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1. 212 4 2 18 Using the Standalone Visual Executable 213 4 3 Embeddable Executable 213 4 3 1 Data Types and 214 4 3 2 Model Creation and Destruction Functions 215 4 3 3 Functions to Save and Restore Model 215 4 3 4 Model Execution Functions seen 216 4 3 5 Variable Management 217 4 3 6 Numerical Methods Configuration Functions 219 4 3 7 Miscellaneous Functions eee 220 CHAPTER 5 SysLib The Standard Class 222 5 1 Linear 223 51 1 CAE 223 GSumtnaltot 223 5 1 3 ORE 224 5 1 4 Clnt grator eo 224 5 1 5 CDIifierentiator 225 GRAND v 5 1 6 CAperiodicUnit ect de seeded 225 54 7 GOsoillatingUnit edocuit eite adani 226 5 2 Nonlinear Blocks A 227 5 2 1 GDeadZone 1b tede DU de toate 227
2. 76 23 44 3 SUperclass 2242 0 ecu de 77 3 4 1 4 Parameters oii 79 3 4 4 5 Variables 82 3 4 1 6 Constants 1 er este ed 86 3 4 1 7 Functions and Procedures sse 88 3 4 1 8 Local Classes eer Penta E uaa need cg ange gn gna 89 3 4 1 9 Local Objects eene ei Dre pa ce 89 3 41 10 Commernits 2 oido a egresado 90 3 4 1 11 Deleting Class 91 3 4 1 12 Modifying Class Stereotype sse 91 3 4 2 Equation System 91 3 4 3 Behavior Chart Editor 98 3 4 3 1 Toolbar Bulttoris riii cei ceteri etin 98 3 4 3 2 Editing Area edere edet Lu terere Lon EE Le Fare cua 99 EET 101 3 4 9 4 LC 105 3 4 9 5 Special St les egal cae achat oblate ieee 109 3 4 4 Structure Diagram 222 2 404 00000 109 3 4 4 4 Toolbar ete 110 3 4 4 2 Editing 111 RAND 3 4 4 3 Eocal Objects ene Cete and 112 3 4 4 4 Class 115 3 4 4 5 External 8
3. double Help Value Comments CT Group EN Variable category nput C Output C Contact C Flow C Connector Figure 117 The External variable dialog box 3 Use the External variable dialog box to define an external variable 4 Click OK The new external variable will appear on the border of the class as shown in Figure 118 In 1 Figure 118 New external variable To modify an external variable 1 Double click the external variable The External variable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 117 2 Use the External variable dialog box to modify the variable 3 Click OK To rename an external variable in place 1 Double click the name of the variable or Right click the name of the variable and choose Rename from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 119 116 www rand service com GRAND vt Figure 119 Renaming an external variable in place 2 Modify the variable name 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the editing area By default the structure diagram editor does not display local object variable names To toggle display of local object variable names 1 Click Show local object variable names on the structure diagram editor toolbar 3 4 4 6 Links For more on links see Section 2 7 3 To create a new link 1 3 Select an external variable and click Add link on the struct
4. Recent mymodel_em ini Documents File name My Network Save as type MvS tudium options ini Cancel Places Figure 232 The Save settings dialog box 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the current settings 197 Service m 3 Type the name in the File name field 4 Click Save To load the visual model settings from a file 1 Choose Settings Load from file from the main menu The Load settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 233 Load settings gt SES BEER imports 19 Tmp Recent mymodel em ini Documents Desktop My Documents My Computer File name Y Network Files of type 5 tudium options ini Places Open as read only Figure 233 The Load settings dialog box 2 Select the file you want to open and click Open 4 2 13 1 The Model settings dialog box The Model settings dialog box allows the user to configure the basic model settings To open the Model settings dialog box 1 Click Model settings on the main toolbar or Choose Settings Model from the main menu The Model settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 234 198 www rand service com Model settings Run view Files Model time to real time ratio as quickly as possible Determine consistent values at initial moment Exec
5. function RunTo Tau double TRetCode Runs the default model instance for the specified amount of continuous model time A call to this function is equivalent to runToEx 0 Tau function RunThreadTo Tau double var hThread THandle TRetCode Runs the default model instance for the specified amount of continuous model time in a separate thread Creates a separate thread that calls RunTo Tau and returns immediately The h Thread parameter receives a handle to the created thread on success or 0 otherwise The caller can detect the moment when the model stops by calling the Stopped function periodically or handling the message configured using the Set EndMessage function function runUntilEx hModel TModelHandle C pChar TRetCode Runs the specified model instance until the specified conditional expression evaluates to true The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The C parameter specifies the conditional expression The function returns only after all necessary computations are completed and all variables are updated accordingly Upon return from this function the model instance is guaranteed to be in the stopped state The model has to interpret the C condition which may negatively affect the model performance The most efficient types of conditions that require no interpretation are Signal names Finalized Expressions of the form time value function RunUntil C pChar TRetCode Runs t
6. E E 42 2 13 6 Declared Types eese citet aA 43 2 14 Functions and Procedures sssini 43 2 14 1 Predefined Functions and Procedures 44 2 14 1 1 Standard Math Functions sse 44 2 14 1 2 Functions and Procedures for Vectors and Matrices 45 2 14 1 3 Random Number 46 2 14 1 4 Special Functions and Procedures 46 2 14 1 5 EUnClOES oie 48 2 14 1 5 1 integral 48 2 14 1 5 2 MAXTUM edere N 48 c 48 2 14 1 5 4 ez ete e een a dee he dae A leet 49 2 14 2 User Defined Functions and Procedures 49 2 14 2 1 Internal Functions and 49 2 14 2 2 External Functions and 51 2 15 EXpreSSiONs e 54 PAS ESvcu 54 2 15 2 Evaluation Order sssssssssssssssss essent enne nnne 55 2 16 Operato S retreat ada erit s chee nd e rid eae ende ua 56 2 16 1 Assignment Operator 56 2 16 2 Procedure Call Operator sese 57 216 3 The if Operato
7. State state name do local activity definition lt entry_actions gt lt exit_actions gt lt state_name gt lt identifier gt local activity definition object name class name actual initial values entry actions entry actions definition exit actions exit actions definition actions definition actions operator sequence T special state definition lt state_stereotype gt state state name state stereotype initial final switch switch probabilistic transition definition triggerful transition definition triggerless transition definition 242 www rand service con RAND e triggerful transition definition inner transition transition name from state name to state name trigger definition lt guard gt lt actions_definition gt lt transition_name gt lt identifier gt lt trigger_definition gt when lt conditional_expression gt when lt signal_name gt after lt double_expression gt lt signal_name gt lt identifier gt lt guard gt guard lt conditional_expression gt lt triggerless_transition_definition gt transition lt transition_name gt from lt state_name gt to lt state_name gt lt fire_condition gt lt actions_definition gt lt fire_condition gt lt expres
8. 168 4 2 GRAND Basic colors M Custom colors EEE EEE Ee g EEE EEE g Define Custom Colors gt gt Figure 201 The Color dialog box Select the desired color and click OK lt To modify the title color 1 2 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Color Title from the popup menu The standard Color dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 201 Select the desired color and click OK modify the color of 3D surfaces 1 2 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Color 3D Surfaces from the popup menu The standard Color dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 201 Select the desired color and click OK To modify the background filling 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Background Starting color from the popup menu The standard Color dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 201 Select the desired starting color for linear gradient filling and click OK Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Background Ending color from the popup menu The standard Color dialog box will appear again Select the desired ending color for linear gradient filling and click OK To toggle the gradient direction between horizontal and vertical right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Background Vertical gradient from the popup menu 169 RAND
9. Figure 173 The Structure window The Structure window is similar to the structure diagram editor see Section 3 4 4 in that it displays all elements of the structure diagram of an object However the Structure window does not allow the user to modify the structure diagram In the Structure window most elements have tooltips that display their properties The tooltip of a local object displays the class name actual parameter values initial variable values and comments associated with the object The tooltip of an external variable displays the name of the variable and its current value The tooltip of a link displays the names of the variables connected by the link If the Show data exchange over links option is set in the model settings see Section 4 2 13 1 2 links are highlighted when the variables they connect change during model execution The Structure window of the model object opens automatically upon executable model startup if the model object is compound The Structure windows of other compound objects can be opened manually as described below and in Section 4 2 2 If a local object displayed in a Structure window is compound its own Structure window can be opened as follows To open the Structure window of a compound local object 1 Double click the local object or Right click the local object and choose Local structure from the popup menu The object s Structure window will appear as shown in Figure 1
10. Figure 236 The Files tab The Files tab see Figure 236 contains the following elements 200 GRAND t Application Help This field specifies the path to the help 1p file associated with the model Read input data from file If this checkbox is checked the model upon startup loads parameter values and initial variable values from the text file specified in the next field ignoring parameter values and initial variable values specified elsewhere Write output data to file If this checkbox is checked the model upon termination saves all parameter values and initial variable values to the text file specified in the next field Trace model execution This checkbox enables disables model execution tracing When model execution tracing is enabled the model logs detailed information about its execution to the _trace txt file Trace numerical methods This checkbox enables disables tracing of numerical methods This checkbox is only available if model execution tracing is enabled Trace variable values This checkbox enables disables tracing of variable values This checkbox is only available if model execution tracing is enabled If the Read input data from file checkbox is checked the text file specified after that checkbox must consist of lines of the following form paramater or variable name value comments If the Write output data to file checkbox is checked the text file spec
11. Click OK in the message box 3 Save the generated model with the desired name to the desired location To do so choose Model Save as from the main menu The Save model as dialog box will appear In the Save model as dialog box specify the name and location and click Save Rand Model Designer will copy the executable model to the specified location along with the following files _mathmvs d11 the numerical methods library User supplied DLLs implementing external functions and procedures if any model name vm ini the default model settings file The model specific help file if it is specified in the model settings To run the standalone executable model 1 Run the generated executable Every standalone visual executable model supports the following command line options A or A Causes the model to run automatically upon startup S path to settings file Or S path to settings 1 gt Instructs the model to load the settings from the specified file The standalone visual executable model loads its settings and window layout from the default settings file upon startup and saves them to the default settings file upon termination unless the s command line option is specified If the s command line option is specified the supplied settings file is used instead of the default one 4 3 EMBEDDABLE EXECUTABLE MODEL The embeddable executable model is a Windows DLL that any application can link to
12. Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color z1 specify the coordinates of the starting point X2 y2 z2 specify the coordinates of the ending point Width specifies the line width in pixels 4 2 7 4 Sphere This object has the following properties 185 GRAND t Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color X1 y1 z1 specify the coordinates of the center of the sphere Radius specifies the radius of the sphere Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the sphere Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 5 Cylinder This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color X1 y1 z1 specify the coordinates of the center of the first bas
13. Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 10 Knob This component provides the following context menu items Min Allows to specify the minimum value displayed by the knob Max Allows to specify the maximum value displayed by the knob Style Allows to convert the knob to a component of any other type Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variable value Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format Auto scaling Toggles automatic scaling Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 11 Button This component provides the following context menu items Style Allows to convert the button to a component of any other type Caption Allows to specify the button label 179 vi GRAND Fixation Toggles the two state button mode In the two state button mode each click on a button toggles the button between two states pressed and not pressed In the normal push button mode the button returns to its un pushed state automatically after every click Shortcut Allows to assign a keyboard shortcut to the button Picture Allows to specify the image to be display
14. from the popup menu A new local class will be added to the Hybrid node To create a new continuous local class 1 Right click the Continuous node in the class editor tree and choose New local continuous class from the popup menu A new local class will be added to the Continuous node To open the class editor for a local class 1 Double click the local class in the class editor tree or Right click the local class in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The class editor window for of the corresponding local class will appear 3 4 1 9 Local Objects If a class is compound its class editor tree contains the Local objects node that represents the local objects of the class Local objects are added to and deleted from the class using the structure diagram editor see Section 3 4 4 Local objects cannot be added or deleted via the class editor tree The class editor tree only displays the local objects as individual sub nodes under the Local objects node The sub nodes of the Local objects node allow the user to quickly select local objects and modify their actual parameter values and initial variable values For more on local objects see Section 2 7 1 To select a local object in the structure diagram editor 1 Double click the corresponding node in the class editor tree To modify the actual parameter values and initial variable values of a local object 1 Right click the correspondin
15. Create model as Visual model Win32 Application C Embedded model Win32 DLL Figure 154 The Model tab This tab contains the following elements Visual model Win32 Application This option tells Rand Model Designer to generate the visual executable model when building the project see Chapter 4 This is the default setting for new projects Embedded model Win32 DLL This option tells Rand Model Designer to generate the embeddable executable model when building the project see Chapter 4 This option is only available in Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educational Model execution checking This checkbox enables disables embeddable model execution checking Model execution tracing This checkbox enables disables tracing in the embeddable model Numerical methods tracing This checkbox enables disables tracing of numerical methods in the embeddable model O GRAND 3 12 4 The Version Tab Project options General Folders Model Company name Transas Limited OK Legal copyright Copyright 2010 Transas Limited Cancel Trademarks Help Product name File description Visual model Rand Model Deigner Product version File version 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 Internal name Original filename model model exe Include version information in models Figure 155 The Version tab This tab contains the following elements Company name
16. Retrieves the type of the specified variable The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The hvar parameter identifies the variable On success the function stores the type code in the VarType parameter and returns rcOK Otherwise VarType is set to 0 and an appropriate error code is returned The possible type codes are the same as with the Get Variables function function getVarValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle var Y variant TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified variable of arbitrary type The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The hvar parameter identifies the variable The y parameter receives the current value of the specified variable function GetVarValue hVar TVarHandle var Y variant TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified variable of the default model instance A call to this function is equivalent to getvarValueEx 0 hVar 217 v l GRAND function getVarDoubleValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle var Y double TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified double variable The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The n var parameter identifies the variable The y parameter receives the current value of the specified variable function GetVarDoubleValue hVar TVarHandle var Y double TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified double variable of the default model instance A
17. This field specifies the absolute error tolerance Relative This field specifies the relative error tolerance Time This group of elements specifies the time error tolerance for switch point detection Relative This option selects the relative error tolerance The tolerance value is specified in the field on the right Absolute This option selects the absolute error tolerance The tolerance value is specified in the field on the right Fixed step This field specifies the fixed step for fixed step numerical methods Restore defaults This button restores the default tolerance settings 202 service 4 2 13 2 2 The Differential equations Tab Numerical methods Differential equations xplicit methods Implicit methods Debug methods DOPRI5 RADAU Euler DOPRI853 DDASSL Simple automatic C RK23 Figure 238 The Differential equations tab The Differential equations tab Figure 238 contains the following elements Automatic This option selects the automatic solver Explicit methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following explicit methods DOPRI5 DOPRI853 RK23 Implicit methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following implicit methods RADAU DDASSL Debug methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following debug methods Euler S
18. lt options gt s is equal to the result of the selector expression the operator sequence following the corresponding gt label is executed Otherwise the operator sequence following the when others gt label if any is executed Example case x of when 1 2 y 2 4 5 gt 2 0 when others gt 0 end case 2 16 5 The loop Operator The Loop operator repeatedly executes an operator sequence Syntax loop operator lt loop_specification gt loop lt operator_sequence gt end loop 58 val GRAND loop specification for loop variable in range while conditional expression loop variable identifier range lower bound upper bound A conditional expression is an expression that evaluates to boolean lower bound and upper bound are expressions that evaluate to integer A loop starting with the for keyword the for loop implicitly introduces a loop variable The name of the loop variables is the identifier specified after the for keyword the type of the loop variable is integer the scope of the loop variable is limited to the operator sequence enclosed in the loop The range of the loop variable is specified by two expressions each of which must evaluate to integer The for loop is executed by first evaluating the lower and upper bound expressions The loop variable is then assigned the value of
19. 115 9 4 4 6 oido ENNES 117 3 4 5 The Model Class 118 3 5 The Choose type Dialog 120 3 6 The Groups Dialog 126 3 7 Text EUO ree ente han reine neto 127 3 44 Toolbar BUTOMS 128 3 7 2 Editing Area eiie roce tette re edo pee EE eec ERES 129 3 8 ad ied ania Gad dec edet ei eeu andes 129 9 9 130 3 10 Textual Project 132 3 11 Working with Executable 135 3 12 The Project options Dialog Box 136 3 12 1 The General trennen nennen enn 137 3 12 2 The Folders Tab iiie eine t e Ee pee P ree 138 3 12 3 The Model 139 3 12 4 The Version ase eee ented en detener Rte dieti 140 3 13 The Environment options Dialog 140 3 13 1 The General 141 3 13 2 The Colors Tab inii eir deett t e ed eee 141 3 13 3 The Display Tab Pine inei 142 3 13 4 The Fone
20. 2 Type the new value for the variable 3 Click OK The Structure window allows the user to add any of the standard 2D components see Section 4 2 6 1 to the structure diagram and associate them with any of the available external variables This way external variable values can be visualized in the Structure window To add a standard 2D component and associate it with an external variable 1 Open the Standard 2D components panel see Section 4 2 6 1 2 Drag a component of your choice from the Standard 2D components panel and drop it onto the variable in the Structure window Alternatively drag the component from the panel and drop it anywhere in the Structure window then drag the variable and drop it onto the component In either case the component will appear in the Structure window as shown in Figure 178 and will become associated with the corresponding variable 156 EN Servi A model structure Thermostat Heater Figure 178 A Structure window with a standard 2D component 3 Move the created component to the desired location and if necessary configure it via its context menu For more information see Section 4 2 6 1 4 2 4 The Diagram Window The Diagram window displays the time or phase diagram for a set of variables A Time diagram y Vy Figure 179 Typical time diagram A typical time diagram is shown in Figure 179 In a time diagram the x axis represents model time while the y a
21. 3 Use the Text Editor window to edit the value To apply the current changes and close the Component Editor window 1 Click Apply close the Component Editor window without applying the current changes 1 Click Close 3 9 CALCULATOR The Calculator window allows the user to evaluate expressions involving parameters see Section 2 8 variables see Section 2 9 constants see Section 2 10 and predefined functions see Section 2 14 1 The Calculator window looks as shown in Figure 143 130 amp Formula calculator Model x Model sqrt 2 Figure 143 Calculator window To open the Calculator window 1 Click Calculator on the main toolbar or Choose Tools Calculator from the main menu To enter an expression for evaluation 1 Select a row in the Calculator window 2 If the expression will involve parameters variables or constants of some class specify the class To do that right click the selected row and choose Choose class from the popup menu The Choose class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 144 In the Choose class dialog box select the class and click OK The name of the selected class will appear in the first cell of the row Note you can choose at most one class per row Choose class JE Imported packages This project Class_1 mm Class_2 Class_3 mw Model mu New class Figure 144 The Choos
22. 3 4 1 5 Variables If a class is open its class editor tree contains the External variables and State variables nodes representing the external and internal variables of the class respectively If a class is closed its class editor tree contains the Variables node representing the internal variables of the class For more on class variables see Section 2 9 To create new internal variable 1 Right click the Internal variables or Variables node in the class editor tree and choose New internal variable or New variable from the popup menu The Internal variable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 48 Internal variable Identifier m Cancel Type double Value 0 Comments un Group Figure 48 The Internal variable dialog box 2 Type the name of the new variable in the Identifier field 3 specify the type of the new variable click Type The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to choose the type of the variable When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 4 specify the default initial value of the new variable click Value If the type of the variable is an enumeration the Choose enumerated value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 49 Otherwise if the type of the variable is a record the Component Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 50 Otherwise the Text Editor window will appear as sho
23. 5 2 2 ssid eevee Hii a eee lets iae tee 228 5 23 CRelay i Imo ctetu sitit ein 229 p Mec p 230 5 2 5 Clnterpolator iiia iterare d ete coi deba gea 231 5 3 Signal Sources 231 5 3 1 CRampGeneraltor 2 etes 231 5 3 2 CSIneGeneraltor ciiin iiio cider eate eee 232 5 3 3 inaina ennt nnne nn 233 5 3 4 234 5 3 5 5 235 Eee 235 CHAPTER 6 Appendices ride 236 6 1 Extended Backus Naur 237 Als 237 6 3 The MYL entree nennen 238 RAND CHAPTER 1 Introduction Introduction to Rand Model Designer and this document GRAND 1 1 WHAT IS RAND MODEL DESIGNER Rand Model Designer is a simulation modeling tool that allows the user to create and experiment with models of complex dynamic systems The Rand Model Designer s key features are Object oriented modeling language Intuitive and easy to use integrated modeling environmen
24. N 143 3 14 Miscellaneous 143 CHAPTER 4 Executable Model sse nnns 145 4 1 Executable Model 146 4 2 Visual Executable 146 4 2 1 The Variables 2 147 42 151 Mirtual Varlables ditte rte det tede 149 4 2 2 The Behavior Chart 2 2 150 4 2 3 The Structure 153 4 2 4 The Diagram 157 4 2 4 1 The Diagram parameters Dialog 163 4 2 5 The Histogram 165 CRAND i 4 2 6 The 2D Animation Window 172 4 2 6 1 The Standard 2D components 173 4 2 6 2 Using the 2D Animation 174 4 2 6 3 175 4 2 6 4 Linear Indicator Continuous or 176 4 2 6 5 de 176 4 2 6 6 Color Indicator 176 42 67 SPINS uu era tide wens cue ast 177 4 2 6 7 1 The Animation parameters Dialog 178 4 2 6 8 Diagr
25. Possible values of the ODE parameter nmAutoODE 13 automatic nmDOPRI5 2 DOPRI5 nmDOPRI853 4 DOPRI853 nmODEX 3 ODEX nmDDASSL 8 DDASSL nmRADAU5 10 RADAUS5 nmEiler 18 Euler nmRK4 1 RK4 Possible values of the DAE parameter nmAutoDAE 14 automatic nmDOPRI5 20 DOPRI5 Newton nmDOPRI853 21 DOPRI8534 Newton nmODEX 22 ODEX Newton Possible values of the NAE parameter nmAutoNAE 12 automatic nmNewtonF 15 quick Newton nmNewtonM 11 modified Newton nmNewt onC 6 classical Newton nmPowell 7 Powell 219 v l GRAND 4 3 7 Miscellaneous Functions function getLastHModErrorEx hModel TModelHandle var str variant TRetCode Retrieves the textual description of the last error The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The st x parameter receives the description If any of the embeddable model functions returns something other than this function can be called to obtain the textual description of the error function GetLastHModError pChar Returns the textual description of the last error occurred in the default model instance If any of the embeddable model functions returns something other than rcok for the default model instance this function can be called to obtain the textual description of the error function getMessages hModel TModelHandle var Messag
26. time scroller max 3D smooth lines ae 5 Color Fill vert lines Color 1 Color 2 v horiz C dots Plot points Panels step min Jump line style dot Figure 191 The Diagram parameters dialog box VRAND vi At the top of the Diagram parameters dialog box there is a list displaying the variables added to the Diagram window The list has the following columns Variable This read only column shows the variable names Type This read only column shows the variable types Min This column allows the user to specify the minimum value for each variable Max This column allows the user to specify the maximum value for each variable Color This column allows the user to choose the color used to plot each variable Width This column allows the user to specify the line width used to plot each variable X This column allows the user to choose the variable associated with the x axis the x axis variable The selected variable if any is denoted by the sign shown in this column At most one variable can be selected If there is a variable denoted by the sign it means that the Diagram window displays a phase diagram and has the x axis associated with the denoted variable in this case the Diagram window is said to be in the phase diagram mode Otherwise the Diagram window displays a time diagram and is said to be in the t
27. 13 The value of a constant is specified by an expression see Section 2 15 The expression specifying the value of a class constant may reference other constants of the class and any constants of the project The expression specifying the value of a project constant may reference other constants of the project In either case such references are not allowed to form cycles If a constant is defined in a project it has visibility The visibility indicates that the project constant is either private or public A private constant can only be used in the project containing that constant A public constant can be used in any project For the detailed discussion of the visibility of project components see Section 2 1 Class constants differ from project constants in their scope see Section 2 17 Project constants are visible in the entire project Moreover public project constants are visible in all other projects that import their containing project Class constants are only visible within their containing class 2 11 LOCAL CLASSES A hybrid class can contain an arbitrary number of local classes A local class is a class defined in a hybrid class Local classes can be used to associate activities with behavior chart states see Section 2 4 of their containing class All in all local classes have the same semantics as ordinary classes see Section 2 2 except for the following differences A local class is an element of some other clas
28. 2 with the same name N E2 hides E1 in B2 that is makes N refer to 2 but not 1 in B2 and its enclosed blocks For example suppose there is a project that defines a constant x of type string and a class C which in its turn defines a variable x of type double Within the entire project x will refer to the constant of the project except for the class where x will refer to the variable of the class Unlike the majority of programming languages Rand Model Designer block elements are not ordered This means that a definition of an element within a block may reference any other elements defined in that block Thus for example the expression specifying the initial value of a variable of a class may use any functions defined in that class 62 RAND CHAPTER 3 Integrated Modeling Environment This chapter describes the Rand Model Designer integrated modeling environment GRAND 3 1 MAIN WINDOW The main window see Figure 22 appears when the user starts the integrated modeling environment Rand Model Designer 6 unregistered Documents model model myb Project Edit Tools View Model Window Help S270 X um S ER E LEZ Model description Elx Class 1 8 Model 4 BH nol B Class_2 Parameters E a Model Variables Types E Constants Project constants Functions and procedures Class_1_1 Class 2 1 Project proce
29. A new transition will be created and displayed as shown in Figure 102 Internal transitions Model S1 31 b OGA OK Cancel Figure 102 New internal transition 4 Edit the properties of the new transition as if it was an ordinary transition 108 www rand service com GRAND vt 5 When done click OK in the Internal transitions window The state will now be displayed with an arrow inside as shown in Figure 103 indicating that the state has internal transitions 51 Figure 103 State with internal transitions To modify or delete an internal transition 1 Select the corresponding state and click Internal transitions on the behavior chart editor toolbar or Right click the state and choose Internal transitions from the popup menu The Internal transitions window will appear as shown in Figure 101 2 Modify or delete the internal transition as if it was an ordinary transition 3 Click OK in the Internal transitions window 3 4 3 5 Special States Special states are final state see Section 2 4 5 switch point see Section 2 4 6 and probabilistic switch point see Section 2 4 7 To create a final state a switch point or a probabilistic switch point o e 1 Click Final state 9 Switch point behavior chart editor toolbar A new special state will appear as shown in Figure 104 Figure 105 or Figure 106 or Probabilistic switch point on the 5 Figure 104 New final state
30. If a class is open its structure diagram contains the class boundary A class boundary is shown on a structure diagram as a rectangle see Figure 14 Figure 14 Class boundary If a class has external variables see Section 2 9 they appear on the class boundary in the same way as external variables of local objects see Section 2 7 1 28 CRAND i 2 7 3 Link A link is a connection between two variables on a structure diagram A link is shown as a polyline consisting of horizontal and vertical segments see Figure 15 or Figure 15 Link examples A link can connect An output variable of one local object with an input variable of another or same local object see Figure 16 or Figure 16 Output to input connection An input variable of the class with an input variable of a local object see Figure 17 Figure 17 Input to input connection 29 CRAND i An output variable of a local object with an output variable of the class see Figure 18 Figure 18 Output to output connection A contact variable of one local object with a contact variable of another or same local object or a contact variable of the class see Figure 19 at Figure 19 Contact to contact connection 30 GRAND A flow variable of one local object with a flow variable of another or same local object or a flow variable of the class see Figure 20 or or Figure 20 Flow to flow connection 31 CRAND i A connector va
31. Possible type codes are double 4 integer 5 byte 6 short 7 boolean 9 numerated type 10 char 11 string 12 vector 14 matrix 15 signal 17 220 GRAND function GetVariablesEx var vars variant TRetCode Retrieves information about the model object of the default model instance The vars parameter receives the result in the form of a variant array with three elements The first element is a string specifying the object identifier The second element is an array describing the variables of the object in the same format as the result of the Get Variables function except for that the first element of each variable description specifies the variable identifier instead of the full name The third element is an array describing the local objects of the model object procedure SetEndMessage hW hM integer Specifies the message to be sent by threads created by the Run ThreadTo function to inform the caller that the model has stopped The nw parameter specifies the window handle The nM parameter specifies the message code If hw is non zero every thread created by the Run ThreadTo function will call PostMessage hw hM 0 0 after the model reaches the stopped state 221 RAND CHAPTER 5 SysLib The Standard Class Library This chapter describes the classes that comprise the SysLib library VRAND 5 1 LINEAR BLOCKS 5 1 1 CGain CGain Jeb Figure 250 CGain Clas
32. The Transitions tab The Transitions tab see Figure 228 allows the user to specify the transitions that when executed cause the model to stop The tab shows the transitions in a list Every transition has a checkbox next to it If a checkbox is checked the model will Stop every time the corresponding transition is executed The list can be populated by dragging and dropping transitions from Behavior Chart windows The additional Any transition checkbox when checked causes the model to stop on any transition in any behavior chart add a transition 1 Drag the transition from the corresponding Behavior Chart window and drop it onto the list in the Transitions tab To remove a transition 1 Right click the transition in the list and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 195 Figure 229 Predicates tab The Predicates tab see Figure 229 allows the user to specify one or more boolean conditions also known as predicates that when satisfied cause the model to stop The tab shows the predicates in a list Every predicate has a checkbox next to it Ifa checkbox is checked the model will stop every time the corresponding condition becomes true To add a predicate 1 Right click anywhere in the list and choose Add from the popup menu The Edit predicate dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 230 Edit predicate Object Expre
33. This field specifies the name of the company that produced the model Legal copyright This field specifies the copyright notices that apply to the model Trademarks This field specifies the trademarks and registered trademarks that apply to the model Product name This field specifies the name of the product with which the model is distributed File description This field contains a brief description of the model Product version This field specifies the version of the product with which the model is distributed File version This field specifies the version of the model Internal name This field specifies the internal name of the model Original filename This field specifies the original name of the model Include version information in models If this checkbox is checked Rand Model Designer includes the version information specified on this tab in the executable model generated from this project Otherwise the version information is not included in the executable model 3 13 THE ENVIRONMENT OPTIONS DIALOG BOX The Environment options dialog box allows the user to customize the integrated modeling environment 140 FRAND To open the Environment options dialog box 1 Choose Tools Environment options from the main menu The Environment options dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 156 Environment options Colors Display Fonts Undo limit Figure 156 T
34. This functionality is available in all Rand Model Designer versions Additionally Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educational versions allow the user to build and save the executable model as a standalone executable that can be run separately from the integrated modeling environment Furthermore the project can be configured to produce the embeddable executable model instead of the visual one see Section 3 12 3 The embeddable executable model is a Windows DLL that any software can link to in order to get programmatic access to the model For more on executable models see Chapter 4 To run the visual executable model 1 Click Run model on the main toolbar or Choose Model Run from the main menu The visual executable model will appear To terminate the visual executable model 1 Click Stop model lll one the main toolbar or Choose Model Stop from the main menu The visual executable model will disappear 135 GRAND To build the standalone executable model available in Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educational 1 Click Build model m on the main toolbar or Choose Model Build from the main menu Rand Model Designer will build the standalone executable model and display a success message 2 Click OK To save the standalone executable model with a specific name and location available in Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educati
35. To select a color as a background color right click that color in the Color palette 3 13 3 The Display Tab A Environment options General Colors Fonts Highlight inherited and overridden elements mathematical form for expressions in algorithmic statements Floating point format general precision 8 mi fixed exponential digits 3 Figure 158 The Display tab This tab contains the following elements Highlight inherited and overridden elements This checkbox enables disables highlighting of inherited and overridden elements on behavior charts and structure diagrams Mathematical form for expressions in algorithmic statements This checkbox determines whether the Mathematical style option of the Text Editor window is on or off by default see Section 3 7 2 Floating point format This group of options and fields defines the format used to display floating point numbers everywhere in the integrated modeling environment The general fixed and exponential options select the general fixed and exponential floating point formats respectively The precision field specifies the maximum number of digits in the textual representation of floating point numbers The digits field specifies the number of decimal places 142 GRAND 3 13 4 The Fonts Tab A Environment options General Colors Display Window font Tahoma 8 Font OK Cancel Text editor font Courie
36. allows the user to select one of the following explicit methods Modified Newton Classical Newton Powell Implicit methods This group of options allows the user to select the following implicit method RADAU DAE methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following methods intended primarily for solving algebraic differential equations DDASSL Automatic 205 www rand service com RAND 4 2 13 2 5 The Optimization Tab Numerical methods Tolerance Differential equations Algebraic differential equations Algebraic equations Optimization nonlinear constraints no constraints ll Conjugate gradient algorithm Random search Quasi Newton Direct search bounds on the variables Quasi Newton C Direct search Figure 241 The Optimization tab The Optimization tab Figure 241 contains the following elements nonlinear constraints This group of options specifies the method used to solve optimization problems with nonlinear constraints Possible options Powell Random search bounds on the variables This group of options specifies the method used to solve optimization problems where variables have individual feasibility ranges Possible options Quasi Newton Direct search no constraints This group of options specifies the method used to solve optimization problems without constraints Possible options Conjugate gradien
37. block implements the transfer function W s which T s 4 2 T amp s 1 is equivalent to the following system of equations dY _ y d dy KOR DET Vay dt T 5 2 NONLINEAR BLOCKS 5 2 1 CDeadZone CDeadzone 47 b Figure 257 CDeadZone Class name CDeadZone Parameters double 1 the gain factor D double 1 the dead zone width X0 double 0 the initial value of X Input variables X double Output variables Y double 0 Function This block implements the function shown in Figure 258 227 Y Ex E D Y Ex EXD Figure 258 CDeadZone function 5 2 2 CSaturation CSaturation eb Figure 259 CSaturation Class name CSaturation Parameters double 1 the gain factor UpperLimit double 1 the upper bound on the input signal LowerLimit double UpperLimit the lower bound on the input signal X0 double 0 the initial value of X Input variables X double Output variables Y double 0 Function This block implements the function shown in Figure 260 228 GRAND vt UpperLimit LowerLimit Figure 260 CSaturation function 5 2 3 CRelay CRelay e B gt Figure 261 CRelay Class name CRalay Parameters OnValue double 1 the output when the relay is on OffValue double 0 the output when the relay is off OnInput double 0 the on th
38. call to this function is equivalent to getVarDoubleValueEx 0 hVar Y function getVarVectorValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle var N integer var Y TArrayDouble TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified variable of type vector The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The hVar parameter identifies the variable The N parameter specifies the vector size The y parameter receives the current value of the specified variable function GetVarVectorValue hVar TVarHandle var N integer var Y TArrayDouble TRetCode Retrieves the current value of the specified variable of type vector N in the default model instance A call to this function is equivalent to getVarVectorValueEx 0 hVar Y function setVarValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle const X variant TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of arbitrary type The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The nvar parameter identifies the variable The x parameter specifies the value If the type of x does not match the variable type the function attempts to convert x to the variable type If that fails xcr11egalVarValue is returned Assigning TRUE to a signal variable sends a signal without parameters to that variable function SetVarValue hVar TVarHandle X variant TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of arbitrary type in the default model
39. checkbox shows hides vertical grid lines The horiz checkbox shows hides horizontal grid lines The lines option selects solid grid lines The dots option selects dashed grid lines The points option selects dotted grid lines Jump line style This group of options specifies how the Diagram window handles value gaps that occur when variables change discretely due to model state changes no indicates that gaps remain open dots indicates that gaps are closed with dotted lines solid indicates that gaps are closed with normal solid lines step These two fields if present specify the grid step along the x axis the first field and the y axis the second field min These two fields if present specify the minimum value along the x axis the first field and the y axis the second field max These two fields if present specify the maximum value along the x axis the first field and the y axis the second field scale These two fields if present specify the scaling factor for the x axis the first field and the y axis the second field Color fill This group of color selectors specifies the fill colors The Plot colors are used to fill the plot area The Panels colors are used to fill the rest of the diagram In each row Color 1 specifies the starting color of the linear gradient while Color 2 specifies the ending color X axis label This field specifies the label displayed along the x axis Y axi
40. element will be added to the selection This way you can have more than one element selected at a time see Figure 80 Figure 80 Multiple elements selected To select all elements of the behavior chart 1 Right click anywhere in the editing area and choose Select all from the popup menu All elements of the behavior chart will be selected see Figure 81 e d H D TRIS Figure 81 elements selected To move the selected element s 1 Drag the selected element s to the desired location To delete the selected element s 1 Click Delete on the behavior chart editor toolbar or Right click the selection and choose Delete from the popup menu or Hit Delete To toggle the grid 1 Click Grid on the behavior chart editor toolbar Regardless of whether the grid is visible or not all operations align all elements to the grid At any moment the behavior chart can be converted into a hybrid local class see Section 2 11 convert the behavior chart into a hybrid local class 1 Right click anywhere in the editing area and choose Behavior chart to class from the popup menu The Enter the local class name dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 82 100 Enter the local class name Local class 1 Cancel Figure 82 The Enter the local class name dialog box 2 Type the name of the new local class and click OK This will create a new hybrid local class with the same behavior chart
41. equations Rand Model Designer selects unknown variables from the set of free variables Free variables are variables that participate in the system of equations and are not yet declared as either known or unknown If the number of free variables is equal to the number of unknown variables that Rand Model Designer needs to select the selection succeeds and all free variables become unknown The resulting system of equations is considered formally resolvable For example given the system of equations x y I x y 0 where x and y are variables Rand Model Designer selects x and y as unknown variables and considers the resulting system formally resolvable Likewise given the system of equations x y 0 y x 0 Rand Model Designer selects x and y as unknown variables and considers the resulting system formally resolvable too If the number of free variables is greater than the number of unknown variables that Rand Model Designer needs to select the automatic selection fails the system of equations is considered underdetermined all free variables remain free and the selection of unknown variables is deferred to the stage of processing the aggregate system of equations see Section 2 6 An example of an underdetermined system of equations x y and z are free variables x y z 1 0 The number of free variables cannot be less than the number of unknown variables that Rand Model Designer needs to select If the number of free varia
42. for the constant in the Comments field If you want to assign the new constant to one or more groups click LJ The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the constant to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 87 GRAND 10 Click OK in the Constant dialog box modify a constant using the Constant dialog box 1 Double click the constant in the class editor tree or Right click the constant in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Constant dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 57 2 Use the Constant dialog box to modify the constant When done click OK To modify a constant in place in the class editor tree 1 Click the constant in the class editor tree After a short while click the constant again An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 61 9 Constants c 1 double 0 Functions and procedures Figure 61 Editing a constant in place 2 Modify the constant definition in place 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the class editor To convert a constant into a parameter or a variable 1 Drag the constant to the Parameters External variables State variables or Variables node of the class editor tree 3 4 1 7 Functions and Procedures The Functions and procedures node of the class editor tree represents the functions and procedures of the class For more on clas
43. in Figure 221 SEE EART Figure 221 The Equation Blocks window The information is organized in a table where each row represents a block and has the following fields Block displays the name of the block Diff equations displays the number of differential equations in the block Alg equations displays the number of algebraic equations in the block Formulas displays the number of formulas in the block In order for the Equation Blocks window to display information about equation blocks the Take equation blocks into account option must be set in the numerical method settings see Section 4 2 13 2 6 To open the Equation Blocks window 1 Choose Service Show information about equation blocks from the popup menu 4 2 10 The Calculator Window The Calculator window allows the user to evaluate expressions see Section 2 15 involving model variables and parameters The Calculator window looks as shown in Section 2 15 191 Expression 2 2 Vy 212g y Figure 222 The Calculator window To open the Calculator window 1 Click Calculator the main toolbar or Choose Service Calculator from the main menu The Calculator window will appear If it has not been used before it will look as shown in Figure 223 Formula calculator Figure 223 An empty Calculator window To enter an expression for evaluati
44. in order to get programmatic access to the model 213 GRAND val To generate the embeddable executable model 1 Make sure the Embedded model Win32 DLL option is selected on the Model tab of the Project options dialog box see Section 3 12 3 2 Build the model To do so click Build model m on the main toolbar or Choose Model Build from the popup menu Rand Model Designer will build the model and display a success message box Click OK in the message box 3 Save the generated model with the desired name to the desired location To do so choose Model Save as from the main menu The Save model as dialog box will appear In the Save model as dialog box specify the name and location and click Save The embeddable model exports a set of functions that allow the application to control model execution and access the contents of the model These functions are described in detail in the subsections that follow The embeddable model allows the application to run multiple model instances simultaneously Every model instance maintains its own model time and state of objects and is independent from other model instances Every model instance is identified by a unique handle of type TModelHandle Many of the functions of the embeddable model take a TModelHandle as the first parameter allowing the caller to identify the model instance Some functions do not take an explicit TModelHandle parameter these work with the imp
45. only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color XYZs specifies the starting polygon of the beam as a three column matrix whose rows represent the points y and z coordinates of the polygon 187 GRAND t dX dY dZ specifies the x y and z offset of the ending polygon Closed specifies whether the beam ends are capped Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 10 Quadrangle This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color 21 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 23 x4 4 24 specify the coordinates of the four points of the quadrangle Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 11 Arrow This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is vis
46. operator assigns the value of its right hand side expression to the variable referenced by its left hand side expression Syntax lt assignment_operator gt lt lhs_expression gt lt rhs_expression gt lt lhs_expression gt lt expression gt lt rhs_expression gt lt expression gt Example 6 8 2 sin x 56 val GRAND 2 16 2 Procedure Call Operator The procedure call operator calls a procedure with specified arguments see Section 2 14 Syntax procedure call operator procedure name argument list argument list lt argument gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt expression gt The argument expressions are evaluated in the order of their appearance in the argument list from left to right Examples setup 4 3 true alpha 2 matrixtofile x myfile txt 2 16 3 The if Operator The i operator performs conditional execution of an operator sequence or a conditional choice between two or more operator sequences executing only one of them Syntax if operator if conditional expression then operator sequence elsif conditional expression then operator sequence else operator sequence end if A conditional expression is an expression that evaluates to boolean The if operator is executed by first evaluating the conditional expression following the if keyword If the result is true t
47. orthogonal states 17 GRAND i 2 4 1 State A state represents some lasting state of the modeled object On a behavior chart a state is shown as a rectangle with rounded corners see Figure 3 entry actions entry actions gt exit actions exit actions do activity ER TC 7 name Figure 3 State A state has the following properties Name Entry actions Exit actions Activity The name of a state is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all states of the behavior chart The entry actions of a state a sequence of operators see Section 2 16 that is executed instantly every time the state is entered A state may have no entry actions in which case no actions are executed when the state is entered The exit actions of a state are a sequence of operators that is executed instantly every time the state is exited A state may have no exit actions in which case no actions are executed when the state is exited The activity of a state is specified by a class and a set of actual parameter values see Section 2 8 and initial variable values see Section 2 9 for an instance of that class The activity is executed while the state remains current The class used to specify the activity is called the activity class An instance of the activity class is called an activity object An activity object is created automatically when the state is entered executes the state s activity while the st
48. returns the j th column of the matrix x det x returns the determinant of the square matrix x eye n returns an n by n square matrix with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere inv x returns the inverse of the square matrix x matrixfromfile fp loads a matrix from a text file specifies the path to the file If fp is a relative path it is assumed to be relative to the project folder The first line of the file is assumed to contain column names and therefore is ignored If different lines of the file have different number of elements the number of columns will be equal to the maximum number of elements and all unspecified elements will be set to 0 matrixtofile x fp stores the matrix or vector x as a table into a text file p specifies the path to the file If fp is a relative path it is assumed to be relative to the project folder max x returns the largest element of x where x is either a vector or matrix mean x returns the mean value among all elements of x where x is either a vector or matrix min returns the smallest element of x where x is either a vector or matrix 1 x returns the 1 norm of the matrix x normE x returns the Euclidean norm of the matrix x normInf x returns the infinity norm of the matrix x normspectr x returns the spectral norm 2 norm of the matrix x norm m x returns the M norm of the matrix x ones
49. row 1 Right click the row and choose Delete line from the popup menu 4 2 11 Model Time The model time consists of two intertwined components continuous time and discrete time The continuous model time represents the time elapsed since the start of the model in model time units The discrete model time represents the number of behavior chart transition executions since the start of the model The current continuous and discrete model times are displayed on the main toolbar of the visual executable model see Section 4 2 The visual executable model can run either as fast as possible or at a certain ratio between the continuous model time and the real time This is configured on the Run tab of the Model settings dialog box see Section 4 2 13 1 1 Running the model as fast as possible allows to simulate the model at the highest possible speed whereas running the model at a fixed model time to real time ratio allows to animate the model smoothly By default every newly created model is configured to run as fast as possible 4 2 12 The Breakpoint conditions Dialog Box The Breakpoint conditions dialog box allows the user to configure the model to stop when a certain condition is satisfied The supported condition types allow to stop the model Every N units of continuous or discrete time At a given continuous or discrete time moment When a specific behavior chart state is entered When a specific or any behavior chart transition is ex
50. the corresponding local object see Section 2 7 1 or activity object see Section 2 4 1 If the actual value of a parameter is not specified the default value specified in the parameter definition is used Every parameter is assigned its actual value once upon creation of the corresponding instance of the class Once the value is assigned it cannot be changed 2 9 VARIABLES A class can have an arbitrary number of variables Variables store the data of the class and may be used by the class to interact with its environment If a class is open see Section 2 3 it can have variables of two kinds external and internal External variables define the interface of the class If a class has external 33 GRAND i variables they appear on the class boundary on the structure diagram of the class see Section 2 7 2 Also if some structure diagram contains a local object whose class has external variables those external variables appear on the border of the local object see Section 2 7 1 Internal variables belong to the internal implementation of the class and have no direct effect on the class interface If a class is isolated it can only have internal variables Internal variables of an isolated class are usually called simply variables Every variable has the following properties Name Category if the variable is external Type Default initial value The name of a variable is an identifier see Section 6 2 uniqu
51. the lower bound and the enclosed operator sequence is executed Then the loop variable is incremented and the enclosed operator sequence is executed again This is repeated for every variable value up to and including the upper bound A loop starting with the while keyword the while loop is executed as follows First the conditional expression following the while keyword is evaluated If the result is t rue the enclosed operator sequence is executed once Then the conditional expression is evaluated again and if the result is true the enclosed operator sequence is executed again This is repeated until the conditional expression evaluates to false A loop may start with the loop keyword that is have no loop specification Such a loop executes the enclosed operator sequence repeatedly until the exit see Section 2 16 6 or return operator see Section 2 16 7 is executed Examples for k in 1 10 loop 2 2 t y end loop while z 0 loop end ince I 2 16 6 The exit Operator The exit operator transfers control out of an enclosing loop either unconditionally or if a certain condition is satisfied Syntax exit operator exit when conditional expression A conditional expression is an expression that evaluates to boolean If the optional when keyword is absent the exit operator unconditionally transfers control out of the current innermost 1oop operator If the when keyword is present the e
52. the selected transition H toggles the grid in the editing area opens the Font dialog box to edit the font used by the behavior chart editor allows the user to print the behavior chart allows the user to save the behavior chart to a file as an image 3 4 3 2 Editing Area The behavior chart editing area allows the user to graphically edit the elements of the behavior chart The editing area can contain the following elements States Special states Transitions The user can create new elements move them around modify their properties resize states modify transition curves and delete any elements except for the mandatory initial state Every element with at least one non empty property is displayed with an associated property label that shows all non empty properties of the element Property labels have links to their respective elements and can be moved around as well When a new hybrid class is created its behavior chart is automatically populated with the mandatory initial state an ordinary state and a transition from the initial state to the ordinary one To select an element 1 Click the element or Right click anywhere in the editing area and select the element in the Go to submenu of the popup menu The element will appear selected as shown in Figure 79 Figure 79 One element selected 99 GRAND To add an element to the selection 1 Click the element while holding Shift The
53. type Otherwise select the option that corresponds to the category of the type for which the new type will act as a synonym The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to specify the type for which the new declared type will act as a synonym When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box Click OK in the User type editing dialog box RAND 3 3 3 Constants For detailed information on constants see Section 2 10 To create a new constant 1 Right click the Project constants node in the Project Manager window and choose New constant from the popup menu The Constant window will appear as shown in Figure 31 Constant Identifier globConst_1 Type double Value 0 Comments Group ES Figure 31 The Constant window 2 Type the name of the new constant in the Identifier field 3 To specify the type of the new constant click Type The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to choose the type of the constant When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 4 To specify the value of the new constant click Value If the type of the constant is an enumeration the Choose enumerated value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 32 Otherwise if the type of the constant is a record the Component Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 33 Otherwise the Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figu
54. using the Diagram parameters dialog box For more information see Section 4 2 4 1 The contents of a Diagram window can at any time be cleared printed or saved to an image or text file To clear a Diagram window 1 Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Clear from the popup menu To print a Diagram window 1 Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Print from the popup menu The standard Print dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 188 161 Printer Name Microsoft Office Document Image Writer Properties Status Ready Microsoft Office Document Image Writer Driver Where Microsoft Document Imaging Writer Port Comment Print range Copies All Number of copies Cancel Figure 188 The Print dialog box 2 Adjust printing properties if necessary and click OK To save the contents of a Diagram window to file as an image 1 Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Save image from the popup menu The Save As dialog box will appear 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the image 3 Type the file name in the File name field 4 Click Save To save the contents of a Diagram window to a file as a text table 1 Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Export from the popup menu The Diagram data export dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 189 Diagra
55. visible Color specifies the color X1 y1 21 specify the coordinates of the center of the torus nX nY nZ specify the normal vector that represents the axis of symmetry of the torus Radius specifies the radius of the torus that is the distance from the center of the torus to the center of the tube Thickness specifies the radius of the tube Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the torus Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 8 Spring This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color X1 y1 z1 specify the coordinates of the starting point of the spring x2 y2 z2 specify the coordinates of the ending point of the spring Radius specifies the radius of the spring cylinder Thickness specifies the spring thickness Turns specifies the number of turns Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the spring Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 9 Beam This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read
56. visual executable model is discussed in Section 4 2 The embeddable executable model is a Windows DLL that does not include any visualization capabilities The embeddable executable model is intended for inclusion in other applications that can support their own visualization The embeddable executable model is discussed in Section 4 3 4 2 VISUAL EXECUTABLE MODEL When the user starts the visual executable model see Section 3 11 the model s main window appears as shown in Figure 160 Rand Model Designer Visual Model SEE Settings Simulation Service Window Help 0 000 Figure 160 Visual executable model main window The main window consists of the main menu main toolbar and working area The main menu provides access to most of the functions of the model The main toolbar 146 GRAND vt displays the current continuous and discrete model time and provides shortcuts to some of the most commonly used items of the main menu The working area is where all other windows of the visual executable model are opened Depending on the model the working area of a newly started model may initially contain some of the following windows A Variables window displaying all parameters and variables of the model object A Diagram window displaying the time diagram of all variables of the model object A Behavior Chart window displaying the behavior chart of the model object A Structure window displaying the structure diagram
57. will appear as shown in Figure 247 Figure 247 Message dialog box Type the message text and click OK To add or insert a breakpoint command 1 If you want to add a breakpoint command to the end of the plan right click anywhere in the command list and choose Add Breakpoint from the popup menu Otherwise if you want to insert a breakpoint command before a specific command right click that command and choose Insert Breakpoint from the popup menu To add or insert a quit command 1 If you want to add a quit command to the end of the plan right click anywhere in the command list and choose Add Quit from the popup menu Otherwise if you want to insert a quit command before a specific command right click that command and choose Insert Quit from the popup menu To modify an existing assignment pause or message command 1 210 Double click the command or Right click the command and choose Edit from the popup menu Depending on the command type either the Assignment Pause or Message dialog box will appear RAND 2 Modify the command argument and click OK To delete a command 1 Right click the command and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 4 2 16 Saving and Restoring the Current Model State The current state of the visual executable model can at any time be saved to or restored from a file By conv
58. y 2 17 VISIBILITY RULES The visibility rules determine the scope of every project element Project elements are classes variables parameters functions procedures etc The scope of an element is the part of the project where that element is available for use or in other words visible 61 GRAND i The notion of a scope is closely intertwined with the notion of a block Each of the following entities designates a block Project The elements visible in a project are the classes constants declared types functions and procedures defined in that project or imported into that project from other projects Class The elements visible in a class are the parameters variables constants functions procedures local classes and local objects defined in that class Function or procedure The elements visible in a function or procedure are the formal parameters and local variables of that function or procedure The for loop The element visible in a for loop is the loop variable A block can enclose other blocks For example if a project contains a class it means that the corresponding project block encloses the corresponding class block Using the notion of a block the visibility rules can be defines as follows Suppose there is an element 1 with the name N defined in some block B1 E1 is visible in its defining block B1 and usually all enclosed blocks However if some enclosed block B2 defines another element
59. 2 22 GRAND j where expression 1 gt and lt expression 2 gt expressions see Section 2 15 that can contain the standard operations see Section 2 15 1 variables See Section 2 9 parameters see Section 2 8 constants see Section 2 10 and functions see Section 2 14 visible in the class as well as the first and second derivatives of the variables with respect to time In equations the first derivative of x with respect to time is written as a the second as ES see Section 3 7 t Examples of individual equations x y and z are variables k and p are parameters x 0 x y 0 x wu 22 x sin Time 7 sqrt x function_1 y Se ay dt 4 zT x lige y dt d dx _ dt dt 0 dt dt dt _ _ a dx zd Pe 0 dt dt 2 d x dx z F a ck ty dt dt dt dt The system of equations of a class can contain one or more equations for example 23 dt dy dt or or a 3 y y z k The set of variables visible in a compound class see Section 2 3 includes external variables of the compound class local objects see Section 2 7 1 External variables of local objects can therefore participate in the system of equations of a compound class In the system of equations of a compound class an external variable of a local object can be referred to as lt lo
60. 24 www rand service com RAND eee Record component Identifier Cancel Type double Help Value Comments Figure 135 The Record component dialog box 3 Type the name of the field in the Identifier field 4 To specify the type of the field click Type Another Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box to specify the type of the field When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 5 If necessary type the comments for the field in the Comments field 6 Click OK in the Record component dialog box 7 f necessary repeat the above steps to add more fields to the record type 8 Click OK in the Choose type dialog box To specify a connector type 1 Click the Connector tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 136 Choose type Components Figure 136 The Choose type dialog box the Connector tab 2 To add a component to the connector type click Add The Connector component dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 137 Connector component Identifier Type double Cancel Comments Input Output Contact Flow Connector Figure 137 The Connector component dialog box 3 Type the name of the component in the Identifier field 4 To specify the type of the component click Type Another Choose type dial
61. 3 2 Regular Types The regular types are fixed and variable size vectors and matrices 2 13 2 1 Vectors vector N type represents a fixed size vector with N elements of type double The vector type represents a variable size vector with elements of type double Vector elements are numbered starting from 1 The current size of a vector can be obtained using the size function see Section 2 14 1 2 The operations defined for vectors are see also Section 2 15 1 x multiplication by a scalar addition subtraction equality relation inequality relation Vector literals have the following syntax vector literal double literal double literal j Examples 0 0 2 3 5 67 1E2 2 13 2 2 Matrices matrix N M type represents a fixed size matrix with N rows and M columns with elements of type double The matrix type represents a variable size matrix with elements of type double Row and columns are numbered starting from 1 Every vector is and can be used as a matrix with one column matrix N 1 The current size of a matrix can be obtained using the size function see Section 2 14 1 2 The operations defined for matrices are see also Section 2 15 1 multiplication by a scalar or another matrix addition 40 GRAND subtraction equality relation inequality relation Matrix literals have the following
62. 74 154 RAND EN Service model structure Heater Thermostat Subtractor Relay Figure 174 Opening the Structure window of a compound local object If a local object is hybrid its Behavior Chart window can be opened as follows To open the Behavior Chart window of a hybrid local object 1 Right click the local object and choose Behavior chart from the popup menu The object s Behavior Chart window will appear as shown in Figure 175 7 2 model structure Thermostat Heater A Thermostat behavior chart Figure 175 Opening the Behavior Chart window of hybrid local object If a local object has parameters or variables its Variables window be opened as follows To open the Variables window of a local object 1 Right click the local object and choose Variables from the popup menu The object s Variables window will appear as shown in Figure 176 155 www rand service com Thermostat Heater Figure 176 Opening the Variables window of a local object The value of any external variable visible in a Structure window can be modified directly from the Structure window modify the value of an external variable 1 Right click the variable and choose New value from the popup menu The New Value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 177 Thermostat Out_1 NUEH CT Figure 177 The New Value dialog box
63. CRAND RAND MODEL DESIGNER Version 6 0 USER MANUAL Service m 2010 Rand Service Lid All rights reserved The information contained herein is proprietary to Rand Service Ltd and shall not be duplicated in whole or in part The technical details contained in this manual are the best that are available at the date of issue but are subject to change without notice Rand Service Ltd pursues the policy of continuous development This may lead to the product described in this manual being different from the product delivered after its publication www rand service com CRAND i Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction cedere sioe erdt dir tere 10 1 1 What Is Rand Model 11 1 2 How Rand Model Designer 11 1 3 Document 13 CHAPTER 2 Modeling Language 14 M dm 15 2 2 CIASSOS Im 16 2 9 Stereotype eiiean 17 VI MEI roger m 17 24 1 Stale ide vad oed dade dnce die 18 2 4 2 TTansSltlOI eterne rnt br pe esee rese parue esee ek dx e eet ete ona 19 2 4 3 Internal Transition eese innen dried 20 2 4 4 Initial eae deeds 20 2 4 5 Final State 21 2 4 6 Switch POINT iiid ei
64. Cancel at any time If you select the required number of unknown variables and click OK the resulting system of equations will appear in the equation system editor as shown in Figure 72 Otherwise if you click Cancel the resulting system of equations will also appear in the equation system editor but in that case the selection of unknown variables will be deferred to the stage of processing the aggregate system of equations 94 www rand service com Continuous behavior y x 2 phit theta phi theta 1 thetat y 2 0 2 2 Unknown variables phi theta x y z Initial values for derivatives 2 0 Equations Figure 72 Resulting system of equations example 2 7 any case after you get back to the equation system editor the selected unknown variables if any will appear under the Unknown variables node Additionally if the set of equations includes second order differential equations the Initial values of derivatives node will appear in the equation system editor with sub nodes representing the initial values of the corresponding first derivatives To override inherited equations 1 Open the class editor for a class that inherits the system of equations from another class Activate the equation system editor which will look as shown in Figure 73 Q Continuous behavior t y x 2 phi theta t phi theta 1 t theta v 2 0 2 2 Un
65. Diagram parameters dialog box Color 1 Color 2 2 Right click the variable in the list at the top and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 3 Click Yes 4 Click OK in the Diagram parameters dialog box The Diagram window plots double integer short and byte values according to common plotting conventions Different plots can either share a single y axis or each use its own y axis range and scale as shown in Figure 185 A Time diagram model x model y v 3 m 0 10 v 16 4 4 11 11 12 13 14 Figure 185 Different plots each using its own y axis range and scale 160 www rand service com RAND Enumeration values are plotted so that each enumeration literal is assigned a value which is one grid step greater than the adjacent lower value and one grid step less than the adjacent upper value see Figure 186 for example Time diagram model x c NI y ll PRIN P NUN el el Figure 186 An enumeration variable plotted in the Diagram window Signal variables are plotted so that each signal occurrence is denoted by a vertical Stroke as shown in Figure 187 Figure 187 A signal variable plotted the Diagram window Every new Diagram window is configured to display a time diagram If there is more than one variable on a time diagram the diagram can at any time be converted to a phase diagram and back
66. Figure 105 New switch point uw Figure 106 New probabilistic switch point 3 4 4 Structure Diagram Editor The structure diagram editor see Figure 107 allows the user to edit the structure diagram of a class For more on the structure diagram see Section 2 7 109 Structure and Interface Figure 107 Structure diagram editor The structure diagram editor consists of the editing area and the toolbar The editing area allows the user to graphically edit the elements of the structure diagram The toolbar provides shortcuts to some of the most commonly used commands of the structure diagram editor 3 4 4 1 Toolbar Buttons The structure diagram editor toolbar contains the following buttons creates new local object opens the External variable dialog box to create an input variable opens the External variable dialog box to create output variable i opens the External variable dialog box to create a contact variable _ opens the External variable dialog box to create flow variable da _ opens the External variable dialog box to create a connector variable _ creates new link X deletes the selected elements jh toggles the grid in the editing area toggles display of local object variable names A opens the Font dialog box to edit the font used by the structure diagram editor i allows the user to print the structure diagram 110 GRAND vA E allows the us
67. Figure 129 Choose type Standard Vector Matrix Enumerated Declared OK Cancel Help Formal parameters Type definition sorai Figure 129 The Choose type dialog box the Signal tab 2 To add a parameter to the signal type click Add The Parameter dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 130 Identifier m Type double Value Comments Group i Figure 130 The Parameter dialog box 3 Type the name of the parameter in the Identifier field 4 To specify the type of the parameter click Type Another Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box to specify the type of the parameter When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 5 If necessary type the comments for the parameter in the Comments field 6 If you want to assign the parameter to one or more groups click LJ The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the parameter to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 122 RAND 7 Click OK in the Parameter dialog box 8 If necessary repeat the above steps to add more parameters to the signal type 9 Click OK in the Choose type dialog box To specify an enumeration 1 Click the Enumerated tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 131 Choose type Standard _ Vector Matrix Declared L
68. PROCEDURES Functions and procedures are subroutines that can be called from various places within a project A function is a subroutine that returns some value A procedure is a subroutine that does not return a value A function call executes the body of the called function and receives the value returned by the function The returned value can participate in the evaluation of the expression that called the function The syntax of function calls is described in Section 2 15 43 GRAND i A procedure call executes the body of the called procedure and does not receive any value The syntax of procedure calls is described in Section 2 16 2 Functions and procedures can be divided into predefined functions and procedures and user defined functions and procedures The predefined functions and procedures are defined and automatically available in all projects User defined functions and procedures become available only after they are explicitly defined by the user The predefined functions and procedures are described in the section that follows User defined functions and procedures are discussed in Section 2 14 2 2 14 1 Predefined Functions and Procedures The following predefined functions and procedures are available in all projects 2 14 1 1 Standard Math Functions abs x returns the absolute value of x arccos x returns the arccosine of x requires 1 lt x lt 1 arch x returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine
69. RAND To zoom a 3D Animation window out 1 Click anywhere in the 3D Animation window while holding Control To save the contents of a Animation window to a file as an image 1 Right click anywhere in the 3D Animation window and choose Save image from the popup menu The Save As dialog box will appear 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the image 3 Type the file name in the File name field 4 Click Save To record the animation and save it to an AVI file 1 Right click anywhere in the 3D Animation window and choose Create AVI from the popup menu A message explaining the recording process will appear as shown in Figure 219 Rand Model Designer Visual Model i MA neum Figure 219 Recording start message 2 Click OK The 3D Animation window will start recording the animation 3 To stop recording right click anywhere in the 3D Animation window The Save As dialog box will appear 4 Browse to the folder where you want to save the recorded video 5 Type the file name in the File name field 6 Click Save The sections that follow describe the objects supported by the 3D Animation window 4 2 7 3 Line Segment This object has the following properties
70. SawtoothGenerator Parameters UpperLevel double 1 the upper bound LowerLevel double 0 the lower bound Period double 1 the period of the signal Input variables none Output variables Y double LowerLevel Function This block implements the function shown in Figure 269 77 UpperLevel Cle EEN Lower evel t Figure 269 CSawtoothGenerator function 233 GRAND v 5 3 4 CPulseGenerator CPulseGenerator pb Figure 270 CPulseGenerator Class name CPulseGenerator Parameters Amplitude double 1 the pulse amplitude Period double 2 the pulse period PulseWidth double Period 2 the pulse width in model time units YO double 0 the average value of the output Input variables none Output variables Y double YO Function This block generates the output as shown in Figure 271 Y PulseWidth Amplitude Period Figure 271 CPulseGenerator function 234 GRAND vt 5 3 5 CStepsGenerator CStepsGenerator Figure 272 CStepsGenerator Class name CStepsGenerator Parameters Values vector 0 1 the sequence of output values Delays vector 1 2 the sequence of time intervals Input variables none Output variables Y double Values 1 Function This block outputs a periodic sequence of constant signal levels The block keeps its output at Values 1 for the amount of time Delays 1 then at Values 2 for the a
71. Select The Choose class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 29 Select the required base class in the Choose class dialog box and click OK 68 JE Imported packages This project Class_1 Class_2 Class_3 Figure 29 The Choose class dialog box 5 Inthe New Class dialog box click Apply To open the class editor window for a class 1 Double click the class in the Project Manager window or Right click the class in the Project Manager window and choose Edit from the popup menu The class editor window will appear see Section 3 4 To make a class abstract or concrete 1 Right click the class in the Project Manager window and choose Abstract class from the popup menu This will toggle the flag indicating whether the class is abstract To change the visibility of a class 1 Right click the class in the Project Manager window and choose Public or Private from the popup menu This will set the visibility of the class to the selected value 3 3 2 Declared Types For detailed information on declared types see Section 2 13 6 To create a new declared type 1 Right click the Types node in the Project Manager window and choose New type from the popup menu The User type editing dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 30 69 GRAND User type editing Type identifier ir 2 3 5 ype 1 Distinct type Cancel Enumerated type Signal type V
72. To modify the x axis labels 1 170 To modify the labeling mode right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose either No Integer or Real from the X axis labels Mode submenu of the popup menu No indicates that no labels will be shown Integer enables integer labels Real enables real number labels To modify the value of the first label right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose X axis labels First label from the popup menu The First Label dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 202 In the First Label dialog box type the new value for the first label and click OK Figure 202 First Label dialog box To modify the increment between labels right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose X axis labels Increment from the popup menu The Increment dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 203 In the Increment dialog box type the new value for the increment and click OK Figure 203 Increment dialog box To modify the number of decimal places in real number labels right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose X axis labels Precision from the popup menu The Precision dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 204 In the Precision dialog box type the new value and click OK Figure 204 Precision dialog box GRAND To modify
73. _expression gt lt lt double_expression gt double expression gt double expression double expression double expression structure diagram definition object definition link definition object definition static object name class name actual initial values object name identifier link definition link link name from external variable reference to external variable reference link link name external variable reference external variable reference link name identifier 241 www rand service com Service m external variable reference object name external variable name external variable name external variable name identifier Xbehavior definition equation system definition behavior chart definition equation system definition equations lt equation gt unknown lt unknown_variables gt initial lt first_derivative_initial_value gt TESI unknown variables variable name variable name first derivative initial value value behavior chart definition bchart state definition transition definition noms state definition ordinary state definition special state definition ordinary state definition
74. _lower_bound gt independent variable upper bound gt absolute tolerance The independent variable must be of type double The expression must evaluate to double The scope of the independent variable is limited to the expression Besides the independent variable the expression can involve any other quantities such as class variables parameters and constants but during the calculation of the functor all quantities remain constant except for the independent variable If the absolute error tolerance is omitted the default specified in the numerical method settings is used The following functors are supported 2 14 1 5 1 integral integral calculates the definite integral of the specified function on the specified interval Example integral x k sin x 0 1 In this example x is the independent variable k sin x is the expression specifying the function to be integrated 0 and 1 are the lower and upper bounds of the integration interval respectively k can be a variable a parameter or any other quantity visible at this point The lower and upper bounds can be infinite for example integral x exp sign x x Infinity Infinity 2 14 1 5 2 maxfun maxfun finds and returns the independent variable value that corresponds to the maximum value of the specified function on the specified interval Example maxfun z z 2 2 1 2 2 14 1 5 3 minfun minfun finds and returns the independent variable value tha
75. a scalar for matrices and vectors Examples 5 2 Ju4 843 A 2 4 5 6 B 7 8 1 2 1 2 3 2 division of floating point numbers Example 19 3 7 3 03 div integer division of integer numbers Example 107 div 5 mod calculation of the remainder of division of one integer number by another Example 7 mod 5 raising a number to the power of another number applicable to integer and floating point numbers Examples 57 2 4 5 equality relation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers matrices vectors characters strings boolean values and enumeration values Examples 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 me 1 inequality relation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers matrices vectors characters strings boolean values and enumeration values Examples 54 GRAND t 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 2 gt greater than relation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers and enumeration values Examples 7 gt 2 2 4 gt 1 8 lt less than relation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers and enumeration values Examples 7 lt 2 2 4 1 8 greater than or equal to relation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers and enumeration values Examples 7 obey Pi gt 3 1 less than or equal to rel
76. ables selected as known and unknown in the systems of equations of classes become known and unknown respectively in the aggregate system of equations If the resulting number of unknown variables turns out to be equal to the number of equations in the aggregate System the aggregate system is considered formally resolvable and is solved in its existing form If the number of unknown variables turns out to be less than the number of equations in the aggregate system Rand Model Designer adjusts the aggregate system by arbitrarily selecting the required number of unknown variables from the set of free variables and declaring the remaining free variables known The resulting system is considered formally resolvable and is solved in its adjusted form 2 7 STRUCTURE DIAGRAM If a class is compound and or open see Section 2 3 it has the associated structure diagram If a class is compound its structure diagram specifies the internal structure of the class If a class is open its structure diagram defines the interface of the class If a class is compound and open at the same time its structure diagram serves both functions A structure diagram can contain Local objects Links The class boundary Local objects define the internal structure of a compound class Local objects are the elements from which a compound class is built Links define how local objects interact with each other and the class itself Links are connections between varia
77. actions on the behavior chart editor toolbar or Right click the state and choose Exit actions from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 87 Exit actions for S1 5 d 5S v Ay 5 0 amp Figure 87 Editing the exit actions of a state 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the exit actions of the state 102 www rand service com GRAND ul 3 Click OK in the Text Editor window If the exit actions are not empty they will appear in the property label of the state as shown in Figure 88 Pm m m Figure 88 State with exit actions To create a continuous local class and associate it with a state 1 Right click the state and choose Create continuous activity from the popup menu A new continuous local class will be created and added to the Local classes Continuous node of the class editor tree The state will be modified to use the created class as the state s activity The created class will appear in the property label of the state and the state will be displayed with a thick border as shown in Figure 89 Penne ce Figure 89 State with continuous activity To create a hybrid local class and associate it with a state 1 Right click the state and choose Create hybrid activity from the popup menu A new hybrid local class will be created and added to the Local classes Hybrid node of the class editor tree The state will be modifi
78. age file you want to add and click Open The file will be added to the Images list 4 f necessary repeat the above two steps to add more images 5 Set the checkbox next to the image that should be displayed by default 6 Close the Animation parameters dialog box Every sprite has the associated movement area that can be toggled on and off When toggled on the movement area is displayed as a hatched rectangle inside the sprite When toggled on the movement area can be moved and resized To toggle the movement area of a sprite 1 Right click the sprite and choose Track rectangle from the popup menu To move the movement area 1 Drag the movement area in the desired direction lt To resize the movement area 1 Drag any border of the movement area in the desired direction Other sprite properties can be customized using the Animation parameters dialog box 4 2 6 7 1 The Animation parameters Dialog Box To open the Animation parameters dialog box for a sprite 1 Right click the sprite and choose Parameters from the popup menu The Animation parameters dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 213 The Animation parameters dialog box contains the following elements X These three fields specify the minimum Min maximum Max and initial Value x coordinate of the movement area 178 GRAND t Y These three fields specify the minimum Min maximum Max and initial Value y coordinate
79. am serio ce nete ended seen 179 4 2 6 9 Digital Indicato 179 AD OB M MODs 179 4 2 6 4 1 Button tre ie die de euet 179 4 2 7 The 3D Animation WiNdOW 180 4 2 7 1 The 3D animation parameters Dialog Box 181 4 2 7 1 1 The General 182 4 2 7 2 The 3D objects Tabi eee 182 4 2 7 2 Using the 8D Animation Window eene 183 4 2 7 3 Line Segment entente treten 185 4 2 1 455 2 eee cert Fasc aud ease edt de ade 185 zMSenpe 186 42 1 6 GONG M 186 4207 7 TORUS M 187 42278 187 4 2 7 9 B68ITI uie itt aad Minced lana aa 187 4 2 70 tide etre da 188 4 2 7 M WPA OW 188 zum prse 188 427183 Text Label oie eite ede tire reus 189 4 2 8 The Aggregate System of Equations 189 4 2 9 The Equation Blocks 191 4 2 10 The Calculator Window 191 42 11 Model TImoe ii tato eel meni 193 4 2 12 The Breakpoin
80. ariables connected to the source variable either directly or through other variables At that moment if there are behavior chart transitions awaiting a signal on any of these variables including the source variable all such transitions are triggered in undefined order The actions of the triggered transitions can access the arguments of the signal as described in Section 2 13 5 If the optional broadcast keyword is present in a send operator the signal is sent as a broadcast signal A broadcast signal differs from an ordinary signal in that it is automatically transmitted not only between connected variables but also between disconnected variables if they appear on the same structure diagram and have equal names and types In particular if a broadcast signal arrives at an input variable or an internal variable of a compound class it is automatically relayed to all equally named and typed input variables of all contained local objects Also ifa broadcast signal arrives at an output variable of a local object it is automatically relayed to all equally named and typed variables of the containing class and other 60 v l GRAND local objects The use of broadcast signals helps reduce the number of links in complex models Example send x 10 true 34 7 send broadcast x 10 true 34 7 2 16 9 Optimization Operator The optimization operator finds the variable values that correspond to the minimum or maximum value of a certain expre
81. as the current one and erase the current behavior chart 3 4 3 3 States For more on states see Section 2 4 1 To create a new state 1 Click State on the behavior chart editor toolbar A new state will appear on the behavior chart as shown in Figure 83 Figure 83 New state resize a state 1 Selectthe state 2 Drag any border of the state in the desired direction To rename a state 1 Double click the name of the state or Right click the state and choose Rename from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 84 Figure 84 Renaming a state 2 Modify the state name 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the editing area To edit the entry actions of a state 1 Select the state and click Entry actions on the behavior chart editor toolbar or 101 Service m Right click the state and choose Entry actions from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 85 Entry actions for S1 Figure 85 Editing the entry actions of a state 2 Usethe Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the entry actions of the state 3 Click OK in the Text Editor window If the entry actions are not empty they will appear in the property label of the state as shown in Figure 86 60 Figure 86 State with entry actions To edit the exit actions of a state 1 Select the state and click Exit
82. ate remains current and is destroyed automatically when the state is exited The variables of an activity object are accessible from the state s entry and exit actions and from the actions of transitions existing the state Any ordinary class available in the project or local class defined in the containing class see Section 2 11 can be used as the activity class If the activity class is continuous it is said to implement a continuous activity If the activity class is hybrid it is said to implement a hybrid activity On a behavior chart a state with a continuous activity is shown with a thick border as in Figure 4 A state with a hybrid activity is shown with a double border as in Figure 5 do continuous activity X Figure 4 Continuous activity state do hybrid activity Figure 5 Hybrid activity state A state may have no associated activity in which case no activity is executed while the state remains current 2 4 2 Transition A transition is shown as an arrow starting at the border of one state called the source state and terminating at the border of another or possibly the same state called the target state see Figure 6 when condition or when signal variable name gt or after timeout guard guard actions actions Figure 6 Transition A transition has the following properties Trigger Guard Actions The presence of a transition on a behavior chart i
83. atenation Terminal and non terminal symbols are concatenated as they appear in the expression For example the rule a B C indicates that A is a concatenation of B and C Choice The exclamation mark between two or more symbols or sub expressions indicates that the result can be generated by following any of the alternatives For example the rule A B C lt D gt indicates that A is either C or D Optional inclusion The square brackets denote a sequence that may or may not be included in the generated sequence For example the rule lt A gt B lt C gt indicates that lt A gt is either B C a concatenation of B and C or empty Repetition The curly braces denote a sequence that be repeated any number of times including zero For example the rule lt A gt B indicates that A is either empty or consists of one or more Bs The following is an EBNF example specifying the syntax of natural numbers non negative integers natural number lt digit gt lt digit gt digit 0 1 2131415161 71 819 6 2 IDENTIFIER An identifier is a sequence of characters used to identify some entity in a project Identifiers obey the following rules Every identifier starts with a letter and contains only letters digits and underscores English and Russian Cyrillic letters are allowed and may be mixed within a single identifier Other characters are not all
84. ation applicable to integer numbers floating point numbers and enumeration values Examples 7 lt 7 lt 3 1 and logical and for boolean values bitwise for integer numbers Examples false and true 12 and 13 or logical for boolean values bitwise or for integer numbers Examples false or true 12 or 13 not logical not for boolean values bitwise not for integer numbers Examples not true not 13 Conditional selection operation which has the following syntax conditional selection if selector expression then expression if true else expression if false The conditional selection operation works as follows First selector expression is evaluated If the result is true expression if true is evaluated Otherwise expression if false is evaluated The result of the operation is the result of whichever expression is evaluated last expression if true lt if false Example if a gt 0 then 1 els 1 2 15 2 Evaluation Order The order of evaluation of any individual operation is determined by the operation 55 GRAND i The order of evaluation of an expression involving more than one operation is determined by the precedence of operations the order of operations in the expression and the presence or absence of parentheses The precedence of operations decreases i
85. ations 2 13 1 1 double The double type represents a double precision 64 bit floating point number with values ranging from 4 9E 324 to 1 7E 308 The double type and associated operations generally adhere to the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic ANSI IEEE Std 754 1985 The double type is used to approximately represent real numbers The operations defined for the double type are see also Section 2 15 1 addition subtraction multiplication division raising a number to the power of another number equality relation 12 inequality relation gt greater than relation gt greater than or equal to relation less than relation lt less than or equal to relation Literals of the double type have the following syntax here and later in this document the Extended Backus Naur Form is employed to describe the syntax of certain language constructs see Section 6 1 double literal lt sign gt lt significand gt lt exponent gt sign lt significand gt digits digits digits lt digit gt lt digit gt digit 0 111213 4 5 6 71819 lt exponent gt lt exponent_symbol gt lt sign gt lt digits gt 37 GRAND exponent symbol E e Examples 394 5 5 67 1 5e3 3 4 12 1 76 2 2 13 1 2 byte short integer The byte sh
86. ble in the Component Editor window Initial value for In_1 BE I Figure 55 Editing the default initial value of a variable in the Text Editor window 6 If the type of the variable is an enumeration choose the default initial value in the Choose enumerated value dialog box When done click OK in the Choose enumerated value dialog box 7 If the type of the variable is a record or connector use the Component Editor window see Section 3 8 to specify the default initial value of the variable When done click Apply in the Component Editor window 8 If the type of the variable is any other type use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the expression for the default initial value of the variable When done click OK in the Text Editor window 9 If necessary type the comments for the variable in the Comments field 10 If you want to assign the new variable to one or more groups click LJ The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the variable to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 11 Click OK in the External variable dialog box To modify a variable using the Internal variable or External variable dialog box 1 Double click the variable in the class editor tree or Right click the variable in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Internal variable or External va
87. ble is a vector the Select Vector Elements dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 182 Or if the variable is a matrix the Select Matrix Elements dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 183 V_1 10 7 Cancel Figure 182 The Select dialog box for vectors V_2 10 10 eae sree Figure 183 The Select dialog box for matrices 3 To add a single element of the vector or matrix choose the Single element option and identify the element using the field s on the right 4 To add all elements of the vector or matrix choose the All elements option 5 Click OK The selected element s will be added to the Diagram window Previously added variables can be removed from the Diagram window using the Diagram parameters dialog box see Section 4 2 4 1 To remove a variable from a Diagram window 1 Double click anywhere in the Diagram window or Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Parameters from the popup menu The Diagram parameters dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 184 159 double double legend fixed Y bounds auto scaling time scroller max 3D smooth lines Color fill vert lines v dots Plot points Panels Jump line style solid vaxislabel Figure 184 The
88. ble is less than the required number of unknown variables it indicates that the system of equations is overdetermined An overdetermined system of equations is either redundant or non resolvable Rand Model Designer therefore disallows overdetermined systems of equations An example of an overdetermined system of equations x y 1 x y 0 2 0 25 CRAND i Another example d 955 dt d 955 dt The system of equations of a class has the following effect on the model during the model execution the system of equations of each instance of the class is automatically solved as part of the aggregate system of equations see Section 2 6 thereby realizing the behavior of each instance The system of equations of each instance is solved starting from whatever the initial variable values are in that instance If the system of equations of a class includes second order differential equations it must also specify the initial values of the first derivatives of the corresponding variables The initial value of the first derivative of a variable can be specified using the following syntax lt variable name gt 0 lt initial value gt For example x 0 1 If the system of equations of a class contains a set of equations whose variables do not participate in other equations of the system and are internal variables of the class see Section 2 9 such a set of equations can be declared as a block A block declara
89. bles The class boundary defines the interface of an open class 2 7 1 Local Object If a class is compound its structure diagram may contain and usually does contain one or more ocal objects A local object is shown on a structure diagram as a rectangle see Figure 12 object name Figure 12 Local object A local object has the following properties Name 27 GRAND i Class Actual parameter values Initial variable values The name of a local object is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all local objects of the structure diagram The class of a local object can be any class available in the project see Section 2 2 The presence of a local object on the structure diagram of a class indicates that each instance of the class contains an instance of the local object s class with the specified name actual parameter values see Section 2 8 and initial variable values see Section 2 9 If the class of a local object declares external variables see Section 2 9 the corresponding external variables of the local object appear on the border of the local object as shown in Figure 13 The appearance of a particular variable depends on the category of the variable Figure 13 depicts the appearance of variables of each possible category For the discussion of variable categories see Section 2 9 input output contact flow connector Figure 13 Appearance of external variables 2 7 2 Class Boundary
90. c E deed ce ieee 21 2 4 7 Probabilistic Switch Point 22 25 System of Equations te ead sea 22 2 6 Aggregate System of Equations sse 26 2 7 Str cture Diagfam xe da 27 2 7 Local Object ie ere reta Pope Ree x reale e ek ane Des 27 2 7 2 Glass Boundary susie cde ecce de 28 DXUESUNI SRM 29 2 9 Paralmieters octo rc stc eeu te cU hie ede ei 33 2 9 Varlables ice emere ida edid diei ure diat do EEEN 33 210 35 2 11 Local Classes ai dee dune aerei eee n 35 2 12 Class Inheritance Fade eee 36 213 TYPOS 36 2 13 1 Scalar TYPES oni tet it E E preda te 37 21 LL 37 2 13 1 2 byte short integer 4 4400 0 1 38 gd DOOIGAM 39 AE E a a eee 39 2 132125 SUING 39 CRAND i 2 13 1 6 Enurmera amp tlons eite ree 39 2 13 2 Regular Types siia dace e 40 2 19 2 1 VOcIOIS 40 2 13 2 2 UCM 40 21Sa ROCO 0 Peet pe eater peice EEEE ERE REER EAA 41 2 134 Connector iod ro aE a Eaa 42 Peo SIGMA
91. cal object name gt lt variable name gt For example if a class contains a local object obj with an external variable var the system of equations of the class can refer to that variable as obj var dob var dt x var ob var 0 Besides equations a system of equations can contain an arbitrary number of declarations indicating that some variables participating in the equations should be considered unknown and some should be considered known Unknown variables represent unknown values that need to be found by solving the equations Known variables are those variables that participate in the equations but are not unknown Known variables are either fixed values or known functions of other known variables and or time A declaration indicating that one or more variables are unknown has the following syntax unknown lt variable name gt For example unknown x Or unknown x y obj var A declaration indicating that one or more variables are known has the following syntax known variable name 24 GRAND i For example known x or known x y obj var If the number of variables declared unknown is less than the number of equations in the system of equations this includes the case when no variables are declared unknown Rand Model Designer attempts to automatically select the required number of variables and declare them unknown to equalize the number of unknown variables with the number of
92. cessary and click OK 4 To open the help 1 Choose Help Rand Model Designer Help from the main menu Ke To view information about the application 1 Choose Help About from the main menu To quit the integrated modeling environment 1 Choose Project Exit from the main menu 2 Ifthe currently open project contains unsaved changes a confirmation message box will appear If you want to save the changes click Yes Otherwise click No 144 CRAND CHAPTER 4 Executable Model This chapter describes the categories and capabilities of executable models 7 VRAND An executable model is a program that is automatically created by Rand Model Designer from a project Every executable model consists of the Rand Model Designer runtime and an instance of the Model class defined in the project 4 1 EXECUTABLE MODEL CATEGORIES Rand Model Designer can create executable models of two types visual and embeddable The visual executable model is a Windows GUI application that can be run either from the integrated modeling environment or standalone The visual executable model is usually used to debug and demonstrate model behavior In addition to the minimal Rand Model Designer runtime the visual executable model includes the GUI front end that allows the user to Create time and phase diagrams Create interactive 2D and 3D animations Animate behavior charts Debug the model using breakpoints The
93. ct Classes are discussed in Section 2 2 of this document In addition to classes a project can contain any number of declared types constants functions and procedures Declared types and constants are discussed in Section 2 13 6 and Section 2 10 respectively Functions and procedures are discussed in Section 2 14 2 Every project contains a special class called Model The Model class is special in the sense that it is interpreted as the complete definition of the model Rand Model Designer creates an instance of the Model class automatically upon executable model startup and uses it to drive the execution of the model The fact that every project contains the Model class means that there is a one to one relationship between projects and model definitions Every project provides a definition of some model while every model definition resides in some project Each component of a project has visibility which can be either private or public Declared types always have public visibility A component with private visibility a private component can only be used in its containing project A component with public visibility a public component can be used in both its containing project and other projects In order to be able to use a public component of another project a project must import that other project An imported project is called an imported package Every project has an associated list of imported packages that identifie
94. ct and have other existing and future projects import that library project this way the projects importing the library project will always use a single version of each library component For more on libraries and import see Section 2 1 The Project Manager window allows the user to import projects into the currently open project The SysLib library see Chapter 5 is automatically imported into every new project To import a project into the currently open project 1 Right click the Imported packages node in the Project Manager window and choose Add imported package from the popup menu The Open dialog box will appear 2 Select the project you want to import 3 Click Open Sometimes instead of establishing links between projects it is more convenient to simply copy some project components from one project to another The Project Manager window provides the export function that allows the user to copy any component from the currently open project into any other project To export a component from the currently open project into another project 1 Right click the component in the Project Manager window and choose Export from the popup menu The Open dialog box will appear 2 Select the project where you want to copy the component to 3 Click Open A confirmation message box will be displayed 4 Click Yes 5 If the export succeeds a success message will appear Otherwise an error message describing the enc
95. ction 3 7 to specify the expression for the default value of the parameter When done click OK in the Text Editor window 8 If necessary type the comments for the parameter in the Comments field 9 If you want to assign the new parameter to one or more groups click LJ The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the parameter to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 10 Click OK in the Parameter dialog box To modify a parameter using the Parameter dialog box 1 Double click the parameter in the class editor tree or Right click the parameter in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Parameter dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 43 2 Use the Parameter dialog box to modify the parameter When done click OK To modify a parameter in place in the class editor tree 1 Click the parameter in the class editor tree After a short while click the parameter again An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 47 amp Parameters 2 J lt gt External variables Figure 47 Editing a parameter in pace 2 Modify the parameter definition in place 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the class editor 81 RAND To convert a parameter into a variable or a constant 1 Drag the parameter to the External variables State variables Variables Or Constants node of the class editor tree
96. d as shown in Figure 108 Figure 108 One element selected To add an element to the selection 1 Click the element while holding Shift The element will be added to the selection This way you can have more than one element selected at a time see Figure 109 Figure 109 Multiple elements selected 111 GRAND To select all elements of the structure diagram 1 Right click anywhere in the editing area and choose Select all from the popup menu All elements of the structure diagram will be selected see Figure 110 Figure 110 elements selected To move the selected element s 1 Drag the selected element s to the desired location 44 2 To delete the selected element s 1 Click Delete lt on the structure diagram editor toolbar or Right click the selection and choose Delete from the popup menu or Hit Delete toggle the grid 1 Click Grid on the structure diagram editor toolbar Regardless of whether the grid is visible or not all operations align all elements to the grid 3 4 4 3 Local Objects For more on local objects see Section 2 7 1 A new local object can be created by either dragging a class from the Project Manager window and dropping it onto the structure diagram or using the Add object H toolbar button of the structure diagram editor To create a new local object via drag and drop 1 Drag aclass from the Project Manager window and drop it
97. d choose 119 GRAND New value from the popup menu A value editing dialog box as shown in Figure 125 will appear pi Type of expression is Double Apply Figure 125 Value editing dialog box Type the expression for the actual parameter value or initial variable value When done click Apply The Actual values dialog box will display the modified parameter or variable with the sign To restore the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable to the default value right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose Restore default value from the popup menu 5 Finally click Apply in the Actual values dialog box 3 5 THE CHOOSE TYPE DIALOG BOX The Choose type dialog box see Figure 126 allows the user to specify a type Choose type Signal Enumerated Declared Standard Vector Matix double integer short byte boolean string char Type definition Figure 126 The Choose type dialog box the Standard tab The Choose type dialog box contains several tabs each dedicated to a certain kind of types The set of tabs available in every particular situation depends on the context in which the Choose type dialog box is used In general the dialog box allows specifying any type supported by Rand Model Designer For more on types see Section 2 13 To specify a scalar type 1 120 Click the Standard tab if it is no
98. d numerically so at the time moment time 0 the return value is always 0 for double variables and 0 0 for vector variables here time is the current model time of the calling object Error m opens a message box with the message m and stops the model execution Displays the name of the calling object in the title of the message box Finalized x returns t rue if the object x is hybrid and has already reached its final state see Section 2 4 5 returns false otherwise getFilePath title fexts opens a dialog box that allows the user to select a file Returns the path to the selected file title specifies the dialog box title fexts specifies the comma separated list of allowed file extensions Example getFilePath Select file txt tab Infinity returns the infinity value as defined by ANSI IEEE Std 754 1985 InputVar x Opens a dialog box that allows the user to modify the value of the variable x Ignored in the embeddable model 46 GRAND i InstanceHandle returns the integer instance ID of this object Instance IDs are unique across all instances of a particular class but are not unique across different classes interpol fx fy x returns an interpolated value of the function whose values y are tabulated for points x x specifies the argument for which to return the interpolated value Returns NaN if x is outside the interval spanned by x interpolXY xy x returns an inter
99. dit from the popup menu The Select unknown variables dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 73 service Select 5 unknown variables Independent variables 5 Unknown variables 1 Cancel Figure 76 The Select unknown variables dialog box 2 Use the and t necessary buttons to modify the Unknown variables list as 3 Click OK If necessary the initial values of the first derivatives can be modified via the sub nodes of the Initial values for derivatives node To modify the initial value of the first derivative of a variable 1 Double click the corresponding sub node of the Initial values for derivatives node or Right click the corresponding sub node of the Initial values for derivatives node and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown Figure 77 Initial value for z Ra Beo Figure 77 Editing the value of the first derivative of a variable 2 Use the Text Editor window to edit the expression for the first derivative 3 Click OK 97 www rand service com VRAND 3 4 3 Behavior Chart Editor The behavior chart editor see Figure 78 allows the user to edit the behavior chart of a hybrid class For more on the behavior chart see Section 2 4 Que lt oo Bw U_Saturation when lt XUpperLimit eo LinearZone dolz equations when XsXLowerLimit when X lt XLow
100. double A transition with an else label is called an else transition A probabilistic switch point can have at most one outgoing else transition The probability of a transition indicates the probability of selection of that transition upon a visit to the probabilistic switch point If a probabilistic switch point has an outgoing else transition its probability is assumed to be equal to 1 5 where S is the sum of the probabilities of other transitions exiting the probabilistic switch point If a probabilistic switch point does not have an outgoing else transition upon visiting the probabilistic switch point the sum of the probabilities of all outgoing transitions must be equal to 1 If a probabilistic switch point does have an outgoing else transition upon visiting the probabilistic switch point the sum of the probabilities of other outgoing transitions must be less than or equal to 1 A probabilistic switch point cannot have entry actions exit actions or activity 2 5 SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS If a class is continuous see Section 2 3 it has the associated system of equations that defines the behavior of the class A system of equations consists of One or more equations Zero or more declarations of known and unknown variables A set of the initial values of the first derivatives of those variables whose second derivatives participate in the equations Every equation has the following form expression 1 expression
101. dures ar Comments amp Imported packages Local classes E Systib V3 Hybrid Continuous Local objects Class Class_1 08 Class 1 Continuous behavior Parameters x y lt External variables lt xi double 1 5 8 Unknown variables 51 9 State variables xy y double 0 8 Constants Functions and procedures Comments Class Class_2 Parameters lt gt External variables gt In 1 double 0 gt In 2 double 0 1 Out 3 double 0 State variables m Do 8 Constants eo Til Functions and procedures Comments imul Local classes Th Hybrid Continuous Behavior chart Interface w 6 0 54 1997 2010 MVSTUDIUM Group Figure 22 Main window The main window consists of the main menu main toolbar Project Manager window and class editing area The main menu provides access to most of the functions of the integrated modeling environment The main toolbar provides shortcuts to some of the most commonly used items of the main menu The Project Manager window displays all components of the currently open project classes declared types constants functions procedures and imported packages in a tree view The class editing area serves as a container for class editor windows opened by the user 3 2 WORKING WITH PROJECTS The integrated modeling environment allows the user to c
102. e 0 4 3078472 5 0 0018307817 0 0 027 643 2 0 082066073 d Y1 Kr X1 0 5 A 3D animation Vib Y1 RU Yin Y1 RU Y2 2 0 5 Y2b Y2 RU yan Y2 RU vi UE uuo CHR Y4 YS4RM Y1 Y2 061 0 0 0 14061215 0 00971 Ux zm 0 027764332 0 082066073 0 1 2 2475618 1 837747551 1510757 al Y5 verf KL 0 0043505728 0 24844299 2 false pot 2 0 0042651216 0 11771334 9 00 9 m i _ Codes o0 false Qd tau false false uxt fer iin 1 2 x1u sion x1 ux2 For i in 1 2 1x2uy sign x2 801 1 21 sto xi X1 gt 1 01 2 ris 1 2 l 3 22 Figure 2 Visual executable model example At any moment the user can close the visual executable model get back to the integrated modeling environment make changes to the project and run the model again Rand Model Designer models are built from components Within a particular project the user can utilize both the components defined in the project and the components found in available ibraries Libraries are collections of model components created by the same user or other users of Rand Model Designer The Rand Model Designer distribution includes
103. e specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color y1 z1 specify the coordinates of the base point dX dY dZ specify the offsets between the base point and the lower left corner of the text Text specify the label text Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 8 The Aggregate System of Equations Window The Aggregate System of Equations window displays the current aggregate system of equations see Section 2 6 of the model as shown in Figure 220 189 A Current global system of equations PB N Object Equation Dec variable 1 Flight 35 38 2 Flight ll 3 Flight 1 lt x 4 Flight 5 Flight i m g Fa sinTeta 6 Flight cosTeta Flight cosTeta EY 2 8 Flight Cx Sm 2 9 Flight sinTeta 10 Flight v Muy eva Figure 220 Aggregate System of Equations window The window displays the equations in a table where each row represents an equation and has the following fields N displays the equation number Object displays the name of the object ownin
104. e X2 y2 z2 specify the coordinates of the center of the second base Radius specifies the radius of the cylinder Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the cylinder Closed specifies whether the bases are capped Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 6 Cone This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color X1 y1 z1 specify the coordinates of the center of the first base X2 y2 z2 specify the coordinates of the center of the second base Radius1 specifies the radius of the first base Radius2 specifies the radius of the second base Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the cone Closed specifies whether the bases are capped Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 186 GRAND t 4 2 7 7 Torus This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is
105. e Color property in the property panel If there is no variable associated with the Color property the standard Color dialog box will appear In the Color dialog box choose the desired color and click OK If there is a variable associated with the Color property the Color Setup dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 218 In the Color Setup dialog box specify the minimum and maximum values of the associated variable in the Minimum value and Maximum value fields respectively and choose the corresponding colors in the Minimum color and Maximum color fields The color of the object will vary between the specified colors proportionally to the current value of the associated variable Variable osc ks mi 0 mfi max x E Figure 218 The Color Setup dialog box To disassociate a variable from an object property 1 2 3 4 5 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box Activate the 3D objects tab Select the object in the object list Click the Variable field of the property in the property panel An in place editing field will appear Hit Delete To rotate the scene within 3D Animation window 1 Drag the contents of the 3D Animation window in the desired direction To zoom a 3D Animation window in 1 184 Click anywhere in the 3D Animation window while holding Shift V
106. e across all variables of the class If a variable is external it has a category The category defines the role of the variable in the class interface Possible variable categories are Input Output Contact Flow Connector An input variable can transfer information in only one direction namely to the class The value of an input variable can only be changed from outside the class An output variable can transfer information in only one direction namely from the class The value of an output variable can only be changed from inside the class The value of a contact variable can be changed from both inside and outside the class The values of any two contact variables connected with a link are always equal The value of a flow variable can be changed from both inside and outside the class The sum of values of flow variables connected with links is always equal to 0 A connector variable is a set of one or more components each of which is equivalent to an individual external variable and can in its turn be of any category see Section 2 13 4 Connector variables are useful for modeling physical systems of various kinds including electric circuits The type of a variable specifies the set of values that can be stored in that variable see Section 2 13 A contact or flow variable can only be of type double see Section 2 13 1 1 A connector variable can only be of a connector type see Section 2 13 4 Any other variable can be o
107. e class dialog box 3 Click the second cell of the row and type the expression you want to evaluate In the expression you can use parameters variables and constants of the class specified on the previous step as well as any predefined functions If you want to find out the value of a parameter variable or constant simply type the name of the parameter variable or constant 4 Hit Enter The result of the expression will appear in the third cell as shown in Figure 145 amp Formula calculator Class 1 cos V 1 9 8 V 1 Figure 145 Evaluation result 131 GRAND t To evaluate an already entered expression 1 Right click the corresponding row and choose Calculate row from the popup menu 2 To evaluate all available expressions 1 Right click anywhere in the Calculator window and choose Calculate all from the popup menu X add a row 1 Right click anywhere in the Calculator window and choose Add line from the popup menu ae To remove a row 1 Right click the row and choose Delete line from the popup menu 3 10 TEXTUAL PROJECT REPRESENTATION In Rand Model Designer every project has a textual representation in a language called MVL see Section 6 3 At any time the textual representation of the currently open project can be saved to or loaded from a text file This capability can be used for various purposes including advanced editing and integration with o
108. e type of a series of parameters This can be any available type see Section 2 13 return value type is the type of the return value of the function This can be any available type see Section 2 13 local variables is the definition of the local variables of the function or procedure variable series is series of local variables variables within a series have the same type variable name is a local variable name unique across all local variables of the function or procedure 50 val GRAND variable type is the type of all variables a series of local variables This be any available type see Section 2 13 expression is an expression see Section 2 15 specifying the initial value of a local variable operator sequence is the sequence of operators that implements the function or procedure operator is a single operator of the Rand Model Designer programming language see Section 2 16 identifier is an identifier see Section 6 2 Examples function xlim x a double return double is 2 double abs x begin if 2 gt then return a sign z else return Xx end if end xlim This function limits the absolute value of the input parameter x by the value of the input parameter a The local variable z is introduced primarily for demonstration purposes procedure setup is begin for i in 1 10 loop ali i 2 end loop end setup Th
109. e value Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format Show scale Shows hides the scale labels Auto scaling Toggles automatic scaling Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 6 Color Indicator This component provides the following context menu items Min Allows to specify the minimum value displayed by the indicator Max Allows to specify the maximum value displayed by the indicator Style Allows to convert the indicator to a component of any other type Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variable value Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format Show scale Shows hides the scale labels Auto scaling Toggles automatic scaling Color min Allows to choose the color that corresponds to the minimum value 176 VRAND v Color max Allows to choose the color that corresponds to the maximum value Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 7 Sprite The sprite component represents a rectangular area that can move around the animation and display one of the pre configured images Every sprite can have up to three variables associates with it The x coordinate of the sprite can be associated with
110. e you want to open 3 Click Open Recently used projects can be opened via the Project Reopen submenu of the main menu To save the currently open project 1 Click Save project on the main toolbar or Choose Project Save from the main menu To save the currently open project with a new name or location 1 Choose Project Save as from the main menu The Save project as dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 25 Save project as Savein O Ball amp ndSpring E3 Sy mports Ball4ndSpring myb My Recent Documents My Network File name v Places Save as type Projects mvb X Cancel Figure 25 The Save project as dialog box 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the project 3 Type the new project name in the File name field 4 Click Save To rename the currently open project 1 Choose Project Rename from the main menu The Enter the new project name dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 26 Enter the new project name Ball ndS pring Cancel Figure 26 The Enter the new project name dialog box 2 Type the new project name 66 GRAND 3 Click OK To verify the correctness of the currently open project 1 Click Validate project on the main toolbar Choose Project Check from the main menu 2 Ifthe project has no problems a success message will be displayed Otherwise an error message describing the encoun
111. ector type Matrix type Record type Connector type type Type 1 is double Figure 30 The User type editing dialog box Type the name of the new declared type in the Type identifier field If you want the new declared type to act as a synonym for the double integer short byte boolean string or char type or another declared type make sure the Distinct type option is checked and click Base type Otherwise select the option that corresponds to the category of the type for which the new declared type will act as a synonym The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to specify the type for which the new declared type will act as a synonym When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box Click OK in the User type editing dialog box To modify an existing declared type 70 1 Double click the declared type the Project Manager window or Right click the declared type in the Project Manager window and choose Edit from the popup menu The User type editing dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 30 If you want to modify the name of the type type the new name in the Type identifier field If you want to modify the specification of the type proceed as follows If you want the type to act as a synonym for the double integer short byte boolean string or char type or another declared type make sure the Distinct type option is checked and click Base
112. ecuted When a given conditional expression predicate becomes true To open the Breakpoint conditions dialog box 1 Click Breakpoint conditions on the main toolbar or Choose Service Breakpoint conditions from the main menu The Breakpoint conditions dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 226 193 Continuous model time Pause every Pause at Discrete model time Pause every Pause at Figure 226 The Breakpoint conditions dialog box the Time tab The Breakpoint conditions dialog box consists of the following tabs Predicates Transitions States and Time These tabs are described in the subsections that follow The dialog box also contains the following buttons Apply Close Continue and Stop The Apply button applies the changes made in the Breakpoint conditions dialog box The Close button closes the Breakpoint conditions dialog box The Continue button runs the model The Stop button stops the model For more information on model states and execution commands see Section 4 2 14 4 2 12 1 The Time Tab The Time tab see Figure 226 contains the following elements Continuous model time Pause every If this checkbox is checked the model will stop every N continuous model time units where N is specified in the field next to the checkbox Continuous model time Pause at If this checkbox is checked the model will stop at the continuous model time moment specified in the field n
113. ed on the button Frame Allows to specify the margin between the component outer border and the button inner border Font Allows to choose the button font Color min Allows to choose the starting color of the button s gradient fill Color max Allows to choose the ending color of the button s gradient fill Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 7 The 3D Animation Window The 3D Animation window is intended for three dimensional animation The 3D Animation window provides a three dimensional scene that can be populated with standard 3D objects such as spheres cylinders and cones Object properties can be associated with model variables so that when model variables change objects move and change their appearance accordingly thereby animating the model The user can open and populate as many 3D Animation windows as necessary An example of the 3D Animation window is shown in Figure 214 A 3D animation Figure 214 3D Animation window example To open a new 3D Animation window 1 Click New 3D animation on the main toolbar or Choose Window New 3D animation from the main menu A new 3D Animation window will appear as shown in Figure 215 180 Figure 215 New 3D Animation window The user populates and customizes the 3D Animation window using the 3D animation parameter
114. ed to use the created class as the state s activity The created class will appear in the property label of the state and the state will be displayed with a double border as shown in Figure 90 eee Figure 90 State with hybrid activity To use an exiting class as the activity class of a state 1 Drag the class from the Project Manager window or the class editor tree and drop it onto the state The class will appear in the property label of the state and the state will change its border to reflect the type of the behavior of the class 103 GRAND To open the class editor window for the activity class of a state 1 Double click the state or Right click the state and choose State activity from the popup menu The class editor window for the class associated with the state will appear To remove the activity from a state 1 Right click the state and choose Set empty activity from the popup menu The activity will disappear from the property label of the state and the state border will change to normal To modify the actual parameter values and initial variable values of a state activity 1 Right click the state and choose Actual values of parameters and variables from the popup menu The Actual values dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 91 Actual values 51 See ae Parameter values P120 Initial values for variables V 1 0 Figure 91 The Actual values dia
115. ention model state files are given the extension mst To save the current model state to a file 1 Choose Simulation Save model state from the main menu The Save model state dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 248 Save model status Savein 122 mymodel gt den ex E3 lea Imports Documents Desktop My Network File name Y Places Save as type Model status mst Cancel Figure 248 Save model state dialog box 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the file 3 Type the file name in the File name field 4 Click Save To restore the current model state from a file 1 Choose Simulation Load model state from the main menu The Load model state dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 249 211 Load model status Look in Ej 0 e f amp ekER Imports 2 tmp My Recent Documents 3 Desktop gt My Documents My Computer My Network File name oen Places Files of type Model status mst Est Cancel Figure 249 The Load model state dialog box 2 Select the file you want to restore the model state from and click Open 4 2 17 Miscellaneous Functions In addition to all the functionality described in this chapter the visual executable model allows the user to Cascade tile and minimize open windows Open the Rand Model Designer help Open the visual e
116. er to edit the system of equations of a class For more on the system of equations see Section 2 5 91 RAND Continuous behavior y x 2 phit theta phi theta 1 2 2 amp Unknown variables phi x y 2 amp Initial values for derivatives 2 2 0 Equations Figure 66 Equation system editor The equation system editor looks as shown in Figure 66 The equations system editor allows the user to Edit the equations participating in the system Edit the declarations of known and unknown variables Specify the initial values of the first derivatives for those variables whose second derivatives participate in the equations To edit the equations participating in the system 1 Double click the Continuous behavior node or of its sub nodes in the equation system editor or Right click the Continuous behavior node or any of its sub nodes in the equation system editor and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 67 Equation editor Class 1 Figure 67 Editing equations in the Text Editor window 2 Usethe Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to edit the equations of the system The result can look for example as shown in Figure 68 In the Text Editor window you can specify not only equations but also declarations of known and unknown variables 92 Service m Equation editor 5_1 dt d
117. er to save the structure diagram to a file as an image 3 4 4 2 Editing Area The structure diagram editing area allows the user to graphically edit the elements of the structure diagram The editing area can contain the following elements Local objects if the class is compound see Section 2 7 1 Class boundary if the class is open see Section 2 7 2 External variables see Section 2 9 Links if the class is compound see Section 2 7 3 The user can create elements and in most cases move them around resize them modify their properties and delete them Local objects and external variables have associated names that can be moved around as well Local objects can be rotated The class boundary represents the interface of the class and cannot be created or deleted Instead it appears and disappears automatically depending on whether the class is open or isolated External variables of the class are displayed on the class boundary and can be moved around the boundary but cannot be detached from it External variables of local objects represent external variables defined in respective classes and cannot be moved created or deleted when editing the structure diagram of the containing class Most elements have tooltips that display their properties To select an element 1 Click the element or Right click anywhere in the editing area and select the element in the Go to submenu of the popup menu The element will appear selecte
118. erLimit adiosi if K gt 0 then XUpperLimit UpperLimit k XLowerlimi LowerLimitKk L_Saturation eniry actions LowerLimits end if Behavior chart Figure 78 Behavior chart editor The behavior chart editor consists of the editing area and the toolbar The editing area allows the user to graphically edit the elements of the behavior chart The toolbar provides shortcuts to some of the most commonly used commands of the behavior chart editor 3 4 3 1 Toolbar Buttons The behavior chart editor toolbar contains the following buttons UM creates a new state ils m creates a new transition e creates a new final state P opens the Transition conditions dialog box to edit the trigger and guard of the selected transition opens the Text Editor window to edit the actions of the selected transition pe open the Text Editor window to edit the entry actions of the selected state opens the Text Editor window to edit the exit actions of the selected state opens the Internal transitions window to edit the internal transitions of the selected state o creates a new switch point 98 GRAND t creates a new probabilistic switch point deletes the selected elements toggles spline interpolation for the selected transition gt allows the user to add a base point to the selected transition allows the user to delete a base point from
119. erts comments _ reverts the last action _ opens the Font dialog box edit the font used by the Text Editor window allows the user to print the contents of the Text Editor window _ allows the user to save the contents of the Text Editor window to a file as an image 3 7 2 Editing Area When the Text Editor window is used to edit raw text the editing area functions like a conventional text editor When editing equations and expressions the editing area displays user input in natural mathematical form When editing functions and procedures an option to use natural mathematical display is also available and can be turned on and off as necessary Some of the functions of the Text Editor window are available via the context menu which can be opened by right clicking anywhere in the editing area The context menu contains the following items Mathematical style toggles natural mathematical display This item is only available when editing a function or procedure Word wrap toggles word wrapping Syntax highlighting toggles syntax highlighting Font opens the Font dialog box to edit the font used by the Text Editor window Print allows the user to print the contents of the Text Editor window Save image to file allows the user to save the contents of the Text Editor window to a file as an image Find opens the Find dialog box to search for text Find next finds the ne
120. es a reasonable default value for each new parameter variable or constant created by the user Otherwise the value of each new parameter variable or constant remains undefined unless explicitly specified by the user Variable groups This is a list of variable groups defined in the project see Section 3 6 The context menu which can be opened by right clicking in the list provides the Add group and Delete group items that allows the user to add and remove groups This function is only available in Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educational 137 RAND 3 12 2 The Folders Tab Project options General Model Version Package search path Path to hidden model mymodel dll Help Figure 153 The Folders tab This tab contains the following elements Package search path This field specifies the set of folders where Rand Model Designer looks for imported packages The field is populated automatically as imported packages are added to the project see Section 3 3 6 However if an already imported package moves to a new location this field needs to be modified manually to let the importing project know the new location Path to hidden model This field specifies the path used to store the generated embeddable model see Section 4 3 The path is relative to the project folder 138 RAND 3 12 3 The Model Tab Project options General Folders i
121. es variant TRetCode Retrieves the messages and warnings generated by the specified model instance since model start or the last call to this function The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The Messages parameter receives the list of messages and warnings function getExpressionValueEx hModel TModelHandle pC pWideChar var Value variant TRetCode Evaluates the specified expression The hModel parameter identifies the model instance pC string specifies the expression The value parameter receives the evaluation result If the specified expression is incorrect the value parameter is Set to Unassigned function GetExpressionValue pC pChar variant Evaluates the specified expression in the context of the default model instance Returns the evaluation result The pc string specifies the expression If the expression is incorrect Unassigned is returned function GetVariables var vars variant TRetCode Retrieves information about all variables of the default model instance The vars parameter receives the result in the form of a two dimensional 1 N 1 3 variant array where N is the total number of variables in the model Every i 1 th element of the array contains a string specifying the full name of the i th variable Every i 2 th element contains an integer code specifying the type of the i th variable Every i 3 th element contains TRUE if the i th variable is independent or FALSE otherwise
122. eter identifies the model instance The Time parameter receives the current continuous model time If the specified model instance does not exist or is not in the stopped state Time is set to NaN and an appropriate error code is returned function GetTimeValue double Returns the current continuous model time of the default model instance or NaN if the default model instance is not in the stopped state 4 3 6 Numerical Methods Configuration Functions procedure setTol ATOL RTOL TTOL double Sets the error tolerances The ATOL parameter specifies the absolute error tolerance for variable values The RTOL parameter specifies the relative error tolerance for variable values The TTOL parameter specifies the absolute time tolerance for switch point detection This function affects all model instances procedure setNumMethods ODE DAE NAE integer Selects the methods to be used to solve the aggregate system of equations The ODE parameter specifies the method that should be used in case the aggregate system of equations consists solely of differential equations The DAE parameter specifies the method that should be used in case the aggregate system of equations contains both differential and algebraic equations The NAE parameter specifies the method that should be used in case the aggregate system of equations consists solely of algebraic equations The selection affects all model instances
123. ext to the checkbox Discrete model time Pause every If this checkbox is checked the model will stop every N discrete model time units where N is specified in the field next to the checkbox Discrete model time Pause at If this checkbox is checked the model will stop at the discrete model time moment specified in the field next to the checkbox 4 2 12 2 The States Tab Breakpoint conditions Predicates Transitions States Time model 51 obj 51 obj 52 Figure 227 The States tab 194 GRAND The States tab see Figure 227 allows the user to specify the states that when entered cause the model to stop The tab shows the states in a list Every state has a checkbox next to it If a checkbox is checked the model will stop every time the corresponding state is entered The list can be populated by dragging and dropping states from Behavior Chart windows To add state 1 Drag the state from the corresponding Behavior Chart window and drop it onto the list in the States tab To remove a state 1 Right click the state in the list and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 4 2 12 3 The Transitions Tab Breakpoint conditions Predicates Transitions states Time Any transition v model T 16973826 51 gt 52 obj T 17694722 51 gt 52 v obj T_17694722 51 gt 52 Continue Stop Figure 228
124. f a local object and out is an output variable of the class a link between obj out and out adds the following to the system of equations of the class out obj out known obj out unknown out If x and y are contact variables a link between x and y adds the following equation to the system of equations of the class y If x and y are flow variables a link between x and y adds the following equation to the system of equations of the class x 0 If x and y are connector variables a link between them is equivalent to a set of links connecting their components in the order of declaration of components in the types of these variables see Section 2 13 4 2 8 PARAMETERS A class can have an arbitrary number of parameters Every parameter has the following properties Name Type Default value The name of a parameter is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all parameters of the class The type of a parameter can be any available type except for signal and connector types see Section 2 13 The default value is specified by an expression see Section 2 15 that may reference other parameters of the class however such references are not allowed to form cycles A parameter definition within a class designates a formal parameter A formal parameter of a class receives its actual value in each instance of the class The actual value can be assigned to a parameter via the set of actual parameter values of
125. f any available type except for connector types The default initial value of a variable is specified by an expression see Section 2 15 that may reference other variables of the class however such references are not allowed to form cycles A variable has some value in each instance of the class A variable is assigned its initial value upon creation of the corresponding instance After that the variable 34 CRAND i value can change in response to explicit assignments or as the result of solving the aggregate system of equations see Section 2 6 The initial value can be assigned to a variable via the set of initial variable values of the corresponding local object see Section 2 7 1 or activity object see Section 2 4 1 If the initial value of a variable is not specified the default initial value specified in the variable definition is used Links between variables are discussed in Section 2 7 3 2 10 CONSTANTS Both a class see Section 2 2 and a project see Section 2 1 can define an arbitrary number of constants A constant is a fixed value that has an associated symbolic name Every constant has the following properties Name Type Value Visibility if the constant is a project constant The name of a constant is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all constants of the class or project The type of a constant can be any available type except for signal and connector types see Section 2
126. f project components Within each group components are sorted in alphabetical order 67 GRAND Using the Project Manager window the user creates modifies and deletes project components imports other projects into the currently open project and exports components of the currently open project into other projects The following subsections describe the Project Manager window functions specific to each group of project components as well as the functions common to all components 3 3 1 Classes For detailed information on classes see Section 2 2 To create a new class 1 Right click the Classes node in the Project Manager window and choose New class from the popup menu The New Class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 28 New Class Class identifier Class_1 Stereotype Behavior type Structure type Continuous E Elementary object i eu Compound object Component type Visibility Bl isolated C private public c Open Base class None Select Apply Close Figure 28 New Class dialog box 2 Type the name of the new class in the Class identifier field 3 Specify the stereotype of the new class by selecting appropriate items in the Behavior type Structure type Component type and Visibility lists You will be able change the stereotype later For more on the class stereotype see Section 2 3 4 fitis necessary to specify the base class of the new class click
127. g node in the class editor tree and choose Actual values of parameters and variables from the popup menu The Actual values dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 63 89 5 Actual values Class 2 1 1 4 Parameter values 1 0 P2 0 Initial values for variables In120 Out1 0 i1 0 Figure 63 The Actual values dialog box To modify the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable double click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box or right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose New value from the popup menu A value editing dialog box as shown in Figure 64 will appear Type of expression is Double Apply Figure 64 Value editing dialog box Type the expression for the actual parameter value or initial variable value When done click Apply The Actual values dialog box will display the modified parameter or variable with the sign To restore the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable to the default value right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose Restore default value from the popup menu Finally click Apply in the Actual values dialog box 3 4 1 10 Comments The Comments node of the class editor tree allows the user to specify the class comments To modify the class comments 1 90 Double click the Comments node in the class edito
128. g the VectorFromFile function for example static Int SysLib CInterpolator FX VectorFromFile funl txt X FY VectorFromFile funl txt Y 5 3 SIGNAL SOURCES GENERATORS 5 3 1 CRampGenerator CRampGenerator Figure 265 CRampGenerator Class name CRampGenerator 231 GRAND vt Parameters InitialOutput double 0 the initial value of the signal UpperLimit double 100 the maximum value of the generated signal Slope double 1 the rate of change of the generated signal StartTime double 0 the time at which the signal begins to be generated Input variables none Output variables Y double InitialOutput Function This block implements the function shown in Figure 266 Y Hppemimit ____ Initial utput StartT ime i Figure 266 CRampGenerator function 5 3 2 CSineGenerator CSineGenerator ho Figure 267 CSineGenerator Class name CSineGenerator Parameters Amplitude double 1 the amplitude of the signal Period double 2 the period of the signal InitialPhase double 0 the phase shift in radians Input variables none 232 GRAND vt Output variables Y double Amplitude sin InitialPhase Function amu This block implements the function Y Amplitude zi InitialPhase erio 5 3 3 CSawtoothGenerator CSawtoothGenerator Figure 268 CSawtoothGenerator Class name C
129. g the equation Equation displays the equation Dec variable displays the unknown variable associated with the equation if any Equations are shown divided into the following categories Differential equations Algebraic equations Formulas Equivalent variables To open the Aggregate System of Equations window 1 Choose Service Show current equation system from the main menu To toggle automatic column resizing 1 Right click anywhere in the Aggregate System of Equations window and choose Auto resize columns from the popup menu 190 GRAND The contents of the Aggregate System of Equations window can at any time be saved as a text file or printed To save the contents of the Aggregate System of Equations window as text file 1 Right click anywhere in the Aggregate System of Equations window and choose Save from the popup menu The Save As dialog box will appear 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the file 3 Type the file name in the File name field 4 Click Save To print the contents of the Aggregate System of Equations window 1 Right click anywhere in the Aggregate System of Equations window and choose Print from the popup menu The standard Print dialog box will appear 2 Adjust printing properties if necessary and click OK 4 2 9 The Equation Blocks Window The Equation Blocks window displays information about equation blocks see Section 2 5 as shown
130. he Environment options dialog box the General tab The Environment options dialog box consists of the following tabs General Colors Display and Fonts The subsections that follow describe the contents of these tabs 3 13 1 The General Tab This tab contains the following element Undo limit This field specifies the maximum undo buffer size that is the maximum number of actions that can be undone using the Edit Undo command 3 13 2 The Colors Tab A Environment options Display Fonts Own element Inherited element Overridden element Figure 157 The Colors tab The Colors tab see Figure 157 allows the user to configure colors for different categories of project elements 141 GRAND Element categories appear in the Element list The available categories are Own element Inherited element and Overridden element The Own element category represents new elements of a class or project The Inherited element and Overridden element categories represent inherited and overridden elements respectively To view or modify colors for a particular category select that category in the Element list For every category two colors can be selected in the Color palette foreground and background The currently selected foreground and background colors are denoted by the FG and BG labels respectively To select a color as a foreground color click that color in the Color palette
131. he default model instance until the specified conditional expression evaluates to true A call to this function is equivalent to runUntilEx 0 C function runUntilStopEx hModel TModelHandle TimeOut integer TRetCode Runs the specified model instance until all discrete actions of the model are completed or the specified timeout expires whatever happens first The nMode1 parameter identifies the model instance The parameter specifies the timeout in milliseconds The function returns only after all necessary computations are completed and all variables are updated accordingly Upon return from this function the model instance is guaranteed to be in the stopped state The function returns rcTimeout if the timeout expires or rcOK otherwise 216 val GRAND function RunUntilStop TimeOut integer TRetCode Runs the default model instance until all discrete actions of the model are completed or the specified timeout expires whatever happens first A call to this function is equivalent to runUntilStopEx 0 TimeOut function RunThreadUntil C pChar TRetCode Runs the default model instance in a separate thread until the specified conditional expression evaluates to true Creates a separate thread that calls RunUnt il C and returns immediately The caller can detect the moment when the model stops by calling the Stopped function periodically or handling the message configured using the Set EndMe
132. he function or procedure If omitted it is assumed to be equal to the name of the external function function name or procedure procedure name Examples function xlim x a double return double is external flibl dll procedure inc out x double is external 11 1 411 The DLL function implementing an external function or procedure must be exported from the DLL and must use the stdca11 calling convention The parameters of the DLL function must correspond to the parameters specified in the definition of the 52 j GRAND external function or procedure If the external function or procedure has out and in out parameters the corresponding parameters of the DLL function must be of type variant variant array For example the external function x1im and procedure inc defined above can be implemented in Delphi as follows library flib function xlim x a double double stdcall export begin if x a then Result a else if x a then Result a lse Result x end xlim procedure inc var x double begin 1 exports xlim inc end Vectors matrices arrays and records are passed to DLL functions as variants Vectors and matrices are passed as two dimensional 1 N 1 M variant arrays with elements of type double in case of vectors M equals 1 For example an external function defined as function addmatrix in x matrix in y ma
133. he operator sequence following the first then keyword is executed Otherwise the conditional expression following the e1sif keyword if any is evaluated If the result is true the operator sequence following the corresponding then keyword is executed Otherwise the procedure is repeated for every next pair of the elsif and then keywords until there is no such pair or the conditional expression evaluates to t rue If all conditional expressions evaluate to false the operator sequence following the else keyword if any is executed 57 GRAND vt Example if x gt x2 and y lt yl then 2 true elsif x lt x3 and x gt 0 and y lt y2 then z i b elsif x gt x3 and y lt a x b then z b else z false end if 2 16 4 The case Operator The case operator executes one of several operator sequences depending on the value of an expression Syntax lt case_operator gt case lt selector_expression gt of when lt option gt lt option gt gt lt operator_sequence gt when others gt operator sequence end case The selector expression is an expression that evaluates to an integer or enumeration type Every option is a literal of the same type as the selector expression The case operator is executed by first evaluating the selector expression The result of the selector expression is then compared to each opt ion If one of the
134. he stopped state the model time does not change and no internal activity takes place within the model When the model is in the running state it can at any time be stopped When the model is in the stopped state it can be either run instructed to execute one discrete Step or restarted from the beginning To run the model 1 Click Start P on the main toolbar or Choose Simulation Start from the main menu stop the model 1 Click Stop the main toolbar or Choose Simulation Stop from the main menu 207 RAND To execute one discrete step 1 Click Discrete step Pll on the main toolbar or Choose Simulation Discrete step from the main menu To restart the model 1 Click Restart the main toolbar or Choose Simulation Restart from the main menu 4 2 15 The Simulation Plan Dialog Box The Simulation Plan dialog box allows the user to create and activate the simulation plan The simulation plan is a sequence of commands that if active is executed in parallel with the model An example of the Simulation Plan dialog box containing a simple plan is shown in Figure 243 n Pause 50 Assign x 10 Pause 20 Assign model x 20 Assign obj1 y 225 Pause 50 Message Completed Breakpoint Help Figure 243 The Simulation Plan dialog box containing a simple plan To open the Simulatio
135. hides the scale labels Auto scaling Toggles automatic scaling Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 4 Linear Indicator Continuous or Discrete This component provides the following context menu items Min Allows to specify the minimum value displayed by the indicator Max Allows to specify the maximum value displayed by the indicator Style Allows to convert the indicator to a component of any other type Vertical Toggles between vertical and horizontal orientation Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variable value Color Allows to specify the indicator color Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format Show scale Shows hides the scale labels Auto scaling Toggles automatic scaling Position Allows to specify the position and size of the component The position is relative to the upper left corner of the 2D Animation window 4 2 6 5 Slider This component provides the following context menu items Min Allows to specify the minimum value displayed by the slider Max Allows to specify the maximum value displayed by the slider Style Allows to convert the slider to a component of any other type Vertical Toggles between vertical and horizontal orientation Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variabl
136. iable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 166 2 Modify the properties of the virtual variable as necessary 3 Click OK To delete a virtual variable 1 Right click the virtual variable and choose Delete virtual variable from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 4 2 2 The Behavior Chart Window The Behavior Chart window visualizes the behavior chart of a hybrid object see Section 2 4 The Behavior Chart window looks as shown in Figure 167 150 when V 1 actions 1V 2 sin Time r after 10 when V 1 actions actions 41V 5 23 14 Figure 167 The Behavior Chart window In the Behavior Chart window all states and transitions are shown grayed out except for the current state and active transitions When a transition is executed it is highlighted orange State and transition property labels can be turned on and off via the context menu To toggle property labels 1 Right click anywhere in the Behavior Chart window and choose Additional info from the popup menu The Behavior Chart window of the model object opens automatically upon executable model startup if the model object is hybrid The Behavior Chart windows of other hybrid objects can be opened manually as described below and in Section 4 2 3 If a state displayed in a Behavior Chart window has a hybrid activity the Behavior Chart window of the corresponding activity object can be opened as fol
137. ible Color specifies the color 21 specify the coordinates of the starting point nX nY nZ specify the arrow vector Length specifies the arrow length Cylinder radius specifies the arrow cylinder radius Head radius specifies the radius of the arrowhead cone Head length specifies the height of the arrowhead cone Slices specifies the number of segments used to model the arrow Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 12 Surface This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Name specifies the name of the object cannot be associated with a variable Visible determines whether the object is visible Color specifies the color y1 z1 specify the x y and z offset of the surface from the coordinate origin 188 GRAND t XYZs specifies the coordinates of the surface points This must be a three column matrix whose rows represent the points Points in row specifies the number of points in each row of the surface Transparency specifies the object transparency must be between 0 fully opaque and 1 fully transparent 4 2 7 13 Text Label This object has the following properties Type reflects the type of the object read only cannot be associated with a variable Nam
138. ified after that checkbox must consist of lines of the following form Xparamater or variable name Upon termination the model will modify each line of the output file by adding the value of the specified parameter or variable after the sign 4 2 13 2 The Numerical methods Dialog Box The Numerical methods dialog box allows the user to choose and configure the numerical methods used to solve the aggregate system of equations of the model see Section 2 6 Rand Model Designer offers the following categories of numerical methods Automatic solvers These methods analyze the aggregate system of equations and automatically select the method that suits best If the selected method does not perform well the detailed information about encountered problems is presented to the user By analyzing that information the user can better understand the characteristics of the system and gather enough knowledge to manually choose the right method Concrete methods These methods attempt to solve the aggregate system of equations using some well known algorithm These methods have well known characteristics that determine their suitability for solving different kinds of equation systems If the concrete method selected by the user cannot solve the current aggregate system of equations with the requested tolerance it stops the model execution and displays an error message Debug methods These methods are designed to robustly sol
139. ight click the state and choose Internal transitions from the popup menu The Internal transitions window will appear as shown in Figure 171 152 Figure 171 Opening the Internal transitions window of a state The Behavior Chart window allows the user to associate a set of visual model settings with a state so that when the state becomes current the corresponding model settings are automatically activated This allows the user to configure the visual executable model to show different windows in different model states To associate a set of visual model settings with a state 1 Right click the state and choose Custom settings from the popup menu The Custom Settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 172 Special options Cancel Figure 172 The Custom settings dialog box 2 Click e The Open dialog box will appear 3 Select a model settings file and click Open The selected name will appear in the Custom Settings dialog box 4 Click OK To remove a set of visual model settings from a state 1 Right click the state and choose Custom settings from the popup menu The Custom Settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 172 2 Select the no option 3 Click OK 4 2 3 The Structure Window The Structure window visualizes the structure diagram of a compound object see Section 2 7 The Structure window looks as shown in Figure 173 153 Thermostat Heater
140. ime diagram mode To modify the Min or Width attribute of a variable 1 Double click the corresponding cell An in place editing field will appear 2 Type the new value 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field To modify the color used to plot a variable 1 Double click the Color field of the variable The standard Color dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 192 Basic colors Custom colors Define Custom Colors gt gt Figure 192 The Color dialog box 2 Select the desired color and click OK 164 GRAND t To select or deselect the x axis variable 1 Double click the X field of the variable you want to select or deselect Besides the list of variables the Diagram parameters dialog box contains the following elements legend This checkbox shows hides the legend at the top of the Diagram window fixed Y bounds This checkbox enables disables sharing of the y axis by all plots auto scaling This checkbox enables disables automatic scaling for the y axis in the time diagram mode and for both axes in the phase diagram mode time scroller This checkbox enables disables scrolling along the x axis in the time diagram mode 3D This checkbox enables disables 3D display of empty areas around the chart smooth lines This checkbox enables disables line smoothing grid This group of checkboxes and options configures the grid The vert
141. imple automatic 203 www rand service com RAND mm SCrvice 4 2 13 2 3 The Algebraic differential equations Tab Numerical methods Tolerance Differential equations Algebraic differential equations Algebraic equations Optimization xplicit methods Implicit methods DOPRIS Newton RADAU DDASSL 7 DOPRI853 Newton Figure 239 The Algebraic differential equations tab The Algebraic differential equations tab see Figure 239 contains the following elements Automatic This option selects the automatic solver Explicit methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following explicit methods DOPRI5 Newton DOPRI853 Newton Implicit methods This group of options allows the user to select one of the following implicit methods RADAU DDASSL 204 www rand service com RAND SCrvice 4 2 13 2 4 The Algebraic equations Tab Numerical methods Tolerance Differential equations Algebraic differential equations Algebraic equations Optimization xplicit methods Implicit methods methods Modified Newton E RADALI DDASSL Classical Newton Powel Automatic Figure 240 The Algebraic equations tab The Algebraic equations tab see Figure 240 contains the following elements Automatic This option selects the automatic solver Explicit methods This group of options
142. instance A call to this method is equivalent to setVarValueEx 0 hVar X function setVarDoubleValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle X double TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of type double The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The hvar parameter identifies the variable The x parameter specifies the value function SetVarDoubleValue hVar TVarHandle X double TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of type double in the default model instance A call to this method is equivalent to setVarDoubleValueEx 0 hVar X function setVarVectorValueEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle var N integer var X TArrayDouble TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of type vector The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The n Var parameter identifies the variable The N parameter specifies the vector size The x parameter specifies the value function SetVarVectorValue hVar TVarHandle var N integer var X TArrayDouble TRetCode Assigns the specified value to the specified variable of type vector N in the default model instance A call to this method is equivalent to setVarVectorValueEx 0 hVar X 218 GRAND val function getTimeValueEx hModel TModelHandle var Time double TRetCode Retrieves the current continuous model time of the specified model instance The nMode1 param
143. is procedure fills the vector a which is supposed to be visible at this point 2 14 2 2 External Functions and Procedures An external function or procedure is a subroutine implemented outside Rand Model Designer with the use of third party tools such as Visual C Delphi Fortran etc The definition of an external function or procedure within a class or project provides only the specification of the function or procedure The corresponding implementation must reside in a DLL dynamic link library loadable by the executable model The definition of an external function or procedure within a class or project has the following syntax external function function function name formal parameters return return value type is external path to dll name dll function name external procedure procedure procedure name formal parameters external path to dll name dll function name function name identifier Xprocedure name identifier 51 v l GRAND formal parameters parameter series parameter series Xparameter series parameter category parameter name lt name parameter type Xparameter category in out in out Xparameter name identifier parameter type identifier return value type identifier Where function name is the f
144. iterals OK Cancel Help Type definition 0 Figure 131 The Choose type dialog box the Enumerated tab 2 To add a literal to the enumeration click Add The Enter the enumerated literal dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 132 Figure 132 The Enter the enumerated literal dialog box 3 Type the literal in the Identifier field and click OK 4 Repeat the last two steps to add more literals to the enumeration 5 Click OK in the Choose type dialog box To specify a declared type 1 Click the Declared tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 133 123 RAND mm SCrvice Choose type Standard Vector Signal Enumerated Imported packages This project E Type 1 Lo Type 2 ike definition Figure 133 The Choose type dialog box the Declared tab 2 Select the required type and click OK When editing the type for which a declared type acts as a synonym two additional categories of types become available record types and connecter types To specify a record type 1 Click the Record tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 134 Choose type Components Add inset Edit Delete definition record Figure 134 The Choose type dialog box the Record tab 2 To add a field to the record type click Add The Record component dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 135 1
145. ith an inherited state including the actual parameter values of the activity object Override the entry and exist actions of an inherited state Override the trigger the guard and the actions of an inherited transition Add new local objects and links to the inherited structure diagram Override the actual parameter values of an inherited local object In a derived class all inherited elements are labeled with the sign If a derived class overrides the system of equations the overridden system of equations is labeled with the sign The inherited and overridden states transitions local objects and links are shown on the behavior chart and the structure diagram in special colors configurable by the user None of the elements of the base class can be removed in the derived class In Rand Model Design a base class is often called a superclass and a derived class is often called a subclass 2 13 TYPES A type defines a set of values that an object or expression can take and a set of operations allowed on those values Every type has a name that uniquely identifies the type The use of a particular type name in a definition of an object such as parameter variable or constant indicates that the corresponding object has the corresponding type that is can take values from the corresponding set 36 GRAND 2 13 1 Scalar Types The scalar types are double byte short integer boolean char string user defined enumer
146. k Type The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to choose the type of the parameter When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 4 To specify the default value of the new parameter click Value If the type of the parameter is an enumeration the Choose enumerated value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 44 Otherwise if the type of the parameter is a record the Component Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 45 Otherwise the Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 46 Choose enumerated value Cancel Figure 44 The Choose enumerated value dialog box Initial value for P_1 C2 Mathematical editing Figure 45 Editing the default value of a parameter in the Component Editor window 80 www rand service com E oo n v eee Figure 46 Editing the default value of a parameter the Text Editor window 5 If the type of the parameter is an enumeration choose the default value of the parameter in the Choose enumerated value dialog box When done click OK in the Choose enumerated value dialog box 6 Ifthe type of the parameter is a record use the Component Editor window see Section 3 8 to specify the default value of the parameter When done click Apply in the Component Editor window 7 Ifthe type of the parameter is any other type use the Text Editor window see Se
147. known variables t phi Initial values for derivatives 22 0 Equations Figure 73 Inherited system of equations 2 Double click the Continuous behavior node or any of its sub nodes or Right click the Continuous behavior node or any of its sub nodes and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 74 95 Figure 74 Overriding inherited equations Use the Text Editor window to modify the equations When ready click OK A confirmation message box will be displayed Click Yes If necessary select the unknown variables in the Select unknown variables dialog box if it appears The modified system of equations will appear in the equation system editor The overridden elements will be displayed with the 9 sign as shown in Figure 75 2 Continuous behavior y x 2 phit theta 2 phi theta 1 thetat y 2 0 2 2 Unknown variables t theta x 2 _ Initial values for derivatives 2 2 0 Equations Figure 75 Overridden system of equations At any moment the set of unknown variables can be modified via the Unknown variables node of the equation system editor To modify the set of unknown variables 96 1 Double click the Unknown variables node or any of its sub nodes in the equation system editor or Right click the Unknown variables node or any of its sub nodes in the equation system editor and choose E
148. l appear as shown in Figure 31 2 Use the Constant dialog box to modify the constant When done click OK To modify a constant in place in the Project Manager window 1 Click the constant in the Project Manager window After a short while click the constant again An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 35 72 CRAND Project constants c double 9 8 Project procedures and Functions Figure 35 Editing a constant in place 2 Modify the constant definition in place 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the Project Manager window 3 3 4 User Defined Functions and Procedures For detailed information on user defined functions and procedures see Section 2 14 2 To create a new user defined function or procedure 1 Right click the Project procedures and functions node in the Project Manager window and choose New function or procedure from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 36 Algorithmic procedure or function E Bf lt lt BA unction globFun 1 X double return double is return 0 end globFun 1 Help Figure 36 Editing a function or procedure in the Text Editor window 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to edit the code of the function or procedure 3 Click OK To modify a user defined function or procedure 1 Double click the function or procedure in the Project Manager window or Righ
149. lass To set the class icon 1 Right click the class editor tree and choose Add icon from the popup menu The Class icon dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 39 Class icon Cancel Help Figure 39 Class icon dialog box no icon yet 2 Click Load The Open dialog box will appear 3 Select an icon ico file 4 Click Open The selected icon will be displayed in the Class icon dialog box 5 Click OK in the Class icon dialog box 76 VRAND To modify the class icon 1 Double click the Class icon node in the class editor tree or Right click the Class icon node in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Class icon dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 40 Class icon di Load Clear Cancel Help Figure 40 Class icon dialog box with icon 2 Click Load The Open dialog box will appear 3 Select an icon ico file 4 Click Open The selected icon will be displayed in the Class icon dialog box 5 Click OK in the Class icon dialog box To clear the class icon 1 Double click the Class icon node in the class editor tree or Right click the Class icon node in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Class icon dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 40 2 Click Clear 3 Click OK 3 4 1 3 Superclass The Superclass node appears in the class editor tree and dis
150. licit default model instance whose TModelHandle is assumed to be 0 The default model instance is created automatically upon the first call to a function that requires the default instance Other model instances need to be created explicitly using the creat eMode1 function The embeddable model uses the numerical method settings that were active when the visual executable model was executed last time before the embeddable model was built These settings can be altered using the functions exported by the embeddable model 4 3 1 Data Types and Constants The embeddable model functions make use of the following data types and constants Data types integer a 32 bit signed integer pChar a pointer to a null terminated string of 8 bit characters pWideChar a pointer to a null terminated string of 16 bit characters double a 64 bit floating point ANSI IEEE Std 754 1985 number pointer 32 bit pointer to data variant a value of undefined type THandle integer a handle TModelHandle THandle a handle to a model instance TVarHandle THandle a handle to a variable TRetCode integer a function return code 214 GRAND val TRetCode constants rcOK 0 success rcModelDoesNotExist 1 the specified model instance does not exist rcModelIsNotAtBreakpoint 2 the specified model instance is not in the stopped state rcModelError 3 model error detected rcInvalidExpre
151. ling environment provides a set of functions specific to the Model class allowing the user to Move the contents of the Model class into another class Move the contents of another class into the Model class Erase the contents of the Model class Edit the actual parameter values and initial variables values of the model object These functions are available from within the Mode1 class editor as well as through the main menu and toolbar of the integrated modeling environment To move the contents of the Model class into another class 1 Click Save model as class amp the main toolbar or Choose Model Save model as class from the main menu or Right click anywhere in the class editor tree of the Model class and choose Save model as class from the popup menu The Enter the new class name dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 122 Enter the new class name Figure 122 The Enter the new class name dialog box 2 Type anewclass name 3 Click OK A new class with the specified name with be created The contents of the Model class will be moved into the new class that is copied into the new class and erased in the Model class To move the contents of another class into the Model class 1 Right click anywhere in the class editor tree of the Model class and choose Load model from class from the popup menu The Choose class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 123 118 2 Imported packages This p
152. log box 2 To modify the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable double click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box or right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose New value from the popup menu A value editing dialog box as shown in Figure 92 will appear of expression is Double Apply Figure 92 Value editing dialog box 3 Type the expression for the actual parameter value or initial variable value When done click Apply The Actual values dialog box will display the modified parameter or variable with the sign 4 restore the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable to the default value right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose Restore default value from the popup menu 5 Finally click Apply in the Actual values dialog box To restore the inherited activity of a state 1 Right click the state and choose Restore inherited activity from the popup menu 104 GRAND vl 3 4 3 4 Transitions For more on transitions see Section 2 4 2 To create a new transition on the behavior chart editor 1 Select the source state and click Transition toolbar or Right click the source state and choose New transition from the popup menu The behavior chart editor will start displaying a dashed line starting at the border of the source state and ending at the mouse cur
153. lows To open the Behavior Chart window of a hybrid state activity object 1 Double click the state or Right click the state and choose Behavior chart from the popup menu The Behavior Chart window of the activity object will appear as shown in Figure 168 A 52 behavior chart Figure 168 Opening the Behavior Chart window of a state activity object If a state has an activity with parameters or variables the Variables window of the corresponding activity object can be opened as follows 151 RAND To open the Variables window of a state activity object 1 Right click the state and choose Variables from the popup menu The Variables window of the activity object will appear as shown in Figure 169 Figure 169 Opening the Variables window of a state activity object If a state has a compound activity the Structure window of the corresponding activity object can be opened as follows To open the Structure window of a compound state activity object 1 Right click the state and choose Local structure from the popup menu The Structure window of the activity object will appear as shown in Figure 170 Figure 170 Opening the Structure window of a state activity object If a state has internal transitions the state s Internal transitions window be opened as follows To open the Internal transitions window for a state 1 R
154. lt value from the popup menu 5 Finally click Apply in the Actual values dialog box To open the class editor window for the class of a local object 1 Double click the local object 3 4 4 4 Class Boundary The class boundary see Section 2 7 2 represents the interface of the class and cannot be created or deleted Instead it appears and disappears automatically depending on whether the class is open or isolated However the class boundary can be resized resize the class boundary 1 Select the class boundary 2 Drag any border of the boundary in the desired direction 3 4 4 5 External Variables External variables shown on a structure diagram can belong to either the class or local objects External variables of the class are displayed on the class boundary and can be created deleted modified and moved around the boundary External variables of local objects represent external variables defined in respective classes and cannot be moved created modified or deleted when editing the structure diagram of the containing class For more on external variables see Section 2 9 To create a new external variable 1 Select the class boundary 2 Click Add input gl Add output b Add contact i Add flow 9 or Add connector on the structure diagram editor toolbar The External variable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 117 115 RAND e Identifier
155. m data export File am Files RandModelDesigner 6 bin diagram Ext PE Export Cancel Figure 189 Diagram data export dialog box 2 Type the path to the destination file in the File field or click the amp button and specify the destination file in the dialog box that appears 3 Specify the start and end time of the time interval you want to save in the time from and time to fields respectively 4 Click Export The resulting file will be opened in the default text editor as shown in Figure 190 162 diagram txt Notepad SEE File Edit Format View Help Time model x model y v 3 Q 0 0 0 5 10 1 1999 10 0 94004 3996 10 0 88029 5986 10 0 82097 7966 10 0 7623 9933 10 0 70448 1885 10 0 64773 3818 10 0 59224 5728 10 0 53822 7614 10 0 48586 9471 10 0 43536 1297 10 0 38688 3089 10 0 34062 4844 10 0 29672 6559 8 0 25536 SINAN C on 0n 0n on on Figure 190 Export result The Diagram window can be customized using the Diagram parameters dialog box 4 2 4 1 The Diagram parameters Dialog Box To open the Diagram parameters dialog box 1 Double click anywhere in the Diagram window or Right click anywhere in the Diagram window and choose Parameters from the popup menu The Diagram parameters dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 191 Diagram parameters legend Fixed Y bounds auto scaling
156. mount of time Delays 2 and so on until the last element and then restarts from the beginning 5 3 6 CClock CClock Figure 273 CClock Class name CClock Parameters none Input variables none Output variables T double Time Function This block outputs the current model time that is implements the function T Time 885 0000000 CRAND CHAPTER 6 Appendices This chapter contains appendices to the User M CRAND i 6 1 EXTENDED BACKUS NAUR FORM The Extended Backus Naur Form EBNF is a formal notation used to describe the syntax of context free grammars The EBNF specifies a grammar as a finite set of production rules that define how all legal sentences of the grammar can be generated Production rules have the following form non terminal symbol ebnf expression where non terminal symbol is a non terminal symbol ebnf expression is an expression consisting of non terminal symbols terminal symbols and special operations Terminal symbols are fixed character strings without any grammatical structure Non terminal symbols are named elements that can consist of terminal and non terminal symbols as defined by production rules Non terminal symbol names are by convention enclosed in angle brackets Every production rule indicates that the non terminal symbol on the left can be produced as specified by the expression on the right EBNF expressions support the following operations Conc
157. mponent you want to modify An in place editing field will appear Type a new value for the component Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field If necessary repeat the above steps to modify other components 4 2 1 1 Virtual Variables A virtual variable is a variable that is defined in the visual executable model rather than the project Every virtual variable has an associated expression specifying its 149 GRAND value During model execution the value of each virtual variable is updated automatically whenever the value of the associated expression changes Virtual variables are created and destroyed using the Variables window In the Variables window available virtual variables are displayed in red To create a new virtual variable 1 Right click anywhere in the Variables window and choose Create virtual variable from the popup menu The Virtual variable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 166 Virtual variable Identifier Expression Comments Is Figure 166 The Virtual variable dialog box Type the name of the new virtual variable in the Identifier field 2 3 Type the expression for the new virtual variable in the Expression field 4 f necessary type the comments in the Comments field 5 Click OK To modify a virtual variable 1 Double click the virtual variable or Right click the virtual variable and choose Edit from the popup menu The Virtual var
158. n component name component type component name identifier component type type connector type definition connector connector component definition end connector connector component definition lt component_stereotype gt lt component_name gt lt component_type gt lt component_stereotype gt input output flow contact Model class definition class definition actual initial values variable name value lt variable_name gt lt value gt In this syntax lt identifier gt is an identifier see Section 6 2 type is any type allowed in the current context For more information see Section 2 13 value is a value being assigned to an object parameter variable constant etc The type of the value must be convertible to the type of the object expression is an expression see Section 2 15 text until end of line is an arbitrary text until end of line The MVL language also includes the pragma operator that is used to represent behavior chart and structure diagram graphics 244
159. n returns a vector of size n filled with ones ones n m returns an n by m matrix of ones putcolumn x j c returns the matrix x with the j th column replaced with the vector c putrow x i r returns the matrix x with i th row replaced with the row matrix 1 by m matrix r row x i returns the i th row of the matrix x scalar x y returns the scalar product of the vectors x and y size x returns the size of the vector x Returns 0 if x is a variable size vector that has not been assigned any value yet size x i returns the size of the i th dimension of the matrix x Returns 0 if x is a variable size matrix that has not been assigned any value yet submatrix x i j n m returns an n by m sub matrix of the matrix x starting from x i j as the top left element sum x returns the sum of all elements of x where x is either a vector or a matrix transp x returns the transpose of the matrix x 45 GRAND i variance x returns the variance of the vector x vectorfromfile fp cn vectorfromfile fp cj loads a vector from a text file p specifies the path to the file If fp is a relative path it is assumed to be relative to the project folder cj specifies the index of the column to be loaded as a vector for example vectorfromfile file txt 2 cn specifies the name of the column to be loaded as a vector for example vectorfromfile file txt A file is assumed
160. n Plan dialog box 1 Choose Service Plan from the main menu or If the simulation plan is already active click Simulation plan on the main toolbar The Simulation Plan dialog box will appear If the simulation plan has not been configured yet the dialog box will look as shown in Figure 244 208 RAND OK Cancel Help Figure 244 Empty simulation plan The Simulation Plan dialog box displays the simulation plan in a list one command per row New commands can be either added to the end of the plan or inserted between existing commands Existing commands can be edited or deleted The Active checkbox in the lower left corner determines whether the plan is active or not The OK button applies the current changes and closes the dialog box The Cancel button closes the dialog box without applying the current changes The simulation plan can contain the following commands Assign assigns a new value to a model variable Pause delays the plan execution for a given amount of model time Message displays a message Breakpoint stops the model execution Quit terminates the model Assignment commands are added to the plan by dragging respective variables from Variables and Structure windows Other commands are added via the context menu lt To add or insert an assignment command 1 Drag the variable you want to assign from a Variables or S
161. n either enter variable names manually or drag variables from other windows and drop them onto fields in this column 4 2 7 2 Using the 3D Animation Window To add an object to 3D Animation window 1 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box 2 Activate the 3D objects tab 3 Click an appropriate button on the 3D objects tab toolbar To remove an object from a 3D Animation window 1 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box 2 Activate the 3D objects tab 3 Select the object in the object list 4 Click Delete 9X on the 3D objects tab toolbar To modify the current value of an object property 1 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box 2 Activate the 3D objects tab 3 Select the object in the object list 4 Click the Value field of the property in the property panel An in place editing field will appear 5 Type the new value 6 Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field To associate a variable with an object property 1 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box 183 GRAND Activate the 3D objects tab Select the object in the object list Drag the variable from a Variables or Structure window and drop it onto the Variable field of the property in the property panel To configure the color of an object 1 2 3 4 5 Open the 3D animation parameters dialog box Activate the 3D objects tab Select the object in the object list Click the Value field of th
162. n the following order conditional selection x not TT div mod and ELI LONE i OF nj v mn lt gt lt gt lt gt In the absence of parentheses operations are evaluated in the order of their precedence from highest to lowest Operations of equal precedence are evaluated from left to right For example the expression 20 5 2 40 is evaluated in the following order the multiplication 5 2 the first addition 20 10 the second addition 30 40 Parentheses override the normal evaluation order so that every sub expression within parentheses is evaluated before any other operations are applied to it For example the expression 20 5 2 40 is evaluated in the following order the second addition 2 40 the multiplication 5 42 the first addition 20 210 2 16 OPERATORS An operator is an instruction to the model to take some action A sequence of one or more operators represents a sequence of instructions that are executed in the order of appearance of the corresponding operators in the sequence Operators are used to implement internal functions and procedures see Section 2 14 2 1 and specify behavior chart state and transition actions see Section 2 4 Every operator has its own syntax as described below Every operator ends with a semicolon 2 16 1 Assignment Operator The assignment
163. nd choose Edit from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 165 148 2 3 Figure 165 Editing the value of a variable Type the new value Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field To modify a vector or matrix in place 1 2 3 Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window and choose Edit as text from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear Type the new value Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field To modify a vector or matrix using the Elements dialog box 1 3 4 5 6 Double click the corresponding row in the Variables window or Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Elements dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 162 In the Elements dialog box double click the element you want to modify An in place editing field will appear Type a new value for the element Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field If necessary repeat the above steps to modify other elements Click OK in the Elements dialog box To modify a record or connector 1 4 5 Double click the corresponding row in the Variables window or Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Components window will appear as shown in Figure 164 In the Components window double click the co
164. ndicates that if the specified trigger occurs while the object is in the transition s source state the object will instantly transition to the target state and execute the specified actions but only if the specified guard is satisfied The trigger of a transition can be specified in one of the following ways when condition the trigger occurs if and when the specified condition becomes true The condition is specified by an expression that evaluates to boolean see Section 2 15 when signal variable name the trigger occurs if and when the specified variable receives a signal see Section 2 13 5 and Section 2 16 8 after timeout the trigger occurs if and when the time spent in the current state exceeds the specified timeout The timeout is specified in model time units by an expression that evaluates to double see Section 2 15 A transition may have no trigger If a transition has no trigger the trigger occurs immediately after the object enters the transition s source state 19 CRAND i The guard of a transition is specified by an expression that evaluates to boolean see Section 2 15 A transition is executed if its guard evaluates to t rue at the time the trigger occurs If the guard does not evaluates to t rue at the time the trigger occurs the transition is not executed and the trigger occurrence is lost A transition may have no guard in which case the guard is assumed to always be true A tra
165. nents from the main menu The panel provides the following components dancer continuous linear indicator _ discrete linear indicator ates slider color indicator sprite Bs diagram B digital indicator knob J button 4 2 6 2 Using the 2D Animation Window To add a component to a 2D Animation window 1 Drag the component from the Standard 2D components panel and drop it onto the 2D Animation window ae To associate a component with a variable 1 Drag the variable from a Variables or Structure window and drop it onto the component in the 2D Animation window fe To move a component 1 Drag the component in the desired direction ae To resize a component 1 Drag any border of the component in the desired direction P To delete a component from a 2D Animation window 1 Right click the component and choose Close from the popup menu fe To set or change the background image of a 2D Animation window 1 Right click anywhere in the 2D Animation window and choose Background from the popup menu The Open dialog box will appear 2 Select the file you want to use as a background and click Open To clear the background 1 Right click anywhere in the 2D Animation window and choose Clear background from the popup menu 174 GRAND To modify the window title 1 Right click anywhere in the 2D Animation windo
166. ng on the stereotype of the class see Section 2 3 the right panel can contain one or more editors If the right panel contains more than one editor each one appears on a separate tab 3 4 1 Class Editor Tree The class editor tree consists of nodes representing groups of elements such as Parameters and Constants as well as nodes representing individual elements such as the class name individual parameters and individual constants Within a group elements are sorted in alphabetical order Inherited elements see Section 2 12 are shown with the sign The following subsections describe all possible types of elements that can appear in the class editor tree and the associated functions of the class editor 75 GRAND 3 4 1 1 Class Name The first element of the class editor tree is the class name The class name uniquely identifies the class within the project To modify the class name 1 Double click the class name node in the class editor tree or Right click the class name node in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 38 Class Class 1 A Parameters Variables Figure 38 Editing the class name 2 Type the new class name 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the class editor window outside the editing field 3 4 1 2 Class Icon The class icon is an optional image that if specified is shown on every instance of the c
167. nsition that has neither trigger no guard is called an unconditional transition An unconditional transition is executed immediately after the object enters the transition s source state The actions of a transition are a sequence of operators see Section 2 16 that is executed instantly every time the transition is executed A transition may have no actions in which case no actions are executed when the transition is executed 2 4 3 Internal Transition An internal transition is a transition of a special kind that takes place within a state without changing the current state Unlike an ordinary transition an internal transition is not shown as a separate arrow on a behavior chart Instead a state containing one or more internal transitions is shown as a rectangle with an arrow inside as in Figure 7 Figure 7 State with internal transition s When an internal transition is executed the object does not leave the current state The execution of an internal transition therefore does not result in execution of the current state s exit and entry actions or any changes to the state s activity This is what makes an internal transition different from an ordinary transition exiting and entering the same state The execution of an ordinary transition exiting and entering the same state results in execution of the state exit actions destruction of the current state activity object creation of a new state activity object and execution of the sta
168. nstant click Type The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to choose the type of the constant When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box 4 To specify the value of the new constant click Value If the type of the constant is an enumeration the Choose enumerated value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 58 Otherwise if the type of the 86 GRAND constant is a record the Component Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 59 Otherwise the Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 60 Choose enumerated value Mathematical editing Figure 59 Editing the value of a constant in the Component Editor window Initial value for Const_1 3 4 N B v fv Figure 60 Editing the value of a constant in the Text Editor window 5 If the type of the constant is an enumeration choose the value of the constant in the Choose enumerated value dialog box When done click OK in the Choose enumerated value dialog box If the type of the constant is a record use the Component Editor window see Section 3 8 to specify the value of the constant When done click Apply in the Component Editor window If the type of the constant is any other type use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the expression for the value of the constant When done click OK in the Text Editor window If necessary type the comments
169. ntended for two dimensional animation The 2D Animation window provides a two dimensional scene that can be populated with standard animation components such as indicators and sprites Components can be associated with model variables so that when model variables change components move and change their appearance accordingly thereby animating the model The user can open and populate as many 2D Animation windows as necessary An example of the 2D Animation window is shown in Figure 207 172 A 2D animation Figure 207 2D Animation window example To open a new 2D Animation window 1 Click New 2D animation amp on the main toolbar or Choose Window New 2D animation from the main menu A new 2D Animation window will appear as shown in Figure 208 A 2D animation Figure 208 New 2D Animation window The user populates the 2D Animation window by dragging and dropping components from the Standard 2D components panel 4 2 6 1 The Standard 2D components Panel The Standard 2D components panel see Figure 209 provides a palette of components that can be dropped onto a 2D Animation or Structure window Standard 2D components Figure 209 The Standard 2D components panel 173 GRAND vA To open the Standard 2D components panel 1 Click Standard 2D components on the main toolbar or Choose Service Standard 2D compo
170. nts the transfer function W s which is equivalent the equation dY _ K X dt 5 1 5 CDifferentiator CDifferentiator UA D Figure 254 CDifferentiator Class name CDifferetiator Parameters X0 double 0 the initial value of X YO double 0 the initial value of Y Input variables X double Output variables Y double YO Function _ dX This block implements the equation dr t 5 1 6 CAperiodicUnit CAperiodicUnit Figure 255 CAperiodicUnit Class name CAperiodicUnit 225 GRAND Parameters K double 1 the gain factor T double 1 the time constant X0 double 0 the initial value of X YO double 0 the initial value of Y Input variables X double Output variables Y double YO Function This block implements the transfer function W s T which is equivalent to s gt d K X Y the equation dt T 5 1 7 COscillatingUnit COscillatingUnit Figure 256 COscillatingUnit Class name COscillatingUnit Parameters K double 1 the gain factor T double 1 the time constant Dzeta double 1 the damping factor 0 the initial value of X X0 double 0 the initial value of Y YO double Input variables X double Output variables 226 Y double YO Vy double 0 CRAND Function K This
171. object OnVarChange x returns t rue if the variable x was modified during the current discrete time tick Returns false otherwise StateResult may only be used in the exit actions of a state see Section 2 4 1 Returns t rue if there were no errors while being in the state false otherwise Stop causes Rand Model Designer to stop the model execution after finishing executing the transition whose actions called this procedure see Section 2 4 2 time returns the current model time of this object that is the amount of model time elapsed since the creation of this object in model time units Time if this object is an activity object returns the current model time of the object owning the behavior chart with the corresponding state Otherwise returns the current model time of the object tostring x returns a string representation of x 47 GRAND i 2 14 1 5 Functors A functor is a function that accepts an expression rather than a value as one of its arguments A functor call looks like an ordinary function call but is in fact a special operator that specifies an independent variable an expression involving the independent variable an interval for the independent variable and optionally an absolute error tolerance for the result A functor call has the following syntax functor call lt functor_name gt lt independent_variable_name gt lt expression gt lt independent_variable
172. of rotation of the animation around its axes When all angles are zeros the x axis points right the y axis points up and the z axis points out of the screen towards the viewer 4 2 7 1 2 The 3D objects Tab 3D animation parameters o 3 H 4 m x Figure 217 The objects tab The 3D objects tab see Figure 217 consists of the toolbar object list and property panel The toolbar provides the following buttons adds a line segment _ adds a sphere d adds a cylinder A adds a cone _ adds torus 182 GRAND t 3 adds a spring ie adds a beam 1 adds a quadrangle a _ adds an arrow adds surface T adds a two dimensional text label deletes the currently selected object The object list displays all added objects and allows the user to select any one of them The property panel provides access to the properties of the currently selected object The property panel has the following columns Parameter This column displays the name of each property Value This column displays and allows the user to modify the current value of each property The current value may be either specified by the user or automatically set by the model to the current value of the associated variable if any Variable This column specifies the name of the variable associated with each property The user ca
173. of the model object In addition to these default windows the user can manually open more Variables Diagram Histogram Behavior Chart Structure 2D Animation and 3D Animation windows 4 2 1 The Variables Window The Variables window displays the current values of parameters and variables of some object see Section 2 8 and Section 2 9 The Variables window looks as shown in Figure 161 Figure 161 The Variables window The Variables window displaying the parameters and variables of the model object opens automatically upon executable model startup if the model object has any parameters or variables The Variables windows of other objects can be opened manually from Behavior Chart see Section 4 2 2 and Structure see Section 4 2 3 windows The Variables window displays the values in a list one row per parameter or variable Parameter and variable names are shown on the left and their respective values are shown on the right Vector and matrix values are displayed as vector and matrix literals If a vector or matrix value does not fit in the available space the Variables window displays it partially and allows the user to view the full contents in a separate dialog box To view the full contents of a vector or matrix 1 Double click the corresponding row in the Variables window or Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Elements dialog box will appea
174. of the movement area right left These options specify the x axis orientation for the movement area up down These options specify the y axis orientation for the movement area Background This field specifies the path to the background image Color This field specifies the background fill color Images This area shows the list of image files associated with a sprite The default image is denoted by a checked checkbox The list provides a context menu containing the following items Add Insert Delete Add adds an image to the end of the list Insert inserts an image before the currently selected image Delete deletes the currently selected image Transparency This checkbox enables disables transparency If this checkbox is checked the color of the lower left pixel of every image is rendered as transparent for that image Otherwise all images are rendered opaque 4 2 6 8 Diagram The diagram component represents a Diagram window embedded into a 2D Animation window functioning just like a standalone Diagram window For more information see Section 4 2 4 4 2 6 9 Digital Indicator This component provides the following context menu items Style Allows to convert the indicator to a component of any other type Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variable value Font Allows to specify the font used to display the indicator value Color Allows to specify the indicator color
175. of x arcsin x returns the arcsine of x requires 1 x lt 1 arctg x returns the arctangent of x arsh x returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x arth x returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x ch x returns the hyperbolic cosine of x cos x returns the cosine of x where x is specified in radians ctg x returns the cotangent of x where x is specified in radians Requires tren deg x converts x from radians to degrees exp x returns the exponential of x 19 x returns the base 10 logarithm of x requires x gt 0 ln x returns the natural logarithm of x requires x gt 0 1 x2 xn returns the maximum among the arguments min xl x2 xn returns the minimum among the arguments rad x converts x from degrees to radians round x rounds x to the nearest integer sh x returns the hyperbolic sine of x sign retums 1 if x gt 0 1ifx lt 0 sin x returns the sine of x where x is specified in radians sqrt x returns the square root of x requires x gt 0 tg returns the tangent of x where x is specified in radians Requires th returns the hyperbolic tangent of x 44 GRAND i trunc x rounds x towards zero to the nearest integer that is returns the integer part of x 2 14 1 2 Functions and Procedures for Vectors and Matrices column x j
176. og box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box to specify the type of the component When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box If necessary type the comments for the component in the Comments field Choose the category of the component in the Component category section Click OK in the Connector component dialog box If necessary repeat the above steps to add more components to the connector type 9 Click OK in the Choose type dialog box 3 6 THE GROUPS DIALOG BOX The Groups dialog box allows the user to edit the set of groups associated with a parameter variable or constant The Groups dialog box looks as shown in Figure 138 126 Groups for variable 1 New group Figure 138 The Groups dialog box To create a new group 1 Click New group in the Groups dialog box The Enter the new group name dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 139 Enter the new group name Figure 139 The Enter the new group name dialog box 2 Type the name of the new group 3 Click OK To modify the set of groups associated with a parameter variable or constant 1 Check the groups that should be associated with the parameter variable or constant 2 Uncheck the groups that should not be associated with the parameter variable or constant 3 Click Apply 3 7 TEXT EDITOR The Text Editor window allows the user to edit various textual properties including E
177. on 1 Choose a row in the Calculator window 2 By default the Calculator window evaluates entered expressions in the context of the model object If you want to evaluate an expression in the context of some other object specify the object in the Object field To do so either drag the object from a Structure or Behavior Chart window and drop it onto the Object field of the selected row or right click the Object field choose Change current object from the popup menu and choose the object using the Choose object dialog box that will appear as shown in Figure 224 Choose object Figure 224 The Choose object dialog box 3 Click the Expression field of the selected row After a short while click the Expression field again An in place editing field will appear 4 Type the expression 5 Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field The value of the expression will appear in the Result field as shown in Figure 225 192 GRAND vt E Formula calculator Expression x robjl x obj2 x Figure 225 Evaluation result To evaluate an already entered expression 1 Right click the corresponding row and choose Calculate row from the popup menu To evaluate all available expressions 1 Right click anywhere in the Calculator window and choose Calculate all from the popup menu Toaddarow 1 Right click anywhere in the Calculator window and choose Add line from the popup menu To remove
178. on A switch point can have at most one outgoing else transition When a switch point is visited an outgoing transition whose guard evaluates to true is immediately selected and executed If there is no such transition the else transition is executed If a switch point does not have an outgoing else transition upon visiting the switch point the guard of exactly one outgoing transition must evaluate to t rue If a switch point does have an outgoing else transition upon visiting the switch point the guard of at most one outgoing transition may evaluate to true A switch point cannot have entry actions exit actions or activity 21 CRAND i 2 4 7 Probabilistic Switch Point A probabilistic switch point is a special state that when visited results in immediate selection and execution of one of the outgoing transitions The transition to be executed is selected randomly among the outgoing transitions based on the probabilities associated with them On a behavior chart a probabilistic switch point is shown as a rhomb surrounding a smaller solid filled rhomb as in Figure 11 probability 1 gt Figure 11 Probabilistic switch point A transition exiting a probabilistic switch point can have neither trigger nor guard Instead of a guard a transition exiting a probabilistic switch point can have either a probability or a special else label The probability is specified by an expression see Section 2 15 that evaluates to
179. onal 1 Choose Model Save as from the main menu The Save model as dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 151 Save model as Save in mymodel imports 29 My Recent Documents 3 Desktop My Documents My Computer My Network File name Places Save as type Programs Cancel Figure 151 The Save model as dialog box 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the executable model 3 Type the name of the file in the File name field 4 Click Save 3 12 THE PROJECT OPTIONS DIALOG BOX The Project options dialog box allows the user to edit properties of the currently open project To open the Project options dialog box 1 Click Project options on the main toolbar or Choose Project Options from the main menu The Project options dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 152 136 GRAND Project options i Folders Model Version default initial values for variables Variable aroups Cancel Figure 152 The Project options dialog box the General tab The Project options dialog box consist of the following tabs General Folders Model and Version The subsections that follow describe the contents of these tabs 3 12 1 The General Tab This tab contains the following elements Default initial values for variables If this checkbox is checked Rand Model Designer automatically generat
180. one readily available library SysLib the standard class library Should the user have a need to integrate the executable model with other software on the user side the embeddable executable mode can be created instead of the visual one The embeddable executable model is a Windows DLL that any software can link to in order to get programmatic access to the model 12 GRAND 1 3 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW This document is organized as follows Chapter 2 Modeling Language describes the modeling language of Rand Model Designer Chapter 3 Integrated Modeling Environment describes the integrated modeling environment Chapter 4 Executable Model discusses the categories and capabilities of executable models Chapter 5 SysLib The Standard Class Library serves as a reference manual for the SysLib library Chapter 6 Appendices contains appendices 13 RAND CHAPTER 2 Modeling Language This chapter describes the modeling language of Rand Model Designer CRAND i 2 1 PROJECT A project on one hand provides a complete definition of a model and on the other hand is a collection of components each of which may or may not be a part of the model definition A project corresponds to a package in UML notation A project can contain the following components Classes Declared types Project constants Project functions and procedures Imported packages Classes are the primary components of every proje
181. one variable The y coordinate of the sprite can be associated with another variable The index of the currently displayed image can be associated with the third variable To associate a variable with a sprite 1 Drag the variable from a Variables or Structure window and drop it onto the sprite in the 2D Animation window The Use Variable As dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 212 Use variable X coordinate C as Y coordinate as image index Figure 212 The Use Variable As dialog box 2 To associate the variable with the x coordinate of the sprite choose the X coordinate option To associate the variable with the y coordinate choose the Y coordinate option To associate the variable with the index of the currently displayed image choose the Image index option 3 Click OK The image or images that a sprite will display can be added to the sprite via the Animation parameters dialog box see Section 4 2 6 7 1 To add one or more images to a sprite 1 Right click the sprite and choose Parameters from the popup menu The Animation parameters dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 213 177 Animation parameters Max Axis orientation x tight yop down SSS Images Transparency Figure 213 The Animation parameters dialog box 2 Right click anywhere in the Images list and choose Add from the popup menu The Open dialog box will appear 3 Select the im
182. onto the structure diagram editing area A new local object of the corresponding class will appear as shown in Figure 111 112 GRAND Class_1_1 f Figure 111 New local object To create a new local object using the Add object O toolbar button 1 Click Add object H on the structure diagram editor toolbar The Choose class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 112 Choose class 5 Imported packages This project Class_1 mw Model mu New class Figure 112 The Choose class dialog box 2 Select the class from which you want to create a local object 3 Click OK A new local object of the selected class will appear as shown in Figure 111 To resize a local object 1 Select the local object 2 Drag any border of the local object in the desired direction To rotate a local object 1 Right click the local object and choose Rotate 90 clockwise Rotate 90 counterclockwise or Rotate 180 from the popup menu To rename a local object 1 Double click the name of the local object or Right click the local object and choose Rename from the popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 113 LI Figure 113 Renaming a local object 113 RAND 2 Modify the local object name 3 Hit Enter click anywhere in the editing area lt To edit the comments of a local object 1 Right click the local object and choose Edit comments from the
183. oolbar or Right click the transition and choose Spline curve from the popup menu lt To edit the conditions trigger guard probability of a transition on the behavior chart 1 Selectthe transition and click Transition conditions editor toolbar or Right click the transition and choose Transition conditions from the popup menu The Transition conditions dialog box will appear If the transition exits an ordinary state the Transition conditions dialog box will look as shown in Figure 95 If the transition exits a switch point see Section 2 4 6 the Transition conditions dialog box will look as shown in Figure 96 If the transition exits a probabilistic switch point see Section 2 4 7 the Transition conditions dialog box will look as shown in Figure 97 Transition conditions Trigger event Boolean expression 35 when Signal identifier Real expression after C None Guard condition Boolean expression None Cancel Help Figure 95 Editing the conditions of a transition exiting an ordinary state Transition conditions Guard condition Boolean expression OK Cancel Help Figure 96 Editing the conditions of a transition exiting a switch point 106 Figure 97 Editing the conditions of a transition exiting a probabilistic switch point 2 Specify the transition conditions 3 Click OK If the conditions are not empty they will appear in the pro
184. ort and integer types represent integer numbers The byte type represents an 8 bit unsigned integer number ranging from 0 to 255 The short type represents a 16 bit signed integer number ranging from 32768 to 32767 The integer type represents a 32 bit signed integer number ranging from 2147483648 to 2147483647 The operations defined for the byte short and integer types are see also Section 2 15 1 addition subtraction multiplication div integer division mod remainder calculation modulo operator raising a number to the power of another number or bitwise or and bitwise not bitwise not equality relation 12 inequality relation gt greater than relation gt greater than or equal to relation lt less than relation lt less than or equal to relation byte short and integer literals have the following syntax integer literal sign digits sign lt digits gt lt digit gt lt digit gt digit 0 1 2 3 41 51 6 7 8 9 38 GRAND Examples 134 4567 2 13 1 3 boolean The boolean type represents a logical quantity with two possible values t rue and false The operations defined for the boolean type are see also Section 2 15 1 or logical and logical not logical not equalit
185. ort Syslib continuous class Class 1 is pragma class Class 1 rectangle Top 0 Left 0 Height 0 Width 0 y double 0 equations 4 unknown 7 end Class 1 continuous class Class 2 is pragma class Class 2 rectangle Top 0 Left 0 Height 0 Width 0 equations 4 unknown end Class 2 continuous class Class 3 extends Class 2 is pragma class Class_ 3 rectangle Top O Left 0 Height 0 Width 0 x double 0 equations 4 x y 0 unknown Y end Class 3 private continuous class Model is pragma class Model rectangle Top 0 Left 0 Height 0 Width 0 equations unknown Y end Model static model Model end al c3 Figure 42 The Error window 3 4 1 4 Parameters The Parameters node of the class editor tree represents the parameters of the class For more on class parameters see Section 2 8 To create a new parameter 1 Right click the Parameters node in the class editor tree and choose New parameter from the popup menu The Parameter dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 43 79 WWW rand service com Parameter Identifier n Cancel Type double Help Value 0 Comments E Group ERI Figure 43 The Parameter dialog box 2 Type the name of the new parameter in the Identifier field 3 To specify the type of the new parameter clic
186. ountered problem will appear 74 VRAND vi 6 Click OK 3 4 CLASS EDITOR The class editor window allows the user to edit the contents of a class including the name parameters variables constants functions procedures local classes behavior chart system of equations and structure diagram see Section 2 2 To open the class editor for a class 1 Double click the class in the Project Manager window or Right click the class in the Project Manager window and choose Edit from the popup menu Class IdealL ED id IdealLED t Superclass OnePort Class icon Parameters lt gt External variables Bon Pin v gt 0 I gt 0 Hp Pin v gt 0 I gt 0 State variables I Current 0 v Voltage 0 A Constants Functions and procedures L Comments do EgIndoorLEDa Local classes Hybrid Continuous gt Behavior chart Figure 37 Class editor window The class editor window looks as shown in Figure 37 The class editor window consists of two panels separated by a movable vertical splitter The left panel displays the tree of properties and elements of the class and is called the class editor tree The right panel contains a combination of the following editors The equation system editor if the class is continuous The behavior chart editor if the class is hybrid The structure diagram editor if the class is compound and or open Dependi
187. owed Reserved keywords begin end etc may not be used as identifiers 237 j GRAND Identifiers are case sensitive Identifiers may have arbitrary length 6 3 THE MVL LANGUAGE The MVL language is a format used to represent Rand Model Designer projects in textual form The MVL language has the following syntax module package definition package definition package project name is import list of imported packages project element definition Model class definition static model Model actual initial values end project name Xproject name name name lt identifier gt lt package_name gt lt identifier gt lt package_name gt lt identifier gt lt list_of_imported_packages gt lt package_name gt lt package_name gt lt project_element_definition gt lt class_definition gt global constant definition global function or procedure definition declared type class definition lt class_stereotype gt class class name is parameter definition external variable definition variable definition constant definition function or procedure definition structure diagram definition behavior definition end class name class stereotype local lt visibility gt lt behavior_type gt lt visibilit
188. pecification gt lt parameter_specification gt lt parameter_category gt lt parameter_name gt lt parameter_name gt lt parameter_type gt lt parameter_category gt in out in out lt parameter_name gt lt identifier gt lt parameter_type gt lt type gt lt result_type gt lt type gt local variable definition variable name variable name variable type expression variable name identifier 239 www rand service Service m function or procedure body begin operator sequence end function or procedure name lt function_or_procedure_name gt lt function_name gt lt procedure_name gt lt operator_sequence gt lt operator gt lt comments gt operator assignment operator procedure call operator if operator case operator loop operator exit operator return operator send operator optimization operator comments text until end of line assignment operator identifier expression procedure call operator procedure name argument list argument list lt argument gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt expression gt if operator if conditional expression then operator sequence elsif conditional expression then operator sequence el
189. perty label of the transition as shown in Figure 98 after 10 Figure 98 Transition with conditions To edit the actions of a transition 1 Select the transition and click Transition actions d on the behavior chart editor toolbar or Right click the transition and choose Transition actions from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 99 Transition actions Figure 99 Editing the actions of a transition 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the actions for the transition 3 Click OK in the Text Editor window If the actions are not empty they will appear in the property label of the transition as shown in Figure 100 107 www rand service com RAND Service m 52 actions x 1 Figure 100 Transition with actions To create an internal transition in a state 1 Select the state and click Internal transitions on the behavior chart editor toolbar or Right click the state and choose Internal transitions from the popup menu The Internal transitions window will appear as shown in Figure 101 Internal transitions Model S1 21 OK Cancel Figure 101 The Internal transitions window 2 Click Transition 4 on the toolbar of the Internal transitions window or Right click anywhere in the Internal transitions window and choose New transition from the popup menu 3 Click anywhere in the Internal transitions window
190. plays the name of the base class if the current class has a base class The base class is specified upon creation of a class If a class is created with a base class the base class can be modified later but cannot be removed If a class is created without a base class the base class cannot be added later For more on class inheritance see Section 2 12 To modify the base class 1 Double click the Superclass node in the class editor tree or Right click the Superclass node in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Choose class dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 41 77 None Imported packages This project Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 mm Model New class Figure 41 The Choose class dialog box 2 Select the new base class and click OK A confirmation message box will appear 3 Click Yes 4 Ifthe recompilation succeeds without problems the Superclass node will start displaying the name of the newly selected base class Otherwise a window describing the encountered problem will appear as shown in Figure 42 In the latter case you can either try to correct the textual representation of the project see Section 3 10 and recompile the project again by clicking Retry or cancel the operation by clicking Cancel 78 www rand service com RAND EEE 73 package al imp
191. polated value of the function specified by the n by 2 matrix xy whose first column contains the argument values and the second column contains the corresponding function values x specifies the argument for which to return the interpolated value Returns NaN if x is outside the interval spanned by the values found in the first column of xy Interim mode if called with the mode parameter set to true causes Rand Model Designer to stop analyzing and solving the aggregate system of equations until the end of the current time gap or a call to this procedure with the mode parameter set to alse IsInfinite returns t rue if x is an infinity false otherwise IsNaN x returns t rue if x is a not a number NaN false otherwise length x returns the number of characters in the string x MainWinHandle returns a handle to the main window of the visual executable model The returned handle can be used to for example open additional windows from within the visual executable model Message t m opens a message box with the title t and message m and pauses the model execution until the message box is closed Ignored in the embeddable model ModelTime returns the current model time that is the amount of model time elapsed since the start of the model in model time units NaN returns a not a number NaN value as defined by ANSI IEEE Std 754 1985 ObjectHandle returns the unique integer ID of the class of this
192. popup menu An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 114 Figure 114 Editing the comments of a local object 2 Modify the local object comments 3 Click OK To edit the actual parameter values and initial variable values of a local object 1 Right click the local object and choose Actual values of parameters and variables from the popup menu The Actual values dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 115 Actual values Class_2 1 1 4 Parameter values P1 0 P2 0 Initial values for variables In120 1 20 4 Vi1 0 Figure 115 The Actual values dialog box 2 modify the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable double click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box or right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose New value from the popup menu A value editing dialog box as shown in Figure 116 will appear of expression is Double Apply Figure 116 Value editing dialog box 114 val GRAND 3 Type the expression for the actual parameter value or initial variable value When done click Apply The Actual values dialog box will display the modified parameter or variable with the 9 sign 4 Torestore the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable to the default value right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box and choose Restore defau
193. quations see Section 2 5 Expressions specifying parameter variable and constant values see Section 2 15 Function and procedure code see Section 2 14 2 State and transition actions see Section 2 4 1 and Section 2 4 2 127 RAND Comments Equation editor Model Projectile J PE VY m g Fa sinTeta Fa cosTeta ay dt V sinTeta 2 dt Help Figure 140 The Text Editor window The Text Editor window see Figure 140 consists of the editing area and the toolbar The editing area allows the user to edit text The toolbar provides shortcuts to most of the functions of the Text Editor window When the Text Editor window is used to edit equations or expressions the editing area displays user input in natural mathematical form 3 7 1 Toolbar Buttons The Text Editor window toolbar contains the following buttons inserts parentheses inserts a call to the sqrt function _ inserts a call to the exp function di inserts a first derivative inserts a second derivative E inserts a call to the integral functor F inserts a superscript power _ inserts subscript inserts fixed size matrix 4 inserts a minimize operator inserts a maximize operator _ inserts the infinity symbol inserts a right arrow 128 GRAND vt fl _ ins
194. r saecu ic ec Perte eH Reo pe 57 216 4 The case Operator rient bee itd e RED Dead cas 58 2 16 5 The loop 1 0 0 01 nennen nnne 58 2 16 6 The exit Operator esses eene enne nnns 59 2 16 7 The return 60 2 16 8 The send 60 2 16 9 Optimization Operator 61 CRAND i 2 17 Visibility Rules t bai ee eec 61 CHAPTER Integrated Modeling Environment essen 63 Sed Malin M 64 3 2 Working with 88 4400 64 3 9 Project Manager 67 1 5 56 8 I 68 3 3 2 Declared Types esent edteeeid iter tede dcn ka Pene need dede 69 9 9 9 oec entier vaste 71 3 3 4 User Defined Functions and 73 3 3 5 Deleting Project 73 3 3 6 Importing and Exporting Project Components 74 34 Class 75 3 4 1 Class Editor 404222 10000 nnns 75 EE Class NaMe EL 76 3 4 1 2 Class ICOM ta
195. r New 10 Font Help Figure 159 The Fonts tab This tab contains the following elements Window font This field specifies the font used by all windows of the integrated modeling environment except for the Text Editor window To modify the font click the Font button and use the standard Font dialog box to choose the font Text editor font This field specifies the font used by the Text Editor window To modify the font click the Font button and use the standard Font dialog box to choose the font 3 14 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS Like many applications the integrated modeling environment allows the user to Undo recent actions Cascade tile and minimize open windows Print the contents of windows Consult the built in help View application information Quit the application To undo the last action 1 Click Undo Son the main toolbar or Choose Edit Undo from the main menu or If you are currently in the Text Editor window click Undo on the Text Editor window toolbar To cascade open windows 1 Choose Window Cascade from the main menu To tile open windows 1 Choose Window Tile from the main menu 143 GRAND 4 To minimize open windows 1 Choose Window Minimize all from the main menu ae To print the contents of the active window 1 Choose Window Print from the main menu The standard Print dialog box will appear 2 Adjust printing properties if ne
196. r as shown in Figure 162 147 Figure 162 The Elements dialog box Record and connector values see Section 2 13 3 and Section 2 13 4 are displayed as expandable nodes as shown in Figure 163 A model vari C1 gt 2 C2 gt 1 2 2 1 1 vari C2 1 2 2 C1 gt 10 C2 gt 0 Figure 163 Record and connector values The user can view the components of a record or connector by expanding the corresponding node or by opening the Components window To open the Componenis window for a record or connector 1 Double click the corresponding row in the Variables window or Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Components window will appear as shown in Figure 164 fe model var2 Ci C2 Figure 164 The Components window The Variables window allows the user to modify any scalar vector or matrix value by editing it in place In addition to this vectors and matrices can by modified using the Elements dialog box whereas records and connectors can be modified using the Components window Variables can be modified at any time even while the model is running whereas parameters can only be modified when the model is stopped see Section 4 2 14 To modify a scalar value in place 1 Double click the corresponding row in the Variables window or Right click the corresponding row in the Variables window a
197. r tree or Right click the Comments node in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 65 Figure 65 Editing the class comments the Text Editor window 2 Edit the comments in the Text Editor window 3 Click OK 3 4 1 11 Deleting Class Elements All class elements created by the user can be deleted by the user To delete a class element 1 Right click the element in the class editor tree and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will be displayed 2 Click Yes 3 4 1 12 Modifying Class Stereotype Under certain conditions the class editor window allows the user to alter the stereotype of the class The following stereotype conversions are supported A continuous class can be converted to an equivalent hybrid class A hybrid class whose behavior chart consists of only one continuous activity state can be converted to an equivalent continuous class An elementary class can be converted to an equivalent compound class without local objects and links and vice versa An isolated class can be converted to an equivalent open class without external variables and vice versa To modify the class stereotype 1 Right click anywhere in the class editor tree and choose the desired conversion from the Transform to submenu of the popup menu 3 4 2 Equation System Editor The equation system editor allows the us
198. rbitrary number of declared types see Section 2 1 The definition of a declared type consists of the name of the type and the specification of the type The name of a declared type is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all declared types of the project The specification of a declared type defines the type for which the declared type will act as a synonym Consider an MVL example see Section 6 3 type Alphabet is a b c This example creates a declared type Alphabet that acts as a synonym for the a b c enumeration The new type can be used for example as a variable type var Alphabet a This is equivalent to using the same enumeration type directly var a b c a Record and connector types cannot be used as types of parameters variables constants etc directly and can only play the role of the specification in declared types This means that in order to define for example a variable of a record or connector type the user should first declare a type representing the required record or connector type and then define a variable of the declared type Other types can be used as types of parameters variables constants etc both directly and through declared types Declared types have public visibility This means that every declared type can be used in both its containing project and any other project For the detailed discussion of the visibility of project components see Section 2 1 2 14 FUNCTIONS AND
199. re 34 Choose enumerated value Figure 32 Choose enumerated value dialog box 71 Mathematical editing Ea V X UN 3 Figure 34 Editing the value of a constant in the Text Editor window 5 If the type of the constant is an enumeration choose the value of the constant in the Choose enumerated value dialog box When done click OK in the Choose enumerated value dialog box 6 Ifthe type of the constant is a record use the Component Editor window see Section 3 8 to specify the value of the constant When done click Apply in the Component Editor window 7 If the type of the constant is any other type use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the expression for the value of the constant When done click OK in the Text Editor window 8 If necessary type the comments for the constant in the Comments field 9 f you want to assign the new constant to one or more groups click L The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the constant to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 10 Click OK in the Constant dialog box modify a constant using the Constant dialog box 1 Double click the constant in the Project Manager window or Right click the constant in the Project Manager window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Constant dialog box wil
200. reate open save and rename projects At any moment there can be at most one project open For more on projects see Section 2 1 To create a new project 1 Click New Project B on the main toolbar or Choose Project New from the main menu The New project dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 23 64 RAND e New project Name Folder My Documents Browse Model type Continuous elementary object Hybrid elementary object Block diagram Cancel Figure 23 The New project dialog box 2 Type the name of the project in the Name field 3 Click Browse and browse to the folder that will store the project 4 Select the model type in the Model type list The model type determines the initial stereotype of the automatically created Model class see Section 2 1 and Section 2 3 The stereotype of the Model class can be changed later 5 Click Create To open an existing project 1 Click Open project amp on the main toolbar or Choose Project Open from the main menu The Open dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 24 Look jn Ball ndSpring 7 EB Ball ndSpring mvb My Recent Documents Desktop My Documents My Computer Places Files of type Projects myb Figure 24 The Open dialog box s File name E 65 www rand service com RAND 2 Select the project fil
201. reshold OffInput double 0 the off threshold Input variables X double 0 Output variables Y double OffValue Function This block implements the function shown in Figure 262 229 GRAND vt X alue Figure 262 CRelay function 5 2 4 CSwitch CSwitch Figure 263 CSwitch Class name CSwitch Parameters initX1 double 0 the initial value of X1 initX2 double 0 the initial value of X2 initZ boolean false the initial value of Z Input variables X1 double initX1 the first input X2 double z initX2 the second input Z boolean initZ the control input Output variables Y double z initX1 Function This block implements the function Z then X2 else X1 230 GRAND i 5 2 5 Cinterpolator CInterpolator Figure 264 CInterpolator Class name CInterpolator Parameters FX vector 0 1 the vector of argument values FY vector 0 1 the vector of function values tabulated for FX Input variables X double 0 Output variables Y double 0 Function This block generates its output by interpolating the function whose values FY are tabulated for points FX using the block input as the function argument The block raises an error if the input goes outside the interval spanned by Fx Note The FX and FY vectors be loaded from file s usin
202. riable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 48 or Figure 52 respectively 2 Use the appeared dialog box to modify the variable When done click OK 85 GRAND To modify a variable in place in the class editor tree 1 Click the variable in the class editor tree After a short while click the variable again An in place editing field will appear as shown in Figure 56 State variables amp BB ET 0 A Constants Figure 56 Editing a variable in place 2 Modify the variable definition in place 3 Hit Enter or click anywhere in the class editor If the initial value of a variable is specified by a static expression the variable can be converted into a parameter or a constant To convert a variable into a parameter or a constant 1 Drag the variable to the Parameters node or the Constants node of the class editor tree 3 4 1 6 Constants The Constants node of the class editor tree represents the constants of the class For more on class constants see Section 2 10 To create a new constant 1 Right click the Constants node in the class editor tree and choose New constant from the popup menu The Constant dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 57 Constant Identifier Cancel Type double Value 0 Comments ee Group m Figure 57 The Constant dialog box 2 Type the name of the new constant in the Identifier field 3 To specify the type of the new co
203. riable of one local object with a connector variable of another or same local object or a connector variable of the class see Figure 21 or or Figure 21 Connector to connector connection A variable may not be connected to itself Every pair of variables may be connected by only one link An input variable of a local object may be connect to only one other variable An output variable of the class may also be connected to only one other variable Any other variable may be connected to any number of other variables A link between two connector variables connects the components of these variables pairwise in the order of declaration of components in the types of these variables see Section 2 13 4 Two connector variables may only be connected if each respective pair of their components is connectable Every link supplements the system of equations of the class see Section 2 5 as follows If ob 31 out is an output variable of one local object and ob j2 inis an input variable of another or same local object a link between obj1 out and obj2 in adds the following to the system of equations of the class obj2 in objl out known objl out unknown obj2 in If inis an input variable of the class and obj inis an input variable of a local object a link between in and adds the following to the system of equations of the class obj in in known in unknown obj in 32 CRAND i If obj out is an output variable o
204. riables of a class see Section 2 9 A variable of a signal type is able to transmit signals discrete events that can trigger behavior chart transitions see Section 2 4 2 Signals can carry additional information in their parameters Signal parameters are similar to record fields A signal type represents a collection of one or more parameters each of which has its own name and type The name of a parameter is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all parameters of the signal type The type of a parameter can be any available type except for signal and connector types An MVL example see Section 6 3 declaring a signal type type MySignal is signal Pl double P2 matrix P3 a v k A signal can be created and sent to a variable of the appropriate type using the send operator see Section 2 16 8 42 CRAND i The parameter values of a signal can only be accessed by the actions of the transitions triggered by that signal In the actions of a transition triggered by a signal a particular parameter of the signal can be accessed as variable name parameter name where variable name is the name of the variable that received the signal and lt parameter name is the name of the parameter 2 13 6 Declared Types A declared type is a project component that acts as an alias or synonym of some existing type Once created a declared type can be used as any other type A project can contain an a
205. rim states of a time gap If this checkbox is checked the model does not attempt to analyze and solve the aggregate system of equations in interim states of time gaps 199 GRAND 4 2 13 1 2 The View Tab Model settings Run View Files Floating point Format general precision 8 fixed exponent Show data on discrete events only Show data exchange over links Figure 235 The View tab The View tab see Figure 235 contains the following elements Floating point format This group of options and fields defines the format used to display floating point numbers The general fixed and exponential options select the general fixed and exponential floating point formats respectively The precision field specifies the maximum number of digits in the textual representation of floating point numbers The digits field specifies the number of decimal places Show data on discrete events only If this checkbox is checked Variables windows refresh their contents only when discrete events occur in the model Show data exchange over links If this checkbox is checked links are highlighted in Structure windows when the variables they connect change during model execution 4 2 13 1 3 The Files Tab Model settings Run view Files Application Help Read input data from file input data Write output data to file output data Trace model execution i j Ti
206. roject Class_1 Class 2 mm Class 3 mw Model Figure 123 The Choose class dialog box 2 Select the class whose contents is to be moved into the Model class 3 Click OK The contents of the selected class will be moved into the Model class The selected class will be deleted To erase the contents of the Model class 1 Click Clear model description on the main toolbar or Choose Model Clear model description from the main menu or Right click anywhere in the class editor tree of the Model class and choose Clear model description from the popup menu A confirmation message box will be displayed 2 Click Yes To edit the actual parameter values and initial variable values of the model object 1 Click Actual model parameters on the main toolbar or Choose Model Actual model parameters from the main menu or Right click anywhere in the class editor tree of the Model class and choose Actual model parameters from the popup menu The Actual values dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 124 Actual values model Sar ae Parameter values pl 0 p2 0 Initial values for variables in O0 outl 0 out2 0 Figure 124 The Actual values dialog box 2 modify the actual value of a parameter or the initial value of a variable double click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box or right click the corresponding item in the Actual values dialog box an
207. s An MVL example see Section 6 3 declaring a record type type MyRecord is record C1 double C2 string C3 vector 3 end record 41 GRAND t 2 13 4 Connector A connector is a type applicable only to external variables of a class see Section 2 9 A connector type represents a collection of one or more components each of which is analogous to an individual external variable and has the following properties Name Category Type The name of a connector component is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all components of the connector The category of a connector component has the same meaning and possible values as the category of an external variable The type of a connector component can be any available type A connector variable can be viewed as a socket that can be connected to other compatible sockets the components of a connector variable can be viewed as the pins of the socket A link between two connector variables connects the components of these variables pairwise in the order of declaration of components in the types of these variables Two connector variables may only be connected if each respective pair of their components is connectable see Section 2 7 3 An MVL example see Section 6 3 declaring a connector type type MyConnector is connector contact U double flow I double end connector 2 13 5 Signal A signal is a type applicable only to input output and internal va
208. s whereas an ordinary class is an element of a project A local class is only visible in its containing class A local class is not visible in other classes of the same project or other projects 35 CRAND i A local class may not have no behavior All parameters variables constants functions and procedures of the containing class are automatically visible in local classes This makes local classes convenient for implementing state activities A local class may not be abstract and may not have subclasses 2 12 CLASS INHERITANCE Rand Model Designer supports class inheritance Class inheritance allows the user to create new classes from existing ones A class may have a base class A class that has a base class is called a derived class A derived class inherits all elements and characteristics of the base class including the stereotype behavior chart system of equations structure diagram parameters variables constants functions and procedures If necessary a derived class may extend the base class A derived class may Widen the class stereotype For example if the base class is isolated the derived class can be open Add new equations to the inherited system of equations Override the inherited equations Overriding any subset of the inherited equations requires overriding the entire system of equations Add new states and transitions to the inherited behavior chart Override the activity associated w
209. s dialog box 4 2 7 1 The 3D animation parameters Dialog Box To open the 3D animation parameters dialog box 1 Double click anywhere in the 3D Animation window or Right click anywhere in the 3D Animation window and choose Parameters from the popup menu The 3D animation parameters dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 216 3D animation parameters 3D objects Caption viewport area show back plates line smooth background color x n 2 Light position xB zB show Rotations degrees 4 z 46 714 z p ET j Figure 216 The 3D animation parameters dialog box the General tab The 3D animation parameters dialog box consists of two tabs General and 3D objects RAND 4 2 7 1 1 The General Tab The General tab see Figure 216 contains the following elements Caption This field specifies the title of the 3D Animation window Viewport area This groups of fields defines the viewport area show axes This checkbox shows hides the axes show back plates This checkbox shows hides the background surfaces line smooth This checkbox enables disables line smoothing Light position This group of elements defines the location of the light source The X Y and Z fields specify the coordinates of the light source The show checkbox shows hides the light source marker Rotations This group of elements specifies the angles
210. s functions and procedures see Section 2 14 2 To create a new function or procedure 1 Right click the Functions and procedures node in the class editor tree and choose New function or procedure from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 62 Algorithmic procedure or function E NA A 00 EX double return double is return 0 end Fun 1 Help Figure 62 Editing a function or procedure in the Text Editor window 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to edit the code of the function or procedure 3 Click OK 88 GRAND To modify a function or procedure 1 Double click the function or procedure in the class editor tree or Right click the function or procedure in the class editor tree and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 62 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to edit the code of the function or procedure 3 Click OK 3 4 1 8 Local Classes If a class is hybrid its class editor tree contains the Local classes node that represents the local classes of the class The Local classes node if present consists of two sub nodes Hybrid and Continuous representing the hybrid and continuous local classes respectively For more on local classes see Section 2 11 To create a new hybrid local class 1 Right click the Hybrid node in the class editor tree and choose New local hybrid class
211. s label This field specifies the label displayed along the y axis OK This button applies the current settings and closes the Diagram parameters dialog box Cancel This button closes the Diagram parameters dialog box without applying the current settings 4 2 5 The Histogram Window The Histogram window is intended for displaying the contents of a vector variable graphically 165 Figure 193 Histogram window A typical Histogram window is shown in Figure 193 The Histogram window displays a vector as a sequence of bars or other objects see below so that each object represents an individual vector element while the size and or position of each object represents the value of the corresponding element One Histogram window can display the contents of one vector The user can open as many Histogram windows as necessary To open a new Histogram window 1 Click New histogram illa on the main toolbar or Choose Window New histogram from the main menu A new Histogram window will appear as shown in Figure 194 The window now needs to be associated with a vector variable Bar chart Figure 194 New Histogram window To associate a Histogram window with a vector variable 1 Drag the variable from a Variables or Structure window and drop it onto the Histogram window The Histogram window will start displaying the name and the contents of the associated variable The His
212. s name CGain Parameters K double 1 the gain factor X0 double 0 the initial value of X Input variables X double Output variables Y double 0 Function This block generates its output by multiplying its input by the specified gain factor implementing the function Y 2 5 1 2 CSummator CSummator Figure 251 CSummator Class name CSummator Parameters X0 double 0 the initial value of X YO double 0 the initial value of Y Input variables X double Y double YO 223 GRAND Output variables Z double 0 Function This block outputs the sum of the inputs implementing the function Z X Y 5 1 3 CSubtractor CSubtractor Figure 252 CSubtractor Class name CSubtractor Parameters X0 double 0 the initial value of X YO double 0 the initial value of Y Input variables X double X0 YO Y double Output variables Z double 0 Function This block implements the function Z X Y 5 1 4 Clntegrator CIntegrator cy lat Figure 253 CIntegrator Class name CIntegrator Parameters double 1 the gain factor X0 double 0 the initial value of X YO double 0 the initial value of Y 224 GRAND vt Input variables X double Output variables Y double YO Function This block integrates its input and outputs the result the integral The block impleme
213. s the packages imported into the project All public components of an imported package are imported into the importing project that is become available for use in the importing project The importing project can refer to imported components using compound component names that include the imported package name as the prefix for example SysLib CSineGenerator A project whose public components are mainly intended for use in other projects is usually called a library Even though the contents of a library is meant for use in other projects every library has the Model class just like any other project In libraries the Mode1 class is usually set to be private and have either some contents aimed to test the library or no important contents at all 15 GRAND i 2 2 CLASSES A class is a modeling language construct that defines the characteristics that the objects of the class all share A class is fully specified by a class definition In the most general case a class definition consists of Name Icon Comments Stereotype Behavior chart if the class is hybrid System of equations if the class is continuous Structure diagram if the class is compound and or open Parameters Variables Class constants Class functions and procedures Local classes if the class is hybrid Base class if the class inherits from another class Indication whether the class is concrete or abstract The name of a class is an identifier uniq
214. se operator sequence end if conditional expression expression case operator case selector expression of when lt option gt lt option gt gt operator sequence when others operator sequence end case option static expression static expression expression loop operator lt loop_specification gt lt loop_body gt 240 www rand service RAND lt loop_specification gt for lt loop_variable gt lt range gt while lt conditional_expression gt lt loop_variable gt lt identifier gt lt range gt lt lower_bound gt lt upper_bound gt lt lower_bound gt lt static_expression gt lt upper_bound gt lt static_expression gt lt loop_body gt loop lt operator_sequence gt end loop lt exit_operator gt exit when lt conditional_expression gt return operator return expression send operator send broadcast variable name argument list optimization operator direction double expression for variable specification variable specification constraints lt constraint gt lt constraint gt lt direction gt minimize maximize lt double_expression gt lt expression gt lt variable_specification gt lt variable_name gt in lt range gt constraint lt double
215. sion gt else n global constant definition visibility constant definition global function or procedure definition visibility function or procedure definition declared type visibility type type name is type definition type name identifier type definition distinct type definition regular type definition enumerated type definition signal type definition record type definition connector type definition distinct type definition base type name base type name type regular type definition vector type definition matrix type definition vector type definition vector static expression matrix type definition matrix static expression lt static_expression gt lt enumerated_type_definition gt lt literal gt lt literal gt 243 www rand service com GRAND j lt literal gt lt identifier gt lt signal_type_definition gt signal signal parameter definition signal parameter definition signal parameter definition parameter name parameter type Xparameter name identifier parameter type type record type definition record record component definition end record record component definitio
216. sition Tran 10158082 from Initstate to 51 pragma transitiont Tran 10158082 line 70 9 pragma transitiont Tran 10158082 footnote re pragma transition Tran 10158082 style poly end Model 5 Ae Figure 147 Textual representation of a project To load a textual representation into the currently open project 1 Choose Project Load from text from the main menu The Import project as text from dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 148 133 www rand service com RAND c m Import project as text from Look in a mymadel E3 19 My Recent mymodel myl Documents Desktop My Documents My Network File name Places oen Files of type MVL madules Cancel Figure 148 The Import project as text from dialog box 2 Select the file you want to load 3 Click Open Rand Model Designer will parse the selected file If there are no problems the success message will appear as shown in Figure 149 Click OK The Rand Model Designer will re generate and re open the project MVL C My Documents mymodel m mymodel os 25 48 Figure 149 Success message 5 If there is a problem a window describing the encountered error will appear as shown in Figure 150 In this window you can either tr
217. sor see Figure 93 Figure 93 Creating a new transition 2 Click the target state A new transition will appear as shown in Figure 94 The new transition will go straight from the source state to the target state and will have one intermediate point If you want the transition to be a more complex curve and or have more intermediate points click the locations where the intermediate points should be created before clicking the target state gt Figure 94 New transition 3 If you want to cancel the operation click before you click the target state The user can modify the curve of any existing transition by adding and removing intermediate points and moving intermediate points To add an intermediate point to a transition 1 Select the transition and click Add control point to transition on the behavior chart editor toolbar 2 Move the mouse cursor over the transition and click where you want to add an intermediate point To remove an intermediate point from a transition 1 Select the transition and click Remove control point from transition gt on the behavior chart editor toolbar 2 Click the intermediate point you want to remove 105 RAND To move an intermediate point 1 Selectthe transition and drag the intermediate point in the desired direction To toggle spline interpolation for a transition 1 Select the transition and click Spline curve on the behavior chart editor t
218. ssage function function Restart TRetCode Restarts the default model instance that is resets the model time to 0 and brings all model objects to their initial states The function stops the model if it is currently running function Stop TimeOut integer TRetCode Stops the default model instance at the nearest possible model time moment The Timeout parameter specifies the wait timeout in milliseconds function Stopped TRetCode Returns rcok if the model is in the stopped state or rcModelIsNotAtBreakpoint otherwise All functions except for Stop Stopped and Restart may only be called when the target model instance is in the stopped state 4 3 5 Variable Management Functions function getVarHandleEx hModel TModelHandle VarName pWideChar var hVar TVarHandle TRetCode Looks up a variable by name in the specified model instance The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The varName parameter specifies the variable name The nvar parameter receives a handle to the variable with the specified name if it exists or vhVarNotFound otherwise function GetVarHandle VarName pChar TVarHandle Looks up a variable by name in the default model instance The VarName parameter specifies the variable name The function returns a handle to the variable with the specified name if it exists or vhvarNotFound otherwise function getVarTypeEx hModel TModelHandle hVar TVarHandle var VarType integer TRetCode
219. ssion Figure 230 The Edit predicate dialog box 2 To select the object whose variables and parameters will participate in the predicate click Choose object dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 231 Choose object Figure 231 The Choose object dialog box 196 RAND 3 Select the object and click OK 4 Type the predicate expression in the Expression field 5 Click OK To modify a predicate 1 Right click the predicate and choose Edit from the popup menu The Edit predicate dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 230 2 Use the Edit predicate dialog box to modify the predicate 3 Click OK To remove a predicate 1 Right click the predicate and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 4 2 13 Model Settings The visual model settings consist of the basic model settings and numerical method settings The basic model settings are configured in the Model settings dialog box see Section 4 2 13 1 The numerical method settings are configured in the Numerical methods dialog box see Section 4 2 13 2 At any time the current visual model settings can be saved to or loaded from a file To save the current visual model settings to a file 1 Choose Settings Save to file from the main menu The Save settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 232 Save settings Save in 23 mymodel Imports
220. ssion Syntax optimization operator direction double expression for variable specification variable specification constraints lt constraint gt lt constraint gt lt direction gt minimize maximize lt variable_specification gt lt variable_name gt in lt range gt lt range gt lt lower_bound gt lt upper_bound gt constraint double expression lt double expression double expression gt double expression double expression double expression All variables listed after the for keyword the optimization variables must be of type double All expressions used an optimization operator must evaluate to double Every optimization variable can be assigned an individual range of feasible values Arbitrary non linear constraints can be specified as well Using the current values of optimization variables as the initial estimate the optimization operator optimizes the specified expression When the optimum is found the operator assigns the found values back to the respective variables The numerical methods used by the optimization operator can be configured separately Examples maximize x 2 y 2 for x in O Infinity y in 0 Infinity constraints y lt 3 x y gt x 1 minimize x 2 y 2 for x in 1 3 y in 1 2 minimize x 1 2 y 2 2 for x y 2 2 2 gt min xe 1 1 x
221. ssion 4 invalid expression rcTimeOut 5 the operation timed out rcInvalidModelHadle 6 the specified model handle is invalid rcInvalidVarHandle 7 the specified variable handle is invalid rcVarDoesNotHaveValue 8 the specified variable does not have a value at this point rcInvalidVarType 9 invalid variable type rcInsufficientDataLength 10 buffer size is too small rcIllegalVarValue 11 illegal variable value rcVarNotFound 12 the specified variable was not found rcExceptionWhileExecuting 1 the operation threw an exception TVarHandle constants vhVarNotFound 1 the specified variable was not found 4 3 2 Model Creation and Destruction Functions function createModel var hModel TModelHandle TRetCode Creates a new model instance On success returns a handle to the created instance in the hModel parameter The returned handle is always greater than or equal to 0 The embeddable model will never assign the returned handle to any other model instance When a created model instance is no longer needed it should be destroyed using the dest royMode1 function function destroyModel hModel TModelHandle TRetCode Destroys the model instance specified by the hModel parameter 4 3 3 Functions to Save and Restore Model State function saveModel hModel TModelHandle var size integer pData pointer TRetCode Saves the current state of the specified model instance to
222. stem of equations see Section 2 5 A class that has hybrid behavior is called a hybrid class The behavior of a hybrid class is specified by the behavior chart see Section 2 4 The structure type indicates that the class is either elementary or compound An elementary class does not have internal structure A compound class does have the internal structure The internal structure of a compound class is specified by the structure diagram see Section 2 7 The component type indicates that the class is either isolated or open An isolated class does not have interface and thus cannot interact with the environment An open class does have the interface and therefore can interact with its environment The interface of an open class is specified by the structure diagram see Section 2 7 and Section 2 7 2 The visibility indicates that the class is either private or public A private class can only be used in its containing project A public class can be used in any project For the detailed discussion of the visibility of project components see Section 2 1 2 4 BEHAVIOR CHART If a class is hybrid see Section 2 3 it has the associated behavior chart A behavior chart is a diagram that defines the behavior of a hybrid class A behavior chart consists of states and transitions between states At any time moment exactly one state of a behavior chart is said to be current A behavior chart corresponds to a UML statechart without composite and
223. syntax matrix literal cmatrix row matrix row j Ixitertive matrix literal matrix row double literal double literal itertive matrix literal iteration spec double expression iteration spec for row iteration variable in range column iteration variable in lt range gt row iteration variable identifier column iteration variable identifier range lower bound upper bound where double expression is an expression see Section 2 15 that evaluates to double lower bound and upper bound are static expressions that evaluate to integer and identifier is an identifier see Section 6 2 Matrix literal examples 2 S257 1 10 for i in I 3 J i 1 42 I J for i in 1 size A 1 j in 1 size A 2 A i j 2 1 In an iterative matrix literal the lower bound of an iteration range may not be less than 1 If the lower bound of an iteration range is greater than 1 the skipped rows and or columns are filled with zeros 2 13 3 Record A record is a type that represents a collection of one or more components each of which has its own name and type Record components are often called fields The name of a record field is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all fields of the record The type of a record field can be any available type except for signal and connector type
224. t Ability to create continuous discrete and hybrid continuous discrete simulation models Use of differential and algebraic equations to model continuous behavior Use of behavior charts simplified statecharts to model discrete behavior Model correctness verification throughout the model creation process Automatic generation of the executable model from the model description created by the user Interactive and automated experiments with the executable model 2D and 3D animation Support for creation and re use of libraries of model components Generation of the executable model as either a standalone Windows application or a dynamic link library 1 2 HOW RAND MODEL DESIGNER WORKS The user starts using Rand Model Designer by opening the integrated modeling environment The integrated modeling environment is a Windows application that looks as shown in Figure 1 Rand Model Designer 6 unregistered Documents model model myb Project Edit Tools View Model Window Help yx e E 542 xb E xi E m ceses BEE Class 1 18 Model Class 2 Parameters Model amp Variables Types Constants Project constants Functions and procedures Class 1 1 Class 2 1 Project procedures ar Comments amp Imported packages Local classes Syslib h Hybrid Continuous Bix ig Class 1 6 Continuous behavior i Parame
225. t active The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 126 Check the required type Click OK Service m To specify a vector type 1 Click the Vector tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 127 Choose type Signal Enumerated Declared Standard Dimension C fixed variable Type definition vecior Figure 127 The Choose type dialog box the Vector tab 2 Inthe Dimension section check fixed for a fixed size vector type or variable for a variable size vector type 3 If you chose a fixed size vector type type the vector size in the Size field 4 Click OK To specify a matrix type 1 Click the Matrix tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in Figure 128 Choose type Signal Enumerated Declared Standard Vector Number of rows fi Number of columns fi Dimension fixed variable Type definition matis Figure 128 The Choose type dialog box the Matrix tab 2 Inthe Dimension section check fixed for fixed size matrix type or variable for a variable size matrix type 3 If you chose a fixed size matrix type type the number of rows in the Number of rows field and the number of columns in the Number of columns field 4 Click OK To specify a signal type 1 Click the Signal tab The Choose type dialog box will look as shown in
226. t algorithm Quasi Newtown Direct search 206 GRAND 4 2 13 2 6 The Options Tab Numerical methods Tolerance Differential equations Algebraic differential equations Algebraic equations Optimization Figure 242 The Options tab The Options tab see Figure 242 contains the following elements Take system structure into account If this checkbox is checked numerical methods are instructed to take into account the structure of the aggregate system of equations Perform structure analysis If this checkbox is checked numerical methods are instructed to perform structure analysis of the aggregate system of equations Take equation blocks into account If this checkbox is checked numerical methods are instructed to take the declared equation blocks see Section 2 5 into account These options are not available in Rand Model Designer Trial and Rand Model Designer Individual 4 2 14 Executing the Model At any time the executable model can be in either running or stopped state When the model is in the running state its continuous and discrete times advance as the aggregate system of equations is solved and the behavior charts of hybrid objects are executed When the model is in t
227. t click the External variables node in the class editor tree and choose New external variable from the popup menu The External variable dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 52 83 RAND Service m Identifier um Cancel Type double Help Value 0 Comments CT Group EN Variable category nput C Output C Contact C Flow C Connector Figure 52 The External variable dialog box Choose the category of the new external variable in the Variable category list Type the name of the new variable in the Identifier field To specify the type of the new variable click Type The Choose type dialog box will appear Use the Choose type dialog box see Section 3 5 to choose the type of the variable When done click OK in the Choose type dialog box To specify the default initial value of the new variable click Value If the type of the variable is an enumeration the Choose enumerated value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 53 Otherwise if the type of the variable is a record or connector the Component Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 54 Otherwise the Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 55 Choose enumerated value a Cancel Figure 53 The Choose enumerated value dialog box www rand service com Initial value for In_1 Mathematical editing Figure 54 Editing the default initial value of a varia
228. t click the function or procedure in the Project Manager window and choose Edit from the popup menu The Text Editor window will appear as shown in Figure 36 2 Use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to edit the code of the function or procedure 3 Click OK 3 3 5 Deleting Project Components Any component of the currently open project except for the Model class can be deleted from the project via the Project Manager window 73 GRAND To delete a component from the currently open project 1 Right click the component in the Project Manager window and choose Delete from the popup menu A confirmation message box will appear 2 Click Yes 3 3 6 Importing and Exporting Project Components Project components created in one project can be used in other projects In order for a project component to be usable in other projects it must be declared as public in its containing project A project can gain access to the public components of another project by importing that other project An imported project is called an imported package Importing establishes a permanent link between the importing project and the imported package so that all changes made to the imported package affect the importing project A project can be imported by any number of other projects So if there is a need to share a set of project components between multiple projects it is recommended to place such components into a dedicated ibrary proje
229. t conditions Dialog 193 4 2 1244 The Time Tab rtr ict aedes 194 RAND 4 2 12 2 The States 194 4 2 12 3 The Transitions 195 4 2 12 4 Predicates 196 4 213 Model Settings iiie aesti iren tee secet 197 4 2 13 1 The Model settings dialog 2 198 4 2 13 1 1 The Run 199 4 2 13 1 2 The View 200 4 213153 The Files Tab eiie tette o hri tod 200 4 2 13 2 The Numerical methods Dialog 201 4 2 13 2 1 The Tolerance 2422 2 22 202 4 2 13 2 2 The Differential equations 2038 4 2 13 2 3 The Algebraic differential equations 204 4 2 13 2 4 The Algebraic equations 205 4 2 13 2 5 The Optimization 206 4 2 13 2 6 The Options Tab 207 4 2 14 Executing the 4 0 207 4 2 15 The Simulation Plan Dialog BOx seem 208 4 2 16 Saving and Restoring the Current Model 211 4 2 17 Miscellaneous
230. t corresponds to the maximum value of the specified function on the specified interval Example minfun z z 2 42 1 2 48 GRAND i 2 14 1 5 4 root root finds and returns one root of the algebraic equation of the form lt expression gt 0 For example in order to find the root of the equation x 2 2 x 3 0 the interval 0 10 the root functor can be called as follows root x x 2 2 x 3 0 10 If the specified equation has zero or more than one root on the specified interval an interrupt is raised 2 14 2 User Defined Functions and Procedures Every class see Section 2 2 and every project see Section 2 1 can contain an arbitrary number of user defined functions and procedures User defined functions and procedures are subroutines that are created by the user A user defined function or procedure can be implemented either in the programming language offered by Rand Model Designer or in any other programming language outside Rand Model Designer with the use of third party tools such as Visual C Delphi Fortran etc Functions and procedures implemented in the Rand Model Designer programming language are called internal Functions and procedures implemented outside Rand Model Designer are called external If a function or procedure is defined in a project it has visibility The visibility indicates that the project function or procedure is either private or public A private function or procedure can onl
231. te entry actions In all other respects internal transitions are equivalent to ordinary transitions 2 4 4 Initial State An initial state is a special state from which the execution of a behavior chart begins An initial state is shown as a solid filled circle see Figure 8 o Figure 8 Initial state with mandatory outgoing transition Every behavior chart must have exactly one initial state Every initial state must have exactly one outgoing transition which must be unconditional An initial state cannot have incoming transitions An initial state cannot have entry actions exit actions or activity 20 CRAND i 2 4 5 Final State A final state is a special state that terminates the execution of a behavior chart A final state is shown as a circle surrounding a smaller solid filled circle see Figure 9 Figure 9 Final state A final state cannot have outgoing transitions A final state cannot have entry actions exit actions or activity 2 4 6 Switch Point A switch point is a special state that when visited results in immediate selection and execution of one of the outgoing transitions On a behavior chart a switch point is shown as a rhomb see Figure 10 lt guard 1 gt Figure 10 Switch Point A transition exiting a switch point cannot have a trigger A transition exiting a switch point can have either a guard or a special else label A transition with an else label is called an else transiti
232. ter type Xparameter category in out in out Xparameter name identifier parameter type identifier return value type identifier local variables variable series variable series variable name gt lt name lt variable_type gt lt expression gt variable name identifier variable type identifier operator sequence lt operator gt Where function name is the function name unique across all functions and procedures of the containing class or project procedure name is the procedure name unique across all functions and procedures of the containing class or project formal parameters is the definition of the formal parameters of the function or procedure parameter series s a series of formal parameters All parameters within series have the same category and type parameter category is a parameter category with the following possible values in out and in out in the default indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are input parameters out indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are output parameters in out indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are input output parameters parameter name is a parameter name unique across all parameters of the function or procedure parameter type is th
233. tered problems will appear 3 Click OK To close the currently open project 1 Choose Project Close from the main menu 3 3 PROJECT MANAGER The Project Manager window displays a tree view of all components of the currently open project Project components are classes declared types constants functions procedures and imported packages see Section 2 1 The Project Manager window looks as shown in Figure 27 xl Classes Model MyClass E Types type 1 is double EJ type MyType2 is a b c Project constants A Ci double 0 A C2 double 0 3 Project procedures and functions 3 function bar in X byte return integer 3 function Footin X double return double Imported packages Systib Figure 27 The Project Manager window The Project Manager window only exist when there is a project open in the integrated modeling environment If present the Project Manager window can be resized or toggled on and off resize the Project Manager window 1 Click and drag the right edge of the Project Manager window To toggle the Project Manager window 1 Click Show Project Manager on the main toolbar or Choose View Project Manager from the main menu The tree displayed in the Project Manager window contains five top level nodes Classes Types Project constants Project procedures and functions and Imported packages each representing a group o
234. ters lt External variables y Qi de Unknown variables State variables ms amp y double 0 E Constants Functions and procedures Comments Class Class_2 x Parameters lt gt External variables 2 In 1 double 0 gt In_2 double 0 43 Out 3 double 0 00 State variables i b 55 Constants e Tl Functions and procedures s Comments iml Local classes V3 Hybrid Continuous Behavior chart Interface v 6 0 54 1997 2010 MVSTUDIUM Group Figure 1 Integrated modeling environment 11 To begin authoring a model the user creates a project the integrated modeling environment A project is a model description consisting of model components The user populates the project with components as necessary with the goal of creating an adequate model of the system being modeled When the model description is ready the user runs the model by clicking the Run model P toolbar button or choosing the respective item from the main menu This automatically generates and starts the visual executable model The visual executable model is a Windows application that implements the model and allows the user to experiment with it An example of the visual executable model is shown in Figure 2 Rand Model Designer 6 Settings Simulation Service Window Help 22 200 9d Ef gt model structur
235. the minimum y axis value 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Minimum y axis value from the popup menu The Minimum Y Axis Value dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 205 Y Figure 205 The Minimum Y Axis Value dialog box 2 Type the new value and click OK The contents of a Histogram window can at any time be saved to a file as an image or printed To save the contents of a Histogram window to a file as an image 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Save image from the popup menu The Save As dialog box will appear 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the image 3 Type the file name in the File name field 4 Click Save To print the contents of a Histogram window 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Print from the popup menu The standard Print dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 206 171 Printer Name Microsoft Office Document Image Writer Properties Status Ready Type Microsoft Office Document Image Writer Driver Where Microsoft Document Imaging Writer Port Comment Print range Copies All Number of copies Cancel Figure 206 The Print dialog box 2 Adjust printing properties if necessary and click OK 4 2 6 The 2D Animation Window As follows from its name the 2D Animation window is i
236. the specified buffer in XML format The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The pData parameter points to the buffer The size parameter specifies the actual buffer size on entry and the minimum buffer size required to store all available data on exit This function is typically used as follows The function is first called with size set to 0 and pData set to nil to obtain the required buffer size A buffer of the required size is than allocated and the function is called again to retrieve all available data The function fills the supplied buffer with an XML document that can be viewed and edited by the user 215 GRAND i function loadModel hModel TModelHandle size integer pData pointer TRetCode Loads the state of the specified model instance from the specified buffer The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The pData parameter points to the buffer The size parameter specifies the buffer size 4 3 4 Model Execution Functions function runToEx hModel TModelHandle Tau double TRetCode Runs the specified model instance for the specified amount of continuous model time The hModel parameter identifies the model instance The Tau parameter specifies the amount of model time in model time units The function returns only after all necessary computations are completed and all variables are updated accordingly Upon return from this function the model instance is guaranteed to be in the stopped state
237. ther software By convention MVL files are given the extension mv1 To save the textual representation of the currently open project into a file 1 Choose Project Save as text from the main menu The Export project as text to dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 146 Export project as text to mymodel Eg imports EG Tmp My Recent Documents 3 Desktop My Documents My Computer My Network File name Places Save as type MVL modules mvl Cancel Figure 146 Export project as text to dialog box 2 Browse to the folder where you want to save the textual representation 132 RAND 3 the of the file in the File name field 4 Click Save The textual representation of the project will be saved to the specified file The resulting file will be opened in the default text editor as shown in Figure 147 mymodel mvl Notepad File Edit Format View Help package mymodel is import SysLib private hybrid class Model is class Model rectangle Top 0 Left 0 Heig art state Initstate pragma state Initstate rectangle Top 80 Lef pragma state Initstate name point x 0 Y 0 pragma state Initstate footnote rectangle T state S1 pragma state sl rectangle Top 70 Left 80 Hei pragma state S1 name point 0 2 15 state S1 footnote rectangle 0 Lef tran
238. tion has the following syntax block block name gt equation 1 end block For example block myblock dx Z dt dy li x dt end block Declaring a set of equations as a block gives Rand Model Designer a hint that the equations of the block can be solved separately from other equations of the system Rand Model Designer may take advantage of such hints when solving the aggregate system of equations 2 6 AGGREGATE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS An aggregate system of equations is a join of the systems of equations of all object instances existing in the executable model at a particular time moment When executing a model Rand Model Designer solves the aggregate system of equations numerically thereby realizing the continuous behavior of the model Depending on the model the aggregate system of equations may remain constant or may change during the model execution The aggregate system of equations changes every time some continuous object appears in or disappears from the 26 NN CRAND i model A continuous object may appear in or disappear from the model as a result of transition of some hybrid object from one state to another see Section 2 4 This mechanism allows models to exhibit hybrid behavior The selection of unknown variables for which the aggregate system of equations is to be solved is performed by Rand Model Designer at the model start and every time the aggregate system of equations changes Vari
239. to contain the column names in the first line vnorml x returns the 1 norm of the vector x vnorm2 x returns the Euclidean norm of the vector x vnormInf x returns the infinity norm of the vector x zeros n returns a vector of size n filled with zeros zeros n m returns an n by m matrix of zeros 2 14 1 3 Random Number Generators expon m generates a random number from the exponential distribution with mean parameter m normal m d generates a random number from the normal distribution with mean parameter m and variance parameter uniform xmin xmax generates a random number from the uniform distribution on the interval xmin xmax 2 14 1 4 Special Functions and Procedures BreakDiagrams inserts a break into all time and phase diagrams opened in the visual executable model causing the next point to be disconnected from the previous point in all plots Ignored in the embeddable model ClearDiagrams clears all time and phase diagrams opened in the visual executable model Ignored in the embeddable model delay x t returns the value of the variable x at time moment time t where t ime is the current model time of the calling object During the time interval 0 time lt t returns the initial value of x deriv x returns the value of the derivative of x for the current time moment where x is a variable of type double or vector The value of the derivative is calculate
240. togram window supports the following view modes Vertical bars see Figure 195 Horizontal bars see Figure 196 Points see Figure 197 166 Service m Line see Figure 198 Pie see Figure 199 Figure 197 Points Figure 198 Line 167 www rand service com 199 To change the view mode 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and select the desired mode in the Mode submenu of the popup menu All other properties of the Histogram window can also be configured via its context menu The properties include the title displayed at the top of the window 3D display flag colors used to draw the diagram background filling x axis labels and minimum value for the y axis To modify the title of a Histogram window 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Title from the popup menu The Title dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 200 Figure 200 Title dialog box 2 Type the new title 3 Click OK To toggle 3D display 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose 3D from the popup menu To modify the color of objects bars pie slices points or lines displayed in a Histogram window 1 Right click anywhere in the Histogram window and choose Color Elements from the popup menu The standard Color dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 201
241. trix return matrix is external libl dll can have the following Delphi implementation library libl function addmatrix x y variant variant stdcall export var n m integer i j integer begin Result Unassigned n VarArrayHighBound x 1 m VarArrayHighBound x 2 if n lt gt VarArrayHighBound y 1 then exit if m lt gt VarArrayHighBound y 2 then exit Result VarArrayCreate 1 n 1 m varDouble for i 1 to n do begin for j 1 to m do begin Result i j x i jl vy i jl end for end for end addmatrix exports addmatrix name addmatrix begin end 53 CRAND i 2 15 EXPRESSIONS An expression is a formula for calculating a new value from one or more existing values An expression consists of operands operations and parentheses Operands can be literals literally expressed fixed values variables parameters constants function calls etc Actions performed on operands are called operations 2 15 1 Operations Rand Model Designer supports the following operations addition of integer numbers floating point numbers matrices and vectors or concatenation of strings Examples 1 2 5 4 6 8 17223 57879 abc def subtraction of integer numbers floating point numbers matrices and vectors Examples Boe 5 4 6 8 1 2 3 5 8 9 multiplication of integer numbers floating point numbers and matrices or multiplication by
242. tructure window and drop it onto the command list in the Simulation Plan dialog box If you want to add the assignment to the end of the plan drop the variable onto the empty area below the last command Otherwise if you want to insert the assignment before a specific command drop it onto that command The Assignment dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 245 model x Figure 245 The Assignment dialog box 209 2 GRAND In the Assignment dialog box type the value that the command should assign to the variable and click OK To add or insert a pause command 1 If you want to add a pause command to the end of the plan right click anywhere in the command list and choose Add Pause from the popup menu Otherwise if you want to insert a pause command before a specific command right click that command and choose Insert Pause from the popup menu The Pause dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 246 Figure 246 The Pause dialog box Type the amount of model time the command should pause for and click OK To add or insert a message command 1 2 If you want to add a message command to the end of the plan right click anywhere in the command list and choose Add Message from the popup menu Otherwise if you want to insert a message command before a specific command right click that command and choose Insert Message from the popup menu The Message dialog box
243. ue across all classes of the project The syntax of identifiers is described in Section 6 2 The icon of a class is an optional image shown on every instance of the class whenever instances of the class appear visually The comments are text associated with the class The comments have no defined syntax or semantics The stereotype defines the behavior type the structure type the component type and the visibility of the class The stereotype is discussed in detail in Section 2 3 Depending on the stereotype the behavior of a class is specified by either the behavior chart or the system of equations The behavior chart is described in Section 2 4 The system of equations is discussed in Section 2 5 The structure diagram defines the internal structures and the interface of the class The structure diagram is discussed in Section 2 7 A class can have an arbitrary number of parameters and variables Parameters are discussed in Section 2 8 Variables are discussed in Section 2 9 Like a project a class can contain an arbitrary number of constants functions and procedures Constants are discussed in Section 2 10 Functions and procedures are discussed in Section 2 14 2 The constants functions and procedures of a class differ from the constants functions and procedures of a project in their scope see Section 2 17 The constants functions and procedures of a project are visible in the entire project Moreover the public constants f
244. unction name unique across all functions and procedures of the containing class or project procedure name is the procedure name unique across all functions and procedures of the containing class or project formal parameters is the definition of the formal parameters of the function or procedure parameter series is series of formal parameters All parameters within series have the same category and type parameter category is a parameter category with the following possible values in out and in out in the default indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are input parameters out indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are output parameters in out indicates that the parameters of the corresponding series are input output parameters parameter name is a parameter name unique across all parameters of the function or procedure parameter type is the type of a series of parameters This can be any available type see Section 2 13 return value type is the type of the return value of the function This can be any available type see Section 2 13 identifier is an identifier see Section 6 2 path to dll is the path to the DLL containing the implementation of the function or procedure If the path is relative it is assumed to be relative to the TMP folder of the executable model dll function name is the name of the DLL function implementing t
245. unctions and procedures of a project are visible in all other projects that import their containing project The constants functions and procedures of a class are only visible within their containing class CRAND i A class can contain an arbitrary number of local classes Local classes are used to associate behavior with states of the behavior chart Local classes are discussed in Section 2 11 If a class has a base class it inherits all characteristics of the base class Class inheritance is discussed in Section 2 12 A class can be declared as either concrete the default or abstract Abstract classes differ from concrete classes in that creation of instances of abstract classes is not allowed whereas creation of instances of concrete classes is allowed Abstract classes can only be used as base classes A class that inherits from an abstract class can in its turn be either concrete or abstract 2 3 STEREOTYPE The stereotype of a class determines the behavior type the structure type the component type of the class and the ability to use the class in other projects The stereotype is a combination of the following characteristics Behavior type Structure type Component type Visibility The behavior type indicates that the class has either continuous behavior hybrid behavior or no behavior A class that has continuous behavior is called a continuous class The behavior of a continuous class is specified by the sy
246. ure diagram editor toolbar or Right click an external variable and choose Add new link from the popup menu The structure diagram editor will start displaying a dashed polyline between the selected variable and mouse cursor see Figure 120 Figure 120 Creating a new link Click another external variable A new link will appear connecting the two variables as shown in Figure 121 The new link will have the minimum required number of intermediate points If you want the link to have more intermediate points click the locations where the intermediate points should be created before clicking the second ol 11 obj2 Figure 121 New link If you want to cancel the operation click or hit Esc before you click the second variable 117 VRAND To modify a link 1 Click on a segment of the link 2 Drag the segment to the desired location Vertical segments can only be moved horizontally Horizontal segments can only be moved vertically 3 4 5 The Model Class Features Every project contains a special class called Model The Model class is special in that it is interpreted by Rand Model Designer as the complete definition of the model Rand Model Designer automatically creates an instance of the Model class the model object upon executable model startup and uses it to drive the model execution The Model class exists in every project and cannot be deleted For more on the Model class see Section 2 1 The integrated mode
247. ute initial discrete actions before running Keep modified model parameters Do not solve equations in interim states of a time gap Figure 234 The Model settings dialog box the Run tab The Model settings dialog box consists of the following tabs Run View and Files These tabs are described in the subsections that follow The dialog box also contains two buttons Apply and Close The Apply button applies the current settings and closes the Model settings dialog box The Close button closes the dialog box without applying the current settings 4 2 13 1 1 The Run Tab The Run tab see Figure 234 contains the following elements Model time to real time ratio This section allows the user to configure the model execution speed The as quickly as possible option instructs the model to run as fast as possible The other option configures the model to run at a fixed model time to real time ratio specified in the field next to the option For more information see Section 4 2 11 Determine consistent values at initial moment This checkbox determines whether the model attempts to find consistent variable values upon startup Execute initial discrete actions before running This checkbox determines whether the model executes initial discrete actions upon startup Keep modified model parameters This checkbox determines whether modified parameter values survive model restarts Do not solve equations in inte
248. ve the aggregate system of equations for the maximum possible period of model time allowing the user to quickly analyze and if necessary correct the model Debug methods are available for differential equations only 201 GRAND To open the Numerical methods dialog box 1 Click Numerical methods on the main toolbar or Choose Settings Numerical methods from the popup menu The Numerical methods dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 237 Numerical methods Differential equations Phase variables Fixed step Absolute 1 000 06 1 000E 02 Relative 1 000 06 Time Absolute Se Restore defaults Figure 237 The Numerical methods dialog box the Tolerance tab The Numerical methods dialog box consists of the following tabs Tolerance Differential equations Algebraic differential equations Algebraic equations Optimization and Options These tabs are described in the subsections that follow The dialog box also contains two buttons Apply and Close The Apply button applies the current settings and closes the dialog box The Close button closes the dialog box without applying the current settings 4 2 13 2 1 The Tolerance Tab The Tolerance tab see Figure 237 contains the following elements Phase variables This group of fields specifies the absolute and relative error tolerances for variable values for all numerical methods and switch point detection Absolute
249. w and choose Window caption from the popup menu The Edit window caption dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 210 Edit window caption Cancel Figure 210 The Edit window caption dialog box 2 Type the new window title 3 Click OK To add a text label 1 Right click where you want to place a text label and choose New label from the popup menu The Enter the label text dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 211 Enter the label text Cancel Figure 211 The Enter the label text dialog box 2 Type the label text and click OK To toggle the edit mode 1 Right click anywhere in the 2D Animation window and choose Editing from the popup menu When a 2D Animation window is not in the edit mode its contents cannot be modified The properties of components added to a 2D Animation window can be modified via their context menus The following subsections describe the supported component types and their context menu items 4 2 6 3 Dancer This component provides the following context menu items Min Allows to specify the minimum value displayed by the dancer Max Allows to specify the maximum value displayed by the dancer Style Allows to convert the dancer to a component of any other type Value Shows hides the box displaying the associated variable value Value format Allows to specify the floating point number display format 175 GRAND t Show scale Shows
250. wn in Figure 51 Choose enumerated value a Cancel Figure 49 The Choose enumerated value dialog box 82 Initial value for V_1 Mathematical editing Figure 50 Editing the default initial value of a variable in the Component Editor window Initial value for V_1 fi f A 00 gt des Figure 51 Editing the default initial value of a variable in the Text Editor window 5 If the type of the variable is an enumeration choose the default initial value in the Choose enumerated value dialog box When done click OK in the Choose enumerated value dialog box 6 Ifthe type of the variable is a record use the Component Editor window see Section 3 8 to specify the default initial value of the variable When done click Apply in the Component Editor window 7 If the type of the variable is any other type use the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 to specify the expression for the default initial value of the variable When done click OK in the Text Editor window 8 If necessary type the comments for the variable in the Comments field 9 If you want to assign the new variable to one or more groups click LJ The Groups dialog box will appear Use the Groups dialog box see Section 3 6 to assign the variable to one or more groups When done click Apply in the Groups dialog box 10 Click OK in the Internal variable window To create a new external variable 1 Righ
251. xecutable model help Terminate the model To cascade open windows 1 Choose Window Cascade from the main menu 2 To open windows 1 Choose Window Tile from the main menu Ke To minimize all open windows 1 Choose Window Minimize all from the main menu fe To open the Rand Model Designer help 1 Choose Help Help from the main menu 2 To open the visual executable model help 1 Choose Help Application help from the main menu Ke To terminate the visual executable model 1 Choose Settings Exit from the main menu 212 GRAND i 2 Ifthe model contains unsaved changes a confirmation message box will appear If you want to save the changes click Yes Otherwise click No 4 2 18 Using the Standalone Visual Executable Model Rand Model Designer Corporate and Rand Model Designer Educational allow the user to generate the visual executable model as a standalone executable that can be run separately from the integrated modeling environment To generate the standalone visual executable model 1 Make sure the Visual model Win32 Application option is selected on the Model tab of the Project options dialog box see Section 3 12 3 2 Build the standalone executable model To do so click Build model on the main toolbar or Choose Model Build from the popup menu Rand Model Designer will build the model and display a success message box
252. xis represents variable values 157 www rand service com Figure 180 Typical phase diagram A typical phase diagram is shown in Figure 180 In a phase diagram the x axis represents one variable while the y axis represents the other variables A Diagram window displaying the time diagram of all variables of the model object opens automatically upon executable model startup if the model object has any displayable variables Other Diagram windows can be opened and populated manually The user can open as many Diagram windows as necessary To open a new Diagram window 1 Click New diagram 2 on the main toolbar or Choose Window New diagram from the main menu A new Diagram window will appear as shown in Figure 181 A 1 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 Figure 181 New Diagram window The Diagram window can display double integer short and byte variables individual elements of vectors and matrices enumeration variables and signal variables The user populates the Diagram window with variables by dragging and dropping them from other windows To add a variable to a Diagram window 1 Drag the variable from a Variables or Structure window and drop it onto the Diagram window 2 Ifthe variable is a double integer short byte enumeration or signal it will be added to the diagram immediately 158 RAND Otherwise if the varia
253. xit operator evaluates the conditional expression following the when keyword and if the result is t rue transfers control out of the current innermost loop operator 59 GRAND i Example loop 2 2 X exit when x lt 0 end loop 2 16 7 The return Operator The return operator transfers control to the invoker of a function returning a certain value as the result of the function Syntax return operator return expression The return operator evaluates the expression following the return keyword and returns control to the caller of the function passing the result of the expression as the result of the function The expression must evaluate to the type of the return value of the function see Section 2 14 2 Example return 4 2 16 8 The send Operator The send operator creates and sends a signal Syntax send operator send broadcast variable name argument list variable name identifier argument list lt argument gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt expression gt The send operator evaluates the argument expressions in the order of their appearance in the argument list and creates a signal using the resulting values as arguments The operator then sends the created signal to the specified source variable the source variable must be of a signal type see Section 2 13 5 As the result the signal arrives at all v
254. xt occurrence of the string entered in the Find dialog box 3 8 COMPONENT EDITOR The Component Editor window allows the user to edit record or connector component values Initial value for V_1 Mathematical editing Figure 141 The Component Editor window The Component Editor window looks as shown in Figure 141 The window displays components in a table one row per component Component names are displayed in the first column Their respective values are displayed in the second column 129 VRAND 7 Every value be edited either in place or using the Text Editor window see Section 3 7 This is controlled by the Mathematical editing checkbox Modified values are labeled with the sign as shown in Figure 142 Initial value for V_1 Mathematical editing Apply Figure 142 The Component Editor window showing a modified value The Apply button applies the current changes and closes the window The Close button closes the window without applying the current changes To edit a value in place 1 Make sure Mathematical editing is unchecked 2 Double click the row you want to modify An in pace editing field will appear 3 Edit the value 4 Hit Enter or click anywhere outside the editing field To edit a value in the Text Editor window 1 sure Mathematical editing is checked 2 Double click the row you want to modify The Text Editor window will appear
255. y dt phi theta 1 d z dat nknown phi x z phit theta Figure 68 Editing equations example 1 3 Click OK in the Text Editor window 4 If the number of equations is equal to the number of explicitly declared unknown variables the new system of equations will appear in the equation system editor immediately as shown in Figure 69 Otherwise Rand Model Designer will attempt to select the required number of unknown variables automatically see Section 2 5 If the automatic selection succeeds the resulting system of equations will appear in the equation system editor immediately as well Continuous behavior y x 2 phi theta phi theta 1 2 2 Unknown variables phi x y 2 Initial values For derivatives e 2 0 Equations Figure 69 Resulting system of equations example 1 5 Ifthe automatic selection of unknown variables fails for example as in the case of a system of equations shown in Figure 70 the Select unknown variables dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 71 93 www rand service com B en amp v 00 2 hs Y x z phi theta phi theta 1 2 0 OK Cancel Cancel Figure 71 Select unknown variables dialog box 6 Inthe Select unknown variables dialog box you can either select the required number of unknown variables using the and buttons and when done click OK or click
256. y be used in the project containing that function or procedure A public function or procedure can be used in any project For the detailed discussion of the visibility of project components see Section 2 1 Class functions and procedures differ from project functions and procedures in their Scope see Section 2 17 Project functions and procedures are visible in the entire project Moreover public project functions and procedures are visible in all other projects that import their containing project Class functions and procedures are only visible within their containing class 2 14 2 1 Internal Functions and Procedures An internal function or procedure is a subroutine implemented in the Rand Model Designer programming language The definition of an internal function or procedure has the following syntax internal function function function name formal parameters return return value type is local variables begin operator sequence end function name internal procedure procedure procedure name formal parameters is local variables begin operator sequence end procedure name function name identifier Xprocedure name identifier 49 GRAND formal parameters parameter series parameter series Xparameter series parameter category parameter name lt name parame
257. y gt public private lt behavior_type gt continuous hybrid lt class_name gt lt identifier gt lt parameter_definition gt parameter lt variable_definition gt 238 m external variable definition external variable stereotype variable definition external variable stereotype input output flow contact connector variable definition variable name variable type lt initial_value gt lt variable_type gt lt type gt lt variable_name gt lt identifier gt lt initial_value gt lt value gt lt constant_definition gt constant lt constant_name gt lt constant_type gt lt value gt lt constant_type gt lt type gt lt constant_name gt lt identifier gt function or procedure definition function or procedure specification is local variable definition function or procedure body function or procedure specification procedure specification function specification procedure specification procedure procedure name lt formal_parameters gt lt procedure_name gt lt identifier gt lt function_specification gt function lt function_name gt lt formal_parameters gt return lt result_type gt lt function_name gt lt identifier gt lt formal_parameters gt lt parameter_specification gt lt parameter_s
258. y relation 12 inequality relation The syntax of boolean literals boolean literal false true 2 13 1 4 char The char type represents a single text character The operations defined for the char type see also Section 2 15 1 equality relation 12 inequality relation char literals are single characters enclosed in double quotes for example 1 a 2 13 1 5 string The string type represents a variable length string of characters The operations defined for the st ring type see also Section 2 15 1 concatenation equality relation 12 inequality relation string literals are character strings enclosed in double quotes for example AbCD 1234 alB7 2 13 1 6 Enumerations An enumeration is a type whose set of values an ordered sequence of literals is specified by the user Every literal of an enumeration is an identifier see Section 6 2 unique across all literals of the enumeration 39 GRAND t An example of a sequence of literals specifying an enumeration North East South West The operations defined for every enumeration are see also Section 2 15 1 equality relation inequality relation gt greater than relation gt greater than or equal to relation less than relation lt less than or equal to relation Two enumeration types are identical if their sets of literals are identical 2 1
259. y to correct the problem and retry the operation by clicking Retry or cancel the operation by clicking Cancel 134 www rand service com 4 package mymodel import Syslib private hybrid class Model is pragma class Model rectangle Top 0 Left 0 Heic bchart initial state _InitState pragma state InitState rectangle Top 80 Lei pragma state InitState name point X 0 Y 0 pragma state InitState footnote rectangle state S1 pragma state S51 rectangle Top 70 Left 80 He pragma state S51 name point 0 15 pragma state S1 footnote rectangle Top 0 Lei transition Tran 10158082 from InitState to 5 v lt gt x Figure 150 Error window 3 11 WORKING WITH EXECUTABLE MODELS Whenever there is a project open in the integrated modeling environment the user can at any time run it by clicking the Run model P toolbar button or choosing the respective item from the main menu this automatically generates and starts the visual executable model The visual executable model is a separate Windows application that implements the model and allows the user to experiment with it The visual executable model can at any time be terminated from either the integrated modeling environment or the visual executable model itself

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