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LR-series User`s Manual

1. Note the size written as a hexadecimal value bed7 which is the size of the downloaded file This value is required when writing the file content to the Flash memory The value will of course depend on the file that is downloaded and will most likely differ for all files 8 2 2 Prepare Flash Unprotect Flash sectors and erase them U Boot gt protect off 10020000 1003ffff Un Protected 1 sectors U Boot gt erase 10020000 1003ffff done Erased 1 sectors 8 2 3 Copy to Flash and Verify Copy the downloaded data to the Flash and verify that the copying was successful Note the size written as a hexadecimal value bed7 which is the size of the downloaded file It was specified after the download was completed U Boot gt cp b 21000000 10020000 bed7 Copy to Flash done U Boot gt cmp b 21000000 10020000 bed7 Total of 48855 bytes were the sam 8 3 Restore U Boot or Initial Boot Loader If the initial boot loader or U Boot does not start one or both boot loaders must be restored If this occurs contact TagMaster technical support for more information TagMaster AB 50 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 9 1 9 2 Contact For any further inquiries please contact TagMaster AB Technical Support Phone 46 8 632 19 50 Fax 46 8 750 53 62 E mail support tagmaster com Office TagMaster AB Kronborgsgrand 1 S 164 87 KISTA Swe
2. The SDK is a complete package for developing software for both Readers and hosts running Linux containing the following components e Cross compilers for Linux Libraries for Linux Debuggers Source code examples Documentation Developing software for Windows hosts using ConfiLib is possible and applies for Readers running WiseMan or WatchMan But it is not possible to reuse existing binaries from Readers with versions older than GEN4 The SDK utilise tools and libraries from the GNU Compiler Collection GCC project which is an open source project GCC is one of the most widely used compiler collections it is available for most platforms The preferred programming language is C for several reasons GNU Linux is mostly written in C most software for Linux is also written in C and C provides full control The preferred development platform is Linux Test and debug a newly developed application on host before downloading it to the Reader For information about how to install the SDK see Software Development Kit Manual 14 4 3 3 Adding New Drivers Adding software support for new hardware such as USB devices is possible by building new kernel modules Kernel modules are object files that contain code to extend the running kernel Including a device driver in the kernel itself is not possible because it requires that the whole kernel is rebuilt TagMaster AB 18 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 When select
3. mv is used to move files from one directory to another Type mv followed by the file name and the destination directory to move a file as follows tag mv temp file tmp The command mv is also used to rename files Type mv followed by the old file name and the new file name as follows tag tmp mv temp file new file If manipulating files not residing in the working directory the reference to the file must include the complete path to the file as follows tag mv tmp temp file tmp new file 7 4 5 Copy The command cp is used to copy files Type cp followed by the file name and the name of the copy as follows tag cp tmp new file executable file TagMaster AB 32 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 If manipulating files not residing in the working directory the reference to the file must include the complete path 7 4 6 Change Mode The command chmod is used change the access permissions of files Permissions include granting the ability to read write and execute files Type chmod x followed by the file name to make a file executable in addition to previous permissions as follows tag chmod x executable file Type chmod help for more information about changing permissions of files 7 4 7 Editing Text Files The operating system of the Reader includes a simple text editor called vi which ca
4. Tag write IRQ FPGA IRQ words Too big Too small Queue wraps Queue reads Queue r bytes Queue writes Queue w bytes Mark CRC erro Data CRC erro Frequency hop Debug output Mark CRC disc Data CRC disc Read beep FHSS This information is also a 7 10 4 ID tag Filter Informati roc tagmod no 063500042 n 02 no 07 n 5 vl l 0 Nov 29 2006 17 00 41 45 0 s 0 4556 0 0 0 0 0 0 rs 41 rs 0 S 0 OFF ard ON ard ON OFF OFF vailable via the web interface on When logged on to a Reader it is also possible to display information about the ID tag filter The information contains the number of read ID tags how many ID tags that have been filtered and so forth ID tags residing in the filter if any are also displayed Display the ID tag filter information as follows tag S cat proc tagfilter Timeout 0 Mode ao Depth aS In filter 0 Processed 0 Filtered 0 Time now 4 ms 0 jiffies ff 0 tags tags tags tags 0 294962968 jiffies This information is also available via the web interface TagMaster AB 45 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 10 5 Memory Usage The current memory usage both RAM and Flash can be retrieved when logged on to a Reader To get information about available RAM memory type free as follows tag S free total used free shared buffers Mem 2
5. 5 4 Wiegand Mag stripe 5 5 USB HOST 2 555 Miles ein D io en nuire 5 6 Micro SD memory Card 5 7 Inputs and Outputs ccccccccccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 8 INDICALOrS ie vec nee ies Ate See ee ee 5 9 Expansion Block Interface 6 Features 6 1 Web Servan ea a AA AA AA ts Marie 6 2 Embedded SQL Database 6 3 Frequency Hopping 6 4 Real Time Clock 6 5 INACHdOQTIMeES ere ner ent ueses 6 6 WV ILM OM Dada nee sdee 6 7 Motion Detection 7 Configuration and Maintenance 7 1 EINUX Sell eesccisecete level A M ee 7 2 LOGGING ON Ten eana n a a A EOE 7 3 System Settings 7 4 Managing Linux Files eesseeseeeseeeseeeeen 7 5 Managing Linux Processes ssseseeseeereee 7 6 Configuration Scripts 7 7 Network Configuration 7 8 Mounting Storage Devices eesseereeeeeeeeee 7 9 SQLite Database Management 7 10 System Information 8 Software Updates 8 1 Updating Files in the File System 8 2 Upgrade Flash Memory using U Boot 8 3 Restore U Boot or Initial Boot Loader 9 Contact 9 1 Technical Support ccceceecceeecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 9 2 OPCS so henri tornade eee me TagMaster AB 3 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no
6. GEN4 implementation The Software Development Kit provided by TagMaster has a source code example that covers the use of the watchdog timer for Reader application software 6 6 Writing ID tags When writing ID tags the Reader occupies a broader spectrum of the frequency band compared to when reading ID tags Only one ID tag at a time is allowed in the reading lobe while writing and frequency hopping must be disabled Configure the Reader that writes ID tags so that it is separated by at least two frequency channels from other Readers in close proximity The ID tag to be written must be still and positioned with the front side directed towards the Reader For further information regarding the process of writing ID tags see S1251 ScriptTag Data Sheet 3 and 81450 ScriptTag HD Data Sheet 5 6 7 Motion Detection The built in motion detector employs the antennas used for ID tag communication The Reader makes use of the Doppler effect to detect moving objects Objects moving in front of the Reader will give rise to a low frequency signal Approximation of objects speed and direction are derived from calculations based on the signal The sensitivity of the motion detection is adjustable TagMaster AB 25 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 Configuration and Maintenance This section describes the basic configuration and maintenance of the Reader Common Linux commands relevant for Reader configuration and maint
7. an executing software module for example a web server tagd or Reader application software Active Processes There are several active processes running in a Linux system The command ps displays the status for active processes To show process status type ps as follows tag S ps PID Uid VmSize Stat Command 1 root 468 S init 2 root SWN ksoftirqd 0 3 FOGE SW watchdog 0 4 root SW lt events 0 5 root SW lt khelper 6 root SW lt kthread 16 root SW lt kblockd 0 19 root SW lt khubd 50 root SW pdflush 51 root SW pdflush 53 root SW lt aio 0 52 root SW kswapd0 54 root SW cifsoplockd 55 root SW cifsdnotifyd 664 root SW mtdblockd 679 root SW lt rpciod 0 723 root 772 8S usr sbin sshd 737 root 468 S tag bin tagd The process list varies depending on the system the listing above is just an example The leftmost column displays the Process ID PID which is used when referring to a process for instance when terminating it The rightmost column displays the command used to start the process For example the last row shows the tagd process with PID 737 Terminating a Process The command kill is used to send a signal to a process and terminate it To terminate the tagd process PID 737 from the listing in section 7 5 1 type kill followed by the PID as follows tag kill 737 Note Terminating a process can affect other processes t
8. controlled from a host computer The WatchMan software is suited for identification systems where the Reader is controlled from a host computer that handles functionality customised by the customer The communication between the WatchMan software and the host application software is done over a serial communication interface For further information about the WatchMan application software see WatchMan Software Manuel 9 4 2 3 PassMan The PassMan software makes it possible to incorporate the Reader in an existing access control system using Wiegand or Mag stripe communication interfaces The PassMan software also makes it possible to control the Reader from a host computer using the serial communication interface The Reader installed with PassMan has only limited capabilities to make decisions on its own The Reader application software cannot store any information about read ID tags Functionality is foremost placed in the access control system or the host computer For further information about the PassMan application software see PassMan Software Manual 10 4 3 Software Development The GEN4 platform facilitates custom software development Developing Reader application software assumes that the person developing software is fluent in C programming and has experience with the Linux environment Developing custom application software is of interest when standard applications software as described in section 4 2 Reader Applic
9. dev Device files etc System configuration files lib Essential shared libraries mnt Mount points for temporarily mounted file systems opt Add on software packages proc Virtual file system in RAM for kernel and process information root Root user s home directory sbin System binaries tag Secondary hierarchy containing TagMaster specific files tag bin TagMaster binaries tag etc TagMaster configuration and start up files tag lib TagMaster libraries tag var TagMaster variable data such as database files for standard Reader software applications tmp Temporary files usr Secondary hierarchy containing binaries and documents useful to most users usr bin Most user commands usr lib User libraries usr sbin Non vital system binaries See section 7 4 Managing Linux Files for information on how to navigate in the file system and how to rename copy and edit files For non volatile storage application software store data onto a Flash based device via the file system which is optimised for Flash usage TagMaster AB 14 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4 1 5 TagMaster System Software taglib TAGP tagd and tagmod are components of the system software that are specific to TagMaster User space Application taglib API TAGP over TCP IP System Call Interface Kernel Space Figure 3 TagMaster system software overview taglib is a software library which p
10. full duplex interface The RS232 interface is supported by drivers statically built into the Linux kernel It is accessed via standard Linux system calls using the device handle dev ttyS1 5 2 2 RS485 Serial Interface RS485 supports multi drop serial networks The communication can be in either full duplex of half duplex that is 4 wire or 2 wire communication Signalling is differential and the RS485 interface is therefore more robust and less sensitive to transmission errors compared to a common RS232 interface The RS485 interface is supported by drivers statically built into the Linux kernel It is accessed via standard Linux system calls using the device handle dev ttyS2 The duplex setting is controlled via software no hardware straps exist The duplex setting full or half duplex is set via TAGP command messages or taglib function calls 5 3 Ethernet The Reader has a 10 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet interface The network interface supports auto negotiation for automatic media speed and protocol selection Indicators on the Ethernet connector show link activity and link speed The Ethernet interface has full support in the Linux kernel The interface is configurable with the command line tool ifconfig see section 7 7 Network Configuration for more information By default a Reader has several services that use the Ethernet interface such as HTTP SSH and tagd Custom Reader application software can apply standard Linux
11. functions to use the network interface 5 4 Wiegand Mag stripe The Reader has an access control interface that supports both Wiegand and Mag stripe signalling The Wiegand Mag stripe interface is uni directional and consists of three outputs Because Wiegand and Mag stripe share the same physical interface only one can be used at any given time It is also possible to use the three output signals individually if more output pins are required Data can be sent to the Wiegand Mag stripe interface through TAGP messages or taglib function calls The software API provides a raw access to the interface and consequently parity start patterns and other protocol specific fields must be handled by the application using the interface 5 5 USB Host The controller board has two USB host interfaces that comply with the USB 2 0 Full Speed standard The USB host interfaces can be used as interfaces for expanding the functionality of a Reader when the standard functionality is insufficient adding for instance Flash memory a GSM modem or a WLAN interface TagMaster AB 21 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The Reader is pre installed with Linux drivers that can be used to access USB memory storage devices See section 7 8 1 Mounting USB Devices for more information on how to use and access an USB memory storage device Additional device drivers must be developed in order to use the USB host interface with other devices See secti
12. long as it is specified in the host file 7 7 4 Domain Name System If Domain Name System DNS support is not required skip this section Very briefly DNS can be described as a service that translates human readable domain names hostnames to IP addresses For instance the domain name tagmaster com is translated to the IP address 195 149 123 129 The resolver is a set of routines that provide access to the DNS The resolver is configured in the file etc resolv conf The resolver only configuration example below is very simple It is more or less a list of name servers to be queried Domain name resolver configuration file domain readers com try primary nameserver 192 168 0 11 next try secondary nameserver 192 168 0 12 TagMaster AB 40 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The configuration tells the resolver to pass all queries to 192 168 0 11 if that fails try 192 168 0 12 Replace the IP addresses in the example to the IP addresses of the name servers to use 7 7 5 Ping Ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network Ping works by sending ICMP echo request packets to the target host and listening for ICMP echo response replies Ping can be used to test the current network configuration A pre requisite is that a host that replies to echo requests is reachable otherwise there w
13. taglib function calls At least 20 Readers can operate in close proximity of each other when all are set to frequency hopping When using frequency hopping the reading performance is slightly reduced 6 4 Real Time Clock The Reader has a battery backed up real time clock that can present a time stamp with century year month day day of week hour minute and second Using the Linux system time the resolution is 1 1000 of a second The battery is charged as long as the Reader unit is powered The clock will run on battery if the power supply fails 6 5 Watchdog Timer The microcontroller of the Reader has an internal watchdog timer which is a hardware timing device that triggers a Reader reset if the system software malfunctions The intention is to bring the Reader back from a hung state into normal operation TagMaster AB 24 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The system software has to regularly write to the watchdog device also referred to as petting the dog The watchdog timer is inactive by default The watchdog is initiated with the command watchdog Once enabled the watchdog command enters a loop and periodically writes to the device dev watchdog The loop is infinite and cannot be terminated without restarting the Reader The watchdog in the microcontroller of the Reader has to be petted every five seconds Five seconds is also the default value for the watchdog command in the
14. write the complete file name Write the beginning of a file or directory name and press the tab key If there is more than one file beginning with the same name these are shown if the tab key is pressed twice 7 1 2 Command History Arrow key up ft and arrow key down can be pressed to bring up previously entered commands Using command history previous commands do not have to be retyped 7 1 3 BusyBox A utility programs kit called BusyBox is installed on the Reader providing many common Linux utilities and commands BusyBox is a single small executable suitable for embedded systems TagMaster AB 26 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than full featured GNU Linux commands however the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU Linux counterparts A full listing of the commands or functions is presented if busybox with no arguments is typed at the command line as follows Busy tag busybox Box v1 2 1 2006 09 2 Usage OLS b usybox function function argume BusyBox is a mult 8 11 48 0000 multi call binary arguments NES 5 sce i call binary common Unix utili ties into a si Most people will function they wis like whatever it Currently defined functio TagMaster AB r Ll chroot dmesg f
15. 06 118 01 10 Glossary 52 11 References 54 12 Online Resources 55 Appendix A Useful Software Tools 1 TagMaster AB 4 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 1 Introduction This section introduces TagMaster s LR series Reader platform and defines the target group for this manual The LR series Reader is a long range Radio Frequency Identification RFID device for remote identification of ID tags The Reader can be used as a stand alone reading device or incorporated in more comprehensive identification systems through several standard interfaces LR series Reader system software is based on the GNU Linux operating system which is a platform suitable for development of custom made Reader application software The aim of the manual is to present a system integrator who has the necessary education and training with the information needed to correctly integrate the Reader with an identification system and expand the Reader s conventional area of use This manual does not describe any mechanical installation aspects Refer to the LR 6 Reader Data Sheet 1 and LR series Installation Manual 2 for more information about physical dimensions electrical characterization certifications and physical installation TagMaster AB 5 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 2 TagMaster RFID System Overview This section describes the elements of a identification system based on TagMaster s products
16. 2 allows a specific client to take full control over the Reader leaving other clients with only limited access The kernel module tagmod is the TagMaster specific hardware interface controlling the RF block the reading and writing of ID tags and so forth Writing Reader application software that communicates directly with tagmod is not possible Instead tagmod and Reader hardware is controlled indirectly by application software through tagd Application software which for instance reads ID tags or sets a Reader channel connects to tagd via communication sockets After handshaking application software receives events as soon as the tagd daemon gets them from the tagmod kernel module Reader Application Software Available application software for the GEN4 Reader are PassMan WatchMan and WiseMan The Reader application software determines how the Reader can be configured how it operates and how it communicates with the system to which it is connected See the table below for a software overview and comparison between different Reader application software Note that software features might be subject to change or available only as options Table 3 Software comparison Feature WiseMan WatchMan PassMan User configurable for maximum flexibility VA M M Movement detection User selectable radio frequency channels Frequency hopping Auto channel detection NIN PN ST Controllable from host computer
17. 9968 6908 23060 0 0 Swap 0 0 0 Total 29968 6908 23060 The returned information shows the total amount of available memory used memory and free memory A Reader running the default services and standard Reader application software will have most of the available memory free Swap is always set to 0 because Readers do not use swap memory Using the command df it is also possible to get information about the file system memory usage as shown below tag S df Filesystem 1k blocks Used Available Use Mounted on dev mtdblock0 14336 3960 10376 28 TagMaster AB 46 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 8 1 Software Updates All Reader software including operating system root file system and boot loader can be updated through the service interface Files residing in the file system such as FPGA configuration data drivers and applications can additionally be updated through the Ethernet interface Updating Files in the File System The Reader file system contains application software device drivers and configuration files These software components are single files which can be updated separately The file system can be accessed through the Ethernet interface using Secure File Transfer Protocol SFTP or Secure Copy Protocol SCP The service interface using the XMODEM protocol can also be used to transfer files The network interface is recommended when updating files Before updating a fi
18. Identification systems differ depending on the application but the two main elements of all TagMaster identification system are the Reader and the ID tag Peripheral elements are for example a host computer and other external devices such as traffic lights and barriers The Reader can be connected to a host computer using the standard serial communication interfaces RS232 or RS485 The Reader can also be connected through Ethernet to a TCP IP network or incorporated in existing access control systems using the Wiegand Mag stripe interface A host can hold some of the operational logic of the identification system for instance logging read ID tags or keeping database entries for every ID tag that has access to a restricted area Installed with adequate application software the Reader is also capable of operating stand alone Events registered by the Reader are time stamped using a battery backed up real time clock The Reader has several input and output options When an acceptable ID tag is read the Reader can pull a relay connected to a barrier and grant access to a vehicle and at the same time for instance sound the buzzer and flash the visible indicators with green light TM00102 Figure 1 Identification system overview The figure above shows the overview of a TagMaster vehicle access control system with a pole mounted Reader an ID tag mounted on the inside of a car windscreen a host computer a power supply and a barrie
19. Information on the initial web page to receive a status report If the Reader runs application software that can be configured through the web interface an option to configure the application software will also be displayed on the initial web page For information about configuring the Reader application software through the web interface see WiseMan Software Manual 8 and WatchMan Software Manual 9 7 10 2 Linux Kernel Version Information about the Linux kernel version is outputted when the Reader boots Just after the Linux kernel has been de compressed and before it is started U Boot prints information about the kernel When logged on to a Reader it is also possible to use the command uname to find the kernel version as follows tag S uname a Linux tag 2 6 16 16 at91 tm 14 Thu Nov 2 12 35 47 CET 2006 armv4tl unknown The returned information contains Linux kernel version name and when it was built 7 10 3 tagmod Information The tagmod kernel module provides information via the proc file system which is useful information when contacting the TagMaster technical support The information contains for instance the Reader controller board serial number TagMaster AB 44 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 When logged on to a Reader display the tagmod information as follows tag S cat p Board serial Board revisio Product type Module versio Build date IRQ counter Unknown IRQs
20. KQ QI IQ IQ IA NIN Q IN IA Serial interface RS232 and RS485 implementation N Wiegand and Mag stripe interface implementation g ID tag writing capabilities applies only to the LR 6 Reader q N Web based configuration interface Stand alone capabilities Utilises internal database HIII Logging Reader application software delivered by TagMaster are copy protected meaning that the application software can only be executed from the Reader on which it is installed Moving a piece of pre installed application software from one Reader to a second Reader and then executing it on the second Reader is not possible TagMaster AB 16 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4 2 1 WiseMan The WiseMan software is used in identification systems that require a Reader with both information storage and decision making capabilities A Reader installed with WiseMan can operate stand alone As an alternative to using the Reader stand alone is to control the Reader from a host computer and place some or all of the functionality externally in the host The communication between the WiseMan software and the host application software is done over a serial communication interface For further information about the WiseMan application software see WiseMan Software Manual 8 4 2 2 WatchMan The WatchMan software is used in identification systems that include one or several Readers
21. Reader boot process U Boot will output boot information The boot process can be manually interrupted giving access to the terminal user interface Via the U Boot user interface it is possible to perform complete system upgrades and do low level configuration as described in section 8 2 Upgrade Flash Memory using U Boot Note however that in most cases there is no need for accessing the U Boot user interface Changing the U Boot settings is not recommended TagMaster AB 12 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4 1 2 Operating System The Linux kernel is the innermost part of the GNU Linux operating system on which the Reader system software is based The kernel is the layer that resides between hardware and user space where application software executes When started the kernel mounts the file system and starts the init process as described in section 7 6 1 Init Script The operating system is based on the official Linux kernel see lt http Awww kernel org gt The kernel is patched with the official AT91RM9200 patch appropriate for the specific microcontroller used by the microcontroller block The kernel version installed on a Reader is outputted just after the kernel image has been de compressed by U boot The kernel version is also made known by using the command uname as described in section 7 10 2 Linux Kernel Version Updating the kernel is possible using U Boot The current kernel version is likely to c
22. SFTP which is usually a command line tool for copying files to and from a PC and a Reader TagMaster AB 47 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 8 2 The SCP tool is usually installed on Unix and Linux systems by default Windows systems usually require that the SCP tool is installed separately See 12Appendix A for suggested application software Update a file in the Reader file system using SCP as follows terminal output from a typical Linux system user debian sep sourcefile root 192 168 0 2 tag The example above copies the file sourcefile to the directory tag on Reader with IP address 192 168 0 2 The user will be prompted for password before the file copy process is started SCP may seem more rudimentary than SFTP but it is useful when creating scripted batch jobs for instance automatically updating several files residing on different Readers Updating Files using Service Interface and XMODEM Updating files using the service interface requires direct access to the service interface and terminal emulation software that supports file transfer using the XMODEM protocol Update files in the Reader file system using XMODEM as follows 1 Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 1 Logging on Using Service Interface 2 Type rx followed by the name of the file to update including the complete path The Reader is ready to receive the file when the service interface periodically
23. Software Defined Radio SDR A Reader can be set to a radio frequencies within the operating frequency band Two Readers set to different frequencies will not interfere even if installed in close proximity of each other For instance a Reader set to 2455 0 MHz does not interfere with a Reader set to 2455 1 MHz Reader models prior to GEN4 use a frequency channel allocation scheme that divides the frequency band into distinct channels separated by 300 kHz GEN4 based Readers are backwards compatible with the previous channel frequency allocation scheme to facilitate integration with installations of older revision Readers Frequency hopping is also available with the LR series Reader see section 6 3 Frequency Hopping TagMaster AB 10 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 3 3 Expansion Block The expansion block is designed to meet requirements not met by the standard hardware platform The expansion block can add specific hardware capabilities and interfaces to a standard Reader The expansion block is connected to the controller board via the expansion block interface The Reader expansion block interface consists of several standard interfaces and is described in section 5 9 Expansion Block Interface TagMaster AB 11 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4 1 Software Overview This section describes the Reader software On a general level the Reader has two software layers which are syst
24. TagMaster LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 TagMaster AB LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Copyright The copyright and ownership of this document belongs to TagMaster AB The document may be downloaded or copied provided that all copies contain the full information from the complete document All other copying requires a written approval from TagMaster AB Disclaimer While effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this document TagMaster AB assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein The information in this document is subject to change without notice TagMaster AB 2 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 1 Introduction 2 TagMaster RFID System Overview 2 1 ID a GSi annees tea dar 2 2 Readers uona AT nn trey aus ere 2 3 Host Computer ccccccccccecccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 4 GENA Platform iii 3 Hardware Overview 3 1 Controller Board serdeem aaa E AA 3 2 RE DIOCK n in a e A a a a ten 3 3 Expansion Block 4 Software Overview 4 1 Reader System Software 4 2 Reader Application Software 4 3 Software Development 5 Interfaces 5 1 Service Interface esgic dons nf cents 5 2 Serial Communication Interfaces 5 3 Ethernet be a
25. and the broadcast address for the Ethernet interface Configure the Ethernet interface on a network attached Reader by typing the following command and arguments at the command line tag S ifconfig eth0 192 168 0 2 netmask 255 255 255 0 Several different arguments can be used with the ifconfig command A few important arguments that provide the basic information required by the network interface are described in the table below Table 10 Arguments to the ifconfig command Argument Description lt interface gt The name of the network interface to configure for TCP IP For Readers the Ethernet interface is ethO lt address gt The IP address assigned to this interface Enter the IP address in dotted decimal form The example above uses the numeric IP address 192 168 0 2 as the address value which is also the default Reader IP address netmask lt mask gt The subnet mask for this interface Ignore this argument only if the default mask derived from the traditional address class structure is used The subnet mask chosen in the example above is 255 255 255 0 The Reader s network interface is called ethO That name is the first argument on every ifconfig command line The values for the address and subnet mask are usually provided by the network administrator 7 7 2 Routing The route command manipulates the Linux kernel s IP routing tables Its primary use is to set up static ro
26. ation Software is insufficient and the Reader is implemented in existing system with specific needs 4 3 1 Checklist When developing Reader application software several aspects about the system in which the Reader will be incorporated must be taken into requirements TagMaster AB 17 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 As a guide when planning the development of application software for the GEN4 Reader consider the following checklist e Should the application software reside and run in a stand alone Reader or should the Reader be connected to a host e Should the Reader be controlled by a host using the TAGP protocol Consult the TAGP Protocol Specification 1 1 e Should the Reader save data in the database e Should the application software be made highly versatile using the taglib software library Consult the taglib Software Library Specification 12 If the following conditions are met developing new application software is not necessarily required e The Reader runs any of the standard application software which communicates using ConfiTalk Consult the ConfiTalk Reference Manual 13 e Configuring existing application software is an adequate solution Consult the corresponding software manual 8 9 and 10 4 3 2 Software Development Kit A Software Development Kit SDK for GEN4 based Readers is available from TagMaster The SDK is based on open source components and software maintained by TagMaster
27. clock manually by typing date followed by the current e Month expressed with two digits 00 12 Day of month expressed with two digits 00 31 Hour expressed with to digits 00 23 Minutes expressed with two digits 00 59 Year expressed with four digits The following command would set the system time to 2006 11 28 14 58 tag date 112814582006 3 As an alternative to setting the system clock manually it can be set using a remote time server presupposed that the Reader has a connection to a network with a RFC 868 time server Set the system clock automatically using a remote time server by typing rdate followed by the host name or IP address of a time server Note that the IP address in the example below does not point to a valid time server tag rdate 193 15 235 99 4 Assign the system date and time to the real time clock by typing hwclock w tag hwclock w Type date help rdate help or hwclock help for further information about each command 7 4 Managing Linux Files The following subsections briefly describe common Linux commands used to manage files in the Reader file system 7 4 1 Change Working Directory The command cd is used to change the current working directory Type cd followed by the relative or absolute path of a directory to change current working directory to the specified directory as follows tag cd tag bin Type cd fol
28. den Phone 46 8 632 19 50 Fax 46 8 750 53 62 E mail sales tagmaster com Web www tagmaster com TagMaster AB 51 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 10 Glossary ARM9 BusyBox CGI FHSS Flash memory FPGA GPL ICMP ID tag IEEE JFFS2 multi drop network Open32 Reader application software Reader system software reading lobe TagMaster AB A 32 bit RISC processor architecture that is widely used in a number of embedded designs Combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable Common Gateway Interface A standard protocol for interfacing external application software with a web server Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum A spread spectrum method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver A form of non volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed Field Programmable Gate Array GNU General Public License A widely used free software license Internet Control Message Protocol Core Internet protocol used by networked computers to send error messages ID carrier in the TagMaster system which is readable and writable via the radio interface Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Journaling Flash File System version 2 A network in which several Readers are all co
29. e or missing for date only hours minutes or seconds or date and time to the ndicated precision se hint as date strptime S Sets time described by STRING r FILE Displays the last modification time of FILE u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time TT G H d STRING O I TIMESPEC G O s D n O d G H th E D hint format via For further information about BusyBox see lt http www busybox net gt 7 2 Logging on The Reader operating system can be accessed either using a terminal emulator and the service interface see section 7 2 1 or using an SSH client and Ethernet see section 7 2 2 Choose the most convenient communication interface and method when connecting to the Reader The same text based user interface to the Reader s shell is presented independent of the two communication interfaces 7 2 1 Logging on Using Service Interface Log on to the Reader via the service interface using a temporarily connected PC Use terminal emulation software on the PC which communicates over the serial interface with the Reader Log on to the Reader as follows 1 Connect the service interface of the Reader to the serial port of the PC with a RS232 cable 2 Configure the terminal emulator with the following communication settings which are the static communication settings
30. e event when opened and closed The second tamper switch has an interface which can be connected to an external alarm loop All inputs and outputs except the external tampering switch are supported by TAGP and taglib If additional inputs and outputs are required it is possible to use the expansion block interface see section 5 9 Expansion Block Interface TagMaster AB 22 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 5 8 Indicators The Reader has visual indicators that can show red or green or both which is referred to as yellow The indicators can also be turned off The Reader also has a buzzer for audible indication Visual indicators and the buzzer are supported by TAGP protocol messages and taglib function calls 5 9 Expansion Block Interface The expansion block interface can be used to add an expansion block to a Reader All expansion block interfaces have built in software support An expansion block in its simplest form could just be an additional serial interface which would consist of ESD protection serial interface drivers and an interface socket Table 6 Expansion interfaces Interface Description TWI Two Wire Interface TWI is an interface with one data and one clock signal TWI is essentially the same interface as Inter Integrated Circuit I2C All devices participating in the bus are connected together and each device is addressed by a unique identifier This interface
31. eader hardware On a general level the Reader consists of two physical building blocks which are the RF block and the controller board RF Block RF Unit y TX Antenna RX Antenna i RF Board Controller Board Microcontroller Signal Processing Block Block L Interface Block Expansion Block Optional Figure 2 Hardware architecture overview The RF block and controller board subsequently consist of several other blocks The building blocks constitute the Reader platform on which different Reader products are based Each building block is described in the subsections below 3 1 Controller Board The controller board is the main component of the Reader and it controls the behaviour of the Reader The controller board is conceptually divided into a microcontroller block a signal processing block and an interface block 3 1 1 Microcontroller Block The microcontroller block is built around a Microcontroller Unit MCU from Atmel the AT91RM9200 MCU with an ARM9 CPU core The microcontroller block has Flash memory SDRAM memory and a real time clock with battery backup TagMaster AB 9 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The MCU runs a standard Linux operating system including drivers and services See section 4 Software for more information about the operating system Table 1 Controller board memory Memory Size Descrip
32. eference Manual Doc no 510213 Software Development Kit Manual Doc no 06 195 54 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 12 Online Resources http www gnu org http www kernel org http u boot sourceforge net http www sqlite org http sourceforge jp projects ttssh2 http www busybox net TagMaster AB The GNU Project Primary site for the Linux kernel source The Das U Boot Free Software project SQLite home page UTF 8 TeraTerm Pro with TTSSH2 download site BusyBox The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux 55 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Appendix A Useful Software Tools The following tables list software tools useful when working with a network connected Reader A terminal emulator is a program that emulates a video terminal within some other display architecture Though typically synonymous with a command line shell or text terminal the term terminal covers all remote terminals including graphical interfaces Table 12 Terminal emulator software Application Description HyperTerminal Bundled with multiple versions of Microsoft Windows not Windows Vista Tera Term Open source free software terminal emulator for Windows lt http sourceforge jp projects ttssh2 gt Secure Shell or SSH is a set of standards and an associated network protocol that allows establishing a secure channel between a local and a remote computer It uses public key cr
33. em software and application software The Reader system software constitutes the foundation of the Reader from a software perspective All GEN4 Readers have system software installed by default Different Reader application software resides on top of the system software The Reader application software defines the distinguished behaviour of the Reader Reader System Software The system software consists of the following components Boot loaders GNU Linux operating system File system Drivers Utilities Software libraries Configuration files and scripts Boot Loaders In general terms a boot loader is a small piece of software that executes soon after powering up a Reader In a Reader there are actually two boot loaders The first boot loader is loaded and performs the initial system configuration then de compress and loads the main boot loader which is U Boot U Boot is an universal boot loader see lt http u boot sourceforge net gt It supports a majority of embedded architectures and is released as open source under the GPL license To reduce the memory foot print U Boot is stored as a gzip compressed binary referred to as the U Boot image U Boot is responsible for unpacking the Linux kernel and pass parameters to the Linux kernel before it is started In addition to de compressing and starting Linux U Boot also presents a simple terminal based user interface that is accessed via the service interface During the
34. enance are also described The service interface or the Ethernet interface is used for accessing the operating system of the Reader and performing configuration and maintenance When logging on for the first time change the system password and adjust the date and time settings Commands described in this manual presuppose that a user is logged on to the Reader operating system using a PC installed with appropriate client applications such as a terminal emulator a SSH client and a SFTP client For suggestions on client applications see 12Appendix A 7 1 Linux Shell The Reader can be fully accessed via the service interface using a temporarily connected PC with terminal emulator software After logging on the user is presented with a standard Linux shell A Linux shell also called the command line provides the traditional user interface for the GNU Linux operating system It is also possible to connect to the Reader via Internet or a local network using Secure Shell SSH Most aspects of the Reader are controllable using the Linux shell A command line user interface can be seen as less intuitive and harder to use compared to a graphical user interface However there are a few tricks that make working with the Linux shell easier for example word completion and command history 7 1 1 Word Completion The tabulator tab key can be pressed for word completion When for instance navigating in the file system there is no need to
35. epending on the installed Reader application software 2 4 GEN4 Platform TagMaster s fourth generation Reader platform is called GEN4 The aim of GEN4 is to incorporate open standards in the design of the Reader regarding both hardware and software The GEN4 platform is based on Linux which facilitates integration and adaptation of the Reader to highly specific requirements For this purpose TagMaster also supplies a Software Development Kit SDK The SDK is a complete set of tool for developing customer specific applications software which can be downloaded to the Reader and executed in the Reader s Linux environment GEN4 Readers are also provided with two USB host interfaces and SD memory card slot which make it possible to add additional hardware and storage media The TCP IP network functionality of the Reader enables remote operation and maintenance The Reader can also operate completely stand alone using the built in database that stores the approved ID tag identities In this type of configuration the Reader can for example receive input signals from a loop detector and control a door or a barrier directly GEN4 Readers are backwards compatible with older revision Readers regarding previous channel frequency allocation scheme to facilitate integration with systems containing older revision Readers TagMaster AB 8 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 3 Hardware Overview This section describes the R
36. er supply TagMaster AB 23 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 6 Features This section describes some features found in GEN4 Readers 6 1 Web Server The built in web server presents a web interface to the Reader A standard web browser is used to log on to the Reader via Internet or a local network Status information can be received and configuration settings can be altered when logged on through a web browser For information about logging on the Reader using a standard web browser see section 7 10 1 Web interface The web server is a HTTP daemon which is a very small web server adequate for low traffic hosts It implements basic features of standard web servers including CGI 6 2 Embedded SQL Database SQLite is a small C library that implements a self contained embeddable zero configuration SQL database engine The SQLite distribution comes with a standalone command line access program sqlite3 that can be used to administer an SQLite database and which serves as an example of how to use the SQLite library 6 3 Frequency Hopping The Frequency hopping has a pseudo random behaviour and is suitable for simple installations where frequency channel planning is not required or desired Readers using frequency hopping are unaffected by other Readers and unlikely interfered by other surrounding equipment Sub bands in which the frequency hopping takes place can be defined using TAGP messages or
37. ets for corresponding ID tags 3 4 5 6 and 7 present key features and technical data 2 2 Reader The Reader is a device for reading ID tags using 2 45 GHz radio frequency In addition to reading some Readers also have the capability to write information to ScriptTags The Reader is also capable of detecting moving objects without ID tags so called movement detection The Reader has built in antennas for communication with ID tags as well as various interfaces for communication with a host computer and other external devices To reduce the risk of interference several Readers in close proximity to each other are set to different frequency channels Readers can use frequency hopping when one specific frequency is not determined The LR series Installation Manual 2 presents an installation engineer with the information needed to correctly install the LR series Reader 2 3 Host Computer A host computer is the external intelligence which can act as master of a Reader ora set of Readers TagMaster AB 7 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Some or all of the Reader functionality can be placed externally in a host The communication between the Reader and the host computer is done over Ethernet or a serial communication interface A temporarily connected PC is used to configure the settings of the Reader The configuration is performed using either a standard web browser or terminal emulation software d
38. for the service interface e 115200 baud e 8 data bits TagMaster AB 28 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 e No parity e 1 stop bit e No flow control 3 Open a connection from the text terminal to the Reader A log on prompt is displayed Type root as the user name followed by pressing enter Logging on for the first time type the default password qwerty followed by pressing enter the password will actually not be displayed when typed at the command line Welcome to TagMaster Linux tag login root Password qwerty login 753 root login on ttyS0 BusyBox v1 2 1 2006 09 28 11 48 0000 Built in shell ash Enter help for a list of built in commands tag 4 After log on the command line is displayed and full access to the Reader s operating system is granted 7 2 2 Logging on Using Ethernet Log on to the Reader via the Ethernet interface using a PC connected to the same network as the Reader Use a SSH client to connect to the Reader Note that IP address of the Reader must be on a network that is reachable from the PC Log on to the Reader as follows 1 Configure the SSH client with the following communication settings e P address of the Reader default IP address is 192 168 0 2 e Port 22 e SSH as connection type 2 Open a connection from the SSH client to the Reader A command prompt is displayed Type root as the user name followed by press
39. hange with new system software releases The Linux kernel has been kept as intact as possible Only minor modifications that are required by the GEN4 hardware such as definitions of serial interfaces ttySx numbers have been introduced 4 1 3 Memory Protection The operating system has user space memory protection preventing one process from corrupting the memory of another process running simultaneously on the same Reader It provides a stable and secure software platform on which an integrator can build and develop custom software components The MCU has Memory Management Unit MMU responsible for handling memory access requests The Reader has no swap memory because Flash wears out quickly and is slow 4 1 4 File System When started the Linux kernel mounts a root file system which contains a directory structure and files The root file system contains binaries application software commands libraries and so forth and configuration files that are required by the Reader system The root file system hierarchy complies with common practice as showed in the table below There is one major exception the directory tag which contains TagMaster specific files TagMaster AB 13 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Table 2 Reader root file system hierarchy Directory Description i The root bin Essential user command binaries
40. hat are dependant on the terminated process Only terminate a process when aware of the consequences Starting Processes in the Background Processes can be run in the background meaning that the command promt is returned after the process has been started without having to wait for the process to finish TagMaster AB 34 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The ampersand sign amp is typed at the end of a command line to start the process in the background To start the tagd process in the background type as follows tag S tag bin tagd amp tag S 7 5 4 Rebooting the Reader The Reader can be hard reset by removing and reconnecting the power or soft rebooted using the command reboot To restart the Reader under software control type reboot as follows tag S reboot Starting pid 746 console dev ttyS0 etc init d rc reboot The system is going down NOW Sending SIGTERM to all processes Requesting system reboot Restarting system Rebooting a Reader from a remote terminal for instance a SSH client will close the current network connection and temporary network settings of the Readers are lost which can result in an unreachable Reader Rebooting the Reader using the service interface is recommended so that the boot up process can be monitored and adjusted easily Reboot the Reader after updating the software in order to apply changes to the configuratio
41. hosts Host table see section 7 7 3 Host Table letc resolv conf Resolver configuration file see section 7 7 4 Init Script The init process is the last step in the boot procedure System processes as defined in the etc inittab file are started during the init process The first process that init starts is a script that initialises the Reader system including setting up TagMaster specific hardware starting TagMaster specific software configuring network interfaces starting the web server and setting the system time Reboot Script Upon shutdown init controls the sequence and processes for shutdown The init process is never shut down Defaultapp Script The Reader can be configured so that a specified piece of application software automatically starts when the Reader boots A piece of custom made application software in the form of an executable file is downloaded to the Reader and for example placed in the tag bin directory For information about how to transfer Reader application software see the Software Development Kit Manual 14 The script tag etc defaultapp contains the full path to the Reader application software that will auto start when the Reader boots The script is modified to specify the default start up application software TagMaster AB 36 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Instead of using vi the defaultapp script that only contains
42. ill be no response to a ping When logged on to Reader ping host 193 15 235 99 as follows replace 193 15 235 99 with an IP address to a host that able to reply to pings tag S ping 193 15 235 99 PING 193 15 235 99 193 15 235 99 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193 15 235 99 icmp seq 0 ttl1 64 time 0 5 ms 64 bytes from 193 15 235 99 icmp seq 1 ttl1 64 time 0 4 ms The host IP address can also be a domain name in which case the DNS is must be configured and working properly By default Readers reply to echo requests It is therefore possible to ping a Reader from a host as long as the host can reach the addressed Reader From a Windows command shell ping a Reader with a specified IP address as follows replace 193 15 235 111 with an IP address that is reachable from the Windows host C gt ping 193 15 235 111 Pinging 193 15 235 111 with 32 bytes of data Reply from 193 15 235 111 bytes 32 time lt 1 ms TTL 64 Reply from 193 15 235 111 bytes 32 time lt 1 ms TTL 64 Reply from 193 15 235 111 bytes 32 time lt 1 ms TTL 64 If a Reader is unable to ping a host or vice versa check that the network configuration is correct IP addresses and net mask in particular TagMaster AB 41 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 7 6 Network Statistics 7 8 7 8 1 The command netstat i
43. ing a new USB device that the Reader should use such as a WLAN or UMTS modem the recommendation is to modify an existing device driver that is already supported by Linux Building new kernel modules is quite difficult and should only be undertaken by experienced Linux users Developing a driver from scratch is complex and difficult Most likely new drivers must be re compiled for the Reader The source code for the new driver and the kernel that the driver is built for must be available in order to build the driver Building new kernel modules is possible by using the cross compiler provided with the SDK TagMaster AB 19 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 5 5 1 Interfaces This section describes the standard interfaces available with the Reader Interfaces include communication interfaces inputs and outputs indicators and so forth Each interface and how the interface is accessed using the Reader software is briefly described For electrical specifications regarding the interfaces and pin numbering see the LR series Reader Installation Manual 2 Service Interface The controller board has an RS232 serial interface that serves as a service interface As the interface name suggests the service interface is used for service and maintenance Logging on to the Linux system and having full access to the Reader is possible through the service interface Updating software via the service interface is also pos
44. ing enter Logging on for the first time type the default password qwerty followed by pressing enter the password will actually not be displayed when typed at the command promt login as root root 192 168 0 2 s password qwerty BusyBox v1 2 1 2006 09 28 11 48 0000 Built in shell ash Enter help for a list of built in commands tag 3 After log on the command line is displayed and full access to the Reader operating system is granted TagMaster AB 29 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 2 3 7 3 7 3 1 7 3 2 Logging off Log off from the operating system before disconnecting the PC from the Reader To exit the system type the command exit at the command line followed by pressing enter tag S exit This applies to both service interface and Ethernet interface shells System Settings The following subsections describe how to configure system settings such as changing system password and adjusting date and time Setting System Password Set the system password when logging on to the Reader for the first time Keep a record of the password in a secure place Once changed the new password will replace the default password or any other previously changed passwords Set the system password as follows 1 Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 Logging on The command line is displayed 2 Type passwd followed by pressing enter When prom
45. is supported by drivers statically built into the Linux kernel To fully take advantage of the TWI interface it is necessary to develop a device specific driver SPI The Serial Peripheral Interface SPI is a standard serial bus interface used for communication with peripheral devices SPI devices communicate using a master slave relationship where the Reader is considered master SPI specifies four signals Clock data in data out and slave select This interface is supported by drivers statically built into the Linux kernel To fully take advantage of the SPI interface it is necessary to develop a device specific driver Two UART Two Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter UART interfaces that support full duplex serial communication are available Each interface has two signals one for transmission and one for reception These interfaces are supported by drivers statically built into the Linux kernel They are accessed via standard Linux system calls using the device handles dev ttyS3 and dev ttyS4 respectively Digital inputs Two digital outputs two digital inputs and a dedicated input and outputs interrupt signal The inputs and outputs are referenced to ground The inputs and outputs are supported by TAGP protocol messages and taglib function calls Power supply The expansion interface can power an expansion block Expansion blocks with excessive power consumption are required to have a separate pow
46. le kill all processes related to that file as described in section 7 5 2 Terminating a Process After updating a file ensure that file access permissions are set correctly Changing file access permissions are described in section 7 4 6 Change Mode Note If transferring the file fails verify that no processes are associated with the file being replaced and that the access permissions allow overwriting the file If it is impossible to connect to a Reader from a PC verify that the Reader is powered and that the Reader is reachable via the network Updating Files using Ethernet and SFTP When updating files through the Ethernet interface SFTP can be used Use an SFTP client on the PC which communicates securely over the Ethernet interface with the Reader Update files in the Reader file system using SFTP as follows 1 Configure the SFTP client with the following communication settings e Hostis set to the IP address of the Reader default IP address is 192 168 0 2 e Port 22 e Servertype is set to SFTP using SSH e Username root and the current password 2 Open a connection from the SFTP client to the Reader A file manager is displayed showing both the local file system of the PC and the remote file system of the Reader 3 Locate the update file in the local file system and transfer it to the designated location in Reader file system replacing the old file 8 1 2 Updating Files using Ethernet and SCP SCP is an alternative to
47. le 9 Network terminology Item Description IP address Every network interface on a TCP IP network must have a unique IP address If the device is part of the Internet its IP address must be unique within the entire Internet If a device s TCP IP communications are limited to a local network its IP address only needs to be unique locally Hostname Subnet The unique name by which a Reader is known on a network A range of logical addresses within an IP address space Subnet mask To communicate properly each device Reader or host on a network must use the same subnet mask The subnet mask is by default set to 255 255 255 0 Broadcast address An IP address that allows information to be sent to all devices on a given subnet rather than a specific device To avoid broadcast problems the broadcast address of every device on a network must be the same Default gateway address If the Reader communicates with devices that are not on its local network a default gateway address is needed Name server addresses To resolve hostnames into IP addresses each Reader needs to know the addresses of one or several domain name servers Domain name Readers using the domain name service must know their domain name Routing Selecting paths in a computer network along which to send data Regardless of whether or not the network is connected to the Internet certain basic inf
48. lowed by two full stop characters to change current working directory to the parent directory as follows tag cd TagMaster AB 31 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Type cd followed by a minus sing to change current working directory to the previous working directory as follows tag cd 7 4 2 List The command ls is used to list contents of directories The command ls can be appended with I to get a long and verbose directory listing Type Is l to get a directory listing as follows tag tag bin ls 1 rwxr 4r 1 root root 129256 Nov 28 23 07 ep2c8 rbf rwxr r 1 root root 77478 Dec 1 10 28 passman rwxr r 1 root root 94744 Nov 29 15 50 tagd rw r 4r 1 root root 61050 Nov 29 16 00 tagload ko rw r 4r 1 root root 346315 Nov 29 16 00 tagmod ko rwxr r 1 root root 11820 Oct 25 15 56 tmload rwxr 1 root root 105705 Nov 29 16 01 watchman rwxr T root root 118711 Nov 29 16 01 wiseman The long and verbose directory listing contain information about each file including access permissions owner size modification date and name 7 4 3 Remove The command rm is used to remove files Type rm followed by the name of the file to be removed as follows tag rm temp file Use this command with caution Note that a removed file cannot be restored 7 4 4 Move or Rename The command
49. n 7 6 Configuration Scripts This subsection describes configuration scripts that control the behaviour and the initial start up of the Reader The configuration scripts are plain text files which can be edited using an ordinary text editor as described in section 7 4 7 Editing Text Files Take caution when editing files only edit configuration scripts when aware of the consequences TagMaster AB 35 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 6 1 7 6 2 7 6 3 Table 8 Initialisation scripts overview Path Description etc inittab Configuration file used by the init process that determines which processes are started during boot etc init d rc sysinit The main system initialisation script that is started by the init process It is strongly recommended not to edit this file letc init d rc reboot Before the system reboots this script is run letc init d eth0 sh Performs network configuration for device eth0 letc init d hostname sh Sets Reader hostname to the name stored in letc hostname tag etc hw_init sh Initialises Reader specific hardware It is strongly recommended not to edit this file tag etc sw_init sh Initialises system software such as loading kernel modules and start tagd It is strongly recommended not to edit this file tag etc defaultapp Defines which Reader application software is started when the Reader boots etc
50. n be used to edit text files such as start up scripts and configuration files The text editor vi assigns different meanings to buttons or keystrokes depending on the active editing mode which can be either insert mode or command mode In insert mode text typed is inserted into the document Pressing the escape key while in insert mode will switch the editor to command mode where letters correspond to cursor movements or editing commands Keys pressed while in command mode are not inserted into the text Commands that consist of several characters for instance wq are followed by pressing enter Table 7 Brief overview of vi commands vi Commands Description i Switch to insert mode which is used to type text in the file Return to command mode by pressing the escape key k or lt arrow up gt Move cursor up j or lt arrow down gt Move cursor down h or lt arrow left gt Move cursor left or lt arrow right gt Move cursor right pattern Search forward for a pattern n Repeat previous search W Save file w filename Save to new filename wq Save file and exit vi ZZ Save file if there are changes and exit vi q Exit vi without saving Type vi followed by the name of the file to edit If the name of the file does not exist a new empty file is created with that name TagMaster AB 33 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 7 5 7 5 1 7 5 2 7 5 3 Managing Linux Processes A Linux process is
51. nnected to the same host TagMaster ID tag format The application software installed in the Reader defining the behaviour of the Reader The fundamental software and operating system installed in the Reader The space in front of the Reader in which ID tags are being read 52 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 SFTP Secure File Transfer Procol SSH Secure Shell tagd TagMaster daemon process taglib TagMaster software library tagmod TagMaster kernel module TAGP TagMaster network communication protocol XMODEM A file transfer protocol ConfiTalk TagMaster standard protocol for serial communication TagMaster AB 53 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 11 References The following documents can be downloaded from TagMaster s web site lt http www tagmaster com gt 1 10 11 12 13 14 TagMaster AB LR 6 Reader Data Sheet Doc no 06 218 LR series Reader Installation Manual Doc no 06 136 1251 ScriptTag Data Sheet Doc no 04 182 1255 MarkTag Data Sheet Doc no 04 219 1450 ScriptTag HD Data Sheet Doc no 04 219 1455 MarkTag HD Data Sheet Doc no 04 187 S1456 MarkTag HDS Data Sheet Doc no 04 189 WiseMan Software Manual Doc no 06 138 WatchMan Software Manual Doc no 06 239 PassMan Software Manual Doc no 06 240 TAGP Protocol Specification v1 1 Doc no 05 172 taglib Software Library Specification v1 2 Doc no 05 249 ConfiTalk R
52. o reasons such as corrupted Flash erased flash and so forth see section 8 3 Restore U Boot or Initial Boot Loader Upgrade Flash memory as follows Enter U Boot user interface by pressing any key and aborting auto boot Get binary as described in section 8 2 1 Download File Unprotect Flash sectors as described in section 8 2 2 Prepare Flash Copy the downloaded data to the Flash as described in section 8 2 3 Copy to Flash and Verify PERLES 8 2 1 Download File Get binary either using kermit serial protocol or tftp Note that tftp download requires a tftp server and that network has been configured The TagMaster SDK provides a pre configured tftp server Download boot loader binary to RAM at address 0x21000000 using kermit protocol Type loadb 21000000 and then select send file using kermit in the terminal emulator software as follows U Boot gt loadb 21000000 Ready for binary kermit download to 0x21000000 at 115200 bps Total Size 0x0000bed7 48855 Bytes Start Addr 0x21000000 TagMaster AB 49 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Or download boot loader binary to RAM at address 0x21000000 using tftp as follows U Boot gt tftp 21000000 u boot bin gz TFTP from server 193 15 235 99 our IP address is 193 15 235 202 Filename u boot bin gz Load address 0x21000000 Loading tttt Fit done Bytes transferred 48855 bed7 hex
53. on 4 3 3 Adding New Drivers for information about adding device drivers 5 6 Micro SD memory Card The controller board has a Secure Digital SD memory card interface which supports physical form factor of micro SD also known as TransFlash The interface can be used to add more Flash memory to a Reader The Reader is pre installed with Linux drivers that can be used to access memory cards See section 7 8 2 Mounting Micro SD Devices for more information on how to use and access an SD memory card Custom Reader software applications could for instance be installed and executed from a SD memory card Upgrading the software is then just a matter of changing memory card 5 7 Inputs and Outputs The Reader has several inputs and outputs which can be used to incorporate the Reader in a system Table 5 Inputs and outputs Interface Description Inputs The Reader has three optocoupler inputs The inputs can be set to generate a software event on change Outputs The Reader has two open collector outputs that can be set high or low The three Wiegand signals are also possible to control with software and use as output Relay output The Reader has one relay output for heavy duty loads which can be set open or close Tampering The Reader has two mechanical tampering switches that break if switches the cover of the Reader is opened The first tamper switch is connected internally to the controller board and creates a softwar
54. one row of text can easily be inspected and modified using the cat and echo commands Use the command cat to verify what application software is the current default start up application as follows tag S cat tag etc defaultapp tag bin wiseman amp In the example above WiseMan is the default application Use the command echo to modify the defaultapp script and change the default application as follows tag S echo tag bin myapp amp gt tag etc defaultapp In the example above myapp is made the default start up application Replace the path tag bin myapp with the full path to any Reader application software Note that the ampersand sign amp is included at the end of a command line in the defaultapp script in order to start the application software as a background process see section 7 5 3 Starting Processes in the Background 7 7 Network Configuration This subsection describes network configuration concepts and briefly how to configure a Reader with a TCP IP network However it does not give a complete description of a TCP IP network configuration Certain information is needed before configuring a Reader to run TCP IP At the very least every Reader must have a unique IP address and a subnet mask Decide on the items described in the table below before configuring the Reader network settings TagMaster AB 37 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Tab
55. ormation must be provided to configure the network interface of the Reader At a minimum the network interface needs an IP address and a subnet mask Adding the desired configuration commands to the eth0 initialisation script file letc init d eth0 sh allows automatic network configuration when the Reader starts Temporary network settings not saved in the ethO initialisation script are lost when the Reader is rebooted Testing the configuration settings prior to modifying the script by typing the desired commands at the line is recommended Configuring the Reader for a TCP IP network as follows Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 Logging on 2 Use the ifconfig command to configure the network interface of the Reader as described in section 7 7 1 The ifconfig Command 3 Add the address of a default gateway to the Reader s routing table as described in section 7 7 2 Routing TagMaster AB 38 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4 Test the network configuration and then append the network configuration commands to ethO initialisation script file etc init d ethO sh Edit the script file as described in section 7 4 7 Editing Text Files 5 Reboot the Reader and verify that the saved network configuration settings are in effect 7 7 1 The ifconfig Command The ifconfig command configures the Ethernet interface The ifconfig command will set the IP address the subnet mask
56. orresponding mount command is added to the start up scripts The mounted devices should be un mounted before the Reader is rebooted by adding the corresponding un mount command to the reboot script After mounting the file system of a storage device the files of the device are available in the specified directory in the Reader file system Mounting USB Devices The Linux operating system of the Reader is prepared with a mount point and software drivers for USB mass storage devices The mount point for USB devices is mnt usb storage Mount a USB mass storage device as follows 1 Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 Logging on using terminal emulation software 2 Connect the mass storage device to the USB host on the controller board Information about the device will be displayed in the terminal emulator 3 Type mount mnt usb storage followed by enter to mount the USB mass storage device TagMaster AB 42 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 tag S mount mnt usb storage 4 Un mount the mass storage device as follows tag S umount mnt usb storage Note that if there are errors when trying to un mount a device make sure that the current working directory is not in the file system of that device or a file residing in that file system is open 7 8 2 Mounting Micro SD Devices The Linux operating system of the Reader is prepared with a mount point and software drivers for Micro SD Mem
57. ory Cards The mount point for Micro SD devices is mnt sd card Note that the memory card must be inserted into memory card slot before Reader is powered on otherwise the Reader will not be able to detect the memory card Mount memory card file system as follows 1 Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 Logging on using terminal emulation software 2 Type mount mnt sd card followed by enter to mount the memory card file system tag S mount mnt sd card 3 Un mount the memory card file system as follows tag S umount mnt sd card Note that if there are errors when trying to un mount a device make sure that the current working directory is not in the file system of that device or a file residing in that file system is open 7 9 SQLite Database Management The database data are files that reside in the Reader s file system Standard TagMaster Reader applications store the database files in tag var but the directory depends on the application The SQLite distribution comes with a standalone command line access program called sqlite3 which can be used to administer an SQLite database The database tool is started with a path to the database file to manage as shown below replace tag var wiseman db with the path to the database file that is to be managed tag S sqlite3 tag var wiseman db Since the database data is stored in a regular file backing up the database from a Reader is
58. outputs the character C 3 Click send file using the XMODEM protocol in the terminal emulation software and select file to send How to actually do this depends on the terminal emulation software 4 After file download is completed the command line is returned on the service interface Changing the file mode might be necessary as described in section 7 4 6 Change Mode Upgrade Flash Memory using U Boot This section describes how to upgrade the U Boot image residing in Flash using U Boot The same instruction applies when upgrading any image in the Flash just change address memory address range and file name accordingly The Flash memory is divided into five image areas as seen in the table below TagMaster AB 48 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Table 11 Flash memory map Memory address range Description 0x10000000 Ox1001ffff Initial boot loader typically a file named flash_1_2_0_boot bin 0x10020000 0x1003ffff Gzipped boot loader typically a file named flash_1_2 0 u boot bin gz 0x10040000 Ox1l005ffff U Boot environment variables which is only used by U Boot 0x10060000 Ox101fffff Linux kernel typically a file named flash_1_2 0 linuxkernel 2 6 16 16 0x10200000 Ox10ffffff File system typically a file named flash_1_2 0 fs img If U Boot is not available due t
59. pted type a new password and finally re enter the new password tag S passwd Changing password for root Enter the new password minimum of 5 maximum of 8 characters Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers Enter new password Re enter new password passwd 749 password for root changed by user root Password changed Note The password is saved as an encrypted string in the file system and cannot be obtained from the Reader The Reader operating system must be reinstalled if the password is lost Setting Date and Time The operating system of the Reader has a system clock The Reader is also provided with a battery backed up real time clock The system clock is set based on the real time clock every time the Reader is restarted The process of setting date and time to the real time clock includes first setting the system clock using the date command or rdate command and then assigning the system date and time to the real time clock using the hwclock command TagMaster AB 30 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The system clock is set either manually by typing the correct date and time as described in step 2 below or automatically using a remote time server as described in step 3 below Set the Reader date and time as follows 1 Log on to the Reader as described in section 7 2 Logging on The command line will be displayed 2 Set the system
60. r TagMaster AB 6 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 2 1 ID tags An ID tag carries information that can be read at a long distance using radio frequencies The actual reading range depends on Reader type the ID tag Reader configuration setting and environmental conditions Standard ID tags have the shape of a credit card but are slightly thicker Every ID tag has a unique and permanent identification number called ID tag mark Many ID tags can be read concurrently A lithium cell is used in the ID tag to preserve stored data and get a high communication speed There are two general types of ID tags called ScriptTags and MarkTags ScriptTags can both be read from and written to while MarkTags only can be read The data stored in a MarkTag includes the ID tag mark The data stored in a ScriptTag includes the ID tag mark and a writable data field called ID tag user data The data in an ID tag include a 32 bit checksum for automatic verification The Reader does not report ID tag readings containing invalid checksums Only valid ID tag data is reported in order to increase the system and application software security The LR series Reader is capable of communicating with all TagMaster ID tag formats which include the following formats e Read only Read and write High or low data speed Random and constant mode ID tags with mini quarter or full memory data sizes TagMaster s Open32 ID tag format Product she
61. ree ifconf ash awk clear du getty ig ifdown killall less li echo cmp grep create a link that combines many ngle executable to busybox for each h to use and B was invoked as ns basename CP grep halt ifup nuxrc busy cut da nv x host nie In log name usyBox will act I box te pr cat chmod df dirname false fgrep httpd hwclock nsmod kill in ls lsmod mkdir mk nslookup printf ps run parts touch er uname uptime passwd pwd rx se vi nod mount mv traceroute nc ne powerof reboot sleep true watchdog ping rdate d sh wg udhcpc tstat nohup f printenv rm rmmod route sync test top umount who whoami et 27 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 Several commands are not covered in this manual Help for each command is available by typing the command followed by help for instance date help as follows tag date help BusyBox v1 2 1 2006 09 28 11 48 0000 multi call binary Usage date OPTION MMDDhhmm CC YY ss FORMAT Displays the current time in the given FORMAT or sets the system date Options tputs RFC 822 compliant date ring splays time described by STRING t now tputs an ISO 8601 compliant ate time string TIMESPEC dat
62. resents an application programming interface to TagMaster s GEN4 Readers taglib provides easy to use function calls that perform tasks such as reading information from ID tags turning the indicators on or off and configuring Reader settings taglib provides a framework to manage several Readers simultaneously from one application process taglib implements a communication protocol called TAGP taglib is flexible and can be used together with other existing libraries for example Linux APIs used for accessing serial interfaces USB interfaces and so forth Readers have an application abstraction layer that software designers utilise for application development The abstraction layer is a high level daemon process called tagd The daemon process is used to control Reader properties such as frequency channel buzzer and relay state From an application designer s point of view tagd is a server handling the Reader s resources Using the same perspective the application is a client connected to the tagd server requesting access to the Reader s resources Several clients or peers can be connected to the same tagd server tagd communicates using TAGP Only one tagd can run on each physical Reader tagd supports multiple connections and several clients can therefore be connect simultaneously For multi client solutions the tagd daemon supports a lock feature that TagMaster AB 15 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 4
63. s a network statistics tool that displays ingoing and outgoing network connections To display all active TCP connectsions and the TCP and UDP ports on which the Reader is listening type the following at the command line tag S netstat a Active Internet connections servers and established Proto Recv Q Send Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 tagp et LISTEN tcp 0 0 http KEK LISTEN tcp 0 0 ssh FEK ISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost tagp localhost 3847 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 localhost 3847 localhost tagp ESTABLISHED udp 0 05 1023 Fe From the output above it is possible to say that the tagd server that implements TAGP as well as the web server HTTP and the SSH server are all listening The supported protocols or services are specified in etc services At the time for this output one of the standard Reader applications was up and running which is shown as an established connection to the localhost talking TAGP Mounting Storage Devices Mounting is the action of attaching a storage device to an existing directory in the file system a so called mounting point This section describes how to mount the supported storage devices such as USB mass storage devices and micro SD memory cards The file systems are defined in the file etc fstab and the mount points are created in the mnt directory Additional storage devices are automatically mounted when Reader boots if the c
64. sible The device handle for the service interface is dev ttyS0 The service interface communication settings expressed in the table below are static in order to facilitate costumer support Table 4 Service interface communication settings Setting Static Value Baud rate 115200 baud Data bits 8 5 2 TagMaster AB Parity None Stop bits 1 Flow control None Note Do not make the service interface accessible from outside the Reader enclosure and do not use the service interface as an application port for instance to implement a custom serial protocol Doing so will compromise system security Serial Communication Interfaces The Reader has both an RS485 serial communication interface and an RS232 serial communication interface If additional serial communication interfaces are required the expansion block interface can be used see section 5 9 Expansion Block Interface Both interfaces can be individually configured regarding baud rate data bits stop bits parity bits and so forth See the corresponding product data sheet for more information about the supported settings These interfaces can be used by Reader application software that implements custom serial protocols to interact with other devices or with a host 20 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 5 2 1 RS232 Serial Interface The Reader has an RS232 serial interface which is a single ended
65. straightforward just make a copy of that file If several Readers use the same ID tag database the database file can be prepared on one Reader and then copied to all the other Readers The SQLite database TagMaster AB 43 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 management tool is also available for hosts so preparing a database file on a host and then downloading it to one or several Readers is also an option More information about managing sqlite3 is available at lt http www sqlite org gt 7 10 System Information System information is possible to retrieve from a Reader such as kernel version memory usage and tag filter status The proc file system is a source for most information 7 10 1 Web interface The web server of the Reader provides a web interface for receiving system information such as system time system up time installed application software hardware data and memory status Connect to the web server of the Reader using a standard web browser installed on a PC that is connected to the same network as the Reader as follows 1 Configure the network settings of the PC so that the Reader is reachable over the network 2 Open a web browser on the PC and point it to the IP address of the Reader The default IP address of the Reader is 192 168 0 2 3 When prompted Log on using root as the user name and the corresponding password The default password is qwerty 4 Click System
66. tion RAM 32 MB Volatile memory Flash memory 16 MB Holds all software and is accessed via the Journaling Flash File System version 2 JFFS2 The MCU has an internal watchdog timer that can be set to restart the controller board in case of system malfunction as described in section 6 5 Watchdog Timer For further information about the Reader file system see section 4 1 4 File System 3 1 2 Signal Processing Block The signal processing block on the controller board receives radio signals from the RF board The signal processing block performs analogue filtering and analogue to digital conversion The digitally converted signal is fed to a Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA which filters the signal digitally and decodes the ID tag data 3 1 3 Interface Block External devices can be connected via several standard communication interfaces to the interface block on the controller board If the standard interfaces are insufficient new interfaces and even new functionality can be added via the expansion block For further information about expansion possibilities and available interfaces see section 5 Interfaces 3 2 RF block The RF block is the radio interface and it is primarily used for communication with ID tags The RF block consists of an RF board an RX antenna and a TX antenna The RF block is controlled by software frequency attenuation amplification output power and so forth which is sometimes referred to as
67. utes to specific hosts or networks via an interface If other networks are not required to be reachable this section can be ignored for instance if all Readers are installed on a LAN TagMaster AB 39 56 LR series User s Manual Doc no 06 118 01 The route command without parameters displays the current routing table To add a default gateway type the following at the command line tag S route add default gw 192 168 0 1 Note that the interface must be setup with ifconfig before a route can be added or altered 7 7 3 Host Table The host table is a simple text file that associates IP addresses with hostnames The table is in the file etc hosts Each table entry in the host file contains an IP address separated by whitespace from a list of hostnames associated with that address Comments begin with The host table on a Reader can for example contain the following entries Table of IP addresses and hostnames 127 0 0 1 localhost 192 168 0 1 gateway 192 168 0 2 frontdoor 192 168 0 3 backdoor Although the host table system has been superseded by DNS the host table system is still usable for local network installations Instead of using IP addresses the more human readable names can be used Pinging see section 7 7 5 the Reader with IP address 192 168 0 3 is the same as sending a ping to the Reader backdoor The IP address can be replaced with the host name as
68. yptography to authenticate the remote computer and optionally to allow the remote computer to authenticate the user Table 13 SSH Clients Application Description Secure Shell SSH Allows establishing a secure channel between a local and a remote computer lt ftp ftp ssh com gt Putty A free implementation of SSH and SCP for Windows and Unix platforms lt http www chiark greenend org uk sgtatham putty gt SSH File Transfer Protocol SFTP is a network protocol that provides file transfer and manipulation functionality over any reliable data stream It is typically used with the SSH 2 protocol to provide secure file transfer Table 14 SFTP Client Application Description FileZilla Open source free FTP client for Windows It supports both FTP and SFTP TagMaster AB 1

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