Model—on Site: Automating the Drafting for as
Contents
1. real work Further testing is planned for several sites during the coming year including heritage sites in C anada and Turkey archaeological sites in C anada and Jordan and hope fully a facility survey somewhere to pay for it all ENDNOTES 1 Team Participants Steve Nickerson 005 steve icomos org Private consultant specializing in the design and implementation of CAD and Facilities Management systems Member of the Recording amp Documentation Committee and head of the Electronic Communication working group for ICOMOS Canada International Committee for Monuments and Sites Field Architect and System Analyst for the H umeima archaeological excavations in Jordan sponsored by the University of Victoria Student at the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies at Carleton U niversity Bob Thrale n a wads thraler pkswro dots doe ca Specialist in the surveying of sites and structures for mepa 25 years for Parks Canada which administers the N ational and H istoric Parks and Sites Extensively involved in digital data collection and computer modelling of struc tures and landscapes DaveWhiting whitingd pkswro dots doe ca Restoration Architect for Public Works and G overnment Services C anada Rod Heitzmann heitzmann pkswro dots doe ca Archaeologist working with Parks C anada Dave Seabright daves tern natscannet com AutoCad and AutoLisp specialist with the Tern Solution Group of2. Ottawa Stewart Wilson eee eee stewart icomos org Freelance Software D evelopment consultant based inO ttawa 2 In reality this field is only being used in cases where databases are being created from existing CAD drawings such as are used in facility management H ere symbol rotation is stored along with insertion point and scale factors asan interim step in the process of creating the links between drawing and database Another application of this program but one beyond the scope of the current paper 3 M y office has 42 such objects 2 desks 2 tables 3 chairs 2 filing cabinets 7 book cases 5 computers 4 monitors 3 modems 1 printer 1 scanner 2 telephones 6 electrical out lets 2 telephone jacks and 2 waste baskets 325 APPENDIX A Database and Resulting M odel 2 o tty thia anger wil havo a02 unk haig thia segment wR hare a 0 4 unik helgitt ihis segment vill hava a 2 unit haigh this mere wil hivo 3 unit height Cia segnem wil haen a 4 unit height Graphics generated by the above database APPENDIX B TheTotal Station Bob T hrale The total station is an electronic land surveying instrument that has applications for the Facility Planner Restoration Architect or H eritage Recorder for collecting building data and m
3. and component drawings can be created of only those objects identified by a predefined or interactive SQL Standard Query Language query T his functionality can provide a way to keep large databases and potentially huge drawings manageable on normal computer equipment even laptops As each object is drawn Extended Entity D ata is attached to it linking it with the data base that created it When queried from within Autocad ADE will provide displays of all records in the database that helped to create it and in the case of named blocks such as furniture doors or pot sherds it provides access to a second database specific to that class of object T his Xdata is also used by pre defined queries that will display the images and text files associated with the object With the model stored as a database it is possible to email the whole thing less images as pure AC SII text in comma delimited format to another site where it can be generated and analyzed by the specialists who without having to visit the site might be able to make recommendations on where the recorders should concentrate their efforts or on elements that may need more detailed study Applications T hough it was conceived in response to a problem in H eritage Recording thistool is fore seen as having a wider application in more general architectural practices The recording of the existing situation is always the first step in any renovation and the possibility of col lectin
4. INTEGRATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS AND THE KNOWLEDGE BASE TO GENERATE A CAD M odel on Site Automating the D rafting for as Found Recording and Facility M anagement Surveys by Steve N ickerson Nickerson amp Associates designed building systems Itd Ottowa Ontario Canada amp Bob T hrale Parks C anada amp D avid W hiting Public Works and Goverment Services C anada STEVE NICKERSON is a private consultant speccializing in the design and implementation of CAD and Facilities Management Systems H e is a member of recording and documentation com mittee and head of the Electronic Communication Working Group for COMOS CanadaH eis fied architect and system analyst for the H umeima archeological excava tions in Jordan sponsored by the U niversity of Victoria BoB THRALE has for the past 25 years specialised in the surveying of sites and structures for Parks Canada and has been extensively involved in digital data collection and computer mod eling of structures and landscapes David WHITING is head of restoration architecture provides conservation services to the build heritage structures under the authority of Parks C anada working in interdisciplinary groups with other specialist in Cultural Resource M anagement 315 ore Fi Periti Total eran 12 aisle n ma w C Due Briog m pai EL are Automating the drafting for as Found Recording and Facility M anagement ABSTRACT M uch o
5. a Some changes were made to the collection sheets and the script creation utilities were modified this time using AutoLisp because we needed a demonstration of what we were doing to encourage further support from the client for the programming task ahead System Analysis 319 W hen the site work was done the focus shifted from the problems of collecting data to those of building a prototype program to process it and this time some effort was spent analysing the situation To facilitate both note taking in the field and entry into the computer it was decided that input had to bein the form of numbers and short strings and it was noted that the dif ferent disciplines could supply the components of this database with varying degrees of efficiency T he surveyor could provide points in space with great speed and accuracy but problems with access to the extremities of the objects often prevented the absolute dimen sions from being collected in this way so architectural hand measurement techniques steel tape were adopted for the overall dimensions of the individual objects A unique point number and a unique object name were needed the former easily provided by the surveyor and the latter from the notes Both the architect and archaeologist required fields for non numeric data such as material type state of preservation associated entities pho tographic frame numbers etc and were provided with several data fields for such codified
6. and reinserted at the _ PT and rotated towards the D_PT Object Part or Component Blocks these are Se ic representations of components of a larger block for which the database entries will not be accessed directly but only as part of the larger assembly T hey are created by a single record An example of this type of block isthe nailsin a board represented by a U _ BLK Singleor Stand Alone Blocks these are symbolic representations that require individual database access T hey are created with a single record unless the optional D_PT isutiliz any value in the P_ID field which is not defined as one of the previous object or point types will be treated as an S_BLK and will be inserted if a corresponding same name symbol is available examples of S_BLKs include archaeological objects sherd bone FM symbols outlets switches etc Taking M easurements Because the drafting that follows the measuring of a site is completely automatic the accuracy completeness and consistency of the measurements and annotations becomes the only factor controlling the quality of the model created In the past imprecise mea surements slight irregularities in the objects and errors and omissions were all dealt with on the drafting board and some sort of reasonable representation of the object was achieved by the draughtsman H owever because the computer is unable to fudge the data there are a couple of situations to consider The first are the fac
7. d from 0 to its end then placed in the Sone 3d measurement systems an existing drawing or assumptions It supports the following Autocad functions 2D or 3D lines and arcs Extrusions thickness of the above Text annotating points or symbols Attributes and Extended Entity D ata EED Layer creation amp naming The model consists of the following Symbol Types all linked to the database using Extended Entity D ata 2D or 3D representations of surfaces 2D or 3D fixed size symbols such as furniture 2D or 3D scaled symbols such as pot sherds and doors 3D solids with custom coordinate systems U CS Reference Symbols such as fasteners and condition or material annotations Analytical references such as densities of particular object types Compound symbols combining any number and combination of the above D ataB ase Integration As useful as the graphic component of this tool is the potential of the associated database is probably much more significant W hat a recorder does is measure things and make notes and other than some clarifying sketches the graphic representation of this data is just a by product of the original record In most cases the CAD model created by this method need not even be saved as it is just as easy to generate it again as it is to retrieve it and next time you may want to represent it differently For instance by changing some global parameters different layer groupings can be used
8. easurements It incorporates an electronic distance measuring instrument an elec tronic theodolite a microprocessor and a memory device into one system T heinstrument is set up over an known point referenced to a second known point and a signal is trans mitted to a reflector at an unknown point and reflected back to the instrument where the microprocessor computes the distance and angles in both the horizontal and vertical planes to locate the unknown point in a three dimensional coordinate system T he data is then stored in amemory device and eventually downloaded to a computer In addition to the coordinate information the operator has the option of tagging the data with a point number and or a point code by entering the relevant data via a keypad on the instrument D ata collected with total stations is very accurate and even more important the accu racy is predictable Typically with the short ranges involved with building measurements each point will be accurate to within 3 to 5 millimetres in normal operating mode and 1 centimetre in fast mode Each point other than those used for instrument location is measured independently of all other points so errors are not cumulative In practice even on large buildings errors between points even on extreme opposite sides of the building should not exceed 1 to 2 centimetres M itigation of survey error is beyond the scope of this paper and the user should be wal versed in surveying theory and p
9. eption was not the result of analysing the problem and coming up with the requirements for a new program It was brought about by the existence of ajob that needed to be done and was facilitated by the assembly of a multi discipline team united in the feeling that there must be a more effi cient way to do it The project at the M cLean M ill N ational H istoric Sitein Port Alberni British Columbia was the recording of a collapsed structure with a view to its eventual reconstruction as a component of a historic park T he project was conceived and headed by D ave Whiting a restoration architect and the team consisted of Rod Heitzmann an archaeologist Bob Thrale a surveyor and the author a systems analyst and sometimes heritage recorder Later as the program itself took shape programming expertise was provided by Stewart Wilson and D ave Seabright D ata Collection Westarted by simply collecting data each in his own way the recorder measuring dimen sions the architect taking photographs and making sketches the archaeologist taking notes and labelling things and the surveyor collecting points in space while the system analyst held the rod and wondered what he would do with it all In fact it came together quite quickly At the end of the first day we had a pretty good idea of the information we needed to collect and that evening we built the first of the data input sheets we would use to organize our field notes T he second day we u
10. f blocks each linked to the database records that cre ated it and in the case of D ata and Stand Alone Blocks to supplemental databases spe cific to that class of object e General Data All blocks created will display this link and will display an X data tag combining an amp and the PROJECT name a value as determined by the G XI variable from the Settings sheet the link is to a database in D 2L D BF under the file name proj D BF Block D ata Stand Alone Blocks and D ata Blocks will have this link and will display an X data tag combining an amp and the BLOCK name a value as determined by the BX variable from the settings sheet the link is to a database in D 2L D BF under the file name block D BF T he different types of objects are listed below e User Coordinate Blocks these blocks are used to create regulary shaped ae in irregular aaa T hey create a user coordinate system U CS from the PT T PT amp D_PT and then insert a 1x1x1 symbol into that coordinate system using the values from sz_X sz_Y amp sz_Z An example of this would be the lumber in a collapsed structure World Coordinate Blocks these are assemblies of lines arcs and P_BLKs that are drawn in their real world locations blocked and reinserted in the same location Zero based M easurement Blocks these are assemblies of lines that are drawn starting at 0 0 and measured with running dimensions along the positive X axis These are then blocked
11. f the time of a facility planner restoration architect or heritage recorder is spent on site analysing thebuilding and collecting data and measurements T hese will be used later to create the reports and drawings that will provide the basis for the subsequent design but these notes and measurements are jus the beginning of the long process of drafting the as found situation Errors are inevitable in this type of work but typically they only come to light back in the office where confirming a measurement may entail an extra trip to the site and there are times that they only turn up when a contractor encounters problems on the job A software tool currently under deveopment addresses this problem by first helping to structure the note taking process so that more consistent data is collected and then auto matically creatinga2D or 3D CAD model from the resulting database T his can be done on alaptop computer before the recording team leaves the site so that the model can be compared with reality and faulty or missing measurements corrected Furthermore this combination of database and drawing is linked allowing queries of the data from inside Autocad or the assembly of a specialized model based on a database query Point collection techniques supported include traditional and not so traditional hand measurement total station surveying equipment and interfaces with other software such as rectification and photogrammetric packages The applicati
12. g the necessary measurements in a way that will provide a drawing while the recorders are still on site and able to correct the errors and omissions that inevitably occur should be greeted with considerable enthusiasm but probably the most promising appli cation of this technique is the capture of the as built and as furnished situations of large commercial installations where the combination of laser measuring technologies and the automatic insertion of symbology promises to reduce the time required for data capture and CAD modelling to a fraction of what has traditionally been required 323 A total station survey instrument can capture from 2 to 10 points a minute it takes two points to record a piece of furniture one for an electrical outlet and a crowded 20 square meter office has about 40 objects that might be recorded in a complete survey In 20 min utes two people can record this build a database and generatea CAD model ameter a minute almost 500 square meters per day about 5000 square feet U sing conventional techniques on large jobs would expect to take at least twice as long for a survey half as detailed and the CAD drafting would not even have been started Conclusion It seems that we have the beginnings of a tool for Computer Aided Recording T here are some additions and many refinements we would like to implement in order to make it more versatile and less user belligerent but even in its present form we are using it to do
13. information as well a fifty character field for the less structured comments H owever in order to keep the database as accessible as possible from within the CAD drawing more extensive descriptions would be stored in text files as suggested for the Site Information System previously described by Nickerson 1994 Finally to provide the handles needed by the computer generated drawing routines a system of coding point functions was devised to tell Autocad what to do with each point Building the M odel As the structure we had measured was too complicated to conveniently work out the details of the CAD geometry that had hampered our earliest attempts trouble shooting was first carried out on a theoretical grid and later using measurements from a small sec tion of hardwood floor When the CAD models resulting from these controlled data sets could be counted on the drawing generated by the data from the site was processed and evaluated T his was now a test of the data we had collected rather than of the program processing it and though extremely encouraging this drawing left something to be desired T he large logs support ing the fill of the dam had not been recorded in a way that could be easily automated and some of the boards were drawn inside out These problems were entirely due to our incomplete understanding of what we were doing especially during the first few days of recording but luckily other than the loose boards cleared away to e
14. ons envisioned include as found recording facilities management data collection and the possibility of a totally data driven GIS INTRODUCTION In the beginning there was the pencil and in the hand of a skilled practitioner it could be made to do a wide variety of things It enabled the architect to describe his visions to the client using plans elevations and renderings and to the builder through working draw ings and specifications In the case of existing structures needing restoration renovation or interior design that same pencil produced the portraits sketches measured drawings and notes that conveyed the look layout and condition of the building to the architect and provided the basis for the plans and working drawings that would describe the planned intervention The first of these functions to be affected by technology was the realistic rendering of existing structures Photography was initially used to supplement the manual drawings later supplanting them completely except for conditions where critical details were not distinguishable on film Though there is still reason to mourn the disappearance of the Skilled hands that produced those architectural portraits we have had a century to adjust and the photograph is now an indispensable tool for the recording and assessment of a building M ore recently major changes have taken place on the other side of the equation where ideas are being put on paper and today word processor
15. rac tice to obtain quality results The type of reflector used for the work will have a bearing on the quality of the end results Reflectors are usually a ground glass prism in a plastic or metal housing and are typically cone shaped about 75 millimetresin diameter For points on horizontal surfaces a reflector mounted on a pole with a fish eye style levelling bubble is adequate O n ver tical surfaces a small 25 millimetre diameter reflector commonly called a peanut prism is recommended because it will fit better into corners and other tight locations For best results on vertical surfaces the point to be measured is sighted with the cross hairs of the instrument telescope before the prism is put in place The many manufacturers of total stations have various schemes for memory storage devices ranging from internal memory micro floppy diskettes external data collectors and recently PCM CIA cards M ost are capable of storing 1000 or more point records and should have sufficient capacity for at least a full day of recording M ost instruments will interface with a computer via a common RS 232C communications connection 327 APPENDIX C Draft User M anual Nickerson 1995 The following are excerpts from the U ser M anual of the as yet unnamed program referred to here by our working name of d2I Requirenents e Software AutoC ad R12 for DOS or Windows AutoCad D ata Extension ADE 1 1 dBaselll IIl or IV for DOS e H ard
16. resents the data associated with the picked object viathe ADE SQL inter ace T he Setup Sheet e This file provides the interface between the user and the D2L program In it drafting parameters are set and the compotion of block and layer names are determined O nce satisfactory settings have been determined for a particular model type it is unlikely that they will have to be altered except to enable or disable the text options O nce satisfactory settings have been established for a particular drawing type future pro jects of the same type can be initiated without any further editing e System Variables and Values determined by the Settings Sheet PROJ Project amp Database N ame tiesthe CAD D atabaseand settings files together It is best kept short and must contain no numbers or special characters DBS Data Block Size determines the scale factor for symbolic reference blocks CSY the type of Coordinate System used for measurenents the choices are XYZ coordinates are entered as X Y amp Z values Used in the reconstructions of exist ing CAD drawings and downloads from automated measurement systems such as the total station ADZ Angle Distance amp Z value e Used when input is from the digital plane table either manual or laser or an alter nate download format from a total station ADA Angle Distance amp Angle e Raw data from a theodolite Requires the horizontal and vertical angles and the dis tance from the ins
17. s spread sheets databases and Computer Aided D rafting CAD are all common tools of the profession H owever the initial record is still being collected primarily on paper and later the mea surements are manually converted to CAD formats so that they may be used by the archi tect in that medium T hough there have been some attempts to systematize the collection of data with a view to facilitating its input into the CAD system including hand measurements O Brien 1994 Partridge 1994 and some imaginative work automating photogrammetry Streilein 1994 the fundamental problem is that in spite of the success of the pencil tools intended for design are not well suited to recording 317 In CAD for instance assumptions about right angles parallel walls and horizontal floors that are appropriate to design are counter productive when applied to recording At the level of system analysis it is not surprising that a different tool would be required for the description of an idea than for the description of an object and just as we do not expect photography to be able to describe a design in progress we should not expect the design tool to do the recording Clearly some new tools are required for recording tools that will respect the requirements of that discipline but still prepare the CAD mode s and the knowledge base on which the subsequent design will be based T he Project We have developed such a tool though in reality its conc
18. sed these sheets modifying then on the fly as we discovered places where they were lacking and by quitting time had enough data to start drawing It was obvious almost immediately that not only did we have enough data to model the object in some detail but that we had it or at least could have had it if we had known what we were doing when we started in a form that could be manipulated to build the CAD model automatically The data from the survey instrument was downloaded to a spread sheet to which the annotations of architect and archaeologist were added all records being coordinated by point numbers provided by the surveyor and object numbers from the notes T his was then saved as a text file and after considerable manipulation with a word proces sor using macros and global replacements Autocad scripts were created that would draw these objects in 3D space _ Heee a ee A ee ee eee a e e ga mae o e Ta msl ise 1 1 1 etilar _ tw T his is not to say that the objects were in their correct locations there were a number of details to do with coordinate systems 3D symbols inserted with negative scale factors and the grouping of associated entities that remained to be worked out but by then we knew it could be done is too eal o seal a T he rest of the week was spent at the site collecting dat
19. tin 24 1 52 55 Partridge R 1994 CAD and Its Emerging Role in H istoric C onservation A Case Study APT Bulletin 24 1 38 3 Streilein A 1994 Towards automation in architectural photogrammetry C AD based 3D feature extraction ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 49 5 4 15
20. trument Point Annotation O ptions PTS Point Text Size Sets the text height to be used for point annotation A nil in this field disables the point annotation feature PTA Point Text Angle The World Coordinate Systen angle at which point annotation text will be placed PTL Point Text Layer The layer on which point annotations will be placed Information D efinitions T he values for Block Attributes Point Identification Strings O bject Identification Strings and Layer N ames are compiled from a combination of database fields and or text strings Five fields are provided for each an entry preceded by a single quote indicates a field in the database for the record being in processed Any database field can be used for the Point and O bject Annotations but the comments and any numeric fields may cause problems 329 when applied to Block and Layer N ames an entry in quotes indicates a text ane these must be restricted to alpha and numer ic characters no punctuation brackets etc Extended Entity Information With the exception of the N ested blocks when each block is inserted it is labelled with Extended Entity D ata which links it to the database records that created it and optional ly to amore specific database dedicated to the particular block type The values for this data must be identified as single database fields to allow for the querying of the record by clicking on the object A D2L M oda will consist entirely o
21. tual human errors including typos misspelled keywords misread ne omitted measurements and the like D 2L deals with these problems with its speed T he drawing can be generated before the recorders leave the site or even the room and errors of this type are almost always immediately obvious T he error point annotation and reporting functions of D2L will indicate the erroneous record and corrections can be made in the database and the data reprocessed until a correct model is achieved The other is not really an error at all The total elimination of the fudge factor will cre ate models where the walls are not paalia corners not square and floors not horizontal and this will give the impression of poor draughtsmanship to those used to orthogonal drawings D2L has no intention of addressing this problem but if pretty pictures are desired tracing over the computer generated model is an option D ata Entry e Total Station W hen using a total station to record the points the main concern is to keep the field notes and the list generated by instrument coordinated T his is done using the point number which is generated by the total station and entered on each line of the recording sheet It is possible to create a program for the total station that will allow the surveyor to enter most of the codes necessary to create the mode but there will usually be a need to keep some notes as well reading the flat file T he data stored by the instrument is do
22. ware AD IAM achinery capable of running the above with at least 2 megs of free hard disk space TheD2L menu there will be on the far right of the drop down menu an added cate gory entitled D 2L M odeller that will contain the following options e Project Data launches dBase and the program D2L PRG which provides the interface for additions and changes to the database e Settings the user configurable component_of the software the settings file D2L is presented with the editor provided by AutoC ad via the ACAD PGP file e Generate this opens a sub menu with the following options Generate processes the database according to the D 2L settings file with Check process es the database stopping at each record showing the status of selected variables e Edit Forms provides a default recording sheet with the text editor defined by the ACAD PGP where it can be modified as required and printed e New Project C reates the files necessary for a D 2L project If these files already exist they will be renamed before they are replaced by the new ones e Utilities Use moves the picked item to the USED layer and presents a copy of it in the cur rent coordinate system for use in reconstructions Read if there are text files associated with the picked object they will be presented with a text reader editor View if there are image files associated with the picked object they will be displayed bject D ata p
23. wing system indicates the function of each point As well there is a unique point number to allow for the location of any point in the database for trouble 321 _ E ft shooting in the case of missing or erroneous values and a unique object name that groups the CAD entities into useful units and provides the link among database CAD drawing photographs and text files Scaled symbols require an additional three values for their size and an optional field for a rotation angle though in the field this can be more easily pro vided by supplying an additional point for the rotation Beyond this are several short text fields that accept descriptions or values to be used in layering symbol naming etc and a comment field for things that would not fit anywhere else D escriptions of the uses and options for the different fields and some details about the program itself are presented in Appendix C T he database uses the D BF structure because of its universality and because it can be read directly by Autocad using ADE Autocad D ata Extension Asit stands now measurements in the following formats are supported XY Z conventional X Y Z coordinate system with the Z values optional AD Z _ Angle Distance Z Polar Cylindricalmeasurements from dumpy level and laser or digital plane table ADA Angle Distance Angle Polar coordinates from a theodolite or total station RUN Running dimensions a wall is measure
24. wnloaded to a comma delimited file and import ed into a blank database using the Append NEW DATA option from the Subset D ata dBase menu The entries from the recording sheet can then be added yang either the Append or Browse option The total station may use either the ADA or XYZ measurement systems depending on the software used to download the data 331 e Digital Plane Table the Plane table uses the AD Z measurement system The Z value is optional and can be omitted if only a 2d model is required e Running M easurements Elements measured uang running measurements must be identified in the Olist which separates them from the location measurements used to fix the corners which may be in any of the supported measurement systems e Rectifier When using the ASR rectifier to collect points for the modeler they will be recorded in theXYZ measurement system as a plane then inserted into 3d space according to the reg ister fields BIBLIOGRAPHY Bayly Biacs Sederis Teskey et al 1989 Precise Engineering and Industrial Surveys University of Calgary G eomatics Geotronics AB 1991 Technical Specifications G eodimeter 510 D anderyd Sweden Nickerson S 1994 A Site Information System SIS CAD D D atabase Integration for Field Use APT Bulletin 24 1 56 62 ae S 1995 D2L M oddler U sers M anual c 135479 Canada ltd unpub isl O Brien H 1994 Computer Aided Recording Proper D ocumentation for a N ew Technology APT Bulle
25. xpose the underlying assemblies these deficiencies can be rectified with further recording Later D evelopments This model used only four symbols two cubes left and right insertion points and a cylinder drawn as 1x1x1 units and scaled on insertion plus one component block repre senting fasteners This is in fact all that is needed to create a moda of this type of object which we treat ed simply as collection of dimension lumber poles and things holding then together H owever when supplied with additional symbols such as desks amp chairs phones sprin klers pot sherds coins etc the program can produce facility drawings from a floor survey or three dimensional archaeological maps We already had a useful tool but having seen what was possible using this automatic drafting function we saw no reason to stop there Lines and arcs would clearly be useful for the drawing of plans and elevations and once drawn these CAD entities could be extruded creating 3D models simply by measuring a point at the top of the wall or includ ing a value for height in the database As well text annotating the points or labelling the assemblies could clarify the model considerably and adding these functions was easy com pared to the 3D symbols with which we had started though the 3D arc took a while Current Requirements and Capabilities Primary input for each point is in the form of three real numbers and a point identifier the key to the dra
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