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assistance to land-use planning ethiopia. manual for spatial

1. e ee eeeceoeeeeees ee s U90000090000 se e e sn eee esegse ee e ee ee R e s o 7 e CEE Sr SE SE SE SE SE SE SE DE e o Co 0b0 0000 0000 k ee s osooso os ee ee O a 0000000000000090008 U89000000000000000s00s00 U101 0 0 00 0000000000 U890000000000000000000000000000000 0008 000000000 4 0 lt 00 0 S DF SE SF SF SF ar ar oE or or or ar or Dr D rE r
2. 12 V or check if transformer GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting This study area is not installed yet Selec tion of options This subdirec Selec tory is not allowed Too tricky shape Split it into two and start tion of options Map digi tizing Subdirectory is not created thus no maps are accessible even though study area listing shows it or study area is not entered yet Wrong subdirec tory declared or backslashes for gotten at begin and end of sub directory Too many stalac tites more than 10 times crossing of the boundary 197 warmsup then ok or check cable from transformer to tablet with all connections or unplug power cables and plug them in and try it through the menues again or check cable from tablet to computer or check if serial plug is in serial adapter unplug it plug it in and try it again Try all other recom mendations If it does not work open the digitizing tablet and check the input voltage right where the power cable comes in 12 V Press F10 and check if the requested area is listed if yes create a new subdirectory at the data drive by MKDIR C aDG and copy resp enter all avai lable map files and MUC files into this subdirectory any other data files into subdirectory INTERM if no press F10 select option Data base in Main Menu Study area names and enter the data
3. Evaluation 12 1 5 2 Limitations a Necessity of computer facility At least one Personal Computer with peripherals hardware is required as listed in App 4 p 200 Costs for the purchase of one hardware set is in the range of 1500 4000 US 1989 with tendency to be less in the future see Section 2 1 p 17 Power supply electricity of 220 V or 120 V is essential b Know How of personnel To run any kind of computer equipment manpower trained in the use and maintenance of computer is essential For the application of GILES interactive manuals and help menus offered during information request can train users within a few days time see Section 2 6 2 p 39 More difficult is the installation maintenance and repair of computer For this expertise at the level of good basic understanding of technics and electrics is required In many developing countries service is not offered by computer dealers or manufac turers In Ethiopia most computer hardware service is done by individuals getting ac quainted with computer hardware at various levels c Data entry of base maps Before retrieval or processing of maps or data base maps e g topography soils etc have to be entered digitized into GILES Even though particular emphasis was given to efficient and user friendly way of map digitizing this can still be a bottleneck of the system Digitizing in spite of modern table digitizers is time consuming a
4. C lt default 4 5 Accept the default subdirectory 4 6 Select Map data on screen only for display 4 7 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image 4 8 Select Yes if you want to transfer the table to Lotus Select one of the five GIL2LOTa PRN files 4 9 With high resolution mode Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt 4 10 Select Overlay of main map with selected areas 4 11 Select the main map as defined under step 3 9 4 12 Select the selected areas defined under step 1 10 After retrieval of the map 4 13 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 117 3 3 10 How to Plot 1 Prepare the map 1 1 Select the map to be plotted This can be any map offered by GILES e g map overlays LGP map suitability map etc But due to the limitation of color pens it is recommended not to select maps with more than 8 different units 1 2 Select As 1 with storage of 1 3 Select the number of storage e g 4 After retrieval of the map 1 4 Press Space to return to the Main Menu 2 Initiate plotting 2 1 Main Menu Select Overlay reprint of previously configured map s 2 2 Select study area 2 3 Select Whole study area 2 4 Accept C lt default 2 5 Accept the default subdirectory 2 6 Select Map data on screen and map on paper by plotter 4 2 7 With high resolution mode Select No Sele
5. MAPS ENTERED INTO GILES In FAO project Assistance to Land Use Planning ETH 82 010 and ETH 87 006 following base maps were entered in GILES and can be retrieved modified overlaid or interpreted July 1989 Area Size ha Scale of Entry Map Ethiopia 127 823 016 1 865 000 2 soil Altitude Precipitation 3 Woredas District Soil Management Units LGP New Administrative Regions Awrajas Menagesha 886 155 1 106 000 soil Shewa Altitude Precipitation Land use land cover Service Cooperatives Agroecological zones Planning zones Linear Features Fuelwood Project Ha 1 177 336 1 106 000 soil 7 Butajira Altitude Shewa Precipitation Land use land cover Service Cooperatives Agroecological zones Planning zones Linear Features GILES Appendix 10 Entered Maps Yerer Kereju Shewa 1 182 308 Borkena N Shewa S Wello 305 250 Bichena Gojam 365 513 Hosaina S Shewa 229 60 Soil associations Soil associations Soil associations A OP Qu 1 106 000 1 50 000 8 1 50 000 6 1 50 000 With contour intervals of 500 m With contour intervals of 200 m Only with differentiation of gt 700 and lt 700 mm p a Length of growing period at 80 reliability level of 1 3 soil types of 1 2 soil types of 1 4 soil types 258 soil Altitude 2 Precipitation Land use land cover Service Cooperatives Agroecological zones Planning zones Linear Features S
6. attempt was made to make GILES as user friendly as possible with explanations in the menus on line Help menus use of stan dard commands of commercial software and with this manual see Help facilities in Sec tion 3 1 2 p 45 It will take a person having some experience with spreadsheet processing between a few hours and a day to produce the first output one or two weeks to run most of the facilities of GILES GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 41 The more you spend on the system the more your training costs rise For expensive sys tems access to a computer programmer and often to a maintenance technician is essen tial Devine Field 1986 c Digitizing The main disadvantage of GILES experienced in the LUPRD as well as of all GIS sys tems is the time delay and or costs caused by the entry of maps into the system Data entry of one thematic map of to say 1 2 m with a medium level of detail i e map ping units with an average size of some 5 cm takes some 2 4 days But with a higher level of detail with units of 1 cm or even less e g many soil maps it might take 1 4 weeks to enter such a map This is a common experience of GIS systems Digitizing dwarfs every other cost of GIS There can be only argued that this procedure has to be done only once for every map the entered map can be retrieved as many times and in as many versions as requested d Maintenance and support Maintenance for PC is rather uncompl
7. bo lt lt ooo oe b SE SE SE SE Sr oE SFr Or Or O E COE SE SE SE SE SE SF oE orar Er oe 0 0 0 000U06 COO 00 e oo ooo a ee s coos C Dr D DE DE DE SE S SE SE SE ar DE DE ar SE BE aE ee ees o a y ea casovo cc s a sooo oo lt lt lt lt 0 oe eee eens ho o oo ooo tu eae ee eeeseeeeveeseeaes u ees ow 00 000000000940000000 ok e ee Planning Zone 7 Alaba Plain in Haykoch amp Butajira 1 1 000 000 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 53 Map 3 4 Parametric Base Map Example we e ae SORS atte et Bet cee sete AS aa o as 3 Fi M O AN A ath ss
8. 1 Waterbody This module is called by option Conservation based land use recommendation in the Main Menu Gully No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes any any any any any any any any GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 216 App 7 3 LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD module LGP The assessment of the length of the growing period is based on a decadal soil moisture balance model Even though precipitation monthly or decada and potential evapotranspiration are the main input parameters it can not be seen as a straight comparison of P and PET or 1 2 PET only In areas with a wide range of moisture holding capacities of different soil types as in the Ethiopian high lands it is not realistic to assume an average moisture holding capacity Opposite extreme of hold ing capacities can result in very different growing periods in the rainy season in shallow soils after the rainy season in Vertisols The length of growing period assessment is done in four steps Step 1 calculates the moisture holding capacity of the soil Step2 actual decadal soil moisture of the soil Step 3 compares the decadal soil moisture with the moisture requirement s Step 4 compiles the assessments for the number of years data are available for e g 20 years The entire assessment can be calculated 1 with consideration of site specific soil moisture holding capacities for a specific crop for land suitabilit
9. FERRER 3 pej Bedi pz ee Eee shee Su 3 ok E Ei Loto ER vappi 4 PUTOS ibi ro bf Mann CN oe sil e a pis is A ARRE Ki Ernennung brea O y sde al y a SN AN i e ERE NaS ER we OR SS onr lla a EEN YE intrea DEER DUN V ads token ic ae ela f a EA U acts d OS fi SIN CURR ster BRS AN DA REL Ni era K LNS 3 Sail eee k Ea O TEIAS i g wae L NON ALS E MSIE A Pd e ER da EA os A PY Pr Kt Ae Lp ES Fees Ya Ri A y a s ENSO A AA sl Pre Tirana Se V R f AN K Mer i A Bry ee eer SEER eel of ee SNES aie chia Mestre ees pst r i of Ro SIA 7 i i a i ze Yo A DOES e AS 3 i HES roar geen 4 f0 0 avis Ha Biles des Arpa RIA s is Di Ewka pr Ab 1 BEER Eray A SERA pi ER Atado late For description of units see Table A7 2 p 215 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 80 3 2 1 11 Length of growing period Function Moisture conditions of the location are expressed by the length of the growing period The LGP is calculated for a number of years e g 20 years or less either for a specified crop or for an average crop and either for the specific soil landscape situation or for an average soil situation with 100 mm AWHC The LGP calculation is based on a decadal soil moisture balance considering actual and effective precipitation potential and actual evapotranspiration so
10. Rob Gebeya Debu Work Gedeb Amber Bichena Borebor Dejen Dule HOSAINA NAWPODYNHUPWNP Jembero Geja Dalocha Tora Hosaina Wilbareg Gimbicho Angacha Kulito Areka Shone Ropi 260 GILES Appendix 10 Entered Maps 261 Recommendations for outprint of complete maps high resolution screen display as text maps not larger than DIN A 4 through Inset Distance Extreme part of area Frame Height Ratio N S W E Menagesha 1 1 Mio 10 10 10 10 5 4 110 1 1 Mio 93 10 10 99 6 6 110 small 30 10 10 10 3 3 LLS small 63 9 LS 18 3D 115 Haykoch amp Butajira 1 1 Mio 10 10 10 110 dws 110 small 10 10 10 10 356 108 Yerer Kereyu 1 1 Mio 10 10 10 10 3 110 GILES References 262 REFERENCES Ankum A 1988 Informatieverlies bij Gebruik Bodemkaart van Nederland in Rastervorm STIBOKA Wageningen Aronson P and Morehouse S 1983 The ARC INFO map library the design for a digital data base Proc of the 6th annual International Symposium on Automated Cartography 1 327 382 American Congress of Surveying and Mapping Washington D C Ashton Tate ed 1984 dBase II User Manual Bannink M H Hendrickx J M and Bles B J 1988 Quantitative Evaluation of Large Areas in Respect of Vulnerability to Moisture Deficit Soil Survey and Land Evaluation 8 1 47 63 Bellamy J A ed 1986 Papua New Guinea Inventory of Natural Resources Population Distribu tion and Land Use Commonwealth Scientific
11. See Section 3 3 15 p 117 Press lt Enter gt and give correct sub directory with back slashes at front and end e g ETHDG Press lt Enter gt enter a starting point enter half of this unit with half of GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting again Unit too big Split it into two and start again 1 line not correct Do line again 24 25 27 53 57 61 Map digi tizing Map digi tizing Program execution Program execution Program execution Program execution Print of maps Program execution Program execution Program execution of this unit in one row Entered unit is too large more than 5700 coordi nates in 1 mm grid system boundary longer than appr 1000 5 mm grid cells Not correct data processing of line malfunction of communication buffer flow Out of memory Subscript out of range Device timeout Device fault Out of paper File not found Device I O error Disk full 198 the stalactite area then enter the rest of this unit Press lt Enter gt enter half of this unit starting at the same starting point then enter the rest of this unit Note this line and press lt Enter gt to continue after successful pro cessing of this unit enter the part of this unit which falls in line 2 lines again Load paper into printer turn prin ter on line again and press lt Enter gt
12. The individual soil suitability ratings can be printed Example of an outprint is given in Table 3 6 p 70 The module is called by option Soil suitability in the Main Menu REA GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 232 App 7 6 LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT module landev In this module the climatic and soil suitabilities are combined by considering the higher constraint of these two assessments see Paras 3 and 4 of this appendix Liebigs Law of minimum Additionally for the land suitability assessment following two parameters are taken into considera tion a Erosion hazard The quantitative sheet erosion hazard is calculated based on USLE Wischmeier formula modified by Humi 1985 with consideration of the present observed erosion status as explained in Para 1 of this appendix See Table A7 23 With minor soil conservation measures always under high input level it is assumed that mean maximum slope of 6 25 are leveled to 4 6 with slope length of lt 50 m moderate gully occurrence is decreased to slight or slight gully occurrence is decreased to nil With major soil conservation measures it is assumed that at slopes lt 25 and slopes 25 40 with depth of gt 50 cm and slopes gt 40 with depth of gt 100 cm erosion hazard can be stopped except at badlands The quantitative soil loss is calculated following the formula of App 7 1 see p 211 but with con sideration of crop specific
13. To demonstrate the pattern of the growing period at a certain location it is possible to transfer the growing period on decadal basis of all observed years into Lotus 1 2 3 and further to graphic packages 1 Define the location of the LGP assessment preferably of one grid cell only Overlay the 29 112 transparent on the map and note the GILES coordinates sheet run x y 2 Assess the LGP 2 1 Main Menu Select Length of growing period 2 2 Select project area 2 3 Select sheet of the required location 2 4 Select run of the location 2 5 Give the S N W E coordinates of the location 2 6 Select Whole study area 2 7 Accept C lt default 2 8 Accept the default subdirectory 2 9 Select 75 2 10 Select Average crop 2 11 Select Pure function of the climate 2 12 Select Maps data on screen only 2 13 Select No 2 14 Select No 2 15 Select Yes screen and transfer in Lotus file GIL2LOTA PRN After retrieval of the map 2 163 Press Space and lt Enter gt to return to Main Menu 3 Import the print file into Lotus spreadsheet file 3 1 Enter Lotus 1 2 3 3 2 Change directory to C INTERM FD 3 3 Import the GIL2LOTA print file as numbers FIN GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 141 3 4 Manipulate and process the data The number in the spreadsheet stands for the relative soil moisture saturation as explained in Section 3 2 1 11 p 80 columns 1 36 stand for
14. of maxi mum obtainable yield or N not suitable 0 20 of maximum obtainable yield and can be con verted into potential yields ton ha For 100 yield figures maximum obtainable yield see Table A7 24 p 239 The individual suitability ratings can be printed for testing purposes Example Suitability for wheat at 75 LGP reliability see p 75 Requirements Climatic suitability map DG1CMPmn MAP with DG1CMP NANM file Soil suitability map DG2CMPmn MAP with DG2CMP NAM file Precipitation map DGPRECmn MAP files Soil map DGSOlLmn MAP files Precipitation data aPREC TWY file Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Crop requirements CREQo files LUT crop names LUT NAM file Study area names STAREA file GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 74 Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file CAINTERMADG3CMPmn MAP with DG3CMP NAM or as ASCII file OGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer Individual suitability ratings on screen or printer Example annual soil loss t ha yr erosion observation erosion suitability workabi lity suitability see below References Selection procedure Section 3 3 5 p 110 and 3 3 6 p 111 Function App 7 6 p 237 Program structure A
15. of the Main Menu then option ALtitude correlation Monthly PET figures can be entered with a intercept and slope of the regression of every month or b intercept and slope of the annual PET regression and the monthly percentages of the annual amount Nomenclature The values for the definition of the regression equation are calculated out of the temperature potential evapotranspiration and altitude figures of the meteorological stations The data files are Stored under the name aALT COR where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BORKALT COR correlation figures for the estimate of annual and monthly temperature and PET values GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 166 Structure The altitude correlation file is a two dimensional array with two columns one for the intercept of the regression line the other one for its slope and with 26 or 39 rows if two PET altitude regres sions occur Row 1 stands for the annual temperature row 2 13 for the monthly temperature figures row 14 for the annual potential evapotranspiration row 15 26 for the monthly potential evapotranspiration figures eventually rows 27 39 for the monthly potential evapotranspiration figures of the second regression in the application programs this file in assigned to the array ALT a b with a not greater than 39 b either 1 or 2 Example In the Borkena study area the intercept a for the temperature of July is 33 8
16. sek kk App 1 1 GETTING STARTED GILES software system consists of a 6 disks containing all programs and data files GILES 1 GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES4 GILES 5 GILES 6 general data Listing of all files is given in App 6 p 208 b 4 disks with sample for tutorial and demonstration GILES SAMPLE 1 general area data GILES SAMPLE 2 GILES SAMPLE 3 GILES SAMPLE 4 c Manual of GILES The system is not copy protected GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 185 All disks should be backed up on separate disks before the first installation This can be done by the DOS command DISKCOPY 1 If you have two floppy disk drives Type DISKCOPY A B then press lt Enter gt If you have one floppy disk drive Type DISKCOPY A A then press lt Enter gt 2 Insert disk GILES 1 in drive A 3 Insert a blank formatted double sided disk in drive B if not existing in drive A and press lt Enter gt 4 Follow the instruction on the screen 5 Repeat procedure 2 and 3 for disks GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES 4 GILES 5 GILES 6 The Epson printer or compatible should be set up to print in ESC P mode see your printer manual App 1 2 CONFIGURATION Every time the computer boots it checks for the configuration file CONFIG SYS To have GILES on the computer this file should allocate 20 as the number of concurrently open files and ap proximately 30 disk buffers Additionally it is recommended to allocate memory at least 250 k
17. Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 229 c Rooting conditions Depth of the soil limited by solum or groundwater is matched with the rooting depth of the crop at different suitability levels crop requirement Rooting requirement If constraints due to mineral fragments in topsoil and or subsoil consistence and bulk density ex ist the suitability will be downgraded If the mineral fragment content in topsoil and or subsoil and or a clayey texture combined with a high bulk density and or a very hard sticky consistence occurs the suitability will be downgraded by one class If the mineral fragment content is above 75 the soil is not suitable Ge de ke te e Flood hazard Both the flash flooding situation is matched see Table A7 16 with the sensitivity of the crop for flash flooding crop requirement flash flooding requirement as well as the pond ing situation see Table A7 17 with the sensitivity of the considered crop for ponding crop require ment ponding flooding sensitivity The higher constraint of these two assessments is con sidered as the flood hazard suitability In montmorillonitic clay soils with a depth of more than 100 cm slope of gt 13 gradient flood hazard constraints are not considered for crops growing on residual moisture Under the land improvement flood protection it is assumed that there are no flood hazard problems With the assumption of minor drainage measures exception
18. Dm 9 GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 107 3 3 1 How to Start Make sure the C gt prompt is on screen indicating that the default drive is C at root directory level Type GILES lt Enter gt and the first GILES display will appear on screen prompting for the Main Menu If problems occur during execution and Quickbasic version 4 0 is installed GILES has to be started by QUICKB4 QB RUN LANDEV SELE1 3 3 2 How to Exit GILES 1 Press F10 function key unless you are already in the Main Menu 2 Main Menu Select out Exit to system and return to DOS GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 108 3 3 3 How to Retrieve a Complete Base Map Complete means non aggregating without map generalization 1 Select area and map 1 1 Main Menu Select Base map complete selective aggregating parametric 1 2 Select study area 1 3 Select Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select map 1 7 Select Complete map 2 Select output form 2 1 Select Map data on screen only for display 2 2 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt aereos GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 109 3 3 4 How to Retrieve a Parametric Map A parameter is a land characteristic read out of the soil e g drainage slope altitude e g temperature range or precipitation map or a str
19. altitude and land use land cover maps of one study area can be stored on one disk 360 k drives of IBM PC 2 2 4 2 Technique For easy handling each map sheet is divided into four vertical strips called runs Each run is covered by 28 columns 5 mm wide and 111 rows 5 mm high Thus a map sheet is covered by a raster with 112 x 111 cells see Section 3 2 2 p 97 Each run is stored in a separate data file binary random access no use is made of map compensation techniques run length coding or quadtrees as computer storage is a minor constraint and in order to improve execution speed of detailed maps GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 28 2 2 5 Future System Enhancements It is shown that the integration of computer technology and spatial data for land evaluation purposes can provide a user with a powerful tool for environmental analysis that greatly extends the capabilities of conventional maps With hardware prices still declining in terms of processing power and storage capacity available and demand increasing there seems certain to be a trend towards small decentralized systems Burrough 1986 to make a system like GILES accessible for any institution concerned with natural resource inventories and land use planning Although it would be a mistake to let our focus to become too narrow Data base technol ogy is rather new and not fully developed Practically and conceptually there are still a lot of problems But perspe
20. and then pressing lt Enter gt Try it and come back again by entering GILES and lt Enter gt If the example area of Borkena Ethiopia is installed in your system as proposed for your installa tion see App 1 try a first map retrieval GILES Appendix 2 Tutorial Step WOON AOS WDM p How t Selected Line H g 1 E UH oe NPM PP 191 ispla se thematic map i e altitude map Selected Option Base map Selected area Whole study area Cs lt Default Jaare N Altitude Complete map Map data on screen only High resolution image No Right colunn lt Enter gt 1 Assuming that all data and programs are stored on harddisk E g Borkena Ethiopia O aj a th Otte a aa In a very similar way Section 3 3 How to will help you to get familiar with the most important options of GILES Section 3 3 p 105 149 is therefore to be understood as Tutorial part Il GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting Error Message Button released Sorry do it again Bad test Unplug and plug the transformer again Calculated unit does fit to map ping unit codes Climatic sui tability not in this drive path ERROR MESSAGES TROUBLE SHOOTING Occurrence Map digi tizing Digitizing tablet initiali zation Area size calcula tion Land evaluation procedure Appendix 3 Error Cause Stylus released or active area of digitizing tabl
21. default 6 5 Accept the default subdirectory 6 5 Select map 6 6 Select Map data on screen only 6 7 Select No 6 8 Select No 6 9 Return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 129 3 3 19 Howto Change Mapping Units of Base Maps 1 It is recommended to have a listing of the mapping units first 1 1 Turn the printer on 1 2 Main Menu Select Database 1 3 Select project area 1 4 Select Mapping unit codes 1 5 Select map 1 6 Select See and outprint the data 1 7 Without saving return to Main Menu CN Return to Main Menu 2 Mark the units to be changed on this list 3 Enter the changes 3 1 Main Menu Select Systematic change of base maps 3 2 Select project area 3 3 Select Whole study area 3 4 Accept C lt default 3 5 Accept the default subdirectory 3 6 Select map 3 7 Select Replace aggregate old units with new 3 8 For each replacement Enter the old mapping unit number not unit to replace what and the new mapping unit number to replace with what and press lt Enter gt 3 9 In case of wrong entry press N instead of the last lt Enter gt and enter the previous change again 3 10 After entry of all changes give 000 After modification of the map 3 11 Select No 3 12 Enter N and return to Main Menu 4 Check the mapping unit codes if they are still valid Main Menu Select Database Select project area Select Mapping uni
22. in detail in volume 1 of this Manual FAO 1987 b summarized in App 7 p 211 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 32 2 3 2 Recommendations for Conservation Based Land Use and Conservation Measures a Sheet erosion intensity erosion hazard expressed in t ha yr can be calculated using an erosion estimate model adapted from the Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE by Wischmeier Smith 1978 modified to the conditions in the Ethiopian highlands by Hurni 1985 This assessment is based on environmental conditions such as rainfall soil type slope gradient slope length as they occur in the area Detailed explanation is given in App 7 1 p 211 The loss is grouped quantitatively in four classes of lt 10 10 30 30 75 gt 75 t soil loss ha yr b Recommendations for appropriate land use can be made for land use strategies and as sociated physical conservation works to minimize further degradation of the land resources They are based on the assessment of sheet erosion hazard gullying status and several soil characteris tics Land use intensity annual perennial cropping livestock production production conservation forestry are recommended based on the conservation point of view see App 7 2 p 215 Through GILES it is possible to assess these estimates and recommendations to map the individual units and to calculate their sizes per administrative unit 2 3 3 Population Support Capacity Population support capacity is deter
23. low II medium 10 30 111 severe 30 75 IV very severe gt 75 Additional consideration can be taken of the existing present erosion status as observed in the field This allows the mapping and assessment of the erosion integrating the potential hazard with the actual status A second version is assessing the slip and gully erosion It takes into consideration the existing gully erosion soil type and slope class which are combined on a limiting factor basis as explained below GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 214 Gully erosion hazard Solodic Planosols moderate Vertisol vertic Cambisol slight all others nil slope 13 55 2 at least slight slope gt 55 at least moderate slight present gully erosion at least slight moderate at least moderate severe severe badland severe As this type of erosion is also strongly influenced by distance from an actively eroding front classes are downgraded if the area assessed is adjacent to an area of badiand or an area with severe gully erosion If there is severe gully attack or badland observed in the surrounding at 1 50000 scale adjacent pixel 250 m distance at 1 250000 scale same pixel 625 m radius this area is considered as having severe gully erosion attack e g from moderate to severe gully erosion hazard This model is called by option Erosion hazard in the Main Menu thtt GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 215 App 7 2 CONSERVATI
24. soil erodibility slope gradient slope length and land use Use is made of USLE Wischmeier formula specifically modified and tested for Ethiopian conditions Additional attention can be paid to gully erosion hazard in the neighborhood of gullies Example Sheet erosion hazard see next page Requirements Precipitation map DGPRECmn MAP files Soil map DGSOlLmn MAP files Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Study area names STAREA file Precipitation data aPREC TWY file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file C INTERM DGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer References Function App 7 1 p 211 Program structure App 8 15 p 248 77 les Facili GILES Para 3 2 for Users Map 3 14 Erosion Hazard Map Example see ee CI DS 5 gt nu OSI O IS A erry mo A ate SO Y oe e r a a aa ea aD eater eta tae ee SOC CS CCE E CHS OOOO POE E A ie ney O 0 pr RNL aa A AT MM CRURA O MA bo AA vata ate a ge ta aN Tae ate 0 a OOO OO neath DDD o O y DOOR ION OIR O ea e ta AR N ed OOO Sheet Er
25. the call of a Help screen with context specific explanations pressing F1 b the repetition of the previous menu pressing F2 c the new start at the Main Menu pressing F10 A sequence of menus will be displayed to define all parameters for the requested task No query language is installed all menus are request specific The user should not worry about query language syntax or about internal processing details e g raster vector conversions or calculation of the length of the border of a quadtree as it was seen in another GIS When all parameters for the requested map are defined the map will be displayed and if requested printed plotted or stored in the computer GILES Para 3 1 for Users User s Manual 45 3 1 2 Help Facilities GILES has three kinds of help to offer Two of them are on line one is given with the reference to this manual 3 1 2 1 Help for menu commands It consists of a brief description of the menu s current choices and of the selections made so far You don t have to press any keys or make any menu choices to get this description it ap pears in form of the command bar at the bottom of the screen which shows all currently active choices commands which can be executed e g move cursor up and down the status bar at the top of the screen which shows abbreviations of the options selected until now status of the selection procedure additional information is given in the menus to non selfexplicat
26. 12 3 14 9 0 24 27 _32 38 9 169 31 43 15 131 42 8 18 216 36 2 22 7 61 69 73 78 86 101 193 7 89 22 2 86 5 22 8 4 83 5 27 4 dl Al 4 32 50 151 199 11 64 21 2 68 5 12 3 11 662 22 5 do dy 41 102 112 128 AGS AU 2 FIRS 1 17 112 775 83 93 97 102 112 128 195 S5 115 23 21111 7 29 2 3 108 9 33 7 189 208 215 226 245 277 3 200 01250 47 0 243 5 59 6 0 243 5 59 6 152 167 172 181 196 221 200 01200 37 0 200 3 46 7 0 200 3 468 7 89 93 97 102 112 128 198 21115 23 21113 2 27 4 1 112 1 99 3 61 69 73 78 86 101 197 31 89 22 2 86 9 20 5 2 85 6 22 9 G 14 16 20 20 99 1 199 11 392 10 523568 267 El 307 911 0 4 12 30 70 170 159 41 15 16 17 15 9 18 0 21 12 7 17 2 ANNUAL VALUES OF PHO 1 sunpation through the years 187 877 925 1028 1218 1598 surration through the months pa LO a ge 1127 1 1102 2 AXKHEEPE ESHA LALA EE EERE REEL ESAS EE ERLE RPE LEELA EEE EE LEEPER EEE EE eee ee eee rE exp rainf at reliab of years pean sd P pean sd P Bean 8d 90 80 75 66 50 25 with w o 0 00 0 0 prec expected lt lt lt lt lt lt lt caleulated ED ED pB RE B an ED ED amp DE EB BR OBB Y ON TELY VALUES OF PRD 2 do 40 29 27 34 EB 187 19 40 20 5 99 0 112 Pa fe 10 9 54 62 76 189 11 66 20 5 65 8 S L GOR E Wy 2 1102 1 108 2 0 1102 1 107 2 91 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 92 3 2 1 13 Entry of base map Function This is the option to enter maps base maps in digitized form into the comput
27. 3 1 Main Menu Select Database 3 2 Select any project area 3 3 Select Crop requirements 3 4 Select no 3 5 Select the new crop 3 6 Select Low 3 7 Enter the crop requirement for the specific quality in integer numbers accepted ranges are indicated Or Press lt Enter gt to leave the previous code Repeat step 3 7 for all qualities To scan through all requirements hold lt Enter gt F2 function key brings you back one line 3 9 Repeat step 3 1 3 8 for intermediate input level 3 10 Repeat step 3 1 3 8 for high input level 3 11 Press Space to return to Main Menu 3 8 eee GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 120 3 3 13 How to Calculate Area Sizes 1 1 Main Menu Select Area sizes 1 2 Select study area 1 3 Select Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select the map 1 7 Indicate if you want outprint on paper or only display on screen 1 8 Select no if you do not want the figures transferred into Lotus worksheet file 1 9 Select yes if the area size files are already prepared 1 10 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 121 3 3 14 Howto Chain Processes Time consuming processing can be stored in a chain file C landev contfile dat which executes the requested procedures one after the other 1 Create chain file 1 1 Main Menu Select Chaining of variou
28. 3 O 4 0 4 0 8 26 21 O 0 6 0 8 36 9 16 6 4 21 1 6 4 0 4 O 0 8 O O O 0 6 0 8 39 1 17 6 0 0 1 7 O 2 0 2 0 8 26 21 O 0 6 0 8 41 4 18 6 ZO LE a 1 8 2 0 2 O 0 8 4 3 O 0 6 0 8 43 6 19 6 42 100 X 1 9 O 42 O 20 0 8 76 6l O 0 6 0 8 42 6 19 2 18 O Xx 110 42 18 20 O 0 8 2 1 O 0 8 0 8 41 7 25 0 0 1 11 18 0 0 O 0 8 0 O O 026 038 2037 13 3 0 0 E lt 2 0 O 0 O 0 8 0 0 O 0 6 0 8 40 5 18 2 0 0 1 13 0 0 0 O 0 8 7 6 O 0 6 0 8 40 2 18 1 0 0 1 14 O 0 O O 0 8 8 6 O 0 6 0 8 40 0 18 0 O O X 1 15 O 58 O 20 0 8 94 75 O 0 6 0 8 38 3 17 2 58 100 X 1 16 58 37 20 20 0 8 8 6 O 1 0 0 8 36 5 27s 37 O X 1 17 37 35 20 20 0 8 24 19 O 0 8 0 8 34 8 20 9 35 O X 1 18 35 74 20 20 0 8 74 59 O 0 8 0 8 33 5 20 1 74 100 W 119 74 100 20 20 0 8 79 63 O 1 00 8 30 9 24 2 100 100 W 120 100 100 20 20 0 8 77 62 O 1 0 0 8 31 0 23 2 100 100 W 1 21 100 100 20 20 0 8 62 50 O 1 0 0 8 31 2 23 3 100 100 W 1 22 100 100 20 20 0 8 42 34 O 1 00 8 31 3 23 4 100 100 W 1 23 100 100 20 20 0 8 93 74 0 1 0 0 8 31 5 23 5 100 100 W GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 85 3 2 1 12 Database Functions This option is for input change display or printout of all data files of the general data DBMS non spatial data i e all data except maps The spatial data maps can be entered and changed through option Base map entry Output and modifications of data files can be handled in several versions It is possible to declare a new data file change modify the size d
29. Break program execu tion by CTRL break free some space at the default drive or change disk or drive and start again GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting 199 69 71 75 76 Map digi Communication Press lt Enter gt save tizing buffer overflow the entered map and continue with the old map Program Disk not ready Close disk drive execution door or change floppy disk or check cable s from disk drive to controller board or change disk drive Program Path file access 3 execution error Program Path not found 3 execution This can happen if a starea nam file is modified e g a new area is added and then copied to another computer without creating the corresponding subdirectory ies For pin layout of dititizing tablet cable see App 4 p 202 These errors are very unlikely but can occur in some situa tions It is recommended to note all messages shown at the screen and to press lt Enter gt to continue or to start again The displayed error messages should be reported to the systemanalyst This can occur after assignment of mapping units to form new base map and redefinition of mapping unit codes if units were forgotten GILES Appendix 4 System Requirements 200 Appendix 4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS GILES requires the following hardware and software App 4 1 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONFIGURATION Personal Computer PC compatible or PS 2 compatible Memor
30. C the regarding slope is 0 71 C 100 m Therefore the July temperature at 2000 m is y 33 8 0 71 20 19 6 C Temperature annual 30 5 0 60 January 26 7 0 50 February28 1 0 52 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 167 4 2 9 Administrative Unit Characterization File ACH file Function The administrative unit characterization file with extension ACH gives any information about the 50 structural characteristics for each administrative unit e g PA occurring in the study area All values in this file are coded following the legend of the structural characteristics ATN NAM file see Section 4 2 17 p 177 The specific parameters for these structural characteristics for the ad ministrative unit are taken out of this file Entry or modifications can be made through option Database of the Main Menu then option Administrative unit characterization Alternatively the table can be input into Lotus and then im ported into GILES It is recommended to print first the structural characteristic classes aATN file to see the classes and their ranges Nomenclature The syntax of these files is aADM ACH where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BICHADM ACH information about all structural characteristics of all administrative units in Bichena Structure The administrative unit characterization file is a two dimensional integer array with the administra tive units as the rows and t
31. DAD for their erosion status subroutine in part 7 modifier SGEH in part 6 the quantitative sheet erosion hazard is defined see App 7 1 p 210 The annual precipitation per precipitation mapping unit and the erosivity class per soil type are required for the sheet erosion loss and have to be entered manually into the program Next part runs the handling of the slip and gully erosion hazard considering the soil types entered manually erosion status and slope and expressed through SGEH 1 4 GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 247 The program is called by option Erosion hazard in the Main Menu SEP 7 It has the submodule EROSSB App 8 16 EROREC Interpretation of erosion hazard and erosion related parameters e g slope allow the definition of potential major kinds of land uses and need for conservation measures through this program The main program is equal to the main program in eros see App 8 13 Checking for all soil and precipitation mapping unit combinations then their processing in part 6 then allocation of the cal culated value to each pixel and print The model for the conservation measure recommendations is defined see App 7 2 p 215 and eros description above First part for the calculation of sheet erosion loss is equal to eros second part checks for threshold values of soil depth erosion status and slope and gives the REC value At the end they are aggregated with new REC va
32. Enter gt 3 5 Leave Inset by lt Escape gt 3 6 Press Space to return to Main Menu of GILES 3 7 Select out Exit to DOS 4 Edit and print through Inset 4 1 At C prompt press RightShift together with PrintScreen 4 2 Move the selection with the arrow keys to View 4 3 Type the name of the file with the image step 3 3 4 4 Press lt Enter gt 4 5 Edit the image as required 4 6 Define the window with commands Modify Clip Move the left and top frame with the arrow key to the correct distance from the most extreme point of the study area see App 10 p 257 or test new configuration and press press lt Enter gt Do the same with the right and bottom frame 4 7 Define the size with the options Modify Expand Inches and enter width and aspect ratio then lt Esc gt 4 8 Save 4 9 Print the image with commands Print Go GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 147 3 3 32 How to add a Mapping Unit During map entry it can happen that a mapping unit which was not predefined is found at the map This unit has to be entered to the definition of the mapping units mapping unit code file 1 Add the unit to the mapping unit code file 1 1 Main Menu Select Database 1 2 Select project area 1 3 Select Mapping unit codes 1 4 Select map 1 5 Select Change the size dimension of the data set 1 6 For each mapping unit to be added increase the total number of units by one 1 7 E
33. FE RRR GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 236 App 7 7 PRECIPITATION STATION REFERENCE module adjust If the precipitation data base is poor reference of poor rainfall stations to rainfall stations with a better data base gives the chance to calculate characteristic values mean standard deviation etc For the interpolation it is necessary to give the relation between the stations For this data entry is going through all stations to give one to three reference stations with their weighting importance expressed in integer figures e g station with weighting 3 will be weighted three times as high as station with weighting 1 When defining the reference stations and their weighting attention has to be given that there is a clear hierarchy of reference relations Station s without missing data are at the bottom poorest station s are at the top no counter circular or upwards references occur not more than 3 reference steps from the top to the bottom station s Basically at each missing value it checks the mean standard deviation and probability of no rain with and without the months without rainfall of the reference stations at the missing month Then it calculates the below mentioned values out of the available input figures and out of the reference to the other stations The outprint will show uncorrected monthly mean uncorrected monthly standard deviation number of monthly recorded years uncor
34. GIS systems are emerging as the major spatial data handling tool for solving complex natural resource planning problems Nystrom 1986 But development continued so fast that it outstripped the ability of managers to keep up Under these circumstances it was difficult for them to remain objective and to think of how the new technology was really addressing the fundamental problems of mapping Burrough 1986 At the present GIS systems are not being used as effectively nor as widely as possible for natural resource assessmenis lt was shown in this chapter that microcomputers have the potential to become a standard tool for resource managers in decision making but the most important is that resource managers are aware of the powerful tool they have in their hand and know how to use it in the most efficient way With further development and higher acceptance of decision makers it can be assumed that GILES will lead to considerable improvements in agricultural and environmental management and control in Ethiopia in the future GEES PART B For Users Experts Technicians Chapter 2 GILES Chapter 3 User s Manual GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 16 2 GILES The present geographical information system GILES was developed particularly for the as sessment of the potential of the land for agriculture and its need for conservation measures to sus tain agricultural productivity in developing countries and additionally to establish a
35. Il etc etc Areas which do not fulfill any of the required conditions in one or more of the overlaid maps are displayed as blank grey Example A1 1 soil units in altitude of 1300 100 m see p 55 Requirements Maps MAP files Mapping unit codes MUC file s Study area names STAREA file For parametric maps Translation table s e g soil mapping unit composition and soil type characterization MCP and TCH files or administrative unit composition ACH file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file C INTERM DGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer References Program structure App 8 13 p 247 55 t ieS Facili e t GILES Para 3 2 for Users Map 3 15 Overlay of Base Maps Example r ahane CI ORNO OO atata e AS OA AS 4S ESR EELE EES RECER URES ES ES ES PIERS EE Vertisols units in 1400 1600 m asl in Yerer amp Kereyu GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 56 3 2 1 3 Overlay reprint of previously configured map s Functions Beside the option Base map this is the core of the geographical information facilities of GILES Overlays can be processed within this module with the condition that the overla
36. Label size is adjusted to the scale within a cer tain range Tables can be printed with any kind of printer It is possible to print the legend at the end of the map or only the legend with the area sizes without map No direct support is given to manipulate tables or to produce graphs or charts out of numeric data but data can be transformed in to specialized spreadsheet or graphic packages for manipulation and presentation Processed maps and tables can be stored on computer storage media i e disks The only accepted drive subdirectory specification for storing is C INTERM From there the con figured GILES files maps DGaCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAWM files or ASCII files maps DGOCMPmn PRN files or tables GIL2LOTc PRN files for processing in Lotus can be copied to other disks or subdirectories using GILES utilities or DOS commands DIF map files can be trans lated from ASCII files using Lotus environment see Section 3 3 28 3 p 143 101 a Example Map 3 19 Plotted Boundary Map GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities a wt 000 o0 n Borkena al 2060 1060 Peasant Associations Oe 902 gero yere zevo GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 102 Map 3 20 Colored hatched Map Example GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 103 3 2 4 Setup of hardware The hardware is set up automatically selection of screen and graphic adapter Software a
37. Main Menu SEP 18 GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 243 App 8 7 CREQ This database module is for entering correcting and retrieving crop requirements essential for crop Suitability assessments The crop requirements will be read from random access files CREQ1 DAT for crop requirements 1 20 and CREQ2 DAT 21 40 into array CRQ 1 40 Writing of the newly defined crop require ments to these two data files is organized The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 then option Crop requirements App 8 8 DATACH Except the maps map files see Paras 4 and 5 of this appendix all data in GILES can be entered or modified through this module 1400 lines 83 k s The program is called by SEP 14 option Database in the Main Menu A newly assigned variable SEP defined in menu 14 1 selects the file to be modified e g SEP 2 MUC file SEP 6 COR file and thus the access to the referring block Variable ACT gives the ac tion number 1 declare a new data set 2 change data 3 change dimension 4 display 5 print 6 import from Lotus file Each of the blocks has 4 subsections controlled by ACT for the various modifications For manipulation of study area definitions crop requirements and precipitation data this program serves as a transfer to datasta creq pinput The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 It ha
38. Record no 1 in the random ac cess file aPREC TWY contains an indicator if data are generated GENPREC 1 yes 0 no and one for observation frequency MMMAX 12 monthly 36 decadal The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 then option Precipitation data GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 251 App 8 22 ADJUST The adjust procedure is particularly designed for a very weak precipitation data base Monthly precipitation data gaps are set in relation to data of reference station s at the same year to calcu late the modified monthly mean standard deviation and probability of no rain which enable the generation of precipitation data through module gamma see App 8 23 below After reading the original precipitation data from file aPREC DAT where a abbreviation of project area the program checks if the file aREL DAT with the reference relations of the rainfall stations already exists If not they have to be entered into RELA 2 7 with storing Rules of the reference relations see App 7 7 p 242 have to be carefully followed The main program runs through all 12 months checking for all stations if reference station is given and if yes merges into subroutines of 1 and 2 level The file with the calculated can be be stored under the name aRES DAT The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 then option Precipita
39. The mapping unit code file with extension MUC contains all codes mapping symbols of a par ticular thematic map of a project area including the symbols represented in map outprints fonts These mapping unit codes are given by the authors of the map It is the only data set which has to be entered before the map input digitizing starts because each mapping unit has to be in put with its given symbol mapping unit code First definition and later modifications are made through option Database in the Main Menu then Mapping unit codes see Section 3 3 18 2 p 126 Alternatively the codes can be input into Lotus and then imported into GILES In case of changing the mapping unit attention has to be given that all concerned mapping units will be labeled with the new codes afterwards See How to add a mapping unit Section 3 3 32 p 147 Through changing the second code it is possible to modify the outprint code for the individual mapping unit s see How to change fonts Section 3 3 11 p 118 and App 9 p 255 for recom mended fonts Nomenclature For each project area and for each thematic input map a separate list of mapping unit codes are given by its author s This is entered into ab MUC where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS see Glossary Predefined maps b theme of map e g SOIL ALT PREC VEG ADM AEZ e g HOSADM MUC codes of the mapping units of the administration map of Hosaina T
40. and Right column and lt Enter gt After retrieval of the map 1 13 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 Assess the suitability of the soil for the requested crop 2 1 Main Menu Select Soil suitability 2 2 Process through all menus with the selection of the area considered crop input level and land improvement s as above which has to be equal with the previous selection Select As 1 with storage With high resolution mode Select High resolution Accept the default storage number 2 With high resolution mode Select No and Right column and lt Enter gt After retrieval of the map 2 6 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 A ee te 3 Combine the climatic suitability with the soil suitability and take management and conservation factors into consideration 3 1 Main Menu Select Land suitability 3 2 Process through all menus with the selection of the area considered crop input level land improvement s as above which has to be equal with the previous selections 3 3 Select Map data on screen only for display 3 4 With high resolution mode Select High resolution 3 5 Select no 3 6 With high resolution mode Select No and Right column and lt Enter gt After retrieval of the map 3 6 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 111 3 3 6 Howto Combine Crop Suitabilities to Form a Crop Mix Suitability Assessmen
41. and Geosciences 6 289 297 Conservation for Development Centre International Union for Conservation of Nature 1986 Sahel net A Proposal for the Development of a Network of Natural Resources Databases in Sahelian Countries Gland Switzerland Consoletti William 1988 GIS in Industrial Forest Management Journal of Forestry September 1988 37 38 Coppock Terry and Anderson Eric 1987 Editorial Review Geographical Information Systems 1 1 3 11 Cunningham R L Petersen G W Sacksteder C J 1984 Microcomputer delivery of soil survey information Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1984 3 241 243 de Meijere Johan C and van de Putte Robert A 1987 The Role of Information Systems in Natural Resource Management ITC Journal 2 1987 129 133 Devine Hugh A and Field Richard C 1986 The Gist of GIS Journal 1986 of Forestry August 1986 17 22 Drummond Jane 1987 A Framework for Handling Error in Geographic Data Manipulation ITC Journal 1987 1 73 82 Dueker Kenneth J 1979 Land Resource Information Systems A Review of Fifteen Years Ex perience Geo Processing 1 105 128 Ellis Martin C and Galeano Raphael 1987 SISTERRA The Spatial Information System for Terrain Evaluation Microcomputer Software for Geo Information Systems and Digital Image Processing ITC Journal 1987 2 165 168 FAO 1976 A Framework for Land Evaluation FAO Soils Bulletin no 32 Rome FAO 1979 A Provisional Methodology fo
42. and Industrial Research Organization Australia Nat Res Series 6 Blakemore Michael 1984 Generalisation and Error in Spatial Data Bases Cartographica 21 Bridges E M 1982 Techniques of Modern Soil Survey in Bridges E M and Davidson D A ed Principles and Applications of Soil Geography London New York Bronsveld M C 1986 Evaluation of the CRIES Geographic Information System for the Agro Ecological Zone Study and the Population Supporting Capacity Assessment FAO Con sultant paper Rome Burrough P A 1980 The Development of a Landscape Information System in The Netherlands Based on a Turn Key Graphics System Geo Processing 1 257 274 Burrough P A and Bie S W ed 1984 Soil Information Systems Technology Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the ISSS Working Groupon Soil Information Systems Bolkesjo Norway 28 2 4 3 1983 Wageningen Burrough P A 1986 Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assess ment Monographs on Soil and Resources Survey 11 Oxford CDC Conservation for Development Centre ed 1986 Sahelnet A Proposal for the Development of a Network of Natural Resources Databases in Sahelian Countries Gland Switzerland Clark K C 1986 Recent Trends in Geographic Information System Research Geo Processing 3 1 15 GILES References 263 Clerici A 1980 A Method for Drawing Slope Maps from Contour Maps by Automatic Data Ac quisition and Processing Computer
43. and structural data through surveying and the increasing demands of supplying data to users of all categories the conventional data handling methods should be supplemented by modern computer assisted techniques Any resource data base and interpretation on spatial distribution has to combine various maps with different mapping units and to process their parameters The mapping units of those maps might be similar if based on the same inventory e g aerial photographs but maybe they are not at all e g administrative boundaries compared with physiographic units watershed management with vegetation units This can only be solved by more or less small resolution map ping systems which can be adjusted to all these different boundaries This can be offered by computerized means with all the possibilities described above through so called Geographical Information System GIS The principle of any GIS is to store Spatial information as different information layers in a grid system enabling further processing and retrieval The major advantage of a GIS is the possibility to integrate and analyze very large amounts of data from different sources and with different themes for computer based generation of new information layers maps and statistics for planning purposes The information available can be presented in optional combinations In review of the present state of art it is apparent that there is a high but still unsatisfied need
44. area sizes of all mapping units are compiled and stored in the area sizes files The area sizes for the entire study area for each individual map sheet or for each map run can be retrieved through option Area Sizes The area size files are created through menu Did you run the area sizes before option no when retrieving the area sizes see How to calculate the area sizes Section 3 3 13 p 120 Nomenclature The syntax of these area sizes files is ARSbm DAT where b theme of map e g SOIL ALT PREC VEG ADM AEZ see Glossary Predefined maps m map sheet number 1 9 then A Z e g ARSSOIL4 DAT area sizes of the digitized soil map of sheet 4 The area name is not incorporated in the file name Thus care has to be taken that the map files are always stored on the subdirectory of the right area e g C ETHDG Structure Running through a map run will count the number of pixels occurring in the particular run for each individual mapping unit The number of the mapping unit serves hereby as the record num ber in these random access files the run number of the map sheet as the field number Example The outprint of the area sizes of the administration units of Borkena is shown in Table 3 3 p 61 It can be seen that the Peasant Association 0117 covers some 2268 ha equals 0 9 of the total study area GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 158 4 2 4 Mapping Unit Code File CMUC file Function
45. assessed in an integrated way Combined models describing supply and demand are defined and applied e g carrying capacity models d Many of the parameters used for land resource management and essential for land use plan ning are highly variable in space and time Spatial variability when inventorying and surveying the environment is normally accom modated by appropriate sampling density Procedures for these are more e g present land use or less e g climate established But inventoried variability depends on scale timeframe of the survey and objectives of the study More detailed survey can bring better results maps data than previous exercises Temporal variability in environmental factors can be very high The methodology to handle this variability is not well established Changes of climate land use patterns hydrological regimes population political bound aries can modify the characteristics and the need and the potential of the land A reliable resource information system should always be up to date and corrected with the latest available figures Changes updatings and corrections should be entered into the archives data base as soon as they are available This chance is given through computerized storing and handling of data But updating is rather more than just modifying an aging data base it implies resurvey and processing new information The updating modifications will result in always new correcte
46. baa Pd APTA cid ea os 5 EEES miooo ATA EN o S EINARINN IENE ees eS SS nn ON A TE POCO ws LA a vn s A o Le ated oes ER EOP PETIT w A RSS TA ce ao i E pe Y T fs eect sere i a gta A on 5 2 Ep EREA Ot Poot 4 tos ees paces wi meats oe a eras ee ee me oe mE ee an ge as meantime ARANA he ee i ote ate a po AS estate can de EIN z a bits Map 3 1 Co AA Sts Sete Sen E x a at be en it Se ga eee Complete Base Map Example oot ad ee o nee y E o h cet oe gist ats o z RO AS AR 3 ce os ME ee dee BS RE O a zd pas ae qs A OE b EA u af hee Rit E oe ke eget RSS 2O6eeFeeeeee Aelezezetetezeststzetetes ATS A tota tii inge a testiete STS GILES Para 3 2 for Users Altitude Zones in Menagesha 1 000 000 gt gt 1 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 51 Map 3 2 Aggregating Base Map Example Grouped Altitude Zones in Menagesha 1 1 000 000 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 52 Map 3 3 Selective Base Map Example eeeeeees s CDE SE lt lt ar arar arar co ooo oos e s coo os a
47. column 1 28 or to HGFES for column 29 56 and will be written to file DGaCMPmn MAP in C INTERM with DGaCMP NAM in part 7 after each run If writing to an ASCI print file is re quested STORNUM 10 the strings of the pixels values will be written with instead of to import them as text into Lotus to file DGOCMPxx PRN The subroutine for plotting of maps is explained in App 8 25 p 255 The program is called by option Base maps in the Main Menu SEP 4 It has the submodule GRIDMPSB App 8 13 GRIDSUP This module displays all areas which fulfill all required parameters as defined The array SM 1 10 1 30 of sele1 contains the mapping units giving the numbers of the overlaid maps first variable SMCNT loop and the accepted requested mapping units within the overlay map second variable CHECNT loop For each pixel checking is done if the found mapping units of all overlaid maps can be found in the array SM E g if 5 maps are overlaid it checks if mapping unit of map 1 is in column SM 1 if yes it checks if mapping unit of map 2 can be found in column SM 2 if yes it looks in the same way for map 3 4 and 5 Only if all answers are positive it is true that this location fulfills all requirements and a black is printed yes The program is called by option Overlay of base maps in the Main Menu SEP 5 It has the sub module GRIDSPSB App 8 14 GRIDCOM
48. dinates of the new pixel considered Variable NEXTDRAW gives the location of the plotter pen in relation to the considered pixel and runs therefore the access to the next module GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 253 Table A8 3 NEXTDRAW Value 1 right of the pixel moving down 2 left of the pixel moving down 3 below the pixel moving to the left 4 above the pixel moving to the left 5 left of the pixel moving up 6 right of the pixel moving up 7 above the pixel moving to the right 8 below the pixel moving to the right Table A8 4 Plotter Movement Conditions Coming Bordering the Which is different Continua NEXT from pixel than the one tion to DRAW A a OA PAR RA 1 up to the left to the right down 2 up to the right to the left down 3 right above below down 4 right below above down 5 down to the right to the left right 6 down to the left to the right left 7 left below above down 8 left above below down 0 NV 3 0P0Q J 00 ei wnN OWE Oh NM Ju GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 254 Mapping unit boundaries at the margin of the sheet are not drawn If a label is to be given to this unit the module checks for the center and draws the mapping unit code Additionally at the end of each map any code to be entered manually can be drawn on any place of the sheet b To color units In case of filling the units with color the program reads from SW to NE the mapping unit color an
49. e ES E eS Me i CMP ES iene ia A A ES at Ci de e GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 73 3 2 1 8 Land suitability Function This option assesses the suitability of the land of the requested area for a specified crop based on the climatic and soil suitabilities Thus these two intermediate suitabilities have to be assessed first and stored beforehand Following land qualities are considered for the final land suitability assessment Erosion hazard considering sheet erosion hazard see Para 3 2 1 9 based on mean annual rainfall soil erodibility slope length mean maximum slope land cover with crop characteristic ero sion resistance and soil depth present gully status Workability considering slope surface stoniness rockiness consistence With the assumption of land improvement minor or major conservation measures stone clearance constraints will be partly or totally overcome The climatic and soil suitabilities are combined and the two mentioned additional environmental parameters are then matched with the crop requirements to assess the land suitability at the re quested location for a crop The final suitability is expressed in terms of S1 highly suitable 80 100 of maximum ob tainable yield S2 moderately suitable 60 80 of maximum obtainable yield 3 marginally suitable 40 60 of maximum obtainable yield S4 very marginally suitable 20 40
50. environmental con ditions into consideration For the soil erodibility factors the values established for the FAO soil degradation assessment methodology FAO 1979 were applied Constant values for the land cover and the management factors C P are applied as default but can be modified through menu GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models R 0 55 annual precipitation mm o un Un mou oO ul OoOo0oo0oo0oo0o0o00000000 NPNNPPPP EP PRP RP PPP Jc Jd Je Jt o Q yu 3 2 o a o 2 gt 2 9 2 3 NPPRPRPNPPRPPPRPRP UI oooooo0oo0o00 000 00 0 wm oO e n u 33 o e o S 4 01 oO u OO0OO0OO0Oo0oO0000000000 PNUNPPPNNPRPHPHPEPENB u High surface stoniness can increases this factor by 0 05 The K factor kc erodibility has to be entered for each individual soi type in the soil type charac u o o 2 o o o o PRPPPNPNNPPPEPNNE uu ul a OOo0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0Oo0Oo0OoOoOoOoO m1 oO terization table column 46 where kc 0 05 1 kc 0 10 2 kc 0 15 3 kc 0 30 6 L can be entered for each individual soil type in the soil type characterization table column 20 where lt 50 m 1 50 200m 2 gt 200m 3 n a 9 If the value is omitted the intermediate value of W NF O U N W for slo for for for 2 will be assumed WY ii p o e O o e o e o e o OU FW NH OOO O O UN NV O O 0 Y hn p y n pe length n t 50 V IA
51. erosion characteristics crop requirement erosion resistance C and a management factor V 0 8 at low and intermediate input level 0 7 at high input level Table A7 20 Erosion Hazard Suitability Soil Gully erosion status loss none slight moderate severe badland s3 s3 s4 s4 n n n n For annual crops without major conservation measures at slopes of 25 55 erosion hazard suitability can not be better than s4 at slopes of gt 55 it is always n GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 233 de dedo ar de b Workability The constraints due to slope surface stoniness surface rockiness consistence topsoil structure only if consistence is not loose nonsticky vertic properties and hard clay are matched see Table A7 21 below with the working requirement of the crop crop requirement workability requirement Under intermediate and high input and on special request at low input level it is assumed that stone clearance is made gravely or stony gt non stony very stony gt Stony GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 234 Table A7 21 Workability Constraints Land Characteristic Input level low amp intermediate high Crop requirement Crop requirement Slope low medium high low medium high lt 4 amp sl sl sl sl sl sl 4 6 sl sl sl sl sl s2 6 8 3 sl sl sl sl s2 s3 8 13 s1 sl sl s2 s3 s3 13 25 3 sl sl s2 s3 s s 25 40 sl s2 s3 s4 n
52. files except of the first three and of the last two types belong to the general data set and are therefore in the GILES subdirectory LANDEV Files of the first three types are located in the area specific subdirectory e g ETHDG if stored on harddisk If floppy disks are used e g for backup one complete map e g altitude map of Ethiopia should be stored on one disk together with the mapping unit code file and the area size files e g all DGALTmn MAP files with ETHALT MUC and ARSALTm DAT Files of the last two types are created only for temporary use GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 155 4 2 2 Digitized Map File MAP file Function All entered base maps are stored in digitized form in map files with extension MAP The principle of map digitizing based on a grid cell system is explained in Section 2 2 4 p 26 These files are the basic information carrier of inventoried data any map outputs are derived from These files will be created or modified through option Entry of base map of the Main Menu see How to enter a map p 126 Nomenclature The syntax of these map files is DGbmn MAP where b theme of map e g SOIL ALT PREC VEG ADM AEZ see Glossary Predefined maps m map sheet number 1 9 followed by A Z n run number of map sheet 1 4 e g DGSOIL43 MAP digitized soil map of the 3 run of map sheet 4 The area name is not incorporated in the file name Thus care has to
53. for program execution of QuickBasic compiler programs to the root directory C If it is already in a directory e g DOS subdirectory with installed path it can be taken out For each project area stored on disks you have to 1 Make sure the C prompt is on screen if not type C 2 Type MKDIR aDG lt Enter gt e g MKDIR ETHDG 3 Insert the first disk with data maps of the additional project area into drive A 4 Insert the disk with General area data of the project area into drive A 5 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all files of the General data from A LANDEV to CALANDEVA OR 5 Type COPY A LANDEV C LANDEV GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 187 6 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all files from A aDG to C aDG OR 6 Type COPY A aDG aDG lt Enter gt 7 Repeat procedure 6 with each disk of the considered area where a name of study area abbreviation not more than 4 letters e g BORK ot de e App 1 4 TRANSFER OF GILES FROM ONE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER If you want to copy the entire GILES system from the harddisk to floppy disks or to copy it possibly in an upgraded version into a hard disk system where GILES is already installed you can use two additional commands of GILES aa To copy GILES out from the system 1 Make sure the C prompt is on screen if not type C 2 Inse
54. g soil type altitude etc can easily be recalled Advantages of raster based systems are a computer congruent concept enabling direct access to data arrays for processing and to storage media and therefore high speed easy overlay of maps direct overlay of the pixels see p 23 direct display and outprint facility easy access to neighborhood and island processing They require a relatively simple data structure and are executable on cheap hardware The primary output is a raster map which requires if output on a printer additional cartographic work to finalize the map Strong emphasis is given in these systems to area coverage and processing and easy spatial analysis rather than to topological line and point features Vector based systems consist of mapping units with their boundaries defined by a set of points and lines vectors between these points Their primary output are polygon maps with elegant and accurate graphics Although they might provide better quality output require sometime less storage capacity of the computer and give better support to line features they do not show the above described advantages of raster systems Overlays of several polygon maps in particular for modeling are difficult The most obvious and effective matrix system is a space grid cell system following a coordinate system Many digitized computer systems use therefore this system Thus preference is given in GILES to raster
55. handling the data were developed in the present GILES In summary GILES was developed due to need of transparent system which can be modified by trained staff need to define and integrate models for agricultural planning e g suitability assessments need to be operated by those with no previous knowledge of computers no query language need to overlay map with interaction relations high costs of specialized systems need for relatively low demand on highly skilled technology and manpower need for low cost insensitive output devices need for standard languages operating systems and microcomputers to allow portability production philosophy underlying commercial software GILES is the design of a GIS around the need for spatial analysis and handling geographi cal models rather than an enforcement of data and models into existing data structures Clarke 1986 Tomlinson 1978 GILES is operating in the Land Use Planning Department LUPRD for the last three years lis outputs were applied for planning in various areas of Ethiopia see App 10 p 257 2 2 2 Structure of GILES A functional GIS of the new generation such as GILES should be able to process at tributes referring to a spatial distribution Thus part of the GILES modules consist of routines for handling spatial distribution coordinate systems classically understood by GIS and one for the handling of the data base with the parameters attributes
56. have a revolutionary effect upon the techniques available to those responsible for the assessment and management of natural resources This development was encouraged by progressively cheaper more user friendly and better performing computer facilities Various attempts were made on global basis as well as on national levels in different countries to develop and to install a computerized data base system of the resources inventory CDC 1986 Nag 1987 Shupeng 1987 Bellamy 1986 to name only a few Until now much em phasis has been put on information systems as data bases providing facilities to store and retrieve these data b It is not only the size of the data collected and interpreted but often the prompt demand for in formation which can not be delivered rightly in the traditional manual way Most of the requests by land use planners governments implementation agencies etc are in high urgency An important objective of a data processing system is to provide a rapid and comprehensive response to ad hoc requests for data retrieval and interpretation Computerized storage encourages a wide range of available immediate retrieval opera tions of the requested information processed modified manipulated or raw in the required way of presentation c It is not only one subject which allows the definition the need and the potential of natural resources but a number of parameters being in a dependent interrelation with each other O
57. in Quickbasic Compiler language The detailed hardware requirements are listed in App 4 p 200 with one version for the minimum 1500 US and one for the optimum configuration 4000 US prices of July 1989 Technical support for Personal Computer in Ethiopia like in many other developing countries is still rather poor and less satisfactory But a great advantage of the present system the components of the required hardware are rather inexpensive and easy to exchange E g mal functioning of a board simply means to replace it 2 6 2 Training Personnel has to be trained to apply the system and to make use of all potential products They have to be able to retrieve all requested information to enter the data and to contact to offer and advise the clients about the facilities of GILES Education of personnel is divided into two different level a Level users experts technicians should know how to retrieve data maps statistics tables and to continue with and to interpret these data for the individual purposes Additionally technicians and cartographers should be able to enter data Training can be autodidactic or in form of training courses or workshops of a few days Knowledge of operating system programming or electronics is not required GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 40 This chapter GILES and Chapter 3 Users Manual is in particular addressed to these users b Level system analysts One or two
58. installed Lotus version 2 4 What do you want to translate to Select DIF 2 5 Source file Type C INTERM LOT2GiILa where a as above 2 6 Target file Accept the same name 2 7 Process with translation 2 8 Leave Translate and Lotus 3 This DIF file can be read by GILES GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 134 3 3 23 How to Aggregate Mapping Units for Outprint Through Lotus 1 2 3 This is particularly recommended if a large number of mapping units occur or have to be ag gregated for retrieval or further processing in GILES For a small number say less than 20 it is faster to aggregate them through GILES 1 Copy the mapping unit codes from GILES into LOTUS 1 1 Main Menu Select Database 1 2 Select the project area 1 3 Select Mapping unit codes 1 4 Select map 1 5 Select option See and transfer the data in Lotus file C INTERM GIL2LOTa PRN where a letter A E 1 6 Without saving exit GILES CN Return to Main Menu Exit to system 2 Convert this print file into a Lotus worksheet file 2 1 Enter Lotus 1 2 3 2 2 Change directory to C INTERM FD 2 3 Import the GIL2LOTa print file as text F T where a as above 3 Treat this file as any Lotus worksheet file but do not change column A and be aware that only numeric values in column B will be read in GILES 4 Translate this file into a DIF file 4 1 Quit 1 2 3 and choose option Translate in Lotus Q YT 4 2 What do
59. is offered by GILES A number of op tions and scenarios can be easily modeled and compared with each other e g what is the quantitative advantage to drain a certain area What if analyses can be executed To overlay various spatial data with the incorporation of models algorithms to assess the agricultural potential and the environmental interactions is the main activity of GILES A large number of varieties of modeling is possible the assessment of agricultural potential its need to sustain productivity etc i Speed of map print Processing of a map is faster than manual drawing of a map j Error quality In any manual and computerized mapping system it is impossible to avoid systematic er rors completely Advantage of GILES is that these errors can relatively easy be checked and corrected Random errors e g human errors as they always might occur on hand drawn maps will be avoided by GILES k Wide range of output forms GILES offers a wide range of different output forms Maps plotted with boundaries of the units colored or black amp white maps on plotter maps on matrix printer with font symbols or with grey scale maps on computer storage media for later outprint only legends of maps on screen printer or in spreadsheets These maps can be retrieved for the entire area or only for selected parts or small windows see Section 3 2 3 p 98 GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database
60. land resource database There was a pronounced need of a computerized fast flexible system capable of a high level of detail for multipurpose map retrieval and overlay to fulfill above mentioned requirements This led to the development of GILES GILES now presents an interactive grid cell based low cost easy to handle GIS system with strong emphasis on map overlay particularly for agricul tural planning purposes for the output of raster or plot maps and transfer of maps and statistics via translation files into other software systems Printer for various scales outprint plotter and digitizing tablet are supported less attention is given in the present version to automated cartography lt runs on any compatible micro computer with DOS system and with a harddisk GILES is com pletely menu driven and supported by help mains queries by users will be responded immediately GILES as any GIS is scale independent see App 10 for areas and scales in Ethiopia where GILES is applied p 257 But main advantage of GILES is the answer for improvement and sustain ing of agricultural productivity the land evaluation aspects of GILES which can be carried out bet ter at a medium detailed or semidetailed scale than at small scale Part of GILES is this Manual with the general description of GILES and its main facilities a user s Manual with a tutorial that leads through the sample evaluation background information on land evaluation instr
61. m asl 875 ha 0 4 1600 1800 m asl 24706 ha 10 8 1800 2000 m asl 48456 ha 2 leg E 2000 2200 m asl 67093 ha 29 2 2200 2400 m asl 33975 ha 14 8 2400 2600 m asl 21300 ha 9 3 2600 2800 m asl 13668 ha 6 0 2800 3000 m asl 9762 ha 4 3 3000 3200 m asl 6943 ha 3 0 3200 3400 m asl 2825 ha 1 2 3400 3600 m asl O ha 0 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 62 3 2 1 5 Site specific information Function Selection of this option will display any information stored in the system Of a particular location grid cell in tabular form The mapping unit and its explanation of the requested location pixel will be shown for all entered base maps Additionally further information is given for the occurring soil type s soil characteristics drainage texture slope chemical parameters etc monthly and annual precipitation at various reliability levels monthly and annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration administrative charac teristics population density livestock population density population support capacity access to roads etc as far as they were entered into GILES Example Location in Borkena project area see next pages Requirements Maps MAP files Mapping unit codes MUC files Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type names aSOIL STN file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Altitude correlation aALT COR file Administrative unit characterization aA
62. mod tol 3 mod sens 4 sens 3 Ponding flooding sensit 1 tol 2 mod tol 3 mod sens 4 sens 4 N requirements 1 v low 2 low 3 med 4 high 5 v high P K Rooting requirements 1 gt 0 2 gt 10 3 gt 25 4 gt 50 5 gt 100 6 gt 150 cm sl S2 s3 s4 Germination requirement 1 low 2 medium 3 high Flash flooding sensitivity 1 low 2 medium 3 high Sodicity sensitivity 1 low 2 medium 3 high Residual moisture plant Workability requirement 1 low 2 medium 3 high Salinity sensitivity 1 tol 2 mod tol 3 mod sens 4 sens Erosion resistance 1 100 4 4 4 O U DN O 0 bd bd Q ds e Y EL GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities Table 3 12 Crop Requirements per Land Quality Example Crop requirements of Frost Sensitivity Sorghum Maize Rice Wheat Barley Teff Oats Field Peas Haricot Beans Horse Beans Chick Peas Lentils Vetch Soybeans Coffee Tea Banana Citrus Sugarcane Pepper Shallot Tomato Irish Potato Sweet Potato Cabbage Pineapple Sisal Niger seed Sesame Sunflower Safflower Flax linseed Tobacco Cassava Cotton Groundnut Pearl Millet Finger Millet Grape Ensete Cow Pea sensitive moderately sensitive moderately tolerant moderately tolerant moderately sensitive tolerant moderately moderately moderately moderately sensitive moderately sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive moderately sensitive moderately sensitive tolerant sensitive sensitive sens
63. naa ea PU yes anh SACS Mae MT Oe SR HME fa SS eS Yt i K PRUNTA PONAS ni y 4 A am nite at PENS i ete ee tee EY soe e ORAA A CA r A AOA eo pai RAA ATERIAAN Ao hte Secor eras CERCO AICA i te Ki de i Nir AO A tas K AS i d me ae ih eee ek o IA AOE h K pete ARA Ai EA PI a POSO eae AS nase A a La on i gt PISCO EAS ee j t roca i PA EPLI a E ee i e E nee Na a Nae da ee es ATRAS ie tetris SD Se hy PATA arte ty nel SSS S56 AMMAN MAL ot CAN A SN COI ne iets Sook 4 E O Cases ay SUS SOSA Mie SMES SS ea epi PA ESSE SSS SS A i Sos 5 mh So CER SS WGN ES de y Y RES N gt PSSS y wate n swe AA SSS 4 e 23 BESS SS O NN SSS SSS SSS ASE SIS SAO SSS sig PSSSh e SESS SSS SS SSS NSSS CONS SSS 55 SSS 3355s Sos Be oe Drainage Conditions in Menagesha 1 1 000 000 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 54 3 2 1 2 Overlay of base maps Function This program shows all areas fulfilling defined requirements Up to 10 maps can be overlaid for each map up to 30 mapping units can be defined as required following Boolean algorithm unit 1 and or unit 2 and or and or unit 30 of map A AND unit 1 and or unit 2 and or and or unit 30 of map B AND AND of map J for display of unit unit 1 and or unit 2 and or and or unit 30 of map A AND unit 1 and or unit 2 and or and or unit 30 of map B AND AND of map J for display of unit
64. of the two units is coded though LEVAGGR and then assigned to LEV In case of simple retrieving of a previously configured map NUMMAP 1 it differentiates if the retrieved map is a suitability map THEMEVAL 2 without or any other thematic map THEMEVAL 1 with in the DGXCMPxx MAP file The program is called by option Overlay reprint of previously configured maps in the Main Menu SEP 6 lt has the submodule GRIDCPSB App 8 15 EROS This program runs the quantitative assessment of annual sheet erosion t soil loss ha yr and the hazard by gully erosion In the main program checking is made first for the entire selected area which soil and precipita tion mapping unit combinations occur These will be identified by a 1 in COMBS 1 The com binations are processed through the second part where access is given to part 6 Erosion estimate model The calculated erosion value will replace the 1 in COMBS 1 After this checking the program runs again through the entire area to allocate the calculated value to each pixel COMBS 1 assigned to SYMB prints SYMB on screen paper and or on DGaCMPxx MAP files with DGaCMP NAM and adds the area size of this unit through SYMBS THTH In case of assessing the neighborhood of gullies for slip and gully erosion as sessment SHORSG 2 it checks for each pixel the surrounding 8 pixels in the arrays DSU DAU DSD
65. offer to enter maps through an interactive way of digitizing from existing maps aerial photographs or satellite images via digitizing tablet No experience or knowledge is required for map digitizing In some other GIS the operator is required to build the topological links into the database while digitizing the line pattern or to stop at each node or intersection The whole procedure is menu driven entered units are displayed with their shape and area size on on line display WYSIWYG The basic principle is to surround the mapping unit by following its boundary with the stylus till the starting point is reached Depending on the size of the tablet the starting point will be read automatically on tablets larger than one map run or has to be entered with its x and y coor dinates by the operator on smaller tablets No device buttons have to be pressed no limitation of speed This simplicity of operation as well as feedback is provided in order to minimize errors be cause these errors are usually tedious and expensive to correct Immediate check is made for dead ends of line entry area not closed double assign ments assignment of the area to a different unit before correct vector raster conversion correct labeling of the unit digitizing within the active area of the tablet and proper function of interface and tablet Filling of the polygon is made automatically Following the predominance method cells at the edge of the un
66. order to be used effectively GILES has to be placed in an appropriate institutional con text This tool can only be used effectively if it is properly integrated into all planning procedur s and all clients are aware of the facilities of this planning instrument in particular of the fast access to the immense natural database and the chance of modeling Different methods of data collection and processing different kinds of products and far reaching effects on the way land use planning is performed require its full institutional estab lishment Only then GILES can perform as a fast and powerful planning tool Further reference is made to de Man 1984 recommending a series of guidelines to be fol lowed relating mosily to the organizational and managerial aspects of GIS systems GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 20 2 2 GIS ASPECTS OF GILES A Geographical Information System GIS as part of the present GILES is a multipurpose computer based information system for retrieval administration processing integrated analysis and cartographic and statistical presentation of any kind and combination of information which can be defined in space In principal a geographical information system has to answer a What do find on a given location b Where can find a given object condition potential GIS represent a rapidly developing field lying at the intersection of many disciplines among them cartography computing geography photog
67. possible to lift the stylus off then press lt Enter gt C and continue with the keypad or with the stylus 3 17 When reaching the starting point lift the stylus off and press lt Enter gt 3 18 For checking purposes give the unit code eventually the x and the y coordinates again 3 19 The unit shall be displayed at the screen the area calculated and return to the entry menu Continue with step 3 13 If the entered area or parts of it were previously assigned to another mapping unit a mes sage will appear and ask for the correct unit of this grid cell Enter N if the Current new assignment is correct for the indicated pixel P if the previous assignment is correct for the indicated pixel ALLN if the current new assignment is correct for the indicated pixel and all following ALLP if the previous assignment was correct for the indicated pixel and all following SP if only one particular mapping unit shall be replaced with the new assignment but all others remain unchanged C if neither the current nor the previous assignment is correct for the indicated pixel For any error message see App 3 p 192 for trouble shooting 3 20 Mark the unit as entered e g with a tick mark 3 21 Repeat step 3 13 3 19 for all mapping units After entering all mapping units 3 22 Check properly the whole map corrections of single grid cells can be made through Select Correct a single grid cell GILE
68. precipitation data eventually from other sources such as the National Meteorological Survey Agency or for comprehensive soil mapping unit composition tables Non spatial data are checked during entry and program execution for syntactical errors but that does not imply that careful checking of data does not need to be made after entry GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 38 2 5 2 Output All operations for retrieval of any kind of information output are carried out in an interac tive environment through a continuous self explanatory dialogue between the user and the com puter menu driven Maps can be displayed on screen in scrolling or high resolution image mode printed directly through GILES or through screen dump utilities on printer or plotter or stored on disks in various formats for further processing Experiences in LUPRD showed that font printing on matrix printer is the most preferred output mode for large size maps But it should be noted that it requires like all rastermaps of GIS systems a considerable amount of afterwork to finalize the maps sticking the individual print sheets together to delineate and to label the units On small size maps e g text maps it is recommended to print the resolution map display of the screen through screen dump utility Numeric data can be displayed on screen printed or transferred to spreadsheet or graphic packages for presentation as tables graphs or charts or for stati
69. project area up to 15 letters e g Ethiopia Enter the working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g ETH Enter the scale as defined under step 1 Enter the number of soil types in the project area not soil mapping units 3 10 Additional maps can be entered by giving map theme map name e g Evapotranspiration working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g PET lf no or not more additional maps shall be indicated press lt Enter gt 3 11 For all map sheets of the area there must be entered all sheet names working abbreviation of all sheets one letter or one digit lt Enter gt for proposed default 1 relative position to the previous sheet 1 one tothe right 6 down and one to the left 2twotothe right 7 down and two to the left 3 three to the right 8 down and three to the left 4 four to the right 9 down and four to the left 5 one down N S W E coordinates of sheet frame in latitude and longitude with decimals 3 12 Save return and exit to DOS ON OONOAUAWH 3 9 1 Not essential GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 124 3 3 16 How to Define an Additional Map Following maps are predefined and already installed Soil map Altitude map Precipitation map Land use land cover map Administrative map Agroecological zones map Planning zones map For these 7 maps the following procedure can be omitted Up to 9 additional new maps can be specified 1 Define the new additional map 1 1 Main Menu Selec
70. slope map drainage map out of soil map population density map out of administrative map Parametric maps can be parametric complete Example Complete drainage map see p 53 complete slope map parametric aggregating Example Slope map with only three slope classes parametric selective Example Slope map indicating areas with gt 25 only For explanation and listing of basemaps see p 124 for further explanations of terms see Glossary p 267 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 49 Requirements Map MAP files Mapping unit codes MUC file Study area names STAREA file For parametric maps Translation table s e g soil mapping unit composition and soil type characterization MCP and TCH files or administrative unit composition ACH file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file C INTERM DGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer References Selection procedure Section 3 3 3 and 3 3 4 p 108 109 Program structure App 8 12 p 245 50 gt in 4 Se a ee h E w an ad as SE Anat oh mu a n u E hh S cg in E oa ire A y AES ee dns F ei 3 oe dl a NER HO PS III a e HAE na E A EREA SW NON NN N A e i ban y y
71. soil type e g soil type no 20 Lo2 in line 20 has in land characteristic no 4 mineral fragments of the top soil in column 4 a value of 2 which stands for a mineral fragments content of 0 15 Soil Drai Texture Min fragm Soil Tops Pond Flash Type nage top sub top sub depth depth flood 20 3 17 17 2 1 5 3 1 1 63 7 19 19 4 9 2 1 i 1 64 7 19 19 4 9 2 1 1 1 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 165 4 2 8 Altitude Correlation File COR file Function Temperature and potential evapotranspiration correlate to a high degree with the altitude a s The values to calculate the annual and monthly temperature and potential evapotranspiration out of the altitude are given in this altitude correlation file with extension COR Thus it presents climatic land characteristics For both the temperature and the potential evapotranspiration the intercept as well as the slope of the regression can be read out of this data file If the PET altitude correlation varies in the study area it is possible to define a second PET altitude correlation being effective in selected predefined precipitation mapping units The formula y a b x where a intercept C or mm b slope C 100 m or mm 100 m positive x altitude in 100 m enables the calculation of the mean annual and monthly temperatures C or of the annual and monthly potential evapotranspiration mm year Entries or changes can be made through option Database
72. staff members should be completely familiar with the entire system to set up or modify GILES on request to make and organize back up copies and to give advise to users Hardware maintenance cleaning checking hardware functions replace spare parts should be done by the system analyst see App 4 p 200 This experience can be gathered by working with GILES for a few weeks or by an intensive training course Knowledge about DOS and computer hardware is advisable Chapter 4 Data structure and Appendices are addressed to the systems analysts ex plaining the details of GILES including the option not a necessity to change the programs source code and current compiler must be available 2 6 3 Costs Four separate elements of costs have to be considered They will be discussed here and compared with large purely commercially oriented GIS systems a Purchase As GILES is designed to run on small PCs and the computing power of these smaller machines increases rapidly some 1500 US minimum configuration 4000 US optimum prices of July 1989 are sufficient for one hardware system being able to run GILES see App 4 p 200 Commercial GIS software in midrange systems require hardware of 25 000 to 150 000 large systems for major GIS applications up to half a million dollar Devine Field 1986 b Personnel Training new personnel to use the system is very essential Even though GIS are complicated by their nature
73. system rather than vector system Although GILES handles and manipulates maps internally in a raster system raster vector conversion and vice versa are installed for digitizing map entry through digitizing tablet and for plotting The application of a raster implies the careful decision of the size of the raster The pixel size determines the resolution at which the resource information is represented It is of tundamen tal importance for GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 27 a b C d NM Accuracy quality of results Outlook of the output maps Time required for data entry and processing Storage required M M ee Any kind of selected grid cell size will be a compromise between acceptable detail and a manageable time effort for data entry and processing With those considerations and for the ease of map entry it is highly recommended to use a 5x5 mm grid cell raster as standard for map entry into GILES This pixel size still allows manual handling With this it is even possible to raster thematic maps manually and then input into the computer through the numeric keypad recommended only in exceptional cases lt cor responds to the area of 0 25 cm which is seen as the smallest area capable of being represented and described by observations Bridges 1982 Vink 1963 The mapping unit with the largest area within a grid is assumed to be representative for the grid According to Ankum 1986 the loss of information of one
74. the second generation which allow high speed and structured programming GILES is written in this language Microsoft s QuickBasic 4 0 As a link between the hardware configuration and the software written in any computer language an operating system is essential to run the access of the programs to CPU RAM ROM and disk storage media At Personal Computers mainly DOS is used others are CP M XENIX UNIX OS 2 The present version of GILES is developed under DOS 3 20 environment but it will function under OS 2 in protected mode as well For general purposes i e by far more than 90 of computer applications there is no need to design programs as there is a large collection of commercial software available Thousands of programs cover most of the application needs which are to mention only a few Word processing Wordstar Word Multimate Wordperfect Desktop publishing Ventura Publisher Pagemaker Spreadsheets calculation and organisation of tables Lotus Quattro Multiplan Supercalc Excel Database storage and retrieval of data dBase FoxBase R Base Integrated packages Symphony Framework Open Access Works Statistics Microstat SPSS SAS Statgraphics Graphics Boeing Graph Halo Concorde Harward Presentation Perspective CAD computer aided design AutoCad VersaCad Utilities Norton Brooklyn Bridge Smalltalk Sidekick GIS GILES ARC INFO ERDAS Terra Pak MAP Cries GIMMS All mentioned names are tr
75. with extension STN Input and modifications is made through option Database of the Main Menu then option Soil Type Names Alternatively the names can be input into Lotus and then imported into GILES The soil type names are not essential for land evaluation assessments Nomenclature The name of these soil type name files is aSOIL STN where a name of the study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BORKSOIL STN list of the soil type names of Borkena Structure The soil type name file is a one dimensional string array with the number of soil types as its size Depending on the purpose of the retrieval of these files they are handled in the programs either as STN a array or as MUC a array with a not greater than AMST and STN respectively Example In Borkena there are 64 soil types beginning with no 1 as an eutric Gleysol Ge1 and ending with no 64 as Lithosol 1 1 Gel 2 Ge2 3 Gcl 64 I in B6 L GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 163 4 2 7 Soil Type Characterization File TCH file Function The soil type characterization file with extension TCH gives all essential information about the 50 soil specific land characteristics for each soil type occurring in the study area This list of land characteristics is determined by the necessity for land evaluation All values in this file are coded following the legend of the land characteristics LCHATN file see Section 4 2 16 p 176 The s
76. 0 Tea 12 18 28 35 Teff 11 14 18 22 Tobacco 7 12 20 25 Tomato 300 400 520 650 Vetch 8 10 12 15 Wheat 17 23 32 40 Yields are in Q 100 kg Source FAO 1987 c 238 GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs Appendix 8 STRUCTURE OF PROGRAMS 239 The retrieval procedure of all models is explained in Section 3 2 p 105 for the user their functions in detail in App 7 p 211 for evaluation experts In the following the computer internal program structure of the computer programs and modules and their processing are presented in a rather detailed way to give system analysts an overview of the programs Therefore this appendix is addressed only to computer programmers familiar with Basic computer language and in particular with QuickBasic version 4 of Microsoft The source codes structured Basic can be requested from FAO Headquarter AGL division App 8 1 SELE1 The main function of this program is the selection of the chained program through variable SEP and the definition of the essential contro variables passed over through common command SEP Program creq arsize gridinf gridmap gridsup gridcomp eros erorec 1gp WOON AOS WD a Table A8 1 Definition of SEP Explanation page 243 243 244 244 245 245 246 247 247 SEP Program clsuit sosuit landev datach digittab seledos selecont digithlp Explanation page 249 249 243 242 251 241 241 242 The program is
77. 1 then the new mapping unit for OUT total number of new units 1 4 11 After entry of all changes give 000 After modification of the map 4 12 Select yes and give the abbreviation same as nin step 1 e g PLZ 4 13 Enter N and return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 131 5 Run the area size and check that no unit with a number greater than the last unit of the aggregated list occurs Proceed as in step 6 of How to enter a map Section 3 3 18 p 129 6 Enter the new mapping unit codes of the map 6 1 Main Menu Select Database 6 2 Select the project area 6 3 Select Mapping unit codes 6 4 Select map 6 5 Select Declare a new data set and enter YY 6 6 Enter the total number of mapping units of this map Number of units number of different units 1 see step 4 9 6 7 Enter the code label of the first mapping unit 6 8 Enter the ASCII code 36 255 for the font outprint symbol of the first mapping unit e g 36 See App 9 p 255 for recommended ASCII codes 6 9 Repeat step 6 7 and 6 8 for each mapping unit 6 10 Enter OUT as the code label of the last unit 6 11 Enter ASCII code 46 as outprint symbol of mapping unit OUT 6 12 Save Y then YY and return to Main Menu 7 Run the area sizes again See above step 5 If error message Calculated unit does not fit to mapping unit codes occurs one or more units were forgotten See fo
78. 190 150 120 cL 190 150 120 cL C montm 190 150 110 If bulk density is not recorded default 1 0 1 6 g cc If texture is not recorded default IS As bulk density figures are highly unreliable in the present study AWHC will always be calculated using the medium bulk density value Table A7 5 Moisture Contribution due to Organic Matter for assessment of available moisture holding capacity mm moisture m soil Texture Organic matter Ree Meee eae eet inc tee rey eet Mees iret ee tee See cles Wipe ote es teens ener ee content S 1s sL scL sicL cL sc E Si L and all com sic cL C siL bined classes cL C If organic matter is not recorded default lt 1 GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 221 Table A7 6 Conversion Actual to Effective Rainfall as Function of Soil Permeability Actual Soil Moisture and Topography Relative actual vertic others soil moisture gleyic saturation lf precipitation is greater than 100 mm decade high rainfall intensity with high runoff decrease of rainfall by 10 9 lf precipitation is less than 15 mm decade low rainfall with high evaporation decrease of rainfall by 10 9 Table A7 7 Groundwater Contribution mm decade GW level Decadal rainfall GW contrib perennial mm gt 150 cm any O lt 150 cm gt 20 10 lt 150 cm 10 20 5 lt 150 cm lt 10 2 5 GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 222 Table A7 8 Conversion PET to Effective
79. 3 coded as 4 Surface rockines 2 coded as 3 Erosion guily badland E nce te sheet rill coded as 3 Nec ly measures no eros measures neces coded as 1 Mean slopes 25 40 coded as 8 Mean max hy ES 40 55 coded as 9 Topog ganar sideslope coded as 8 Microrelief moderate coded as 3 Slope shape id coded as 1 Slope length coded as 1 Groundwater level gt 300 cm coded as 8 Permeability rapid coded as 5 Consistence hard non sticky coded as 2 Structure tops fine coded as 5 Surface sealing none to wan coded as 1 Bulk densit medium coded as 2 Organic u er high 3 al coded as 3 N E to medium 0 1 0 15 coded as 2 N t su n a coded as 9 P avail tops medium 5 15 gt Te coded as 2 Ca exc very high ay coded as 4 Mg exc eG s yey high 4 5 coded as 4 Mg exc su Ts coded as 9 K lene T very high gt 0 5 a coded as 4 K exc subs n a coded as 9 pH tops Slightly acid 6 6 6 coded as 4 Pra subs n a coded as 9 e high gt 20 me coded as 4 BS to medium 50 75 coded as 3 BS su n a coded as 9 Na exc ae ec low lt 6 coded as 1 a e subs low Sue iS coded as 1 tops non saline lt 2 mmhos coded as 1 Erodibility kc ke 0 10 coded as 2 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 64 Soil type of appr 50 OC eV Pe 62 rainage excessively drained coded as Texture UE variabel coded as 1 Texture subs variabel coded as 19 Min fragm eg e Very frequent 40 75 coded as 4 Min fragm subs n a coded as
80. 36 decades of the year column 37 for the mean length of the 1 rainy season column 38 for the mean length of the main season column 39 for the decade number of the end of the main rainy season the rows for the consecutive years the row at the bottom of one LGP block number of soil mapping unit precipitation mapping unit altitude mapping unit coded LGP number 3 5 Save this spreadsheet under C INTERM DGOCMP 4 Load the worksheet file into Boeing Graph or Perspective 4 1 Load 3D 4 2 Load the file C INTERM DGOCMP e g in Boeing Graph F3 Data Manager F2 File Manager F1 File Load 4 3 Manipulate the 3D display the way you like GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 142 3 3 28 How to Import Precipitation Data From Lotus 1 Enter precipitation data into Lotus 1 2 3 Following criteria for the structure of the Lotus spreadsheet have to be considered a Data must be either on monthly or decadal basis b The first column must contain the recorded year in numbers of 1900 1999 c The second and consecutive columns columns 2 13 for monthly 2 37 for decadal data shall contain the precipitation data in mm as values not as labels Decimals are allowed d Blank cells are read as 0 Missing data are therefore interpreted as 0 rainfall e Blank columns or any labels e g x for missing data are not allowed f Blank rows or rows with text are accepted They will be ignored by GILES 2 Create a Lo
81. 7 17 Ponding constraints A7 18 Sodicity suitability A7 19 Salinity suitability A7 20 Erosion hazard suitability A7 21 Workability suitability A7 22 Land evaluation rating due to erosion A7 23 Land evaluation rating due to workability A7 24 Maximum obtainable yield A8 1 SEP values A8 2 SM values of base maps A8 3 NEXTDRAW values A8 4 Plotter movement viii 229 230 230 231 232 234 235 235 238 239 241 253 253 3 1 3 2 3 9 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 16 3 17 3 18 3 19 3 20 LIST OF MAPS Complete base map example Aggregating base map example Selective base map example Parametric base map example Overlay of base maps example Land improvement map example Climatic suitability map at 75 prob example Climatic suitability map at 90 prob example Soil suitability without land improvements example Soil suitability with land improvements example Soil suitability with land improvements example Soil suitability with land improvements example Land suitability map example Sheet erosion hazard map example Conservation based land use recommendation map example Length of growing period map example Corridor map example Boundary map example Colored hatched map example 3D map example 50 51 52 53 55 58 67 71 7i 12 12 75 77 79 82 94 101 102 103 BS CEC DMBS DD DEM DOS DS DTM EC ESC P
82. 8 Map 3 8 Climatic Suitability at 50 Reliability Example EN CS g A TUNING i mi a se FA a ARAS rin a e A EIA E RR RA A Ma RR Oa es ty AR A PN ee NS Climatic Suitability for Sorghum in Haykoch amp Butajira GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 69 3 2 1 7 Soil suitability Function This option assesses the suitability of the soil of the requested area for a specified crop Following land qualities are considered Oxygen availability considering drainage Nutrient availability or retention considering N P CEC pH bulk density Rooting conditions considering soil depth mineral fragments consistence bulk density Flood hazard considering flash flooding ponding Sodicity salinity considering sodicity salinity With the assumption of land improvement minor or major drainage measures flood protection stone clearance constraints will be partly or totally overcome These five environmental parameters are matched with the crop requirements to assess the soil suitability at the requested location for a crop The suitability is expressed in terms of s1 highly suitable s2 moderately suitable s3 marginally suitable s4 very marginally suitable or n not suitable This is the basis for the land suitability assessment The individual suitability ratings can be printed for testing purposes Example Without Map 3 9 and with
83. 87 W 119 w 56 8 88 X 120 x 57 9 89 Y 121 y 58 90 Z 122 2 59 Not recom 91 123 60 lt 92 124 6l 93 Not recom 125 Not recom 62 gt Not recom 94 126 63 95 _ Not recom 127 159 Interpretation depends on printer and print setup not recommended 1 Difficult to differentiate GILES Appendix 9 Recommended ASCII Codes List of ASCII symbols which can improve the display 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 we wh ahr J JO i ke Le tS tt 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 43 a e FS OF IR ill lA a p p T 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 e R Tta rAWVEH WIM BaDODexwAr QAM ees fa OE 256 The interpretation of these symbols can depend on printer and printer setup Therefore they are usually not used by GILES Indeed for users familiar with the setup of printers the World Trade characters IBMcodes 32 58 176 177 178 219 light y dark blank black can be used to present a very nice gradual shading if they can be printed by the printer e g Epson FX series GILES Appendix 10 Entered Maps 257 Appendix 11
84. 9 Depth very shallow 10 25 cm coded as 2 Topsoil depth lim Oi cm coded as 1 OS none slight lt 1 day coded as 1 Flash flooding none coded as 1 Flooding none l coded as 1 Surface stoniness very exceedingly stony gt 50 3 Surface rockiness 50 90 3 coded as 6 P OS On TUI Iy bad and statusslight sheet rill coded as 2 Nec f gully measures no eros measures neces coded as 1 Mean slopes 40 55 coded as 9 Mean max slopes 40 55 coded as 9 Topography sideslope coded as 8 Microrelief strong coded as 4 Slope shape complex coded as 1 Slope length lt 50 m coded as 1 Groundwater level gt 300 cm coded as 8 Permeab1lity moderate coded as 4 Consistence loose non sticky coded as 1 Structure tops massive or weak coded as 1 Surface sealing none to slight coded as 1 Bulk densit med 1um coded as 2 Organic matter medium bo 3 a coded as 2 N E Supe medium 0 1 0 15 coded as 2 N t subs n a coded as 9 P avail tops low lt 1 ppm lt 5 ppm coded as 1 Ca exc very high gt 10 me coded as 4 Mg exc ie 7 very high gt 5 me coded as 4 Mg exc subs n a coded as 9 K ioe to a very high gt 0 5 me coded as 4 K exc subs n a coded as 9 pH tops slightly ac d 6 6 6 coded as 4 H subs n a coded as 9 EC tops high gt 20 me coded as 4 BS tops medium 50 75 3 coded as 3 BS subs n a coded as 9 Na exc tops low lt 6 3 coded as 1 Na exc subs n a coded as 9 EC tops non saline
85. App 6 4 Samples for tutorial lesson on disk SAMPLE1 SAMPLE4 Note about file size Extension Map file of one sheet in GILES with extension MAP MAP as print file transfer to Lotus PRN as spreadsheet file in Lotus WK1 as DIF file transfer to Perspective DIF as 3D file in Perspective 3DL 210 25 appr 40 appr 136 appr 103 appr 480 GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 211 Appendix 7 LAND EVALUATION MODELS In this appendix all models for the land evaluation procedures are explained in brief Details are given in FAO 1987 b which forms part 1 of this manual Page 1 Erosion hazard 211 2 Conservation based land use recommendation 215 3 Length of growing period 216 4 Climatic suitability assessment 223 5 Soil suitability assessment 226 6 Land suitability assessment 232 7 Precipitation station reference 236 8 Generation of precipitation data 237 we a de ok amp App 7 1 EROSION HAZARD module eros This model calculates the erosion hazard caused by sheet erosion by means of a model developed by Hurni 1985 This model is an adoption from the Universal Soil Loss Equation by Wischmeier and Smith 1978 A R K L S C P where A total soil loss t ha year R rainfall erosivity factor K soil erodibility factor L slope length factor S slope gradient factor C land cover factor P management factor The model takes rainfall erosivity slope length and slope gradient as physical
86. B to a virtual disk D drive using extended memory if installed Therefore the configuration file must contain FILES 20 or greater and BUFFERS 30 or greater A virtual disk drive D or E should be installed These lines can be inserted or modified in the CONFIG SYS file through the DOS editor edlin or through a wordprocessor GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 186 App 1 3 HARDDISK INSTALLATION GILES will be installed for the first time on a hard disk system by following procedure Only if you get new equipment you may need to repeat this procedure Some 4 MB should be free on the harddisk before installation of GILES 1 Make sure the C prompt is on screen if not type C 2 Insert disk GILES 1 in drive A 3 Type A INSTALL FROMA lt Enter gt 4 Keep disk GILES 1 in drive A 5 Follow the instruction Type LANDEV GILESIN FROM A 6 Follow the instructions on the screen and change disks GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES 4 GILES 5 GILES 6 GILES SAMPLE 1 GILES SAMPLE 2 GILES SAMPLE 3 GILES SAMPLE 4 By this installation four subdirectories will be created CALANDEVA to store programs and general data files of GILES 1 GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES 4 GILES 5 GILES 6 CAINTERMA to store intermediate map files C WORKD as an auxiliary directory C BORKDG to store map files of GILES SAMPLE a and all files will be copied to C LANDEV or C BORKDG Additionally it copies the file BRUN40 EXE essential
87. D 2 2 212 e g lt 2 gradient code 9 50 m 00 m 00 m for slope gradient mean max for y y of 2 for og vt ve 4 for ee 9 Y 91 6 for Oe 9 9i 8 for 90 00 y 91 1 3 for o Gf 9 2 5 for a of y 9 4 0 for a at of n 5 5 for of it it n V 100 cO FP dP cP dE oO code code code OO 4 u 00000000000 v0 00 VNPPPNUNNPPNOwOP U code 1 or 2 code code code code code code code code code S has to be entered for each individual soil type in the soil type characterization table column 16 where lt 1 1 gt 100 11 GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 213 The C land cover factor corresponds to the erosion resistance characteristic of the crop require ments Perennial 0 01 0 05 Large grain 0 1 Small grain pulses 0 15 The C and V factors are combined and set to 0 8 by default It can be modified in the menu Which kind of management is to be applied to a value between 0 1 extremely intensive conservation measures through 0 5 high stone cover to 1 0 ploughing up and down Additional option is given to apply slope leveling through construction of bunds and or terraces The effect is to reduce higher slope gradients Each individual slope class can be changed see above tor slope codes The calculated soil losses are grouped into four classes Table A7 1 Sheet Erosion Hazard Classes Sheet erosion hazard Soil loss t ha year
88. DM ACH file Expected precipitation values aPREC RLV file Land characteristics names LCHAR NAM file Land characteristic classes names LCHATN NAWM file Structural characteristic classes names aATN NAWM file Study area names STAREA file Output Listings on screen or printer References Program structure App 8 11 p 245 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 63 Table 3 4 Site Specific Information Example INFORMATION ABOUT Borkena Sheet 3 Degaga Run 3 OY 10 Latitude Degaga l 0 46112218 46 21 N Longitude 39 38 51 39 38 59 E UTM grid EB 708 906 EB 711 908 Administrative unit Ll Woreda nos Albuko coded as 1 Awraja Province Kalu coded as 5 Region Welo coded as 2 Population 6000 7000 coded as 11 Present population density 75 100 km2 coded as a TLU pe 7000 coded as 11 TLU density 00 150 km2 coded as 6 AGH Arable grazing land household a coded as 7 Planning zone 1C roecological zone no Altitude unit 2500 100 m Soil mapping unit B5 1 Soil type of appr 50 Soil type 41 Drainage somewhat excess drained coded as 6 Texture e 4 L H a coded as 20 Texture subs L coded as 20 Min fragn e Eo frequent 15 40 coded as 3 Min fragm S coded as 9 De epth shailow 25 50 cm coded as 3 oe depth deep appr 30 cm coded as 4 Pondin ng none slight lt 1 day coded as 1 Flash flooding none coded as 1 Flooding none coded as 1 Surface ee ese a a coy 3 15
89. EV EXE Content of GILES 5 DIGITHLP EXE 242 ADJUST EXE 251 SCRDMP02 PCT SOSUIT EXE 249 GAMMA EXE 252 SCRDMP03 PCT PINPUT EXE 249 SCRDMPO1 PCT SCRDMPO04 PCT GILES Appendix 6 GILES Files 209 2 GENERAL DATA ON DISK GILES 6 Content of GILES D SELEDOS BAS SELECONT BAS GRIDINF BAS GRIDIFSB BAS GRIDMAP BAS GRIDMPSB BAS Content of GILES 8 Content of GILES 09 DIGTTBSB BAS DIGITHLP BAS GRIDSUP BAS GRIDSPSB BAS GRIDCOMP BAS GRIDCPSB BAS MENPLIN2 BAS LGP BAS LGPSB BAS EROS BAS ERORECSB BAS DATACHSB BAS EROSSB BAS DATACH BAS DATASTA BAS EROREC BAS Content of GILES 10 CLSUIT BAS GAMMA BAS GRIDCOMP MAK CLSUITSB BAS SIZEMOD BAS EROS MAK SOSUIT BAS SELE1 MAK EROREC MAK SOSUITSB BAS DIGITTAB MAK LGP MAK LANDEV BAS DATACH MAK CLSUIT MAK LANDEVSB BAS GRIDINF MAK SOSUIT MAK PINPUT BAS GRIDMAP MAK LANDEV MAK ADJUST BAS GRIDSUP MAK BRUN40 EXE 183 HELP TXT 183 BORKATN NAM 177 BORKSOIL MCP 160 CREQ1 DAT 182 DUMLIN MUC BORKSOIL STN 162 CREQ2 DAT 182 BORKSOIL TCH 163 LCHAR NAM 174 SCRDMPO5 PCT BORKALT COR 165 LCHATN NAM 176 SCRDMPO06 PCT BORKPREC DAT 168 LOT NAM 178 BORKPREC RLV 171 STAREA NAM 180 BORKPREC TWY 172 BORKREL DAT 169 BORKGAM DAT 170 BORKADM ACH 167 3 SOURCE CODES ON DISK 7 10 Content of GILES 7 SELE1 BAS CREQ BAS COMMONIN BAS 254 SELE1SB BAS ARSIZE BAS DECISIN BAS 252 SELE3 BAS DIGITTAB BAS MENPLIN1 BAS GILES Appendix 6 GILES Files
90. Enter number b as New unit NUMBER and press lt Enter gt 3 10 Enter number b as Old unit NUMBER 3 11 Enter number a as New unit NUMBER and press lt Enter gt 3 12 Enter 000 3 13 Select No a a tt te ll temper rage GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 149 3 3 33 How to dump a screen image within GILES 1 Dump the screen 1 1 Retrieve the requested map as high resolution image 1 2 After final display press F9 function key 1 3 Give the number 1 9 of the stored image 2 Retrieve the screen dump 2 1 Main Menu Select Overlay reprint of previously configured maps 2 2 Select Screen dump 2 3 Choose the number of the saved image step 1 3 GILES PART C For System Analysts Chapter 4 Data Structure References Appendices GILES Para 4 1 for System Analysts Data Structure 150 4 DATA STRUCTURE References 4 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is addressed only to the system analyst who is setting up GILES with all data entry and processing facilities lt is possible to run GILES following the menus on the screen or the Users Manual in the previous Chapter No knowledge of the structure of GILES of the data files or of the programs is required Even though this chapter serves three functions a To prevent that GILES becomes a black box not knowing what is going on with the maps overlays and evaluation assessments b To give system analysts the chance to modify t
91. Evapotranspiration as Function of PE Top Soil Moisture and Crop Relative actual soil moisture Conversion saturation This factor is multiplied with the crop specific transpiration intensity figure kc e g Rice 1 1 Oats sugarcane tobacco 0 9 Horsebean fieldpea haricotbean cowpea citrus sweet potato cotton 0 85 Sorghum maize wheat barley teff millet niger seed sunflower soybean potato cassava groundnut shallot tomato 0 8 Chickpea lentil vetch sesame flax pepper cabbage ensete banana 0 75 Coffee tea grape 0 7 Safflower 0 65 0 6 Pineapple sisal to give the conversion factor MODpet for actual ET MOD net PET This module is called by option Length of growing period in the Main Menu 1 This value is used for reference LGP GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 223 App 7 4 CLIMATIC SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT module clsuit This module matches three climatic parameters land qualities with the corresponding climatic requirements of a specific crop a Length of the growing period The growing period is assessed as explained in App 7 3 above The duration of the main growing period with minimum and maximum to be expected at a given reliability level is matched with the length of the growing period requirement growth cycle of the crop crop requirements minimum length of growing period maximum length of growing period As at temperatures of lt 20 C the g
92. FAO GILES GIS HD HPGL kB LE LUPRD LUT MB PA PC PET PS SIS UTM 3D LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Base saturation Cation exchange capacity Database management system Double density disk specification Digital elevation model Disk operation system Double sided disk specification Digital terrain model Electrical conductivity Epson standard code for printer Food and Agriculture Organization Geographical Information and Land Evaluation System Geographical information System High density disk specification Hewlett Packard graphics language Kilobyte 1024 bytes Kilobyte 1024 bytes Land evaluation Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department Land utilization type Megabyte 1048576 bytes Peasant Associations Personal Computer Potential Evapotranspiration Personal System Soil information system Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System 3 dimensional display Trademarks not listed THE FIRST TIME Before you do anything eise Have a look in Chapter 3 of this Manual Make a back up copies of GILES see App 1 p 189 Install GILES in your system see App 1 p 189 Proceed with How to start the first time Section 3 3 21 p 137 Xi GILES PART A For Decision Makers Politicians Planners Chapter 1 Aspects of Computerized Information and Evaluation System of Natural Resources GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Compu
93. FAO AG DP ETH 82 010 Field Document 25 ASSISTANCE TO LAND USE PLANNING ETHIOPIA MANUAL FOR SPATIAL COMPUTERIZED LAND EVALUATION SYSTEM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA VOL 3 GILES GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND LAND EVALUATION SYSTEM USER MANUAL by G Bechtold with the assistance of Tadesse Andarge THE PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LAND USE PLANNING AND REGULATORY DEPARTMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Addis Ababa August 1989 This field document is one of a series of reports prepared during the course of the UNDP FAO project identified on the title page The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project The designations employed and the presentation of the material and maps in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country territory or sea area or of its authorities or concerning the delineation of its frontiers of boundaries Boeing Graph is a trademark of The Boeing Company dBase is a trademark of Ashton Tate Disk Optimizer is a trademark of S
94. Haricot Beans phas v 11 Horse Beans vic f 12 Chickpeas cic ar 13 Lentils 14 Vetch 15 Soybeans 16 Coffee 17 Tea 18 Banana 19 Citrus 20 Sugarcane 21 Pepper 22 Shallot 23 Tomato 24 White potato 25 Sweet potato Table 4 4 179 List of Considered Crops 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Cabbage Pineapple Sisal Niger seed Sesame Sunflower Safflower Flax linseed Tobacco Cassava 36 Cotton Groundnut Pearl millet Finger millet 40 Grape 44 Ensete Cow Pea Maize Short LGP var Testcrop A 45 Testcrop B 46 47 Cattle 48 49 Sheeps goats Fuelwood Forest 50 Conservation Forest Function GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 180 4 2 19 Study Area Name File STAREA file Names and stored charactenstics of the considered areas project areas regions where data are gathered from entered and retrievable in the particular subdirectories are listed in this file In particular 1 Study area name 2 Working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters 3 Scale of map input in thousands 4 Total number of soil types per study area not essential 5 Names list of additional maps beyond the predefined set which is soil altitude precipitation land use land cover administration agroecological zones planning zones 6 Working abbreviations of these additional maps 3 or 4 letters 7 Names of all map sheets of the project area 8 Working abbreviation of
95. IS processing techniques Major capabilities include Entry and verification of maps Non spatial data base of attributes parameters DBMS Vector raster conversion Storage of maps data Retrieval of maps data Overlay of maps Feature extraction of maps data Manipulation of maps data Display of data and maps on screen printer plotter Transfer of data and maps to other systems File utilities The main options are explained in detail in the User s Manual in Chapter 3 in particular Sections 3 2 1 and 3 3 p 47 105 j The software package GILES is stored on six DS DD diskettes if HD two disks For list ing of all files see App 6 p 208 Before using GILES must be installed in the system See App 1 p 184 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 19 2 1 3 Trained Personnel Experience with GILES can be made via context sensitive on line help on screen with the references of this Manual or in training courses Similar to most software first output can be produced within few hours time for an ex perienced user To get highly familiar with GILES and thus to make use of all facilities might take 1 3 weeks of intensive training see Sections 2 6 2 p 39 and 2 6 3b p 41 2 1 4 Institutional Context Management is just as important as technology The wider use of GILES should not be inhibited by unawareness among potential users resistance to new technology and management problems In
96. MPmn MAP with DGICMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer Individual suitability ratings on screen or matrix printer Examples s1 for 50 reliability level with high risk acceptance left s3 for 75 reliability right see below References Selection procedure Section 3 3 5 1 p 110 Function App 7 4 p 227 Program structure App 8 18 p 251 Table 3 5 Individual Climatic Suitability Ratings Example Estimated AWHC 46 mm Considered AWHC 50 mm o XXXWWKXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWXXXWWWWXX Xe o o o XXXXXXXX o o o o XWWWWWWWWXXXXXXX a ra aa AAN WWA XX ios La o XWWWWXXX XXXWWWWWWXXX XXO a Ys XXXXWWWWWXXXXWWWWWWWWWXXX XX e PO XXXWWWWWWWWWXXXXXX XX s ee XXXXXWWWWXXXXWWWWWWWWWXXX oo 0 Jeen XXXXWWXXXX XXWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXX EERE e O EEE XXWWWWWWWWWWXXX owe LGP 120 216 days at requested reliability level LO moisture n LQ temperate s3 LO frost s3 67 Map 3 7 ne PPR z y OR REI Zp a z OI CO ES de 9 3 Aa o a es H A A ee A a 6 sees EAS ce a 2 a ESE Sr A PREIS A IS E ATA ARAS 5 ir E Ge resi z e gt te a 3 gt hatat S E ae AO nes Facili a GILES Para 3 2 for Users Climatic Suitability at 75 Reliability Example Climatic Suitability for Sorghum in Haykoch amp Butajira GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 6
97. ON BASED LAND USE RECOMMENDATIONS module erorec This model gives the possibility to define broad land use recommendations for appropriate land use under the soil conservation point of view It gives the answer for the questions What is best major kind of land use if the land degradation has to be stopped and What kind of soil conservation measures should be undertaken to stop soil degradation The definition of recommendations are based on sheet erosion loss soil depth erosion status badland mean max slope flooding vertic properties and gully occurrence The quantitative sheet erosion loss is calculated by means of a model developed by Hurni 1985 and explained in App 7 1 Table A7 2 Conservation Based Land Use Recommendations Unit Frequent Bad Soil Mean max Montm Annual Flooding land Depth Slope Clay Soil Loss cm t ha yr No gt 25 lt 6 No lt 30 No gt 25 lt 6 No lt 30 No gt 25 6 8 No lt 30 No gt 25 6 8 No lt 30 No gt 25 8 25 No lt 30 No gt 25 lt 8 No 30 75 No gt 25 8 25 No lt 30 No gt 25 lt 8 No 30 75 No gt 25 lt 25 No gt 75 No gt 25 6 25 No 30 75 No gt 25 E 25 No gt 75 No gt 25 8 25 No 30 75 No gt 25 lt 25 Yes any No gt 25 lt 25 Yes any No gt 50 25 99 any any No any any any any Yes any any any any No n a n a any any No lt 50 gt 55 any any No gt 50 gt 55 any any No lt 50 297955 any any No lt 25 lt 25 any any
98. P This program performs only processing of previously created configured composite maps stored under map file DGaCMPmn MAP with DGaCMP NAM in C INTERM where a number 1 9 m sheet number n run number It can overlay window combine and plot them in almost any way GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 246 The program is called by SEP 6 option Overlay reprint of previously configured map s in the Main Menu in case of overlaying selected window areas it checks for each location grid cell running from N to S and from W to E first the selected area variable SELSEL for window SELSEL 1 and then the occurring mapping unit variable SYMBSYMB and increases the variable in array CNT SYMBSYMB SELSEL 1 by 1 if less than 8 selected areas and less than 11 main mapping units were defined storage is possible through SYMBTM array This file can be retrieved later e g for a second overlay lf Various suitability maps are overlaid ONLYSUIT 1 the suitability assessments for all suitability maps number of suitability maps 1 3 5 7 9 their total number NUMMAP coded by values of 1 S1 5 N per soil type then by values of 1 all S1 15 all N per soil association are retrieved decoded through LEVSEP and then assigned to LEVFSL 50 of the unit and LEVFSR 50 of the unit For each of these two half units the lowest of the assessments of the suitability maps is the final one the combination
99. Q foothold depth s3 LQ flooding n LQ sodicity salinity sl SOIL SUITABILITY n with flood control Soil type 14 LQ drainage sl LQ nitrogen s1 LQ phosphorus s1 LO nutrients s1 LQ foothold depth s3 LQ flooding sl LQ sodicity salinity sl SOIL SUITABILITY s3 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 71 Map 3 9 and 3 10 Soil Suitability Maps Example a Suitability for sorghum in Menagesha without land improvement AA SAL S ria IP viel esi a GO Go Ga Ga pee Co Pad ph e ht EROS AS de AS EIA IS at EAS AS eS AAA ASS IA Sasa it beet Wout b With minor 03 G9 00 E ps El Pad pe 5 Schuh aK ent Po fy AAN Wi i RIE x w ane A A cx is Ris es RE AAC AO pS AS PA 0 A vigor Pk GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 72 Map 3 11 and 3 12 Soil Suitability Maps Example c With minor drainage measures and flood protection ee FE OE od oi A ARA ES CH tg ht het Net Se SUR Rag TE NA es IAE AA RRSP EAC MOR ity des A he AAN A ASEO IE MAI AS E eee EAS ress o AO A eM e y a e A Ieper a Be Gee re eo Gee me oe ey een Gi oy HORI i at irons Pe aici yee hye NUSA Hide ye d With drainage measures flood protection major conservation SINS A CARK E at A IA Si ea Eat e eats ite SANTO e CO URAR LAS te IAS A a ACN th Riehl ANS a a s A
100. S Para 3 3 for users How to 128 Press lt Enter gt if the code is correct 3 23 Select See the area on screen and highlight the blank areas to check for full coverage lf there are pixels not entered yet enter them in any of the above described way either step 3 13 3 20 or 3 22 3 24 If there are many blank pixels Select See the area and print the blank areas After checking 3 25 Select Save and or exit 4 Repeat step 3 for each run of each map 5 Check the boundary of the project area The outside boundary of the project area of all maps have to be identical Therefore it is recommended to have one reference map e g altitude map or soil map the other input maps refer to 5 1 Turn the printer on 5 2 Main Menu Select Systematic change of base maps 5 3 Select project area 5 4 Select Whole study area 5 5 Accept C lt default 5 6 Accept the default subdirectory 5 7 Select map 5 8 Select Check the outer boundary of the map with a reference map 5 9 Enter the reference map 3 or 4 letters e g ALT 5 10 Select Assignment of pixels being outside to OUT cutting and outprint of the pixel s if the map is too small 5 11 Select same name 5 12 Return to Main Menu 6 Run the area sizes for creation of area sizes files 6 1 Main Menu Select Area sizes 6 2 Select project area 6 3 Select Whole study area 6 4 Accept C lt
101. Select Enter change part of the data 1 10 Enter the number of the mapping unit see step 1 6 1 11 Press lt Enter gt to leave the mapping unit then enter the number of the new symbol font see AOS 9 p 255 1 12 Enter n 1 13 Save Y then YY 1 14 Select Return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 119 3 3 12 Howto Add a Crop At the present 43 crops mainly those being used and or have a potential in the highlands of Ethiopia are entered into GILES with their requirements to allow suitability assessments The list of these crops is found in Section 4 2 19 p 181 Additional crops can be entered by 1 If the total number of crops is not known 1 1 Main Menu Select Database 1 2 Select any project area 1 3 Select LUT crop names 1 4 Select See the data 1 5 Press lt Enter gt two or three times till you reach the last page note the number of the last crop and press any key 1 6 Select Return to Main Menu 1 7 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 Enter the crop name in lut nam file 2 1 Main Menu Select Database 2 3 Select any project area 2 4 Select LUT crop names 2 5 Select Enter change part of the data 2 6 Enter the number of the first blank line number of crops 1 see step 1 5 2 7 Enter the name 2 8 Save it and return to Main Menu Y then YY and Return to Main Menu 3 Enter the crop requirements in creqo dat file
102. The land qualities are treated in various blocks The program is called by option Soil suitability in the Main Menu SEP 11 It has the submodule SOSUITSB App 8 20 LANDEV The combination of climatic and soil suitability ecological suitability with consideration of ero sion hazard and workability constraints give the land suitability for a given crop executed through this prograrn Subroutines open and read base map files and composite map files DG1CMPmn MAP and TDG1CMP NAM with climatic suitability DG2CMPmn and DG2CMP NAM with soil suitability GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 250 The main program checks the entire map for all occurring soil and precipitation units and assigns a 01 for each found combination into COMB Second it runs the access to part 9 for all occur ning units replacing 01 with LEV At last it runs again through the entire map selects of the climatic suitability DD1 and of the soil suitability DD2 converted from 1 25 code into 11 55 code whichever is lower and gives this ecological suitability to LEV1 50 of the unit respectively LEV2 other 50 of the unit The downgrading due to erosion and workability constraints COMB gives LEVEROS and LEVWORK is then expressed through FINLEVEROS and FINLEVWORK The land suitabilities LEV1 and LEV2 are converted back to 1 25 code for storing and to 1 15 code for printing At last it runs a
103. UT NAMP file Mapping unit codes MUC files Study area names STAREA file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file CCAINTERMADGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer Growing period charts on screen printer or on disk as ASCII file C INTERM GIL2LOTa PRN for further processing in Lotus or for 3D display Example for 20 years see Table 3 9 p 83 Soil moisture balance dynamic on screen or printer Example for 36 decades of 1 year see Table 3 10 p 84 References Function App 7 3 p 216 Program structure App 8 17 p 249 82 nes Facili GILES Para 3 2 for Users Map 3 15 LGP Map Example A VAr rhieni PO ETTET ORI Econ EIEEE EE A A EE EN RE III eoun EAEAN NENS ENEE ES 5 A A PETT a DET Ago a E A A TS SiS SMR ES od Y roer EA Loa SSL eo tr AA SER TETE T anes RS ere t A r CIA CALL A eee A eS CCTACLAL Erre OLELOCCEOE LCL CAS rr NANA NN e Bee SG ARAS raro cues recrear iv jc TI TST Matnnni roma gt Bs raton a RAE uni ETE PET SS ps And
104. Zone 9 0 0 32324 14487 127008 Planning Zone 10 0 156 8953 4438 11119 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 60 3 2 1 4 Area sizes Function Area sizes can be retrieved of mapping units of a selected map either for the total area for an in dividual sheet or for one run of one map sheet Area size files as the basis for these calculations can be created during performance of this option Example Areas of PAs and of altitude units in Hosaina with hectarages and percentages hyp sographic curve of Ethiopia see next page Requirements Area size files ARS files or Maps MAP files and Mapping unit codes MUC file Study area names STAREA file Output Area size tables on screen printer or disk as ASCII file CAINTERMAGIL2LOTa PRN for further processing in Lotus References Selection procedure Section 3 3 13 p 120 Program structure App 8 10 p 245 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities Table 3 3 Area Sizes Example Area Sizes of Administrative Units PAs of Borkena 0101 3293 ha 1 1 0102 4306 ha 1 4 0103 3512 ha 1 2 0104 4337 ha 1 4 0105 1837 ha 0 6 0106 3131 ha 1 0 0107 1056 ha 0 3 0108 3200 ha 1 0 0109 4800 ha 1 6 0110 3125 ha 1 0 0111 6687 ha 2 2 0112 5193 ha 1 7 0113 4262 ha 1 4 0114 3050 ha 1 0 0115 4475 ha 1 5 0201 1075 ha 0 4 0202 2900 ha 1 0 e Altitude Distribution in Hosaina 1000 1200 m asl O ha 0 1200 1400 m asl O ha O 1400 1600
105. a in Yerer amp Kereyu ing peri Length of mean grow GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 83 Table 3 9 Growing Period Charts Example Growing Period for Consecutive Years dry x moist 30 60 rel SM X humid 60 99 rel SM W wet 100 Assumed AWHC 100 mm LGP for root depth 100 cm Depletion ability 50 Transpiration 75 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Belg Krmt End sic as ae Xe XXXXWWKXXXWWWWWWWWWXXX XXX 70 210 33 gt XXXXX e XXXXWXWXXWWWWWWWWWXXXWWXXxX 50 260 34 co o XXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWXXX gt 110 280 32 e XAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKWWWWWWWWWKWXX Xo 140 310 35 c Xo XooXXXX XXXXXWWWWWWXXXXX 0 40 160 30 o o o o o o AXWXWXXXX o XXWWWWWXWWXXX 90 130 30 XX o XX o XXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXX o 70 260 34 o o XXXX o o XXX XWXXWXWWWWWWWWXXXXX e 40 180 31 EEE dos o o o o XXXXXXWWWWWWXXXX 0 00 20 160 29 E P AX XXX XXXWWWWWWWWWXXXXX 30 140 30 Mean Kremt 209 days at given reliability 165 days GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 84 Table 3 10 Soil Moisture Balance Dynamic Example Yr Dec Soil Topsoil gt Prec Prec GW KPET KPET PET PET Soil LGP moisturemoisture inf 10d 10d eff crp 10d 10d moist beg end beg end eff eff COD mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 1 1 0 0 0 O 0 8 0 0 O 0 6 0 8 36 4 27 3 0 0 L 2 O 0 O O 0 8 0 0 O 0 6 0 8 36 9 16 6 0 0 E 3 0 O 0 0 0 8 0 0 O 0 6 0 8 36 9 16 6 0 Oe 32 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 O O 0 6 0 8 36 9 16 6 0 O x L
106. able 4 3 175 Names of Land Structural Characteristics 49 not defined yet 50 not defined yet 51 Annual temperature 52 63 Monthly temperature 64 Annual PET 65 76 Monthly PET 77 Annual precipitation 78 89 Monthly precipitation 90 91 S8 amp EBR 388 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 139 Woreda District Awraja Province Region Population Present population density Population density in 10 y Population density in 25 y PA members TLU TLU density Cows Oxen Cattle total Cattle density Sheep Sheep density Goats Goats density Equines Equines density ccess Education Medical situation Population support capacity Population support capacity in 10 y Population support capacity in 25 y AGH Arable grazing land househ Surplus producing Woredas Ongoing Farming Research Livestock Carrying Capacity Grazing Pressure not defined yet not defined yet GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 176 4 2 16 Land Characteristic Class Name File LCHATN file Function Each of the 50 soil land characteristics see Section 4 2 15 above is grouped into discrete classes with individual class ranges and class names They are filed under this land characteristic class name file The names can be retrieved or changed through option Database in the Main Menu then Land characteristic classes
107. able soil moisture Average uptake of available water holding capacity Annual perennial plant Frost sensitivity Drainage sensitivity Ponding and flooding sensitivity Requirements on N uptake Requirements on P uptake Requirements on K uptake fertilizer response Required rooting depth Germination requirement Flash flooding sensitivity Sodicity sensitivity Residual moisture plant Requirements for workability Salinity sensitivity Resistance to erosion Requiremenis Crop requirements CREQg files LUT Crop names LUT NAM file Study area names STAREA file Output Storage on disk CREQ files Listing on screen or printer Example wheat see p 87 drainage see p 88 References Selection procedure Section 3 3 12 3 p 119 Data structure Section 4 2 20 p 182 Program structure App 8 7 p 244 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 87 Tabie e Li Crop Requirements per Crop Example Crop Requirements for Maize at medium input level T min 1 40 C s1 s2 s3 s T max 1 40 C s1 S2 3 s4 LGP min 1 365 days s1 s2 s3 s4 LGP max 1 365 days s1 s2 s3 s4 LGP min regression 0 20 days 100m LGP max regression 0 20 days 100m Rooting depth for moist uptake 50 100 150 cm kc evapotranspiration 1 150 Not readily available soil water 1 100 AWHC uptake 1 100 mm 2 150 mm Perennial plant Frost sensitivity 1 to1 2 mod tol 3 mod sens 4 sens Drainage sensitivity 1 to1 2
108. ademarks Particular attention shall be given by GILES users to screen dump utilities They allow high quality hard copy printouts of screen displays on printer Inset EGA Print Grab GILES Appendix 5 Computerized Processing 207 Most of them are menu driven easy to understand and to learn and support many help menus and translation facilities Software GILES consists of 6 DS DD or 2 DS HD diskettes see App 1 and 6 p 184 208 without tutorial source code App 5 3 TRAINED PERSONNEL USERS EXPERIENCE App 5 4 AWARENESS OF DECISION MAKERS These important aspects of the use and application of computer processing are explained in Sec tion 2 1 p 17 GILES Appendix 6 GILES Files 208 A ndix GILES FILES 1 Software package GILES on disk 1 5 if HD one disk 2 General data set on disk 6 3 Source codes on disks 7 10 if HD one disk 4 Samples for tutorial lessons on disk SAMPLE1 SAMPLE4 if HD two disks App 6 1 SOFTWARE PACKAGE GILES on 242 243 243 245 246 247 249 Explanation Explanati page page Content of GILES 1 GILES BAT GILESCMPL BAT DIGITTAB EXE GILESIN BAT SELE1 EXE 239 DATACH EXE GILESOUT BAT SELE3 EXE 242 DATASTA EXE GILESBAS BAT Content of GILES 2 GRIDINF EXE 244 GRIDSUP EXE 245 GRIDCOMP EXE GRIDMAP EXE 244 Content of GILES 3 SELEDOS EXE 242 CREQ EXE 243 EROS EXE SELECONT EXE 242 ARSIZE EXE 243 EROREC EXE Content of GILES 4 LGP EXE 247 CLSUIT EXE 249 LAND
109. ain nil nil medium severe very severe extreme extreme extreme s4 J3 The individual suitability ratings for length of growing period moisture and frost hazard can be printed on request Example of an outprint is given in Table 3 5 p 66 This program is called by option Climatic suitability in the Main Menu GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 225 App 7 5 SOIL SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT module sosuit This module matches 5 soil parameters land qualities with the corresponding soil requirements of a specific crop a Oxygen availability Drainage characteristic of the soil is matched with the drainage sensitivity see Table A7 11 below of the crop resulting in an oxygen availability suitability if a crop is highly capable to extract residual moisture and thus planted on heavy soils after the rainy season e g chickpea Jentil vetch and following soil parameters are given montmorillonitic clay gt 100 cm rooting depth lt 8 slope gradient oxygen availability after the rainy season for this crop is considered as s1 Rice or any other crop with 0 as drainage sensitivity class is always assessed as s1 Under the land improvement of minor drainage measures it is assumed that imperfect drainage gt moderately good t or poor drainage gt imperfect 1 or very poor drainage gt poor 1 Under the land improvement of major drainage measures it is assumed t
110. aintaining continuity of output In some years there may be failure to establish the in tended crop Average yields 40 60 of the maximum obtainable yield d Very marginally suitable S4 In many years there will be failure to establish the intended crop Average yields 40 60 of the maximum obtainable yield e Not suitable N Environmental conditions do not allow a continuous growth of the crop Average yields Nil or less than 20 of the maximum obtainable yield The essential procedure of land evaluation is one of matching the resources of land with the requirements of specific types of land use Land is taken to include all relevant features of the land use environment including climate and vegetative cover in addition to surface and soil fea tures Emphasis is given to land suitability assessments for single crops At the present 42 crops occurring in the highlands of Ethiopia see Section 4 2 19 p 180 are defined with their ecological requirements and allow a crop specific assessment Similar evaluations are possible for forestry Single crop evaluations can be combined to assess the viability of existing and proposed farming systems Bearing in mind the influence of the level of inputs and management on crop suitability four levels of inputs were defined as follows a a low level of inputs corresponding to local unimproved crop varieties no fertilizers or pes ticides no soil conservation m
111. al flash flooding can be controlled and ponding problems do not occur unless there is very severe ponding With the as sumption of major drainage problems even these are eliminated Table A7 16 Flash Flooding Constraints Sensitivity Flash flooding of crop none except common GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 230 Table A7 17 Ponding Constraints Sensitivity Ponding of crop none slight moderate severe very severe permanent low medium high very high te se te te te f Sodicity salinity hazard Topsoil sodicity subsoil sodicity and salinity are matched see Table A7 17 and A7 18 below with the sensitivity of the crop for sodicity and salinity respective crop re quirement sodicity sensitivity salinity sensitivity The lowest suitability of these is the sodicity salinity suitability assessment Table A7 18 Sodicity Suitability Sensitivity Topsoil Sodicity Subsoil Sodicity of crop low medium high v high low medium high v high lt 6 6 15 15 30 gt 30 lt 6 6 15 15 30 gt 30 GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 231 Table A7 19 Salinity Suitability Sensitivity Salinity of crop nil Slight mode strong very extremely rate strong strong lt 2 2 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 gt 16 mmhos tolerant si sl s2 s4 si si medium si si s3 n s1 sl mod sensitive si S2 s4 n si s2 sensitive to ve ok sk ok In case of soil associations assessment is made for each of the occurring soil types
112. ality of maps or graphics out put An input device is the digitizing tablet which consists of a board with an embedded wire grid in the tablets top and a stylus The stylus is used to follow the lines on the map laid on the board The x y coordinates of the lines are recorded at some interval which can be selected either manually depressing a button to store the current x y values of the cursor or automatically as it is done by GILES Video digitizers to read graphics or maps through a video camera system and scanners to read graphics maps text are not fully operational and therefore not recommendable for GILES for the time being but with some more development they might perform another input possibility in the fu ture UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply can provide continuous regulated noise free ac power to the computer system In case of power failure power break down or power spikes they guarantee a safe power supply The hardware requirements of GILES are listed in App 4 p 200 App 5 2 SOFTWARE A general purpose device needs some way of knowing what to do We do this by giving the com puter a set of logical instructions called a program The general term for computer programs is software It is the combination of hardware and software which provides the computer resource Any kind of programs must be written in a form the computer can recognize and act on this achieved in a code known as a computer language Th
113. be taken that the map files are always stored on the subdirectory of the right area e g C ETHDG Structure Each digitized map is split into four runs consisting of 111 rows in N S direction and 28 columns in W E direction Each run is constituted by one random access digitized map file i e 4 map files make up one map sheet Each run is input and read as a random access file with column number of the grid cell X starting with 1 at the W margin up to 28 at the E margin as the field number row number of the grid cell Y starting with 1 at the S margin ending with 111 at the N margin as the record number The pixel is stored with its number of the occurring mapping unit which serves as pointer Therefore each digitized map file has 111 records and takes 6272 bytes of computer memory An average study area consisting of 5 10 map sheets some 60000 120000 pixels takes some 150 250 kB for file sizes see App 6 p 208 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 156 Example The pixel 6 25 ha of the soil map of Borkena sheet 4 run 1 column x coordinate 12 row y coordinate 89 is stored in file DGSOIL41 under record 89 field number 12 It has value 29 which stands for the mapping unit C2 3 expressed by the symbol 4 on computer outprint maps ve ok te se de oe te ue oe oh ue th ok te oe ok ae oe hat Special form of MAP files Configured Map File CMP file Function Each map re
114. by G Bechtold D Radclifte and Teshome Estifanos FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 18 Addis Ababa FAO 1988 a Land Evaluation in Bichena Study Area Gojam by D Radcliffe G Bechtold and Teshome Estifanos FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 19 Addis Ababa FAO 1988 b Land Evaluation in Hosaina Study Area Shewa by D Radcliffe G Bechtold and Teshome Estifanos FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 22 Addis Ababa FAO 1988 c Land Evaluation of Menagesha Awraju Shewa by D Radcliffe G Bechtold and Teshome Estifanos FAO Project ETH 87 006 Field Document 32 Addis Ababa FAO 1988 d Land Evaluation of Haykoch amp Butajira Awraja Shewa by D Radcliffe G Bechtold and Teshome Estifanos FAO Project ETH 87 006 Field Document 40 Addis Ababa FAO 1989 a Land Evaluation of Yerer amp Kereyu Awraja Shewa by D Radcliffe and G Bechtold FAO Project ETH 87 006 Field Document 46 Addis Ababa Fisher P F Wilkinson G G and Robertson L 1988 The Use of Microcomputer in Soil Survey Soil Survey and Land Evaluation 8 1 31 45 Fleet Harvey 1988 Scanning to Digitize Mapped Data Journal of Forestry September 1986 38 39 Freeland Nicholas 1986 A Micro Computer Geographic Information System National Resources Survey and Land Evaluation Project Mozambique FAO project MOZ 81 005 Giltrap D J 1983 Computer Production of Soil Maps Production of Grid Maps by Interpreta tion Geoderma 29 4 295 311 Hel
115. called by entering GILES at the DOS prompt C or by pressing function key F10 within GILES The start handles inclusion of file decisin and checking of installed graphic facilities GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 240 If chaining of various functions is selected through selecont the variable CONTNO is gt 0 and variables defining function crop input level outprint storage etc are read from file C LANDEV CONTFILE DAT Alternatively to the selection of sheet run x y coordinations option is given to selection of one location pixel by giving Its coordinates in the latitude longitude system or in the UTM system Conversion rules a from UTM to latitude longitude 360 Lat NUTM 2 6334 3 14159 LongCor 360 Long Eypy 500 _ ______ LongRef 2 6378 cos Lat 3 14159 b from latitude longitude to UTM 3 14159 Nupm Lat 2 6334 cos Long LongRef 360 3 14159 Eurm Long LongRef 2 6378 cos Lat 500 360 where Nurm North coordinates in UTM system distance to equator in km Eurm Longitudinal coordinates in UTM system distance to central meridian 500 in km Lat Latitude North in degrees with decimals Long Longitude East in degrees with decimals LongRef 27 when longitude between 23 30 and 30 30 33 when longitude between 29 30 and 36 30 39 when longitude betwee
116. cise structure and definition of data Data collection is the fundamental data operation as its reliability governs the utility of all the subsequent operations The values should be sufficiently representative of the element or parameter in space The observation network density governs the representation in space The aspect of computerized processing should already be incorporated when monitoring and survey ing is done at field work Aspects of feasibility and reliability of data under the aspect of data processing have to be considered Soil surveyors should be aware about the level of detail e g processed spatial detail 28 ha at 1 250 000 inventory resolution with scale enlargement technique A grid storage system re quires some means of interpolating randomly located survey data to a fixed grid Giltrap 1983 eventually the sampling design has to be redefined Under the digital point of view a grid sampling stratified grid or stratified random has many advantages at medium or large scale surveying The preparation of the data comprises the operations necessary to convert data from the format in which it is received to a format suitable for input to the computer This includes the need _ to reorganize the data before entry standardization of measurement units grouping of all avail able and necessary data into classes described and listed in Section 4 2 p 153 additional levels of coding for storage purposes and the estimation o
117. classically understood by DBMS This is called a hybrid system These two components are linked by a pointer Aronson and Morehouse 1983 or identifier which is done in GILES by the mapping unit number GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 22 Map retrieval lt gt Pointer lt gt Database system identifier Map Parameter attribute characteristic modified from Schaller 1987 GILES is an integrated hybrid system as the soil map and administrative map and fur ther maps on request can be retrieved directly see Section 3 2 1 1 p 48 as well as can be handled as pointers pointer maps where the soil mapping units or administrative units point to a particular selected parameter attribute land characteristic which can be retrieved or processed 2 2 3 Map Overlay 2 2 3 1 Concept Because more and more detailed information concerning the environment is needed and because our environment is very complex it is impossible for any one individual to acquire suffi ciently detailed knowledge and understanding of all aspects of the environment Experts of various specializations therefore participate in the information or data handling which will result in the out put which may be presented maps suitability assessments in form of maps or tables or plans for better and more appropriate use of the land Previously land evaluation started with integrated multidisciplinary surve
118. crop requirements minimum temperature maximum temperature The suitability class of which the minimum temperature is below the actual temperature and maximum temperature is above the actual ternperature gives the temperature suitability te de ds te ok c Frost hazard Frost is assessed as a function of altitude and topographic situation see Table A7 9 the topographic situation is read of the soil type characterization table column 17 The frost hazard is compared with the ability of the crop to stand frost crop requirement frost sensitivity see Table A7 10 Residual moisture crops are downgraded by one Suitability class except if there is no frost hazard as they are planted after the main rainy season during the coldest part of the year GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models Table A7 9 Frost Hazard Altitude or any other lt 1600 m nil nil 1600 2000 m nil medium 2000 2400 m nil severe 2400 2800 m medium very severe 2800 3200 m medium very severe 3200 3600 m severe extreme gt 3600 m extreme extreme Table A7 10 Frost Constraint Frost hazard Frost sensitivity nil medium severe very of crop severe tolerant s1 sl sl 2 moderate tolerant sl sl sl s3 moderate sensitive sl sl s3 n sensitive sl 3 s4 n RRA d Combination The lowest of these three individual suitabilities gives the climatic suitability 224 Upper slope Valley bottom Lower slope Middle slope Extensive pl
119. ct Database Select project area Select Precipitation data Select Transfer complete precipitation data set in final TWY file D 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 Data by month or decade Enter 1 or 2 GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 144 3 3 29 How to Stop Program Execution There are different means to stop to correct the selection procedure or to stop the rap process ing or retrieval 1 If a wrong decision was made at the previous or one of the previous menus Press the F2 function key to return to the previous menu or menus and choose the right selection 2 If the whole selection was wrong or the F2 does not work Press the F10 function key or F10 and lt Enter gt to prompt you back to the Main Menu and start again with the selection 3 If the retrieval of the map scrolling at the screen shall be stopped with continuation afterwards Press the space bar to stop as well as to continue 4 If processing or map retrieval shall be stopped Press the F10 function key to prompt you back to the Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 145 3 3 30 How to Speed Up Map Retrieval Harddisk access is always a limiting factor in retrieving large data amounts Virtual disks can speed Up the retrieval process considerably 1 Transfer the map s from the harddisk to the virtual disk 1 1 Main Menu Select File Operation 1 2 Select project area 1 3 Accept C lt default 1 4 Acce
120. ct Right column and lt Enter gt 2 8 Enter the scale 2 9 Select 1 map previously produced and stored 2 10 Select the map to be plotted defined under step 1 3 3 Install the plotter and give the required parameters 3 1 Load the pen holder with the pens 1 black 0 7mm 2 black 0 3mm 3 any color 0 3 mm 3 2 Load the plotter paper against the left rail close and parallel but not too tight and align with the rear guide small white line 3 3 3 4 Select no Select Mapping unit name 3 5 Select Black 0 3 mm 3 6 Select Black 0 3 mm 3 7 Select Solid lines After plotting 3 9 Enter N for no title outprint 3 10 Press N for no additional symbols eee a eee a GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 118 3 3 11 How to Change Fonts Mapping Unit Outprint Symbols At line printers each grid cell is printed with a symbol characteristic for the occurring mapping unit These outprint symbols can be changed e g to make them darker or brighter either per manently through this procedure or temporarily See App 9 p 255 for a list of recommended fonts and ASCII codes Main Menu Select Database Select study area Select Mapping unit codes 1 4 Select map Select See the data Note the number left column of the mapping unit s which outprint symbol s are to be changed and press any key Select Mapping unit codes 1 8 Select the map 1 9
121. ctives for the future can be very optimistic In general positional and graphic output forms will be very much improved ease of retrieval and especially of entry will be improved in higher performances both in hard and in software In particular following additional options are not implemented in GILES but envisaged partly developed and will be available in the next GILES version Wider continuous scale range for printouts on matrix printer Menu driven modification of land evaluation Support of slope maps and aspect maps at large scale Advanced plot facilities with topographic features fully operational automated cartography Flexibility of scale for map entry overlay comparison of maps entered at different scales GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 29 2 3 LAND EVALUATION ASPECTS OF GILES Among the reasons why previous GIS systems were not effectively used is that the com plex nature of many natural phenomena is poorly captured by conventional GIS methods Hogg Stuart 1987 It was a major objective of GILES to overcome this problem by defining quan titative or semiquantitative interrelations as set by the land evaluation methodology The principle objective of land evaluation is to select the optimum land use taking into ac count both physical and socio economic considerations and the conservation of environmenial resources for future use FAO 1983 Main emphasis to land use recommendations under the conservation poi
122. d im proved assessments of the agricultural potential and need for eventually new actions and plans the land requires e Often resource data are collected but stored and organized in different institutions and in dif ferent formats This intransparency does not lead to a high efficiency to support Government and planners with the requested information Established links to other natural resources data bases are to permit easy exchange of data between databanks E g setup of a National Soil Survey databank of Ethiopia specialized on soil data was made in conformation with GILES meteorologi cal data are gathered and organized by the National Meteorological Service Agency NMSA statis tical data census figures yield estimates by the Central Statistical Office CSO of Ethiopia proposal is made for a Sahelian natural resource database CDC 1986 GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 5 lf computerized compatibility is given these data can after being made available be in serted into the present geographical information system f Conclusions Establishment of a computerized database is not necessarily a capital intensive activity re quiring mainframe computing facilities with high costs any more Recent developments in com puter hardware and software have placed the computer power required to run a GIS within the scope of any average size office as it is demonstrated in this Manual for require
123. d at the beginning of each application program and then converted into single variable such as FLDSENS Example Example of the crop requirements of wheat is shown in Table 3 11 p 87 and of all considered crops for drainage tolerance in Table 3 12 p 88 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 183 4 2 21 Help Menu File TXT file Function This is a GILES internal file to present context sensitive help menus individually for each menu of GILES At the Main Menu help menus are individual for each line option to present information about each general facility of GILES In the present version 102 help menus are installed They are called by pressing F1 function key at the top left side of the keyboard whenever a menu is displayed Modifications can be made through option Database of the Main Menu then option Help menus Nomenclature The name of this one help file is HELP TXT Structure Help information is stored in 10 lines in a random access file each line forms a field The record number is given as the menu number shown at the top of the help screen Example Examples can easily be retrieved by pressing F1 GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 184 Appendix 1 SETUP AND INSTALLATION This appendix describes how to install GILES in your computer 1 Getting started 2 Configuration 3 Hard disk installation 4 Transfer of GILES from one system to another 5 Backup
124. d colors all units of no 1 with color 1 then all units of no 2 with color 2 etc This reduces the number of changing the color pens to a minimum App 8 26 COMMONIN This submodule consists of three lines with control variables of GILES which are global and there fore have to be passed over through common when chaining from one program to another The include file will be included during compilation into all programs by call through lines 150 160 and 170 Following variables control the processing and retrieval procedures in programs explained in Paras 2 21 of this appendix They are defined in sele1 and sele3 GILES Appendix 9 Recommended ASCII Codes 255 Appendix 10 RECOMMENDED ASCII CODES Following ASCI codes are used for definition of symbols both for outprint fonts and for computer storage ASCII Symbol ASCII Symbol ASCII Symbol 0 31 Control commands for printer not recommended a 32 Not reconm 64 96 33 1 65 A 97 a 34 66 B 98 b 35 67 Cc 99 36 68 D 100 d Not recom 37 69 E 101 e 38 amp 70 F Not recom 102 f 39 71 6 103 g Not recom 40 72 H 104 h 41 Not recom 73 1 105 i 42 74 g 106 j 43 75 K 107 k 44 Not recom Je L 108 1 Not recom 45 77 M 109 m 46 for OUT 78 N 110 n 47 79 O Not recom 111 o 48 0 80 P 112 p Not recom t 49 1 81 Q 113 q 50 2 82 R 114 r 51 3 83 S 115 s 52 4 84 T 116 t 53 5 85 U 117 u 54 6 86 V 118 v 55 7
125. d soil data one additional step is required as soil mapping units can consist of more than one soil type Computer File gt MAP lt Mapping unit code file of soil map MUC V Soil Mapping Unit lt Soil mapping unit composition MCP V Soil Type lt Soil type charac terization TCH V Land Soil Characteristics lt Land Quality Models in soil suitability assessment sosuit V Land Soil Quality lt Rating system of land quality models in soil suitability assessment sosuit V Land Soil Suitability Assessment The Mapping unit codes files handle the decoding of computer internal map files into un derstandable mapping codes equals to indicator see Section 3 2 3 p 98 Translation tables handle the decoding of computer internal files into a specific information retrieval through an information matrix GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 4 2 DATAFILES REFERENCES 4 2 1 Description of Data Files 153 Each file has a file name of not more than eight characters a period and a file name extension file type of three characters All file names and extension names are defined as follows directory Table 4 1 Data Files Data File Name Digitized maps DGbmn MAP Area sizes AR DAT Mapping unit codes ab MUC Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP Soil type names aSOIL STN Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH Altitude correla
126. dividual climatic suitability ratings example 3 6 Individual soil suitability ratings example 3 7 Individual land suitability ratings example 3 8 LGP coding 3 9 Growing period charts example 3 10 Soil moisture balance dynamic example 3 11 Crop requirements per crop example 3 12 Crop requirements per specified land quality example 3 13 Calculation of precipitation values example 3 14 Generation of precipitation data and their calculation example 3 15 Area retrieval 3 16 Outprint scales on matrix printer 3 17 Outprint scales on plotter 3 18 Sample procedures 4 1 Data files l 4 2 Structure of soil mapping unit composition 4 3 Names of land structural characteristics 4 4 Considered crops A7 1 Sheet erosion hazard classes A7 2 Conservation based land use recommendations A7 3 Relative soil moisture saturation A7 4 Available moisture holding capacity A7 5 Moisture contribution due to organic matter A7 6 Conversion actual to effective rainfall A7 7 Groundwater contribution A7 8 Conversion PET to effective evapotransptr A7 9 Frost hazard A7 10 Frost constraint A7 11 Drainage suitability A7 12 N suitability A7 13 P suitability A7 14 Fertilizer response A7 15 Fertilizer response ll vii Pade 47 59 61 63 66 70 74 80 83 84 87 88 90 91 97 99 99 105 153 160 175 179 213 215 218 220 220 221 221 222 224 224 226 226 227 228 228 A7 16 Flash flooding constraints A
127. e other climatic suitability assessment soil suitability assessment land suitability assessment map overlay of 2 maps DOS copy operation Crop input level land improvement s for suitability assessments specification of source and tar get for file copying map specification for map overlays will be entered for each chained procedure All processes will be made for the entire study area definition of windows is not possible Requirements as requested by the individual processes Study area names STAREA file Output Queue C INTERM CONTFILE DAT file requesting the individual processes References Selection procedure Section 3 3 14 p 121 Program structure App 8 4 p 242 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 96 3 2 1 16 File operation Functions With this option it is possible to copy files erase files show the content of an ASCII file list directories Thus DOS commands are supported Requirements Concerned files Study area names STAREA file Output DOS processing References Program structure App 8 3 p 242 3 2 1 17 Shell to DOS Function Shelling to DOS is possible Return to GILES is made by typing EXIT at the DOS prompt It is not recommended to load resident programs such as Inset in shell mode 3 2 1 18 Exit to DOS Function By this option GILES will be left and return is made to the operating system GILES Para 3 2 for U
128. e data as row 1 WIR 4 2 Label each cell of this row where data occur in the same column with a name beginning with a letter e g COL1 COL2 4 3 Save this sheet under a new name FS 5 Translate the spreadsheet file into dBase tormat 5 1 Quit 1 2 3 and select option Translate in Lotus QYT 5 2 What do you want to translate from Select the installed Lotus version 5 3 What do you want to translate to Select dBase 5 4 Source file Enter the name as chosen in step 4 3 5 5 Destination file Accept the same name 5 6 Select Worksheet 5 7 Process with translation 5 8 Leave Translate and Lotus 6 Enter dBase and retrieve the file GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 138 B If Lotus is not available and dBase version Ill is used 2 Create an empty dBase file 2 1 Enter dBase lll 2 2 Create a dBase file either from Assist or from dot prompt CREATE 2 3 Define the structure by giving field names selecting numeric as the type a sufficient width e g 10 decimals if necessary for as many columns as there are in the source GILES file 3 Translate the print file into dBase 3 1 Enter from dot prompt APPEND FROM C INTERM GIL2LOTa PRN TYPE DELIMITED where a number as chosen in step 1 1 GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 139 3 3 26 How to Retrieve a DTM 3D Display and How to Transfer Maps Into Lotus 1 2 3 For further processing in spreadsheets e g Lotus 1 2 3 or for tran
129. e next page Requirements Maps MAP files Mapping unit codes MUC files Study area names STAREA file Output Maps MAP files Print list of pixels showing discrepancies References Selection procedure Section 3 3 18 6 p 127 Program structure App 8 6 p 243 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 94 Map 3 15 Overlay of Base Maps Example Ain terete i 1 e ay El Y e CG l toeo y wt Y z i matt f i 000 A A ee ROO STALNI EAN ha A Hk RY a E DOUI AEKA ONN e Y y A sin A Wi n rs ee ANY OO UNVAN ANEA AN s CO A ON Wan Eh i NAS Y ye ath y q I P wane wear WORSE AS AA OS s E EN N e oe aT yy at NA ee RRR AAIR ei RONA y tie ia OS w X NN Meret i TER SUE AN iy NONN M Ne e 0 y ne DON Ms A vo n any i NAAN stata tates Sie EN x R oo ny a i caterer O tata PPE DAR Sade mt a i ne NR Sane vie rane an fie AN A we Ni X ne i gt Se Agee es A HERON Ae ae ce ae Roads and Corridors in Menagesha GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 95 3 2 1 15 Chaining of various selections Functions Chaining of following GILES procedures can be stored in a queue and processed one after th
130. eH a a o e e a a a e a a l ONLA LO LOTT OO CD A NA CO OO CN BMH EN CODN CO e OO OO O 4 Sam i sh AA CD A LO OV OE OO EE et A GI tt eet ELO A LS LN CO A H Cr C et e GI GD e UL CED A CO ON A A OA tHe CEPR 1 ELE EEL EERE EE LEER EEE EE EEE EERE EERE EEE PEP 7090097900 Felege Berhan Station 2 0 C209 CO Pp gt a CY A E a 4 130 101 rs oD tw QLI et AT AA OFS OO LO A A ok LO OS OD cCY cGy 202 NS A oS DA E O NO Y O A E EN OY CS AA OP AS AS NI OI A END I A DEA AN AA AA A A O A A a t Eo C RA O CA O UN E A CN A fed 4 A w e a Y a e un El to DO A OO VO OA SS ED A NO a gt Bt ALO OD et EEO LO HOOD Al t ro j a A t e OO OO pe e O OF eH He amp 3 b oe o o a o a a a a ss E wit en pe o 69 OO OS TAO OO a E re ead OS RA eee CYR C te Dee O Al 1 vost oI CE 1 El t COLO MHC UN CO UN CS Coe Gi Pr A A A A A A A A E A E O re OK OO OO OS AN OO E CY E e HA ODO EOS C83 AA eS CICS CO SN et t vr CS t tO OOD O EA A E SPO ARA i ee 00 MP CS OS 123 CO 10 CO IVER OS OIDO e PO Ma E Se a ANO A e O ent Ea fa CR GYD CNI VD CFD YD OVD AS LAD MEE TE TA OG ij Mea OO OO GNI LES ASA O aD gD 3 s e e e e e e ca ki b O O HOO 31D O AA A OO EA ODE OD AA ANOS EA CN 1 Pott OO CO et Oo OS ato gt f e e e e a p a e l A Ea Eb HE HO Cisse we ED OB CO A O EEN OS CARIL CN wet A LD CS CS H O RIO AA SY OA OO INS vr DA L
131. easures b an intermediate input level of inputs corresponding to limited use of improved seeds fertilizers and pesticides and some minor soil conservation measures c a high level of inputs in which improved seeds are used and at which fertilizer and pesticides are used near optimum levels Land preparation is mechanized and physical conservation is carried out d a high level of inputs with mechanization in which all farming operations including harvesting are fully mechanized Various minor and major land improvements can be incorporated to show the potential of the land under improved conditions A few examples of this modeling are shown in Section 3 2 1 p 47 The ecological environment soils climate present land utilization types agronomic prac tices is inventoried by field surveys and described in form of land characteristics e g slope drainage altitude precipitation frost hazard These land characteristics strongly interact in their influence on crop growth and are combined in the definition of land qualities e g oxygen availability growing period Land qualities are then compared matched with the specific crop requirements of the particular crop Details of land quality crop requirement models are given in volume 2 of this Manual FAO 1987 c GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 31 Land qualities are grouped and crop suitabilities are retrieved at three intermediate stages of the evalua
132. ecision making Computer analysis facilitates this process and therefore enlarges the scope of information available for decision making and improves the quality of the output and reduces the chances of misplan ning Because these data can be accessed transformed and manipulated interactively in a geographical information system they can serve as a test bed for studying environmental processes or for analyzing the results of planning decisions By using GILES in a similar way that a trainee pilot uses a flight simulator it is in principle possible for planners and decision makers to explore a range of possible scenarios and to obtain an idea of the consequences of a course of action before the mistakes have been irrevocably made in the countryside itself It would be a tremendous and practically impossible task to carry out such operations manually by combining and comparing map sheets with different themes scales and ages with each other It is only when the system has been made dynamic that it can be used for making projec tions and therefore for planning but it is also the dynamic aspect that is difficult to quantity This emphasizes the importance for planners to have a tool which enables them to test the effects of various alternative actions and to assess the impact of the sensitivities on the assessment criteria related to the objectives GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database 8 Evaluation 15 Specialized
133. egaga no working abbreviation 3 Relation 2 two to the right N 11 00 S 10 75 W 39 50 E 39 7545 2 Harbu no working abbreviation 4 Relation 1 one to the right N 11 00 S 10 75 W 39 7545 E 40 0091 3 Rabel no working abbreviation 9 Relation 6 one down and one to the left N 10 75 S 10 50 W 39 50 E 39 7545 4 Kemise no working abbreviation A Relation 1 one to the right N 10 75 S 10 50 W 39 7545 E 40 0091 181 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 182 4 2 20 Crop requirement File CREQ file Function The crop requirements describe the various biological characteristics and thus different require ments of crops They correlate to the land qualities and are expressed with the same qualitative or quantitative classes as the land qualities They are called by the suitability assessment programs whenever they are required for the matching procedure The crop requirements are entered or can be retrieved through option Database in the Main Menu then option Crop requirements see How to change the crop requirements Section 3 3 12 3 p 119 Nomenclature There are two crop requirement files CREQ1 DAT and CREQ2 DAT Structure The number of the crop functions as the record number the considered quality or characteristic is the field number CREQ1 handles crop requirements 1 20 CREQ2 21 40 The required crop requirements will be checke
134. en the mother board and the various devices These input and output devices are essential because computers need some way of communicating with the outside world The most common input device is the keyboard where data and commands can be entered like on a typewriter The monitor or visual display unit screen cathode ray tube is the standard output device to dis play messages or to show entered or processed maps tables text MDA monochrome display adapter CGA colored graphics adapter EGA enhanced graphics adapter VGA video graphics adapter and PGC professional graphics adapter stand for various graphic facilities adapter in the computer and screen with different resolution up to 800 x 600 pixels on screen and more and different number of colors up to 16 and more There are a large number of peripherals to produce hardcopies of the output on paper Dot matrix printers print symbols letters or graphic symbols through a system of number of needles e g nine needles above each other moving along the line 9 pin printer e g Epson FX printers similarly 24 pin printer e g Epson LQ printer in black or with colors Daisy wheel printers use a daisy wheel like a daisy wheel typewriter Laser jet printers for better quality printing and ink jet printers with high quality colored prints are becoming more popular GILES Appendix 5 Computerized Processing 205 Plotters draw pen s on a fiat surface and thus allow much better qu
135. ent and estimates of the potential as well as of the needs of the land combined with the tendency to work for more applicable practical results rather than small scale inventories only the high demand arose to have relatively detailed monodisciplinary resource surveys and to combine and integrate them in a later stage by overlaying Thus a ready market for the more conventional monodisciplinary surveys remained such as those of geology landform soil vegetation land use economy This is executed in the Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department LUPRD where GILES was developed Monodiscipli nary surveys were carried out for physical and economic data collection in various areas of Ethiopia where agricultural productivity is to be improved and land degradation has to be stopped at semi detailed scale 1 50 000 or small scale 1 250 000 soils inventoried by soil scientists topography gt soil scientists and geographers climate agro climatologists vegetation i ecologists land use ecologists agronomists and agro economists agro economists agro economists economy social attributes All those data gathered in monodisciplinary approaches can be used for a wide range of purposes and will serve for a long time as excellent individual databases The very essential essential for the combined effort of the land use planning task of land evaluation is the combination of those relatively independently w
136. ent of Systems for Han dling Natural Resources Inventory Data Cartographica 18 4 65 95 Vink P A 1963 Planning of Soil Surveys in Land Development Publ 10 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvement Wageningen Weber Wigand 1979 Computer Mapping and Geographic Information Systems in Germany Geo Processing 1979 1 85 99 Williams G D V McKenzie J S Sheppard M 1980 Mesoscale Agroclimatic Resource Mapping by Computer an Example for the Peace River Region of Canada Agricultural Meteorol ogy 21 93 109 Wischmeier S R and Smith D D 1978 Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses A Guide to Conserva tion Planning Agric Handbook 537 U S Dept Agric Washington WMO 1985 Guidelines for Computerized Data Processing in Operational Hydrology and Land and Water Management Joint FAO WMO publication 634 Geneva Yoeli Pinhas 1984 Cartographc Contouring with Computer and Plotter The American Cartog rapher 11 2 100 ff
137. ent of average and of individual growing periods 80 Entry correction and outprint of mapping unit labels soil amp pre cipitation data considered areas crop requirem admin charact 85 Entry and correction of base maps 92 Utility to change adjust move base map following given criteria 93 Utility to chain climatic soil land suitability assessments overlays file operations 95 DOS operations to copy delete type files 96 Shell to DOS 96 Return to DOS 96 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 48 3 2 1 1 Base map complete agaregatina selective parametric Functions This main module of GIS facilities is for retrieval display print plot or computer storage of base _ maps with their entire area one sheet one run or one window in following versions complete map Retrieval of all units in the form they were entered Example Altitude units see p 50 all PAs aggregating map Retrieval of new units which are aggregations of previous old units form of map generalization Example Altitude units 1000 1600 m aggregated into one unit 1700 2400 m into one gt 2400 m into one see p 51 all mapping units with vertic properties grouped together into a Vertisol unit selective map Retrieval of selected units only Example one planning zone see p 52 only wetland units parametric map Retrieval of units in their content through translation table s Example
138. equire attention of details of topology attribute assignment or operation of hardware and hardly any of software Therefore the time effort is almost equal to redrafting maps which is seen as a faster way of map entry into complicated GIS system than the conven tional way of digitizing Fleet 1986 The best way to check that the spatial data have been correctly digitized is to get the com puter to plot them preferably on transparent or thin paper at the same scale as the original The two maps can then be placed over each other on a light table and compared visually working sys tematically from left to right and up and down across the map Missing data locational errors and other errors should be clearly marked on the printout and corrected in GILES either grid cell by grid cell for minor corrections or by overwriting the existing old values with ALLN option see Section 3 3 18 p 126 2 5 1 2 Non spatial data Non spatial data parameters attributes are stored in DBMS which forms part of GILES All data can easily be input following the option Database at the Main Menu Most of the data can be entered directly into GILES as well imported from spreadsheet files through DIF format e g from Lotus 1 2 3 see Section 3 3 22 p 133 This gives the pos sibility to manipulate the data through spreadsheet or database software packages and to in tegrate and use them in GILES In particular this is applied for
139. er In particular it is possible to enter mapping units display maps on screen highlight uncovered blank areas grid cells print uncovered blank areas grid cells correct single locations single grid cell enter data mapping units by latitude longitude fill all blank areas in a specified window with a mapping unit and to store them as map files Additionally it is possible to measure areal units areas or linear units lines Requirements Mapping unit codes MUC file Study area names STAREA file Original map Recommended 29 112 transparent overlay Output Storage on disk MAP files Printed list of blank pixels References Selection procedure Section 3 3 18 3 p 126 and 3 3 17 p 125 Program structure App 8 5 p 243 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 93 3 2 1 14 Systematic change of base maps Functions This module serves as a utility to modify base maps to overlay and check two maps if they are identical in covering the same total area with automatic assignment on request cutting replace substitute mapping units not more than 700 toform a modified new aggregate mapping units not more than 700 base map shift move parts of a map define corridors along roads only for LIN maps Compare two mapping units of two different maps for their identity with eventually new assignment Example Corridor map se
140. ere are literally hundreds of different lan guages around Basic Forth Pascal Logo C Fortran Cobol to name but a few These are known as high level languages because they are symbolic operating at a level easily understood by people but not directly understood by the processor thus they approach the sophistication of a human language There are also low level languages assembly language and machine code Machine code or machine language is called a low level language because it operates at a level close to that understood by the processor Between high level languages and machine code is a low level lan guage known as assembly language or coloquially assembler This is a mnemonic code using symbols which the processor can quickly convert into machine code A program written in a high level language must be converted into binary code before the proces sor can Carry out its instructions There are two types of program to do this translation The first of these is a compiler which translates our whole program permanently into machine code When we compile a program the original hightevel language version is called the source code while the compiled copy is called the object code Compiled programs are fast to run but hard to edit If we want to change a compiled program we either have to edit it in machine code extremely difficult or we have to go back to a copy of the source code For this reason there is a GILES Appendix 5 Co
141. ese files is aPREC RLV where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS reed e g BICHPREC RLY annual and monthly mean and annual and monthly precipitation to be expected at 4 reliability levels of all precipitation mapping units of the Bichena area Structure The random access file with 7 records for the different reliability levels is stored under record num ber mapping unit 1 13 month 1 or mapping unit 1 13 decade 1 Example The example of site specific information retrieval in Table 3 4 p 63 gives the lines with the annual and monthly precipitation to be expected at various reliability levels as the output of this file GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 172 4 2 14 Precipitation Figures of 20 Years File TWY file Function The calculation of the growing period to be expected has to calculate first the growing periods of a number of years e g 20 years and then to incorporate the reliability level Therefore the monthly decadal precipitation figures of the considered period i e 20 years have to be taken out of this precipitation figures of 20 years file with extension TWY This is essential in the applica tion programs for the assessment of the growing period Monthly or decadal precipitation figures of all mapping units of the study areas are either a collected by Meteorological Services on monthly or decadal basis input and then converted from precipitatio
142. essed only by computerized means otherwise a tremendous loss of information will lead to misrecommendations and misplanning This is the main objective of GILES Land evaluation exercises were executed by GILES in various areas of Ethiopia see App 10 p 257 Several land evaluation reports with accompanying atlases are published by the Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia assisted by FAO UNDP project ETH 82 010 and ETH 87 006 FAO 1987 d 1988 a 1988 b 1988 c 1988 d GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 9 1 5 SUMMARY OF ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION AND EVALUATION SYSTEM GILES 1 5 1 Advantages a Possibility to store large amount of data In GILES it is possible to store integrate and analyze very large amounts of data derived from different sources e g different maps from different agencies with different themes different scales and different level of detail for computer based generation of new informa tion layers maps and statistics for planning purposes A standard computer storage medium 40 Mb hard disk 1988 can store more than 1500 dif ferent maps map sheets b Possibility to store all original data In conventional mapping systems it was necessary to reduce the original data greatly in volume or to classify in order to make them understandable and representable Consequently many
143. et left or to close to its margin Digitizing tablet does not react on signals of computer or no handshake Occurring mapping is greater than total number of mapping units in MUC file Climatic suitabi lity files DGLCMPxx MAP not in the mentioned drive path 192 Trouble Shooting Press lt Enter gt and enter this unit again starting at the same starting point gt See under error gt message gt No interface If problem remains digitizing tablet has to be checked Ic and wiring Check which unit s were forgotten by running the area Sizes with the old MUC file and assign them with their number to the correct new mapping unit Try another drive and path or press F10 exit and look in other drives for missing files or create climatic Suitability GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting Data file Selec for this tion of studyarea not options input yet Double assign Map digi ment at tizing Load paper Print of into printer maps turn printer on line and press any key Lotus file Selec not prepared tion of yet options Requested data are not entered yet or datafile is in another drive or another sub directory Listed grid cell assigned previously to another unit Printer is out of paper or not on line or not connected Or not on File LOT2GILx for selection of mapping unit codes not declared or not converted
144. evaluation aspects of GILES 29 2 3 1 Land suitability assessment 29 2 3 2 Recommendations for conservation based land use conservation measures 32 2 3 3 Population support capacity 32 2 4 Data structure requirements 33 2 5 Data input and output 36 2 5 1 Input 36 2 5 2 Output 38 2 6 Requirements 39 2 6 1 Hardware 39 2 6 2 Training 39 2 6 3 Costs 40 3 USER S MANUAL 3 1 Introduction 3 1 1 Setup of menus 3 1 2 Help facilities 3 2 Facilities 3 2 1 Main options 3 2 2 Specification of retrieved area 3 2 3 Specification of output 3 2 4 Setup of hardware 3 2 5 Transfer 3 3 Howto References PART C For System Analysis 4 DATA STRUCTURE 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Data files References Appendix 1 Set up and installation Appendix 2 Tutorial Appendix 3 Error messages trouble shooting Appendix 4 System requirements Appendix 5 Computerized processing Appendix 6 GILES files Appendix 7 Land evaluation models Appendix 8 Structure of programs Appendix 9 Recommended ASCII codes Appendix 10 Entered maps REFERENCES GLOSSARY Part GIS and land evaluation Part ll Computer INDEX vi 42 43 43 45 46 46 97 98 103 103 105 150 150 153 184 190 192 200 203 208 211 239 255 257 262 267 272 275 LIST OF TABLES 3 1 Main Options 3 2 Crosstabulation of overlay of main map with selected areas example 3 3 Area sizes example 3 4 Site specific information example 3 5 In
145. f derived parameters e g estimation of tem perature and Penrnan evaporation from climatological data For agricultural planning purposes three groups of data are required for a system to give the entire information set to allow decision making a data on natural resources and agricultural potential soils climate water topography vegetation etc b data on the use of the resources by the population present agricultural activities crops input farming systems etc c data on the social and economic environments in which this use of resources take place population population growth prices supply demand social infrastructure etc Aspect a is the main part of the GIS and land evaluation facilities of GILES b and b can be entered and retrieved on a spatial basis and overlaid with other data sets A detailed list of data essential for land evaluation is given in Volume 1 of this Manual FAO 1987 b a summary of the considered physical land characteristics in Section 4 2 16 p 176 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES Natural Resources of Resources Economy soils climate land use population topography farming systems prices support vegetation crops input administration gt Crop requirements graphic packages Current Use Database G I L E S Land Evaluation V 34 Society amp LandEvaluation Models spreadsheet statistical packages Suitab
146. for low cost easily usable GIS software running on readily available cheap hardware that emulate the capabilities of larger specialized systems This need tries to be satisfied by the present GILES system GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database 8 Evaluation 7 1 4 GIS FOR LAND EVALUATION GILES The present computerized data base of natural resources on spatial basis gives the pos sibility to assess land performance when used for specified purposes The assessment is directed towards the following objectives a identify land suitable for arable and perennial cropping livestock grazing and fuelwood production based on assessment of soil erosion hazard present land degradation and wetness limitations b identify suitable crops areas where they can be grown and estimating yields under different levels of inputs and technology c assessing the land resource balance relative to present and projected population numbers population support capacity to identify areas of particular need and areas most likely to benefit from additional investment The results of this land evaluation will provide a rational basis for decisions on land use which can be taken in accordance with national and regional development priorities Exploration and exploitation of new resources new techniques and new input levels in agriculture can increase the agricultural potential considerably Steady change in environment land use economic parame
147. future development in this environment This list is given in the LUT crop name file In a next stage these crops can be combined to crop mixtures and later to farming systems land utilization types Thus in the first instance this file as well as the respective suitability assess ments will handle the names of crops e g wheat sorghum coffee species and generally defined major kinds of land use in the second instance the names of crop mixs e g barley ensete horsebean zone A more accurate but more time consuming method for the assessment of crop mix suitabilities is to overlay the suitability assessments of the various components crops by overlay previously configured maps Modifications can be made through option Database of the Main Menu then by option LUT crop names see How to add a crop Section 3 3 12 p 119 In case of a change care has to be taken that the referring crop requirements have to be changed as well Nomenclature The name of this one file is LUT NAM and is accessible for any project area in the same way Structure This file is a random access file converted into a one dimensional string array each line stands for one crop name GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure Example In the present version this list is 1 Sorghum 2 Maize 3 Rice paddy 4 Rice upland 5 Wheat 6 Barley 7 Teff 8 Oats 9 Field Peas pis arv 10
148. g Unit CPU This processor consists of a single silicon chip which is a black plastic chip of some 30 x 30 mm with integrated silicon circuits nght in the center of the computer There are a number of different processors in the various computers at the present the most common ones are the 8088 80286 in the IBM PC AT 80386 or 68030 The processor is nothing magical it is just a bunch of electronic circuits It is definitely not a brain PCW 1984 This CPU stores all program instructions stores the necessary data and brings these two sets of information together to execute a program Beside the processor the most important hardware part of a computer is its memory because all programs and data have to be stored There are two types of memory Read Only Memory ROM and the badly named Random Access Memory RAM ROM is so called because the processor can read get things out of its contents but is unable to write to put things in it GILES Appendix 5 Computerized Processing 204 It is possible to write to the RAM as well as to read from it This means that the processor can use it to store both the program it is running and data information The second important difference is that RAM needs a constant power supply to retain its contents as soon as the power is off you lose your program and data The storage capacity of a computer is described by the size of its memory which is the number of characters
149. gain through the entire map and prints the calculated values for each pixel on screen paper and or on file The evaluation parts calculates the erosion hazard similar to part 6 of program eros but with consideration of land improvements and workability assessments see App 7 6 p 233 and returns the ultimate downgrading out of these two assessments for the two soil types with their ASCII codes through variable LEV The program is called by option Land suitability in the Main Menu SEP 13 It has the sub module LANDEVSB App 8 21 PINPUT pinput runs the precipitation data entry and correction and the access to further processing of precipitation data in the programs adjust and gamma See App 8 22 and 8 23 below Begin contains selection of options with either reading or declaration of the number of stations AMSTAT of the first and the last year of observation period FIRSTY LASTY and if monthly or decadal data are recorded MMMAx 12 or 36 lt reads and saves the data files under the name aPREC DAT where a abbreviation of project area e g HOSPREC DAT with the preceeding variables of AMSTAT FIRSTY LASTY see above if all data are available and therefore no generation through adjust and gamma is necessary it is possible to convert the PREC data of file aPREC DAT straight into a aPREC TWY file which is necessary for the LGP and climatic suitability assessment
150. hat drainage worse than or equal to moderately good gt good if texture is finer than sand drainage worse than or equa to imperfect gt moderately good if sandy texture if soil is vertic montmorillonitic clay GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 226 Table A7 11 Drainage Suitability Drainage Drainage sensitivity very poor imper moderat good somewh excess of crop poor fect good excess tolerant n s1 moderately tolerant n s4 s2 s1 s1 s1 sl moderately sensitive n n s3 s1 sl sl sl sensitive n n s4 s2 sl 1 s1 RERTER b Nutrient availability For N and P and K the resources of the soil are calculated Under high in put level with fertilizer input the nutrient retention CEC is calculated instead of the nutrient availability see p 229 The N content of the soil is matched against the N requirement of the crop see Table A7 12 below the same for P see Table A7 13 below Table A7 12 N Suitability N requi Low input level Medium input level rement N N E of crop low medium high v high low medium high v high wt te ot oe oe GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 227 bb P Table A7 13 P Suitability P requi Low input level Medium input level rement P P avail low mediak high v high low medium high vehigh very low s1 s1 si si low s2 si s1 s1 medium s2 sl si sl high s3 s2 s1 sl very high s3 s3 s2 sl weak amp k amp The lower suitabi
151. he GIL2LOTa print file as numbers FIN where a as above 3 In case of crosstabulation selected areas Row 1 is the total area row 2 84 are the overlaid windows selected areas column 1 is number of the selected area columns 2 83 are the mapping units of the main map Eventually you have to fill blank parts of this matrix have to be filled with zeros Rows with O can be deleted if any row has a length of more than 240 continuation to the right is in file GIL2LOTZ PRN then in GIL2LOTY PRN then in GIL2LOTX PRN If column 1 has a number greater than 1000 this row is the right extension of the row above row 1000 n is the right extension of row n GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 137 3 3 25 How to Transfer a Area Size Tables Raw Data DBMS Crosstabulation into dBase 1 During selection of overlaid calculated map e g see How to calculate the area sizes or How to overlay selected areas choose the transfer into a Lotus file 1 1 Select yes and choose one of the five GIL2LOTa PRN files where a letter A H A If Lotus is available 2 Convert this print file into a Lotus worksheet file 2 1 Enter Lotus 1 2 3 2 2 Change directory to C INTERM FD 2 3 Import the GIL2LOTa print file as numbers FIN where a as in step 1 3 In case of crosstabulation selected areas see remarks of step 3 of Section 3 3 24 p 136 4 Insert a heading row 4 1 Insert a row above th
152. he area name is not incorporated in the file name Thus care has to be taken that the map files are always stored on the subdirectory of the right area e g C ETHDG Structure The soil mapping unit code file is a two dimensional array with the number of rows equals to the to tal number of mapping units and with two columns Thus each line stands for one mapping unit Column 1 gives the name of the mapping unit e g A1 2 column 2 gives the number of the sym bol on the map outprint in ASCII code In the programs digittab datach the mapping unit code file is converted to the array ACOD a b and MUC a b respectively Together with the digitized map files see Section 4 2 2 p 171 and the area size files see Section 4 2 3 p 173 they are the only data files to be stored under the subdirectory of the area name GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 159 EXP mp le In the soil map of the Borkena study area 57 different mapping units were identified by the soil inventory e g A1 1 fiat alluvial soil printed as a or L Lithosols printed as O NO Mapping ASCII code Printout on Unit Code for printout matrix printer 64 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 55 B6 126 i 56 L 48 0 57 W 42 58 OUT 46 A good map should have as many selfexplicatory codes as possible This request has to be fulfilled by the authors At soil maps e g there are various standard systems of coding the soil associa tio
153. he maps or the data in the most efficient way c To help in case of trouble shooting This chapter is only for the system analysts which have an appropriate knowledge about computer processing data structuring DOS and high level languages This chapter shall only work as a reference The software package consists of a 21 programs partly to be overlaid during program execution b 22 types of data files serving specific processing needs Perhaps the most important technical topic within the field of GIS concerns the appropriate data structures for storing and manipulating very large quantities of spatially referenced data Coppock Anderson 1987 Even though this should not be the concern of the user it is part of the problem of setting up a new database e g of a new study area Therefore the system analyst installing or modifying the GILES system should be av 2re of the structure of all data files This is explained in detail in Section 4 2 GILES Para 4 1 for System Analysts Data Structure 151 General Retrieval Procedure for Land Evaluation Computer File lt Mapping unit code MUC V ooo Mapping Unit V Base map lt Translation Table V O Land Characteristic V Parametric base map lt Land Quality Model V Land Quality lt Land Evaluation Model V Land Suitability Assessment GILES Para 4 1 for System Analysts Data Structure 152 In the particular case of processing soil maps an
154. he structural characteristics as the columns Therefore it has as many rows as administrative units e g PA and 50 columns Handling and structure of this file is similar to the soil type characterization file TCH see Section 4 2 7 p 163 Example There are 162 Peasant Associations in the Hosaina study area giving an administrative unit characterization file of 162 rows Each value stands for the specific structural characteristic class of the referring PA The form of this matrix is the same as of the soil type characterization file see Section 4 2 7 p 163 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 168 4 2 10 Precipitation Raw Data File PREC DAT file Function The raw monthly or decadal rainfall data are entered into this file and give the possibility for further processing calculation of mean standard deviation etc interpolation of data generation of rainfall data or for direct input if the data set is sufficient for length of growing period calculations or for climatic suitability assessments Data entry mode can be accessed through option Database in Main Menu then option Precipitation data then option Input precipitation data As an alternative precipitation data can be entered into Lotus 1 2 3 spreadsheets and then incorporated through above mentioned options with option Input of one station from Lotus file into the Precipitation raw data file see How to im
155. ht 6 down and one to the left 2 two to the right 7 down and two to the left 3 three to the right 8 down and three to the left 4 four to the right 9 down and four to the left 5 one down N S W E coordinates of sheet frame in latitude and longitude with decimals 3 13 Save return and exit to DOS 1 Not essential GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 133 3 3 22 How to Import a Lotus 1 2 3 File 1 Create a Lotus worksheet file Following criteria for the structure of the Lotus spreadsheet have to be considered A For the import aggregation of mapping unit codes aa It can contain 2 or 3 or more columns Column A mapping unit label as string Column B number as value e g number of newly assigned mapping unit Column C label for newly assigned mapping units ab Blank rows or rows with another content e g a label not being a mapping unit label in column A are allowed but ignored by GILES B For the import of characterization tables ba It can contain 2 or 3 or more columns Column A number of soil type administrative unit as value Column B or C or class number as value bb All columns must contain a value No labels are allowed no blanks 2 Translate this file into a DIF file 2 1 Save this file under the name LOT2GIL2 preferably in subdirectory C INTERM where a letter A E 2 2 Quit 1 2 3 and select option Translate in Lotus Q YT 2 3 What do you want to translate from Select the
156. icated Care has to be taken mainly for cleaning the system particular in dusty environments see App 4 4 for hardware maintenance p 202 In case of a break down the malfunctioning components e g boards have to be iden tified and replaced This is not expensive but might bring some delay if spare parts are not available in the country Large GIS systems require a software maintenance fee Costs of software and hardware maintenance rise with the purchase price of the system which is in the order of 1 of the purchase price per month for hardware or more for software GILES Para 3 1 for Users User s Manual 42 3 USER S MANUAL This chapter is addressed to the user who wants to derive or enter any kind of maps or data handled by GILES No computer or GIS experience is required Section 3 2 1 p 47 presents the main options of GILES It is worthwhile to have at least a look in the main features and to see what GILES can execute Sections 3 2 2 3 2 5 p 97 explain how to define a number of settings for the retrieval of maps or calculations which are specification of the area or of the output setup of the hardware and transfer to other packages Section 3 3 p 105 illustrates how to perform the most import tasks in an easy step by step menu by menu description More detailed information is given in Chapter 4 and the Appendices for the system analyst who wants to set up or modify GILES Information is give
157. icitly assumes that all information encoded is absolutely correct and contains no er ror components One of the weakest points of modeling The whole land evaluation approach and all applied models have to be continuously tested and corrected This requires field check for both resource data as well as for methodology crop requirements current and potential farming systems For further description of handling data in GILES see Chapter 4 p 150 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 36 2 5 DATA INPUT AND OUTPUT 2 5 1 Input Two aspects of the data need to be considered separately for GILES These are first the geographical data maps necessary to define the locations and second the associated at tributes parameters DBMS that record what the cartographic features represent 2 5 1 1 Map entry Maps do not usually lend themselves to direct placement on an automated device for entry into digital form Most of them are cluttered or loaded with colors polygon fill and labels Automatic scanning is therefore impossible Fleet 1986 Some options which are used to digitize maps are stereo digitizers with zoom transfer scopes optical scanners that replace the digitizer in some applications and remotely sensed data from airplanes to satellites that can be converted to maps Consoletti 1986 But none of them are applicable and can be recommended for use on PCs within the cost range and technology input presented here GILES gives the
158. id maps were processed and stored beforehand through another module e g through Base map Principally there are 4 options Reprint of one previously stored map Overlay of a main map with a map selected areas map with selected areas e g overlay of a suitability map with an administrative map to analyze the suitability per administrative unit Area crosstabulations can be transferred to Lotus 1 2 3 for further processing and presentation lf more than 70 mapping units selected areas occur the original map has to be split into two or more selective base maps with mapping units 1 70 71 140 Comparison of two suitability maps in order to show the impact of land improvement Example see next page Combination of various crop suitability maps to produce a crop mix suitability map Up to 5 crops can be overlaid by taking the lowest suitability of any of the selected crops law of the minimum into consideration This gives the overall Suitability for this crop mixture If the main map does not have more than 10 different units and the overlaid selected areas map not more than 20 selected areas the overlay s result can be stored and overlaid again with another selected areas map Requiremenis Prepared previously configured maps C INTERM DGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM files Study area names STAREA file GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 57 Output Maps scrol
159. il moisture holding capacity drainage and if crop specific crop characteristics for transpiration and moisture uptake annual or perennial crop Decadal matching of the soil moisture with the crop requirement gives decadal declaration as Table 3 8 Definition LGP Considerations Chart Lotus ary no LGP O moist strong constraints but accepted as LGP x 1 humid optimum LGP conditions X 2 wet wetness constraints but accepted as LGP W 3 The LGP assessment is calculated out of the LGP of the individual years with consideration of the specified reliability level The quantitative moisture balance per year and the growing period charts can be printed for test ing purposes or transferred into spreadsheets e g Lotus 1 2 3 for further processing or to graphic packages e g Boeing Graph for 3D display Example Non soil specific LGP for an average crop at 75 reliability level see p 82 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 81 Requirements Precipitation map DGPRECmn MAP files Altitude map DGALTmn MAP files For site specific assessment Soil map DGSOILmn MAP files Precipitation data aPREC TWY file Altitude PET correlation aALT COR file For site specific assessment Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file For site specific assessment Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file For crop specific assessment Crop requirements CREQo files For crop specific assessment LUT crop names L
160. ility assessments Carrying capacity Definition of constraints Characteristics of agroecological planning zones Potential of agroecological planning zones These data are inventoried by remote sensing field surveys farm and crop surveys secondary data sources statistics etc Particularly dynamic data such as population manage ment level infrastructure data need special attention Very often they can change considerably within shortest time GILES is the tool to update the data set and perform updated calculations and assessmenis At each step of resource data processing and mapping errors will occur Delineation of units depends on judgment of surveyor transition zones of concrete phenomena have to be ex pressed by chloropleth maps maps are rasterized raster output maps have to be delineated etc Most of these errors can be minimized by careful checking but complete avoidance is impossible Computers cannot intelligently ignore non logical errors GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 35 At each stage there should be necessary and proper data verification and checking proce dures to ensure that the resultant database is as free as possible from error Only if the collected entered stored and processed data are sufficiently reliable and error free GILES can give the re quested information and thus justify the system Another more severe problem of data validity arises when interpreting and modeling Be cause this impl
161. imensions of an existing data file import a data file one column from Lotus file C INTERM LOT2GILc DIF numbered between A and E change modify data see the data on screen outprint the data transfer the data set to a Lotus file C INTERM GIL2LOTc DIF numbered between A and E Before entering or importing data into a file it has to be first declared 1 option and the dimen sions have to be defined 2 option Requirements Concerned file s Study area names STAREA file Output Storage on disk References Selection procedure Section 3 3 22 28 p 134 142 Data structure Section 4 2 p 150 Program structure App 8 8 p 244 Out of the 14 data sets which can be accessed through Database option 3 shall be discussed in more detail GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 86 Suboption a Crop requirements Functions This DBMS option is for input change display or printout of the 40 crop requirements and charac teristics which are handled by GILES for the crop suitability assessments either per crop or per land quality requirement Minimum temperature requirements Maximum temperature requirements for S1 S2 S3 S4 Minimum LGP requirements suitability classes Maximum LGP requirements Increase for minimum LGP requirement with altitude Increase for maximum LGP requirement with altitude Rooting depth for moisture uptake Evapotranspiration rate Ability to uptake not readily avail
162. improvement scenarios it is shown that that drainage measures Map 3 10 will increase the potential of PA 1139 by up to 310 t wheat additional flood protection Map 3 11 by another 320 t wheat Major conservation measures Map 3 12 will not improve the situation see p 71 72 Requirements Soil map DGSOILmn MAP files Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Crop requirements CREQo files LUT crop names LUT NAM file Mapping unit codes MUC file Study area names STAREA file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 70 C INTERM DG2CMPmn MAP with DG2CMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer Individual suitability ratings on screen or printer Examples Without major land improvement without situation Not suitable left with flood protection S2 right see below References Selection procedure Section 3 3 5 2 p 110 Function App 7 5 p 226 Program structure App 8 19 p 251 Table 3 6 Individual Soil Suitability Ratings Example without with land improvement here flood protection without flood control Soil type 14 LQ drainage si LQ nitrogen s1 LQ phosphorus sl LQ nutrients si L
163. into DIF file or not stored in C INTERM 193 Press F10 select option Database in Main Menu proceed with other menues and enter the data If current new assignment is ok press N if previous assign ment is correct press P if neither current nor previous assign ment is correct press C if current assign ment is correct for the indicated and all following cells press ALLN if previous assign ment is correct for the indicated and all following cells press ALLP if only one particu lar unit shall be replaced with the new unit but all others remain un changed press SP Load paper into printer turn prin ter on line again and press lt Enter gt Press F10 enter Lotus 1 2 3 and create requested file See How to aggre gate mapping units Section 3 3 23 Or look in other directories for file LOT2GILx GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting Mapping unit Selec Mapping unit codes file tion of codes of this not entered options map not entered yet yet No interface Digitizing Communication Unplug and tablet not established plug transfor initiali mer again zation Not at star Map digi Entered mapping sting point tizing unit is not closed dead end 194 Press F10 select option Database in Main Menu then Mapping unit codes proceed with other menues and enter the map ping unit codes Un
164. iorities define rules for the identification of the areas with the highest potential or with the highest needs for soil conservation and for an estimation of the cost benefit relationship in each of the areas selected The characteristics selected to identify the areas might be any combination of a high population density a low available land capita ration a high but not increasing annual crop yield a high precipitation variability a medium or high soil loss or a specified slope Because planning is concerned with the future the essence of planning is making projec tions of developments over a certain time period The first projection that must be made in any planning exercise is the autonomous development situation the without situation This reflects the development of processes as they will take place without new actions being taken A plan indicates a set of actions to steer the process in the desired action with assump tions made and changes of the environment The new scenarios can be evaluated This can be done easily if the assumed actions are integrated into an information system and characterize a new improved situation the with situation To be able to make projections for a proposed set of actions it must be possible to indi cate in quantitative terms what the effects will be The elaboration of scenarios used to be a very laborious task and therefore only a limited number of alternatives were used for d
165. itive sensitive moderately tolerant tolerant sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive moderately moderately sensitive tolerant sensitive Maize short LGP variety moderately sensitive tolerant sensitive tolerant sensitive tolerant tolerant sensitive sensitive tolerant tolerant sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 89 Suboption b Study areas Functions Each study area is defined by following parameters Name Working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters Scale of data entry Number of soil types Individual sheets with names working abbreviations 3 or 4 letters relative position of sheet to previous sheet N S W E coordinates latitude and longitude Additional maps in addition to soil altitude precipitation land use cover administration agroecological ng zone Requirements Study area names STAREA file Outp ut Storage on disk CREQ files Listing on screen or printer References Selection procedure Section 3 3 15 p 122 Data structure Section 4 2 19 p 180 Suboption c Precipitation data Functions It allows the entry of monthly or decadal precipitation data through keyboard or from Lotus files LOT2GILa DIF their correction and retrieval and their processing and transfer into GILES internal precipitation data files aPREC TWY for GILES land evaluation processes 90 clY cc eter HHA thee A ts a
166. its covered by two or more units are assigned to the unit predominating within the cell The procedure of map entry is explained in Section 3 3 18 3 p 125 For explanation of error messages see App 3 p 192 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 37 The only preparation before map digitizing concerns the eventual enlargement of the map see Section 3 3 15 1 p 122 cutting into various sheets and defining the map index see Section 3 3 15 2 and 3 3 17 p 125 several digitizing utilities can be used such as automatic replacement of units individual or selective replacement boundary checking of the total area cutting filling of blank areas check for completeness listing of blank unassigned areas or shifting parts of the map into the four main directions Previous experiences in the LUPRD showed that entering a map of 1 3 m takes between 2 days and 3 weeks depending mainly on the level of detail i e size of the individual mapping units see Section 1 5 p 9 Average speed of entering is 30 50 linemeters per hour Maps of different input scales can not be compared and overlaid yet see Section 2 2 5 p 28 In exceptional cases for very small areas or for correction work maps can be entered by overlaying a transparent raster and following the boundary with the numeric keypad up right down left The presented way of digitizing is faster cheaper and easier than of most other GIS sys tems because it does not r
167. ity of computerized processing and particularly of low cost Personal Computers in less developed countries where the need for such assessments is the highest it was possible that both the conceptual methods for spatial interpretation of the resources the land evaluation aspects of GILES and the actual possibilities for quantitative thematic mapping and spatial analysis the geographical information system aspects of GILES have been able to blossom With computerized processing facilities of GILES it is now possible for all those respon sible for collecting and presenting statistics of various kinds to automate the handling of such data and thereby speed and make more flexible both production and analysis GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 21 The increasing interest in spatial characteristics of data collected by various surveys and for various purposes can be fulfilled in an effective way only by computerized mapping means In the past applications of computing to cartography was first concentrated on the production of relatively simple thematic maps of statistical data for smaller administrative units Only recently it was possible to shift to more complex mapping and overlay methodologies As it was one of the largest requests to relate different categories of information for the purpose of a fast retrieval and compilation for resources assessment and agricultural productivity improvement appropriate concepts and software for storing and
168. justing the configuration file creating three or four sub directories and copying all GILES files into the harddisk Then start GILES by typing GILES and press lt Enter gt It will prompt you to the opening screen and after pressing any key as proposed on the screen to the MAIN MENU This menu shows you all the facilities of GILES GILES menus typically show a number of options in different lines with a Command Bar at the bottom the Status Bar at the top and the menu number in the upper right corner All the options you can do within one menu are shown in the Command Bar At color screens one line one option will always appear in reverse video highlighted with an ar row on the left This is the option which will be chosen when lt Enter gt is pressed You can move up and down by pressing the up or the down button on the keypad on the right handside of the keyboard Try to move up and down If you are at the bottom and continue to go down it will jump automati cally to the top Once you press lt Enter gt the next menu will appear If you made a wrong decision pressing the function key F1 at the left top of your keyboard will bring you back to the previous menu at least in most of the cases Once you think you are completely wrong press function key F10 and come back all the way to the Main Menu From the Main Menu you can get out of GILES by going down to the bottom line called out Exit to System
169. l 0 7 27 50 if not recorded default 0 om Moisture contribution of organic matter see Table A7 5 p 220 mm D MOD No higher moisture holding capacity figures than 200 mm are accepted no lower figures than 50 mm If the moisture holding capacity of the soil is measured this value is read from the soil type charac terization table column 47 file aSOIL TCH The topsoil moisture holding capacity is defined as 20 mm For the non site specific LGP calculation without consideration of occurring soils this first step is suppressed and an average moisture holding capacity of 100 mm is assumed Step 2 For each decade the moisture input and moisture output is calculated thus contributing or reduc ing moisture from the soil giving the actual decadal moisture content for the next decade Sig Sq MOD prec P40 GW MOD pet PET yo GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 218 where S moisture content at end of the decade mm So moisture content at the beginning of the decade mm MO Dorec conversion actual to effective rainfall as function of actual soil moisture and rainfall see Table A7 6 p 221 P49 actual decadal rainfall mm measured generated or interpolated GW groundwater contribution mm see Table A7 7 p 221 MOD pet conversion PET into effective evapotranspiration as function of PE actual top soil moisture and crop see Table A7 8 p 222 PET 10 decadal potential evapotrans
170. lace a with the abbreviation name of the additional Project area and go back to step 2 sk oe oe ok oe App 1 5 BACKUP Making backup copies of data stored on disks is an essential data processing practice with any computer Backup copies should be made frequently and consistently At the stage of data entry following back up copy can be recommended daily back up copies alternatively to one of two daily backup sets every one or two weeks back up copies to a weekly backup set Backup copies have to be made of general data set non spatial data as well as of recently entered modified map data Both of them can be made through the File operation option of the Main Menu Two back up copies of finalized study areas should be stored on floppy disks Recommended is a subdirectory for the study area e g A ETHDG or A BORKDG and the label of the disk should carry the study area name Diskettes should be kept in a dry clean place and be rewritten regularly i e every two years GILES Appendix 2 Tutorial 190 Appendix 2 TUTORIAL A Quick Introduction This chapter will show you how to retrieve information lets say a map without knowing anything of GILES First thing is to install GILES in your system micro computer with hard disk Thus go first through App 1 if GILES is not installed yet For an experienced DOS user it will take only a few minutes to install GILES which is nothing else but ad
171. lains the land evaluation methodology FAO 1987 b while volume Il 1987 c deals with the in fluence of environmental conditions on crop growth and crop development The software package GILES Geographical Information and Land Evaluation System was especially developed to fulfill the required tasks of project ETH 82 010 and ETH 87 006 Assistance to Land Use Planning to execute agricultural suitability assessments to define soil conservation measures to estimate carrying capacities on a spatial basis 1 50000 and 1 250000 scale and to deliver cartographic information in an integrated multidisciplinary approach After finalizing GILES functions now in a wider context as a database carrier on national regional and subregional level to perform above mentioned duties and additional features of com puterized mapping and information retrieval on spatial basis Part A Chapter 1 is addressed to decision makers politicians government bodies planners particularly land use planners supervisors managers NGOs etc to be able to make ef ficient use of the output of GILES and to stimulize their request for data provided by GILES Part B Chapter 2 and 3 is for users to know about the facilities of GILES and how to retrieve maps and statistics Land evaluation specialists physical resource experts soil conserva tion specialists technicians statisticians etc will be guided through the User s Manual with step by step explanatio
172. lden Ulf 1987 An Assessment of Woody Biomass Community Forests Land Use and Soil Erosion in Ethiopia Lund Sweden Henricksen Barry J 1986 Determination of Agro Ecological Zones in Africa ILCA Activities and Expectations LCA Bulletin 23 Addis Ababa GILES References 265 Hogg James and Stuart Neil 1987 Resource Analysis using Remote Sensing and an Object Oriented Geographical Information System Proc of 13th Annual Conf of the Remote Sens ing Soc UK Nottingham Hopkins Lewis 1977 Methods for Generating Land Suitability Maps A Comparative Evaluation J of American Inst of Planners 385 400 Hurni Hans 1985 Erosion Productivity Conservation Systems in Ethiopia Soil Conservation Project University of Berne Switzerland IBM 1983 DOS 3 10 Reference Jones R J A and Thomasson A J 1988 Land Suitability Classification for Temperate Arable Crops Proc of the intern workshop on quantified land evaluation procedures in Washington 1987 Wageningen Kubo Sachio 1987 The Development of Geographical Information Systems in Japan Int J Geogr Inf Systems 1 3 243 252 Man W H de ed 1984 Conceptual Framework and Guidelines for Establishing Geographic In formation Systems General Information Programme and UNISIST UNESCO Paris Nag Prithuigh 1987 A Proposed Base for a Geographical Information System for India Int J Geogr Inf Systems 1 2 181 187 Nystrom D A 1986 Geopgraphic Information Sys
173. ling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file C INTERM DGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer or stored on disk as ASCII file C INTERM GIL2LOTa PRN for further processing gt If the ASCII file extends a length of 240 symbols continuation is given in file GIL2LOTZ PRN then in GIL2LOTY PRN then in GIL2LOTX PRN References selection procedure Section 3 3 8 p 113 and 3 3 9 p 115 Program structure App 8 14 p 247 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 58 Map 3 6 Land Improvement Base Map Example ae eee te aetmaeaeat aaa ae ae Suitability for Maize Improvement due to Bunding 1 1 000 000 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 59 Table 3 2 Crosstabulation of Overlay of Main Map with Selected Areas Example Suitability for Sorghum under intermediate input level in Haykopch amp Butajira in hectares S1 S2 53 S4 N Planning Zone 1 0 3992 2844 6306 42893 Planning Zone 2 0 174 400 7710 23595 Planning Zone 3 2415 12063 12626 27156 25147 Planning Zone 4 807 6687 12366 16362 32619 Planning Zone 5 6537 22435 38356 12429 28406 Planning Zone 6 19066 60754 80562 12401 60878 Planning Zone 7 0 18322 75969 26306 39993 Planning Zone 8 266 2592 80042 17780 45182 Planning
174. lity of the N and P is taken as the nutrient availability assessment At low input level if subsoil or topsoil pH shows a pH value of lt 5 2 or gt 8 0 the suitability will be decreased by one At medium input level if the topsoil has a pH of lt 4 5 the suitability will be decreased by two if the topsoil has a pH of 4 5 5 2 or higher than 8 0 or the CEC of subsoil is very low or the bulk density is low the suitability will be decreased by one class we te de oe r GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 228 bc Retention in case of high input The CEC of the topsoil Table A7 14 below column 38 of soil type characterization table organic matter content Table A7 14 below the topsoil and subsoil pH Table A7 15 below are matched with the fertilizer response crop requirement to come up with the nutrient retention assessment Table A7 14 Fertilizer Response Suitability Fertilizer CEC of soil Organic Matter response Very Low Medium High Very Low Medium High of crop low low Very low s1 sl s1 s1 Low sl sl s1 sl Medium sl sl sl sl High s1 s1 s1 s1 Very high s1 s1 sl s1 Table A7 15 Fertilizer Response Suitability Fertilizer pH of topsoil subsoil response lt 4 5 4 5 5 3 6 0 6 7 7 4 gt 8 0 of crop Dee 5 9 6 6 Fa 7 9 If the bulk density is low the assessment can not be better than s2 The lowest of these individual suitabilities is taken as the fertilizer response assessment SERRA GILES
175. lled technology and manpower the best technology affordable robust and easy to maintain Therefore emphasis at the selection of computer hardware to execute GILES was put on low cost equipment with low maintenance requirements to give highest performance under difficult environmental conditions high temperature extreme air humidity dust irregularity of power supply supply and maintenance difficulties THe relatively young generation of micro computers PC or PS 2 match these requests the best Basically they consist of four parts a The CPU central part of the computer is linked to information and storage units RAM ROM harddisk disk drives providing space for storing programs map and general data b Enhanced graphic facilities EGA or VGA screen and adapter show by far better maps at the screen than colored graphics equipment CGA or black amp white equipment c Printer or plotter will present the maps and other kinds of processed data on paper see App 4 for supported printers and plotters p 200 d A digitizing tablet will convert data in map form into digital form see App 4 for supported digitiz ing tablets p 200 Required hardware and costs are briefly in Section 2 6 1 p 39 and 2 6 3 p 40 in detail in App 4 p 200 Further explanations on computer processing are given in App 5 A p 203 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 18 2 1 2 Software GILES includes most of the important G
176. lls at the monitor in scrolling mode showing letters fonts is possible raster map Fonts can be changed to give a gradual shading pattern either only for the requested map or permanently see Section 3 3 11 p 118 and App 9 p 255 High resolution images display either the entire area or one map sheet in up to 16 colors This is only possible in EGA VGA or PGA mode Zooming during or after display is not possible If zooming is requested it has to be set through window definition see Section 3 2 2 p 97 Through GILES it is possible to print large size maps for all map version either on printer or plotter A matrix printer Epson FX EX LX RX MX LQ or compatible prints raster maps show ing a font for each grid cell Fonts can be changed see above lf a high resolution display is installed it is recommended to use screen dump and edit utility software for printout of small size text maps Good experience is made with Inset by MicroPro somehow less but still satisfying results can be made with Grab by WordPerfect Egaprint public domain or similar packages see How to dump a screen Section 3 3 31 p 147 The advantages of matrix printers for map print are high speed low costs paper ribbon and easy handling The disadvantages are the lower quality the relatively small width of the paper at 132 column paper print width is 28 cm making it necessary to stick the various runs together man
177. local details were often filtered away and lost GILES makes it possible to organize the data storage without generalization i e loss of data and to generalize them only when retrieved according to request Each map stored in GILES can have up to 700 different mapping units e g soil types shown on the map For soil and administrative units up to 50 parameters attributes can be entered and retrieved e g drainage texture depth population density population sup port etc c Selection of level of detail The level of detail shown on the map produced by GILES can be selected by the user The degree of map generalization can be chosen depending on the scale and the purpose d Flexibility of scale GILES enables print or plot of the requested map within a wide scale range e g thematic maps of Ethiopia at a scale of between some 1 500000 and 1 6 Mio GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 10 e Combination of maps with other maps spatial data GILES maps can be overlaid and combined with other maps or map overlays It is pos sible to consider the interactions between different ecological parameters or between physical and administrative units Maps can be shown with requested attributes of up to 10 different base maps Up to 5 crop suitability assessments maps can be overlaid to form a crop mix farming system suitability assessment f Combination of maps with non spa
178. lt 2 mmhos coded as 1 Erodibility kc kc 0 10 coded as 2 Precipitation unit 4A Land use cover unit C2T G5 G Linear Features IN Annual temperature 15 C Temperature of Jan 14 C Temperature of Feb 15 Temperature of March 15 Temperature of April LA Temperature of May I7 E Temperature of June 17 Temperature of July 10 C Temperature of Aug 15 C Temperature of Sept 16 C Temperature of Oct 14 C Temperature of Nov 14 C Temperature of Dec 13 Annual evapotranspiration 1159 m PET of Jan 84 mm PET of Feb 93 mm PET of March 111 mm PET of April 110 mm PET of May 124 mm PET of June 111 mm PET of July 85 mm PET of Aug 83 mm PET of db 85 mm PET of Oct 99 mm PET of Nov 87 mm PET of Dec 82 mm GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 65 3 2 1 6 Climatic suitability Function This option assesses the suitability of the climate of the requested area for the specific soil landscape situation or for an average soil situation with 100 mm moisture holding capacity Following land qualities are considered Length of the growing period moisture conditions considering precipitation at a specified reliability level potential evapotranspiration if soil specific soil moisture holding capacity and drainage crop characteristics for transpiration and moisture uptake annual or perennial crop Temperature considering altitude Frost hazard considering altitude topographic situa
179. lues Next part runs the handling of the slip and gully erosion hazard considering the soil types entered manually erosion status and slope and expressed through SGEH 1 4 The program is called by option Conservation based land use recommendation in the Main Menu SEP 8 It has the submodule ERORECSB App 8 17 LGP The length of growing period calculation is based on a decadal soil moisture balance model see App 7 3 p 215 and executed The main program checks first the entire map for occurring combinations of precipitation altitude and soil mapping units and writes a 1 in string COMBS 1 no of soil mapping units 1 no of precipitation mapping units for the combination lf COMBS is too large for the memory of the com puter COMBALT will be 1 and the file COMBALT in drive D with the total number of soil mapping units as the total number of records will be used Second it calculates the LGP assessment in part 8 for all occurring combinations of these 3 over lays the LGP assessment in part 8 last it runs again through the entire map and prints the calcu lated values on screen printer and or on DGaCMPmn MAP file with DGaCMP NAM in C INTERM The LPG model is explained in App 7 3 p 241 For an occurring precipitation altitude soil com bination the available water holding capacity capacities is are calculated if CLSL CLI Then it reads monthly precipitation figures of 20 years if they
180. made through option Database of the Main Menu then option Land Structural characteristics names Nomenclature The name of this one file is LCHAR NAM and is accessible for any project area in the same way Structure This file is a random access file converted into a one dimensional string array with 139 lines each line stands for the name of one land structural characteristic Example The first 26 land characteristics refer to physical soil properties no 27 50 to chemical soil properties no 51 89 to climatic land characteristics no 90 139 to structural characteristics Not all of them are finally defined GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 1 Drainage 2 Texture tops 3 Texture subs 4 Mineral fragment tops 5 Mineral fragment subs 6 Depth 7 Topsoil depth 8 Ponding 9 Flash flooding 10 Flooding 11 Surface stoniness 12 Surface rockiness 13 Erosion gully badland 14 Necessity for gully erosion measures 15 Mean slope 16 Mean maximum slope 17 Topography 18 Microrelief 19 Slope shape 20 Slope length 21 Groundwater level 22 Permeability 23 Consistence 24 Structure tops 25 Surface sealing Bulk density Organic matter N tops N subs P avail tops exc MY exc tops MO exc subs K exc tops K exc subs pH tops pH subs CEC tops BS tops BS subs Na exc tops 42 Na exc subs 43 EC tops 44 EC subs 45 Soil type 46 Erodibility kc T
181. ment 2 2 3 3 7 5 4 8 1 4 64 9 Connected with each other 8 For maintenance and storage of data see App 1 5 p 189 9 For direct GILES outprint the printer has to recognize following print commands ESC P Pitch 10 Print style Pica size ESC M Pitch 12 Print style Elite size ESC W Pitch 200 Print style Enlarged 15 ESC SI Pitch 60 Print style Condensed ESC 3 Line spacing n 216 LX EX FX series ESC 3 Line spacing n 180 IQ series ESC Printer initialization ESC x Set cancel letter quality Only ASCII codes are printed characters 127 159 are not used For printers with different print commands it is recommended to make use of commercial screen dump utilities GILES Appendix 5 Computerized Processing 203 Appendix 5 COMPUTERIZED PROCESSING To have GILES as any other computerized processing functioning basically 4 components are required 1 Hardware 2 Software 3 Trained personnel experienced users 4 Institutional context awareness of decision makers about facilities App 5 1 HARDWARE Every part of the computer you can touch is hardware The enormous advances made in electronic technology now enable the integrated circuitry for any specified applications to be miniaturized and reliably manufactured on a mass scale These small low cost integrated circuits have become popularly known as chips The main chip the heart of a computer is the processor or Central Processin
182. ment of a management structure for natural resources The lack of adequate information accessible to decision makers and planners on which natural resources management is based has been identified as one of the reasons for up to now limited impact on the definition of appropriate land use plans and activities It is in relation to this point that set up and development of information systems to support resource management had to be initialized Politicians policy and decision makers planners supervisors managers development agencies require more and better resource information The need to match the land requirements for producing food and supporting populations to the resources of climate soil water and available technology led to the assessment of the suitability of the land for agricultural purposes a powerful and essential tool in the hand of deci sion makers and land use planners GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 2 Thematic mapping of earth resources prepared by the concerned specialists soil scien tists climatologists hydrologists geologists ecologists land use specialists gave partly the answer for those questions They have been and are a source of useful information for resource exploitation and management But the need for spatial data and spatial analysis has not been restricted only to earth scientists Additionally to informations about physical resources decisi
183. ments see Sec tion 2 6 p 37 Beside the fact that large data can be stored in a compact organized manner the most fundamental and the most significant advantage of computerized processing is that data may be rapidly retrieved in a wide variety of formats aggregations and manipulations WMO 1985 GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 6 1 3 SPATIAL INFORMATION GIS Any land resources data base should be site specific Long term land use planning objec tives require the identification of locations suitable or not suitable for a particular land use For planning and modeling purposes it is not only the data being important but rather the spatial distribution of the environmental data in form of maps which gives the essential infor mation where actions have to be taken It is evident that land users require more and better map ping information Cunningham et al 1984 Presentation of environmental information in map form is a necessary tool for the planning and management of natural resources as well as for for research on the distribution and allocation of resources Maps can be seen as a means for communication between researchers decision makers and planners The amount of information that can be presented in map form is tremen dous Both status trends and projections can be presented in a conceptually simple way To keep pace with the increasing capacity to collect environmental
184. mined by matching the potential productivity of land resources with the food requirements of the population and the forage requirements of livestock in areas with a high livestock population which form an essential component of the farming systems The results of this assessment indicate areas e g administrative units which are particularly criti cal with respect to supporting their population and also areas with potential for surplus produc tion Although GILES does not actually execute the matching between the potential and the food requirement it can supply all data tor the population support capacity models in particular the quantitative assessment of the agricultural potential e g in suitability terms or in tons grain per planning zone or per PA Further explanations of the population support capacity model can be found in Appendices in FAO 1988c 1988d 1989a Interfacing of the agricultural potential and existing farming systems is supported by GILES through assessment of the suitabilities per agroecological zone and matching them with the results of the socio economic farming system survey as it is done in the present FAO project in LUPRD GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 33 2 4 DATA STRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS A computer system essentially an unintelligent industrious slave forces people when implementing tasks within it to plan very carefully and to clarify all principles and operations This has resulted in the need for a pre
185. mputerized Processing 206 second translation program an interpreter An interpreter waits until we actually run use the program then translates one line at a time into machine code leaving the program in its original highAevel language This makes it slower to run than a compiled program but easier to edit The most popular highJevel language is Basic Basic is an acronym of Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Although originally intended as a simple introductory language Basic is now a powerful and widely used language in its own right The advent of powerful minicomputers and microprocessors has led to a resurgence in the use of Basic as it is more suited than Fortran to use on these smaller machines For this reason Basic language capability and its level of compatibility have also been extended Added to the fact that BASIC already performed better than Fortran in the areas of character string and matrix handling and input output it would appear to be a most suitable language for those parts of any data base system which must be developed by the user However this should be weighted carefully against the availability of programming expertise in developing countries Nevertheless the increasing use of mini computer and microprocessors will develop Basic expertise Previously faced problems with Basic such as low processing speed and unstructured program ming style is now overcome by Basic compiler particular of
186. n 40 55 s2 s3 s4 n n n 55 100 3 s4 n n n n gt 100 s3 s4 n n n n Surface stoniness non stony sl sl sl s1 sl s1 non st grav s1 sl sl sl S2 S2 stony s1 si S2 s1 s2 s2 very stony s1 s2 s2 s2 s3 s3 exc stony 1 s2 s3 s3 s s4 S4 exc stony 2 s3 s4 n n n n Surface rockiness lt 0 1 sl sl sl sl sl sl 0 1 2 s1 sl sl sl 2 S2 2 10 s1 s2 s2 s2 s3 s4 10 25 s2 s2 3 s4 n n 25 50 s2 s3 3 n n n 50 90 s3 s4 s n n n gt 90 s4 n n n n n Consistence loose non st sl sl sl sl sl s1 hard non st s1 sl s1 sl sl s1 hard sticky sl s2 s2 sl s1 s2 v hard stick s2 s3 s3 s2 s2 s3 RARA Combination Downgrading of the climatic soil suitability is made based on the erosion and the workability assessment whichever suitability is lower Thus the lower suitability of the following two tables stands for the final suitability GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 235 Table A7 22 Land Evaluation Rating Due to Erosion Erosion Climatic soil suitability assessment s1 s2 3 s4 n si S2 3 s n Table A7 23 Land Evaluation Rating Due to Workability Workability Climatic soil suitability assessment si 2 3 s4 n si S2 3 s n The individual suitability ratings for erosion hazard and workability and their downgrading of the land suitability can be printed out on request Example of an outprint is given in Table 3 7 p 74 This module is called by option Land suitability in the Main Menu
187. n tablet Check the initiali cable from zation tablet to transformer The climatic and soil suitability are of a dif ferent input level than defined just right now The climatic and soil suitability are of a dif ferent crop LUT than defined just right now The climatic sui tability DG1 and the soil suitability DG2 are of different input levels The climatic sui tability DG1 and the soil suitability DG2 are of different crops LUTS Active area of digitizing tablet left or too close to its margin or stylus released Digitizing tablet not functioning 196 Either accept it by pressing yy Or press N exit try it again or load create climatic and soil suitabilities of the requested input level Either accept it by pressing YY Or press N exit try it again or load create climatic and soil suitabilities of the requested crop LUT Either accept it by pressing yy Or press N exit and load create climatic and soil suitabilities of the same requested input level Either accept it by pressing YY Or press N exit and load create climatic and soil suitabilities of the same requested crop LUTs Press lt Enter gt and enter this unit again starting at the same starting point Check power supply of digitizing tablet transformer or check if transformer is connected to main source or check output voltage with voltmeter
188. n 35 30 and 42 30 45 when longitude between 41 30 and 48 30 LongCor Abs cos Long LongRef Correction factor which can be applied if Long is already calculated in approximation For base map retrieval gridmap gridsup gridinf the variables THEM for opening the par ticular files SM and THEMPRINTS for printing the title will be defined to express the map theme GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 241 Table A8 2 SM Values of Base Maps THEMS SM Predefined maps SOIL 1 SOIL 2 reserved for soil types ALT 3 PREC 4 VEG 5 ADM 6 AEZ 7 PLZ 8 Additional maps 9 17 it is possible to read selected mapping units from a DIF file The first 18 read values characterize the DIF file Consequently LOT for the mapping unit and LOTPREV for the new aggregated mapping unit are read until EOD is reached Any crop specific treatment with AVSP 2 requires the name of the crop LUT and the input level LTLT number of crop combined with input level App 8 2 SELE3 This is the continuation module for selection of the parameters In particular the form of output will be defined PRY stands for outprint of map PRY 1 on FX LX EX 9 pin matrix printer 2 on LQ 24 pin matrix printer PRY 100 on plotter with the scale of SC 1000 PRLEG 0 or 1 for the outprint of the legend STOR 0 or 1 for storing the maps on disk with the number STORNUM 1 9 GIL2LOT 0 or 1 for storing the output tables on Lot
189. n concerning the structure and syntax of data files and programs The land evaluation approach is explained in App 7 p 211 GILES Para 3 1 for Users User s Manual 43 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1 1 Setup of Menus When you start GILES your screen appears as shown below Status Bar V MAIN MENU gt BaseMap complete aggregating selective parametric Overlay of base maps gt Maps Overlay reprint of Previously Configured Map s Area Sizes site specific Information Climatic Suitability Soil Suitability Land Suitability Erosion hazard Conservation Based Land Use Recommendations Length of Growing Period Tables gt Suitab NAIN ANIAN Erosion Database DBMS Entry of Base Map Data entry Systematic Change of Base Map Chaining of Various Procedures Utility File Operation Shell to DOS gt DOS out exit to system Fl Help F2 PreviousMenu F10 MainMenu Up Down orl letter ENTER Select Command Bar Every GILES menu shows several options in different lines with the Command Bar at the bottom and the Status Bar at the top GILES Para 3 1 for Users User s Manual 44 The indication arrow and the highlighting of the option can be moved up and down with the numeric keypad on the right handside of the keyboard To select an option move the cursor to the requested option or press the first letter of the option and press lt Enter gt Additional features of the menus are a
190. n displays Lotus 1 2 3 Quattro or any other spreadsheet database software reading ASCII file print files and writing DIF files for data processing of GILES data Perspective Boeing Graph or any other graphic package reading DIF or ASCII files for DTM 3D displays QuickBasic Compiler for modifying source code App 4 4 HARDWARE MAINTENANCE For maintaining and checking of the PC it is recommended 8 daily to check the harddisk logically CHKDSK DOS weekly to aggregate fragmented files OPTIMIZE Disk Optimizer of the harddisk cluster to check harddisk and its files DT c m Norton physically to clean all floppy disk drives Disk drive cleaning kit monthly to check the entire system Diagnostic disk or Advanced diagnostic disk GILES Appendix 4 System Requirements 202 1 Recommended More than 20 MHz speed 2 Recommended More memory e g 2 MB for installation of extended virtual disk to increase the speed 3 Recommended Intel Above Board 4 Recommended Summasketch MM1200 series or preferably Houston Instrument 8000 series 9 Recommended Epson FX EX LX RX MX LQ printers Recommended HP 7475A plotter for ISO A3 ANSI B size HP 758x plotter for ISA A1 ANSI D size Roland plotter 1 Pin layout for digitizing tablet Pin at 25 pin Pin at 9 pin D shell communication D shell communication plug e g IBM PC plug e g IBM AT Summasketch RCPU 2 3 TCPU 3 2 GND 8 1 Houston Instru
191. n raw data file PREC DAT to this precipitation figures of 20 years file TWY by option Database in the Main Menu then option Precipitation data and finally option Transfer into TWY file or b if the original data base is not available or not very reliable monthly precipitation figures will be simulated generated out of the gamma distribution file GAM DAT through option Database in the Main Menu then option Precipitation data then option Produce ran domly distributed rainfall figures The generated monthly or decadal precipitation figures of 20 years will be stored under this precipitation figures of 20 years file Nomenclature These precipitation figures are stored under file name aPREC TWY where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BICHPREC TWY original or simulated monthly precipitation figures of up to 20 years of all precipitation mapping units of the Bichena area Structure This file is random access file with 26 different fields containing the rainfall values of 20 years and additionally expected and simulated mean 0 not used standard deviation 0 not used and probability of no rain not used of a particular month decade of a particular mapping unit The record number of the file gives the information about month decade and mapping unit station by the formula mapping unit 1 12 no of month 1 for monthly data or mappi
192. names Attention Soil characteristics being used for land evaluation assessments should not be redefined Nomenclature The name of this one file is LCHATN NAM and is accessible for any project area in the same way Structure This file is a random access file with 50 total number of land characteristics as the total number of records Thus the number of the considered land characteristic is the taken record number the class within this land characteristic is the field number At the retrieval the names of the called land characteristic are converted into a one dimensional string array with 30 lines Each line stands for the name of one land characteristic class The handling and structure of this file is similar to that of aATN NAM file see Section 4 2 17 which handles structural characteristics but area specifically Example The land characteristic class names of the first land characteristic drainage are as follows 1 very poorly drained 2 poorly drained 3 imperfectly drained 4 moderately well drained 5 well drained 6 somewhat excessively drained 7 excessively drained GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 177 4 2 17 Structural Characteristic Class Name File ATN file Function Up to 50 structural characteristics can be set to define the characteristics of the administrative units see Section 4 2 16 above The class names within these structural characteristics are filed under this Structu
193. nd general data must be installed in drive C subdirectory ALANDEVI The default drive for maps is C subdirectory aDG where a is the working abbreviation of the area but can be modified through menu If a virtual disk e g D with at least 250 kB is in stalled retrieval can be accelerated by copying the map s MAP files to the virtual drive and to retrieve from there see How to speed up map retrieval Section 3 3 30 p 145 3 2 5 Transfer Transfer to and from other software packages is made in following formats ASCII Boeing Graph 1 Em AAN i A WK1 or DIF y DIF x Lotus 2 Se mmm PAZ GILES A uM ASCII vA Vv dBase 3 E ASCII Recommended is the process through Lotus 1 2 3 if available or similar 3D graphic packages or similar spreadsheet packages or similar database packages with extension DAT e GN a GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 104 Map 3 21 3 D Map example az A ASS y oe ONA anemone oe ET AE a SA a oe tele RR Tee eas a iat He e mr z A s i iA A Rt eee Ma yet ea ate Peeled Sit Ne ay wns Tr r E i Cae DEEE PARTING AS he A j ans tee Y i da Y hee Y NS a GE POSS a te y m apn a t IANT oe K 7 K ba h Pe ey EMS y ee E GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 3 3 HOW TO 105 In this chapter various procedures are described step by step menu by menu in thei
194. nd enervating work a drudge Burrough 1987 E g to enter a relatively detailed map of Ethiopia at a scale of lets say 1 1 Mio might take some 20 70 man hours see Section 2 5 1 p 36 GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 13 d Unawareness of clients The Government ministries development agencies and other potential clients are not fully aware of the advantages of a fast computerized information system providing the essential information within hours time Thus the necessary structural changes in work and infor mation flow and practices that would allow the advantages did not take place yet see Section 2 1 4 p 19 e Limited output graphics In the present GILES version 2 2 automated cartography is not fully established yet and therefore output quality can not always be considered equal to well performed manual car tography GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 14 1 6 SUPPORT OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES Only the use of the information produced by information systems can justify their exis tence information systems have to support decision making de Meijere van de Putte 1987 The assessments of the agricultural potential with and without improvements will guide the formulation of land use plans through which this potential can be realized Beside the evaluation of areas or of crops being suitable the planner can based on politi cal pr
195. ndow 4 1 Main Menu Select Overlay reprint of previously configured map s 4 2 Select study area 4 3 Select Whole study area 4 4 Accept C lt default 4 5 Accept the default subdirectory 4 6 Select Map data on screen only for display 4 7 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image 4 8 Select No 4 9 With high resolution mode Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt 4 10 Select Overlay of main map with selected areas 4 11 Select the main map as defined under step 3 9 4 12 Select the select area as defined under step 1 13 After retrieval of the map 4 13 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 115 3 3 9 How to Define Selected Areas and to Retrieve Crosstabulation Statistics Selected areas are defined by homogeneous characteristics e g PAs Any map can be overlaid with those selected areas e g suitability assessment main map PAs selected areas 1 Define the selected areas 1 1 Main Menu Select Base map complete selective aggregating parametric 1 2 Select study area 1 3 Select Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select the map by which the selected areas are defined 1 7 Select Complete map 1 8 Select As 1 with storage 1 9 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image 1 10 Choose o
196. ne influences the other These interactions are difficult to assess and were in the past the cause for misplanning misinvestment and damage of the nature even for many disasters caused by wrong planning i e planning based on wrong information supplied by the resource data base which might not have considered the interactions The fact that the environmental data recorded by individual surveys are stored and avail able in digital and computer compatible form from the very beginning enhances this possibility of allowing computers to complement man for an optimal use of the data Hellden 1987 The more complex transformation of data into adequate information and the need for system s analysis of the complex man environment interaction involving huge amounts of data from different sources calls for computer support GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 4 Computerized modeling to simulate the environment takes and particularly will take in the future these interactions into considerations Relatively simple examples are the assessment of the agricultural potential for specific crops as done in the land evaluation incorporated into GILES see Section 1 4 and 2 3 1 p 7 29 or the calculation of the erosion hazard see Section 2 3 2 p 32 Development of spatial models of land use may be a way towards the ultimate monitoring system where supply demand and accessibility of resources are
197. ne of the proposed numbers e g 9 1 11 With high resolution mode Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt After retrieval of the map 1 12 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 If the total number of mapping units of the main map is not known 2 1 Main Menu Select Database 2 2 Select study area 2 3 Select Mapping unit codes 2 4 Select map 2 5 Select See the data 2 6 Note the number of the last unit except OUT and press any key 2 7 Select Return to Main Menu 2 8 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 116 3 Prepare the main map 3 1 Main Menu Select Base thematic map or any other map option 3 2 Select study area 3 3 Select Whole study area 3 4 Accept C lt default 3 5 Accept the default subdirectory 3 6 Select the map 3 7 Select Complete map lf more than 70 mapping units occur at the main map see Section 3 2 3 3 8 Select As 1 with storage 3 9 Choose one of the proposed numbers but not the one chosen under step 1 10 e g 4 3 10 Continue as described in the other How to Sections After retrieval of the map 3 11 Press Space to return to Main Menu 4 Create the crosstabulation main map selected areas 4 1 Main Menu Select Overlay reprint of previously configured map s 4 2 Select study area 4 3 Select Whole study area 4 4 Accept
198. ng abi mo Gi ose abe CB Table 3 13 ch 08 Calculation of Precipitation Values Example Ser rey Ae le acm eter 1 LAT IS me 1 Hotta DE RE Station OREXEKALEAEAAREAE SALE EE ELAR EEE AA ESAS EERE SESE L ELAR ER ERE LEE EREES EL ELE REEL ESE EES BOR GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities t F weed ert OY E LE CF ert t rt Oe E A E TS AN LIO CN LA MR AA O eth O CO ivr t 1 Rm RO A Oe LO weet a A LS CS nl ld CO EA LO CRM OD ONT AA E O A E eH v t i t CO CS oS SS A NATA CO et 1 29 SA AE A EA AS A A O A rn I A AA EA A NO O A O A E A ES i L OS A 9 E re OO CO A E A OA CA A l EO EAU LY MA OOD CS CRON IC il A AO YA OO MR LA COO OD i emi t L A LSO CPE LD OO OOO CS Cet l o e a a a a a A ar AD e a et CD CK OS et et LAU OS OO OA O MA OD E A t 1 A OO O yA yv i bo A gt oD LD Co et Ee et po COF ION f A A A A A er A E ALO OA ie RA era LAO CO OA Oe OO i A O A re HD O A CN OA LD 1 ei i re CTN or O BO E OO Ora to OB ELO E f A a A CO OM G Co E et CO O COOLED et as et LS MEE RA E O O OK OO O DO CD en a tn o me a aun E NAAA CN CGD CNL AR e AD OO A DO A A A x Maa CD 6 O39 OS CS E e o E a o a o q il A OA CON EA OO CNS e OO OO O 1 wt 1 1 OO YA Ch AA O IRA A A OS b e e e e rr ss E ODO wort pee LE OP O OVD A O O weg E AD MA AAA A LD Y O CN y wr AO OFS rm i t 0 Bm E LO LO te 00 OS OO O tie 1 l t E ODN ONGO CN Luam
199. ng this submodule arrow up arrow down and lt Enter gt keys are reactivated Key trap ping takes place as defined for function keys F1 to access the on line help menus which are stored in the help bxt and be called by the menu help number within this submodule F2 to go back to the previous menu leaving this sub routine with PREVMENU flag on F10 to go back to the start leaving this submodule by loading GILES again arrow up key to decrease the line number CCSS by 1 arrow down key to increase the line number CCSS by 1 App 8 25 MAPLOTIN This submodule activates the plotter driver and controls all commands for the plotter to draw the requested map At the beginning a plotter coordinate system is set to define the scale of the plotted map option ally the frame can be drawn with tick marks and coordinates outside the frame lines a To draw boundary lines Starting from the northwestern corner the system checks for mapping units YYYPPP loop from N to S and XXXPPP loop from W to E When it finds an untreated unit it will start to follow its bound ary and to draw this line on the plotter executed in a subroutine After the unit is closed the program assigns each pixel with a covered value 2000 In a subroutine eight internal modules with 24 submodules run the checkng of the continuation of the boundary After each move of one pixel length XCUR and YCUR might be newly assigned and give the coor
200. ng unit 1 36 no of decade 1 for decadal data GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 173 The first record is reserved for two control variables Generated 1 or nat 0 in field 1 monthly 12 or decadal 36 data in field 2 All values are stored in integer figures in their ten times value Example The data look like any other precipitation data e g in file precipitation raw data PREC DAT but without any data gaps x GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 174 4 2 15 Land Structural Characteristic Name File LCHAR file Function 139 characteristics concerning the land physical properties or the structure infrastructure or administration can be entered and retrieved from GILES The first 89 land characteristics are measurable or estimatable physical attributes of the land to describe the land qualities and thus the ability of the potential of the land for certain land uses They serve as the main input for land suitability assessments and are retrieved through soil mapping units altitude or precipitation mapping units Up to 50 characteristics describe the population infrastructure administration and food situation based on administrative units e g PA and therefore referring to administrative maps The names of these land structural characteristics are stored in this land structural characteristic name file Modifications can be
201. ns mapping unit codes of the administrative maps can be a combination of the number of the district plus the number of the Peasant Association e g 0115 15 PA in Woreda 01 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 160 4 2 5 il Mapping Unit Composition File MCP file Function The soil mapping unit composition file with extension MCP gives the information about the various soil types forming a soil mapping unit In homogeneous areas at large inventory scales a mapped soil unit recommendable with an appr minimum size of not less than 50 ha at the scale of 1 50 000 will consist of one soil type In heterogeneous areas and in smaller mapping scales several soil types will form a mapping unit soil associations In the present GILES version up to 4 different soil types will form a mapping unit These files are created or modified through option Database of the Main Menu then option Soil Mapping Unit Composition Alternatively the composition table can be input into Lotus and then imported into GILES In case of a change care has to be taken that the soil type characterization file might have to be adjusted Nomenclature For each study area a separate soil mapping unit composition is given by the soil survey It is filed under the name aSOIL MCP where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BORKSOIL MCP information about the composition of all soil mapping units of Borkena Structure The s
202. ns and references Part C Chapter 4 and Appendices is a mere reference sirictly for system analysts to install es tablish and understand the system and to enter change or modify data GILES is transferable to any area but main fields of applications will remain the assess ment and interpretation of natural resources in developing countries at low cost level lt ru IBM compatible microcomputer with DOS operating system iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Food and Agriculture Organization and the author are greatly indebted to all in dividuals and sections who assisted in the implementation of this report by providing information advice and facilities TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF MAPS ix ABBREVIATIONS x PART A For Decision Makers Politicians Planners 1 ASPECTS OF COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION AND EVALUATION SYSTEM OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1 1 1 Need for establishment of natural resource data base 1 1 2 Introduction of computerized data base 3 1 3 Spatial information GIS 6 1 4 GIS for land evaluation GILES 1 5 Advantages and limitations of a computerized information and evaluation system 9 1 6 Support of planning activities 14 PART B For Users Experts Technicians 2 GILES 16 2 1 Components of GILES 17 2 2 GIS aspect of GILES 20 2 2 1 Development 20 2 2 2 Structure 21 2 2 3 Map overlay 22 2 2 4 Principles of map digitizing and storing 26 2 2 5 Future system enhancements 28 2 3 Land
203. nt of view and to soil conservation recommendation is given in Section 2 3 2 p 32 The more detailed agricultural potential assessment will be carried out crop specifically and gives yield estimates as described in Section 2 3 1 p 29 Social and economic parameters are considered to show the balance be tween potential and need of the land in Section 2 3 3 p 32 Thus land evaluation is installed in GILES to a assess the land suitability for crops and crop mixtures at defined levels of inputs and management b derive recommended land use based on assessment of erosion hazard and wetness limitations c assess the ability of the land resources of the area to support current and future levels of population 2 3 1 Land Suitability Assessment The agricultural potential is defined in terms of five different crop suitability classes with approximately expected yields as a percentage of the maximum obtainable yield see Table A7 24 p 238 a Highly suitable S1 Potential production is high and sustainable from year to year Average yields 80 100 of the maximum obtainable yield b Moderately suitable S2 Potential production may be moderate or high but is variable from year to year Average yields 60 80 of the maximum obtainable yield GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 30 c Marginally suitable S3 Potential production is variable from year to year with considerable risks or difficulties in m
204. nter the new units with their mapping unit code label and with their corresponding ASCII symbol 1 8 After input of all new unit s give N 1 9 After display save Y then YY and return to Main Menu See ee eee ee A A A 2 Rearrange the mapping unit code file during or after map entry Unit OUT has to be the last one 2 1 Main Menu Select Database 2 2 Select project area 2 3 Select Mapping unit codes 2 4 Select map 2 5 Select See the data 2 6 Check which unit is the OUT unit number a and which is the last one number b 2 7 Select Mapping unit codes 2 8 Select map 2 9 Select Enter change part of data 2 10 Enter the number of the previous unit of OUT number a and give code and ASCil Symbol of the last unit number b 2 11 Enter the number of the last unit number b and give code OUT and ASCII symbol 46 2 12 After input give N 2 13 After display save Y then YY and return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 148 3 Rearrange the map files to the new mapping unit codes definition gt Right after step 2 lt 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 Main Menu Select Systematic Change of Base Map Select project area Select Whole study area Accept C lt default Accept the default subdirectory Select the map 3 7 Select Replace aggregate old units with new units 3 8 Enter number a as Old unit NUMBER 3 9
205. nting the symbols on screen paper or file and for printing the title of the map the coordinates and the legend The main program is split into 5 submodules Submodule 1 runs the retrieval of complete base maps SM lt 100 exc 2 and ALSP 2 Process ing from the top line of the map towards the bottom line from N to S YYY counter default 111 1 and within from left to right from W to E XXX counter default 1 28 or with smaller scales at matrix printer 1 56 it displays all units with their mapping unit codes as defined in program datach see Section 3 2 1 m p 86 Special attention is made if the unit is not assigned DDS 0 or assigned with OUT then DDS 0 Submodule 2 handles the output of selective and or aggregating base maps SM lt 100 exc 2 and ALSP 3 Proceeding in the same way as above it checks if the pixel is in the definition of any newly defined mapping unit content of array CHE 1 400 1 70 It it does the code of the new mapping unit CUNOMUSP will be displayed If not it will show a blank area Submodule 3 shows the soil types interpreted out of the soil map SM 2 and ALSP 3 with soil mapping units when asked for specific soil types selective version In principal the same proce dures are performed as in submodule 2 but interpretation is made through the soil mapping unit composition table giving the soil types per soil mapping unit Submodule 4 retrieves pa
206. oD CD EO CLS et LED CVD LED YA CAMI XD AT AA Y St OW ors CGN ot wot oro wH LD O A CO QN Oe TTI rot rt oi EON LAXEXKEL HALE REPEL E AEA ESL E AEE EE LEE EEE ER EEE EERE EEE EE EEL ELLE EERE EEL LEE EE Finote Selar Station 3 0 cCY cll h I FLO E E a SO o o OU lt a 3 LH ss LQ dad y SONO Hom O AA oO i CICIO wert CED CLD i i lt gt Ga i OTD Te MIO O OA ee El fl rss O E O esti UA LO E LU A I votes OO THON OO oS e JE 0 H et OO et OOD EP TES OOD TEES OO Cet CN OD CD OO A OY SS Oe TEE A O OA FD et LOS CD Det cs ER 8 CO Oh O oe Ca CS era era LO 169 YO LO LO too a THON ES CS tt E oo H NAO oN A pa fl Ch Leo SS O NY A OA CA eo OD tes E Ll AA DO y O A et DAA o o a a a amp na Fl 1 ON OOO COLO OD C63 CYD ero AU LED i 1 e ee ee pe OD ern ramun EA II amp amp ta a CO DY t vot ODD E 9 9 9 9 q rt ony wt at 9 EB m om e mr i i o e o nn Siete ee PTF iy ie li ey OO UC 2 3 EE Cto LOA OC 2 3 4 a EOL 2 3 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities Generation of Precipitation Data and their Calculation Example Table 3 14 exp rainf at reliab of years pean sd P pean sd P pean sd 90 80 75 66 50 25 with w o 0 0 0 E prec expected lt calculated gt gt gt gt gt RE DE DBB BR BE EE DE pe BE nE EB RE HONTHELY VALUES OF PHU 1 0 0 F 24 73 181 143 571 17 16 26 17 2 15 029
207. of the main rainy season before the 1 of July is considered as Belg season For perennial crops all humid and moist decades are added The output shows for the requested reliability 75 66 or 50 1 What is the expected main growing period calculated out of mean and standard deviation and put into classes of lt 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 gt 240 days 2 In how many years does the first small rainy season have lt 60 at least 60 at least 90 days 3 When is the end of the main rainy season Result 1 and 3 enable the calculation of the onset for a given reliability level Example of an outprint in Table 3 9 p 78 shows the growing periods of 20 years EEES GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 220 Table A7 4 Available Moisture Holding Capacity pF 4 2 1 8 as Function of Texture and Bulk Density mm moisture m soil for assessment of available moisture holding capacity Bulk density g cc Bulk density g cc Texture lt 1 0 1 0 1 6 gt 1 6 Texture lt 1 0 1 0 1 6 gt 1 6 S coarse 60 60 60 sC 190 150 120 S 100 90 90 sic 200 160 120 S fine 160 120 120 C 200 150 110 1S coarse 110 90 80 C montm 200 150 110 1S 130 100 90 n a O O O 1S fine 150 110 100 variabel 220 170 140 SL 220 170 140 L cL 190 150 120 scL 220 160 120 L SiL sicL cL 210 170 140 L 220 170 140 sL scL 220 160 130 siL 240 190 160 cL C 190 150 110 Si 280 250 230 scL L siL cL 210 170 140 sicL 210 170 120 cL
208. oft Logic Solutions Inc ESC P TM is a trademark of Seiko Epson Corporation Grab is a trademark of WordPerfect Corporation Inset and WOrdstar 2000 are trademarks of MicroPro International Corporation Lotus and 1 2 3 are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Microsoft Basic MS DOS QuickBasic are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation This Manual refers to GILES version 2 2 of July 1989 All rights reserved Reproduction of any part of this Manual in any form whatsoever without FAO s express written permission is forbidden The subject of this manual are subject to change without notice All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this manual However should any errors be detected FAO would greatly appreciate being informed of them FAO Manual for Spatial Computerized Land Evaluation System with Special Reference to the Highlands of Ethiopia vol 3 GILES Geographical Information and Land Evaluation System User s Manual by G Bechtold Addis Ababa 1989 296 pp AG DP ETH 82 010 Field Document 25 ABSTRACT This Field Document forms a component part of a three volume manual on a com puterized land evaluation system for Ethiopia based on the principles of the FAO Guidelines on Land Evaluation for Rainfed Agriculture FAO 1983 It constitutes volume lll of the Manual and describes the computer aspects of the land evaluation the software package GILES Volume ex p
209. oil 5 Altitude Precipitation Land use land cover Peasant Associations Planning zones Linear Features Soil Altitude 2 Precipitation Land use land cover Peasant Associations Agroecological zones Planning zones Soil Altitude Precipitation Land use land cover Peasant Associations Agroecological zones Planning zones The input raster size of 5 x 5 mm 0 25 cm is equal to Area on ground 8 250 250m 530 530 m 4325 4325 m 6 25 ha 28 09 ha 1870 56 ha Input scale at 1 50 000 at 1 106 000 at 1 865 000 GILES Appendix 10 Entered Maps 259 Map Index For each entered area the names of all sheets their relative location map index and the latitude longitude coordinates of their frames are given Coordinates can be converted into UTM system using the formula of p 241 ETHIOPIA Eritrea W Gonder Tana Assab Ilubabor Shewa Dire Derwa E Ogaden Omo Sidamo Ogaden SE Ogaden QWrwWo WONKA U fwWDN p MENAGESHA Muga Inchini Sululta Sendafa Belo Akaki Wedecha SA UP U uN HAYKOCH amp BUTAJIRA Chifra Guye Butajira Meki Dalocha Ziway Kulito Negel Onn oP WN pp GILES Appendix 10 Entered Maps YERER amp KEREJU 2 hp R 0003YJ 00 np Ankober Hafele Konisa Kesem Melka Werer Debre Zeyt Nazareth Metehara Awash Ararto Won BORKENA DOBU BICHENA PWONHU PWN Pp Degaga Harbu Rabel Kemise o e Gunde Weyn Tenta
210. oil mapping unit composition file is a two dimensional integer array with each row standing for one soil mapping unit a Therefore this array has as many rows as soil mapping units occur MAXUNS The column indicates the importance of the soil type in the soil mapping units Table 4 2 Structure of Soil Mapping Unit Composition Column a 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dominance gt 90 4 75 50 50 2 25 3 25 25 If a figure exists in the first column it indicates the dominant soil gt 90 coverage of the unit Figures in the following columns give the soil type coverage in the association ao GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 161 This data array is handled in the programs under the name of SMUCP a b with a not greater than MAXUNS b not greater than STPMU Example In the Borkena study area the soil mapping unit composition looks like Soil Types Soil Mapping Area Coverage Unit gt 90 70 50 50 25 25 25 25 The numbers 5 17 1 4 64 are soil types GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 162 4 2 6 Soil Type Name File STN file Function Different soil types are occurring in each area Due to the scale of the inventory it is mostly not possible to map the soil units but only soil complexes soil associations soil complexes or soil mapping units The list with the names of all occurring soil types in some studies called land units is given in this soil type name file
211. on makers need detailed in formation about the land and its rather economic and infrastructural characteristics In the past data were collected and then documented in hardcopy form as tables or maps Indeed the rapidly increasing population and environmental changes result in a fast change of data and high need for fast updated interpretation of those data Formulation of essential actions and plans therefore require faster more and better data than in the past to handle and hopefully to solve the problems of land degradation and population support But ultimate goal of resource monitoring must be to go one step further to analyze not only the supply but also the demand and the accessibility of the resources GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 3 1 2 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE a In the past examples abounded of data collection exercises that got stuck in their own abun dance of data which at one side was necessary to assess the resources and potential of the land on the other side could not be handled manually anymore This need for handling large data quantities of the environment for rather detailed assessments can highly be met by a new technol ogy developed in the past and applicable on a wide scale only in the past 10 years The electronic processing of digital data by computer The increasing capability and availability of computer and its technologies and ex periences
212. option Precipitation data then option calculate long term averages or generate randomly distributed rainfall figures The results of the interpolation model see Section 4 2 11 above can be stored in a different gamma distribution file called aRES DAT Nomenclature The syntax of this file s aGAM DAT where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BICHGAM DAT characterization values of all precipitation mapping units of Bichena Structure The sequential access file stores monthly mean without the months without rainfall monthly standard deviation without the months without rainfall and probability of no rainfall for each month decade for each precipitation mapping unit in mm Example Columns 10 12 of the processed precipitation data of one station in Table 3 13 p 90 show how the gamma distribution output data GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 171 4 2 13 Expected Precipitation Values at Given Reliability RLV file Function The precipitation map supports the information about the mean and the precipitation to be ex pected at 6 reliability levels 90 80 75 66 50 median These data are stored in the Expected precipitation values at given reliability file with extension RLV see Section 4 2 11 above and App 8 22 p 253 They can be retrieved for any location by option Site specific information in the Main Menu Nomenclature The syntax of th
213. ored in the Raingauge relations file They have to be en tered before processing of the interpolation Rules defining the references between raingauges have to be followed strictly see App 7 7 p 237 Nomenclature The syntax of this file is aREL DAT where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BICHREL DAT reference relations of all raingauge stations in Bichena area Structure In this sequential file the relations are stored for each station unit as a two dimensional array with the rows 1 dimension standing for precipitation units and 7 columns standing for 1 Station number 2 4 Reference station number 1 3 reference stations accepted 5 7 Weighting of these 1 3 reference stations Example Station Reference station Weighting I II III of I of II of III gt Wh pa GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 170 4 2 12 Gamma Distribution of Precipitation File GAM file Function To execute the gamma distribution for processing of a poor rainfall data base mean without the months of no rainfall standard deviation without the months without rainfall and the probability of no rain have to be known They are stored in the gamma distribution of precipitation file Based on these figures gamma distribution is applied to create any number of precipitation values These data have to be entered before processing staris The access is through option Database of the Main Menu then
214. orking and information gathering work outputs By this it is the integration or re aggregation of all the factors influencing the environment to determine the potential suitability of land for a specific appropriate kind of land use A good and useful information system must provide links among all those various fields and enable the experts to produce useful syntheses although it is often difficult to find a common language for people with such different backgrounds 2 2 3 2 Technique A computer can store and process a large number of digital maps containing all possible information on soils altitude climate agricultural productivity topography cultural attributes water resources and so on Each map is converted into an integer data two dimensional array Different maps are handled as different files arrays Core of the system is the formation and recall of a set of a spa tially registered data layers which are the various thematic maps GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 25 In its simplest form the overlay concept is realized in raster data structures by stacking two dimensional arrays This results in a three dimensional structure as shown above This overlay concept is fundamental to most raster image processing Each thematic map each layer can be analyzed independently without modification or generalization or in combination with a number of other maps layers In the latter case direct reference is made to each
215. orms and references for further explanations Next page Table 3 1 Main Options GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities Base Map gt Overlay of base maps gt Overlay reprint of prev configured maps gt Area sizes _ gt Site specific information gt Climatic suitability gt Soil Suitability Land suitability gt Erosion hazarad _ gt Conservation based land land use recommendations gt Length of growing period gt Da taba s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ gt Entry of base nap gt Systematic change of base maps _ gt Chaining of various proceqauYres gt File operation gt Shell to DOS gt 2 gt Exit to system gt 47 Page Complete selective or aggregat retrieval of base map 48 Overlay of base maps 54 Overlay combination retrieval of previously stored map s 56 Calculation of area sizes of mapping units 60 Land Characteristics of a particular location 62 Assessment of climatic suitabil 65 Assessment of soil suitability 69 A DPA Assessment of land suitability 73 Assessment of soil loss due to sheet and gully erosion 76 Assessment of recommenda tions for conservations and conservation based land uses 78 Assessm
216. ory options 3 1 2 2 Context sensitive Help Context sensitive help answers the questions about the various options in GILES menus To use context sensitive help press F1 function key and see a synopsis of the present menu Exit the Help description Help Menu by pressing the Space bar There are 102 different Help Menus installed At the Main Menu the help answers are option specific Thus place the cursor on the op tion you want to know about then press F1 function key to see the explanation help of the re quested option 3 1 2 3 Manual The present Manual gives further details about the options offered in each menu GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 46 3 2 FACILITIES The abundant facilities of GILES will be explained in this paragraph 3 2 1 Main Options The Main Menu offers the access to the retrieval or the processing of Geographical information system facilities such as map retrieval overlay combinations in line 1 5 Section 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 5 p 48 64 Land evaluation facilities such as erosion hazard and land suitability assessment in line 6 11 Section 3 2 1 6 3 2 1 11 p 65 79 Data entry such as map entry and data base management in line 12 and 13 Section 3 2 1 12 3 2 1 13 p 80 92 Utilities such as map correction file copy etc in line 14 16 Section 3 2 1 14 3 2 1 17 p 93 96 Each option is explained at the following pages with its functions requirements output f
217. osion Hazard in Haykoch amp Butajira ton soil loss ha yr GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 78 3 2 1 10 Conservation based land use recommendations Function Recommendation for soil conservation measures and appropriate land use major kinds of land use are defined on the basis of ecological conditions such as erosion hazard see 3 2 1 9 slope soil depth erosion status flooding vertic properties Example see next page Requirements Precipitation map DGPRECmn MAP files Soil map DGSOILmn MAP files Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Precipitation data aPREC TWY file Study area names STAREA file Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file CAINTERMADGpCMPmn MAP with DGpCMP NAM or as ASCII file DGOCMPmn PRN or printed through screen dump utility Area size tables on screen or printer References Function App 7 2 p 215 Program structure App 8 16 p 249 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 79 Map 3 15 Conservation Based Land Use Recommendations Example FERED g 3 4 PE PE te Pje eS EN A Babes x E bee oe dad etude hon f KENN frito led labo bs Eo esr PERN ei E je FERHIER he dude cf eae E ota i rial Ei F E
218. overlay not each cell Sample cell ES N4 y 3 Resource and intersecting inventory data sets layers Temperature zones Length of growing period in days 1 Topography Soil type Additional layers of resource data or geo A graphic information such as country state 1 or regional boundaries demographic and or economic data can be entered to the GIS V GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 26 2 2 4 Principles of Map Digitizing and Storing 2 2 4 1 Concept of Grid Cell To store and to overlay different location specific informations they have to be in a form processable by computer As computer can work only in a digital manner any area specific processing i e any kind of maps have to be in matrix form There are two fundamental Ways of handling topological data Raster form or vector form The raster system is based on a rectangular array of cells e g like a graph paper splitting up each map into a large number of tiny grid cells pixels The location within the system is given by coordinates of the horizontal x axis and the vertical y axis Thus each grid cell is referenced by a row and column number and it contains a number presenting the num ber of the mapping unit and serving as a pointer to the database DBMS Through the x and y coordinates each location i e each cell can easily be independ ently addressed and all its geographical informations e
219. p scale will be enlarged as smaller will be the area covered by one in dividual pixel and as more detailed will be the information scale in thousands 5 2 Area size of one pixel ha 10000 Eg Entry Scale Pixel Coverage Pixel Size 1 50 000 250 x 250 m 6 25 ha 1 106 000 530 x 530 m 28 09 ha 1 250 000 1250 x 1250 m 156 25 ha 2 Define the map sheets of the area Split the map of the whole area into 55 5 x 56 0 cm HXW sheets eventually photographi cally enlarged lf an adjacent map was entered into GILES before it is recommended to extend the sheet frame to the new area Otherwise you start with a reference point in the central part of the project area being the junction of either latitude longitude or UTM grid system This reference point should be the corner of the four adjacent map sheets Then process from these four sheets into all directions GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 123 This is the setup of the map index i e the definition of the relative location of the map sheets Example see App 10 p 257 There are 4 runs on each map sheet Each 55 5 cm x 14 cm HxW see Section 3 2 2 p 97 and 3 3 17 p 125 3 Enter required parameters into GILES in starea nam file Main Menu Select Database Select any area Select study areas Select Change the size dimension of the data set Enter 1 add additional area Enter the name of the new
220. particular grid cell is 15 40 This potential loss of information which is a disadvantage of grid cell systems can efficiently be avoided by reducing the area a pixel represents through Reduction of the grid cell size at map entry indeed this is limited because data entry with smaller units than 5x5 mm is very tedious for the operator and can not easily be checked and corrected or Enlargement of the scale for map entry in which case the only disadvantage is the in termediate process of photographical enlargement of the map With the use of FX printers a factor of 2 36 was found to be very useful See Section 3 3 15 1 p 122 for selection of map scale for entry The average loss of information on a scale of 1 50 000 when a 5x5 mm input grid pattern is used 250 x 250 m is calculated to be 0 94 2 50 ha on a scale of 1 250 000 with the same 5x5 mm input grid pattern by using the above mentioned scale enlargement technique 4 11 ha In the present land resource inventory land evaluation and land use planning project LUPRD some 300 000 ha were covered at a scale of 1 50 000 annually or some 2 000 000 ha at a scale of 1 250 000 Thus a pixel size of 5x5 mm implies an allover amount of 50 000 70 000 pixel per map of the area surveyed in one year which can be entered in between 2 days and 3 weeks see Section 2 5 1 p 36 One thematic map of one study area takes some 100 200 kB storage on disk For many project sites soil
221. pecific parameters for these land characteristics for the considered soil type are taken out of this file after the soil type is called through the soil mapping unit composition file see Section 4 2 5 above Entry or modifications can be made through option Database of the Main Menu then through op tion Soil type characterization Alternatively the table can be input into Lotus and then imported into GILES It is recommended to print first the land characteristics LCHATN file to see the classes and their ranges Nomenclature For each study area the specific land characteristics for each soil type are given by the soil inven tory The name of this file is aSOIL TCH where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BORKSOIL TCH information about all land characteristics of all soil types in Borkena Structure The soil type characterization file is a two dimensional integer array with the soil types as the rows and the land characteristics as the columns Therefore it has as many rows as soil types and as many as 50 rows In the programs the soil type characterization file is converted into the STCH a b array with a not greater than AMST b not greater than 50 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 164 Example There are 64 soil types in Borkena study area giving a soil type characterization file of 64 rows and 50 columns Each figure stands for the specific land characteristic class of the referring
222. piration mm out of altitude PET regression Example of the soil moisture balance dynamic with the entire data for two years is shown in Table 3 10 p 84 Step 3 The soil moisture S10 in mm is set in relation to the soil moisture holding capacity giving the relative soil moisture saturation in which will be compared with the ability of the crop roots to extract moisture of the soil water requirements Table A7 3 Relative Soil Moisture Saturation of avajlable watgr holding capacity Cereal Pulses Pulses Potato gt 99 gt 99 gt 99 gt 99 gt 30 gt 36 gt 23 gt 50 15 30 18 36 12 23 25 50 lt 15 lt 18 lt 12 lt 25 1 Sorghum wheat barley teff sesame reference LGP Haricot beans horsebeans Chickpeas lentils vetch and pepper shallot At the beginning of the rainy season until the top soil is saturated with moisture by at least 75 the relative top soil moisture is considered GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 219 Step 4 The calculation of the decadal moisture support condition is done for a number of years if precipitation data were generated 20 years if actual data were used 5 20 years For each year the longest growing period i e without any dry decade is considered as the main growing period Kremt the second longest before the main rainy season is the second growing period Belg lf the separate Belg is less than 30 days the part
223. plug the cable digitizing tablet transformer from the transformer plug it in again and try it again by pressing lt Enter gt repeat this proce dure 5 10 times or check if the trans former has power or check if the cable tablet computer is in serial adapter board for serial interface 1 or open the computer and check if the serial adapter board for serial inter face 1 is properly installed if possible check interface by plug ging another serial device e g serial printer modem Brook lyn bridge or unplug the cable from serial adapter board open the digitizing tablet and check the pin layout 2 If you want to conti nue at the last location by stylus or keypad press C if you want to start allover again with this unit press A GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting Previously entered codes Printer is not on Soil suitabi lity not in this drive path Sorry this map is not finally input yet Sorry too fast Subdirectory not found Map digi tizing Selec tion of options Land evaluation procedure Selec tion of options Map digi tizing Selec tion of options Mapping unit code and starting co ordinates are different than entered before digitizing Printer is not on or not connected or not on line out of paper or Soil suitability files DG2CMPxx MAP not in the mentioned drive path Map is not ente
224. port precipitation data Section 3 3 28 p 142 Nomenclature The syntax of this file is aPREC DAT where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g BICHPREC DAT monthly precipitation figures of all precipitation mapping units of the Bichena area Structure In this sequential file the rainfall in 1 10 mm is stored for each Station unit for each month decade for each recorded year Missing data are coded as 990 A figure at the begin of the file indicates whether monthly or decadal data are recorded Example The precipitation data set in this file looks like any datasheet of precipitation data recorded at Meteorological Agencies with the years as the rows and the months decades as the columns e g Jan Feb Mar Apr May ooo 1961 1962 1964 1980 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 169 4 2 11 Raingauge Relation File REL file Function If the available rainfall data set is not sufficient i e many missing data it is necessary for the cal culation of long term mean values to refer to nearby situated raingauges with a similar rainfall pat tern and to compare with the data available there This is done through option Database of the Main Menu then option Precipitation data then op tion fill missing data interpolation model For this interpolation model it is necessary to know about the reference relations between the rain gauge stations These references are st
225. pp 8 17 above The first block of the climatic suitability model in part 8 explained in App 7 3 p 216 is identical to the LGP model of part 8 of Igp see App 8 17 above But it only uses the mean and standard deviation of the longest rainy season KREMPTMEAN KREMPTSDEV and matches these with the crop requirement LGPCONS The calculated temperature TEMP and the assessed frost hazard out of ALTIT regression are matched with their corresponding crop requirements TMAXSa TMINSa FRSENS The program is called by option Climatic suitability in the Main Menu SEP 10 It has the sub module CLSUITSB App 8 19 SOSUIT Seven land qualities are compared with the requirements of the crop to assess the suitability of the soil for the crop through this program The main program checks first the entire map for all occurring soil types Second it calculates the soil suitability for all occurring units with access to part 7 and assigns the added value of the Suitability of the two half 1 25 to LEV then converted into ASCII code LEV which replaces the 1 in COMBS At last it runs again through the entire map and prints the calculated values for each pixel on screen paper and or on file 1 25 code without Next part calculates the soil suitability assessment as explained in App 7 5 p 226 Attention is paid to eventual land improvements LIMPR which can change land characteristic values
226. pp 8 20 p 252 Table 3 7 Individual Land Suitability Ratings Example Precipitation mapping unit 4 Soil mapping unit 51 Soiltype 41 3 column ANNUAL SOIL LOSS 25 t ha yr Erosion observation 3 class 203 EROSION SUITABILITY s4 WORKABILITY SUITABILITY 3 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 75 Map 3 13 Land Suitability Example uy PER AY Y y A N ONS A gt A RN AR y 1 s fe tne roe a E e ay O gt se N ADO Pre le bie 3 y ane atten A ree AS VAN star Soar LMA NIA Ral He BURA BSED ARES SOS ASIA M Seis da eve a as Biv as NASA IS AR WG A NOAA y EDO E Lt GNSS iy ey eN da ee O say gt SAA e A iy ERR Ms ds 3 RSA CARANE i a AN aes EEA Ba K A N VAN NEON ANNY N N CANA COSAS de Sia pa AS i SAN a ns OS a maa 13 a ARANA ADA Nae on rh ie a a i Na a oa de i 4 Rot wean y py K NONN CANSAN nann a A a ot a EORI SK Y AOS o aN tal i y ETAN rm e nenita ASA Qe fii ye A Bitte 4 DS e ee S at Sateen Rites IN EAT EPE ENE DEN Wed Ca aR i Mh n 8 ae CN AE SANE PEN Se ENNE SEZA H SENA at ROS GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 76 3 2 1 9 Erosion hazard Function The sheet erosion loss expressed in tons soil loss per ha per year can be calculated and mapped based on environmental factors such as rainfall erosivity
227. pt the default subdirectory 1 5 Select the map 1 6 Press any key 1 7 Select Yes 1 8 Select Copy 1 9 Select D 1 10 Accept the default subdirectory 2 Pertorm the requested task retrieving data from the virtual drive 2 1 Start with the selection of the required map as described in the other How to Sections 2 2 In menu Where are the maps Select the virtual drive D 2 3 Continue with the selection of the required task GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 146 3 3 31 How to Dump the Screen Screen dumping is a fast and easy way to save and print hardcopies of high resolution images on EGA VGA screens Most of the text maps in this manual are produced by screen dump utility Inset by MicroPro As best experience was made with this utility and images can easily be im Ported into wordprocessor Wordstar 2000 it will be explained here 1 Load Inset as memory resident program 1 1 At C prompt change default directory to Inset e g CD WS2000 GRAPHICS 1 2 Type Inset and press lt Enter gt 1 3 After Inset menu appears press lt Enter gt 2 Prepare and display the map on screen 2 1 At C prompt type GILES 2 2 Retrieve the requested map as high resolution image 3 Dump the screen 3 1 At the final display of the map press RightShift together with PrintScreen 3 2 Move the selection with the arrow keys to Save 3 3 Type the name of the file to save 3 4 Press lt
228. put data mean 0 standard deviation 0 probability of no rain are not in the system entry mode is given to enter these three values for each month for each station or mapping unit Display of all generated figures is given at the screen Example of an outprint is given in Table 3 13 p 90 This module is called by option Database in the Main Menu then option Precipitation data and Calculate long term averages at different reliability levels and produce randomly distributed rain fall figures respectively for further processing GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models Table A7 24 Maximum Obtainable Yield Q in the Highlands of Ethiopia Input level Crop Low Interm High High mech Banana 160 220 320 400 Barley 14 18 24 30 Cabbage 200 260 360 450 Cassava 80 280 480 600 Chickpea 6 8 11 14 Citrus 140 180 240 300 Coffee 6 11 20 25 Cotton seed 5 10 18 22 Field pea 12 14 16 20 Flax linseed 7 10 14 18 Grape 50 90 160 200 Groundnut 7 13 24 30 Haricot Bean 12 14 16 20 Horse Bean 15 17 20 25 Lentil 15 17 20 25 Maize 20 30 48 60 Millet 7 14 28 32 Nigerseed 6 8 10 12 Oats 14 18 24 30 Pepper chilli 25 38 64 80 Pineapple 200 300 480 600 Potato Irish 120 180 280 350 Rice upland rice 15 18 24 30 Safflower 7 12 20 25 Sesame 9 8 14 18 Shallot onion 150 220 320 400 Sisal 140 280 560 700 Sorghum 14 21 32 40 Soybean 11 13 16 20 Sugarcane 400 600 1200 1500 Sunflower 8 14 24 30 Sweet potato 100 150 240 30
229. puter and if necessary the power supply cable to the transformer unit of the tablet 3 2 Place the map on the digitizing tablet in such a way that the margins of the map are ABSOLUTELY PARALLEL TO THE FRAME OF THE TABLET Small holes along the map sheet division are useful help Main Menu Select Entry of base map Select project area Select sheet Select run Accept C lt default Accept the default subdirectory 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 C ar a a a GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 127 3 9 Select map 3 10 Choose digitizing tablet 3 11 Only with large tablets Place the cursor exactly at position 1 1 left bottom corner of the run and press lt Enter gt Press lt Enter gt Select Enter a unit Select one mapping unit at the map and enter the code label of this unit Only with small tablets Select one point of the boundary of the selected mapping unit read its coordinates from the 29 112 transparent and enter them 3 16 With small tablets After beep place the stylus exactly at the crossing of vertical and horizontal lines of the given coordinates With large tablets After beep place the stylus anywhere at the boundary of the mapping unit 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 then follow the unit boundary with the stylus pressed down or with the cursor and surround the entire unit it is possible to go back to form 8 shape like units or to go beyond the margin of the run At any place it is
230. r default versions The selected options can be modified e g instead of retrieving the whole study area it is possible to ask only for one sheet or can be combined Various other output forms not listed here can be selected Following functions are explained guia mmen pean GON OVAs meo pure item LO nu ln GTR NOAA AD e a amo pans AUN ANA OUR GUANO ivory meo mii MONA ere EAN GOIN HOO tO Che GD dD iD a GY SN Ge ree eames Additional map definition of Aggregation of units through Lotus 1 2 3 Aggregation of units for retrieval or further processing in GILES Area Base map parametric Boundary check of project area Chaining of processes Crop Crop requirements change entry of Cross Table 3 18 Sample Procedures Requested Procedure sizes calculation of Base map complete adding tabulation Cutting Exit Font outprint symbol change of Import of Lotus 1 2 3 file into GILES Import of precipitation data from Lotus 1 2 3 Inset use of Map adding Map preparation for entry Map Mapping unit adding entry of Mapping units entry of Mapping units change at base maps Mapping units change to form new base maps start with Overlay of complete map on selected areas New area Parametric map Plotting Screen dump through Inset Screen dump within GILES Speed up of map retrieval Start Start first time Stop of program execution Study Suitabili
231. r Soil Degradation Assessment FAO Rome FAO 1983 Guidelines Land Evaluation for Rainfed Agriculture FAO Soils Bulletin no 52 Rome FAO 1985 a Soil Survey of the Borkena Area Welo by S Paris FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 7 Addis Ababa FAO 1985 b Vegetation and Land Use Survey of the Borkena Area Welo by E Boerwinkel FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 8 Addis Ababa FAO 1986 a Soils of Bichena Study Area Gojam by J H Venema and S Paris FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 10 Addis Ababa FAO 1986 b Users Guide and Installation Guide to the Agricultural Planning Toolkit APT vers 1 0 FAO Land and Water Development Division Rome GILES References 264 FAO 1987 a Soils of Hosaina Study Area Shewa by J H Venema and S Paris FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 13 Addis Ababa FAO 1987 b Manual on a Computerized Land Evaluation System with Special Reference to the Highlands of Ethiopia vol l Land Evaluation Methodology by C Konstapel and G Be chtold FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 16 Addis Ababa FAO 1987 c Manual on a Computerized Land Evaluation System with Special Reference to the Highlands of Ethiopia vol Il The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Plant Growth and Development by D Adjei Tuum FAO Project ETH 82 010 Field Document 17 Addis Ababa FAO 1987 d Land Evaluation and Recommendations for Land Use Planning in the Borkena Study Area Welo Shewa
232. r trouble shooting in App 3 Calculated p 192 GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 132 3 3 21 How to Start the First Time 1 Select the scale for map entry The scale of map entry into GILES can vary Read and follow step 1 of How to start with a new area Section 3 3 14 p 121 2 Define the map sheets of the area Read and follow step 2 of How to start with a new area Section 3 3 14 p 121 3 Enter required parameters into GILES in starea nam file 3 1 Main Menu Select Database 3 2 Select any area 3 3 Select Study areas 3 4 Select Declare a new data set 3 5 Enter the number of project areas e g 1 3 6 Enter the maximum number of map sheets covering the project area 3 7 Enter the name of the project area up to 15 letters e g Ethiopia 3 8 Enter the working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g ETH 3 9 Enter the scale as defined under step 1 3 10 Enter the number of soil types in the project area 1 not soil mapping units 3 11 Additional maps can be entered by giving Ea map theme map name e g Evapotranspiration working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g PET If no or not more additional maps shall be indicated press lt Enter gt 3 12 For all map sheets of the area there must be entered all sheet names working abbreviation of all sheets One letter or one digit lt Enter gt for proposed default 1 relative position to the previous sheet 1 one to the rig
233. ral characteristics classes file individually for each a The names can be retrieved or changed through option Database in the Main Menu then option Land Structural characteristic class names Nomenclature The syntax of these files is aATN NAM where a name of study area e g BORK BICH HOS e g HOSATN NAM structural class names of Hosaina study area Structure This file is a random access file with 50 total number of structural characteristics as the total number of records Thus the number of the considered structural characteristic is the taken record number the class within this structural characteristic is the field number At the retrieval the names of the called structural characteristic are converted into a one dimensional string array with 30 lines Each line stands for the name of one structural characteristic class The handling and structure of this file is similar to that of the LCHATN NAM file see Section 4 2 16 which handles physical characteristics Example The structural characteristic class name of the third structural characteristic population density in Hosaina area reads as 1 lt 25 cap km2 2 20 50 cap km2 3 50 75 cap km2 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 178 4 2 18 LUT Crop Name File LUT file Function Several crops were selected by either being representative or dominant for the sub tropical high lands or as having a high potential for the
234. rametric maps in the complete version SM gt 100 and ALSP 2 Processing as in the other modules from N to S and from W to E it shows the required parameter characteristic e g drainage very poor for each pixel This is read out of the translation table s e g land characteristic which is read out of soil mapping unit composition which is read out of soil GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 245 mapping unit or structural characteristic which is read out of the administrative unit At queries to be answered out of the altitude calculations are made based on the found unit altitude and the latitude correlation file e g temperature of January similar with the precipitation data Submodule 5 acts in a similar way but there the parametric map SM gt 100 and ALSP 3 is shown in the selective aggregating version The unit of the translation table s is checked if re quest was made for it content of array CHE 1 400 1 70 see above and if yes groups it into the new mapping unit CUNOMUSP If not a blank area will be shown At the end of each run check is made if plotting high resolution display or file saving is requested At the former two options the array MAPPL 1 110 1 111 will be given after each map sheet to the include file maplotin for plotting or part 9 for high resolution display For saving a composite file all rows of cells SYMBS were assigned to DCBAS for
235. rammetry remote sensing statistics Surveying and other disciplines concerned with handling and analyzing spatially referenced data They are of interest to a wide and increasing range of users such as land and resource managers market researchers planners and those responsible for utilities to say nothing of administrators and policy makers at all levels 2 2 1 Development The study of the spatial distribution of resources and of the characteristics of the land started in a qualitative way As in many new sciences the first aim of many surveys was inventory to observe classify and record Qualitative methods of classification and mapping were un avoidable given the huge quantities of complex data that most environmental surveys generated and which are essential for a reliable assessment of the reality of the potential and of the need of the land But with the large volume of data the problem of handling these data arose Further there was a lack of appropriate mathematical tools for describing spatial variation and interrelation in a quantitative way Comparing and even combining spatially referenced data from different sources different scales different topics is extremely difficult especially within the time constraints imposed on policy and decision makers It was the advent of computer in the past 20 years that was the key element in making effective GIS with rapid response times practical possibility Only with the availabil
236. rected monthly mean without months without rainfall uncorrected monthly standard deviation without months without rainfall number of monthly recorded years without months without rainfall corrected monthly mean corrected monthly standard deviation corrected monthly mean without months without rainfall corrected monthly standard deviation without months without rainfall monthly probability of no rainfall corrected coefficient of variance corrected coefficient of vanance without months without rainfall An example is shown in Table 3 14 p 91 This module is called by option Database in the Main Menu then option Precipitation data and by fill missing data GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 237 App 7 8 GENERATION OF PRECIPITATION DATA module gamma This procedure generates rainfall figures out of the monthly mean without the months without rainfall standard deviation without the months without rainfall and the probability no rain which can be calculated by module adjust App 7 7 To calculate long term average rainfall data at different reliability levels a large number of years have to be generated e g 200 For generation of monthly rainfall data for further processing e g in length of growing period as sessments a number of 20 is the minimum A greater number of years will improve the quality of the simulation models but increases considerably the processing time If the in
237. recting the map input see Section 3 2 1 n p 87 The 5 mm move will change the variable C column and or R row by 1 The x y coordinates of all max 600 points will be assigned to UN 1 600 1 for x and to UN 1 600 2 for y Thus in this stage it is a vectorial system Next part runs the conversion from the vector reading into a grid cell system raster system by checking the on and off mode of the mapping unit for each row following the scan line approach There is a warning message if a particular pixel was assigned already beforehand The program is called by option Entry of base map in the Main Menu SEP 15 It has the sub module DIGTBSB App 8 6 DIGITHLP This map entry utility program gives the possibility to check or to change entered digitized maps Two maps with pixels row wise assigned to D1 1 28 and D2 1 28 can be compared with each other and if they differ i e one map shows outside the other one inside the study area a print of Reduction necessary or Enlargement necessary with the particular location will appear and eventually the corrected if ONLYTOSM 2 array MAP 1 28 1 111 will be stored in part 5 Another part handles the replacement and checks if a pixel is covered by one of the units to be changed OLDUN and if yes the new unit NEWUN is assigned and continued with the next pixel The program is called by option Systematic change of base map in the
238. red yet MAP files are not created Stylus moved too fast communication buffer overflow Subdirectory is not created no maps are accessible eventhough study area listing shows it thus 195 If most recent data are correct press Y and start again with this unit if recent data are not correct check them enter N code and coordinates again Turn printer on or turn it on line or load printer with paper or check cable and connections If no printer can be connected press F2 or F10 and repeat selection procedure but without print request Try another drive and path or press F10 exit and look in other drives for missing files or create soil suitability Press F10 prepare the maps and enter them see How to enter a map Section 3 3 18 Press lt Enter gt and enter this unit again starting at the same starting point gt See under error gt message gt This study gt area is not gt installed yet GILES Appendix 3 Error Messages Trouble Shooting Suitability Land of different evaluation input level procedure than loaded Suitability Land of different evaluation LUT than procedure loaded Suitability Land of 2 diff evaluation input levels procedure were loaded Suitability Land of 2 diff evaluation LUTs were procedure loaded Tablet area Map digi left Sorry tizing do it again There is no Digitizing communicatio
239. rowth cycles of many crop increase con Siderably the required growing periods are increased at altitudes of gt 1800 m by a number of days per each 100 m altitude increase crop requirements regression of minimum LGP regression of maximum LGP The crop requirements of length of growing periods are given at different Suitability levels If the optimum growth cycle does not match the assessed growing period of the main growing period both at the minimum and the maximum side checking is done for the next suitability level growth cycle etc The result is the suitability assessment of the moisture growing period for the particular crop Similar to the LGP module the suitability can be made purely climatic or the site specific soil parameters moisture holding capacity can be taken into consideration to assess the site specific moisture suitability if the option of land improvement irrigation is chosen no constraints due to moisture are con sidered at all in areas with slope of lt 4 Steeper areas are assessed as not suitable suboption excluding rainfall or with their precipitation pattern suboption including rainfall wekt b Temperature Based on an altitude temperature regression the temperature of the location is calculated out of the altitude The annual mean temperature is matched with both the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature of the tolerance of the crop at different suitability levels
240. rt disk GILES 1 in drive A or B 3 Type LANDEV GILESOUT TO a lt Enter gt 4 Follow the instructions on the screen and insert disks GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES 4 GILES 5 and GILES 6 where a is the drive with the target disk A or B Additionally for each study area you have to copy the data general area data map files area sizes files and mapping unit codes to disks Start with the sample area BORK i e a is BORK in fol lowing procedure 5 Insert a blank formatted double sided disk in drive A 6 Create a subdirectory MKDIR A LANDEV 7 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all files of the General data from C LANDEV to A LANDEV OR 7 Type COPY C aDG a A aDG 8 Insert a blank formatted double sided disk in drive A 9 Create a subdirectory MKDIR A aDG GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 188 10 12 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all files of a map from C aDG to A aD OR 10 Type COPY aDG DGb MAP A aDG lt Enter gt 11 Type COPY aDG ab MUC A aDG lt Enter gt 12 Type COPY aDG ARSb DAT A aDG lt Enter gt 13 Repeat procedure 8 12 with each map of the considered project area where a name of study area abbreviation not more than 4 letters e g BORK b theme of map abbreviation not more than 4 letters e g SOIL ALT see Glossary Predefined map If more project area
241. s 2 At the selection of the area proceed as follows 2 1 Define the window at the map using the 29 112 transparent see p 125 Write down the x and y coordinates 2 1 Select study area 2 2 Select the map sheet of the window 2 3 Select the run quarter of a sheet of the window 2 4 Enter southern margin of the window 1 111 y row number of the 29 1 12 transparent northern margin of the window 2 112 y row number of the 29 112 transparent western margin of the window 1 28 x column number of the 29 112 transparent eastern margin of the window 2 29 x column number of the 29 112 transparent 3 Continue with the selection of the required map as described in the other How to Sections GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 113 3 3 8 Howto Define an Irregular Window and to Print Thematic Maps of This Window An irregular window is the area defined by one homogeneous characteristic e g the area of a Peasant Association or the area of a valley having an irregular not rectangular shape 1 Define the irregular window abi one Te es Sa ee a Main Menu Select Base map complete selective aggregating parametric select study area Select Whole study area Accept C lt default Accept the default subdirectory Select the map by which the window is defined Select Selective aggregating map Enter 1 1 9 Select Enter right now 1 10 Select the unit It is possible to add another mapping
242. s have to be copied out replace a with the abbreviation name of the additional project area and go back to step 5 bb To copy an updated version of GILES into a harddisk system where GILES is already installed in 1 Make sure the C prompt is on screen if not type C 2 Insert new disk GILES 1 in drive A or B 3 Type LANDEV GILESIN FROM a lt Enter gt 4 Follow the instructions on the screen and change disks GILES 2 GILES 3 GILES 4 GILES 5 GILES 6 where a is the drive with the source disk For each additional project area stored on disks you have to 1 Make sure the C prompt is on screen if not type C 2 If no subdirectory for the considered project area is installed yet type MKDIR aDG lt Enter gt 3 Insert the disk with General area data of the project area into drive A 4 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all files of the General data from A LANDEV to C LANDEV 5 Insert the first disk with data maps of the additional project area into drive A GILES Appendix 1 Set Up and Installation 189 6 Enter GILES and use the File operation option of the Main Menu to copy all map files of a disk from A aDG to C aDG OR 7 Type COPY A aDG C aDG lt Enter gt 8 Repeat procedure 5 7 with each disk of the area where a name of study area abbreviation not more than 4 letters e g BORK If more project areas have to be copied rep
243. s procedures 1 2 Select study area Select the procedure which should be processed first next Select crop Select input level Select land improvement Select No for map outprint Select No for legend outprint Enter if you want to store the map and eventually the storage number 1 9 1 10 Enter No for transfer of output tables to Lotus 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 Repeat step 1 3 1 10 for each selected procedure to be next in the chain file 3 Leave the entry mode and start processing 3 1 Select End and START GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 122 3 3 15 How to Start With a New Area lf this is the first area see under How to start first time section 3 3 21 p 133 1 Select the scale for map entry The scale of map entry into GILES can vary It is recommended to have the map entry scale being 2 4 times greater than most of the output maps or inventory maps by enlarging the base maps photographically by this factor This will smoothen the curves of the mapping units and make map entry easier The map entry scale should by no means be smaller than the output maps Particularly the factor 2 36 is highly recommended because that allows the outprint of maps on matrix printer in the same scale as the base thematic maps unmodified scale E g at inventory scale of 1 250 000 it is advisable to enlarge the maps to the scale of 1 250 000 2 36 approx 1 106 000 As more the ma
244. s the submodule DATACHSB App 8 9 DATASTA This submodule runs the definition of all map sheets The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 then Study areas App 8 10 ARSIZE This program calculates the area sizes of all units of the base maps for the total area or per sheet or run Area size files can be created by loading the run s into the array MAP 1 28 1 111 and then in creasing the ACOD 3 array by one for each pixel per occurring mapping unit GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 244 The program is called by option Area sizes in the Main Menu SEP 2 App 8 11 GRIDINF All available information retrievable from the base maps are displayed or printed for a particular location through this program The main program contains several blocks each with error trap routine in case the requested map mapping unit code or translation table is not input yet in order to bypass this block call of the data file print of the parameter and print of the result The program is called by option Site specific information in the Main Menu SEP 3 It has the submodule GRIDIFSB App 8 12 GRIDMAP It gives all computer retrieve facilities of the entered base maps Display print plot or computer Storing of the entire area of one sheet one run or a window of all units or of specified units only All print subroutines are defined in one part in particular those for pri
245. sers Facilities 97 3 2 2 Specification of retrieved area The retrieval of maps can be defined for a specified area for the entire study area or for one individual entire map sheet Sheet is one part of the study area defined in the map index see Section 3 3 15 p 121 and App 10 p 259 or for one run quarter of one sheet Run is a vertical strip covering one quarter of one map sheet or for a part of one run window Window is a rectangular part of a run defined by its N S W E margin see How to define a window Section 3 3 7 p 112 Sheet Study area Window The definition will be set in 2 4 steps study area sheet run window selection As smaller the requested area is as more menus selection steps have to be passed Table 3 15 Area Retrieval TOTAL areg SSS A Sheet a Tot s TUN gt gt Study SS Sheet b Area Sheet c RS Run 1 Sheet d Run 2 Window gt Sheet e Run 3 S N W E tee By Run 4 GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 98 3 2 3 Specification of output Output of maps and tables can be display on screen scrolling mode with fonts letters high resolution image mode hardcopy on paper matrix printer through GILES printer through screen dump utility plotter through GILES storage on disk GILES format extension MAP ASCII format extension PRN For display on CGA or MDA screen only scrolling of the grid ce
246. sfer into graphic packages for 3D display e g Perspective or Boeing Graph it is possible to convert GILES maps into ASCII or DIF formats 1 Convert the map into print files ASCII format 1 1 Main Menu Select Base map complete aggregating selective parametric or any other option for map retrieval 1 2 Select the project area 1 3 Select the sheet or Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select the map e g Altitude 1 7 Select Complete map 1 8 Select As 1 but with storage 1 9 Select print file for 3D display After retrieval of the map 1 10 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 Import the print files into Lotus spreadsheet files 2 1 Enter Lotus 1 2 3 2 2 Change directory to C INTERM FD 2 3 Import the DGOCMPbc print file as numbers FIN 2 4 If there are more than one run Locate the cursor at the right side of the displayed Lotus sheet column AC BE or CG and repeat step 2 3 with the next run 2 5 Save this sheet under C INTERM DGOCMP and exit Lotus 3 Load the worksheet files into Boeing Graph or Perspective 3 1 Load 3D 3 2 Load the file C INTERM DGOCMP e g in Boeing Graph F3 Data Manager F2 File Manager F1 File Load 3 3 Manipulate the 3D display the way you like GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 140 3 3 27 How to Transfer LGP Charts into Lotus 1 2 3
247. stical calculations The various output forms are discussed in Section 3 2 3 and in all Output Paras of Sec tions 3 2 1 p 47 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 39 2 6 REQUIREMENTS Requirements of GIS systems were very high in the past Only the development mass production and inexpensive sale of microcomputers PC and the introduction of user friendly software did lead to a break through in GIS applications Moreover in the past GIS systems re quired professional software engineers to run them and were extremely hardware dependent and hence could not readily be transferred from one system computer to another GILES data can be easily transferred from one system to another by disks communica tion cable or modem 6 seconds per map sheet at 9000 bps rate The user acceptance of the sys tem can be compared with the one of commercial spreadsheet software thus no software en gineers are required anymore 2 6 1 Hardware The package will run on any DOS operating system based microcomputer PC with a harddisk But recommendation is given to IBM compatible computers with high speed if pos sible 20 MHz or faster fast hard disk access if possible 20 ms or faster and extended memory some 2 MB The system was developed on IBM PC AT equipped with CGA and EGA facilities Epson FX printers and HP and Roland plotters as output devices and Summasketch and Houston Instru ment tablets as input device The program is written
248. t 1 Assess the crop suitability for the first crop 1 1 Process the crop suitability map as described under How to assess the land suitability for a crop Section 3 3 5 p 110 but 1 2 Select As 3 with storage of 1 3 Select 3 After retrieval of the map 1 4 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 Repeat step 1 for each crop of the crop mix but store the map s under different number s e g in step 1 3 4 for the second crop 5 for the third crop etc 3 muy these maps to form the crop mix suitability map 3 1 Main Menu Select Overlay reprint of previously configured map s 3 2 Select study area 3 3 Select Whole study area 3 4 Accept C lt default 3 5 Accept the default subdirectory 3 6 Select Map data on screen only for display 3 7 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt 3 8 Select the option with the number of suitability maps 3 9 Select the line with the 1 suitability map 3 10 Repeat step 3 9 for the other suitability maps After retrieval of the map 3 11 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users Howto 112 3 3 7 How to Define a Window at Map Retrieval A window is defined as a rectangular part of the map of the project area see Glossary window ir regular window 1 Start with the selection of the required map as described in the other How to Section
249. t Database 1 2 Select project area 1 3 Select Study areas 1 4 Select Enter change part of the data 1 5 For the first additional map give 101 for the second additional map give 102 etc 1 6 Enter the title of the specific map up to 15 letters e g trifolium map 1 7 Enter working abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g TRI 1 8 Save and return to Main Menu 2 Enter the mapping unit codes See Section 3 3 18 2 p 126 GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 125 3 3 17 Howto Prepare a Map For Entry 1 lf the scale is not chosen yet decide on the scale for map entry see How to enter a new area 3 3 15 1 p 122 2 If the area is not divided into various map sheets follow the criteria given under step 2 of How to start with a new area Section 3 3 15 p 122 to decide on map sheet divisions and mark them at the map s of the area 3 Prepare a transparent with 29 112 grid cell system with 28 columns vertical line no 1 as the left margin of the leftmost column line no 29 as the right margin of the rightmost column 111 rows horizontal line no 1 as the bottom margin of the bottom row line no 112 as the top margin of the top row Each grid cell is addressed by the coordinates of its left bottom corner This 29 112 transparent covers one run Four runs cover one map sheet 44 ES ES eae 42 St fee 68 12 if 16 18 20 22 24 20 2823 4 Cut the map in such a
250. t codes Select map Select See and outprint the data Return to Main Menu 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 AA A A GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 130 3 3 20 Howto Aggregate Mapping Units to Form a New Base Maps 1 Before entering GILES use DOS to produce a temporary dummy mapping unit code file with the old mapping units 1 1 Type at C prompt COPY aDG am MUC aDG an MUC where a abbreviation of study area e g HOS m abbreviation of theme of old map e g ADM n abbreviation of theme of new map e g PLZ 2 It is recommended to have a listing of the mapping units Proceed as in step 1 of How to change mapping units of base maps Section 3 3 19 p 130 3 Give each unit the new unit number on this list 4 Enter the aggregations 4 1 Main Menu Select Systematic change of input maps 4 2 Select project area 4 3 Select Whole study area 4 4 Accept C lt default 4 5 Accept the default subdirectory 4 6 Select map 4 7 Select Replace aggregate old units with new 4 8 For each replacement Enter the old mapping unit number not unit to replace what then the new mapping unit number to replace with what then press lt Enter gt 4 9 In case of wrong entry press N instead of the last lt Enter gt and enter the previous assignment again 4 10 After entry of all assignments OUT has to be given Enter the old mapping unit number for OUT total number of old units
251. tem Developments Within U S Geological Sur vey Proc AMeric Cartog 1986 1 Newcomer Jeffrey A and Szajgin John 1984 Accumulation of Thematic Map Errors in Digital Overlay Analysis The American Cartographer 11 1 58 62 PC World J 1984 Newcomers Start Here PCW 1984 4 56 58 Purnell M F 1988 Methodology and Techniques for Land Use Planning in the Tropics Soil Sur vey and Land Evaluation 8 1 9 22 Sanchez Pedro A Couto Walter and Buol Stanley W 1982 The Fertility Capability Soil Clas sificiation System Interpretation Applicability and Modification Geoderma 27 283 309 Schaller J 1987 Anwendung flaechenbezogener Informationssysteme fuer aktuelle Fragen des Bodenschutzes Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 53 61 67 Shupeng Chen 1987 Geographical Data Handling and GIS in China Int J Geogr Inf Systems 1 3 219 228 Snyder P 1984 Map Projection Graphics from a Personal Computer The American Geographer 11 2 132 138 GILES References 266 Stefanovic Pavao 1987 The Many Facets of Cartography ITC Journal 1987 1 93 97 Tomlinson R F Calkins H W and Marble D F 1976 Computer Handling of Geographical Data Natural Resources Research XIII Unesco Paris Tomlinson R F 1978 Difficulties Inherent in Organizing Earth Data in a Storage Form Suitable for Query Proc AUTOCARTO 3 181 201 Tomlinson Roger F and Boyle A Raymond 1981 The State of Developm
252. terized Database amp Evaluation 1 1 ASPECTS OF A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION AND EVALUATION SYSTEM OF NATURAL RESOURCES This chapter describes the need for GIS in general and for GILES in particular their ad vantages in form of large data handling quality output speed updating and how politicians and planners can make use of these advantages 1 1 NEED FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE DATA BASE Ever increasing population leads to pressures on the available resources of the land that exceed its carrying capacity Resulting overutilization leads to resource degradation Soil erosion changes in flow regimes of rivers changes in precipitation regimes due to deforestation develop ment of gullies scarcity of fuelwood to name only a few phenomena in Ethiopia This results again in a stronger overutilization and worse degradation Effective land use planning is necessary if this degradation of natural resources is to be stopped and optimal use to be made of the land for sustained and increased agricultural produc tion to support the population This requires comprehensive information on land resources so that development strategies can be assessed in terms of all relevant environmental relations such as climate soil land form water etc to define physical resources but as well as of population infrastructure agricultural activity to define demand and activities The generally accepted response to this process is the establish
253. ters and economic evaluation makes the land evaluation timevariable As soon as change in environment etc is inventoried and assessed it can be brought into the sys tem for land evaluation That results in the pronounced need for new fast executed land evaluation assessments High need exists for fast incorporation of these eventual changes of land use into the land evalua tion procedure for immediate checking of the potential of new land use practices As in reliable evaluation systems with applicable results many parameters land charac teristics and land qualities have to be incorporated there is the understanding that such a system should operate under computer assistance This is even more true if such a database has to show spatial distributions i e thematic maps As larger the scale e g moving from 1 Mio to 1 50000 scale as more data are gathered and need to be processed for the different in more detail defined objectives of land use planning studies which are rather for implementation than for project identification Generally it can be said that as larger the scale is as more reliable are the results of the land evaluation and recommendations which goes up to the level of giving site specific informa tion but as more complex are the models and more parameters land qualities have to be con sidered GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 8 This large amount of data can be proc
254. these map sheets 1 number or 1 letter 1 9 then followed by A Z 9 Relative position of these map sheets to the previous sheet where 1 one to the right 6 one down and one to the left 2twotothe right 7 one down and twoto the left 3 three to the right 8 one down and three to the left 4 four to the tight 9 one down and four to the left 5 one down 10 N S W E coordinates of these map sheets Modifications in particular the entry of new areas map sheets or additional maps can be made through option Database of the Main Menu then option Study areas see How to add a new area Section 3 3 15 p 122 Nomenclature The name of this one file is STAREA NAM and is accessible for any project area in the same way Structure This file is a random access file where parameters 1 4 are stored in one area specific record and the names and abbreviations of the map sheets parameter 7 and 8 and if existing of the addi tional maps parameter 5 and 6 The number of study areas and the allover maximum number of sheets per study area is saved un der record 1 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure Example Stored data of Borkena study area are Study area name Borkena Study area abbreviation BORK Scale of inventory and data entry 1 50000 Maps Soil Altitude Precipitation Land use cover Administration Agroecological Zones Planning Zones Linear Features additional map Mapsheets 1 D
255. tial data attributes parameters Maps can be retrieved in combination with entered non spatial data in a specified content through translation tables e g parametric maps see Glossary p 267 Out of the soil map e g 50 individual parametric maps can be retrieved with the translation table soil type characterization g Correction and updating facilities Printed maps are static qualitative documents almost impossible to be changed It is ex tremely difficult to attempt quantitative spatial analysis within the units delineated on a thematic map without resorting to collecting new information for the specific purpose in hand Burrough 1986 In GILES corrections due to a better survey more reliable data base updating on a monitoring basis changes in the environment new delineation of administrative units etc can be easily inserted and hereby corrected maps or statistics can be printed Not only the data are continuously to be checked and corrected it is also the interpreta tion of the data the modeling which can be revised due to new requests new approaches or new purposes e g different scales different requirements GILES Para 1 for Decision Makers Computerized Database amp Evaluation 11 h Facility of modeling Many advantages accrue when emphasis is placed on manipulation analysis and model ing of spatial data in an information system This potential for dynamic simulation and modeling
256. tion With the assumption of land improvement irrigation moisture constraints will be overcome These three environmental parameters are matched with the crop requirements to assess the climatic suitability at the requested location for a crop The suitability is expressed in terms of s1 highly suitable s2 moderately suitable s3 marginally suitable s4 very marginally suitable or n not suitable This is the basis for the land suitability assessment The individual suitability ratings can be printed for testing Examples Suitability at probability level of 75 dark pattern indicates high suitability et v v with high suitabilities p 67 and at probability of 90 with high risk avoidance and therefore lower suitabilities p 68 Requirements Precipitation map DGPRECmn MAP files Altitude map DGALTmn MAP files For site specific assessment Soil map DGSOILmn MAP files Precipitation data aPREC TWY file Altitude temperature correlation aALT COR file Soil mapping unit composition aSOIL MCP file Soil type characterization aSOIL TCH file Crop requirements CREQo files LUT crop names LUT NAM file Mapping unit codes MUC files Study area names STAREA file GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 66 Output Maps scrolling on screen as high resolution image on EGA VGA screen printed on matrix printer or plotter or stored on disk as GILES file C INTERM DG1C
257. tion data then option fill missing data interpolation model App 8 23 GAMMA Mean standard deviation and probability of no rain as calculated e g in module adjust see above allow the generation of monthly precipitation data of any number of years in this program Mean without the months without rainfall standard deviation without the months without rainfall and probability of no rain are read out of file aGAM DAT a abbreviation of project area If there are not input yet or not complete they have to be entered The main program calculates alpha beta and n part 6 gamma and c part 7 the lower and upper boundary and controls the access to the Simpson formula which is calculated in part 8 The generated monthly rainfall figures are stored in random access file aPREC TWY in part 12 the average data of a long term generation under various reliability level in the file aPREC RLV in part 13 The program is called by option Database in the Main Menu SEP 14 then option Precipitation data then option calculate long term averages or generate randomly distributed rainfall figures Three include files can be called by the main modules GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 252 App 8 24 DECISIN This submodule 100 lines 6 k displays the menus on screen and activates and reacts on all potential command keys Menus are called by their menu record number When enteri
258. tion aALT COR Administrative unit characterization aADM ACH Precipitation raw data aPREC o DAT Raingauge relations aREL DAT Gamma distribution of precipi Cation data aGAM DAT Expected precipitation values at given reliability level aPREC o RLV Precipitation figures of up to 20 years aPREC TWY Land characteristic names LCHAR NAM Land characteristic class names LCHATN NAM Structural characteristic class names aATN NAM LUT crop names LUT NAM Study area names STAREA NAM Crop requirements CREQO DAT Help menus HELP TXT Configured map files DGpCMPrnn MAP Explanation files DGpCMP NAM 1 The short reference name is printed in bold Sub aDG aDG aDG LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV LANDEV INTERM INTERM Explanation Sect p 1595 157 158 5 160 6 162 7 163 8 165 9 167 168 169 170 171 172 174 176 L ELF 8 178 180 o 182 1 183 1596 171 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 154 where a short form of study area name abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g BORK BICH HOS short form of map theme abbreviation 3 or 4 letters e g SOIL ALT PREC see Glossary Predefined maps map sheet number 1 9 followed by A Z run number of the map sheet 1 4 1tor2 number 1 9 TF fo b 13 3 All
259. tion to show The climatic suitability based on the land qualities temperature moisture availability and frost hazard The soil suitability based on the land qualities oxygen availability nutrient availability nutrient retention rooting conditions flood hazard sodicity and salinity The final land suitability class is based on the combination of climatic and soil suitability with additional consideration of the land qualities workabilities and erosion hazard The above intermediate crop suitabilities are useful in identifying the source of constraints Detailed assessments are very useful for the suitability assessment of new crops and after implementation of higher input farming systems or of certain land improvement s GILES enables the mapping of the areas with the various suitability assessments Computerization of land evaluation is as more important as greater the scale because a greater scale involves a higher level of detail and therefore more calculation matchings which are time consuming as well as very attractive for errors The map overlay functions go far beyond pure Boolean algorithms Any land evaluation approach has to be continuously tested and corrected Field checks are required for both methodology as well as for crop requirements checking Modifications of land evaluation models can be easily inserted into GILES The entire methodology of land suitability assessment is explained in general in FAO 1986 1983
260. trieved compiled or modified through GILES can be stored as a new map in a composite map file in C subdirectory INTERM They can be retrieved for further processing or reprint through options Overiay reprint of previously configured map s or in case of suitability assessment through Land suitability of the Main Menu These configured map files are stored if one of the options as but with storage on C INTERM in the output selection menu is chosen and the storage number p see below is defined range 1 9 With storage number 10 a similar configured map is stored which is reserved for retrieval in ASCII They are always created together with the documentary file DGpCMP NAM explaining the configured map file Nomenclature The syntax of these map files is DGpCMPmn MAP together with DGpCMP NAM where m map sheet number 1 9 followed by A Z n run number of map sheet 1 4 p storage number 1 9 1 climatic suitability 2 soil suitability 3 land suitability e g DG1CMP43 MAP climatic suitability map of the 3 run with DG1CMP NAM of map sheet 4 Structure The structure is the same as explained as above but saving and retrieving differ slightly Each pixel consists of two letters all pixels of one row form one string which is added to array DCBAS 1 111 GILES Para 4 2 for System Analysts Data Structure 157 4 2 3 Area Size File CARS file Function For each base map the
261. tus file with one station 2 1 Delete the rows above and below the data rows of one selected station WDR 2 2 Save this file under C INTERM LOT2GILa where a letter A Z 3 Translate this file into DIF file 3 1 Quit 1 2 3 and select option Translate in Lotus Q YT 3 2 What do you want to translate from Select the installed Lotus version 3 3 What do you want to translate to Select DIF 3 4 Source file Type C INTERM LOT2GILa where a as above 3 5 Target file Accept the same name 3 6 Process with translation 3 7 Leave Translate and Lotus GILES Para 3 3 for users Howto 143 4 Import the individual station files into GILES aPREC DAT 4 1 Enter GILES by typing GILES at the C prompt 4 2 Main Menu Select Database 4 3 Select project area 4 4 Select Precipitation data 4 5 Select import precip data of a station from Lotus file LOT2GILa DIF 4 6 Select No or 4 6a Enter the number of stations precipitation units 4 6b Data by month or decade Enter 1 or 2 4 7 Give the number of the DIF file you like to import see step 3 5 4 8 Give the number not the mapping unit code of the precipitation mapping unit these data are for 4 9 Another station Answer Y if more DIF files are prepared 5 Repeat step 2 4 for each mapping unit 6 Combine all stations into one GILES file aPREC TWY This processing can only be performed if no data are missing Main Menu Sele
262. ty climatic for a crop area adding Section Page CAC AS 124 3 3409 134 3d 23 0 lt S 134 5 1 7 E ree ere 120 E S res 108 3 3 4 109 3 3 18 6 128 3 3 14 122 IDA Le 119 3 3010 3 119 EOS e 145 3 3 18 5 128 EE ee 107 SSL 118 ES 133 EL A 142 cere orgs ek 146 cee re ao 124 cae lee 125 DADO 126 cP P 147 3 3 18 2 126 CERTE ih 129 AO 130 PET ES 122 re ES 115 3 3 4 109 3 LO 117 cree ere E 146 CS A E 149 O 145 O 107 Cee E 132 Ce 144 Cree ewe O Lee 3 3 5 1 110 GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to Suitability Suitability Suitability Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of Transfer of soil for land for for a crop area sizes area sizes a crop a crop mix into into crosstabulation crosstabulation dBase Lotus 1 2 3 into dBase into Lotus 1 2 3 growing period charts into Lotus mapping unit codes into Lotus 1 2 3 maps into ASCII code maps into DIF code maps into Lotus 1 2 3 print files into Lotus files Window regular Window irregular 3D display DTM retrieval of 106 2 110 110 111 137 136 137 136 140 1 134 1 139 1 3 139 1 2 139 2 134 112 113 139 amp gt o o e o 0 M0 na WAI SP OS 0 o o NONINNNONNNNNNN OOO gt Y UY 0 UY WWW WWW 0 Ly GW LY L 2 g o oe s S 4 a 9 WWW WW HWW WW Ww WWW WwW 9
263. ually and the limited range of scale Only 9 different outprint scales are supported in the present version GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities Ratio outprint scale map entry scale Outprint Scales on Matrix Printer E g input of 1 106 000 results in output scale of 1 50 000 99 1 00 1 50 000 1 106 000 1 18 1 59 000 1 125 000 1 50 1 75 000 1 159 000 1 70 1 85 000 1 180 000 2 00 1 100 000 1 212 000 2 36 1 118 000 1 250 000 2 50 1 125 000 1 265 000 3 00 1 150 000 1 318 000 3 92 1 196 000 1 415 500 Plotting of maps by plotter requires more care for handling is more expensive and slower but quality is better has more manipulation options and can produce colored maps At HP or Roland plotter outplot maps can have a scale of Table 3 17 Outprint Scales on Plotter Ratio E g outprint scale input of map entry scale 1 50 000 1 106 000 results in output scale of possible but not recommended 0 50 0 70 l1 35 000 Ls 74 000 10 00 1 500 000 1 1 060 000 20 00 possible but not recommended At map plotting it is possible to overlay the plot of various maps by leaving the paper in the plotter and run the next map GILES Para 3 2 for Users Facilities 100 Labels can be plotted with full length with short form or can be omitted They are automatically centered but individual character placement can be selected by omitting and then plotting the labels individually at the requested spot
264. uctions for installing and for interfacing to commercial databases Computer GIS and land evaluation system brought with them a considerable amount of jargon For these not familiar with these new technologies two Glossaries of terms used in this Manual are given at page 279 289 GILES facilities consist of two components a Geographical Information System component for thematic map retrieval entry modification and general manipulation of spatial data The theoretical background and some technical aspects are discussed in see Section 2 2 p 20 b Land Evaluation system component for specific processing of physical environmental maps for the assessment of agri cultural suitability and of conservation need for planning the most appropriate land use see Section 2 3 p 29 GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 17 Before use can be made of the advantages of a computerized geographical information and land evaluation system some change of the methodology applied and some investment in hardware and training have to be done see Sections 2 4 2 6 p 33 2 1 COMPONENTS OF GILES Four components make up any kind of computerized processing such as GILES see App 5 p 203 a b C d Computer hardware Software GILES Trained personnel institutional context 2 1 1 Computer Hardware In order to fulfill the above mentioned tasks an information system should be relatively inexpensive limited in the demand on highly ski
265. uctural characteristic e g population density access situation read out of the administrative map through translation tables lt is possible to retrieve a specific map of one characteristic 1 Select area and map 1 1 Main Menu Select Base map complete selective aggregating parametric 1 2 Select study area 1 3 Select Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select Parametric map 1 7 Select Complete map 1 8 Select considered parameter Land structural characteristic e g drainage 2 Select output form 2 1 Select Map data on screen only for display 2 2 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 110 3 3 5 Howto Assess the Land Suitability fora Crop 1 Assess the suitability of the climate for the requested crop 1 1 Main Menu Select Climatic suitability 1 2 Select study area 1 3 Select Whole study area 1 4 Accept C lt default 1 5 Accept the default subdirectory 1 6 Select 75 1 7 Select With consideration of occurring soils 1 8 Select crop and input level 1 9 Select No 1 10 Select As 1 with storage 1 11 With high resolution mode Select High resolution 1 12 Accept the default storage number 1 1 13 With high resolution mode Select No
266. unit s When finished select Not more in this unit 1 11 Select As 1 with storage 1 12 With high resolution mode Select High resolution image 1 13 Choose one of the proposed numbers e g 9 1 14 With high resolution mode Select No Select Right column and lt Enter gt After retrieval of the map 1 15 Press Space to return to Main Menu 2 If the total number of mapping units of the main map is not known 2 1 Main Menu Select Database 2 2 Select stucly area 2 3 Select Mapping unit codes 2 4 Select map 2 5 Select See the data 2 6 Note the number of the last unit except OUT and press any key 2 7 Select Return to Main Menu 2 8 Press Space to return to Main Menu GILES Para 3 3 for Users How to 114 3 Prepare the main map 3 1 Main Menu Select Base thematic map or any other map option 3 2 Select study area 3 3 Select Whole study area 3 4 Accept C lt default 3 5 Accept the default subdirectory 3 6 Select map 3 7 Select Complete map lf more than 70 mapping units occur at the main map see Section 3 2 3 3 8 Select As 1 with storage 3 9 Choose one of the proposed numbers but not the one chosen under step 1 10 e g 4 3 10 Continue as described in the other How to Sections A ter retrieval of the map 3 11 Press Space to return to Main Menu 4 Make the overlay tor the irregular wi
267. us compatible file with number TRANSFER 1 5 At the end of this program chaining will be done into the individual executing modules App 8 3 SELEDOS This program handles the DOS facilities of GILES such as copying typing deleting files or show ing directories see Section 3 2 1 17 p 96 through shell and exit to GILES The program is called by option File operation in the Main Menu SEP 16 App 8 4 SELECONT Through this program it is possible to chain various GILES procedures and write chain parameters into a queue in file C LANDEV CONTFILE DAT see Section 3 2 1 15 p 95 GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 242 The program is called by SEP 17 option Chaining of various selections in the Main Menu For each requested procedure the variables SEP program LTLT crop and input level LIMPR land improvement PRY print of map PRLEG print of legend STOR storage STORNUM storage number number of stored map 1 and 2 for map overlay STMAP1 STMAP2 total num ber of units of overlaid map MAXNO source files for copying THEM PATHFL2 are defined and stored under the number of the process in file CONTFILE DAT The program is called by option Chaining of various procedures in the Main Menu SEP 17 App 8 5 DIGITTAB This module manages the digitized entry of maps either through digitizing tablet or numeric keypad or combination of both including the possibility of cor
268. way that a row of 2 or 3 map sheets form one piece 5 Cut holes along the margins and mark precisely the margins of each sheet and each run VERY ACCURATELY 6 Overlay the 29 112 transparent form and check each run 7 Write sheet and run number on all runs GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 126 3 3 18 How to Enter a Map 1 If the map is not prepared yet split it into different map sheets as described under How to prepare a map see previous page 2 Enter the mapping unit codes of the map if the codes are not entered yet 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Main Menu Select Database Select project area Select Mapping unit codes Select the map If the map is not defined yet See How to define an additional map p 124 2 5 Select Declare a new data set and confirm with YY 2 6 Enter the number of mapping units of this map Number of units number of different units 2 7 Enter the code label of the first mapping unit 2 8 Enter the ASCII code 36 126 for the font outprint symbol of the first mapping unit e g 36 but keep ASCII symbol 46 reserved for the last mapping unit OUT See App 9 for recommended ASCII codes 2 9 Repeat step 2 7 and 2 8 for each mapping unit 2 10 Save Y then YY and return to Main Menu 3 Enter one run of the map 3 1 If a digitizing tablet is available connect the tablet through its communication Serial cable to the serial port of the com
269. were generated GENPREC 1 ona defined random basis and interpolates these or it uses the actual decadal precipitation figures MMMAX 36 from file RANDFIL xPREC TWY as well as the monthly PET figures out of the correlation with the altitude to form decadal precipitation and PET figures GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 248 Two loop complexes are following The year loop YY 1 20 and within the decadal loop DECDEC 1 36 In the latter the model with all quantitative moisture input and output is processed resulting in a string LGP showing the LGP of one year Outside the latter but still within the year loop the definition of the main and of the second rainy season is done After processing 20 years the mean the minimum mean a standard deviation maximum mean a standarddeviation a f reliability level is calculated In the next part the LGP units with for each pixel in DOBAS resp HGFE are stored in file s DGaCMPmn MAP with DGaCMP NAM in C INTERM where a STORNUM number of 1 9 The program is called by option Length of growing period in the Main Menu SEP 9 It has the submodule LGPSB GILES Appendix 8 Structure of Programs 249 App 8 18 CLSUIT Based on the LGP assessment but with consideration of altitude temperature hazard and frost hazard the climatic suitability of a crop is calculated The main program in part 7 is equivalent to the main program of lgp see A
270. which can be stored Each character makes one byte 1024 characters or bytes make one kilobyte or 1 k 512 k of an IBM PC AT for example mean that in its memory ROM 512 1024 524 288 characters can be stored the expanded version of the IBM PC AT contains 640 k which is the potential storage of 655 360 characters The most common media for permanent storage are floppy disk drive and harddisks Floppy disks are circular pieces of thin plastic coated with a magnetic recording surface similar to that of tapes and with a diameter of 5 1 4 inch 13 cm or 3 1 2 inch 9 cm The disk drive to write on and to read from these disks comprise a high speed motor to rotate the disk and a read write head The disk is divided into concentric rings tracks which are in turn divided into small blocks by spoke like divisions sectors and which define the storage capacity of the disks 360 KB 720 KB 1 2 MB 1 44 MB The advantage of floppy disks is the easy transfer of data from one computer to another Less transferable but more efficient is to store data on harddisks Their capacity starts around 10 MB and rises to 40 70 or more MB Besides offering a much greater capacity harddisks are more reliable and considerably faster Most of the Personal Computers have the CPU ROM and RAM on the mother board at the bot tom of the machine while a number of boards fitting into slots at the mother board enable the communication flow betwe
271. y assessments or 2 with consideration of site specific soil moisture holding capacities for an average crop or 3 for an average soil with 100 mm moisture holding capacity for a specific crop or 4 for an average soil with 100 mm moisture holding capacity for an average crop as climatic reference growing period ERRE Step 1 if the moisture holding capacity is not measured the available moisture holding capacity AWHC f texture bulk density fragments of top soil fragments of sub soil topsoil depth soil depth organic matter content is calculated based on following general formula AWHC MHC fbd D FRAGM where MHC bd available moisture holding capacity as function of texture and bulk density D depth FRAGM content of mineral fragments GILES Appendix 7 Land Evaluation Models 217 Consideration of topsoil and subsoil as well as of the organic matter contribution results in the complete formula AWHC MHC bd z D FRAGM 10000 MHC bd Do FRAGM 10000 MODom gt D where AWHC available water holding capacity mm MHC bd available moisture holding capacity as function of texture and bulk density see Table A7 4 p 220 mm m topsoil depth 20 8 18 30 cm if not recorded default 20 cm D depth 5 20 37 75 125 175 cm FRAGM content of mineral fragments in topsoil 0 7 27 50 if not recorded default 0 FRAGM content of mineral fragments in subsoi
272. y of 384 KB DOS operating system version 2 10 or higher Harddisk and one floppy disk drive HD with at least 4 MB free space Dot matrix printer at ESC P Epson standard code 59 Estimated costs for this minimum configuration 1500 US App 4 2 OPTIMUM HARDWARE CONFIGURATION Personal Computer AT compatible or PS 2 80 compatible 1 Memory of 1 2 MB 2 DOS or OS 2 operating system DOS version 3 10 or higher Virtual disk driver VDISK Above Board or similar 3 Harddisk with at least 30 MB and access faster than 20 ms and one floppy disk drive HD with at least 5 MB free space EGA or VGA facilities multiscan monitor and EGA VGA adapter Serial interface Dot matrix printer Epson FX or LQ or compatible or Color ink printer Plotter at HP GL standard code ISO A3 size or greater Digitizing tablet at Summasketch or Houston Instrument standard code Back up system for uninterruptible continuous regulated power supply UPS 59 47 Estimated costs for this optimum configuration 4000 US Large size digitizing and plotting facilities at ISO A1 or AO ANSI D or E will increase the costs by approximately 4000 US or more j GILES Appendix 4 System Requirements 201 App 4 3 SOFTWARE RECOMMENDATIONS Not essential for GILES execution but recommended for additional processing or presentations Inset EGA Print for 24 dot matrix printer Grab or any other screen dump utility for hardcopy outprints of scree
273. you want to translate from Select the installed Lotus version 4 3 What do you want to translate to Select DIF 4 4 Source file Type C INTERM LOT2GiLa where a as above 4 5 Target file Accept the same name 4 6 Process with translation 4 7 Leave Translate and Lotus GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 135 5 Select the map through GILES 5 1 Type GILES at the C prompt 5 2 Main Menu Select Base map complete aggregating selective parametric 5 3 Select project area 5 4 Select Whole study area 5 5 Accept C lt default 5 6 Accept the default subdirectory 5 7 Select map 5 8 Select Selective aggregating map 5 9 Enter the total number of new mapping units highest value in column B see step 4 5 5 10 Select Import from Lotus file LOT2GILa where a as defined in step 1 5 5 11 Continue with the selection of the requested map as described in the other How to Sections GILES Para 3 3 for users How to 136 3 3 24 How to Transfer Area Size Tables Raw Data DBMS Crosstabulation into Lotus 1 During selection of overiaid calculated map e g see How to calculate the area sizes or How to overlay selected areas choose the transfer into a Lotus file 1 1 Select yes and choose one of the five GIL2LOTa PRN files where a letter A H 2 Convert this print file into a Lotus worksheet file 2 1 Enter Lotus 1 2 3 2 2 Change directory to C INTERM FD 2 3 Import t
274. ys where at tempts were made to find naturally occurring environmental units being relatively homogeneous and which can be recognized described and mapped in terms of the total interaction of the at tributes Gestalt method Burrough 1986 But soon it was shown that the level of these surveys was too general and that it was im possible to retrieve specific information from them about particular attributes This is particular the case when new objectives e g for the development of a specific area were defined and previous multidisciplinary inventories had to give the information for newly defined purposes GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 23 Information Maps Characteristics Description of mapping units spatial data non spatial data Data entry Digitizing Entry of tables and codes Storage MAP files Data files general data Retrieval with V out modifica Retrieval of Base map tion e g soil map Map generali V i zation Aggregated map selected units 1 manipulation V level Overlay of Base maps e g soil precipitation map 2 manipulation V level Processing of Overlay of Base maps e g length of growing period map suitability map 3 manipulation V level Overlay of Compiled configured Map e g suitability per administrative units GILES Para 2 for Users GILES 24 With better understanding of the interactions of the various ecological parameters and with the need for better assessm

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