 42 TABLE 5 INSTALLATION CHECK RESULTS EMH COMBI MASTER 46 TABLE 6 VARIABLES THAT CAN BE READ BY USING A SINGLE COMMAND 17 61 TABLE 7 COMPARISON BETWEEN EMH SOFTWARE AND THE PROGRAM DEVELOPED ALONG THIS MASTER THESIS RS232 4800 BD nns 91 TABLE 8 COMPARISON BETWEEN READING TIMES BY USING EMH SOFTWARE 4800 BD 92 TABLE 9 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT BAUD RATES 4 93 TAB
55. It is verified that countries as Sweden that are one step advanced and are currently improving the technology installed before has some economical and environmental benefits among others The thesis focuses in smart meter communication Different improvements have been developed To start with one meter has been connected to the computer by RS232 By using some programs as Termite EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 and comOom the different commands needed to establish a communication between the meter and the computer have been recorded Communication protocol starts with the PC sending the ID of the meter that is going to be read The next step is to receive the command verifying that the meter wanted is connected Two more instructions are sent and receive Finally the command with the measure desired is sent and the meter replies with the value For the entire variables that have been test the protocol is the same and the commands used except the last one with the measured desired are equals for the same meter Thanks to know the commands of the communication protocol it is possible to read data from one meter just upgrading a program able to handle serial communication by adding this protocol Of course some more enhancements have been added all of them detailed along the thesis The time needed to read one variable from the meter is around 4 seconds 2 seconds using the tables of the meter Following three meters are going to be connected
56. LE 10 COMPARISON BETWEEN TABLE 1 AND SERVICE TABLE AT DIFFERENT BAUD RATES 93 TABLE 11 COMPARISON BETWEEN EMH SOFTWARE AND THE PROGRAM DEVELOPED ALONG THIS M STER THESIS 4800 ete a RE DN init 93 Flowcharts FLOWCHART 1 CONSTRUCTOR SMARTMETERCOMDM 1 66 FLOWCHART 2 METHOD TO READ THE INPUT STREAM 67 FLOWCHART 3 METHOD TO WRITE THE OUTPUT STREAM 67 FLOWCHART 4 MAIN PART OF THE PROGRAM cccceeccsececcccescccssccesccesceuscecscceecseeeseceseeuceeusceenseeuesenense 68 FLOWCHART 5 2 1 0 0060 600000000000 sese etniei 72 FEOWCHART 6 SERIAL READING riirn eer tr eser rane dead 74 FEOWCHART 7 THREAD 76 FLOWCHART 8 NEW MAIN STRUCTURE WITH COMMUNICATION METHOD THREAD AND INTERFACE WITH THE USER C M R 77 FLOWCHART 9 WRITE TO FILE 78 FLOWCHART 10 COMMUNICATION COMMAND SEQUENCE TO READ 80 FLOWCHART 11 MAIN METHOD FOR MORE THAN ONE METER 4448 82 FLOWCHART 12 FLOWCHART TO CONNECT WITH THE MODEM eene ene een ne
57. MH COMBI MASTER 1 occoccccncccnoconoconncinocononiconoconiconnconoronnnrnnnncnnncnnnanonaroncnnnarconiconase 49 FIGURE 37 EMH COMBI MASTER 2 00000 0 1 66 50 FIGURE 38 EMH COMBI MASTER 0 00 1 50 FIGURE 39 EMH COMBI MASTER SERVICE 02 0 51 FIGURE 40 EMH COMBI MASTER NETWORK 51 FIGURE 41 EMH COMBI MASTER LOAD PROFILE NETWORK 52 FIGURE 42 EMH COMBI MASTER THRESHOLD 52 FIGURE 43 EMH COMBI MASTER EVALUATION OF THE 53 FIGURE 44 EMH COMBI MASTER 2 0 53 FIGURE 45 SCHEME OF THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT 5 55 FIGURE 46 EMH COMBI MASTER SETTINGS 4 7 0 0 1 1 56 FIGURE 47 TERMITE 5 5 0
58. Test mode reset manipulation Activate voltage record Single comm 5 Read command Write command EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info A A 4f 5 78 78 Wha raro ml EMHAXBO1LZQJCOOl3F Figure 34 EMH COMBI MASTER Direct command to read voltage at line 1 50 Proceeding with the option of the menu bar the next option is Readout Figure 35 EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct 1519 SML Setting Connection Configuration Info Za 711 Table 1 anye 9 Tat Table 2 Snail 751 Service table 234 821 p 01 standard LP Log out let P 02 User LP 187 P 98 Log book P 99 Certification relevant log book P 200 User log book Event log book Ly Ge Installation check Jez network quality Comment Conversion LP text Conversion LP gt Excel Graphic display 8 Open save amp Print Figure 35 EMH COMBI MASTER Readout The menu Readout contains menu options for reading out the meter and also for processing the data readouts From this menu Installation check was used before to verify the connection of the meter There are other really interesting menu options like the fourth tables at the beginning Table1 Table 2 Table 3 and Service table Table 1 Figure 36 Displays different electric variables for one tariff positive
59. al port is going to be at low level That is caused because the signal at high level coming from the terminal is attenuated by the resistance If more meters would be connected the resistances would not be able to reduce enough the signal at high level and the serial port would receive a high level also when one of the meters would be transmitting data The values of the resistances 4 7 kO are the common values used for pull down resistances The diodes 400 are able to manage the voltage from the terminals of the meter No transmission Transmission Figure 62 Transmission using pull down resistances 5 4 Communication with three meters by RS232 Conclusions Adding these pull down resistances to the connection of the meters the voltage level of the serial port is changing correctly when one of the meters sends data and the program works Thanks to the communication protocol practically the same program is working with three meters The reason is that all the meters are receiving the first command but only the one that matches with the ID contain in the instruction is going to answer to the next commands send by the program 5 5 Communication with three meters by GSM The last improvement of the thesis is to communicate with three meters as it was done before but instead of using wired RS232 this time the connection between the computer and the meter is going to be wireless by GSM Figure 63 GSM Global 86
60. always being filled with 1 instead of 0 If the hexadecimal command is rewrite filling the most significant bit with 0 the command obtained is ASCII 0 052311 Hexadecimal 00 b7 b7 af 3f b1 30 b8 30 35 b2 33 21 8d 0 ASCII 77 1080523 Hexadecimal 00 37 37 2f 3f 31 30 38 30 35 32 33 21 0 0 As it has been explained before it is not possible to send the command in ASCII because some of the values has not symbol in this code However it is easier to decode the first command in ASCII Looking 77 1080523 the part of 1080523 is the ID of the meter That means that the first command of the communication protocol is sending the ID of the meter from which the measures are going to be read Focusing in hexadecimal by this way changing the most significant bit from 1 to 0 once the first command is sent the first response is received Now when it is known that some changes are needed to send correctly the instructions that the meter expects is time to continue differentiating between what the meter has to receive and what sends Chopping the information displayed in the termite and testing with the commands if the communication is successful correct answers for the commands sent Figure 55 64 Commands sent to the meter 0x00 0x37 0x37 Ox2f Ox3f 0x31 0x30 0x38 0x30 0x35 0x32 0x33 0 21 C Ox2f 0x45 Ox4d 0x48 0x34 0 5 0x40 0x30 0x31 Ox4c Ox5a 0x51 Ox4a 0
61. arted YES Count the time Is the thread stopped NO Is time counted bigger than time expected End of Flowchart 7 Thread By now the only possibility is to read one measure and then the program ends Using EMH software each time the user wants to read a variable the user does all the process to send a direct command Figure 53 It could be better if after reading the program would ask if the user wants to read some more measures An interface to communicate with the user showing the questions that the program makes and taking the user answers has to be created To carry this out new instructions are necessary to show and collect information from the screen the main method structure has to change 78 The instruction to display a message in the screen is System out println message On the other hand the instructions to read what the user writes on the screen are InputStreamReader isr new InputStreamReader System in BufferedReader br new BufferedReader isr String cadena br readLine These instructions are explained in the code To understand them better go to Appendix 3 RS232 Communication The structure of the main method is different due to the addition of the communication method the thread and the possibility of continue reading more measurements Flowchart 8 It is not as simple as initialize the class with the constructor read a command write
62. as they are using the electricity supplied and transported along the grid 2 1 4 Suppliers Electricity suppliers are responsible of selling electricity to consumers These companies are responsible party for balancing supply and consumption Electricity price is fixed in a contract between supplier and consumer 2 2 Smart Grid As it has been described in a previous section it is very important to have a correct measurement of the grid energy and also some developments on it are needed One of some technological developments are the smart grids and the smart metering let see what does it mean and what is considered as smart grid and smart metering 2 2 1 What are smart grids Looking for a definition of what a smart grid is this could be a good one A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers distributes and acts on information about the behavior of all participants suppliers and consumers in order to improve the efficiency importance reliability economics and sustainability of electricity services The electrical network is not an isolated entity it is the set of different networks The power generation can come from different companies even from consumers who are also generating energy The electrical network maintenance and supply of electricity is competence of more than one company Therefore coordination between all parties that coexist is needed to have a grid working efficiently Smart gri
63. ategory amp Session Basic options for your PuTTY session d Specify the destination you want to connect to Terminal Host Name or IP address Port Keyboard Bel 22 Features Connection type Window QRaw O Rlogin SSH Serial Appearance Load save or delete a stored session Behaviour Translation Saved Sessions Selection Colours 8 Connection Data COM10 Das an Ge Telnet COM14 login Coma SSH Serial Default Settings COMI Close window on exit O Always ONever Only on clean exit Figure 50 PuTTY 59 PuTIY is also a terminal emulator but as it is not possible to show the information in hexadecimal it has not been used to collect the communication commands It has been used to check at some times if Termite was working correctly The third program which is used is Null modem comOcom tie Setup for comOcom E Virtual Port Pair 0 coms 5 emulate baud rate emulate baud rate amp COME enable buffer overrun C enable buffer overrun enable plug in mode 1 enable plug in mode enable exclusive mode enable exclusive mode enable hidden mode enable hidden mode ae TX DTR 4 e DCD e DCD ee CTS e cis RI RI 0UT1 e OUT 072 2 OPEN ON Add Pair Remove Reset Figure 51 Null modem com0com Null modem com0com creates COM5 and COM6 Figure 51
64. before start communication with the meter and disconnected at the end of the code before closing the port because once the port is closed it is not possible to send the At command necessary to hang up 89 Run Thread Isthe modern Initialize constructor Ask for the meter ID YES Ask for the desired measure Is one of t he possible Initialize communication Continue reading NO Hang up modem Flowchart 14 Main method with GSM communication 90 Once the code has been changed and the program will be run to verify that it works well The first command is sent but no reply is received The problem is that when the commands for the communication protocol were taken the most significant bit was changed look at 3 3 2 Commands of the communication protocol Now the commands have to be like they were read at the beginning before changing this bit The reason is that this bit is the parity bit The parity bit is used to check that the bytes received at the communication are correct Once the information is written the bits are counted in this case the information is sent in packages of 8 bits hence the bits that are one along the 7 less significant bits are counted If the number of ones is odd the most significant bit bit number 8 is set by one else is set to O The reason why it is now necessary to send the commands with the even parity and not before is because before the RS232 serial commu
65. btained by this work are presented in Chapter 7 Conclusions An outlook on further work that could be done within this area is given in the last Chapter 8 Future work Chapter 2 Electricity meters in smart grids This chapter is going to be about the smart grids and the benefits that this new technology offers To understand it well it is necessary to know the components of the electric grid Also Smart meters are going to be carefully studied How they work the different parts of an Smart Meter or how the signal is processed are some of the questions answered Furthermore the current situation of this technology and how it is being developed in Europe Sweden and Spain especially is studied in this chapter 2 1 Electricity market participants The first thing that is necessary to know is the different participants that are involved from the electricity generation to the consumption 2 1 1 Electricity producers An electrical machine is a device that transforms electrical energy to mechanical energy and also mechanical energy into electrical energy When the electrical machine is working at the second option is called generator The source from what the mechanical energy comes can be very diverse Nowadays the renewable energy sources as for example wind power Figure 2 hydropower or solar energy are being developed to substitute other ones more pollutants as nuclear energy The electricity companies have one or more electric powe
66. ccess to consumer data instantly and universally Working with real data Adjust the billing periods HC Energy HC Energy states that there are still large technological and logistical risks for the start of a massive deployment for the following reasons Innovative Solutions in continuous improvement involves modification of versions Reliability of the equipment Communications Technology Availability actual equipment in large quantities Living for a period of old equipment with new ones The company finds the necessity to continue working with pilot projects of increasing extend 28 2 3 3 Current situation in Sweden As it has been made in case of Spain to understand the situation in Sweden and know the magnitude of the project is necessary to know that Sweden has 9 495 000 inhabitants That means that the changes and therefore the magnitude of the project is going to be smaller 2 3 3 1 Policy measures for the introduction of smart metering Swedish Energy Agency approved based on studies that a higher frequency of meter readings generates economic benefits due to a energy reduction and an energy effective use From these studies the Swedish parliament approved the July 1 2009 for the start of monthly reading of electric meters The policy with respect to smart meters in Sweden is based on improving the services of the meters more accurate consumption information greater flexibility in contracts
67. current per month would be better If the situation between countries more deeply studied Spain and Sweden is compared it is possible differentiate the situation and the evolution of each one one that it is starting to deploy the smart technologies Spain and the other one that is one step advanced Sweden that nowadays is improving the technology installed before This advantage has some economical and environmental benefits among others 30 Chapter 3 Smart meter types Reading real time data is needed by Smart Grids to have a real time control It is not possible to control an actual situation if the measures that the control system handles have been taken a long time before The system needs the readings to manage and monitor whereas users need the tariff information and their bill to control their energy consumption The difference between bill and automatic control is that with the bill the user can control its consumption while with the automatic control the device is connected disconnected or changes the consumption depending of some price level voltage level or load level set up before by itself AS Figure 14 Smart meters 1 24 Smart meters Figure 14 are often referred to electricity meter but there are also devices known as smart meters that measure natural gas or water consumption Focusing in electricity Smart meters these are electrical meters that measures electric energy consumption and record them
68. d at private customers in Sweden are required Therefore new electrical electricity meters have been installed during the last years The new electricity meters are equipped with some additional functions beside the measurement of consumed energy To provide the possibility of effective measurement readings the electricity meters are provided with bidirectional communication which today is mainly used for remote meter readings Furthermore voltage limit violations are reported to the system operator Notwithstanding several additional functions as voltage measurements and controllable outputs are normally not used today However some of these functions can be used for active distribution networks Smart Grids The new electricity meters with two way communication can therefore be seen as a central unit for future active distribution networks Therefore a better understanding of how the meter takes measurements and how to communicate is critical to know the strengths and weaknesses of the new meters and to improve its functions and thus the operation of the Smart Grid In this research the communication of smart meters will be studied in detail The master thesis project aims to increase the knowledge about the new electricity meters and the potential of using their available functions in combination with more active distribution networks 1 2 Objectives The purpose of this work is to obtain a better knowledge of the feasibilities which ar
69. ds improve the performance thanks to better communication and therefore better coordination between the different parts which form the grid Figure 4 moving from a manual control to a more automated control Customer Thermal n AL Building Commercial Building Automation 9 Solar Meter amp P s oe Campus 27 Distributed Wind _Co Generation lt Building i 42 soam u Electric M Oa 4 Vehicle Industrial N c iiit E E Es 2 Meter ve Thermostat awe Y c b e P A External Communication Interface Appliances o Internal Communication Interface Electrical Interface Operations Multi Lighting Domain Figure 4 Relation between the different parts of a Smart Grid 7 Smart grids also known as intelligent grids or active grids combine control technologies with bidirectional communication systems allowing automated coordination between the different parts that make up the network as it was mentioned above This allows connecting to the network electricity producers electricity suppliers and those who act in both ways by an efficiently economic way and getting a sustainable power network with less loss and greater quality 2 97Wikipedia Smart grid 2010 Retrieved from http en wikipedia org wiki Smart_grid The smart grid concept can be understood by knowing the requirements t
70. e electricity price depending on the load Nowadays is not an option for small customers to buy electricity at different prices in real time With the development of new technologies as smart meters it is possible to offer this option To support consumers with this it is needed Devices that respond according to the price of electricity by controlling the connection or disconnection of the equipment or the energy level required for its operation according to the case 18 Electric tariffs that change depending on the state of the network generation loads connected A good communications network to enable dialogue between the different parts that have to be communicated Keep the consumer informed about their consumption by measure sampling periods as short as possible Manage the demand during periods of surpluses of renewable electricity is not always possible and sometimes it is necessary to reduce the generation level Thanks to a good communication network and reliable information it is possible for instance control the output of each day more common small scale energy generation units that most of the times are located at consumer s premises 2 3 Current Situation The development of Smart meters in the European Union is not homogeneous each country evolves differently Thanks to the pressure carried out by the European Union s Third Energy Market Package most of the EU countries have established or will impleme
71. e on cancel Autocomplete edit line C Close port when inactive Plug ins C Function Keys Font default V Hex View C word wrap Log File Status LEDs Flow control none Forward COMS 0 Figure 49 Termite settings The settings Figure 49 that can be configured in Termite are classified in port configuration transmitted text received text plug ins and other options It is not necessary to change Received text and Options as they are by default In the Plug insp Hex View is chosen because the commands needed to follow the communication protocol are going to be taken in hexadecimal One reason why the commands are going to be taken in hexadecimal is because some commands will start by 0 06 a flag used to acknowledge the receipt 58 of a message When the command is sent it is possible to write Ox06 but if is written the command will not be recognize The same will happen with other characters as CR OxOD or LF OxOA Because of this hexadecimal is selected The parameters selected for Transmitted text are Local echo and Append CR LF With Local echo it is solved the problem that sometimes can appear in communication in which the command transmitted is also received because of echo problems That is because the receiver returns the data that has been sent before For the communication it is also needed
72. e provided by the new electricity meters and their communication an investigation of the functions and their communication protocol is needed Moreover the benefit they add to active distribution networks is needed to be studied The aim of the master thesis project is to be able to read measurement values e g voltage measurements from the electricity meters at the customers Another objective is to identifying the limitations caused by the transfer rate of the communication used today An increased transfer rate would offer the possibility of real time measurements of the voltage at the customer side for voltage control and also simplify the fault diagnostics in case of disturbances The master thesis shall increase the understanding for the communication protocol used by the electricity meters 1 3 Outline of the thesis In Chapter 2 Electricity meters in smart grids an overview of electricity meters in smart grids is given It starts with a short explanation of the different electricity market participants Once this is known smart grid as evolution of electricity network is explained How smart grids can facilitate the addition of renewable energy sources or how smart grids can achieve an efficient energy use These are some of the questions that will be answered among others At this stage the current situation of smart grids and smart metering in Europe is going to be studied focusing on Spain and Sweden At the end of the chapter
73. e recording equipment can come from the two technologies Electromechanical The ones that can be classified in this technology can only measure one type of energy kvar accumulated or accumulated kWh Electromechanical counters are standard induction Electronics To only measure cumulative energy They record the energy metering by preset time intervals This technology counts with two way communication between the meter and the data server Electronic programmable measuring equipment types are 32 Advanced Meter Infrastructure AMI These devices allow the reading of the accumulated energy consumption or the instantaneous power This technology provides differentiate pricing options Smart Meters The equipment provides through the management center the information and control parameters measured electronically in a telematic way Smart meters provide network communication between the manager and consumer premises equipment 3 1 1 Electromechanical meters The basic idea for the electromechanical meters Figure 16 induction is the study that Galileo Ferraris made This study says that with two AC fields out of phase a metal solid disc can be rotated This discovery stimulated the development of induction motors and electromechanical induction meters Figure 16 Example of electromechanical meters 23 The different types of electric motors for electric meters can be classified into Commutator type Induction ty
74. eal time solving the problems at the moment they are caused Some network companies already support hourly meter readings These are some tariff examples Price based on the higher consumption per hour for period of time year or month Price based on the higher consumption per hour during peak hours for a period of time Price based on the load in local distribution network These tariffs interest to distribution companies because by this way they can reduce maximum load without grid reinforcements in addition to the communication and measurement reinforcements which are included in smart grids 2 2 4 2 Controlling power flows Control power flows demand and generation in the grid is important for several reasons t is possible to reduce production deficits by just increasing production and or decreasing consumption It is possible to reduce a local generation of renewable energy if the consumption is curtailed Reduce or increase the consumption by incentives commented below When generation is low the price of the electricity rises this incentives customers to reduce their consumption and vice versa In case that it is desired to reduce the demand there are some ways to achieved that Reduce or switch off loads under an agreement between consumers and the system operator For example offering different contracts which reduce prices if it is needed to disconnect the user to control consumption Ris
75. eal time power flow control and provide bi directional metering is necessary to regulate the consumption and production of electricity To understand the concept of smart grid better the different improvements provided by these networks the usual problems of the current use and the requirements commented before will be studied in detail below 10 2 2 2 Renewable energy sources in smart grids The production of more energy by renewable energy sources means the necessity of realizing more changes in the electrical grid The problem caused by this type of power generation is going to be studied with focus on wind energy The problems that occur with the other renewable energies Figure 5 are practically the same but wind power is one of the most used in countries like Sweden or Spain and it is a clear and easy example to understand these problems m Electrical Grid Figure 5 Renewable energy sources and Smart Grid 18 The effect of using wind power depends of the quantity used For a small amount the effect is contemptible but for large amounts that exceed a threshold level these effects have to be considered This threshold level known as hosting capacity indicates the quantity of new source that can be connected to the grid without violating the performance index limit Figure 6 Unacceptable deterioration Performance index Acceptable deterioration Existing level Improvement Amount of generation Figure 6
76. echnologies are more flexible and have the technologies needed to balanced short term intermittent generating by controlling the demands and with technologies to save electricity Also economically the option of smart technologies is more interesting because after making an initial investment the addition of new improvements will not be as expensive as with the nowadays technologies 2 2 3 Reducing peak network load Peak load can be defined as the maximum power required to supply customers at times when need is greatest The capacity requirements of the network is determined among others by the maximum load that it components like cables transformers or generating plants can hold One way to reduce peak network load is to increase the capacity of the different components of the network These investments could be reduced developing technology to smooth peaks in network load Figure 10 Shift load to smooth the peak Area under curve doesn t change 500 MW 1 200 MW 4 Intermediate Cycling Demand Demand 1 000 MW 4 Base Load Midnight 6 AM Mid day 6 PM Midnight Figure 10 Smoothing a peak load 16 Before understanding how new technologies can decrease load peaks it is important to understand what determines the need for transport capacity The maximum amount of electricity that can flow through a grid is limited by the maximum operating temperature that this component can handle Some features as the amount of
77. ed to stop moving the data from the input stream to the buffer Hence the method will be waiting until data is written in the input stream Once data is received it is written to the buffer until the closing parenthesis is received checking its value in hexadecimal equal to 0x29 Thereby it is sure that the measure is returned by the method As there is more information in the string returned than the desired some instructions are needed measuredValue is a method programmed to take the substring in parentheses from the string returned by SerialReader when is called to read the command that contains the measurement 75 Is the command that will be re command Wait until there is data Wait until there is data 15 input stream as long as expected Save the data from input stream to buffer as Ls Is the character in the input Flowchart 6 Serial reading 76 Sometimes during the reading some problem can occur the meter is disconnected problems with the communication port etc and the data is not received That means that the input stream is not written as expected and the program will be suspended in an endless loop waiting to fill the input streams or waiting for the closing parenthesis To avoid that the program will be waiting for a while and after that time if the reading has not run correctly the program is finished A parallel process counting the time for reading is needed
78. ernization of the grid since it is necessary their intervention not just economically but also in other complaints as may be installation maintenance etc Therefore in addition to the operational benefits brought about by these changes reduction of peak loads more energy efficient use easy increase of energy produced by renewable sources it is necessary to show and make known the direct benefits for the consumer Inform and educate ordinary users so they accept and participate in the changes that should be made it is also one of the tasks that the countries have to do for the development of new technologies The table below Table 1 describes without going into detail the situation of various European countries and Norway regarding to the current application the regulatory and legal situation of smart meters The study is not only limited to European countries Norway is also added due to the energetic relations between this country and other Nordic countries like Sweden Denmark and Finland Country Austria Legal and regulatory status The Austrian Parliament has approved the new edition of the law that governs the electricity sector EIWOG 2010 which defines functionalities and data requirements of a smart metering System 20 Implementation status The installed meters have been installed by some network operators despite not having a legal framework Belgium There is no legislati
79. f the system configuration memories and firmware or current leak detection Chapter 4 Smart meter communication and setup This chapter will explain the steps that have been followed until run the final program This program will be capable of communicating via GSM send and receive the commands to collect the desired measures which will be saved in a file In addition more than a meter will be connected at the same time 4 1 EMH metering 1 70 smart meter First of all it is necessary to make a short description of the meter that is going to be used The meters that are going to be used in the thesis are manufactured by EMH The smart meters have been provided to Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation department at Lund University by the energy company E ON eon A Figure 21 E ON and EMH logotypes On the website of EMH it is possible to find a catalogue of the products that they have The classification that the company does on the website is 1 Special meters 2 Residential meters 3 Industrial meters 39 The differences between them are not defined at the website but technical specifications of the different meters are provided these technical documents an overview of the principal features of each meter is given Industrial meters and residential meters are very similar but the manufacturer indicates which are the ones used for industry and billing purposes Both of them record at least posit
80. g Landscape Report Vienna 19 countries installation of smart meters Austria Belgium and Portugal are part of this group Waverers and laggards The waverer countries Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary and Poland seem interested but initiatives are not enough On the other hand the laggards Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg and Slovak Republic are not taking action and maybe they will have to start adopting them soon because of European regulations Clear strategy movers Finland Ireland ita 5 22 ences 5 ttaiy Netherlands 5 uk Norway e Germany zech Rep k t Spain e 2 mania estonia e drivers E Belgium e Portugal Austria Y Ambiguous o 6 a No clear strategy No legal Clear legal framework Legal and Regulatory Status framework Figure 11 Graphic to classify countries depending on the Smart meter development 19 Not only smart meters are necessary to achieve the energy savings there are a lot of tools available for consumers to interact with the smart meters such as software programs websites mobile applications etc These tools are a good way to exploit the possibilities of the meter These tools for feedback information from the meter are a direct benefit to the consumer It is important to convince consumers of the added value provided by new technologies such as smart meters and the mod
81. gure 58 User interface The elapsed time shown is the time needed to read the variable It is measured since SerialRead method is called until it finishes Later the thesis will go deeply into the time needed for reading measures Chapter 6 Evaluation Time needed for reading measurements Another function that the program performs is to store the values read in a file For that reason a new method called writeToFile that receives a string and writes it to a file has been written To save the historic newly written data is added to the previously saved This is the flowchart of this method Flowchart 9 Start writingto file Y Define the route where the file is Y Write the string received in the file Y Close the file Y End of wrting to file Flowchart 9 Write to file method 80 To write to the file it is enough with call the function writeToFile The data written within the parentheses will be written in the file Figure 59 The aspect of the information saved in the file is similar to the information display on the screen As the file is an historical data the date and the hour at what the measurements have been taken are written dataMeter txt Notepad File Edit Format View Help Current Date Tue Feb 14 15 56 02 cET 2012 4 8011202 0013 Meter ID 1080523 Ul1 32 25 voltage line 1 238 26 KwLsum 1 25_Total active power 0 000 kw KvarLsum 3 25 Total reactive power
82. hase 1 Instantaneous value 41 25 0 000 kW positive Active power Phase 2 Instantaneous value 61 25 0 000 kWV positive Active power Phase 3 Instantaneous value 1 25 0 060 kW positive Active power Instantaneous value 23 25 0 000 kvar positive Reactive power Phase 1 Instantaneous value 43 25 0 000 kvar positive Reactive power Phase 2 Instantaneous value 63 25 0 000 kvar positive Reactive power Phase 3 Instantaneous value 3 25 0 000 kvar positive Reactive power Instantaneous value 29 25 0 060 kVA positive Apparent power Phase 1 Instantaneous value 49 25 0 000 kVA positive Apparent power Phase 2 Instantaneous value 69 25 0 000 kVA positive Apparent power Phase 3 Instantaneous value 9 25 0 060 kVA positive Apparent power Instantaneous value 31 25 0 2520 Phase 1 Instantaneous value 51 25 0 0005 Phase 2 Instantaneous value 71 25 0 0005 A I Phase 3 Instantaneous value 32 25 238 10 V U Phase 1 Instantaneous value 52 25 0 59 V U Phase 2 Instantaneous value 72 25 0 62 V U Phase 3 Instantaneous value 33 25 0 99 5 Power factor Phase 1 Instantaneous value 53 25 0 00 5 Power factor Phase 2 Instantaneous value 73 25 0 00 P S Power factor Phase 3 Instantaneous value 13 25 0 99 5 Pover factor Sum Instantaneous value 14 25 50 03 Hz Frequency Instantaneous value 52 0 1 Number of phases 1 BCC 111 OK Readout 2012 03 01 17 11 lt Figure 39 EMH COMBI MASTER Service table The rest of the menu op
83. hat has to achieve These would be some of them 1 Autonomous maintenance Use the measurement and control systems to anticipate detect and respond to possible system problems Thus if the system suffers some type of error such as network congestion the grid detects the problem isolate and fix it by itself 2 To encourage consumers to be more active Consumers can be an active part at the control of consumption and energy demand Reporting consumer about the price of electricity in real time can cause that user will decide at what moment grab power from the network By this way if electricity consumption increases increasing also the electricity price would induce to slow down the consumption To achieve this it is necessary to educate consumers and provide them with the needed devices 3 To be reliable A good and fast response to a disturbance from human or natural causes is one of the requirements that a smart grid has to achieve Continuous monitoring with real time information of network status is part of the management and control to avoid potential errors 4 Efficient use of the grid There are some ways to make a more efficient use of the grid Prevent peaks in electricity networks Match consumption and generation by controlling power flows 5 To facilitate the integration of different forms of energy generation A stronger presence of renewable energy calls for a modernization of the grid since a r
84. he consumption Figure 9 For this reason in a situation where there are large amounts of wind power two more extreme scenarios appear when consumption and production do not match production is low while consumption is high or high production and low consumption It is usual that the renewable energy generation point are spread across the country and in the same country different places could suffer the situations discussed above Increased communication and improved energy flow that allows electricity transportation from one point with more production than needed to another with deficit are some of the changes that transmission network has to face There is another reason why this improvement of the electricity flow has to be developed One of the consequences of making renewable energies the main source is that the maintenance of conventional power plants will be economically unviable That means that as these new energies are not able to be stored reserve energy will be lost and it would not be possible to ensure security of supply when there is little wind To face the challenges needed in electricity networks it is also needed by the electricity network companies to find the best solution to them choosing between 14 conventional technologies transformers lines and cables or smart technologies Conventional solutions are expensive and take a long time from the project of improving the network starts until it ends Besides smart t
85. he operation is applied an averaging filter to obtain the constant term corresponding to the active power P For reactive power Q the current phasor is moved 90 degrees After that the same calculation performed with the active power is applied The apparent power S is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of active power and reactive power Other possible computations that can be implemented are those concerning the quality of the signal on the line such as the peak values of the rms voltage the reduction of the effective voltage frequency variations in the signal or aperiodic errors of zero crossing in the voltage wave 3 2 3 3 System control and data transmission On devices with dual core processor the values calculated by the DSP are saved as variables in the data records available at the MCU for storage and remote transmission Alongside as a designer option the pulse generator acts over the outputs enabling active and reactive powers sending pulses to an external counter 38 Communications are implemented using the serial ports MCU peripherals available It is a local communication Machine to Machine M2M with other specialized devices on networks that could wish to been deployed This modularity allows the design to adapt to the circumstances of each application As complementary elements typical devices include an internal temperature sensor real time clock power management system the supervisor o
86. in distribution networks Nowadays wind farms are connected to the grid by regional networks or directly to the transmission grid First plants connected will not create problems But as long as the number of plants increases this turns into a problem because many local distribution networks are not prepared to accommodate so many These are some of the problems that can arise from the connection of high levels of wind powers Figure 8 Overvoltages can be caused because during high generation periods when the consumption is low the injection of active power increases the voltage levels If the energy generation exceeds the sum of the demand the grid can be overloaded Regions with weak grids lots of wind power and not too many consumers can suffer easily this problem The presence of consumption bigger than the limit that can be supplied with power generation causes that there would be more power demand than can be generated The system will start to be unstable which could induce into a fault that causes the disconnection of consumers If there are more consumers than necessary this can cause a disconnection due to a fault Voltage Rise Increased Fault Levels Degraded Protection Figure 8 Effects of renewable energy sources on the distribution network 8 Measurements at different parts of the grid and communication infrastructure of smart grids permit the control of local loads and generation i e energy prod
87. is software it is also possible to check the quality of the signal measured by evaluating the harmonics The harmonics and their limits are represented graphically and also in a table Figure 43 54 Harmonics Meter 01059307 Readout 2011 11 23 17 43 49 u1 02 12 13 EN 50160 1 100 00 0 00 0 00 100 00 0 00 0 00 wien 2 0 16 000 0 0 112 0 00 0 00 3 024 000 000 1 53 0 00 0 00 con 4 0 10 000 000 094 0 00 0 00 5 0 73 0 00 0 00 1 37 0 00 0 00 ex E 010 000 0 00 090 0 00 000 7 0 80 0 00 0 00 1 15 0 00 0 00 8 0 09 0 00 0 00 0 69 0 00 0 00 9 0 10 000 000 0 88 0 00 0 00 10 0 08 000 0 00 0 73 0 00 0 00 11 0 17 000 0 00 0 89 0 00 000 I 12 009 000 0 00 077 000 0 00 13 0 18 0 00 0 00 0 93 0 00 0 00 14 0 09 0 00 0 00 0 80 0 00 0 00 15 0 09 0 00 000 0 93 0 00 0 00 16 0 07 0 00 0 00 0 49 0 00 0 00 17 0 10 0 00 0 00 0 60 0 00 0 00 18 0 06 0 00 0 00 0 59 0 00 0 00 19 0 09 0 00 0 00 0 67 0 00 0 00 20 0 06 0 00 0 00 0 60 0 00 0 00 21 0 09 0 00 0 00 0 82 0 00 0 00 m 22 0 08 000 000 0 84 0 00 0 00 23 0 11 0 00 000 092 0 00 0 00 oom 3 FT 24 0 08 0 00 0 00 0 76 0 00 0 00 z Li 25 0 09 0 00 0 00 1 13 0 00 0 00 26 0 09 0 00 0 00 1 02 0 00 0 00 27 0 12 0 00 0 00 1 11 0 00 0 00 28 0 12 0 00 0 00 1 09 0 00 0 00 29 0 14 0 00 0 0
88. ive active energy and only some as ITZ industrial meter and ED300 residential meter add the possibility of more measures negative active energy positive reactive energy or negative reactive energy One highlighted difference between industrial meters and residential meters is that in most of the cases residential meters can register more tariffs The normal for industrial meters is to register one tariff whereas residential meters register four tariffs The meter provided by E ON is the model 170 classified by EMH as special meter These meters LZQJ model use current transformers for measuring the current Comparing special meters with the rest special meters are more complete These differences can be appreciated in the next table Table 2 More complete meters are better for this work due to they are going to be deeply studied and further researches will be carried out Measuring of Active energy Reactive energy 2 directions 4 Quadrants Type of connection Voltage 15 20 Current direct connection transformer connection Frequency Accuracy Active energy Reactive energy Energy measurement Tariff design Maximum measurements Measuring period Tariff control Further measuring variables Data retention time EIZ FEWF7393 Electronic Single Phase Meter yes 2 1x230 V 5 25 A 50 Hz CI1 1 tariff permanent Digital Impulse Meter Tariff Meter yes yes 4 3x230
89. ived or sent by the program Prepare the streams means opened them and have them ready to be used Input Stream Stream Program Y gt gt 22 Data Source 010010101010 010010101010 2 i Output Stream 2 Stream L gt gt L 1 010010101010 010010101010 Dala Source 2 2 E 2 gt 2 Figure 57 Input and output streams 25 The flowchart of the constructor is the following Flowchart 1 67 Start constructor Is in the list the desired port NO Yes Open the port Setup port parameters Prepare input and output streams Ld End of constructor y Flowchart 1 Constructor SmartMeterComm Apart of this two more methods are going to be needed by now to manage the communication One to read the data received and another one to write the data that is going to be sent The method responsible for reading what is in input stream is called SerialReader When data is reading there are different options At the beginning it was attempted to wait until having something in the input stream and then read it If there is not going to be a lot of data read there will be no problem because the input stream is going to be written fast enough to catch all the information Else just a part of the information received is going to be read To solve that problem this method is going to receive the length that the input s
90. king of the smart metering landscape in Europe a highly dynamic landscape The countries that are part of European Union are going on modernizing the electric grid developing electronic metering system as a key for integration of volatile sources of electricity as wind Next the current situation in Sweden and Spain is going to be studied in greater depth The reasons why as the author of the thesis focus on the study of the current situation in Spain and Sweden is because they are my home country Spain and the country where the thesis is being developed Sweden 25 2 3 2 Current situation in Spain Before explaining the current situation in Spain measures that are taken and development plans it must be said to know the magnitude of the project that Spain has 46 772 000 inhabitants 2 3 2 1 Policy measures for the introduction of smart metering The policy measures taken for the incorporation of smart meters in the country are compliance with European directives 2006 32 EC 2099 72 EC 2010 31 EC plan replacement of consumer meters below 15 kW by 2018 hourly frequency telemetry and control schedule for achieving efficient use of energy through active consumers by providing them with knowledge about their consumption 2 3 2 2 Legal foundation of smart metering services Energy Law sets the replacement plan for electricity meter consumers below 15 kW before December 31 2018 Figure 13 The purpose of this change is to enable
91. kvarh Output constants Reactive power 4 2 1 000000 Transformer factor 1 4 3 1 000000 Transformer factor U 9 1 160116 Clock time 9 2 120301 Date 9 128 34039 Calibration constant RTC 90 0 98C8E39D Checksum PAR 90 1 F7A7144B Checksum SET 90 2 39CBSAF3 Checksum ROM 30 3 5161FDA8 Checksun System 01 120301130000 000000 0 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Power failure Return of power supply 0 014 0 000 0 000 0 000 01 120301140000 00000040 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Return of power supply 0 003 0 000 0 000 0 000 P 01 120301150000 00000000 60 4 1 5 kW 3 5 kvar 2 5 kW 4 5 kvar Load profile Value correct 0 060 0 000 0 000 0 001 0 059 0 000 0 000 0 000 99 080825152216 00002000 0 Verification log book Log book deleted c 0 0 o 0 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 0 o 0 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 BCC 112 0K Readout 2012 03 01 16 02 IET Line 35 Load profile Value correct Figure 38 EMH COMBI MASTER Table3 32 Service table Figure 39 Instantaneous electric measures read from the meter EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info utter as st et Ui lat BB mk 0 ete 0 9 1 171018 Clock time 0 9 2 120301 Date 21 25 0 060 kW positive Active power P
92. l communication by RS232 the data protocol IEC 41 62056 21 or DLMS and the maximum baud rate that the meter can achieve 9600 Baud Voltage 4 wire 58 100 V 3x240 415 V optional up to 3x400 690 V 3 wire 3x100 V 3x415 V optional up to 3x690 V 2 wire 1x58 V 1x240V Current 5 60 A or 10 100 A Frequency 50 Hz 60 Hz 16 2 3 Hz Accuracy Active energy 1 Reactive energy 2 Measutring system designation Compensated current transfromer Measuring types Active energy Reactive energy others P P Q Q 01 02 04 S Ah U2h 12h Meter constants LED Imp kWh Kvarh outpu Imp kWh karh configuration ability 10 000 40 000 depending on meter type 5 000 20 000 depending on meter type after certification by means of the certification relevant logbook Energy registers Maximum number 32 tariff registers tariffless register each with 15 historical values Maximum registers Maximum number Measuring period 32 tariff registers tariffless register each with 15 historical values 1 5 10 15 30 60 min adjustable Load profile Maximum number of chanels Typical memory depth at channel Registering period Registering type 32 317 days 1 5 10 15 30 60 min adjustable power energy energy feed Real Time Clock Ripple control receiver Accuracy Synchronization Running reserve battery capacit
93. men enne 86 FLOWCHART 13 FLOWCHART TO HANG UP WITH THE 444 87 FLOWCHART 14 MAIN METHOD WITH GSM COMMUNICATION eee ene 88 103 Appendixes APPENDIX 1 SENT COMMANDS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL In this appendix all the commands that have to be sent to read values by single commands can be found Only the commands sent to the meter not the ones received from the meter These commands do not take care of the even parity are the commands taken at section 4 4 2 Commands of the communication protocol The blue commands indicate that they are the ones that change between the possible readings by single commands APPENDIX 2 SENT AND RECEIVED COMMANDS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL All the commands that have to be sent black commands and the commands that are received green commands from the meter to read values by single commands can be found in appendix 2 Only the commands to read voltage at line 1 voltage at line 2 voltage at line 3 current at line 1 current at line 2 current at line 3 total active power and total reactive power The blue commands indicate that they are the ones that change between the possible readings by single commands APPENDIX 3 RS232 COMMUNICATION Java code to communicate with three meters by RS232 This program can read by single commands Table 1 and Service Table from the meter APPENDIX 4 GSM COMMUNICATION Java code to communicate with three meter
94. nd of no characters 87 and followed by one second of no characters If is not sent the modem will not recognize the next command ATH 2 ATH lt CR gt lt LF gt Hang up the communication If the hang up has been done correctly lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt is received If only these commands are used a problem appears The commands sent will be back with the response expected To turn off echo of commands ATEO CR must be sent and lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt received before continuing with the previous steps To do this in the code two methods have been added connectModem Flowchart 12 and hanupModem Flowchart 13 Run connectiModern Sent ATED lt CR gt lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt received YES Sent AT lt CR gt lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt received YES Sent 0703657375 lt gt lt CR gt lt LF gt CONMNECT lt CR gt lt LF gt received YES End of Flowchart 12 Flowchart to connect with the modem 88 Run hangupModem Wait 1 sec Sent H Wait 1 sec Sent ATH CR gt lt LF gt lt CR gt lt LF gt OK lt CR gt lt LF gt received NO End of hangupModem Flowchart 13 Flowchart to hang up with the modem Also the main method changes Flowchart 14 because it is from this method where connectModem and hangupModem are called The modem has be connected
95. nergy kW L1 21 25 kWh LX 1 B 1 8 E F kW L2 41 25 kWh L1 21 8 0 kW L3 61 25 kWh L2 41 8 0 kW X 1 25 kWh 61 8 0 kvar L1 23 25 kWh 1 B 2 8 E F kvar L2 43 25 kvarh 1 B 3 8 E F kvar L3 63 25 kvarh 1 B 4 8 E F kvar X 3 25 kvarh Q I 1 B 5 8 E F kVA L1 29 25 kvarh Q II 1 B 6 8 E F kVA L2 49 25 kvarh Q III 1 B 7 8 E F kVA L3 69 25 kvarh Q IV 1 B 8 8 E F kVA L 9 25 kVAh 1 B 9 8 E F Power factor L1 33 25 kVAh 1 B 10 8 E F Power factor L2 53 25 Power factor L3 73 25 Power factor L 13 25 Hz Frequency 14 25 91 1 81 7 40 U2 12 81 7 51 U3 13 81 7 62 RTC Charging condition 96 6 1 RTC Charging voltage C 9 3 61 Maximum demand measurement Measuring type Current average value Last average value Maximum demand Cumulative kW 1 B 1 4 E 1 B 1 5 E 1 B 1 6 E 1 B 1 2 E kW 1 B 2 4 E 1 B 2 5 E 1 B 2 6 E 1 B 2 2 E 1 B 3 4 E 1 B 3 5 E 1 B 3 6 E 1 B 3 2 E 1 B 4 4 E 1 B 4 5 E 1 B 4 6 E 1 B 4 2 E 1 B 9 4 E 1 B 9 5 E 1 B 9 6 E 1 B 9 2 E 1 B 10 4 E 1 B 10 5 E Others 1 B 10 6 E 1 B 10 2 E Cu Losses kWh 83 81 1 Cu Losses kWh 83 81 2 Fe Losses kWh 83 81 4 Fe Losses kWh 83 81 5 Operating hours of the meter C 50 0 Operating hours with battery supply C 6 0 Operating
96. ng the consumption or the use of energy storage capacity to meet demand on the grid when required Fit the protective algorithms that describe the maximum electrical energy that can flow through the components will increase the amount of electrical energy that can be broadcasted For example monitoring line temperature and using wind cooling The solutions to peak load problems which are used until now are increasing the generation capacity and reinforce the transmission grid Thereby if at some place appears a peak demand it can be met by augmenting production in another region This solution to reinforce the transmission grid is expensive and needs a lot of time to be arranged Another option to reduce the size of peaks is giving more importance to storage and demand measures Another tool that can be used is the network tariffs Nowadays network tariffs give no incentives to customers to participate as active consumers in a more efficient use of the grid To achieve that it is important to show to consumers tariffs that change the price as soon as the load on the grid changes For example when power flow is low the price would be low On the other hand when power flow is higher the price would increase The communication that exists in smart technologies makes it possible a better communication between consumers the grid and the generation With this information and the correct communication flow the consumer would be able to shift
97. nication module of the computer handled it but now the commands are sent by the modem through the USB port and it seems that this port does not manage this verification With all of that a new problem appears When the first command is sent the program still does not work well The reason is that the command sent does not correspond with the command that has been written in the code When the method serialWriter is called the command that is going to be written in the output stream is added to the call The issue is that the bytes written in the input stream do not correspond with the string that the method receives Two different strings were tried but the bytes written at the output stream were the same The problem is located in the function called getBytes Figure 64 String 1 00 37 37 Same bytes for C getBytes both cases String 2 00b7b7 Figure 64 Communication with three meters by GSM getBytes encodes an string in a secuence of bytes If it is not specified into the parentheses the Charset to encode the string is the one used by default This was the problem the charset necessary was ISO 8859 1 and the one that uses by default is US ASCII Now the communication runs perfectly The only problem is that with this type of communication GSM instead of needing between 12 and 13 seconds the communication needs between 16 and 17 seconds 91 5 6 Communication with three meters by GSM Conclu
98. nt all appropriate measures to install the new technologies so called Smart meter Some countries as Sweden or Italy the most developed in this technology have already put into practice the use of electronic meters with two way communication for economic reasons Considering the regulation and enforcement implemented or planned the EU countries and Norway can be classified as follows Figure 11 Dynamic movers This group includes countries that have channeled the way that has to be followed through plans or projects that are being conducted for the full deployment of Smart metering The countries that can be included in this group are Sweden Spain Denmark Italy Malta United Kingdom France Finland Ireland The Netherlands and Norway Market drivers this group are the countries that do not have the legal framework for the implementation of these meters The implementation is possible thanks to companies who follow with the installation of electronic meters either by self interest or by customer demand The countries classified in this group are Germany Estonia Czech Republic Slovenia and Romania Ambiguous movers Despite the existence of a legal framework and rules these are not clear enough for the complete or at least as developed as other 5 This section is based in the information find at Renner S Albu M van Elburg H Heinemann C Lazicki A Penttinen L et al 2011 European Smart Meterin
99. on 1 control input system voltage OptoMOSFET 250V AC DC 100 mA fulfils SO specification yes Option RS485 LC display with 6 0 digits 5 1 digits lt 2 0 VA lt 2 5 VA direct lt 0 5 VA transformer 25 60 40 C 70 C 40 70 IP 51 IP 20 178 x 328 x 60 W x H x D mm approx 1 35 kg Meter cross Table 2 Features of some EMH meters 13 40 500 10 000 3x230 400 V 5111 A 250 5 000 3x230 400 V 5111 A 3 control inputs system voltage for tariff and maximum switching and clock synch OptoMOSFET 250V AC DC 100 mA fulfils SO specification yes Option RS485 LC display acc to VDEW with 8 0 digits 5 3 digits 2 0 VA dependent on the meter version 25 C 55 C 40 C 70 C 40 C 70 C IP 51 IP 20 178x 328x 60 WxHx D mm approx 1 6 kg Meter cross O The meter showed at Figure 22 is the one that has been used along the report LC Display Optical call up sensor Parametering key under meter cover Impulse LED Optical data interface DO with magnetic fixing for the optical communication head Figure 22 LZQJ Smart meter aspect The main features Table 4 LZQJ Smart meter RS232 features 17 for the smart meter model LZQJ are described in the product manual Among all the features as the thesis is focused on communication protocol the most important is that the meter is able to manage seria
100. on for the introduction of smart metering Nevertheless cost benefit studies are being done since there is a high interest in its incorporation Belgium is developing pilot project to test the meters and its communication technology Bulgaria No plans initiatives studies planned or performed to regulate the smart metering Some electronic meters have been installed to reduce non technical losses and the complaints about erroneous invoices There is legal or regulator framework about smart metering but it is hoped an amendment to the power law in late March 201 1 A cost benefit report from a pilot project is being done from whose results should set the strategy for full deployment of the meters Czech Republic As other countries there is no legal regulator framework In 2006 a cost benefit report was done obtaining a bad result Cost benefits analyses are being developed by some companies CEZ or E ON Ceska Denmark Minimum functional requirement to smart meters are defined Energistyrelsen 2009 Electronic meters were installed without legal requirements by distribution system operators what permits that more or less the 50 of the meters in Denmark will have remote reading Estonia No legal obligations for a rollout for smart metering yet Around 2 customers have an electronic meter Distribution networks have plans to invest into smart metering infra
101. ong the years it is being more usual that consumers act also as producers Smart meter are allowed to record also the energy given to the distribution network from small generators as solar panels or turbines One of the facilities that smart meters present to consumers is that with the bidirectional communication permits centralized meter reading which means that it is not necessary to visit the reader to collect the measurement data the electricity consumption Nevertheless at least some visits are going to be still necessary to test and maintain the devices The electricity consumption is also shown at the same meter Thus it is possible to check it and reduce the bills if it is desired 3 2 2 Different components of the Smart Meter The energy value that has to be calculated follows the next processes before being displayed on the LCD of the meter Process digitalization of the instantaneous values of voltage and current by a high resolution converter Product of the variables calculated to get the instantaneous values of power Integration of calculated variables over time providing the values of energies The main difference between different manufacturers is the electronic design which implements the counter Figure 20 where you can find the following Mid range MCU devices Digital Signal Processor DSP or programmable logic device the three mixed technology options including Programmable Gain Amplifier PGA and 36
102. onnect and hang up modem communication This method has pros and cons The advantages the wireless communication and the possibility of communicate with more than one meter just using one modem for all of them GSM network also permits to have a long distance between meters and computer in this case The disadvantage is that the time needed to read a variable increases from the 4 seconds to 11 seconds Chapter 8 Future work This work focused on the communication protocol of the smart meters Different improvements have been developed to see how the communication works but there still a lot of work that can be done in the continued work In the work presented in this thesis only some measures read by using direct commands have been taken It could be interesting to make some evaluation of how long takes to obtain the response for various commands using one instruction To do that an option is to reprogram the code and make possible a continuous reading For example read the data once per minute and save it as a row in the file To interact with the user since GSM communication has been used it would be interesting to create a mobile application to read the measures with it Control the outputs of the meter by commands will be great for the use of smart meters such a part of smart grids if it is necessary to reduce consumption The meter can disconnect the user from the grid if this option has been accorded before between the grid opera
103. ors Number of channels telegrams within 5 ppm via data interfaces control input or DCF module gt 20 years gt 10 days 6 all common telegrams Control inputs SO input system voltage 42 max 1 max 6 Data retention time without voltage in the FLASH ROM at least 10 years Display Display version VDEW display 84 mm x 24 mm height of digits 8 mm Alternative display version alphanumerical display 4 x 20 characters Operation Optical sensor for operation of display Data interfaces Optical data interface Electrical data interface Data protocols Maximum transmission rate Optical data interface DO RS485 CLO or RS232 IEC 62056 21 or DLMS 9600 Baud fixed or Mode C Outputs Number Max 7 Opto MOSFET max 250 V AC DC 100 mA make contact and break contact SO output max 27 V DC 27 mA relays max 250 V AC DC 100 mA max 2 relays Energy supply Switched mode power supply 3 phase Mains buffering time gt 500 ms Auciliary voltage supply Longe range 48 300 V AC DC Power consumption perphase basic meter voltage path with auxiliary voltage without auxiliary voltage current path auxiliary voltage 0 02 VA 0 01 W 3x58 100 V lt 1 3VA lt 0 8W lt 0 004 VA lt 1 8 VA 2 9 VA Electrical parameters isolation resistance surge voltage resistance against HF fields isolation 4 kV AC 50 Hz 1 min surge voltage 8 kV impulse 1
104. pe Faraday disc type The most common electric meter is the one known as Thomson or single phase electromechanical induction meter Also three phase electromechanical meters are very common in Europe 3 1 2 Electronic meters The first automatic measuring devices are from the pre internet and pre microprocessor It is as electromechanical devices based on existing electric meters with a digital communications based on the emerging digital technologies at early 60 s The patents that are listed below determine the evolution of these devices 33 Reading equipment by detecting the angular position indicator for a binary code of the measured value the angular position sensors Fully electronic equipment measuring voltage and current from the average value of the rectified signal with a voltage frequency converter and a counter that allows the display of the mean value A device that allows communications by telephone to the central station and transmits the code from the meter and the value of the measure At the earlier 70 s data acquisition processing and communications were very limited by the computing power of microcontrollers In the decade of the 80 s hybrid counters based on induction meters started to be produced The first AMR were measurement devices that incorporated a Microcontroller Unit MCU which allowed automating the system and also provided communication with central system The fully electronic counter
105. pect is the time needed to read a measurement Elapsed time is in the range of 12 13 seconds 5 3 Communication with three meters by RS232 The objective here is to extend the current program to read measurements from more than one meter connected at the same time Figure 60 Three meters will be used to check this operation The reason for using three meters is that this is all the equipment available Figure 60 Communication with three meters by RS232 The first that has to be checked is if the program developed works with the new meters as it was working with the meter used before To do that the only thing has to be changed is the first command sent because is the one that contains the ID of the meter Each meter has an ID written in the device The three meters that are going to be used have the following IDs 83 1080523 1059307 1080089 As it was supposed this change is enough to run the program with one of the three meters Before connecting the meters the main method of the class SmartMeterComm is going to be modified Flowchart 11 then it will be possible to ask to the user if wants to change the meter before reading a measure and which meter is going to be to read These changes can be appreciated at the code in Appendix 3 RS232 Communication The new flowchart for the method changed is Start Main Run Thread Initialize constructor Ask forthe meter ID Isthe meter connected
106. r plants selling electricity to electricity suppliers These companies must measure the electricity that they are injecting to their networks These measurements stored on an hourly basis are used by companies to bill delivered energy to suppliers Figure 2 Windmills Generator that transforms wind energy into electrical energy 28 Chapter 2 is based on Bollen M 2011 Adapting Electricity Networks to a Sustainable Energy System Smart metering and smart grids Sweden Nowadays renewable energy sources solar panels windmills allow consumers to be at the same time energy suppliers as long as they have some energy sources 2 1 2 Grid operators The electrical network Figure 3 is the way whereby electrical energy is transported from generation to consumers It is the meeting point between all electricity market participants Power Station 2 L E E L 1 GENERATION YT Transmission A Substation r IR e Distribution o o Substation 3 COMMERCIAL 4 INDUSTRIAL 4 DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS CONSUMERS 5 DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION DEVICES i 6 RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS Figure 3 Electric network scheme 11 Network companies are responsible for the maintenance of electrical networks Their task is not only to keep them in good condition but also they should ensure proper operation in the future Since power generation is evolving to a g
107. re available Despite all customers had remotely readable meters it is being invest to increase reading frequencies In July 2010 the government published the smart metering prospectus outlining the rollout strategy Minimum requirements for meters not yet available Some suppliers British Gas First Utility nPower have already begun installing smart meters including customer response trials Table 1 Table extracted from of the project 19 Renner S Albu M van Elburg H Heinemann C Lazicki A Penttinen L et al 2011 European Smart Metering Landscape Report Vienna Below a graphic representation Figure 12 of the Table 1 is showed 23 Smart Metering Hotspots METERS INSTALLED CONFIRMED PLANS AND FORECAST 2020 IMPLEMENTED CONFIRMED PLANS FORECAST TOTAL 2020 gi 2 600 Jl B TOTAL AMI MARKET mE ll e a a 1 800 5 840 Ru CJ E A Ez n EX EZ 5 920 EZ J ema o EJ Figure 12 Graphic to show Smart metering European landscape 29 2 3 1 Legislation promoting change in Europe Specially two European legislations are pushing for the implementation of Smart meters and Smart grids Art 13 of the so called Energy Services Directive 2006 32 ED ESD and the Directive on the international electricity market 2009 72 EC The first of them Art 13 2006 32 ED ESD requires that in situations where it is technically
108. realization of the thesis the option to read by direct commands will be used To compare the times required for communication the Service table will also be used Therefore program options designed to read electrical variables are going to be utilized What has been explained in this section is enough for understanding the rest part of the project related to the use of the EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 The manual Operation manual EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 provided by the manufacturer is available for more information about the rest of the possibilities 56 4 4 Communication protocol The program that is developed within this work asks the smart meter some of the measures that can be directly accessed line voltage line current total active power and total reactive power Before programming the code it is necessary to know the communication protocol IEC 62056 21 To achieve that the following programs are going to be used EMH COMBO MASTER Null modem connected comOcom and Termite 4 4 1 Software used Before explaining each one of the programs mentioned above it will be said briefly what is intended with these three programs running together The EMH COMBO MASTER is going to work normally using its communication protocol to ask the smart meter about the variables desired Internally the PC the EMH software is going to be connected to one of the couple virtual ports created by Null modem Termite
109. reater presence of renewable energies and new consumers as the appearance of electric cars it is the responsibility of electricity network companies to adjust the grid at the same time that new technologies appear To achieve that they should carry out the necessary changes to the evolution of the electric network Electric network companies have rights and obligations Electricity producers grid operators and suppliers are different parts of the electricity market Grid operators can transport energy but they are not allowed to produce or sell it In addition these companies should measure input and output electricity flow to the network On these measures necessary calculations for trade in energy are executed Therefore it is important to have reliable measures to have also good calculations Smart meters included in the technologies associated to smart grids are devices that provide reliable measures Moving from the electric network as we know it today to a smart grid is the most efficient way to prepare the network for future changes 2 1 3 Consumers Everyone who needs to use electricity and take it from the electricity network is considered as consumer As expected after studying participants in the electricity market before there exists a commercial relationship between consumers electric supply companies and electricity network companies Households as well as large or small companies are considered as consumers as long
110. related to the measures because they are the ones used in the thesis The first thing that has to be done to run the software with the meter once it is connected is to setup the communication settings Figure 31 Y EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct Readout SML 220 Connection Configuration Info Qi fa Tt Tat Tad 51 UL D j ES e ki E Settings Summer time Public holidays General Modem external Representation Export Format Communication COM port 2 COM port d COMI v Orcrip Login password O IP telemetry Baud rate WS password O Mode c EEEE EEEH 300 Ed Meter address O 600 Bd 1080089 O 1200 Bd 2400 Bd 4800 Bd 9600 Bd 19200 Bd 57600 Bd Send Break before every communication VDEW 2 0 2 1 Figure 31 EMH COMBI MASTER Settings Here the COM port and baud rate are selected It is also necessary depending on the meter configuration to insert the ID of the meter which is going to be used Now with the meter connected the rest of the options of the program can be viewed Going one by thorough the menu bar the first option is File Figure 32 EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 Direct Readout SML Setting Connection Configuration Info Yu BBBae Read out configuration 3B Ext Figure 32 EMH COMBI MASTER File Menu file transfers saved set files parameter files
111. ring Plan is in place the regulator CER started consultation process on a rollout strategy and functional requirements for electricity The regulator CER initiated a major pilot project with network operators to acquire technical experience and test customers on how they react to additional feedback The installation of remotely readable electronic meters is mandatory Minimum functional requirements are available Rollout started in 2008 and by the en of 2011 9596 of customers have received electronic meters No strategy legal framework or cost benefit report The dominant distribution system operator prepares a concept for rollout Conventional meters are step by step replaced by electronic meters No strategy legal framework or cost benefit report No activities No strategy legal framework or cost benefit report Some distribution system operators testing displays internet portals etc A complete rollout of smart meters started in 2010 Functional requirements are available In 2010 a rollout plan to replace all electricity and water meters of customers by the end of 2012 Dutch Parliament adopted legal framework for voluntary installation of smart metering in November 2010 An updated cost Multitude of pilot projects has been performed A 6 year rollout phase could start in 2013 Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Sweden United Kingdom benefi
112. ronic meter single phase html 11 Interactive pathway to power smart grid n d Retrieved from http www oncor com tech_reliable smarttexas smartgrid_sp aspx 12 Meeus L Saguan M Glachant J M amp Belmans n d Smart Regulation for Smart Grids Retrieved from http www florence school eu portal page portal FSR_HOME Policy 20Brief_Nol_Meeus_Smart 20Grids pdf 13 metering E Product range Industrial meters 98 14 Ministerio de Industria T y 2006 December 29 BOE Retrieved from REAL DECRETO 1634 2006 http www boe es aeboe consultas bases_datos doc php id BOE A 2006 22961 15 Ministerio de Industria T y 2007 December 28 BOE Retrieved from ORDEN ITC 3860 2007 http www boe es boe dias 2007 12 29 pdfs A53781 53805 pdf 16 Piel J 2011 July 21 Energy Management and Conservation Solutions Automate the Grid Retrieved from http theline cooperpower com page cfm LineID 15 17 Product Manual LZQJ 18 REepedia voice of the green movement n d Retrieved from http www reepedia com archives 1057 19 Renner S Albu M van Elburg H Heinemann Lazicki A Penttinen L et al 2011 European Smart Metering Landscape Report Vienna 20188232 female connector n d Retrieved from http hflink com interface DB9 RS232 pinout gif 21 Segovia R amp S nchez M 2011 October Set of common functional requirements of the SMART METER Retrieved from ht
113. rt gnu io SerialPortEventListener import gnu io UnsupportedCommOperationException Java is an object oriented programming language A program in Java can have one or more classes Each class is a set of primitives and methods they can be compared to variables and functions in other programming languages The methods can receive or not some parameters and return or not other parameters but they are always composed of a set of instructions and can be called more than once along the code Classes have a method to initialize the class with its same name it is known as constructor Therefore the code is going to be composed at least by a class and its constructor Both of them are going to be called 5martMeterComm The constructor is going to initialize the class by initializing the port and the input and output streams To initialize the communication port to have a list of all the ports available at the computer is needed and check if some of them matches with the one that is going to be used in that case a serial port because the communication is going to be through RS232 serial communication Once the port is located it is opened and its parameters baud rate data bits stop bits parity and flow control are defined Input and output streams Figure 57 are going to be prepared also in the constructor These streams in Java are a tool that simplifies the input output operations they are the way where the data is written to be rece
114. s Figure 17 intends to provide reliability to the data obtained It is also important for the manager to obtain a real consumer profile for what frequency programmable measures are needed Figure 17 Example of electronic meters 10 The operation consists of sending information to the Data Management DM as part of an infrastructure for measurement data collection and management where a new counter called AMI is needed The readings are listed to the users in real time so they can change their consumption behavior in terms of tariffs or ecology The next evolution of technology is the Smart Meter Figure 18 which is basically an AMI which includes at least the following supplements programmable power control set to limit consumption a communication port and tariff services under demand 34 Figure 18 Example of Smart meters 17 The general structure of the meter maintains the three main elements the measurement system the memory and main information device that it is now the communications system To expand its operational capabilities the following additional elements are added Power supply system Calculation processor Communication processor Actuator and or control device Thanks to these additional elements and the measures taken by the meter the application showed in Figure 19 are possible I Devices LL _ Infrastructures cce d Pre Payment CL Billing
115. s to be able to control the power grid and good communication between all the electricity market participants Smart meters are part of the smart grid technologies and are actually useful to solve this task Smart meters have a lot of features but the most important is the two way communication This really differentiates this meter and electronic meters This Master Thesis is going to study deeply this communication to understand how it works by developing an own program able to read the measurements taken by the meter Acknowledgements 1 would like to thank my supervisor Ingmar Leife for accept me to developing his idea in my Master Thesis He has contributed with guidance and ideas Thanks for the confidence and freedom to develop the project I am grateful to E ON because of provisioning with the smart meters used along the project Special thanks to my roommate Lars Lindgren for contribute with his help and advices during these months Thanks also to my other roommate Blanca Hidalgo Hidalgo and Gabriel Dominguez for their friendship and company when the work becomes harder and harder I am also pleased to have been part of the Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation department at Lund University and all the people that belong to it Last but not least I would like to dedicate this thesis to all the nice people around me old friends and new friends that I have met during my Erasmus period With special regard to my family
116. s a lower current is needed the current is being reduced and then losses are reduced Another solution is to reduce the resistance in the lines cables and transformers by this way the losses are reduced keeping the current at the same level For lines and cables the way to reduce the resistance goes increasing their cross sectional area on the other hand to reduce the resistance in transformers it is necessary reduce the losses that occur in the core as iron losses To support consumers with the detailed information of their consumption can induce a reaction in consumers that make them react in a more efficient use of the energy Monthly bills are a way to make consumers aware about the consumption that they are having but real time information it is better to make consumers more conscious of their consumption 2 2 4 1 Active consumers Active consumers are the consumers that can take part on the network situation choosing between suppliers services contracts or any possibility with which they can reduce their electricity invoice by other ways than only reducing their consumption To achieve active consumer s objective it is necessary to support them with tariffs information It is also important to give this information as soon as possible and have information as similar as possible to real time information That is important because as the information given is in real time the decision of the active consumers 17 will also be in r
117. s by GSM This program can read by single commands
118. s follow the same commands with the exception of the last command sent which indicates the desired variable All the commands that have to be sent to carry out the communication with the meter and get the measures of all variables accessible by direct commands are found in Appendix 1 Sent commands Communication protocol 4 4 3 Conclusions In this section the communication protocol has been studied It has been proved that for variables read by direct command all commands sent except the last in which it is determined the variable to be read are the same It should be noted also that if the meter is changed the first instruction in which the ID is sent should change sending the ID of the new meter Concerning received commands from the meter they are also the same for all the variables except the last command received Moreover this changes for the same variable since the measure value is data that changes over time 65 Chapter 5 Test performance In this section it is going to be explained step by step how the final program has been achieved from a serial communication program The final program can read by GSM the data from three different smart meters connected simultaneously and save the data a file For which it will make use of the commands obtained in the previous section Not all the commands to read variables directly will be used since for developing the program and test it will be enough with line voltages
119. s tool Once the program is opened there are two ways of check the installation clicking the direct icon or going through Readout Installation check Figure 30 47 EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 711 Table 1 gt 781 Table 2 151 Table 3 11 Service table p 01 Standard LP Lf p 02 User LP laf P 98 Log book P 99 Certification relevant log book P 200 User log book P 210 event logbook P 211 event logbook 27108 installation check eit automatic readout Comment BB convert BS Graphic display Control centre Figure 30 Installation check with EMH COMBI MASTER For a load as a bulb the results of measuring with the meter are showed in Table 5 i 100 U 230 V 100 120 5 Installation check Meter 01059307 Readout 2011 11 23 16 28 Montuer Customer Comment L1 12 L3 U 237 2 V 0 62 V 0 61 V 1 0 2516 A 0 0005 A 0 0005 A P 0 059 kW 0 kW 0 kW Q 0 kvar 0 kvar 0 kvar 5 0 059 0 kVA 0 kVA P S 0 99 0 0 degrees 0 0 00 00 f 50 11 Hz 50 11 Hz 50 11 Hz Ut Sum 0 059 kW 0 kvar 0 059 kVA 0 99 0 02 50 11 2 Table 5 Installation check results EMH COMBI MASTER 48 Once the connection is verified the next step is to take a look at the possibilities of the software representation of the values the possibility of changing the tariffs etc 4 3 EMH Software At this section EMH software is going to be overviewed especially the options
120. sions This improvement was not as easy as seemed at the beginning It is not just adding the AT commands The way the data is sent is one of the changes At the beginning the configuration was 8 bits and no parity and now the configuration is 7 bits and even parity because the communication port of the computer is different Some other difficulties as the parity check and encoding commented before were not easy to locate Another problem of this type of communication is that it needs more time to read the measures On the other hand GSM communication has important upgrades Wireless communication is good if the meter is not going to be near the computer and this is the common situation Another advantage is that GSM is the communication network that mobile phones use which means that there is no distance limits between the meters and the program that is used to read measures Chapter 6 Evaluation Time needed for reading measurements To have a conclusion about the time needed to read a measure from the meter the first comparison is going to be done between the time needed by EMH software to read values by using direct commands and the time needed by EMH software to read values by using the tables saw at section 4 3 EMH Software By using EMH software with a baud rate of 4800 Bd direct commands needs more than 6 seconds and less than 7 seconds 6 724 sec 6 846 sec On the other hand two tables have been read To read Table 1
121. structure Finland Electricity Market Act 66 2009 demands 8096 smart meter penetration by 2014 The regulator defined minimum functional requirements for the metering system All network operators have started their rollout 50 of district heating meters can be remotely read France Legislation is in preparation for a mandatory rollout Some guidelines and minimum functional requirements for Currently smart meters are being installed 21 Germany Greece Hungary Treland Lithuania Luxemburg Netherlands electricity meters A cost benefit report with a positive result was presented in 2007 A mandatory rollout is not planned The national legislature EnWG 2009 only demands to install smart meters in new buildings Minimum functional requirements are not available A cost benefit report has not been carried out yet Some pilot projects are in progress However due to the unclear legal situation the majority of the energy suppliers waits and sees Greece is proceeding to a rollout of electricity smart meters and has adopted a legal framework Article 15 of law 3855 2010 Currently smart meters are being installed to consumers of low voltage connections There is no legal framework minimum functional requirements are proposed and a cost benefit report was carried out in 2010 Pilot projects are expected to start in 2011 A National Smart Mete
122. t analysis and functional requirements are available 22 Currently hourly metering is required for large customers only Some distribution system operators have installed AMR technology to all customers for weekly meter readings Some power retailers offer contracts at the spot price on an hourly basis No legal framework is available but is expected there will be legislation ready for decision in 2012 National energy platform and smart grid consortium were founded in November 2010 to support the implementation A substitution plan for the actual meters has been done coordinated with Spain The project InovCity for the city of vora with 30 000 meters was presented in 2010 Customers receive near real time consumption information A decision on a rollout is expected in 2012 By now there is no official plan and cost benefit report has not been done Some distribution system operators started with pilot projects No strategy legal framework or cost benefit report Distribution system operators install some smart meters A substitution plan for the actual meters has been done Functional requirements are available Cost benefit report has not been done Smart city projects been developed Andalucia Castellon It was the first country to apply a complete rollout of smart meters Since 2009 monthly meter reading is been done Functional requirements a
123. t going to receive or return any parameter It is carrying out the main objective of the program The steps followed at the main are represented at its flowchart Flowchart 4 By now the most simple case it is only going to be read some character by the serial communication port and after a string is going to be sent by the same port Before all the class is going to be initializing and after the exchange of information the port and the streams are going to be closed Start Main Y Initialize constructor y Read input stream Y Write output stream Y Close streams and port 9 e Y End of the program Flowchart 4 Main part of the program To check that the program is working correctly the scheme is the same used before but using this program instead of EMH software The program developed is connected to the virtual port COM6 COM 6 is virtually linked by comOcom with COMB and now the data flow ends at the Termite where the data sent by the program is displayed and the data that the program has to receive is written 5 1 2 Serial communication program in Java Communication with one meter Next is to improve the current code to permit the communication with the meter Some improvements that are going to be developed at this point are be able to send and receive the commands needed to work with the meter follow the communication protocol of the smart meter ask to the user about the variable that is desired and
124. t it and set it up The purpose of this project is to study how communication with different meters connected at the same time works First step is to communicate with one of them Figure 23 To achieve this RS232 serial communication is going to be used Furthermore as the main objective is not to check the measures obtained or to look for the different possibilities that the meter provides to the user but developing software to receive the wanted electric values a simple load is going to be used a bulb directly connected to the meter is going to be the load Along the thesis three special meters model LZQJ Figure 24 of the manufacturer EMH are going to be used 44 Figure 24 LZQJ EMH smart meter 17 According to the manual user RS232 is a symmetrical two wire interface designed according to ITU T V 24 and ITU T V 28 The RS232 protocol communication determines that it is a point to point connection what means that the connection without any change is going to be able to handle only the communication between two devices In this case the PC and one of the meters Following the interface specification of the RS232 protocol for the serial communication as described in the user manual the maximum cable length up to 15m is not going to be a problem to develop the thesis because the distance between the meter and the PC is going to be short With respect to the data transmission rate which is from 300 to 9600 Baud To
125. t possible that if some command is going to be read the length will be less or equal to O because that means that there is nothing to read Ifthe parameter is bigger than 0 some of the rest of the commands is going to be read and the parameter is indicating the length of the command Another change that has to be done is that before simple data was read but now commands that have to be verified after would be read To verify the incoming data it has to be converted to hexadecimal Along the report has been explained that some symbols are not able to be represented in ASCII but they are in hexadecimal Java has a method to convert the bytes of the input stream to hexadecimal while it is being read Integer toHexString ASCII symbols are represented in hexadecimal by two digits going each one from O to F By this way at the conversion if the first digit is equal to O the method is going to take only the second digit For example if the result of the conversion is OF the method is going to return only F In those cases to fix it the O removed is added after the conversion When the integer incoming to the method is equal to 1 the last command will be read and the procedure will be different to the rest The last data received contains the measured value that is always between parenthesis value measure units As the length of this instruction is not always the same for all variables the parenthesis is going to be us
126. tep Down Subtransmission Blue Transmission Transformer TEA Customer Green Distribution zi gt Transmission lines 26kV and 69kv 765 500 345 230 and 138 kv Generating Station Primary Customer 13kV and 4kV Secondary Customer Transmission Customer 120V and 240V Generating Step Up 138 or 230kV Transformer Figure 7 Distribution and transmission networks 6 The main differences between both networks are 1 The level of the voltage that handles the network 2 The amount of the power transported 3 The purpose of the Network 3 This figure is an example to show the difference between distribution and transmission network it does not represent the normal voltages of distribution and transmission network in Sweden 12 After the short description about the distribution network and transmission network it seems clear that the purpose of each is different Focusing on the values of voltage that are handled and the amount of the power transported we see that the transmission lines have to manage higher values of voltage and power The ones used in transmission networks are so called high voltage lines typically from 138 kV up to 765 kV and these lines can transfer power higher than 75 Megawatts while the ones used in distribution networks are known as medium voltage lines in the range of 1000 V to 69 kV and these lines can conduct a power belong 75 Megawatts 2 2 2 2 Effects
127. tions are used to read out the load profile data from the meter P 01 Standard LP read out the operation log book from the meter P 98 Log Book etc These options are not going to be used for the development of the thesis but some of them are also interesting E EMH COMBI MASTER 2000 File Direct 7773 SML Setting Connection Configuration Info Q Zi 717 Table 1 Ta Table 2 B 731 Table 3 77 Service table 68896 ma P 01 Standard LP c 88 98 P 02 User LP _syp055 187 P 98 Log book 05 p oo Certification relevant log book _syp115 syp115 200 User log book sypllg Event log book Threshold monitoring Daily profile 130 Load profile network quality P 02 5 h a iconvansion EEE Lu Evaluation of the harmonics Voltage curve Conversion LP gt Excel Graphic display Long term recording gt Open Save amp print Figure 40 EMH COMBI MASTER Network quality These options are the ones to check the network quality Figure 40 The program module network quality contains the read out of data on the network quality and also the instantaneous harmonic values Load profile network quality Figure 41 is going to provide the maximum reached by some variables and also the data and time when it was reached 53 Total evaluation load profile Transformer factor U 1 Transformer factor I 1 Evaluation of the data from 2011 11 22 00 00 until 2
128. to add the carriage return CR to continue at the beginning of the line and the line feed LF to continue in the next line at the end of the commands transmitted The most important settings are the ones related with the communication port because they have to match with the way the data is going to be sent and received from the meter The baud rate that indicates the speed at which data is transmitted is of 4800 This value has been chosen because it is the one at what trying to communicate with EMH COMBY MASTER does not appear the message Communication timeout This message can be shown because of different reasons the meter is disconnected the ID of the meter is wrong but the most common reason is because of a wrong baud rate is being selected in EMH software The meter was configured internally for 4800 Bd This is why 4800 is the baud rate at which the EMH software can communicate with the meter By now the rest of parameters are going to be 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity and no flow control With this set up the communication is going well Another important issue are backward and forward ports The communication is going to follow between the physical computer communication port COM1 and one of the virtual ports created by the comOcom 5 Termite is not the only program that has been used to display the information transmitted also PuTTY Figure 50 has been used X PuTTY Configuration C
129. tor and the consumer 97 References 1 n d Retrieved from https www makagreenbcn com wp content uploads 2010 06 smart meter 2 png 2 Bollen M 2011 Adapting Electricity Networks to a Sustainable Energy System Smart metering and smart grids Sweden 3 Bollen M 2008 Electrical Power Quality amp Utilization Magazine Volume 3 Issue 2 Retrieved from Overvoltages due to Wind Power Hosting Capacity Deterministic and Statiscal approaches http www leonardo energy org webfm send 1323 4 Casellas F Velasco G Guinjoan F amp Pique El concepto de Smart Metering en el nuevo escenario de distribuci n el ctrica Barcelona Spain 5 climatelab n d Retrieved from Smart Grids http climatelab org Smart_Grids 6 Electric power transmission n d Retrieved from Wikipedia http en wikipedia org wiki Electric_power_transmission 7 Glorieux E 2011 April 7 EG Blog Think globally act locally Retrieved from http emileglorieux blogspot com 201 1 04 smart grid report 1 html 8 Harrison P G n d Network Integration of Renewable Energy Retrieved from http www see ed ac uk gph networks 9 Hern ndez M 2010 September Energ as renovables y eficiencia energ tica en Noruega Retrieved from http www icex es icex cma contentTypes common records viewDocument O 00 bin doc 4404117 10 Indotech n d Retrieved from http www indotechmeter com elect
130. tp ec europa eu energy gas electricity smartgrids smartgrids en htm 22 Seguimiento de noticias de regulaci n internacional 2010 November Retrieved from http www energiaysociedad es pdf noticias regulacion internacional nov dic 2010 doc 23 Single Phase Electromechanical Energy Meter DD862 n d Retrieved from http zjstmeter es made in china com product RMTEveCHEB V q China Single Phase Electromechanical Energy Meter DD862 html 24 Smart Meter Smarts n d Retrieved from http www haldimandcountyhydro ca hch residential smart_meters php 25 The Java Tutorials n d Retrieved from I O Streams http docs oracle com javase tutorial essential 10 streams html 26 Wikipedia Smart grid 2010 Retrieved from http en wikipedia org wiki Smart_grid 27 Wind Generation n d Retrieved from http 151 servimg com u f51 12 11 69 12 wind14 png 99 28 Windmill n d Retrieved from http www mywindpowersystem com marketplace wp content uploads 2009 11 GE 2 5MW Wind Turbine jpg 29 Zanden G J V 2011 August 16 The Smart Grid in Europe 2012 2016 Technologies Market Forecasts and Utility Profiles Retrieved from http www greentechmedia com research report the smart grid in europe 2012 100 Figures FIGURE 1 SMART GRID CONCEPT 5 nnne nennen nennen nenne nennen 1 FIGURE 2 WINDMILLS GENERATOR THAT TRANSFORMS WIND ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY 28 4 FIGURE 3
131. tream is supposed to have after reading all the information Therefore this method is going to receive an integer that contains the length of the string that has to be read This length is known because the commands received except the last one are known 4 4 2 Commands of the communication protocol After that data is read saved in a buffer from the input stream and then returned by the method as string This is the flowchart for the method to read in the simplest case in which only simple data is going to be read Flowchart 2 68 Start reading Create a buffer to read the serial port Wait until there is data available at the input stream Is input stream as long as expected Save the data from input stream to the buffer Flowchart 2 Method to read the input stream SerialReader The method called SerialWriter receives a string and writes it in the output stream To do that the data is converted from string to bytes because this is the type that the output stream handles The flowchart of this method Flowchart 3 is very simple Start writing Write in the output stream the command received as bytes End of writing Flowchart 3 Method to write the output stream Serial Writer Now the methods needed to send and receive data through the serial port are defined but it is needed one more method linking all of them This method called 69 main is no
132. tribution networks One main aspect is to study the feasibility to use the measurement values at the customer side New electricity meters installed in all Swedish households and at other customers are capable to measure the voltage at the customer side These measures can be used for the voltage control With complete knowledge of the network we can control it and this can be translated into more efficient use of the electricity This chapter introduces the work presented in this thesis The motivation for the work is described and the contributions obtained are summarized 1 1 Motivation The electrical network is suffering an evolution as long as society is evolving New ways of generating energy as a greater presence of renewable energies and the presence of new types of consumption such as electrification of the transportation sector require a number of changes in the electrical network Facilitate the use of renewable energies Make more efficient use of energy Be more flexible with future changes More active electricity consumers These changes could only be carried out with the development of new technologies The concept includes Smart Grid Figure 1 technologies that make it possible by controlling the electrical network For this control to know the consumption and energy generation is essential Figure 1 Smart Grid concept 5 Since July 2009 monthly measurement readings of all electricity meters installe
133. two virtual ports and it is also connecting them The serial port is a point to point communication It is not possible to connect more than one device to another at the same time That is the reason why if Termite is going to be connected between EMH software and the smart meter a new couple of serial ports are needed Null modem comOcom is working as an internal link between the two parts permiting the communication between EMH software and the smart meter and showing the data flow on the Termite Figure 52 com0com COM6 EMH Software COMS Smart Meter Part 1 Part 2 gt Figure 52 Data flow between all programs 60 4 4 2 Commands of the communication protocol Now that tools needed to obtain the commands of the communication protocol are prepared First that has to be decided is what information will be read From among all options that the smart meter offers to obtain the commands and as long as the basic measures in this group single commands that can be read directly Table 6 are going to be used These are the measures able to be read by using direct commands Recording of instantaneous values Log book Events 31 25 Performance threshold kW 1 35 0 01 51 25 Performance threshold kW 2 35 0 01 71 25 Phase failure L1 C 7 1 11 25 Phase failure L2 C 7 2 32 25 Phase failure L3 C 7 3 52 25 Phase failure LX C 7 0 72 25 Energy measurement 12 25 Measuring type E
134. ucers can be disconnected if the energy generated can produce overvoltages due to a low consumption This control as a method for grid protection can manage a larger amount of local generation than current methods used for increase hosting capacity 13 When demand and generation mismatch as in the case of high demand and low generation or vice versa overload and overvoltage can occur respectively Therefore if it is possible to control local load demand and generation reducing and or increasing them depending of the situation the problem will be solved 2 2 2 3 Effects on transmission grids One of the important effects of increasing electricity from renewable energy sources is he additional power flow in the grid This problem is not specific to this type of energies it appears whenever new production capacity is connected RSBESERBSEBEEEEERESEERE 40 0600 09090 1298 1590 1390 2100 00 00 hr Figure 9 Example of a graphic where it is shown the intermittence of wind power signal during a day 27 This is not the only problem Electricity produced by non renewable energy sources the amount of energy generated and the moment when it is generated is controlled thus two not desired possibilities both production and consumption are high or low The energy produced by wind farms is not constant it is intermittent and it does not depend on t
135. x43 0x30 0x30 0x31 0x33 0x46 OxOd 0x06 0x30 0x34 0x31 C 0x01 0x50 0x30 0x02 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x60 0x01 0x52 0x35 0x02 0x30 Ox2e 0x32 2 0x30 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x55 OxOd C 0x02 0x30 2 0x32 2 0x30 0x28 0x31 0x32 0x35 0x30 0x30 0x30 0x30 0x32 0x29 0x03 0x34 0x45 0x32 0x02 0x46 0x31 0x30 0x31 0x28 0x29 0x03 0x01 0x01 0x52 0x32 0x02 0x33 0x32 2 0x32 0x35 0x03 0x49 0x02 0x33 0x32 Ox2e 0x01 0x52 0x32 0x02 0x33 0x32 0 2 0x32 0x35 0x03 0x49 0x02 0x33 0x32 Ox2e 0x02 0x33 0x32 Ox2e 0x32 L 0x35 0x28 0x32 0x33 0x33 Ox2e 0x32 0x34 2 0x56 0x29 Commands received from the meter Figure 55 Communication protocol to receive the value of the voltage at line 1 Looking at the ASCIl code to understand the meaning of the commands obtained the first command sent as mentioned above is the identifier of the meter 77 21080523 and the answer is the confirmation by the manufacturer EMH4 01LZQJC0013F if the meter to which it relates is connected The communication protocol continues until the last command received that it is the one that contains the value of the variable measured in this case the voltage at line 1 R2 32 25 1 32 32 25 233 24 V The commands between are necessary to follow the communication but they have not relevant information Continuing with the rest of variables accessible by direct commands it is seen that the communication protocol for all variable

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