µWatch
Contents
1. Converts a time in decimal to sexagesimal For example 1 5 HMS displays 1 30 so this is useful for any time conversions and also degree minute seconds for the trigs Converts sexagesimal to hours e g 1 30 hour 1 5 Conversions I P Function mills gt mm x 1 Convert mills to millimetres mm mills X 1 Convert millimetres to mills F gt C X 1 Convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius C gt F X 1 Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit kg gt lb X 1 Convert kilograms to pounds Ib gt kg X 1 Convert pounds to kilograms uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 21 R P x 1 Convert from rectangular to polar coordinates P gt R x 1 Convert from polar to rectangular coordinates Constants Function pi Ratio of any circle s circumference to it s diameter 3 14159265358979 The speed of light 299792458 m s Avogadro s number The number of atoms in a mole 6 02214151 x 10 Planck s constant used to describe the sizes of quanta 6 626068 x 10 34 m 2 kg s Function Start keystroke program recording Notes Start keystroke program playback Trig functions of complex numbers only makes sense n radians but since there is no complex mode the angular mode cannot be ignored Consequently a trig function in DEG mode will apply to a complex number by converting it to radians These are mode switching functions2. Enable degrees mode for trigonometry calculations Bit Shifting Function Shift X left 1 bit Shift Y right 1 bit Shift Y left by X bits leaving result in X Shift Y right by X bits leaving result in X uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 19 Permutations and Combinations Function Permutations A permutation is an ordered sequence of elements selected from a given finite set without repetitions and not necessarily using all elements of the given set This function returns the number of permutations of r elements from a set S with n elements r n r P n r n 1 parameter r 2 parameter Statistics Combinations The number of k combinations each of size k from a set S with n elements size n is the binomial coefficient also known as the choose function n n Cin k C E SE n k Ck aCe 7 klin k n 1 parameter k 2 parameter Function Clear all statistics registers sum count Cumulative sum The number of elements can be retrieved by this value divided by the mean Remove X from the cumulative sum and remove x from the sum of squares Decrement the count Standard deviation Mean Add X to the cumulative sum x to the square sum Increment the count Function Raise e 2 718 to the power of X Natural logarithm of X Base 10 logarithm of
3. LI or EIxEr Guides are drawn at the edges of the board to assist in locating piece coordinates uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 24 Chessboard The board is displayed using a scrollable viewport occupying two lines of the display To move the viewport over the board press UP or DOWN The pieces are drawn as shown above from left to right Rook E Knight A Bishop Queen Y King Pawn 4 Black squares are lightly shaded You can switch between the chessboard display and the move entry screen by pressing C The game may be discontinued by pressing MODE from the board display Contrast The white pieces are drawn using a contrasting technique involving rapidly drawing and erasing the pieces The contrast darkness of the white pieces can be adjusted when viewing the board by using the number keys 1 darkest through 9 invisible The initial contrast level s 5 The best contrast will vary on your Watch depending on how cold your LCD is and the power remaining in your battery Move Entry Moves are entered by selecting from a menu All available moves are included The top right of the selection screen shows the index of the current move and the total number of legal moves For example 12 34 indicates you are currently displaying move 12 of 34 legal moves A move is displayed on the bottom line with the move number first followed by the piece followed by the from to squares followed by a promo
4. either once or twice When a decimal dot or exponent is already present pressing will initiate the ipart entry the screen will change to for example 1 2 i waiting for the ipart entry If there is no decimal place already two s are required for example to enter 1 i enter 1 you can leave it as i or enter 1 if you like both are acceptable for example 01 1 enters the value i 1 e 0 1 uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 15 The change sign key can be used during the process of number entry to affect the signs of number parts Before EXP or i is entered changes the sign of the mantissa after EXP it changes the sign of exponent after i 1t changes the sign of the ipart and lastly after EXP again changes the sign of the ipart exponent Since the entry of a complex number can be longer than the 16 digits displayed the number will scroll left on entry accommodating the rightmost digits You cannot scroll back before entry Full Mantissa Display You can display the full mantissa for both the real and iparts of a complex number by pressing MENU then exit with MODE The complex number s displayed using both lines with the top line the real part and the bottom line the ipart This does not change anything on the stack and 1s just a display convenience Calculator Functions The functions available from the calculator menu are described in the following table The i column indicates if t
5. e The MODE key does not work during this erase process Self Test APPLICATIONS gt Setup gt Self Test The operation of the Watch is checked in various ways by this option The first phase is to test writing and reading values 0 and OxAA from EEPROM location 65530 The above screen indicates success of this process The next phase 1s an interactive keyboard test As you press keys on the keyboard they should be displayed on the second line of the LCD Use the MODE key to exit the self test LCD Timeout APPLICATIONS gt Setup gt LCD Timeout To save power and increase battery life the Watch turns off the LCD when not in use The delay before switching off may be configured and is set using this setup option Timeout may be set in increments of 5 seconds selected from the menu About APPLICATIONS gt Setup gt About A number of people have contributed to the firmware including the following Name Contribution David L Jones Watch hardware david alternatezone com initial firmware Andrew Davie Rewrite of user interface uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 28 andrew taswegian com new menu system custom characters chessboard display system 21 rewrite stopwatch rewrite 1 10 second resolution lap timer statistics and combinations functions rewrite of number bases support and display to 64 bit limit addition of octal base bit shifting operations fixed engineering and scientific
6. Quadratic Equation Solver APPLICATIONS Tools Quadratic Quadratic s a tool used to solve quadratic equations in the form of ax 2 bx c 0 where b 4ac gt 0 Input the values of a b and c when prompted and the tool finds the values of x The result s displayed as a single w de string which can be navigated with LEFT and RIGHT as described in the Wide Numbers section earlier in this document Press SELECT or EXIT to exit to CLOCK mode Factorise APPLICATIONS Tools Factorise Factorise finds the pr me factors of any number other than 1 and itself The last number from the calculator X register s available as a default number to factorise The result is displayed as a wide string Use LEFT and RIGHT to view the result and EXIT to finish Prime numbers will have no factors and display the result as the original number inside brackets Games APPLICATIONS Games Chess APPLICATIONS Games Chess The chess engine s Voidchess v1 4 When starting you are given the option to continue any game which was previously n progress If you choose not to continue then you are asked to select your colour and difficulty level Three levels are provided with the time required for computer moves increasing roughly in accordance with the table below Difficulty Time Easy lt 10 seconds Medium lt 1 Minute Hard 5 Minutes Moves are displayed in coordinate fashion e g
7. display format SI system units display format wide number string display systems Watch User Guide Hugh Steers Chess game Complex numbers bases support calculator functions zowki Factorise tool Quadratic Equation Solver Stopwatch 21 game Lunar Lander Robissimo Binary and Hexadecimal support uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 29 Appendix Updating Firmware If you want to be able to download new firmware to your own uWatch then you will need a Microchip programmer that supports the PIC24FJ64GA004 chip using the ICSP interface Two official programmers that do this are the Microchip ICD2 and the much lower cost PICkit2 The PICkit2 is the recommended programmer It costs about US 35 and is available from ModTronix DigiKey Mouser Newark MicroChipDirect and many other places You will need to make up your own 5 wire programming cable The uWatch connector 1s included in the kit Source Code The latest version of the source code and hex file is now maintained at the SourceForge project page at http sourceforge net projects calcwatch Building a Programming Cable You ll need a 5 or 6 way pin 0 1 pin header connector like THIS ONE They are available from any electronics hobby shop You ll also need some thin insulated stranded cable and small needle nose pliers to crimp the pins If you want you can buy the wire pre terminated with the correct pin connectors HERE The conne
8. time I read users posting on forums saying their HP 15C has a little c on the screen and has gone into a mode where things work differently means that modes are confusing It s really really annoying when your calculator PDA phone etc goes into a funny mode which works in a different way and you re out in the field and don t have the manual and you don t know how to get it back to normal You wind up resetting the unit as a last resort There is also an argument that DEG RAD should not be a mode Being in the wrong angle mode has had me over in the past and 1 would guess it has been the same for everyone else However the DEG RAD mode is so ingrained and expected that it would be wrong not to support it Not having a complex mode creates a few problems The uWatch cannot simply look at the number to see if it has an ipart because the ipart may just happen to be zero and it would be a mistake to operate with the number n different way For example the HP 15C RP function converts a complex number into its angular form when in complex mode but operates on X and Y stack registers otherwise The uWatch cannot mimic this so instead it offers functions to split a complex into the X and Y registers and another to combine them In this way P gt R and R gt P can always perform the same operation To this effect they reset any residual ipart on X and Y Entry Method Enter numbers in the usual way and initiate the entry of an ipart by pressing
9. 10 M mega 1000 000 10 K kilo 1000 10 none none 1 10 m milli 0 001 10 u micro 0 000 001 10 n nano 0 000 000 001 10 p pico 0 000 000 000 001 10 f femto 0 000 000 000 000 001 102 a atto 0 000 000 000 000 000 001 10 2 zepto 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 1074 y yocto 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 For example 12345 will display as 12 345 k assuming that four decimal places have been selected as the engineering format precision fix yv n a Display registers in fixed point format Numbers are expanded to full display and scientific notation is not used The number of decimal places to displayed is selected from a menu after the option is chosen Up to 24 decimal places may be selected uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 18 For example if 4 places is selected 12345 will display as 12345 0000 sci v n a Display registers in scientific notation The number of decimal places displayed operates as described above for fix 12345 will display as 1 2345e04 Display registers in engineering notation The number of decimal places displayed operates as described above for fix The exponent is always a power of three so 12345 will display as 12 345e3 Modes and Bases Function Switch to base 2 binary Switch display to base 8 octal Switch display to base 16 hexadecimal Switch display to base 10 decimal Enable radians mode for trigonometry calculations
10. 6 Calculator FUNC HOS di e io 16 Keyboard Accessible FUNCTIONS ensisi dl 16 Commonly Used Funetions aa ca 16 TASA a ia 17 p A er E 17 uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 2 Number Display Lora tela 18 Modes and Basen ae acia 19 A O A 19 Permulatons and E A o pelis cias 20 LABOR ru e POD ee 20 Logaritimic and Expone ad 20 Complex Number Or e 21 Day Date C leulations na e a a gt 21 CONVE OA Sacado 21 e e E E RICH ERERUENL RL Seine goatee 22 Keystroke Programmieren 22 INOICS rata dodo a 22 Key toke Programming calido 22 APPLICATIONS Mode seen 24 Tools ans BE Re N 24 Quadrate Equation SON dora 24 Pacto O a calle E cine oc sos SER ttas tad ees nlec N EBENE eee 24 Game O ee ee ee ee 24 E TE Stef fade tate tah ea EURER EA eras ater sae corn as ENAT ENE AS vce 24 Aly e ee Ae Ota Deere 25 Contatori iaa aabt 25 MOVE CT nee ee ee 25 Dh ee ee ee ee ee 26 Sample Hand denen 26 Lunar EE E nenne O 21 ol EI 2 Calc ee ee ei een 27 Ceart EPROM ea ei een 21 DO Te ee EE A a ene 28 ECHTEN OU ar ar are en 28 PRO OUD re ee a 28 APPEN do ee E ee een ee 30 Updanne FINNA A caso tine cidade hctiaa ucts icded ui Sestostined a E once aaesacnes ade 30 DSO UCSC Ole nee TE ee ei nissen 30 Building a Prosrammins Gabler 30 Wine ablesen ses cate ee ea a 31 Technical PEE AOL ONS ira 32 DO WAL O ORO ee re 32 A A AE E O ere eee ee 32 SPECIACAMON trio ta 32 uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 3 Document Conventions Items that appear on or are related to
11. 6 level of parentheses Latest firmware support complex number calculations moon phase display and plays games like CHESS and 21 Precision 64bit IEEE floating point 9 digit display exponent Programming Macro style keystroke programming mode 60 x 1024 steps Time and date display Selectable 12 24hr format Clock Speed 250KHz normal operation 32 768KHz sleep mode 8MHz maximum speed Display 16 character x 2 line dot matrix Sleep mode LCD switches of after timeout to increase battery life Picks up where it left off Backlight Yellow LED quite dim Battery single or dual lithium CR2032 Battery life 100hrs operation 1 year in sleep mode Size 54mm x 43mm x 20mm at the thickest point Watch band any standard 20 22mm watch band Standard 22mm watch spring bars Programming Interface Microchip ICSP Compatible with MPLAB ICD2 or compatible programmer Serial port UART based universal serial port RS232 and IrDA compatible with optional interface circuits Language All source code written with the free MPLAB C30 compiler uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 32
12. Oft s Game operation is simple Commands are always in the form of Key Action for instance ENT Burn Fuel means proceed to burn fuel by pressing ENTER Here are the rules that govern your spaceship l After each second the height velocity and remaining fuel will be reported in the status menu 2 After each second enter the number of units of fuel you wish to burn during the next second 3 Each unit of fuel will slow your descent by 1 foot sec 4 The maximum amount of fuel you can burn in one second is 30 units If you run out of fuel you will no longer be prompted to enter the number of units to burn each second You can use the MODE key to quit the game any time Setup APPLICATIONS Setup Calculator APPLICATIONS gt Setup gt Calculator Select the type of calculator used by the Watch The two types are RPN and Algebraic The default calculator is RPN Clear EEPROM APPLICATIONS gt Setup gt Clear EEPROM uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 21 The uWatch has 65535 bytes of EEPROM memory used for storing keystroke programs To clear the EEPROM press SELECT To cancel or exit press EXIT Access to this memory is very slow so the clear takes some time A progress report s displayed on screen Note that the very last byte of EEPROM memory is used to store the clock calibration value and is not erased during the EEPROM clear process To halt the erase process at any time press EXIT
13. ST change either into or out of DST when not disabled If DST is determined as ON but it 1s not active DST is applied and becomes active and the time change applied This means that when you power up after the spring changeover even days later DST will trigger Similarly if DST is active but DST is determined as OFF DST will be deactivated and the time change applied There is the little problem of falling back into a DST loop This 1s tackled by the DST calculation returning a proximity behind any of the changeover thresholds called the gap in the code In the case where DST ON would otherwise trigger this does not happen if the current time is too close to the threshold ie a gap gt 0 What this means is that if you wait all summer then power up 1 hour before the fall it wont kick into DST and 1t wont fall back again basically it will remain out of DST uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 11 Another problem with making the DST adjustment is that it can happen anytime the watch is powered up and there is the nasty case of it causing the date to change 1 e near midnight This is why the DST checking code 1f triggered causes the clock date re read because it can set the date as well as the time The DST rules used are those from the timezone TZ library GMT Zone CLOCK gt Setup gt GMT Zone This setting 1s the hour offset from Greenwich Mean Time GMT First select the hour offset using UP or DOWN and then se
14. U Watch User Guide 1 6 0 2 04 06 09 22 30 40 uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 Table of Contents Document ECON ento a oli 4 Keys and Navieatlon sa ee ae 4 ING BESERE SA HURR BIER RRTANONER DIEB inh ots a acca enc tone ici 5 TADA A ee ee ee 5 Beck on ee A E eae ee ee ae ee ee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee ees 5 MEAS st ected he he a tes 5 Numerie Nemesis 6 SUD Mo IUS eines 6 EEDBERMIG Eee E T T ee ee eee 6 COCK DEP Nod 6 SIOPWALCH Ind KA en ine ak 7 Me DIA ea eier 7 D aylicht Savings Indica ee een her 7 Moon TRNAS ic ea esse T Pay ol Week une een tattle ists desta t ce taly cas 8 A e EC PEC O A EEA 8 Sunrise and SU A ee 8 LOI WUC I ae A A AA 8 A A ee 9 BSS UI pee assed Sateen ests ANNE nate as story acre oars vce A TEE T FREIE REIHE EE E A ABER T EER 9 SE III ee nee ee eT ane coe ne Ren REN eT an eee nea Melee E aoe 9 A ee oT PR nee nT en ed ee CEA O ere eee ene Miter ere 10 CAN A aie ese a sae A O Pas Roane a 10 o rE 10 Daylient Say n2 Time en 11 MSO are greg E E Po ee 12 O T er 12 CALCULATOR Moderada IRRE DER 12 NUEG ACULI Y oaair ina E E NEE OEA AEE T 12 Calculator Menus 13 Bas Si bs 13 A e een 14 De PE e ER EHRE NR EEE EE EA E SR OELTER E REITEN A N ET ET AE EEE 14 FS ASC male ea ae ee ee 14 NIC NUDE ee ee ee see ee 14 Complex Numbers 14 Philosophy Behind the Complex Number Support cccccccccccnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooss 15 gs AAA a ee A eee 15 Fon Mantssa DI do eaters Lilith orale 1
15. Watch LCD To conserve power the LCD is shut down after a selectable time out period see APPLICATIONS gt Setup LCD Timeout To turn the LCD back on press either MODE or STO RCL either of the buttons on the front face of the Watch The latter key is preferable as it also operates the backlight so this key will both turn on the Watch and the backlight in one operation allowing viewing of the time with a single button press in the dark Backlight The backlight can be turned on at any time by pressing the STO RCL key The backlight will turn off when the key is released To toggle the backlight into an always on state hold down the key for approximately 2 seconds before releasing it Press and release the key to turn the backlight off again The STO RCL key is also used to store and recall register values in calculator mode To allow this functionality the STO RCL key does not operate the backlight if the uWatch is already switched on and the calculator is in number entry mode Menus Menus allow the selection of a single item or operation from a group There are two styles of menus single line menus and calculator style function key menus The function key menus are described in the calculator section of this manual and single line menus are described here To bring up a menu press MENU The menu s title if any is shown on the top line of the display and menu options are shown on the bottom line of the display
16. X Raise 10 to the power of X Take the X root of Y gt Raise Y to the power of X YY modulus X uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 20 Complex Number Operations Function Return the imaginary part of X Parallel Split complex into X Y registers This is a useful way to see a complex number at full precision then use combine R C to put it back Combine X 1Y into complex Complex conjugate Removes ipart of X leaving the real part Day Date Calculations Function Converts days since 1 1 2000 to the date format DD MMYYYY e g take day 3141 and add 100 days to give 3241 then DMY to give 15 112008 i e 15 November 2008 Converts a date in the format DD MMYYYY to days since 1 1 2000 This allows calendar arithmetic e g 7 082008 days gives 3141 Calculates the sunrise and sunset for the current day providing you ve set up your longitude and latitude see CLOCK Setup Location DST Zone see CLOCK Setup gt DST Zone and GMT Zone see CLOCK gt Setup gt GMT Zone Pressing it here gives 5 55617991 line 1 and 20 61793601 line 2 These are in hours so we can use HMS to convert e g The sunset time in line 2 go HMS to get 20 37 05 you can do the same with the sunrise time using XY then HMS These have been corrected for DST and GMT Sunset should be accurate to within 1 minute but it doesn t take height into account
17. arest second The stopwatch uses software techniques to estimate tenths of seconds This is complex because printing the time to a string and writing to the screen takes a variable unknown amount of time The system employed keeps an eye on the 1 10 counter and decides after each second if it is running slow or fast based upon its value when the seconds changes By adjusting the delay used inside the timing loop the system dynamically changes to reflect the correct timing So don t launch any rockets using the 10 second counter Calendar CLOCK gt Calendar The calendar allows you to view day of week and days in months for any year When you select the calendar you first choose the year then the month and then you are able to scroll through the day dates using UP and DOWN As you move from day to day the month and year will change as expected Leap years are correctly handled with 29 days in February The day of week is displayed as a small letter to the left of the date Sunday is underlined and Thursday has a small dot as shown in the display above To exit from the calendar at any time press EXIT or SELECT or MODE Setup CLOCK gt Setup The clock setup menu allows the adjustment of e Time e Date e 12 24 hour display format e Daylight savings time zone e Location Set Time CLOCK gt Setup gt Time The Watch time is set using this menu option The three selection menu screens for the hours min
18. ary In binary base 2 the available keys for number entry are restricted to 0 and 1 Binary numbers are displayed with a small 2 suffix e g 16111612 Octal eg aries Hexadecimal In hexadecimal base 16 keys are limited to 0 to 9 and the letters A to F These letters are selectable from a menu see below reached by pressing and then using the appropriate F key Hexadecimal numbers are displayed with a small 16 suffix e g PEHDEEEF 16 Wide Numbers Bases 2 8 and 16 maximum display range of 64 bits signed If a number is outside this range then OVERFLOW is displayed on the screen though internally the number is still valid it cannot be displayed Sometimes the number of digits required to display a base n number exceeds 16 and the value s higher digits are truncated and the leftmost column of the display shows lt as shown below This indicates the number is too wide to display To view the wide number press LEFT This engages the view mode and moves leftwards one digit of the number This mode allows LEFT and RIGHT to be used to scroll and view extra digits of the wide number Arrows appear on the left and right edges indicating when more digits are available in the given direction as shown below Press SELECT or EXIT to return to normal calculator usage Complex Numbers There is no complex mode The Watch performs complex number operations when a complex uWatch User Gui
19. ctor on the uWatch requires a fair bit of force to remove so it recommended that hot melt glue be used to form a strain relief as shown in the photo If you plan to connect and reconnect the uWatch a lot this is highly recommended FIGURE 1 2 PICkit 2 PROGRAMMER CONNECTOR PINOUT nn Pin 1 Indicator Pin Description 1 Vee MCLR 2 VDD Target 3 Vss ground 4 ICSPDAT PGD u 5 ICSPCLKIPGC e 6 Auxiliary The 6 pin header 0 100 spacing accepts 0 025 square pins uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 30 Ed ner 1 Ma i k s P IA eee AE N e Lele fr dl 1 u AN yal DH SAUER hh i cr aed Gr pe Als wide AN PA i r IN l u en tr u pe y Ute A me Jl gt T 5 Fe SM or A pt A a 2 AAA Wl The two connectors with hot melt glue to act as a physical handling strain relief Detail of the final crimp Note the bottom hook catch locks the crimp pin into the connector Wiring Table PICkit2 uWatch pin pin 1 2 MCLR VCC GND PGD PGC Function UP WN Ww e U1 Fe uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 31 Technical Specifications Software The software s OPEN SOURCE under the GPL license Hardware Specifications Processor 16 bit Microchip PIC24FJ64GA004 Program memory 64KB of Flash SRAM 8KB Available user EEPROM memory 64KB Calculator modes 4 Level HP style RPN stack or Casio pre VPAM style Algebraic with
20. de 1 6 0 2 14 number 1s present and does not need to be set into a special mode for this The calculator s internal functions test for the presence of an ipart in order to perform the best calculation importantly when there is no ipart the calculation is the same as for normal real numbers so it remains efficient fast and in some cases more stable numerically than the complex version So there is no loss of efficiency and precision by not having a mode However the lack of a dedicated mode means that some real number calculations can result in a complex answer for example sqrt 2 and acos 1 2 Complex numbers are implemented using a parallel stack so there are shadow ipart registers for X Y Zand T and also the 10 memories A complex number occupies a single line of display just as do the normal reals Naturally there 1s less room to display the number on one line so the number of digits s shortened appropriately Philosophy Behind the Complex Number Support Some of the way in which the uWatch complex numbers work is different from that on Hewlett Packard calculators The calculators tend to have a complex number mode in which some operations e g P gt R and R gt P work differently For the Watch I didn t want the complex number implementation to any way interfere with the normal numeric operations This is because complex numbers are an advanced feature which many users will be unaware of especially at first The amount of
21. ed together into a single menu page You can cycle through menu pages by pressing UP or DOWN The last used menu page is remembered and 1s the first page displayed next time you press MENU When you select a function by pressing F1 F6 the corresponding menu function displayed on the screen is processed If there is no function displayed the key will have no effect In the RPN calculator calculator menu functions are performed immediately In the algebraic calculator operation may be immediate or delayed depending on the need for a second parameter for example nPr will require an r value to be entered followed by ENTER Hexadecimal entry of digits A to F is also done using a calculator menu assessable via As with UI menus you can exit cancel the calculator menu without performing any function by pressing EXIT Bases Number bases 2 8 10 and 16 are supported The base is selected from the calculator menu page where e bin 1s binary base 2 e oct is octal base 8 e dec 1s decimal base 10 DEFAULT e hex 1s hexadecimal base 16 Bases 2 8 and 16 display integers only though full fractional precision is maintained internally and may be viewed by switching to base 10 The current base 1f not aon is shown as a small subscript of the number displayed as in the following examples 1181h Ars FEDLie uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 13 Numeric entry is in the currently selected base Bin
22. er Guide 1 6 0 2 10 The Watch can display times in either of two formats shown in the two options above 12 hour format displays HI FP after the time with the hour range from 1 to 1 and 24 hour format has an Daylight Saving Time CLOCK gt Setup gt DST Zone Daylight savings time management is driven from a table of regions Each region specifies the start and end of daylight saving time DST by supplying a start month a start type an end month and an end type Start End End Region Day Month Day None n a n a n a Europe Last Sunday October Last Sunday Australia lst Sunday October 1 Sunday USA 2 Sunday November 1 Sunday Canada 2 Sunday November 1 Sunday Those n time zones other than those shown here must manually adjust the time at the start and end of daylight savings The region supplies the hour on which the change takes place and the time adjustment This adjustment is always 1 hour except for regions where the DST applies outside the specified period 1 e places in the southern hemisphere In all cases the start month precedes the end month chronologically The region None means DST is disabled When the date is set the DST state is inferred but the time is never adjusted at this point In normal operation f DST is in effect a little star character appears after the time on display Because the watch can power up at any time it must always consider a D
23. he function can operate on complex numbers Please pay close attention to the associated notes below the table Only those functions marked with a tick work correctly others may have varying effects when used with complex numbers The P column indicates how many parameters are used by the function In the case where P is 1 the function operates on the X register In the case where P type is 2 e In the algebraic calculator these functions require the input of the first number the selection of the function the input of the second number and then pressing ENTER e Inthe RPN calculator the first parameter is in the Y register and the second parameter is in the X register Keyboard Accessible Functions Function Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exchange X and Y Completes number entry RPN mode or performs calculation Algebraic mode Rolls down the RPN stacks in RPN mode Recalls stored variables Stores a variable uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 16 Commonly Used Functions Function Reciprocal Factorial gamma Square Square root Absolute Y raised to the power of X Trigonometry Function sine cosine tangent Inverse sine Inverse cosine Inverse tangent Hyperbolic Function Hyperbolic sine Hyperbolic cosine Hyperbolic tangent Inverse hyperb
24. hit If the dealer has 17 or more she must stand take no more cards The highest possible hand is a blackjack meaning an initial two card total of 21 an ace and a ten value card In this Watch version a player blackjack may be matched by a dealer hand of 21 After receiving his initial two cards the player has two menu options he can Hit or Stand Hit Take another card Stand Take no more cards The player can take as many hits as he wants until his total reaches or exceeds 21 If he busts he loses that hand After the players has finished making his decision the dealer then plays out her hand according to the predetermined rules For the card counters out there the hand is played from a single deck and shuffled every 40 cards Sample Hand The player s hand is always on the top line Here he receives an initial hand of 13 He hits and receives a J Now his hand totals 13 again as the A must count as 1 to keep the total below 21 He hits again and receives a 7 for a total of 20 and stands Now the dealer s hand is played out uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 26 The dealer s hand is shown on the second line prefixed with D and here his total is a blackjack 21 winning the hand At the end of each hand you may press any key to play another hand Lunar Lander APPLICATIONS Games Lunar Lander The aim of Lunar Lander is to land your spaceship safely touching the ground at a velocity of
25. lect the minute offset The GMT offset 1s required for correct calculation of sunrise and sunset times Set Location CLOCK gt Setup gt Location The location is used n calculation of sunrise and sunset times If you use the sunst calculator function you must enter your latitude and longitude for this to work correctly Longitude 1s restricted to 180 degrees with negative values indicating East and latitude is restricted to to 90 degrees CALCULATOR Mode CALCULATOR The uWatch implements both algebraic and RPN Reverse Polish Notation calculators RPN is the default type The type of calculator may be changed from the APPLICATIONS gt Tools Calculator menu In the RPN calculator functions apply directly to the X register or X and Y registers In the algebraic calculator functions may operate directly on the X register or require input of a second number after the function has been selected For example when choosing nPr function RPN 6 ENTER 3 nPr Algebraic 6 nPr 3 ENTER When the algebraic calculator is awaiting the entry of a second value the top right of the display gives an indication that this is so Some functions have specific characters indicating what operation is in progress e g multiply places a at that position whereas others just display a generic character Numeric Accuracy The uWatch firmware is programmed in C and internally uses C s double type to represe
26. menu options for a match You may enter up to three digits There is no erase backspace but if you press UP or DOWN the entered digits are cleared and you can begin again Sub Menus A menu item that begins with an arrow symbol gt indicates that that item is itself a menu containing other items In this guide the key presses required to get to a particular function is described like in this example CLOCK Setup DST Zone This indicates that we are in CLOCK mode have pressed MENU and selected Setup from the displayed menu after pressing DOWN a couple of times to find the item then selected DST Zone again after pressing DOWN a few times to find the item CLOCK Mode CLOCK Clock Display The components of the clock display include e Stopwatch indicator uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 6 e Time display e Daylight savings indicator e Moon phase e Day of week e Date e Sunrise and Sunset Stopwatch Indicator If the stopwatch timer 1s running a small star flashes on the top left of the clock display You may return to the stopwatch to check the current progress of the timer and exit with 1t still running The star disappears 1f you return to stopwatch mode and stop the stopwatch Time Display Time is displayed in either 12 hour or 24 hour mode depending on the o in CLOCK Setup gt 12 24h 12 hour format displays the hour from 1 to 1 and places or after the seconds 24 hour fo
27. ng the day the first three letters of the month and the last two digits of the year Watch handles leap years as e Years divisible by 400 are leap years e All other years divisible by 100 are not leap years e All remaining years which are divisible by 4 are leap years Leap years have 29 days in February Sunrise and Sunset To display the time of sunrise and sunset for the current day press SELECT Any keypress will return to CLOCK display The calculation of the times of sunrise and sunset incorporates your location latitude and longitude if daylight savings time is in effect and your timezone offset from GMT These values must all be set correctly for the sunrise and sunset calculations to work See e CLOCK gt Setup gt DST Zone e CLOCK Setup gt GMT Zone e CLOCK gt Setup gt Location Stopwatch CLOCK Stopwatch The stopwatch 1s accessible by pressing MENU then SELECT from the main time screen The stopwatch continues to run even when you exit from the Stopwatch application So you may start the stopwatch exit and play a game or use the calculator or just let the yWatch turn off the screen and return to stopwatch at some later time and check the elapsed time When the stopwatch is running a flashing star is shown at top left of the display The stopwatch menu consists of two items uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 8 The internal clock of the uWatch only returns time to the ne
28. nt numbers This allows for high precision and accuracy but there are some situations where very small errors may be noticeable An example is 1 0 0 9 0 1 these sorts of errors occur because it is not possible to exactly represent these decimal numbers in the binary double format This sort of issue appears with any system storing numbers internally in a fixed width binary format uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 12 Likewise some very small errors may appear in some of the trigonometric functions For example cosine of 90 degrees returns a small non zero value when zero 1s expected A careful look at the size of these errors typically less than 1 x 10 0 0000000000000001 shows that they are very small indeed Calculator Menus The calculator menus operate slightly differently than menus in other areas of the user interface The calculator uses function key shortcuts to allow efficient selection of functions from menus Calculator menus are activated by pressing MENU and each menu page is shown as up to 6 functions on the screen organised in 2 rows of 3 functions These functions can be selected by pressing a F key shortcut The F keys are marked F1 F6 on the uWatch keyboard overlay and the correspondence between the display position and F key 1s shown below There are multiple calculator function menu pages Each menu contains functions generally of the same type for example statistics functions are group
29. olic sine Inverse hyperbolic cosine Inverse hyperbolic tangent I P Function and X 2 Bitwise AND operation X amp Y or X 2 Bitwise OR operation X Y xor X 1 Bitwise exclusive OR operation X Y nand X 2 Bitwise NAND operation X amp Y nor X 2 Bitwise NOR operation X Y uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 17 not X 1 Bitwise NOT X Number Display Format i P Function fit Y n a Fit the displayed registers into available space on the screen This is the original display system used in previous versions and is the default display used on startup SI Zz n a Toggle display of SI format display When enabled this displays the registers in engineering notation with an SI prefix also known as a metric prefix An SI prefix is a name or associated symbol that precedes a basic unit of measure or its symbol to form a_decimal multiple or sub multiple The abbreviation SI is from the French language name Syst me International d Unit s also known as International System of Units Sl prefixes are used to reduce the number of zeros shown in numerical quantities 10 Symbol Prefix Decimal 1074 Y yotta 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 107 Z zeta 16000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1078 E exa 1000 000 000 000 000 000 10 gt P peta 16000 000 000 000 000 10 T tera 1000 000 000 000 10 G giga 1 000 000 000
30. one at a time Whenever multiple menu options are available the rightmost lower character in the display displays two little arrows uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 5 pointing up and down These indicate that you can press UP or DOWN to move to the next or previous menu item Press SELECT to select the current menu item or EXIT to exit from the menu display Numeric Menus Some numeric entry menus allow values to be entered via the keypad as a form of shortcut menu selection Rather than scrolling through 100 options by pressing UP 100 times you can skip to the option you want by entering the option via the numeric keypad These menus display an underline cursor a numeric entry menu indicator to the right of the title as in the example below Wherever you see this numeric entry menu indicator the menu uses keypad shortcuts and you can type digits 0 9 As you type the digits are shown at the location of the entry indicator and system searches all possible menu items for a match that starts with the digits that you have typed If a match is found the current menu item is set to that entry So in the example above as you press 1 the menu option will be the first item beginning with 1 If you then press 2 after a short delay the menu option will show the first item beginning with 12 If you then press 8 the menu option after a longer delay shows item 128 The delay 1s caused by the need to search all
31. rmat displays the hour from Hito Daylight Savings Indicator A small star 1s drawn at the right of the time 1f daylight savings time 1s currently in effect To change daylight savings zone see CLOCK Setup gt DST Zone Moon Phase The phases of the moon are caused by the relative positions of the earth sun and moon The moon goes around the earth in 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes on average This measurement s relative to the stars and 1s called the sidereal period or orbital period However because of the earth s motion around the sun a complete moon cycle New Moon to New Moon appears to earthbound observers to take a couple of days longer 29 5305882 days to be precise This number is called the synodic period or lunation and 1s relative to the sun The phase of the moon is displayed as a representation of the moon at top right of the clock display The table below shows the characters used to represent the moon phases the bottom row are the characters used from version 1 6 0 1 onwards The black area n the graphics correspond to the lit area of the moon Waxing First Waxing Waning Last Waning Crescent Quarter Gibbous Gibbous Quarter Crescent uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 7 Day of Week The first three letters of the day of the week are displayed at the bottom left This is calculated from the day month year and cannot be independently configured Date The date 1s displayed usi
32. s are duplicated on alternate keys as shown in the following table These alternate keys can also become useful if your Watch keyboard has a problem with commonly used keys and in some situations are easier to use Concept Keys UP or EXP or LEFT PREVIOUS DOWN MENU or or RIGHT NEXT uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 4 SELECT ENTER OK Generally you hit MENU to enable a menu and then DOWN 1 e MENU again to scroll down the items in the menu or UP to scroll up the items in the menu and then ENTER to select the current item or C to quit without doing anything Some items in the uWatch have a more logical LEFT and RIGHT usage e g scrolling to view wide string displays so in these cases UP 1s conceptually LEFT and DOWN is conceptually RIGHT In these cases it s handy to use EXP as the LEFT key and MENU as the RIGHT key as those keys are in the same relative physical positions to each other Modes The up Watch has three main components CLOCK APPLICATIONS and CALCULATOR which can be reached at any time by pressing the MODE key Each of these modes are described later n this user guide As the prime function of uWatch is as a time keeping device this component is given priority when switching between modes Any MODE keypress will first return to CLOCK component and subsequent presses will cycle through the components Turning on p
33. that change calculator behaviour They do not operate on or affect any of the registers themselves Always set ipart to 0 Useful with C gt R and R C R P rectangular to polar and P R polar to rectangular cannot perform special case operations for complex numbers e g working with polar complex so instead there are C gt R complex to registers and R C registers to complex split and combine operations which separate a complex number into two stack levels X amp Y and the reverse A complex number can be operated as polar by performing C gt R R P R C Duplicate menu item Replaced by mod from version 1 6 0 1 Version 1 6 0 1 onwards Numbers may be displayed in wide string format If the number of character positions required to display the number exceeds the width of the screen then the number is truncated and a lt is shown as the leftmost character Press LEFT to view the number as a wide string Keystroke Programming Key stroke programming 1s done using the record and play functions in calculator mode the last functions menu To create a key stroke programming use the record function then enter two digits for the name of the program 00 59 Your key strokes are now being recorded To end press the MODE key To playback a key stroke program use the play function followed by your two digit uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 22 name for the program uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 23 APPLICATIONS Mode Tools
34. the Watch are shown in THIS FONT Keypresses are shown in the same font bold and surrounded by square brackets KEY Concepts are shown in the same font bold and surrounded by round brackets CONCEPT The location of particular functionality is referenced by a navigation string CLOCK gt Stopwatch Items shown on the display are shown in this font EISEN iiz Examples of what is displayed on the screen are shown in a greenish box Known bugs or dodgy operational features are italicised and marked X5 Keys and Navigation KEY indicates the physical keyboard key with the labeling KEY KEY indicates a conceptual key or calculator function which corresponds to a physical key For example where you see SELECT that means press ENTER as clarified in the following table Concept Function EXIT exit without doing anything UP up scrolling is done by the right bracket key DOWN MENU down scrolling is done by the menu key SELECT ENTER selection and exit from menus is done by the enter key These navigation keys occupy the right column of the keyboard The easy to find positions of these keys makes menu navigation and selection possible even in the dark This column of keys 1s the primary navigation and selection mechanism for menus and user interface UI on the Watch A KEY may be selected by a number of alternate physical keys For historical reasons some of these key function
35. tion piece 1f a pawn promotion 1s involved followed by a check indicator if the move places the opponent king in check Promotions have a trailing piece indicating the promotion state of the pawn Piece A Knight Bishop E Rook W Queen Castling 1s represented by a two square move of the king towards the involved rook The computer move is displayed in a similar fashion uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 25 You can switch between the chessboard display and the move entry screen by pressing C The 50 move draw rule is not implemented x The three repetition draw rule is not implemented The engine may declare a win if it finds a mate in n situation 21 APPLICATIONS gt Games gt 21 This is casino style blackjack with slightly modified rules At the beginning of each round the player receives an initial hand of two cards The object of the game is to get a higher card total than the dealer but without going over 21 which is called busting The spot cards count 2 to 9 the 10 jack queen and k ng count as ten an ace can be either 1 or 11 The player goes first and plays his hand by taking additional cards if he desires If he busts he loses Then the dealer plays his her hand If the dealer busts he she loses If neither busts the higher hand total wins In case of a tie no one wins the hand is a push Cards are dealt in from one deck If the dealer has less than 17 she must
36. utes and seconds are shown below The initial values are retrieved from the current time according to the Watch clock uWatch User Guide 1 6 0 2 The hour displays in the currently selected 12h 24h mode in this case in 12h format The range for minutes and seconds is 00 to 59 After the hour minute and second have been selected the Watch time will be set to the selected values Keyboard shortcut selection of hour in 12h mode can only select hours in the AM range Set Date CLOCK Setup gt Date The uWatch date is set using this menu option The three selection menu screens for the year month and day are shown below The initial values are retrieved from the current date according to the uWatch clock The day selection menu is the same as the calendar display menu except the year and month do not change when going through the dates After the year month and date have been selected the uWatch date will be set to the selected values The uWatch internal calendar accepts only two digits for the date so there may be features if dates before 2000 or after 2099 are selected Calibrate CLOCK Setup Calibration This menu option allows the speed of the uWatch clock to be fine tuned The range is 0 to 255 Higher values make the clock run faster This value is stored in EEPROM at location 65535 the very last byte and survives firmware upgrades Set 12 24h CLOCK gt Setup gt 12 24h uWatch Us
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