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Arras User`s Manual - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

1. 4 14 Reference Manual SYNTAX CONFIGURATION known word AND OR known word CONFIGURATION known word AND OR known word CONTEXT number TO numbr units CONFIGURATION known word AND numbr TO numbr units known word CONFIGURATION known word AND NOT known word CONFIGURATION known word AND NOT known word CONTEXT number TO numbr units CONFIGURATION known word AND numbr TO numbr units NOT known word CONFIGURATION nested configuration AND OR nested configuration CONFIGURATION nested configuration AND OR nested configuration CONTEXT number TO numbr units CONFIGURATION nested configuration AND NOT nested configuration CONFIGURATION nested configuration AND NOT nested configuration CONTEXT number TO numbr units CONFIGURATION nested configuration AND numbr TO numbr units NOT nested configuration WHERE known word ooomoomooo Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name number PA inaa Any number usually a small value A positive integer 4 15 Reference Manual UDS A In most ARRAS files the units of text are the following VOLUME CHAPTER PARAGRAPH SENTENCE WORD PAGE LINE nested configuration A nested configuration AND OR novias ciiniasa The Boolean operators amp which stands for and which stands for or NOD Aavcsaiaramoeewngee The not symbol which is
2. NEWCAT CONFIGURATION FWCAT amp EACAT CONTEXT 4 TO 4 WORDS NAME NEWCAT CONFIGURATION FWCAT amp 1 TO 1 WORDS NOT EACAT NAME NEWCAT CONFIGURATION FWCAT EACAT amp HOTCAT COLDCAT CONTEXT 3 TO 3 WORDS NAME NEWCAT 4 13 Reference Manual EXPLANATION The CONFIGURATION command creates new categories by combining old categories and words The basic command has two distinct formats e Configurations using amp select locations from the first category based on their proximity to words or locations in the second category If such a pattern can be found within a given context the location is included in a new category If the not parameter is used then the location is chosen only if no word from the second category appears within the context Configurations using combine two categories exactly as though the new category had been created using DEFINE e Nested configurations are simply a shorthand way of combining intermediate configurations to form a pattern of patterns In particular a nested config uration can be rewritten as a series of several basic configuration commands Anything that can be accomplished using nested configuration commands can be done equally effectively in another way For example CONFIG A amp B amp C amp D NAME E is equivalent to CONFIG A amp B NAME Al CONFIG C amp D NAME Bl CONFIG Al amp B1 NAMB E
3. selection and ARRAS proper into a system Figure 1 shows this system and the relations among its parts Most of this manual is concerned with the analysis portion of ARRAS In fact unless a specific step is being discussed such as preparing a new text we will use the term ARRAS to refer to the analysis portion of the overall system Introduction Physical Text 3 Encoded Text Text Select Using This Manual In designing this manual we have assumed that each reader will go through three stages of development Consequently we have described ARRAS in three diferent ways When you first begin to use ARRAS or any other system the first thing you need to do is to get a feel for it a general sense of what it does or doesn t do a sense of the rhythm of use You also need to build a mental image of the system where a text is located how ARRAS views it etc For example ARRAS permits you to refer to any given word in a text by its linear position the first word is numbered 1 the second 2 out to 100 000 or whatever This view of a text might be thought of as one long ticker tape running left to right on which the entire text has been printed But that tape can also be thought to have been cut into lines and those lines to have been pasted on pages To lead you through this initial stage of familiarization we have provided a Tutorial The Tutorial is time oriented It presumes y
4. ARRAS command words It is designed so that you may quickly get in get the information you need and get back to work While providing detailed information it presumes that you have worked through the Tutorial and the Functional Groups sections The organization is alphabetic by command word Each description is composed of three parts examples and a brief explanation the syntax of the command and a list of the other command words used with it and finally its abbreviation and additional notes The Reference Manual also uses a consistent layout for each description and consistent type fonts to signal specific kinds of information Both of these conventions are described below in more detail Reference Manual Format of the Detailed Command Section Each command description is divided into three sections the following template shows this format COMMAND WORD The command word heads the section EXAMPLE Examples start each section EXPLANATION A full explanation of what the command does or a cross reference is provided SYNTAX The Syntax for the word is a fill in the blanks recipe for constructing proper commands using the word USE WITH A list of all the command words that can be used with the command being discussed This repeats information in the usage sections but it saves looking around 4 2 Reference Manual ABBREVIATION The minimum abbreviation ARRAS will recognize In most cases the fi
5. DISPLAY TEXT command which permits you to display contextual information for a single occurrence or position in the text i e a single linear number Thus you may wish to use a rather narrow context on the CONCORDANCE command for speed say 5 to 5 words and then use the DISPLAY TEXT command to extend the context for only those places that interest you INDEX DISPLAY INDEX shows the numeric context linear number and page number for each occurrence of a word The information displayed is that produced at the end of a DISPLAY CONCORDANCE command but without the textual context It is useful for seeing quickly and precisely where words occur You may then examine any given context by using the numeric INDEX information as parameters for a DIS PLAY TEXT command It is also useful for seeing the precise locations of words for which graphic distributions are displayed TEXT DISPLAY TEXT shows the text focused at a specific linear number but including whatever context to the left and or right you indicate When used with only a linear number ARRAS begins there and displays the text potentially to the end You can of course BREAK or interrupt the display With no linear numbers given it displays potentially the entire text DISPLAY TEXT is particularly useful in conjunction with DISPLAY INDEX and DISPLAY CONCORDANCE commands to move around the text quickly and easily R 3 4 Functional Groups DISTRIBUTION DISPLAY D
6. Exception The ns is not required after the following abbreviations Mr Mrs Ms Dr Example Mrs Jones A xxx sent Forces a sentence break where otherwise ambiguous for example a sentence ending with an abbreviation To avoid possible misinterpretation put the last sent after the abbreviation to ensure sentence break Quotations Soxxx Quotations may be marked with either single or double xxxx quote marks You must use the single left quote mark Vx instead of the apostrophe for left single quotes Punc x tuate conventionally except when an apostrophe occurs within a quote marked by single quote marks In such cases mark the leading or trailing apostrophe with a preceeding i e He said 79 was a great year for Jones Burgundy Accents ASCH gt 127 Code accented characters with single ASCII codes key values gt 127 as defined for the IBM PC computer ARRAS 1 0 does not provide special handling for ac cented characters but this facility is anticipated for fu ture releases Such codes will preserve that information in texts prepared in the meantime and can be adapted to conventions used in future releases of ARRAS Preparing Texts for ARRAS Processing New Texts Once the text is encoded it must be processed by a program called ARRASCAN Briefly ARRASCAN transforms a text that is in familiar line by line format that you can read into a decomposed form inverted file that the c
7. SINPUT FILE file name WHERE file name ooommmocoomom The name of a system file in which a set of categories was previously SAVEd See the SAVE Command This option can only be specified on CMS systems there is no choice of file name under TSO known word list A list of known words or category names separated by commas or blanks NEW NAME c ooooocooomooonmo A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name text location list A list of numbers that refer to locations in the text USE WITH CATEGORY LINEAR NAME ABBREVIATION DEF g 4 22 Reference Mannal DELETE EXAMPLE MODIFY CATEGORY FWCAT DELETE FIRE MODIFY CATEGORY FWCAT DELETE EXPLANATION e A full description of this command is given in the sections for the MODIFY command e DELETE is used to remove an item from a category or to delete the entire category 4 23 SYNTAX Reference Manual MODIFY CATEGORY category name DELETE WHERE category name known word USE WITH ADD CATEGORY MODIFY NAME ABBREVIATION DEL NOTES o ne onr nssno eo ness hnpos DELETE known word DELETE known word NAME new name DELETE known word ADD known word DELETE known word ADD known word NAME new name Any previously defined dictionary category Either a word
8. Second certain features such as the beginnings of paragraphs and pages must be marked in a way ARRAS can recognize Most of these markings can be inserted auto matically by an optical scanner or by a typist transcribing a text Third the text must be processed by a utility computer program supplied with the ARRAS system to turn it into a form the computer can read quickly We will not address the first step actual data entry since options available will differ from site to site depending upon equipment and policy Instead we will concentrate on the technical aspects of encoding and processing new texts One note of advice a text worth encoding should be the best available edition While the point is obvious we have seen instances where literary works have been encoded using student editions rather than the standard scholarly edition also available We would urge the perspective that texts once encoded can be used by others for many different purposes Whenever possible the standard or best available edition should be used when that version will meet the needs of the individual preparing it Encoding Encoding is the process of transforming information from physical to electronic form Currently the two primary options are typing on a terminal and scanning by optical reader such as the Kurzweil Data Entry Machine We have designed ARRAS s encoding conventions to correspond closely to output produced by an optical scanner How
9. and questions that interest you Using Categories As we mentioned at the beginning categories can be used in ARRAS commands in most of the places where a text word is used You can display a category examine concor dances of the words or locations contained in it and display a cumulative distribution for it Display Categories First to display the contents of a category use the command display category fol lowed by the category name The system will show the name of the category CATEGORY the numbers of distinct words TYPES their total cumulative frequency TOKENS the 2 12 Tutorial kind of category DICTIONARY LINEAR etc followed by the actual members For ex ample display cat FIRECAT produces the display shown in Figure 8 CURRENT CATEGORIES ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS CATEGORY FIRECAT MEMBERS TYPES TOKENS 12 125 ENFLAMING FIRE FIRECONSUMED FIRES FLAME FLAMED FLAMES FLAMING HEAT HEATED HOT HOTLY FIGURE 8 KIND DICTIONARY If the category is a higher level category i e a category of categories ARRAS will put an asterisk before the category member to indicate that this element is a category Figure 9 shows an example of a display of a higher level category 2 13 Tutorial CURRENT CATEGORIES ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS CATEGORY MEMBERS TYPES TOKENS KIND FIRECAT 2 1 DICTIONARY WATERCAT FIRECAT FIGURE 9 Finally display category will display all cate
10. different text Thus you have no facility to change texts dynamically under TSO 3 11 Functional Groups In CMS however you can re direct ARRAS s attention to another text while ARRAS is operating You do this with the CHANGE TEXT command and by adding the filename of the new text you wish to address through the FILE option ARRAS will then inform CMS of the change and ask that system to make the change This operation usually takes several seconds However it provides you with great flexibility to move around in different texts make comparative studies etc Since categories usually apply to a specific text when you change texts ARRAS will ask you if you wish to clear current categories If you don t you are likely to get erroneous results Entering and Leaving CMS When ARRAS is run under CMS you have options that are not available under TSO One of the most important and versatile capabilities is to leave ARRAS enter CMS and later return to ARRAS as if you had never left it that is with all categories intact To leave ARRAS simply give ARRAS the command CMS to return to ARRAS from CMS give CMS the command RETURN While you are in CMS technically the CMS Subset you can do a number of different things For example you can call the CMS editor XEDIT or another system editor and do word processing on a file You could edit a file of notes adding observations resulting from your recent analysis using
11. maintain this distinction ARRAS recognizes two major kinds of categories dictionary categories and linear categories Dictionary Categories A dictionary category is a set of words from the text For example you can categorize the words enflaming fire fireconsumed fires flame flamed flames flaming heat heated hot hotly and name it FIRECAT To define a dictionary category you use the command define followed by the sub command category default is dictionary category followed by the words that are to be included in the category In order to refer to the category later you must give it a name by using the name sub command As an example let s define the category mentioned above define category ENFLAMING FIRE FIRECONSUMED FIRES FLAME FLAMED FLAMES FLAMING HEAT HEATED HOT HOTLY name FIRECAT Linear Categories A linear category is a set of linear numbers in the text Each number refers to a specific instance of a word These numbers appear directly after the context displayed by the concordance command along with the page number for that instance Thus you can use the linear category to distinguish among different uses of a word For example after looking at the concordance for fire you could separate the noun fire from the verb fire by defining two different linear categories To define a linear category add the sub command linear to the define category command For example to define the linear c
12. of the category and convert a dictionary category to a linear category Configurations Configuration is a particularly powerful function that operates on words or categories If you have little background in math or logic it will seem a complicated function at first But its flexibility and usefulness will repay your hard work Configuration searches for a contextual pattern of words or categories and produces a linear category of the locations where the pattern appears For example you can search for all places in the text where both fire and water occur in the same sentence ARRAS uses one full sentence as the default context in which to search although this may be changed in two ways as we will explain a moment The configuration command always applies to two or more words or categories that are related to one another by an operator ARRAS recognizes three operators and or and not We will explain each operator separately show an example for each and then discuss how to combine them to form more complex expressions We will discuss them in terms of words but whenever a word is mentioned a category name could be used More about this later And denoted by amp And takes two words and constructs a linear category that contains only those loca tions where both words occur in the same sentence Take fire and water as an example configuration FIRE amp WATER name FFWW This command constructs a linear category ffww co
13. or blanks NEW DAME 2 ccc eee eeeeeee A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name number di een Any number usually a small value A positive integer text location ooooo A number that refers to the location of a word in the text text location list A list of numbers that refer to locations in the text A A ew aarne In most ARRAS files the units of text are the following VOLUME CHAPTER PARAGRAPH SENTENCE WORD PAGE gt LINE 4 4 Reference Manual ADD EXAMPLE MODIFY CATEGORY FWCAT ADD FLAMES EXPLANATION e A full description of this command is given in the sections for the MODIFY e This command is a subcommand of MODIFY e The ADD sub command adds words categories or linear numbers to an existing category 4 5 Reference Manual SYNTAX MODIFY CATEGORY category name ADD known word for linear categories only MODIFY CATEGORY category name ADD text location for linear categories only WHERE category name Any previously defined dictionary category known word 20c0ees Either a word that appears in the text or a BoevioNaty defined category name text location o ooo A number that refers to the location of a word in the text USE WITH CATEGORY MODIFY DELETE NAME ABBREVIATION ADD 4 6 Reference Manual BREAK KEY EXPLA
14. set of other categories A category consisting of words is called a DICTIONARY category a category consisting of linear numbers is called a LINEAR category A cate gory composed of other categories has no special name associated with it A category is identified by a NAME that you assign it You refer to the category by referring to its name consequently you should give it 2 name that is not a word in the text Categories are processed recursively Suppose you ask for a concordance of a dictionary category ARRAS constructs and displays the concordance for the first word when it is finished with all occurrences for that word it does the same for the second word etc If the concordance is for a category of categories ARRAS performs the above sequence for the first category then the second category etc In general categories may be thought to form a hierarchy Categories consisting of words or linear numbers may be referred to as Level 1 categories Categories whose members are Level 1 categories may be referred to as Level 2 categories Categories of Level 2 categories would be Level 3 etc To a great extent many studies when viewed functionally will be concerned largely with defining and managing an evolving hierarchy of categories ARRAS category functions can be divided into three basic groups e functions to define categories e functions to modify categories e functions to store and retrieve categories Functions to Define Catego
15. t be afraid to make mistakes After successfully starting ARRAS the first thing you will see is a screen that an nounces ARRAS much like the title page of a book The last line shows the word command ARRAS will then pause and wait for you to give it a command Before telling you how to make ARRAS start doing something we want to tell you first how to stop it For some commands ARRAS can be a bit like the sorcerer s apprentice think what would happen for example if you asked for a concordance for the word the It wouldn t really hurt anything if you did but you can stop ARRAS at anytime by using the break key When you press the break key the system will prompt ATTN and wait for your response You have three choices C R CARRIAGE RETURN CONTINUE THE PROCESSING q QUIT THE PROCESSING AND AWAIT THE NEXT COMMAND stop TERMINATE THE SESSION So for example if you are stuck in the middle of a long concordance request that you don t wish to continue you can press the break key and when you see the ATTN prompt type q This will quit the processing and return you to the command prompt 2 1 Tutorial General ARRAS Command Format The ARRAS command format roughly resembles normal English syntax Each com mand can be a complete English sentence with a subject verb object etc but a command can be abbreviated to include only the key words necessary for the system to recognize and carry out the intended act
16. that appears in the text or a previously defined category name A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name e When NAME is specified the DELETE command creates a new category and leaves the original unchanged When no name is specified the original is permanently altered 4 24 Reference Manual DICTIONARY EXAMPLE DISPLAY DICTIONARY FI FZ DISPLAY DICTIONARY FIRE EXPLANATION The DICTIONARY command shows the words within a specified alpha betical interval that appear in the text along with their frequency If no alpha betical range is specified the entire dictionary or vocabulary will be displayed If a single word is given ARRAS will report whether or not that word appears in the text and if so its frequency SYNTAX DISPLAY DICTIONARY DISPLAY DICTIONARY known word DISPLAY DICTIONARY string s ring2 WHERE A usa Ee Any group of letters you wish string string2 Two strings of characters such that stringl is before string2 in alphabetical sequence USE WITH DISPLAY s 4 25 Reference Manual ABBREVIATION DIC NOTES e Placing spaces around the dash is critical when using DICTIONARY The con struct FI FZ is interpreted as a single hyphenated word rather than a range 4 26 Reference Manual DISPLAY EXAMPLES DISPLAY CATEGORY FWCAT CONCORDANCE FWCAT DICTIONARY FI
17. the new category Again except for DISPLAY CON CORDANCE DISPLAY INDEX and DISPLAY CATEGORY commands the level of the category should be transparent 3 7 Functional Groups Functions to Store and Retrieve Categories Categories can be SAVEd and restored within a session or between sessions The options and capabilities under CMS are more extensive than those under TSO However since the TSO options are essentially a subset of the CMS options we will describe that common group of functions first aud then describe the additional features available under CMS Categories can be SAVEd using the SAVE command much as you save a text file when using a text editor The primary difference is that under TSO you have access to only a single external file into which you may SAVE categories You may save all categories SAVE CATEGORIES or you may save only selected categories which you list as parameters When you save categories however the new group replaces whatever group was previously saved in the file Categories may be restored using the DEFINE CATEGORY command by spec ifying SINPUT as the only parameter ARRAS will ask you if you wish to clear the categories currently in effect if you respond yes the categories previously SAVEd will become active and any new categories established previously in the session will be lost 1f you wish to add to the group of categories currently in effect those previously SAVEd a no to the clear prom
18. ARRAS You could also edit the file for say a journal article describing the study you are doing with ARRAS s assistance If you had told ARRAS to make a copy of a distribution concordance or other information with the SET SPOOL command you could copy that information directly into the text of the article you are working on If your installation is linked to a communication network such as BITNET you can send a copy of the paper you are working on or a copy of the ARRAS data you are considering to a colleague across the nation as easily as to a colleague on your own campus You could also review your files or other system files to find the name of another text you wish to look at using the CHANGE TEXT command And a number of other operations supported by CMS By combining ARRAS s analytic capabilities with word processing text formatting network communication and other general system features offered by CMS you will find yourself in a new environment The computer can become not just a tool that does different things but the place where you do a significant amount of your work The things you can do there will increase as new features are added to ARRAS and to CMS and as you learn to combine them in new and different ways The potential is limited largely by our imaginations 3 12 A AA A Reference Manual 4 0 Reference Manual Introduetion The Reference Manual provides complete technical descriptions for all current
19. Arras User s Manual TR85 036 1985 John B Smith The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Computer Science Sitterson Hall 083A Chapel Hill NC 27599 3175 A TextLab Report UNC is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Institution ARRAS USER S MANUAL John B Smith Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 Copyright 1984 by John B Smith Starting ARRAS Note for those not using TUCC The ARRAS system is supplied with procedures to start the SCAN program to Prepare New Terts and to start the analysis and retrieval system normally referred to simply as ARRAS These procedures are described below as they are used at the Triangle Universities Computation Center Your local computation center may have modified or replaced them to make ARRAS fit into your local environment Jf ARRAS or ARRASCAN does not begin operating as described here notify your local computation center FIRST TIME Before you use ARRAS for the first time you must prepare several files for it to use If you don t already have a 8LOGON CLIST file or don t know what this means you can have the ARRAS set ups done automatically for you by typing the following command EXEC UNC CS F743U ARRAS ARRASONE CLIST You do this only the first time in subsequent sessions proceed to the ARRASCAN and ARRAS steps If you already have a SLOGON CLIST file do the f
20. ISTRIBUTION produces a bar graph showing where over a text a word or category occurs It shows fifty columns of x s or s Each column represents 2 of the text or 4 5 pages in the average novel X s indicate the number of times the word or category occurs in each text interval s indicate that the word or category occurs more than twenty times for that particular interval To determine the precise number of times a word or category occurs in this last case use the DISPLAY INDEX command DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION is helpful in getting an overall sense of the authors use of a word or category You can see at a glance relative density Words or categories that are uniformly distributed over a text are often part of the background while words that cluster strongly in places are often part of the foreground Such places can in turn be examined more closely using the CONCORDANCE and TEXT comands to see precisely what is happening there 3 5 Functional Groups Category Manipulation ARRAS s category handling capability is one of its most important features You can use categories to identify syntactic classes of words thematic or conceptual clusters positions in the text where certain intrinsic or extrinsic features occur and many other applications In general you may use a category name in a command wherever you can use a text word A category is a set a set of word types a set of text locations linear numbers or a
21. M THAT WAS NOT THE WAY TO THINK OF HER IT WAS NOT EVEN THE WAY IN WHICH HE THOUGHT OF HER COULD HIS MIND THEN NOT TRUST ITSELF FIGURE 6 Distribution After examining individual occurrences of a word you can gain a sense of proportion and emphasis for that word over the text by using the sub command distribution It produces a bar graph the horizontal axis represents the text extending left to right from the beginning to the end divided into 50 segments the vertical axis indicates the number of occurrences for the word within each text segment The graph in Figure 7 shows the distribution for the word fire FREQ 20 x x x X x x x FREQ 10 x X xX x x x X x x xX x x XX XX x xX Xx X XX XX XXX XX X X XXXX X XX OXXX XXX XX XX EEE EEE EEE PEE a 2 50 100 DISTRIBUTION FIRE Figure 7 2 10 Tutorial Advanced Commands Categories So far ARRAS commands have operated on single words in the text However you may wish to use categories or groups of words in some instances instead of single words For example in a study involving themes or concepts groups of synonyms may be a more natural basis for the study than individual words One of ARRAS most powerful features is its ability to handle such categories A category is a set It can be a collection of words text locations or other categories Normally different types of data are not mixed in the same category To
22. MORE CHANGES yes CHANGE dectionary TO dictionary MORE CHANGES no FIGURE 3 The most frequently used ARRAS command is display Display displays the infor mation requested on the terminal screen There are several important sub commands sna are used with display Let s start with the simplest one Dictionary ARRAS keeps an alphabetic list or dictionary of every word with out duplications that appears in the text If you want to examine the vocabulary of the text type 2 6 oe mea Tutorial display dictionary The system will display all the words in the dictionary along with their frequencies More often you will want to see whether a given word occurs or to check the frequency of occurrence for a given word To do this add the word as a parameter For example disp dict FIRE The system will display 56 FIRE where 56 is the number of times the word fire occurs in the text A third form of the command lets you to see all the words and their frequencies for a specified alphabetic range For example disp dict FIRE FIREZ will display all words that begin with the characters fire It produces the following DICTIONARY FREQUENCY AND WORD 56 FIRE 1 FIREARMS 1 FIRECONSUMED 2 FIRED 1 FIREEATER 3 FIRELIGHT 7 FIREPLACE 5 FIRES 1 FIRESHOVEL FIGURE 4 Concordance If you would next like to see the contexts for a given word in the text use the concordance sub command ARRAS will display each full sente
23. NATION The BREAK KEY interrupts ARRAS in the middle of whatever command it is executing at the time There are three ways to resume ARRAS after it has been interrupted e Entering STOP will cancel the entire ARRAS session This is exactly like entering STOP as a direct command e Entering Q will immediately terminate the command that was interrupted This is the best way to escape from a long display an inadvertent listing of the entire text for example ARRAS will return to normal command mode and await your next instruction e Carriage return the return key will resume the display approximately where it was interrupted It is likely however that several lines of output may be lost by the system when this is done These are lines that ARRAS has in fact output but which were lost by the system during the interruption NOTES e On some systems the BREAK KEY sometimes takes a moment to get the computer s attention If after several seconds the system has not stopped press BREAK KEY again 4 7 Reference Manual CATEGORY EXAMPLES DEFINE CATEGORY FIRE WATER NAME FWCAT DISPLAY CATEGORY FWCAT DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY 1023 1444 NAME NUMBCAT EXPLANATION e Full descriptions for this command are in the sections for DEFINE and DISPLAY e The CATEGORY command is used to define and display categories SYNTAX DEFINE CATEGORY known word list NAME new name DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY text location l
24. RE DICTIONARY FIR FIZ DISTRIBUTION FWCAT INDEX FIRE TEXT 15023 3 TO 5 SENTENCES EXPLANATION e DISPLAY indicates that output is to be shown on the screen e A full description of this command is given in the sections for the commands listed above 4 27 Reference Manual SYNTAX DISPLAY CATEGORY category name CONCORDANCE known word DICTIONARY known word DICTIONARY word word DISTRIBUTION known word INDEX known word TEXT number number TO number units WHERE category Dame o oooo o Any previously defined dictionary category known word ooocooooo Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name n mber sssscrissrsrcarsdirt Any number usually a small value A positive integer w rd uri Any group of letters you wish USE WITH CATEGORY CONCORDANCE DICTIONARY DISTRIBUTION INDEX TEXT ABBREVIATION DISP amp 4 28 Reference Manual DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION FWCAT EXPLANATION DISTRIBUTION produces a bar graph showing the frequency distribution over the text for the word or category specified The text is broken into fifty sections of equal size the graph shows how often the word or category occurs in each section If a word or category occurs more than twenty times in a section a column of asterisks is printed SYNTAX DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION known word WHERE kno
25. SCREEN SET SPOOL STOP 3 2 Functional Groups Retrieval and Analysis Retrieval and Analysis is what ARRAS is all about hence its name ARchive Retrieval and Analysis System ARRAS s most basic objective is to provide fast flexible access to long texts In fact you should see no difference in ARRAS s response regardless of the length of the text you are exploring except of course relative to the number of tokens involved in the particluar command it takes longer to do a concordance for a word that occurs one hundred times than for one that occurs ten times whatever the overall length of the text To achieve this objective ARRAS requires that the text be prepared ahead of time as explained in the section entitled Preparing Tezts for ARRAS Once a text has been prepared you can perform six basic retrieval and analysis oper ations e DISPLAY DICTIONARY e DISPLAY CONCORDANCE e DISPLAY INDEX e DISPLAY TEXT e DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION e CONFIGURATION Notice that most retrieval and analysis commands are used with the key word DIS PLAY When a particular retrieval is requested e g a retrieval from the DICTIO NARY for the text being considered the results are displayed immediately The one major exception is CONFIGURATION which produces a category of locations where the search pattern occurs That category however can be DISPLAYed using most of the other commands in this group We will explain this in more detail belo
26. T FWCAT NAME FWLIN EXPLANATION e Full descriptions for this command are in the sections for DEFINE CONVERT MODIFY CONFIGURATION e This subcommand associates a name with a category 4 38 SYNTAX Reference Manual DEFINE CATEGORY known word list NAME new name CONVERT category name NAME new name MODIFY CATEGORY category name NAME new name CONFIGURATION configuration expression NAME new name WHERE category RaMe ooooomo configuration expression known Word ecesccveces known word list o new n2mME co oocmoomcomoonos oo USE WITH CATEGORY DEFINE CONFIGURATION CONVERT MODIFY ABBREVIATION NAM Any previously defined dictionary category A Boolean combination of words or categories Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name A list of known words or category names separated by commas or blanks A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name 4 39 Reference Manual POETRY EXAMPLE SET POETRY ON EXPLANATION e This command is a subcommand of SET The POETRY command instructs ARRAS to display the text line for line as it was in the original printed version rather the version scanned by ARRAS ARRAS normally displays text e g in a CONCORDANCE or TEXT command by filling up the display line with as ma
27. at particular command A no or a carriage return in response to the CONTINUE prompt returns you to the command prompt 2 4 Tutorial The second way in which ARRAS will offer help is when a command is used incorrectly When ARRAS finds an error in your command it will prompt ERROR IN LAST COMMAND DO YOU NEED HELP Type yes to get help or no if you don t want help If you type yes the help system will be invoked as if you had typed help as a command just discussed above If you decline ARRAS s offer of help after a command error by typing no to the prompt ARRAS will ask you if you wish to modify the command statement If you type yes the system will display the erroneous command followed by the prompt CHANGE Type the incorrect part of your command then the system will prompt TO Type a correction to replace the incorrect portion you just typed Since there may be more than one error in a command ARRAS will prompt for additional changes When you have finished making all the changes you need to type no to the prompt for additional changes ARRAS will then attempt to execute the command as modified For example suppose you typed the erroneous command desplay dectionary FIRE 2 5 Tutorial Figure 3 shows a dialogue in which the two misspellings are corrected Display ERROR IN LAST COMMAND DO YOU WANT HELP no DO YOU WANT TO EDIT yes DESPLEY DICTIONARY FIRE CHANGE desplay TO display
28. ategory nounfire containing the locations 1281 1367 4485 4496 where the word fire is used as a noun type def linear cat 1281 1369 4485 4496 2 11 Tutorial name NOUNFIRE Categories of Categories Actually there is a third kind of category one in which the members are not words or linear numbers but rather other categories Consider the following example Suppose that in addition to firecat you had defined a category watercat that consists of the words water watery wet wetness damp dampness and similar categories earthcat and atreat You may use these categories individually but you may also wish to collect them for some considerations into a category elementscat composed of members firecat watercat earthcat and asrcat The command to do so is define cat FIRECAT WATERCAT EARTHCAT AIRCAT name ELEMENTSCAT Reference to elementscat now refers to the contents of all four categories If you think of simple dictionary and linear categories as level 1 categories you may wish to think of a category whose members are level 1 categories as a level 2 category However the basic notion of category is recursive you can build level 3 categories whose members are level 2 categories etc Thus you may view a system of categories as a hierachy This capability is quite general and quite flexible so you may need to practice using it and to give it some thought in order to relate it to the problems
29. be used to discard accumulated output 4 45 Reference Manual STOP EXAMPLE STOP EXPLANATION The STOP command terminates an ARRAS session Any categories which have not been SAVEd see SAVE in the setion that follows will be lost ABBREVIATION STO Reference Manual TEXT EXAMPLE DISPLAY TEXT DISPLAY TEXT 15301 DISPLAY TEXT 15301 3 TO 4 PARAGRAPHS EXPLANATION The TEXT command displays text It allows you to select a particular linear location in the text and the width of the context to be shown surrounding it Used with no parameters it displays the entire text Used with only a linear number it begins displaying the text from that position and continues to the end of the text Reference Manual SYNTAX DISPLAY TEXT DISPLAY TEXT text location DISPLAY TEXT text location number TO number units WHERE text location o oooooo ooo A number that refers to the location of a word in the text number isis Any number usually a small value positive integer Unita AAA sie eles In most ARRAS files the units of text are the following VOLUME CHAPTER PARAGRAPH SENTENCE WORD PAGE LINE USE WITH DISPLAY ABBREVIATION TEXT 4 48 Preparing Texts 5 0 Preparing Texts for ARRAS Introduction Preparing texts for ARRAS is a three step procedure First the text must be trans formed from a physical form e g a printed book to another form e g ASCII or EBCDIC
30. e MODIFY command is used to change existing categories Four types of changes can be specified e The command can delete the category altogether e The command can add new words categories or text location numbers to the original category e The command can remove particular words categories or text location num bers from the original e The command can rename the category 4 36 Reference Manual SYNTAX MODIFY CATEGORY known word DELETE ADD known word ADD text location DELETE known word DELETE known word NAME new name WHERE category Mame o oo oomo Any previously defined dictionary category known word ooommmo Hither a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name text location ooomoooo A number that refers to the location of a word in the text NEW NAME o comooommmoon A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name USE WITH ADD CATEGORY DELETE NAME ABBREVIATION MOD NOTES e Text location numbers can only be added to or deleted from a linear category e When an entire category is deleted ARRAS will prompt for confirmation that you really meant to do so e Several ADD s and or DELETE s can be done in a single command 4 37 Reference Manual NAME EXAMPLES DEFINE CATEGORY FIRE WATER NAME FWCAT CONVER
31. e and prompts CONTINUE Carriage return after a blank continuation line is interpreted as the end of the command and ARRAS will go off and execute the command 2 3 Tutorial Basic Commands help ARRAS is anxious to help you You can get help in two ways The first way is to type help as a command be sure to put a period after it help The system will display a list of all commands for which help descriptions are available followed by a prompt for the specific command you are interested in You can type the command you want to know about and the system will display the format of the command followed by examples Figure 2 shows a dialogue with help in which a request is made for information about the concordance command INTRODUCTION GENERAL BREAK CATEGORY CHANGE CONCORDANCE CONFIGURATION CONTEXT CONVERT CMS DEFINE DICTIONARY DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION EXPAND HELP INDEX MODIFY SAVE STOP SET TEXT TERM FOR WHICH YOU WISH HELP concordance FORMAT sub command concordance Pl P2 PN CONTEXT N TO M UNITS EXAMPLES DISPLAY CONCORDANCE fire DISPLAY CONCORDANCE firecat CONTEXT 1 to 1 SENTENCES CONTINUE no Figure 2 After displaying the format and the examples ARRAS will ask you if you want to continue the description If you respond with yes ARRAS will display a narrative expla nation and again ask you if you want more information A second yes will produce a list of all available options for th
32. e you wish to use instead of the default file Example ARRAS POE CATFILE DARKPOE a Note You may use ARRAS with a SAMPLE text that we have prepared by giving the following command ARRAS SAMPLE Contents Title Section Acknowledgments ee eee o OA A A 0 Introduction a ie ta aes a Ge OY e hele fa te Sa aa Se ee 1 Tutorial a a AA Eo aie eee nk AR ee ee A fol Re ae GZ 2 Functional Groups ea we we eS a ci ge eg 3 Reference Manual 00 4 5 e kek AS A ee l e 4 Preparing Texts ot or er e Tie elk ee Ae ee ee a ae ee 5 Acknowledgments ARRAS goes way back I can t acknowledge all those who have helped or contributed but I wish to recall some of those who were most influential I see ARRAS as the fifth evolution of a set of ideas and computer procedures that I began while a graduate student at UNC That work was done under the direction of Sally Y Sedelow and Weldon Thornton I am grateful to them both for early guidance and encouragement While at Penn State I profited from the suggestions and technical expertise of many individuals George Borden and Ken Frandsen offered much needed perspectives as col leagues active in text analysis Skip Knoble Bill Verity Dan Bernitt Chet Smith Tom Minsker and other Computation Center Faculty provided technical assistance always pa tiently and good naturedly beyond what anyone could reasonably ask for or expect to receive I am particular
33. each individual configuration operation we can now combine them to form more complex expressions Each of the above expressions was evaluated within a context of one full sentence This is the default You may change the default context by adding a context clause to the configuration command The unit of the context can be defined in terms of words sentences paragraphs chapters volumes lines and pages For example configuration FIRECAT amp WATERCAT context 50 TO 50 WORDS E name FWCAT 2 18 Tutorial In this example ARRAS will go to each occurrence of each word in firecat see if there is any word from the watercat within 50 words to the left or the right and if so add the location of that particular firecat word to the linear category fwcat being formed configuration FIRECAT amp WATERCAT COLDCAT name MIXCAT ARRAS will look for the contexts where a firecat word occurs near a word from either the watercat or the coldcat Note the use of parentheses they may be used freely to indicate logical combinations that should be used as elements relative to the other word or category elements in the expression You may also change the context used to evaluate only part of the total search expres sion This is done by placing a context specification enclosed in square braces immediately after an and operator context has no meaning with a logical or The format of the local context specification can be
34. egory names separated by commas or blanks ABBREVIATION EXP a 4 31 Reference Manual HELP EXAMPLE HELP HELP CONTEXT HELP CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTION EXPLANATION The HELP command starts an internal self instruction system It offers three modes of access e By typing the command HELP or by responding YES to the prompt when ARRAS detects a command error the system will list current command words for which explanations are availible To select one simply type that word when prompted e Second you may request help for a specific command word by typing it as the parameter to the HELP command e Third you may request a specific part of the help instructions for a given word by typing FORMAT DESCRIPTION or OPTIONS as a subcommand to HELP This requires that a command word parameter also be specified To turn off the automatic prompt for help when ARRAS finds an incorrect command see the SET command description 4 32 Reference Manual SYNTAX HELP HELP command word HELP command word DESCRIPTION HELP command word FORMAT HELP command word OPTIONS WHERE command WOrd ooo o o Any word in ARRAS s command vocabulary ABBREVIATION HEL 4 33 Reference Manual INDEX EXAMPLE DISPLAY INDEX FIRE EXPLANATION INDEX produces a list of locations in the text linear positions and page numbers For a specified word INDEX produces a list of locations for ever
35. ever after a text is scanned it may require some clean up and modification using an online editor such as WYLBUR or XEDIT or a microcomputer The primary intent of ARRAS s encoding conventions is to mark linguistic segments paragraphs chapters etc and physical segments lines pages etc Readers often unconsciously use blank space as a major key in recognizing these units but blank space is very difficult to control on output from a scanner and on typed copy hence ARRAS s explicit marks Form Segments Symbol para chap title vol title page line Preparing Texts for ARRAS ARRAS Style Sheet Rules Meaning A backslash followed by one or more characters will be interpreted as a format mark Example para marks a new paragraph Place on a line by itself before each paragraph meuding the first paragraph of the text and the first paragraph of a chapter or volume Place on a line by itself or with title before each chap ter including the first chapter of the text and the first chapter of a multivolume work Example chap or chap Introduction Place on a line by itself or with title before each volume including the first volume of a multivolume text Example vol or vol Part I Place on a line by itself or with a page number be fore each page of a text including the first page of the text With a number page sets the page number to that value A h
36. exts for which you know you will use ARRAS s POETRY mode be sure to review ARRAS s encoding rules that pertain to line representation see the section entitled Preparing Texts for ARRAS SET SPOOL provides a means to print the information displayed on the screen or to otherwise manipulate it within TSO or CMS It does this by making a copy of the information as it is displayed and putting it in either a TSO file called SPOOL or a CMS file called SPOOL DATA A unless changed by your installation After you leave ARRAS by STOPping it or in CMS using the CMS option explained below you can review that file add to it or add it to another file print it out or do anything you can normally do to files in your TSO or CMS environment SET SPOOL also works as a toggle or it can be explicitly turned on or off It uses the IBM MOD option which means that if you turn it on for a while turn it off and later turn it back on the second batch of information will be added to the bottom of the preceding batch Note that this is different form the way SAVE CATEGORY works there a second SAVE replaces a previously SAVEd group of categories instead of adding on Changing Texts When you initiate ARRAS in TSO you will normally tell it which text you wish to consider This procedure may differ in some installations ARRAS will address that text throughout the session To explore another text under TSO you must STOP ARRAS and restart it with a
37. gories in the order in which they were defined If you wish to see only summary information not the list of members add the sub command names display category names This will display summary information for each category in the order in which they were defined Concordance of Categories Next you can display a concordance for the words or locations of a category For a dictionary category this is equivalent to displaying a concordance for each word of the category for a linear category this will produce a concordance for each text location contained in the category For example display conc FIRECAT 2 14 Tutorial CONCORDANCE FOR THE LINEAR CATEGORY FIRECAT WITHOUT VALUES ENFLAMING THEY WERE SECRET AND ENFLAMING BUT HER IMAGE WAS NOT ENTANGLED BY THEM 92546 P 232 FIRE IT WOULD BE NICE TO LIE ON THE HEARTHRUG BEFORE THE FIRE LEANING HIS HEAD UPON HIS HANDS AND THINK ON THOSE SENTENCES 1281 P 4 FIRE _ MOTHER WAS SITTING AT THE FIRE WITH DANTE WAITING FOR BRIGID TO BRING IN THE TEA 1369 P 4 FIRE IT WOULD BE LOVELY TO SLEEP FOR ONE NIGHT IN THAT COT TAGE BEFORE THE FIRE OF SMOKING TURF IN THE DARK LIT BY THE FIRE IN THE WARM DARK BREATHING THE SMELL OF THE PEASANTS AIR AND RAIN AND TURF AND CORDUROY 4485 P 12 Figure 10 will show the contexts for all words contained in firecat See Figure 10 Similarly display conc NOUNFIRE will display a concordance for those specific occurences of f
38. he syntax of the command and a list of other key words the command is used with The final portion of the description gives the abbreviation of each key word and detailed notes that explain nuances of use This organization is intended to provide fast quick access as well as full technical detail One further word about instructions for using ARRAS ARRAS has built into it a self instruction or help system Anytime you make a mistake with a command ARRAS will offer help unless you have told ARRAS not to You can also type help as a command and get the same results The details of the help system are explained below 1 3 Tutorial 2 0 Tutorial Introduction This tutorial assumes that you have a basic understanding of your computer eviron ment including either the CMS or TSO systems If you don t you may need to ask someone to help you logon to the system and get ARRAS started Normally you just type the word arras followed by the file name for the text you wish to examine how ever different procedures may be used in different installations See the section entitled Starting ARRAS at the beginning of this manual The examples included in this manual are taken from James Joyces s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man We will describe a dozen or so basic commands You should first try an identical command and then try several analogous commands View the experience as an adventure Since you can t break ARRAS don
39. ies collections of words or locations discussed later but you must decide what is to be included in the categories ARRAS is designed to be used interactively you ask ARRAS for information and ARRAS supplies that information immediately within a second for most requests For example if you want concordance information for a particular word you ask for it ARRAS supplies it you consider it and then make another request This rhythm or pattern of use is different from batch concordance programs These programs first construct the complete concordance requested before printing any of it a process that often takes hours System Organization To provide fast interactive access to large texts ARRAS must first prepare the text ahead of time Most users will never see this process since they will use texts that have already been prepared But when a specific text is not available you must know how to encode and process new texts Detailed rules and procedures are spelled out in the section entitled Preparing Texts for ARRAS Once a text is prepared it is stored in a data base or in the computer s file system To examine a given text you must direct ARRAS s attention to that particular text The exact procedure for doing this will differ from installation to installation but for now you should realize that a text selection step is required We can now assemble the pieces printed text text preparation data base text
40. inferred from the following example conf FIRECAT amp 5 TO 5 WORDS RELIGIONCAT dz WATERCAT name FRWCAT This expression tells ARRAS to go to each word location in firecat and see if any word from the religioncat occurs within five words of that location if so then see if any word from the watercat occurs in the same sentence the default global context for the expression One further note context specifications local or global can define contexts that lie entirely to the left of a word 10 to 5 or entirely to the right 1 to 10 Finally ARRAS will let you use linear categories in search expressions as well as words or dictionary categories This feature becomes particularly powerful and abstract when you consider that the results of a configuration is a linear category Thus you may search first for patterns defined in terms of words After doing a number of such configurations you can then combine the linear categories produced by this first series of searches into second level configurations patterns defined in terms of elements which are themselves patterns Such patterns might represent sentence level patterns Then you could look for paragraph level patterns defined in terms of sentence level patterns The process can be repeated and raised hierarchically as high as you wish to go To a great extent an analysis of a text becomes the development of an evolving hierarchy of categories and or
41. ion In fact most key words can be further abbreviated to three or four letters For example to display every occurrence of the word fire you could type the command PLEASE display A concordance FOR THE WORD FIRE But you can shorten this to display concordance FIRE or even disp conc FIRE In the first example ARRAS does not understand all of the words Instead it picks out only the key words display and concordance and ignores the rest The general ARRAS command format is COMMAND SUB COMMAND PARAMETERS where 2 2 Tutorial COMMAND the verb specifying the action e g display SUB COMMAND the object of the verb e g concordance the punctuation mark that separates the command from the parameters PARAMETERS the specific word or number the command applies to e g FIRE the punctuation mark that ends the command Some commands can have more than one clause clauses are separated by a semicolon Usually these additional clauses are optional For example display concordance FIRE context 5 TO 5 WORDS The concordance command unless told otherwise displays each full sentence in which the parameter word appears the context clause changes this default so that ARRAS will display more or less context Note that every command ends with a period If you type a carriage return after a line without a period ARRAS assumes that you wish to continue the command on the next lin
42. ire that were nouns Distribution of Categories You can also display a distribution for a category in which each word or location in the category will be accumulated to form a single distribution of the entire category For example display dist FIRECAT produces Tutorial FREQ 20 l FREQ 10 X X X x xX X XXX XX X IXXX XX XX X X XXXXK X XX XX XXX X X X XXXXXX X XX XXX XXXX XX XX XK XX X XXXXXXX X XX X XAKXKeXX LOQ KX XXXXX XX XXX DISTRIBUTION FIRECAT Save Retrieve Modify Convert Categories There are still several other commands related to categories For example once a group of categories is defined you can save them at the end of a session and retrieve them at the beginning of a subsequent session To save your categories type save categories This command will save a copy of all your current categories In the later session type define category input to retrieve the saved categories At that point all the categories from the previous session will be re established a TSO and CMS handle categories differently After you are comfortable with the 2 16 Tutorial Tutorial you should read the technical discussion for DEFINE in the ARRAS Reference Manual below before making extensive use of ARRAS s category storage facilities You can also modify the contents of a category add members delete members change the name
43. ist NAME new name DISPLAY CATEGORY category name WHERE Cabegory NaMe omommo Any previously defined dictionary category known word list A list of known words or category names separated by _ commas or blanks NEW DAME cece eee ees A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name text location list A list of numbers that refer to locations in the text ABBREVIATION CAT 4 8 Reference Manual CHANGE EXAMPLE CHANGE TEXT FILE file name EXPLANATION The CHANGE command is used only under CMS see the CMS com maud With it the text under study can be changed The file name is the regular CMS file name that refers to the text to be addressed The user or the local installation is responsible for any linking to non user disk or for transfering texts from off line to on line storage SYNTAX CHANGE TEXT FILE file name USE WITH TEXT ABBREVIATION CHA 4 9 Reference Manual EXAMPLE CMS EXPLANATION The CMS command allows you to suspend ARRAS while you work within the CMS subset ARRAS will wait quietly and patiently for your RETURN CMS is a part of your IBM operating system before using this command verify that your computer uses the CMS not the TSO system SYNTAX CMS NOTES e CMS may not be used under the TSO system In this case ARRAS will sim
44. ly grateful to Russ Miller and Bill Verity for allowing me to include in the system their routine that links ARRAS to CMS I also wish to thank the many students who used ARRAS and or listened to and sometimes learned the internal myster ies of inverted file structures and modular system design and provided valuable feedback In particular I wish to thank Paul Schuepp for writing the initial version of a number of ARRAS internal procedures ARRAS has been tested in three different locations As the primary analytic system for the ARTFL Database at the University of Chicago it has received its most thorough testing by them I am grateful for the errors they have found and told us about and for their suggestions I also wish to thank Randall Jones at Brigham Young and George Logan and Dave Barnard at Queen s University in Canada for their contributions as well Since ARRAS is currently being tested at the Triangle Universities Computing Center other colleagues I am sure will make valuable suggestions after this is written After coming to UNC I profited from my work with Steve Weiss in particular He has been and remains data structures expert colleague and friend I also wish to acknowledge the influence of Fred P Brooks Jr who has taught me through his example the meaning of clean clear elegant thinking Since most of ARRAS was fixed in design when I came to UNC this influence will show more strongly 1 hope in future versions of
45. n one editorial change The EDIT facility is useful when you make a mistake in a long command but may be more trouble than it s worth after you become thoroughly familiar with ARRAS s command language ARRAS offers two commands that affect the display SET SCREEN and SET POETRY 3 10 Functional Groups SET SCREEN lets you display information either continuously the default or in blocks suitable to fill your screen If you toggle the SET SCREEN or explicitly set it to on ARRAS will display twenty four lines of text and then PAUSE A carriage return continues the listing to produce the next screen sized block When in page or block mode you can toggle back to continuous display or add the explicit OFF to the command Finally should you wish to display information in blocks other than 24 line units you may add that number as a parameter However if you indicate fewer than twenty four lines this will distort the bar graph produced by DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION SET POETRY instructs ARRAS to display text in a line by line format identical to that of the text as originally prepared for ARRAS Normally ARRAS does not maintain original line format since it presumes such boundaries are accidents of printing this presumption of course is not true for poetry and may not be true for other specialized texts You can toggle POETRY original line preservation mode or you can add an explicit on or off parameter When you are preparing t
46. nce in which the word occurs For example after you use display dictionary to find out that the word fire occurs 56 times in the text you may want to know in what contexts fire occurs To do this type 2 7 Tutorial disp conc FIRE Figure 5 shows a partial list of the results CONCORDANCE FOR THE WORD FIRE FIRE IT WOULD BE NICE TO LIE ON THE HEARTHRUG BEFORE THE FIRE LEANING HIS HEAD UPON HIS HANDS AND THINK ON THOSE SENTENCES 1369 P 4 FIRE MOTHER WAS SITTING AT THE FIRE WITH DANTE WAITING FOR BRIGID TO BRING IN THE TEA 1369 P 4 FIRE IT WOULD BE LOVELY TO SLEEP FOR ONE NIGHT IN THAT COT TAGE BEFORE THE FIRE OF SMOKING TURF IN THE DARK LIT BY THE FIRE IN THE WARM DARK BEATHING THE SMELL OF THE PEASANTS AIR AND RAIN AND TURF AND CORDUROY 4485 P 12 FIRE IT WOULD BE LOVELY TO SLEEP FOR ONE NIGHT IN THAT COT TAGE BEFORE THE FIRE OF SMOKING TURF IN THE DARK LIT BY THE FIRE IN THE WARM DARK BREATHING THE SMELL OF THE PEASANTS AIR AND RAIN AND TURF AND CORDUROY 4496 P 12 Figure 5 On the left ARRAS displays the word for which the concordance is requested on the right ARRAS displays the contexts in which fire occurs After each sentence are the linear number and the page number for that occurrence Sometimes you may want to see more or less context than the default context of one full sentence To specify a different context use display concordance together with the context sub command The conte
47. ng ARRAS to display continuously whatever information is requested SYNTAX l SET SCREEN number ON OFF NOTES e A default of 24 lines is assumed if you simply SET SCREEN ON 4 42 Reference Manual SET EXAMPLES SET EDIT ON SET SPOOL OFF SET HELP ON SET SCREEN OFF 24 EXPLANATION e Full descriptions for this command are in the sections for EDIT HELP POETRY SCREEN SPOOL e The SET command changes the particular environment specified by the sub command 4 43 SYNTAX SET EDIT ON OFF SET SPOOL ON OFF SET HELP ON OFF SET SCREEN ON OFF number USE WITH EDIT HELP POETRY SCREEN SPOOL 4 44 Reference Manual Reference Manual SPOOL EXAMPLE SET SPOOL ON EXPLANATION e This command is a subcommand of SET e The SPOOL command instructs ARRAS to store a copy of the information it displays on the screen in a disk file You will later be able to examine and if you wish print the file after the ARRAS session is completed Any use of this file will be through your local operating system CMS or TSO however and independent of ARRAS SYNTAX SET SPOOL ON OFF USE WITH SET ABBREVIATION SPO NOTES e The file containing your output is named SPOOL if you use TSO If you use CMS the file is named SPOOL DATA A e In general all spooled output will be kept until explicitly discarded The local oper ating system must
48. not be established directly They can however be established indirectly The external format for ARRAS categories is quite simple Go into the CMS or TSO environments edit the category file and note the format Then using that editor you can extend any category or add analogous new categories When ARRAS later attempts to restore these modified or additional categories it will do so for whatever words in fact do occur in the particular text under consideration Words that don t occur in the text will be displayed on the screen but will cause no problem Environment Control The last functional group of commands permits you to alter in one way or another the general working environment ARRAS provides It is a rather disparate collection which we will discuss in terms of four subgroups e stopping ARRAS e setting default conditions e changing texts e entering and leaving CMS Stopping ARRAS You may stop ARRAS in two ways temporarily and permanently The BREAK or ATTENTION key on your terminal will interrupt ARRAS tem porarily On many systems ARRAS will display information such as a concordance listing at a rate of about four lines a second This is faster than most people can read Consequently you can use the BREAK key to interrupt the display and later press the carriage return to resume Typing a q for QUIT discontinues the listing and returns you to the COMMAND prompt while a response of STOP discontinues the enti
49. nsisting of the locations where both fire and water occur in the same sentence For an and expression ARRAS will select the left word of the pair as the target so that the linear number identifying a sentence where both appear will always be that of the target word Thus the result of an and configuration will be a subset of the locations for the left word And not denoted by amp or in some installations amp 2 17 Tutorial And not takes two words and constructs the linear category that contains those locations where the first word occurs but where the second word does not occur within the same sentence The command configuration FIRE amp WATER name FF produces the linear category ff which contains the locations where within the same sen tence fire occurs but water does not occur Again the results will be a subset of the left word of the expression Or denoted by Or takes two words or categories and constructs a linear category of the locations where esther of the two words occurs For example configuration FIRE WATER name FW constructs the linear category fw which contains the locations where either fire or water occurs If fire and water are categories the fw will contain all the locations at which any member of either fire or water occurs In fact or is logically equivalent to defining a category consisting of the two words or categories Contexts and Combinations Having learned
50. ny words as will fit This option permits poetry or other texts for which the original line format is important to be displayed with line integrity preserved SYNTAX SET POETRY ON OFF USE WITH SET ABBREVIATION POE 4 40 Reference Manual SAVE EXAMPLE SAVE SAVE FIRECAT WATERCAT EARTHCAT AIRCAT SAVE FIRECAT WATERCAT EARTHCAT AIRCAT FILE ELEMENTS EXPLANATION The SAVE command saves categories in a disk file They may be reinstated during a future session through the SINPUT option of the DEFINE CATE GORY command The FILE option is available only under CMS SYNTAX SAVE known wadii SAVE known word list FILE 5 filename WHERE file name rica The name of a system file in which a set of categories was previously SAVEd See the SAVE Command This option can only be specified on CMS systems there is no choice of file name under TSO known word liSt A list of known words or category names separated by commas or blanks ABBREVIATION SAV 4 41 Reference Manual SCREEN EXAMPLE SET SCREEN 24 SET SCREEN ON SET SCREEN EXPLANATION The SCREEN command allows you to tell ARRAS how many lines to put on your display terminal at one time ARRAS pauses each time it fills your screen to give you a chance to read before going on To continue the ARRAS display after a pause type carriage return By setting SCREEN OFF you disable this feature causi
51. o Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name DUDES mica ss Any number usually a small value A positive integer UDS ao In most ARRAS files the units of text are the following VOLUME CHAPTER PARAGRAPH SENTENCE WORD PAGE LINE USE WITH DISPLAY PRINT CONCORDANCE CONFIGURATION ABBREVIATION CONT y 4 18 Reference Manual CONVERT EXAMPLE CONVERT FWCAT NAME FWLINCAT EXPLANATION The CONVERT command changes a categeory from dictionary to linear form In the example FWLINAT is the resulting category The members of this new category will be in increasing textual order The difference between the original dictionary category and the resulting linear category produced by CONVERTing that dictionary category can be seen in the concordance output produced by each A concordance for a dictionary category will display the con text for all occurences of the first category word in the order in which they appear in the text followed by all occurences for the second word etc A concordance for a CONVERTed category will display the contexts for all the individual words inter leaved into a single sequence from beginning to end of the text SYNTAX CONVERT category name NAME new name WHERE category NaMe ooooo Any previously defined dictionary category DeW Dame o o ooonmoocomocos A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text
52. ollowing e add a line to SLOGON CLIST by typing QED SLOGON CLIST INPUT MYPROC UNC CS F743U ARRAS COMM CLIST break SAVE e create a new file using QED and then SAVE it by typing QED 3SPOOL NEW type several blanks and a carraige return break SAVE ARRASCAN To prepare a new text for ARRAS use the following command ARRASCAN INFILE filename OUTFILE filename INFILE designates the encoded text See Preparing Texts OUTFILE designates the prepared form of the text to be used by ARRAS Example ARRASCAN INFILE RAWPOE OUTFILE POE Note ARRASCAN uses 3 00 minutes as the default time limit You may increase or decrease that time by adding TIME as a third parameter Example ARRASCAN INFILE RAWPOE OUTFILE POE TIME 5 ARRAS To start the ARRAS retrieval and analysis system use the following command ARRAS filename Filename is the name of the text you wish to consider For the texts that you control the name will be one designated as the outfile filename in an earlier ARRASCAN command as shown above Example ARRAS POE Note ARRAS will use a file in which to save the categories you define and from which to restore them with the name CATS filename where filename is the name of the text being considered You may specify an alternative file for saving and or restoring categories by adding to the ARRAS command the parameter CATFILE filename where filename is the name of the category fil
53. omputer can read More accurately a form the computer can search and analyze more quickly and efficiently While this processing is an extra step it need be done only once and it repays ample dividends in speed and flexibility While a text can be processed and the inverted file form placed in a public library or database so all users may access it we will describe the process you would use to create a personal text saved in and used from your own personal TSO file or CMS disk To place a processed text in the public library or files check with your local Computer Center The first step in processing a new text is to place it in a TSO or CMS file so that each text line is on a separate 80 character file line This will insure that ARRAS can recreate the text in original line by line form if you request it to do so see the SET POETRY option in the Reference Manual The second and last step is to invoke the ARRASCAN program and tell it the name of the file that contains the unprocessed text and the name it is to use for the processed text Pay attention to the mnemonics of this name since you will have to tell ARRAS this name when you wish to analyze the text For the specific forms of the command used in your environment see Starting ARRAS at the front of this manual That s it 5 4
54. or a previously defined category name 4 19 Reference Manual ABBREVIATION CONV NOTES e You must supply a name to CONVERT if you fail to do so ARRAS will prompt for one A blank name is an error e Only one category may be converted at a time 4 20 Reference Manual DEFINE EXAMPLES DEFINE CATEGORY FIRE WATER NAME FWCAT DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY 1000 1099 NAME NUMBCAT DEFINE CATEGORY SINPUT EXPLANATION DEFINE is used to create a new category and give it a name lt can be used in three ways e DEFINE builds a category consisting of words which occur in the text or previously defined categories While you may mix words and categories to form a new category in general it is preferable to think of your categories as forming a hierarchy level one categories contain just words or text locations level two categories contain just level one categories level three categories contain level two categories and so on to as high a level of abstraction as you find useful e DEFINE LINEAR builds a category consisting of a set of text locations e DEFINE CATEGORY SINPUT retrieves categories which were SAVEd during a previous ARRAS session See the SAVE command Only under CMS may a file name be specified 4 21 Reference Manual SYNTAX DEFINE CATEGORY known word list NAME new name DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY text location list NAME new name DEFINE CATEGORY SINPUT DEFINE CATEGORY
55. ou know nothing about ARRAS and leads you step by step through a sample session It does not attempt to explain ARRAS functions in detail instead it tries to give you a feel for the system and to explain some of the assumptions that underlie its design After working through the tutorial several times you should begin to feel comfortable with ARRAS and begin to see how its capabilities can be used to explore substantive questions in the texts that interest you Next comes a grouping of ARRAS commands by function After working through the tutorial and as you begin to use ARRAS you may recall that ARRAS can do some particular thing but you may forget the command that makes ARRAS do it This section groups the command words by what they do commands that permit you to establish and manipulate categories commands that search for one thing or another etc 1 2 Introduction The final stage of learning comes after you are familiar with ARRAS At this time you may wish to review a command check a particular detail or see the full technical specifications of a command The third section is a Reference Manual arranged alpha betically Each command is explained in detail and each is explained within a consistant format First you will see an example followed by a brief explanation If you are coming back to a description rather than reading it for the first time this may be all the infor mation you need Next comes a precise explanation of t
56. patterns 2 19 Functional Groups 3 0 Functional Groups Introduction Learning commands by functional groups marks a second stage in learning to use ARRAS In the Tutorial commands are presented in a time oriented sequence to enable you to gain a sense of the rhythm of use for ARRAS in the Reference Manual commands are presented in alphabetical order to enable you to get the information you need quickly and easily In this section commands are discussed in terms of three groupings according to function e retrieval and analysis e category manipulation environment control The strategy of presentation is from basic commands e g displaying a concordance to more subtle commands e g turning off the automatic HELP facility Emphasis is placed on the inter relations among commands We have attempted in several instances to explain the rationale behind ARRAS s design With an intuitive understanding of this design philosophy you will often be able to anticipate how functions work and you will be better able to use them in concert to achieve your larger intellectual objectives Functional Groups List of ARRAS Commands by Function Retrieval and Analysis CONFIGURATION CONCORDANCE CONTEXT DICTIONARY DISPLAY DISTRIBUTION INDEX TEXT Category Manipulation ADD CATEGORY CONVERT DEFINE DELETE EXPAND FILE LINEAR MODIFY NAME SAVE Environment Control BREAK KEY CHANGE CMS EDIT HELP POETRY
57. ply inform you that CMS is not available at this installation e Type RETURN to return from CMS to ARRAS and to continue your analysis from where you left off i e with all categories intact a 4 10 Reference Manual CONCORDANCE EXAMPLES DISPLAY CONCORDANCE FWCAT DISPLAY CONCORDANCE FWCAT 2 TO 3 SENTENCES EXPLANATION The CONCORDANCE command displays every occurence of a word or category along with its surrounding context You may specify the text width to be displayed ARRAS will show the single sentence surrounding each occurence of the word if you do not specify otherwise To specify the width see the CONTEXT sub command which is described in its own section 4 11 Reference Manual SYNTAX DISPLAY CONCORDANCE known word DISPLAY CONCORDANCE known word CONTEXT number TO number units WHERE known word oommcoooo Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name n mber sacred Any number usually a small value A positive integer BNE A ates ees as In most ARRAS files the units of text are the following VOLUME CHAPTER PARAGRAPH SENTENCE WORD PAGE LINE USE WITH CONTEXT ABBREVIATION CONC NOTES e Useful information on this command is also given with CONTEXT a 4 12 Reference Manual CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES CONFIGURATION FWCAT amp EACAT NAME NEWCAT CONFIGURATION FWCAT EACAT CONTEXT 3 TO 1 PARAGRAPHS NAME
58. pt will do this Under TSO the name of the category file will be CAJTS unless changed by your local installation Under CMS the default category file name will be CATS DATA A unless changed by your local installation Under CMS however you may dynamically change the name of the category file Thus you may divide your categories into logical groups saved in different files or into groups that apply to different texts In effect you can name the file into which categories are saved and from which they are restored in a manner analogous to the way text editors use file names Under CMS a file may be named in both the SAVE and the DEFINE commands by adding an optional FILE clause One word of caution however If you use the FILE option that file name will become the default category file for all subsequent SAVE s and restores unless you add a FILE clause to subsequent commands But of course adding such a clause will change the default to that file name To restore the default to its original value use the FILE name SCATS DATA A One final word about categories In some cases you may wish to use categories that are larger than or independent of a given text for example applying a common set of themes to a number of different texts for purposes of comparison Since ARRAS checks to see that words DEFINEd as a category do in fact occur in the text under consideration 3 8 A em a Functional Groups such general categories can
59. re AR RAS session and returns you to TSO or CMS STOP typed as a command has the same effect as STOP typed after the BREAK interrupt it discontinues the entire ARRAS session and returns you to TSO or CMS There you can do all the things those general systems support including starting another ARRAS session Before you STOP ARRAS you should be sure you are ready to do so The most important consideration is to be sure that you have SAVEd your categories if you have changed them or added to them during the session assuming of course you wish to keep all such changes or additions 3 9 Functional Groups Setting Default Conditions ARRAS is designed to be a powerful tool for the experienced user while an easy tool to learn for the novice Part of this flexibility comes from building into ARRAS a number of default values and conditions such as the full sentence default context for CONCORDANCE or the automatic prompt offering HELP when a command syntax error is detected However these built in assumptions may not always meet your needs and may become annoying as you become more familiar with ARRAS You can change some of the basic ones with the SET command SET can be used in several ways First SET works as a toggle SET it once and it will be set to the opposite of what it is now on goes to off SET it again and the option reverts to the original default Consider the HELP option SET HELP turns on or off the automatic HELP promp
60. ries DEFINE CATEGORY is the basic command to establish a new category DIC TIONARY is the default type of category and all parameters will be interpreted as words A word can be fire or water but it could also be 1984 e g a date or the title of Orwell s novel LINEAR must be added as a keyword to the command if the category is to consist of a set of text locations Thus 1984 as a parameter for a linear category means the word after the 1983rd word in the text not a date or title mentioned somewhere in the text 3 6 Functional Groups Since categories are identified by NAME you should add a NAME clause to the DEFINE CATEGORY command If you don t ARRAS will ask for one Several other options may be used with the DEFINE CATEGORY command however since they relate to retrieving and re establishing SAVEd categories we will discuss these functions below Functions to Modify Categories MODIFY CATEGORY is the basic command for altering a category With it you may ADD new members to an existing category DELETE members from an existing category or change the NAME of an existing category You may also perform several of these operations in the same command That is you may both ADD and DELETE items from a category in one command composed of several clauses When you ADD and or DELETE items without using the NAME option the contents of the category referred to by the category name are changed If you add a NAME clause the old ca
61. rst three letters are all ARRAS cares about some commands however require four letters when the first three are ambiguous NOTES e For more complex commands additional technical details are provided in notes such as this one 4 3 Reference Manual How to Read Command Syntax A syntax description is a pattern to be used in forming commands The pattern consists of three kinds of entries e BOLD CAPITAL s indicate command words that are to be copied exactly as they appear in the template except that they may be typed in upper or lower case and usually may be abbreviated Punctuation and other characters which are neither numbers or letters are to be copied ezactly there is one exception any colon may be replaced by an equals sign e Lower case phrases single words or words grouped by dashes can be replaced ac cording to the following table PHRASE venir MAY BE REPLACED BY AND OR i The Boolean operators amp which stands for and which stands for or NOT aaa The not symbol which is usually but is typed A on some systems category name ira Any previously defined dictionary category category name list A list of category names separated by commas or blanks known word ooomoomoo Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name known word list A list of known words or category names separated by commas
62. t that occurs after ARRAS detects an error in a command You can explicitly say on or off as the parameter but without the option specified the SET HELP command switches the automatic HELP facility to the opposite on off position as just explained The default for help is on The reason is that when you initiate ARRAS anything you type other than the BREAK key but especially the carriage return will take you even tually to the prompt for HELP A response of yes ok or carriage return produces a list of HELP discussions You can then read an Introduction that gives an overview of ARRAS a description of ARRAS s command language or descriptions of major command terms Thus you don t have to have separate printed instructions e g this manual to begin using ARRAS it is self instructional for the new user or the user at a remote site SET EDIT turns on or off the second set of prompts after ARRAS detects an error in a command When EDIT mode is on ARRAS asks you if you wish to edst the last command If you respond affirmatively ARRAS displays the incorrect command and prompts for CHANGE You can then type a unique sequence of characters that is part of the erroneous command and that includes the error When ARRAS responds TO you can type a sequence of characters to replace the sequence you just indicated and which includes a correction for the error Since a command could have several errors ARRAS will ask if you wish to make more tha
63. tegory will be deleted and a new modified category will be created that can be referred to by the new name given in the NAME clause A MODIFY CATEGORY command that contains only a DELETE clause with no individual words or linear numbers will delete the entire category Similarly a MODIFY CATEGORY command with only a NAME clause will rename the category CONVERT permits you to change a DICTIONARY category to a LINEAR category For most commands such a change will be transparent The exception is for CONCORDANCE or INDEX commands For a DICTIONARY category ARRAS constructs a concordance for the first word listing each sentence or whatever context is requested from the beginning of the text to the end then it goes back and does the same for the second word etc until all words and contexts have been shown By CONVERTing the category to LINEAR form you may obtain a single inter leaved concordance in which the first occurrence of whatever word in the category appears first in the text also appears first in the concordance then the second word etc until the end of the text EXPAND permits you to change Level 2 or higher categories categories containing other categories as members into Level 1 categories ARRAS does this by rounding up all the individual words or linear numbers in the categories and creating a new category consisting of them Any duplicate words that may have been included in the constituent categories will be eliminated in
64. the system I am grateful to Gang Yang for contributing an early draft of the Tutorial and to Gordon Ferguson for writing the Reference Manual Gordon has also contributed signifi cantly in late stage modifications testing and final debugging John Gauch is responsible for regularizing the internal documentation 1 wish to thank him for that largely invisible contribution I also wish to thank Vicki Baker and Rebecca Highsmith for proofreading the manuscript And Leigh Pittman She has done yeowoman service in formatting and correcting the many drafts of this document 0 1 Finally 1 wish to thank lan and Catherine They have listened patiently and encour aged much They have also put up with that glazed preoccupation that those who live with programmers know so well Thank you Thank you all Chapel Hill September 1984 0 2 Introduction 1 0 Introduction Definition ARRAS ARchive Retrieval and Analysis System is a computer system designed to provide fast access to long texts and flexible aids for analyzing them It can recall a portion of a text reveal subtle patterns that might be missed or only partially perceived while reading and help you gain a sense of emphasis and proportion However ARRAS itself is not the analyzer It is you who decides what information should be retrieved and what the results mean For example ARRAS provides very general and powerful facilities for defining and manipulating categor
65. usually but is typed A on some systems USE WITH CONTEXT ABBREVIATION CONF 4 16 Reference Manual CONTEXT EXAMPLES DISPLAY CONCORDANCE FWCAT CONTEXT 3 TO 2 WORDS DISPLAY CONCORDANCE FWCAT CONTEXT 1 TO 10 WORDS CONFIGURATION FWCAT amp EACAT CONTEXT 2 TO 2 SENTENCES EXPLANATION CONTEXT is a sub command that specifies a width of text it must be used with some other primary command ARRAS first goes to the exact lo cation requested by the main command then examines the optionally specified context relative to that positon as indicated by the CONTEXT subcommand So for example 2 TO 3 SENTENCES will instruct ARRAS to go to the sentence where the word occurs go back two sentences before it and then go forward three sentences after it Context can always be omitted in which case ARRAS assumes that the single sentence containing the word is to be consid ered Note also that the two values of context may both have the same sign e g 1 TO 10 WORDS tells ARRAS to look at the context beginning with the first word after the target word and concluding ten words forward from that position Hence the target word will not appear in the specified context 4 17 Reference Manual SYNTAX DISPLAY CONCORDANCE known word CONTEXT number TO number units CONFIGURATION known word AND OR known word CONTEXT number TO number units WHERE known word oo ooocmomomo
66. w DISPLAY The DISPLAY command is used as a verb with one of the following direct objects DICTIONARY CONCORDANCE INDEX TEXT and DISTRIBUTION It is not used with CONFIGURATION If you wish to obtain a printed copy of what is DISPLAYed see the SET SPOOL command under the Environment Control group or in the Reference Manual DICTIONARY DISPLAY DICTIONARY shows the words that occur in the text The results are a type list each unique configuration of characters appears once in the dictionary with each word type accompanied by its frequency the number of tokens or repetitions in the text The command can be used to see whether a given word occurs or not to see the words that occur within a given alphabetic range ab ac produces a list of all 3 3 Functional Groups words beginning with the letters ab or ac or to see the entire vocabulary for the text This command is particularly useful for developing categories such as themes or concept groups CONCORDANCE DISPLAY CONCORDANCE shows each occurrence token of a word type in its textual context The command may also be used with CATEGORIES The default context is one full sentence however you may request more or less context using an optional CONTEXT clause Accompanying each sentence or other context are the word token s page number and linear number sequential position in the complete text The linear number is particularly useful in conjunction with the
67. wn word ccceseoscees Either a word that appears in the text or a previously defined category name USE WITH DISPLAY ABBREVIATION DIST 4 29 Reference Manual EDIT EXAMPLE SET EDIT OFF EXPLANATION The EDIT command controls the automatic prompting that ARRAS does when a command error is found Initially ARRAS always asks if you wish to edit erroneous commands Setting the edit switch OFF will stop this ARRAS may still inquire if you wish help The SET HELP command can be used to prevent this prompt as well E SYNTAX SET EDIT ON OFF USE WITH SET ABBREVIATION EDI NOTES e The EDIT switch is initially ON e The default if you simply type SET EDIT with no parameters is to set automatic prompting OFF 4 30 Reference Manual EXPAND EXAMPLE EXPAND FWCAT HCAT EXPLANATION The EXPAND command only affects categories which have other categories as members Each member category is expanded into the words or numbers which comprise it The effect is to compress the hierarchy of the category The result is that the original category no longer has categories as members it only has words or linear numbers as members This command is more a conceptual convenience than an extension of ARRAS s funcional capacity Its results can only be seen by using the DISPLAY CATEGORY command SYNTAX EXPAND category name list WHERE category name list A list of cat
68. xt sub command allows you to specify the number of preceding negative and the number of succeeding positive units words sentences paragraphs chapters volumes lines or pages Here are some examples disp conc FIRE context 5 TO 7 WORDS 2 8 Tutorial displays every occurrence of the word fire together with the five words preceding and the seven words succeeding it disp conc FIRE context 0 TO 0 PARAGRAPH will display every occurrence of the word fire together with the paragraph in which it occurs i e no other preceding or succeeding paragraphs Question what do you think a context of 1 TO 1 PARAGRAPHS will produce Text While display concordance will display the context for each occurrence of a given word sometimes you may be interested in only one instance of the word ARRAS provides the sub command text to do this Display text takes the linear number of a word and a specified context and displays the desired portion of the text For example after displaying a small context for every occurrence of the word enflaming with the concordance option you may wish to see a larger context for the instance numbered 92546 To do this type disp text 92546 2 TO 3 SENTENCES Figure 6 shows the system display 2 9 Tutorial TEXT FOR LINEAR WORD 92546 ENFLAMING 92531 TO 92566 THE IMAGES HE HAD SUMMONED GAVE HIM NO PLEASURE THEY WERE SECRET AND ENFLAMING BUT HER IMAGE WAS NOT ENTANGLED BY THE
69. y occurrence of the word for a category a list of locations for each occurrence of each word in the category SYNTAX DISPLAY INDEX known word list WHERE known word list A list of known words or category names separated by commas or blanks ABBREVIATION IND NOTES e The index will not necessarily be in ascending order if it is done for a category or list of words To get an ordered index CONVERT the category to linear form and then INDEX the result 7 4 34 Reference Manual LINEAR EXAMPLE DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY 1000 1400 1935 NAME LINCAT EXPLANATION e A full description of this command is given in the sections for the DEFINE command e This command is a subcommand of DEFINE e This command permits defining a category as a sequence of text positions as opposed to a list of words Thus its members are tokens rather than types SYNTAX DEFINE LINEAR CATEGORY text location list NAME new name WHERE text location list A list of numbers that refer to locations in the text NEW NAME o ooccocooconosos A string of letters that is new to ARRAS It should not be a word that occurs in the text or a previously defined category name USE WITH DEFINE NAME ABBREVIATION LIN 4 35 Reference Manual MODIFY EXAMPLES MODIFY CATEGORY FWCAT DELETE ADD BLAZE DELETE WATER DELETE WATER NAME DRYCAT NAME NEWFWCAT EXPLANATION Th
70. yphen must precede the number and no spaces are allowed in the sequence Without a number page increments the page number Example page 3 first page of text numbered 3 page page number incremented by 1 Since the text line by line as it appears in the printed form is normally typed as a command mark logical lines too long to fit on one physical line with a at the end of the line Example this line is too long to fit on one physical line Forces a line break when otherwise ambignous the op posite of 5 2 Preparing Texts for ARRAS Abbreviations Distinguishing between abbreviations and ends of sen tences is difficult for ARRAS and other language anal ysis programs The strategy adopted for ARRAS is to establish conventions that will work in most cases with out manual editing but to mark manually those cases where the convention fails Compare the following xxx a As the right most character of a word followed by one or more spaces followed by a lower case character period marks an abbreviation Example etc is a common abbreviation XXXX A As the right most character of a word followed by one or more spaces followed by an upper case character period marks end of sentence Example end of sentence Begin next sentence xxx ins A Where the above rules would be misinterpreted put a no sentence code Ins after the period and a space and before a space and the following upper case characters

Arras User`s Manual - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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