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1. r eye bolts non shoulder or ring bolts for vertical loading on non shoulder bolts will bend or break them eye bolts for vertical or angle loading to show name or trademark of manufacturer size or r alloy eyebolts Never reeve thro the stress on the e It will increase a horizontal angle greater than is 71 of vertical sling orizontal angle drops Complete exercise 1 dov g capacity For shouldered eye bolts it is ok to side pull but the capacity will be greatly reduced Never pull opposite the plane of the eye it will deform Screw the eye bolt on all the way down and properly seat Orient the eye bolt in line with the slings If the load is applied sideways the eye bolt may bend 39 THARD MAT reainine series Rigging Gear Eye bolt an the eye bolt threads and the hole for a screw eye bolt has a one and a half times the bolt Surface to ensure the surface Ensure that the Engage at least 5 hole when using shim receiving Never side load an un sho It will deform Attach only one sling leg to each Do not use a single eye bolt that is free to rotate Do not use eye bolts that have threads or other flaws Do not force the slings through eye bolts Do not use bars grips or wrenches to tighten eye bolts Do not paint an eye bolt The paint could cover up flaws Do not force hooks or other fittings into the eye they must fit fr2. The amount the outriggers ar amount of leverage s distance the load is ntal distance and or de C The horizontal distance from point A to the load can be increasec fering boom and or extending the boom Over 50 of all mobile crane accidents are the result of mistakes made when the crane was being set up All of these accidents can be prevented by following the manufacturer s recommendations for assembly dismantling by using the correct components and by observing the precautions outlined in this section 58 THARD MAT reainine series Crane Limits amp Hazards Crane set up up the crane the operator should refer to the operator s directions Consider the following d working order Has and all deficiencies l Crane has been triggers fully extended and inspected and is in good working order le indicator KNOWN i WEIGHT load been ALL establis OUTRIGGERS FULLY e What the pick and gt ar placement determine PADS SET ON KNOWN TING capability of the RADIUS FIRR ETO Crane insp ASME standards requffe fr ections OSHA requires cranes to b I yaritime industry Many states and local municip i i ications Crane safety begins with a safe crag Are the outriggers fully extendec 1 The first consideration is the quality of the surface 2 Soils along the foundation of buildings are often mpacted and may contain drain pipe and other voids Avoid setti If such set
3. operation without everyone who is knowing who the designated signal giver is If signalers are changing between each other the wear a clearly visible badge of authority This could highly visible gloves or a unique vest arge should ored hard hat The signaler mus Have a clear view of the load and the e Keep persons outside the crane s operatin Never direct a load over a person 50 THARD MAT reainine series Communication Hand signals arm and rotating a large circular your thumb down so it with the boom up Raise or lower th To give the signal for raising or lowering the boom hold your arg out to one side and point your thumb up or down with the other fingers folded in Telescope in or out To give the signal to telescope raise your arms in front of you and point your thumbs in towards each other for telescoping in or out and away from each other for telescoping out So in reality there are three ways the operator can increase the radius of the crane Boom down Telescope out and on articulating cranes knuckle cranes knuckle out or jib out 5I THARD HAT rrainine series Communication Hand signals se one hand to point your thumb rself is the signal ut or towards you and thumb toward the The emergency stop signal i by swinging both arms out fro body in a sweeping motion continue until the operation stopped Anyone on the site can give thi
4. O Ibs per square foot of steel pipe Complete exercise 4 Lifting out of water Does a load weigh the same in the water as it does out of it Yes but it is easier to lift while in the water Why is that As the load slips under water it displaces a certain amount of water that is equal to its volume This water has weight So the amount of water pushed out of the way pushes back on the boulder providing it with a buoyant force Load How much The force is equal to the weight of water displ lf we take our ecology block which weighs about 3 600 lbs and is 24 c it in water it will displace about 24 cubic feet of water Complet THARD HAT reainine series Sling Angles amp Stresses Sling angles wing the stresses that n lifted at angles legs are used at an load the capacity of the Tension in slings Bses on the Sling Angle load a sling he must ta ly the weight of the load g but also the l Compression in load stresses it will see edatana When a 1 000 Ib will be 1 000 Ibs of sling in the vertical we know that there If we use two slings to li exactly half the load or 50 e vertical 90 then each sling will see When we marry two slings to load equally but because of the the vertical so its capacity will ne on the angle In this example each sli or master ring then they will share the as above the 500 lbs they saw in of reduction will be dependant 1000 Ibs
5. angles w change In drifting a load those angles and stresses do chan that you know those stresses before you attempt such a lift 10 THARD MAT reainine series Sling Angles amp Stresses Drifting a load is almost D2 just upside S E LOADXD2X jpyqeto5 TENSIONS OADX DIX lt 22 TENSIONS2 HX DI D2 Center of g The center of gravit rigging is the center of t distribution or the point i Y acg which all weight is eveniy fistrib matter how it is turned or ro his section we will mostly be talki Hut the effects the center of gravity of t load 4 on rigging Finding the center of Gravity When a load is rigged and lifted the center of gravity will always move under the hook If it is lifted abruptly then it will Swing past the CG and equal distance and then swing back and forth and so on This can result in dangerous load shifting and additional stress on lifting hardware and rigging If any load tilts more than 5 after it is lifted clear of the ground it Should be landed and rigged over again I THARD HAT reainine series Center of Gravity Trial amp error error method used to find the possibly the most reasonable the load tilts to one side cond pick select slings of unequal ich will tilt the load in the opposite This formula will find the gravity of the load on plane rather than in eve an
6. be considered is 135 f the choke not the angle of ing free the normal choke tely 135 degrees This is a hitch and is about 75 of the vertical hitch When lifting g hitch ite at the cht angle of less tha the hitch s rated c right ad using a choker ave a severe bend hitch is used at an Similarly it is cinch the eye of load This practice wil the true choker hitch Angle of of Choke Capacity 120 180 100 90 119 8 If you need to better c 60 89 74 may consider using a 6 instead 49 Complete exercise 1 Types of chokers These are the different variations of chokers that are commonly used The Single Wrap Choker hitch forms a noose in the rope It does not provide full 360 contact with the load and therefore should not be used to lift loads difficult to balance or loosely bundled The single wrap choker can also be doubled up to provide twice the capacity or to turn a load Doubling a single choker hitch is not the same as using a double choker hitch 16 THARD MAT reainine series Rigging Hitches Double wrap choker choker is formed by ompletely around the nto the vertical part itch is in full 360 and tends to draw WV It can be used either PEN t easily balanced loads or J Good Load Control Poor N S E W 7 Leg Loading Reduced The double chok by putting the eye the sli
7. hazard because it can swing into the minimum distance Note All ropes are capable of conducting electricity but dry polypropylene has better insulating properties than most commercially available ropes 5 Slow down the operating cycle of the machini booming swinging and travel speeds 6 Exercise caution when working near overhead spans as they tend to swing laterally in the wind and accide occur HAAD HAT Crane Limits amp Hazards Powerline contact tact with power lines ment Don t touch the equipment and the ground at the touching anything in contact with the ground can be fatal develops that could be life threatening should you consider load lines or any other part of the machine Even after electrical contact trips the breakers power They may come on automatically two or Break contact should try to break be impossible if co aining inside the machine the operator equipment clear of the wires This may ors to the equipment Leaving the maci jump clear He must with the ground while art of his body to be in contact e machine The ground around the machine es t achine and if the operator om one leg to the other feet together Ground around machin may be energized make sur leaves the machine he must not by taking long steps Shuffle y A Voltage path a a fro qized ae cra 64 THARD MAT reainine series Crane Limits amp Haz
8. i ORG The groove weld gj a S 1 25 D lug and the obje j pl 4 bolts are damaged LX J Rule of thumb If a shackl D is used to its maximu dimensions as shown should Other factors such as sling a sling pull in relation to the plane of metal and welding procedure strength of the eye D rings A lot of questions come into play when using weld on they load rated Were they installed correctly What steel plate they were welded to D ring components should be made of forged attached with either a grooved or fillet weld Most off the shelf D rings are rated for pulling rathe load for pulling is only half the breaking strength where at least a 5 1 design factor Never use non rated pick points for lifting If unsure c engineer D rings should never be side loaded 46 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Below the hook lifting devices d to the number of specialty below the hook lifting devices that Most are available from different distributors and others are lifts by qualified engineers am and spreader bar are often used interchangeably but different s have a pick point sometimes at is attachedso the beam and are imited The beam Spreader bars c points are toward middle part of the but spreads the s to be as sturdy Lifting beams and designed and fabricate clearly marked with their working loads flexible loads two or more clamps should be used refer to the
9. in dollars All in crane operations must understand their jobs their their part in the overall safety of each lift es Found in all industries and range from Strial crane h as Carry Decks to ff crawler cranes ies over 250 tons The B the work environment Ab key w continua site to worksite A 15 Fd A lt F iR Ss gt dA 42 04 Tower Cranes These dot the sk urban areas and because the tend to attract the most atte goes wrong igh p n whe Overhead Cranes Used in most manufacturing plants these are the most numerous They can be as simple as a electric hoist on a trolley on an I beam multiple hoists on a bridge crane that spans the facility Outdoors they come in the form of tired gantries or a frame gantries on rails Pedestal Cranes Mostly used in the maritime industry on docks and vessels 57 THARD MAT reainine series Crane Limits amp Hazards Crane stability C G lt gt OWUUUUUUITA QUILT KEELEE GREREEE an an an an an RAR an ae Ba an BS ce BD lt 8 S88 RE eSee RAMRAM over which the lifted When the side B is greate LJ J leverage on side ag remains stable leverage on side greater than on sid crane tips over IA P 408 PAE kE dae E The leverage on side B b T r the crane is operating on rubber or with outriggers e much less than when operating wits
10. manufacturer s user manual before use thoroughly before each use Horizontal steel plate lifting clamps are alw used in pairs and are only for lifting steel plate h never vertical The advantage of lifting magnates are the quickn the set up Simply center the magnate on the load and the lever to engage the magnate The load rating is different for flat loads as opposed to rounded loads Rounded loads will reduce the capacity to less than half 47 THARD MAT reainine series Rigging Gear Below the hook lifting devices rovide a very secure anchorage point if used commonly available with capacities up to 12 jous jaw widths Most beam clamps are O to the flange For applications requiring e sure that the clamp is designed for it and ithstand it only to the clamp acity of the beam must be evaluated separately Beam clamps are Pipe lifters are without having to dig attach the slings Mak sure right lifter for the diameteg lifting C hook pipe lifters come in all Capacities and can be inserted inf for lifting Drum lifters come in hooks clamps and lifters Some will lift the drum vertical and others horizontal Pallet forks for use by cranes are very useful for handling palletized loads Many automatically adjust to the loads center of gravity 48 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Lever hoists chain fall known as come alongs are a very ifting or pullin
11. o s o o Here are the deductions to the load weight For examplg using a two sheave block then to add 355 Ibs to the load before Werring load chart Many load charts al deductions for a stowed jib Complete exercise 2 Typically the higher the lines are from the ground the more voltage For 50 000 volt lines no part of the crane should come within 10 feet If there is a chance for any part of the crane will get close to that distance 5Qk V protective measures must be taken You must take these measures unless you have 5Q to 20 controlled the hazard by de energizing or moving the lines or by re routing the 200 tO 35 electricity around the work 62 THARD MAT reainine series Crane Limits amp Hazards lectrocution is the largest single cause of fatalities associated n be prevented The power company or utility may consider if here an electric ing from the po electricity So you Ar equipment and imum permitted 2 iable information a s are de energized 3 A competent orke designated as a Sig operator when any pag load or hoist line appro permitted distance to a poy signaler must be in full view Operatg and have a clear view both equipment and the electrical condug eg i The 4 Avoid using tag lines Unle it is necessary to prevent the load from spinning into the minimum distance to a powerline the tag line itself can be a
12. rope show the type grade nominal breaking strength and actual portion of each batch of wire rope produced is actually oint and the figure noted on the certificate Above is an machine used for testing strength of a_wire rope should never be used as its working it is the pai hich it will fail To dete a wire rope sling the nominal strength must be 5 So the capacity of a wire rope sling made from rope with a nomi of 20 000 Ibs would be 4 000 Ibs Hold on Are you won t actually breg decline the first d loss and fatigue overloaded misused q e rope sling that is rated for 4 000 Ibs il 20 08 t really Nominal strength begins to i ural causes such as surface wear metal Wire rope loses strength especially if Proper intained Wire rope splicg Most wire rope slings us eithe mechanical splice to form eyes hand tucked eye A Mechanical splice is also know as a Flemish Molly Hogan or a Farmers Eye and should be formed prior to swaging it To make itt separate 3 strands from the other 3 strands and the core Wrap them back onto themselves and trim the excess before swaging The strength of this splice is in the Splice itself and not in the swaged sleeve 28 THARD MAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging Wire rope slings ire rope splices to form e be a qualified person his eye as opposed to a the eye is more flexible inimize sling and fail if the with
13. shackle body gned for a cotter pin it shall be used and maintained in n For long term installations bolt type shackles should be side loading of the Multiple sling legs Should not be applied to the shackle pin If the shackle is to be side loaded thg reduced according to The screw pin shackle shall not be at wguld cause the pin to unscrew Onnected to the lt pe When a shackle is used tn a choker hitch the pin s choking eye of the sling Multiple slings in the body of a shackle Shall not exceed 120 deg included angle 37 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Shackle inspection removed from service if damage such as the following is be returned to service when approved by a qualified person e evidence of unau e other conditions that cause doubt as t the shackle Eye bolts Here are three categories of eye b Un shouldered eye bolt Used just for vertical picks They should never be side loaded Shouldered eye bolt Side loading permissible as long as done in the direction of the plane of the eye Huge deductions in its Capacity must be made when side loading Turned eye bolt Good for clothes lines and tying up the dog but should never be used for lifting loads 38 THARD HAT reainine series Rigging Gear Eye bolts arked with their thread size NOT with their rated capacities ct the correct eyebolt based on its type and capacity for the lift
14. this signal by holdi outstretched with palms up Audible signals When moving the vehicle the following signals she GO FORWARD two short audible signals STOP one short audible signal BACK UP three short audible signals 55 THARD HAT rrainino series Communication Voice signals inning operations the rson and lift director if contact each other and nals that will be used need not meet again to discuss nless another worker is added al is to be Each vorce contain the following three given following order boom etc speed function s The operator sig director if there is one must be able to effectively communica The device s used to transmit signals must be site before beginning operations to ensure that the si effective clear and reliable Signal transmission must be through a dedicated Multiple cranes derricks and one or more s dedicated channel for the purpose of coordinating ope Where a crane is being operated on or adjacent to actions of the crane operator need to be coordinated with equipment or trains on the same or adjacent tracks The operator s reception of signals must be by a hands fr Signal person s does not 56 THARD HAT rrainino series Crane Limits amp Hazards Types of cranes n carries with it a greater potential for disaster than nearly n a construction project Crane accidents are often the most accidents when measured either in lives or
15. 00 0 996 Note Sling angles of 60 or more are recommended Sling angles less than 30 are highly discouraged nN lt a Capacity Capacity of Sling in Basket 2 x Vertic Complete exercise 2 Angle Factor 18 THARD HAT reainine series Rigging Hitches Basket hitches variations of the basket hitch ed basket Double wrap basket is more commonly used with ached to the hook which would be a et and the capacity would be less A e two legs Like the Good Load Control is excellent for loads Poor N S E W that haveg y and whose mass is 2 Leg Loading ook Reduced The Double Bas in a two bridle Now there are reduced depends on J Good Load Control angle of the two legs Good N S E W Prevent sling slippage 2 Leg Loading between the load and sling Reduced The double wrap basket hit wrapped completely around compressing it rather than merely basket hitch can be used in pairs like the doub basket hitch This method is excellent for handlin loose material pipe rod or smooth cylindrical load because the sling is in full 360 contact with the Gg Good Load Control load and tends to draw it together hy Cons i g Loading 2 Leg Loading Reduced The reduced double wrap basket hitch is md commonly used but a reduction in capacity is order because of the angle The inverted basket s main advantage is that it adjusts on the hook so you get equal leg l
16. 1000 Ibs 1000 Ibs THARD MAT reainine series Sling Angles amp Stresses Sling angles each sling will see 705 Ibs of additional stress so its hn On 1 ss 5 735 lbs 5 735 Ibs 5 1000 Ibs 1000 Ibs If we were using two sling vertical which would be plenty to pic 60 there is a very good chance thg such an angle e 1 000 Ibs in the vertical or even at ing to use them at Load angle factors To determine the amount of stress that the sling sees you need to Determine what the load angle factor is and multiply the load angle factor by the load Complete exercise 1 HAAD HAT rrainino series Sling Angles amp Stresses Load angle factor load angle factor of gth just divide the the vertical distance means that their a unequal je D I gt D 2 oad x D2 x S1 H D1 D2 Stress in S1 most stress This calc difficult but it is not Complete exercise 3 x D1 x S2 H D1 D2 Stress in S2 Drifting a load Often in tight quarters where bring system is set up to drift a load using chain fall that i similar structure This can be very dangerous if not planne qualified person Sling angles become very important because the higher the load has to be lifted We will structure or equipment used to perform such a lift on what stresses the slings will see as the load is mo Previously in discussing sling angles those
17. Expect even larger increases in radius when the crane is on rubber because of tire deflection Radit Complete e 60 THARD MAT reainine series Crane Limits amp Hazards Load charts art been referenced e pick is within the S j a set up of the crane load chart It is imperative used for every pick and It is more E S HEIGHT IN FEET BOOM LENGTH IN FEET ho I ATTA Lo an SSSR 0 20 a 80 100 gare IN FEET Range diagram the range diagram for this is useful for determining the boom needed and at what angle 1 Part Line 7 700 Ibs 15 400 Ibs 3 Part Line 4 Part Line pick would be weighed 8 500 Ibs use the one sheave parts line 23 100 Ibs 30 800 Ibs 6l THARD HAT rrainino series Crane Limits amp Hazards Capacity chart This ean c al load chart that is found on a National 690E boom truck This with the range diagram will help you to determine if the crane make the pick 27 FT on BOOM ae ae ae BOOM ae lal ANGLE re BOOM ANGLE BOOM ANGLE ss LB DEG LB ue N any E mann aa R oN os gt po a as Ce E 6 N o ms ee eee 2 N 72 oso 7 700 r5 780 2s w er z790 ns 7750 745 7550 Oss 8 50 es s20 6B 5050 a f a a 260 445 260 530 26550 2 r 7m TE so A S O ee ee
18. The following copyrighted samples are provided for as a service for your review only Copying saving lending posting online or any general use of these files other than for the purpose provided is unlawful and fiscal compensation will be sought after For Review Only No Copying No Saving No Lending No Posting Online Respect Copyright Laws Respect our company As experience shows we trust you will find great value in our training kits of such that it will far outweigh the purchase price Safety Provisions Inc info safetyprovision com HARD HAT TRAINING SERIES THARD MAT reainine series Introduction from Anglo Saxon to clothe originally describe the mechanical ils masts ropes blocks propel a sailing boat or the water Today the word d to describe any gear that is g The qualityaof the material ed to the deaths and injuries of many ers not knowing the correct method of ponents beyond their lifting capacities moving loads Training requpre As part of this training we anal of these accidents to discover wha been done to avoid them Riggers must be trained and experig They must know how to Determine the weight of the load and its center Understand the stresses put on rigging n used in different configurations Select inspect and use slings and hardw eDirect the crane and the load in a safe efficie Know the limits and hazards of the cranes and eq work
19. a basket hitch is at least 25 basket capacity need not to be N aa 4 vi i KA P D i 1 A N 4 i A A A l i 5 fy vi S Y 4 4 i Y a B It is better to use a larger sha Body shackle type If the shackle or at least 5 times the sling diameter D basket sling capacity must still be re about 25 The big D little d applies also to the eyes of wire rope slings but is a 1 1 ratio instead of a 25 1 for a basket or choker A If the shackle body has AT LEAST the same diameter as the sling when attached to the eye D d 1 1 the capacity need not to be adjusted The real danger for wire rope sling eyes is putting an object in that is too large B Eye length must NOT be smaller than twice the object diameter whether a shackle pad eye or hook THARD HAT veainine series Slings Used For Rigging Wire rope chokers not be used on wire y have thimbles in the es will become kinked oint should only be on the t on a Splice or fitting A Shackle pin cannot turn i F y 7 Whenever two or m placed over a hook in hook with the shackle pin r and attach the rope eyes t will prevent the spread of th opening up the hook and preve from damaging each other unde Wire rope sling inspeg Eventually all wire ropes ings deteriorate to the point that they are no longer safe for use The frequency of inspections extent and criteria for condemning wire ropes slings vary gre
20. a turn back eye or cable laid eye The d upon the pressed swage or the torque of the wire rope clip for its str e eyes are prone to pulling out if not properly made so if possible use a fle Slings should nc if c clips unless there is no alternative all no sed in a choker hitch There are countless configurationg has its advantages and disadvantages re sin n be put into Each Braided Wire Rope Slings are usually fabricated from six to eight small diameter ropes braided together to form a single rope that provides a large bearing surface tremendous strength and flexibility in every direction They are easy to handle and almost impossible to kink The braided sling can be used in all the standard configurations and combinations but is especially useful for basket hitches where low bearing pressure is desirable or where the bend is extremely sharp 29 THARD HAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging The D d ratio Reduction When Used in a the ratio of the diameter ing is bent divided by the e sling around any sheave af strength due to d ratio becomes becomes greater ficient This curve rope diameter to different Did ratio 25 1 Ratio for full capacity Static loads and ap and 6x37 wire ropg If the object lifte x larger than the slin adjusted A If the shackle or object diameter of a 6 strand wire the basket sling capacity mtst be 40 e rope sling in
21. ame or trade Components shall be mai working condition Shock loading should be avoide Swivels shall be of the proper sh size to ensure that they seat properly hook lifting device or rigging hardware the Contact with obstructions that could damage the swivel should be avoided 30 deg min on Although m horizontal angle aria Z loaded up to 1 of loading KTR ror SUA KOV e ZSR see twice the stres EEE l a 44 THARD HAT veainine series Rigging Gear Rigging blocks re used mainly on cranes to increase the winch These blocks range from one O sheave blocks on larger cranes sometimes attached to the boom tips sheave that will allow the crane to be The angle of the hoist line as it wraps around the sheave determines how much load the block sees a load that the block will see Il x load angle factor y Angle Line pull Line pull Tackle Block Angles Block reeving To begin reeving le the falls through on anding part of blocks have begin at the one block to the crossed until all the least number of s hitch for a temporary sec for a permanent securing 45 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Hooks all sizes and types in good working order required to be on the present a hazard for the e doing Make sure the nd is not worn replacement safety latch kits Should be made steel and attached lt
22. ards are going to hoist ould be a safety meeting ards Crane suspended re difficult to maneuver sed unless there is no should be load rated and built E standards Had tested to The p 125 oO that needs acce made a the live lift is The operator sh signal giver inside The crane must be two block device The slings used with t be dedicated for that use a 5e ratg least twice the capacity of the pla Safety is the responsibility of everyone involved Labor and management both have a responsibility to ensure the safety of all parties involved in hoisting and rigging Major rigging operations must be planned and supervised by competent personnel to guarantee that the best methods and most Suitable equipment are employed It is imperative that all workers who prepare use and work with or around hoisting and rigging equipment are well trained in both safety and _ operating procedures 65 HAAD HAT 66 THARD HAT reainine series
23. around THARD HAT reainine series Introduction Curriculum e broken up into the following categories Determining the Weight of the Load Sling Angles and Stresses Center of Gravity Basic Sling Hitches Types of Lifting Slings Lifting Hardware Below the Hook Lifting Devices Communication Crane Dynamics Determining the w ig In this section we will discuss the importance of Knowing the weight of the load before attempting to lift it This is the single most important precaution in hoisting and rigging Everything depends on it from using the load chart of the crane to picking the right capacity slings and rigging gear to lift it We will discuss methods of determining the weight of loads the unit weights of common materials how to calculate the volume of the load and the challenge of lifting loads out of water THARD MAT reainine series Determining Weight The m urate method of determining the i is to weigh it Although many cranes load moment indicators that if he weight of everything below the elp prevent the operator from ne it is important to know this advance so that the lift is planned ou bring in a crane that has insufficient that is time log and other dependable sources it will be necessary to weigh the outh to establish the weight of Unfortunately to be a qu have to have some math skill getting around it And in reall formula to use imp
24. atly for each type of service and environment As a sling suffers from the rigors of continued service both the design factor and the sling s ultimate strength are reduced If a sling is loaded beyond its ultimate strength it will fail For this reason older slings must be more rigorously inspected Wear gloves when handling wire rope 31 THARD HAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging S must have a capacity tag acturer description of the he vertical choker and color code their slings to e capacities are and post these rea they are being used If you turer is or the discarded lay are damaged t A rope lay is t which one strand around the rope Pay special attentio corrosion near the swage broken wires in this area i Sling This area is very breaks Keep the sling lubricated Inspect the eyes of wire ro broken wires kinks and proper splici choke point should only be on the not on a Splice or fitting Although every rope sling is lubricated during manufacture to lengthen its useful service life it must also be lubricated in the field Most wire rope slings used in chokers bask start to get kinks and dog legs around sharp corners will Evidence of bird caging or other distortion resulti rope structure carrying more load than others Bird ca of overloading the rope and releasing the tension abruptly pr in returning to their original position Slings t
25. ch end produces the most angle amp Choker n effective choker hitch w b FlatEye amp N Hardware on each end for use in basket or vertical hitch Popular versatile sling used in vertical oker amp basket hitches N turned at a right angle to sling body s superior choker hitch amp allows better on crane hook in basket hitch _ Twisted E amp adaptable sling with no fixed Used in all hitches Econg Endless SS strong amp durable for continuous ications Wear pads on both Reversed Eye Web sling use ed parts or delicate ater as stretch and ecurely while Synthetic web slings are a good c equipment must be protected from damage The s flexibility to help the slings mold to the shape of the load gri cushioning and absorbing shock more than a wire rope or They are lightweight and very easy to handle They are non sparking non conductive and c atmospheres Synthetic slings are typically not affected by greas chemicals Check with the manufacturer to determine which conditio material you are using 21 THARD HAT rrainino series Slings Used For Rigging u want to check for when using a sling or inspecting it is to me so when buying slings make sure they have a sturdy Stand up to normal wear and tear ty tag becomes illegible the ing might be in equally poor eplaced or the are the most common is is caused by pra
26. d is good for long wide lo a two legged bridle will be use it It is a simple formula th requires that you know the weights of A amp B and the distance between the center of gravities which is Z Complete exercises 1 amp 2 Determining the Center of Gravity in the vertical uses the same process as for horizontal Determining the Center of Gravity in all three directions seems a little more mind boggling but just takes a little more time Once you determine the CG in the horizontal then calculate in the vertical Draw a straight line between the two and the combined CG will be in the middle 12 THARD HAT veainine series Center of Gravity Equal loading of slings Is used to stress is in eacl icking up a loac S attached to i Equal Loading of Slings of the slie 6 D1 D2 omplete exercise 3 S2 stress on the sling equal Loading of Slings But let s do the math amp ays When the center of grav equally spaced between the points the stress on the two slinc will not be equal The sling clog to the center of gravity will see most stress B 6000 Ibs Pick points above CG more staDle cise 4 k points of a load lie r of gravity will always pick points are below the Another important rigging principle is to ensure th above its center of gravity When a load is lifted seek the lowest level below the hook Loads w center of gravity can be very unstabl
27. e If you are attaching below the center of gravit center of gravity is well within the triangle formed by the So remember if the attachments are above the cen will be more stable And if the attachments are below the ce will be more unstable 13 THARD MAT reainine series Rigging Hitches 3 Basic hitches sic hitches are the ker Hitch and Basket here are a multitude 4 allow the rigger to y load during a lift r is about 75 of the y and the basket is double f the vertical 5 Riggers sho ber that the type 3 b lift a load can great N pacity of the sling Capacity mann ings are required to have the tag showingshe capacity of these hitches that the e used in The tag should also formation regarding the rer description of the sling e from and its size _ gt agible or missing it or the sling taken Vertical hitch Vertical hitches are either single leg or multiple The Single Vertical Hitch supports the total weight single leg unless they are used in tandem on a spr beam and the sling angle is 90 sling angle j horizontal It has one leg loading and poor control is controlled by a tagline Single vertical hitches by them only be used on loads where the bulk of the weight is cc directly below the hook and the load is equipped with a ratec shackle or attachment point 14 THARD HAT veainine series Rigging Hitches Bridle hitches four single hitc
28. e bend the greater the for lifting materials provides several advantages over othe ile not as strong as chain it has good flexibility with minimum weight outer wires warn of failure and allow time to react Properly fabricated i ery safe for general construction use They can be subj i d in tight chokers or baskets and should not be used where 00 F or below 60 F Fiber core wire rop in temperatures above 200 F nor Should they be subject t because of possible damage to the core Every wire rope has thre i the wires strands and core Th B either fiber FC or an Indepe ON r Center wire x The wires are typically constructe carbon steel which comes in different grades including Improved Plow Steel IPS Extra Improved Plow Steel EIPS and Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel EEIPS which designate the nominal strength of the wire rope EIPS is most commonly used in the manufacture of wir rope slings Wire ropes are identified by classifications based upon the number of strands and nominal number of wires in each strand A 6 x 19 classification for example includes six strands with each strand consisting of 15 26 individual wires The six strands of a 6 x 37 class wire rope are constructed of 27 49 individual wires 27 THARD MAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging Wire rope slings trength of a wire rope is the breaking strength of new ordering wire rope always request a copy of the wire
29. eely Never attempt to fabricate your own eye bolts 40 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Eye nuts differ from eye bolts because the bolt is separate from the eye The plane of the amp Components sha dition prior to use Shock loading shoWd b Swivel hoist rings Each swivel hoist ri show name or trademar rated load and torque val Use a swivel hoist ring for angl esis The swivel hoist ring will adjus angle by rotating around the bolt hoisting eye pivots 180 Swivel bushing lt Pin The capacity is the same at every angle bie Tiii Turnbuckles are adjustable devices consisting of three primary components a body a right hand threaded end fitting and a left hand threaded end fitting urnbuckles As the body is turned the length of the turnbuckle increases or decreases The main purpose of turnbuckles in rigging is to help rig loads where different length sling legs are needed so the hook can be positioned over the center of gravity 4 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Wire rope clips are fittings for clamping two of the same diameter to each g the wire ropes between a or between two saddles and ing eyes in the crane hoist line to the boom tip or crane block ge socket is better suited using wire rope clips t or to join the ends of Before installing a wire r plastic impregnated wire rope consult the wire rope clip Spe manu
30. facturer or a For U bolt clips used to create end tg e Shall be placed on ide At least the minimum number of clips as recon or a qualified person shall be used The spacing and turn back should be as recomme e manufacturer or a qualified person The wire rope clip shall be tightened to the manufacturer or a qualified person After assembly the connection shall be loaded to at le load After unloading wire rope clips shall then be retighte recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person 42 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Wedge sockets also commonly called for dead ending the dache ball assembly ip They are easy to mble when changing show amark of required to clip the dead enc wedge sockets have with a hole in it to ag clip to Here are several wae terminate the wedge socke Or regular non rotation resistant wire rope the tail needs to be at lea 6 inches or 10 times the diamete of the wire rope For rotation resistant wire rope it needs to be at least 20 times the diameter of the wire rope PN eee Wedge socket assembly The live end of the wire rope in the wedge sot with the socket s pin Rigging Gear Rings links amp swivels useful for fabricating sling ling eyes from bunching a manufacturer for the he load rating stamped se a master ring that is has no identification markings marked by the m a n
31. g loads to be lifted by the crane The rope is bought in reels and slings can be fabricated as needed for all types of loads The fabrication of these slings falls under the guidelines of chapter 9 4 of ASME B30 9 titled slings HAAD HAT Slings Used For Rigging he most common of all the They are composed of generally right handed opular products for the ns This is because of gives it perfect balance des a flexible and toug ly resistant to kinking 4 classes of deck machinery Twelve Strand individual strands high strength to easily spliced non coils easily will not high strength to weight O Double braided Two rop braided core is constructed econg then braided over it to form the 4 then have two ropes performi integrated strength member Ove rope strength is in the well protected cg and half left for total balance Doubl strength than conventional 3 8 or 12 is flexible wet or dry new or worn and works well one Fabricating fiber rope slings The fabrication of these slings falls under t4 It state guidelines of chapter 9 4 of ASME B30 9 The design factor shall be a minimum of 5 1 Splicing is the preferred method of fabricating eye to eye or endless rope components for slings Minimum or 4 full tucks in 3 and 8 strand ropes THARD HAT rrainino series Fiber rope slings 6 size for size greater igh splice strength It 25 Slings Used For Rigging Rig
32. g loads short distances lly horizontally or at an angle in place of a that requires the use of a cheater or the r worker to move a load is for the rate of travel chail Chain hoists should between the upper position only If rigge damaged at the shank gear housing is resting agai can be damaged or broke hoist is hanging freely Chain hoists come alongs a points Anchors may be overhea structures The arrangement may invg lugs slings or block and tackle involved and the anchorage required Load Load indicating devices are also known as dynamometers and crane scales If properly calibr away the guess work when trying to determine Many cranes are equipped with these from the ma Portable load indicating devices are wireless can be installed above the hook Prior to use load indicating devices should be calibrated To wi 2 by the manufacturer or a qualified person Their accuracy can be affected by electronic interferenc chemically active environments 49 THARD HAT rrainino series Communication Signaling important part of crane operation but is often not treated tor cannot see the load Operator cannot see the load s landing area Operator cannot see the path of travel of the load or of the crane Telephone or radio extremely effective Who can give c A person who is qualified to i gperator This person There should be only one design Never start an
33. ght Area of a circle e area of a circle is not difficult but it does require that we i Radius Diameter Circumference and Squared Don t panic Or and some scratch paper it will be easy istance across the circle center of alf of the diameter aj Circumference i circle or Pi x diamet Squared is multi Area Pi x radius s Complete exercise Volume of a cylind Determining the volume of a cylinde easy once you know how to find the ag a circle Pi x Radius Squared Ar Circle All that remains is to multiply the area of the circle by the length of the cylinder Area x Length Volume And finding its weight is just a matter of multiplying the volume by its unit weight Volume x Unit Weight Load Weight Complete exercise 3 What is the volume of this cylinder If it is concrete what is its estimated weight Remember concrete is 150 Ibs per cubic foot THARD HAT reainine series Determining Weight Volume of a pipe hard stuff Determining the is it hard terested in the volume of the o it is to determine the volume of whole as if it were a cylinder and Easier yet imac split the pipe dow and flatten it o rectangle The cij is now its width width times its lerrgth you its area If thi 2 steel pipe then accordo tq the rigging card its weig would be 20 Ibs per squt foot So its weight would B 20 Ibs times the area To Summarize
34. ging knots passed down for generations and are useful in rigging especially curing loads There is the old saying if you cannot tie a knot wing how to properly tie knots is another sign of a good rigger ill come in handy over and over makes a reasonably secure loop in iece of rope Under load it does not With no loaduiteean be untied easily This hal eality is full hitch y is useful in securing The clove hitch is with another knot sin and can bind in others itself because you need all the gripp get to keep the knot from slipping off as the pull Once of the best knots for this type pipe hitch Wire rope Wire rope is a type of rope which consists of se or twisted into a helix Initially wrought iron wir is the main material used for wire ropes Historically wire rope evolved from steel chains mechanical failure While flaws in chain links can lead to flaws in the wires making up a wire rope are less critical as t take up the load Friction between the individual wires a compensates for any flaws 26 THARD MAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging Wire rope slings hn A Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the d manufacture of wire rope forming the basis for his success in load is lifted and set down When a wire rope bends each of its ides and adjusts to accommodate the differences in length between d outside of the bend the sharper th
35. hat start to look pigtailed have also been overloaded o 32 THARD HAT Slings Used For Rigging Wire mesh slings metalworking machine shops where loads are abrasive hot or ch as bar stock or plate steel the load firmly without the sling width greatly enhances load ce wire mesh slings are zinc plated rrosion and wire mesh slings are All slings should to each use to as been compromise Overloading Unev lie flat appears dist Wear Flat areas on the wires have lost 25 or diameter the sling must be take Distortion or Wear of End Fittings do not lie flat or have obvious areas of bsion heat gt damage End fitting distortion Corrosion Heat Damage Areas of discoloratik Remove slings with wire diameter reduction of 15 or more Slings exposed to temperatures of 550 F or more must be removed from service Broken Weld or Brazed Joint A cracked or separation of the wire at the edge or in the body of the mesh 33 THARD HAT ve ninine series Slings Used For Rigging Chain slings mmonly used because of their to adapt to the shape of the load however when using alloy chain are subject to damage by sudden are your best choice for lifting are oy hot They can be heated to however when alloy hosed to temperatures g load limits should be the manufacturer s Misuse of chain resulting in sling employee Some chain sling br ing for different leng
36. hes can be rm a bridle hitch for hoisting quipped with the rated Ovide excellent load stability d is distributed equally among the G k is positioned directly over the I r of gravi he load is raised FENN ually it may be f Aths b i ngles be i is not overloaded long wide loads The capacity will vary level necessa depending on the slin 3 Leg Bridles have excellen leg pick then make sure th re using a 3 leg bridle for a 2 out of the way of the load 4 leg bridles have excellent loa bridle since not all of the slings e the capacity of a 3 leg And if the load is very rigid you mug only two of the legs so it must then other two legs will not see as much str id is being carried by A two leg bridle The to balance the load The only way to get true 4 leg loading is to have a example to adjust the tension in each leg This meth Since it would also require a way to measure that te make the reduction and use higher capacity slings if rnbuckle for lly not practical would be easier to Choker hitch When a sling ts being used in a choker hitch th reduction in its rated capacity usually around 75 vertical For example if the capacity of a sling in a vertical is 12 000 Ibs then the capacity in a true choker hitch would around 9 000 Ibs The key word here is true 15 THARD MAT reainine series Rigging Hitches Angle of choke ion that must
37. ks or links formed from bolts rods or other such components shall not be used Mechanical coupling links shall not be used within the body of an alloy chain sling to connect two pieces of chain In addition never attempt to repair the welded components on a sling If the sling needs repair of this nature the supervisor must be notified 35 THARD HAT reainine series Rigging Gear Shackles types and styles of shackles and to 3 common categories he most common is excellent fo rings hooks pad eyes eye bolt pin shoulder Has a wide bow tha _ that tend to bunch uy Pin The main components Chain Sli Act for use with chain of a shackle are ged cast or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show a name b rated load c size Each new shackle pin shall hav manufacturer to show a name or tradema b grade material type o Anchor shackles Screw pin shackles are by far the most common used in of inserting and removing the pin tamped markings by the e to the ease Bolted shackles are typically used for more perma ications Round pin shackles should not be used for lif withstand the side forces that are commonly put on aa an va T d no 7 4y n n d oo sp P t E F n r A fi x 7 gi ir THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Gear Shackle use threads shall be fully engaged and tight and the shoulder with the
38. location the sling bends significantly easier is damaged and should be discarded Inspect the e and wear s for cuts chaffing This eye failure over a sharp cor pick point that was Synthetic round Synthetic round slings are ve of their flexibility light weight conform to a variety of shapes and lg are not as stiff as flat slings and ha hog and shackles without bunching up Normally the are made from polyester yarns that are protected in a Kevlar jacket This jacket will protect the load bearing yarns from cuts snags and chaffing but will not protec them from high heat Although they are made in the endless configurations an additional jacket can be sewn around the middle of the sling to turn it into an eye to eye sling 23 THARD HAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging slings are made of synthetic prone to cuts snags and ctive jacket covering ity tag is on the sling and is legible pted to lengthen or shorten synthetic round in the jacket which are Sling around sharp corners ith softeners or chaffing material Never lay the end of slings out f If there are polyester y sling must be discarded Synthetic fiber rope slings are ma various types of rope material intluding nylon polyester polypropylene and spectra to name a few These slings are very common in the maritime industry where slings can be fabricated for different uses including riggin
39. ng and hang have the eyes up since i loading so one of the leg stressed than the other capacity Double choker bite ug The double choker bite up is better choice than eyes up since you will get true 2 leg loading Good Load Control Poor N S E W 2 Leg Loading Use a doubled choker bite uf turn loags 17 THARD HAT rrainino series Rigging Hitches Single basket hitch The Si ket Hitch is used to support a load by f the sling to the hook then passing 4 the load and attaching it to the hook does not turn or slide along the rope oth load and rope can be damaged using a basket hitch allows the two legs function as if they were two separate slings pacity of a vertical hitch as Good Load Control es For this to happen it Poor N S E W 2 Leg Loading is balanced The kept far enough not so far apart t and the legs pull in angle between the lod d be approximately 60 or g slippage On smooth surfa the hitch should be snubbecdWagemst a of contour to prevent the rope fro load is applied Otherwise use basket hitch Basket hitch deduct If the sling capacity in the vertical was 2 000 Ibs then at 90 true basket it would be 4 000 Ibs at 60 it would be 3 464 Ibs at 45 it would be 2 828 Ibs and at 30 it would be 2 000 Ibs Sling Sling Angle Angle Factor Vertical Sling Capacity 7 000 Ibs 60 Basket Capacity 3 464 Ibs 1 0
40. oading The disadvantage is that it adjusts on the hook and SO provides poor load control 19 THARD HAT rrainino series Slings Used For Rigging Types of slings of the training we will discuss the lings and the materials they are made re more pliable and easier to handle Webecause they are made of soft materials amage loads The most common types of s are Flat slings made of nylon polyester or da are usually made from polyester and E t are made from a multitude of mateg pylene spectra and other newer at rival wire rope for its strength Wire Rope Slings carbon steel whic Improved Plow oved Plow Steel EIPS and Extra teel EEIPS which designate the nominal EIPS is rades including Chain Slings are your be are very hot They can be operators must reduce the worki with the manufacturer s recomme xist It is also preferable when neutral conditions prevail and when g to chemicals and sulfuric hydrochloric nitric and formic acids a bleach solutions are prevalent Nylon will deteriorate not use dacron in alkaline conditions because it will polypropylene instead ideal for applications where a minimum of stretching is importa 20 THARD MAT reainine series Slings Used For Rigging Flat slings Flat sli multiple types of eyes that can be formed as well as hardwa pe sewn into the eyes to make them more versatile Aardware gt Hardware on ea
41. s signal if they see something going wrong with the lift Dog everything The signal for dog everything is given by clasping both hands together in front of you one on top of the other This signals to the operator that he is to hold everything as is until further notice 52 THARD HAT reainine series Communication Hand signals ire down n is a signal to tell the load in It is Boom down have the operator is given by holdin the thumb dow closing your hand Knuckle jib On knuckle cranes you may to show which boom you w have moved up Main block Make this signal by tapping the top of your hard hat This indicates to the operator that you need the main block Whip line Make this signal by holding your right arm in a square and tapping the elbow with the left hand Indicates whip line THARD HAT reainine series Communication Hand signals to the square with your hand your left arm in front of you in tion in the direction you want the forward or backward closed while turnin in a circular moti crane to travel f Travel both tr Turn both arms in front of motion in the direction you travel forward or backward Trolley 1 Trolley 54 THARD HAT reainine series Communication Hand signals to the square with your hand your left arm in front of you in tion in the direction you want the forward or backward Magnate disco Make
42. sive surfaces Op of sling pull ect Arp slings when they 4 corners or protrus Cut slings are usu TUSE om ng protecting slings when Wpappeg ng corners Often when a lca a Dag Or prg Sling will slide to adjust itse it is up against a sharp cor then it could be cut or even fail Some nylon web slings have Fed thre that are sewn inside and if these become visible the sling should be dis Broken stitches usually occur when they are putee while in a tight choker Always protect this part of the slin patterns laps on hooks around sharp corners or at cho Do not be tempted to lengthen or shorten synthe and or Heat damage can come from temperatures above polyester slings Heat damage can also be caused b basket if the load is not properly centered the sling trying to adjust This friction can cause the sling to heat and affect both ion Often Weld splatter is also lethal to synthetic slings Do not wel Sling Keep synthetic slings away from areas where hot work 22 HAAD HAT Slings Used For Rigging Flat sling inspection UV rays can also damage nylon and polyester slings over s start to look bleached it time to replace them Store nylon a dark cool dry location Ss over time will eventually start to chaff Often this will be e sling if it is used in a tight basket most of the time y bending them in the more worn areas to see if one
43. th legs Slings should never be knotting or twisting Chain sling Inspec All chain slings must be visually ing use and should be thoroughly inspect at least once per month ap ink by A written record of the most recent periodic inspection shall be maintained and shall include the condition of the sling Closely examine each link Remember just bad link can cause the chain to fail Under no circumstances should a chain be used for hoisting unless it has been closely examined for defects or wear Chain Lin Every chain should carry a small metal identification tag bearing a serial number and its safe working load 34 THARD HAT rrainino series Slings Used For Rigging Chain slings When ing alloy steel chain slings pay special i tching wear in excess of the allowances made and nicks and gouges s subjected to shock or impact loads it must i inSpected before being put back into service t twisted or damaged links that often occur when i aving unprotected sharp edges Look for e are seve 4 So links that bi straight may indicat Binding is the t exists when a sIint that its individual freely ed to the exten within each othe Stretching should be det caliper all new chains in s measuring them during inspe ion If the inspection reveals a s take the chain out of service B partig determining link wear at the point whg each other Makeshift fasteners hoo
44. up is necessary use additional floa 3 Floats larger than the outrigger pads should regardless of the type of surface being set up pounds per square inch loading on the surface 4 Blocking under the outrigger beam prevents full leverage utilized Such blocking increases potential for a tipover 5 Always extend all outriggers Not doing so can result in the 59 THARD HAT rrainino series Crane Limits amp Hazards Level crane The angle indicator and the load chart depends on it gs are based on the machine being perfectly level in all WT N WT N ranes on crawlers on rubber on outriggers and when d the fact that the load chart can only good idea of the weight of the load ining this is to weigh it Often the wel e obtained from data on r documentation blueprints or ing Sstagaped or written on the When such information 4 calculate its weight Never of the load ill be necessary to to eStablish the weight Crane radius What is the radius of the pic placement The capacities listed in the load chart also depend on and vary with the crane s load radius The load radius is the horizontal distance measured from the center of rotation of the crane center pin to the load hook center of gravity of the load while the boom is loaded Because of boom and machine deflection and pendant stretch expect the load radius to increase when the load is lifted off the ground
45. uting the right d allowing the calculator to do the rest Always have a calculator on hand Most cell phones have them as well as I Phones Blackberries etc And always carry a field book to jot down notes PUN ee Note Multiplying fractions on a calculator such as 1 2 or 2 3 requires that they are converted into a decimal 0 5 or 0 666 Also when working with square feet it is necessary to convert inches into feet for example 3 inches 0 25 feet THARD MAT reainine series Determining Weight Calculating weight ight of any item you need to know its volume and unit them together The unit weight is the density of the ally measured in pounds per cubic foot Volume x Unit Weight Load Weight castings bedplates etc is time well spent and if any of the lifting gear fails WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS Materials amp Liquids bs cu ft and water 63 Ibs or Z As you can see lumb f is tf ete Reinf Fir is very light while Oa twice as much If you are Pounds sq ft is important to estimate hig ter as 2 a gen 162 w Alum Plate 14 3 5 450 Note the weight of steel pla F inch steel plate is 10 Ibs per square foot 4 inch is 20 Ibs per square foot and sog Volume of a cube To fine need only to 4 it width by its 2 ft To fi that is 8 ft It s volume of 32 Ibs would of 2 048 Ibs HAAD HAT reainine series Determining Wei
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