Drop / Bubble Counter
Contents
1. A if Closed W Closed moaia 1 Partly Z T Partly Kor OFF Open Open HO O OS Closed if Open Open i Closed j Open E OFF E ON E ON fe OFF FI ON o OCH a b c d 2 The first step is to adjust the flow rate Place a beaker under the stopcock to catch the drops Fully open the lower stopcock b Slowly turn the top stopcock c until it begins to produce drops and then finely adjust the drop rate When the correct flow rate of drops is achieved close the lower stopcock d to stop the flow Now the flow rate is set do not adjust the top stopcock leave in this position Use the lower stopcock to turn the drops on and off e Note Do not set the flow rate too fast or the drops may form a stream and will not be counted as individual drops 5 Smart Drop Bubble Counter 3 Top up the reservoir Place the accurate measuring container e g volumetric flask 10 mls or less under the dropping tip 4 Set the range of the Counter to Drop Bubble Count Press the zero reset button 5 Open the lower stopcock fully and count the number of drops required to fill up to the volume mark on the measuring container Use the lower stopcock to turn the drops off Notes Make sure the lower stopcock is fully open or the rate of flow and therefore2. Drops on or off The combination of two three way stopcocks is used to control the flow of fluid from the reservoir The top stopcock is used as an adjustment valve to set the rate of flow and therefore the drop rate from the reservoir The lower stopcock is used in either an open or closed position to turn the drops on and off tl Ji cS N ea Closed Fluid will not flow when the Open Fluid will flow when the tap is in either of these positions tap is in either of these positions The line of the blue handle indicates the ports of the stopcock that are linked and open Note Leave the white sealing blank fitted to the side port of the stopcock e Turn both stopcocks into the closed position Clamp the reagent reservoir into place using the alignment adapter Using the alignment adapter The alignment adapter has been provided to give an easy way of aligning drops through the infrared beam of the Counter 3 Smart Drop Bubble Counter The adapter has three holes in its flat plate Large hole for Small hole for 1 The large hole will accept a pH or Conductivity electrode X Temperature sensor electrode 2 The small hole marked with target lines is for the tip of the reagent reservoir or burette 3 The other small hole is suitable for a Temperature Le Sensor if used Small hole for reagent reservoir Attach the alignment adapter to the Counter e Part screw the Pozi
3. DATA HARVEST T Data Harvest Group Ltd 1 Eden Court Leighton Buzzard Beds LU7 4FY Tel 01525 373666 Fax 01525 851638 e mail sales data harvest co uk www data harvest co uk Smart Q TECHNOLOGY Drop Bubble Counter P Product No 3266 Ranges Drop Bubble Count 0 10 000 23 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 24 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 25 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 26 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 27 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 28 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm 29 drops cm Volume 0 120 cm ONOARWN gt 9 9 ee e o DS 066 No 2 Data Harvest Freely photocopiable for use within the purchasers establishment Smart Drop Bubble Counter Contents aiirero Ureli 0 ORE TETTE Connecting To set the range Using the Drop Bubble Counter to count drops Calculating which Volume range to use Using the Drop Bubble Counter to count bubbles Practical information Sp6CIfICatiOns cer ttt beant rens Investigations insna Titration of a strong acid vs a strong alkali ssssse The rate of gas production in an active yeast fermentation of sucrose Warranty aecenas Introduction OMDOANDAWNN eases 10 D 11 The Smart Q Drop Bubble Counter can be used to count either drops of fluid falling fr
4. Magnetic stirrer Setup the apparatus as shown in the diagram Attach the pH Sensor and Drop Counter to the EASYSENSE unit Fill the reagent reservoir with 0 1 mol dm HCI Place a beaker under the reservoir and open both stopcocks to allow a small amount of HCI to pass through Adjust the flow rate using the top stopcock leave in that position and close the lower stopcock Pour the HCI from the beaker back into the reagent reservoir Pour 40 cm of 0 1 mol dm NaOH into a 250 ml beaker and place under the reservoir Note The volume of the alkali may need to be adjusted to account for the format of the glassware The solution needs to cover the bulb end of the pH electrode up to the top of the arches in its protective skirt Do not remove the electrodes protective skirt the end is made from permeable glass which is fragile and easily damaged Insert the pH electrode through the large hole in the alignment plate Place a magnetic stir bar in the beaker and turn on the stirrer Check the stir bar is free to rotate and that it is rotating slowly and evenly Press the button on the Counter to set to zero Open the EASYSENSE program and select EasyLog from the Home page If the necessary set the Drop Counter to the required range i e Drop Bubble Count or Volume in cm e g 27 drops cm Click on the Start icon and then open the lower stopcock to let the hydrochloric acid drip into the alkali Top up the reagent rese
5. Bottom of the Potato Bubbles have an inconsistent resemoi aligned ae L format and can move through the of the emitter 9 fluid in an erratic manner they moulding need to rise separately from the i Receiver Hydrogen same origin to be counted PH ERES peroxide Note Small fine bubbles such as those eem produced by oxygenating pond weed are St unlikely to be detected Note The reservoir is positioned up against the emitter e Set the range of the Counter to Drop Bubble Count see page 2 e Setup the column of fluid for the bubbles to rise through 6 Smart Drop Bubble Counter The reagent reservoir can be used as a vessel for counting bubbles Connect a length of PVC tubing 3 mm inside diameter from the reservoir to a stopcock attached to the delivery tube on the apparatus Turn the stopcock to a closed position e Clamp the Counter vertically e Clamp the reservoir and position in the gap between the receiver and emitter so that the reservoir is touching the emitter s moulding Reservoir just Adjust the Counter or reservoir vertically so the Touching the moulding of the Reagent moulding ring at the bottom of the reservoir i gen E i large hole in the reservoir barrel is level with the lower edge of the emitter adapter moulding Alignment adapter Adjust the reservoir laterally so the reservoir is Drop just touching the moulding of the large hole in Bubble the ali
6. EasyLog Select Sensor Config from the Settings menu Drop Bubble Select the Drop Bubble Counter from the list it will a be listed using its current range and click on the 5 doen Change Range button 27 depen The current range will be highlighted Select the required range and click on OK e Close Sensor Config Click on New Lj and then Finish for the change in range to be detected by the logging mode Set Sensor Range x Select Range The range setting will be retained until changed by the user 2 Smart Drop Bubble Counter With some EASYSENSE units it is possible to set the range from the unit Please refer to the EASYSENSE unit s user manual Using the Drop Bubble Counter to count drops Setting up the reagent reservoir and alignment adapter The plastic reagent reservoir and tip supplied with the Counter will provide drops within the preset calibration ranges The reservoir has two stopcocks One stopcock is used to set the rate of flow from the reservoir and therefore the drop rate The other stopcock is used to turn the drops on and off Assemble the plastic reagent reservoir e Screw a stopcock fitting onto the syringe body with a gentle half turn Fit the second stopcock onto the first then the tip Turn both threaded collars to secure the fittings in place twist back to release Adjustment valve OY Dei i LH 1 lt 5 e 2
7. The volume of a liquid is calculated from the space it takes up in its containing vessel The internal volume of the containing vessel is called its capacity The SI unit of capacity is the litre L equal to 10 m 1 ml 1 cm Specifications Infrared source Peak at 880 nm Maximum number of drops bubble counted 10 000 Total volume 120 cm Investigations Acid base titrations used as a Drop Counter with the Smart Q pH Sensor to record a pH vs volume graph e g sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric or ethanoic acid ammonia with hydrochloric or ethanoic acid sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid etc Conductometric titrations used as a Drop Counter with the Smart Q Conductivity Sensor to record conductivity vs volume graph e g the equivalence point of barium hydroxide and sulphuric acid sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide potassium chloride with silver nitrate etc Gas evolution investigations used as a Bubble Counter in e g rate of reaction of marble chips and hydrochloric acid catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide yeast fermentation of sucrose etc Smart Drop Bubble Counter Titration of a strong acid vs a strong alkali 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1M Hydrochloric Acid Reagent Reservoir fitted with two stopcocks tip Flow rate adjustment Drop Bubble Counter with alignment adapter fitted pH Electrode
8. a false OFF result Work in an area away from direct light or rotate through 180 so the external light source is directed towards the emitter 7 Smart Drop Bubble Counter e Any calculations for drops per cm will only be valid for the same dropper with the same type of solution and flow rate e Ifthe flow rate is too fast the drops will merge to form a continuous stream The flow rate should be set so that each drop passes thorough the Counter before the succeeding drop e With a titration use a very slow drop rate e g with a maximum speed of 1 5 drops a second so the drops can add too and mix thoroughly with the reactant allowing the electrode time to respond e If you use a burette as a reservoir you will need to devise a method of stopping the flow from the burette without altering the drop rate If the burette has a replaceable tip use a length of plastic tubing to link the tip to the burette A tube clamp can be used to crimp the plastic tubing and shut off the flow A bung inserted into the top of a burette will also prevent flow and can be used as a flow stop During test we found a standard 50 ml burette produced 23 or 24 drops per cm depending on flow rate e Volume measurements are calculated by using the drops per cm data so there is no need for the reagent reservoir to have a volume scale SI units Volume is a measurement of the space occupied by a body The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre m
9. driv pan head screw supplied into the mounting thread between the two ridges in the centre of the Counter e Slide the mounting arm of the adapter behind the screw head e Gently tighten the screw do not over tighten Drop Bubble Counter s Pozidriv panhead Screw 4 Zero button Alignment adapter e Screw the support rod into the appropriate mounting thread there is a choice of three positions and deos clamp to a stand Make sure the Counter is level and 3 d the LED indicator is visible to the user Support rod position Position the reagent reservoir in the alignment adapter e Locate the tip of the reagent reservoir into the hole that has target marks around it When correctly seated the tip will be visible below the adapter plate e Use a clamp to support the body of the reservoir Do Reagent not over tighten Check the reservoir is vertical ai The drops produced will fall through and cut the infrared beam without further adjustment Hole with target marks If the reagent reservoir and alignment adapter are not used There is an indented line on the housing of the Counter above the emitter and receiver The dropper should be aligned so that falling drops will cut through an imaginary line drawn between these indents Use the LED to help align the drops it will blink each time a drop interrupts the beam Imaginary line 4 Smart Drop Bubble Counter Calculatin
10. e EASYSENSE unit when the Drop Bubble Counter is connected The Drop Bubble Counter is supplied with e Asteel support rod 80 mm long x 10 mm diameter with a M6 thread This support rod can be screwed into the mounting threads which are found at the base and sides of the Sensor The rod can be used for clamping into a suitable holding device e Aplastic reagent reservoir syringe body two 3 way stopcock fittings and two plastic tips all with twist fittings e An alignment adapter with securing screw This adapter is used to align drops from the reagent reservoir into the Sensors light beam S N Sensor cable with locating arrows facing upwards Connecting e Connect one end of the sensor cable supplied with the EASYSENSE unit into the shaped socket on the Counter housing with the locating arrow on the cable facing upwards e Connect the other end of the sensor cable to the input socket on the EASYSENSE unit with the locating arrow facing upwards The red LED will light e The EASYSENSE unit will detect that the Counter is connected and display values using the currently selected range If the range is not suitable for your investigation set to the correct range e Press the button next to the LED indicator to reset the Counter to zero To set the range e Connect the Drop Bubble Counter to the EASYSENSE unit Sensor 1 e Start the EASYSENSE program and select one of the logging modes from the Home page e g
11. g which Volume range to use The Drop Bubble Counter can be used record data directly as a volume in cm measurement by selecting one of the preset calibrated ranges 23 drops cm 24 drops cm 25 drops cm 26 drops cm 27 drops cm 28 drops cm and 29 drops cm If accuracy is not critical and you are using the reagent reservoir and tip supplied with a low viscosity liquid like water and the flow rate set to e Fast e g 10 plus drops per second use the 24 drops cm range e Medium e g between 5 10 drops per second use the 25 drops cm range e Slow e g between 1 5 5 drops per second use the 26 drops cm range e Very Slow e g less than 1 5 drops per second use the 27 drops cm range Note When used with a pH or Conductivity Sensor the flow rate needs to be very slow less than 1 5 drops per second to allow the Sensor time to settle to a new reading after addition of the titrant To calculate the number of drops in a cm The volume of a drop of fluid and therefore the number of drops per cm depends on a number of factors These include the e Size and shape of the dropper end e Type of solution its density viscosity and surface tension Flow rate of the liquid through the dropper end the slower the dropping the smaller the drop 1 Setup the reagent reservoir in the alignment adapter of the Counter Close both stopcocks a and fill the reservoir with the solution being used
12. gnment plate In this position bubbles Light gate 4 Counter rising should pass through the light path ee between the receiver and emitter use the moulding line to get a vertical Note You may need to make fine lateral adjustments of the reservoir Check the reservoir is vertical and parallel to the Counter Note Try to keep the experimental apparatus higher than the water level in the reagent reservoir to prevent backflow of water into the experimental apparatus e Pour approximately 10 cm of water into the reservoir e Test to make sure the bubbles cause the red LED indicator on the Counter to blink as they rise through the water e Press the zero reset button on the Counter e Run the experiment remember to turn the stopcock to an open position Practical information The fastest speed that data can be captured is 50 Hz 20 ms If an intersample time of less than 20 milliseconds is selected then the values obtained will either default to the lowest reading or the set up will be rejected by the logger software e Areplacement parts pack for the Counter reservoir is available from Data Harvest which contains 2 x 3 way stopcocks and 5 plastic tips use Product No 3271 e The Smart Q Drop Bubble Counter works by recording interruptions of a beam of infrared energy The receiver can be sensitive to high levels of ambient infrared light or heat Shield the Counter from bright light e g sunlight which can produce
13. ight Receiver beams Emitter path Bottom of the reservoir aligned with the bottom of the emitter moulding Note The reservoir is positioned up against the emitter CIT EBENEN 10 Smart Drop Bubble Counter 1 Setup the apparatus as shown in the diagram above Test to make sure bubbles rising up in the reservoir will be detected Attach the Bubble Counter to the EASYSENSE unit 2 Place 40 cm of active yeast solution e g 0 196 w v into the conical flask 3 Open EASYSENSE program and select EasyLog from the Home page The Y axis should show Count if not change the range 4 Add 20 cm of a 196 sucrose solution w v to the flask 5 Place the bung in the neck of the flask Allow the bubbles created by displacement of air in the tube to be released Press the button on the Counter to set to zero 6 Click on the Start icon to begin logging 7 The time it takes for this investigation to complete is variable The age of the yeast and the temperature of the solutions will have a large effect Click on Stop to finish The investigation can easily be extended to see the effect of different sugar substrates on rate as part of an investigation into respiration glycolysis If a temperature controlled water bath is accessible study the effect of heat on metabolism Warranty All Data Harvest Sensors are warranted to be free from defects
14. in materials and workmanship for a period of 12 months from the date of purchase provided they have been used in accordance with any instructions under normal laboratory conditions This warranty does not apply if the Sensor has been damaged by accident or misuse In the event of a fault developing within the 12 month period the Sensor must be returned to Data Harvest for repair or replacement at no expense to the user other than postal charges Note Data Harvest products are designed for educational use and are not intended for use in industrial medical or commercial applications WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Legislation ps Data Harvest Group Ltd are fully compliant with WEEE legislation and are pleased to provide mum a disposal service for any of our products when their life expires Simply return them to us clearly identified as life expired and we will dispose of them for you 11
15. om a dropping device e g during a titration or bubbles rising through fluid in a column The Counter has an infrared emitter and a receiver separated by a 56 mm air gap When the light beam from the emitter is interrupted e g by a drop or bubble it creates a digital signal that is counted by the internal counter module The red LED is an indicator which will blink as a drop or bubble passes through the infrared beam There is a small button close to the indicator that can be pressed to reset a count to zero LED Ridges and mounting Sensor lead indicator thread for alignment socket adapter Zero reset button 56 mm Mounting air gap thread for Infrared the support emitter rod Infrared receiver The Smart Q Drop Bubble Counter is equipped with a microcontroller that contains the calibration for each of its ranges They are e The Drop Bubble Count range Counts the absolute number of drops or bubbles detected as they pass through the infrared beam Data is displayed as the total number of drops or bubbles rather than volume e The preset calibrated Volume ranges which are 23 drops cm 24 drops cm 25 drops cm 26 drops cm 27 drops cm 28 drops cm and 29 drops cm When any of these ranges are selected the drops counted are automatically converted and displayed as Volume in cm Smart Drop Bubble Counter The stored calibration for the selected range will be automatically loaded into th
16. rvoir if necessary When you are satisfied that the titration has proceeded past the equivalence point click on Stop to finish logging data and close the lower stopcock Save the data Smart Drop Bubble Counter Analysing the data The graph will produce a classic S shaped titration curve Use Values to find the end point which occurs at the point of maximum deflection The data value boxes will display the pH and the volume of acid added at this point Using a derivative to find the end point The dx dt function can be applied to the pH data to produce a first derivative curve The point of the sharp peak will represent the end point of the titration Select Post log Function from the Tools menu e Select Preset function e Titration First derivative of pH Next e Select the pH Sensor Next e Alter the maximum to a more suitable number e g 1 Finish Click to the left of the Y axis until ApH is displayed right click in the graph area and select Auto scale channel Min Max Use Values to find the values at the point of the peak end point occurred at a pH of 4 85 a N s He after 44 7 cm of 00 Volume of acid added acid had been oos added d on pH 014 ae ST T End point 25 August 2006 10 57 01 Time 3 The rate of gas production in an active yeast fermentation of sucrose 3 way 1 stopcock C Reagent reservoir L
17. the number of drops per cm will be affected 6 Divide the number of drops by the volume in cm to get the drops per cm value e g 272 drops fill a capacity of 10 mls 27 2 drops cm Top up the reservoir and repeat three times to get an average value To convert logged Drop Bubble Count data to Volume first calculate the number of drops in a cm Select Post log Function from the Tools menu Select Preset function Titration Convert Drops to Volume Next Select the Drop Bubble Count channel of data Next Enter the volume of a single drop into parameters and increase the number of decimal places as appropriate Finish Using the Drop Bubble Counter to count bubbles The Smart Q Drop Bubble Counter can be used to detect a bubble formed in a column of water The column of water should be positioned between the Counters receiver and emitter so it blocks the infrared beam When a bubble rises the beam is momentarily changed and a bubble is counted Bubbles cannot be calibrated for volume but can be used to show the change of gas production over time 3 wa Test your set up before beginning eiiocod the experiment It is critical that i the column of fluid is positioned Reagent reservoir gt Light l so the bubbles will change the S n beams level as they rise Bubble Emitter MENS counting is not an exact science
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