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1. Home log10 Up lt or lt Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 6 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM ltor lt PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next It or lt Name It or lt Relational less than operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl lt expression percalc Result expressionl lt expression expression ordinal scalar spatial non spatial expression type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expression is less than the value on expression2 Result has a cell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expressionl equals or is greater than the value on expression Result has a cell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with a missing value on expressionl and or expression results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell The lt sign is a alternative notation for It Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9042 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 58 PM lt or lt Examples percalc Result map Exprl map lt Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next lookup Up maparea http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9042 htm 2 van 2 3 2
2. Prev Home Next windowaverage Up windowhighpass http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 3661 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 16 PM windowhighpass Prev PCRaster Version 2 Manual Next windowhighpass Name windowhighpass Increases spatial frequency within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result expression scalar spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue windowhighpass expression windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell c its windowhighpass value is computed as follows A square window with the cell c in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell i which is entirely or partly in the window and which is not the centre cell c the fraction of the cell in the window is determined This is the area of the part of the cell in the window divided by the total area of a cell Let fraction i be this fraction let expression i be the expression value of a surrounding cell iand expression c the expression value of the centre cell c The windowhighpass filter value on the centre cell c is calculated according to highpass c 2 times expression c times big sum from i l to n Quote fraction 1
3. http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9632 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM Next mod mod PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mod Name mod Remainder of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression Synopsis pereale Result expressionl mod expression expressionl scalar spatial non spatial expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the value on expressionl is divided integer division by the value on expression 2 This remainder of this integer division is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with 0 on expression is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators See Also idiv or div http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9714 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM mod Examples percalc Result map Exprl map mod Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Home Next min Up ne or http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9714 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM ne or le PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next ne or Name ne or Relational not equal to operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl ne expression2 percalcResult
4. Cells get non spatial value taken from an uniform distribution Synopsis pereale Result mapuniform Result scalar non spatial Operation A random generator is used to generate the Re sult a random number between 0 and 1 is taken from a uniform distribution This value is assigned to Result non spatial Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Maps See Also Section 6 1 11 Section 6 3 2 Examples pcrcalc clone Expr map Result map mapuniform http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9483 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM mapuniform Result map Expr map Prev Home Next maptotal Up max http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9483 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM max PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next max Name max Maximum value of multiple expressions Synopsis percalc Result max expression 1 expression 2 expression n expressionl nordinal scalar expressionl expression expressionn must have the same data type spatial non spatial Result type of expressionl expression expressionn spatial if all expressionl expression2 expressionn are non spatial non spatial Operation For each cell the maximum value of expressionl expression expressionn is determined and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result As many expressions can be specified as needed Notes A cell with missing value on o
5. Flux2 map State2 map Ldd map Material map TransCap map Z effete fe Home Next abs Up accuflux http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3411 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 37 PM accuflux PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next accuflux Name accuflux Accumulated material flowing into downstream cell Synopsis percalc Resultflux accuflux ldd material ldd ldd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial Resultflux scalar spatial Operation This operation calculates for each cell the accumulated amount of material that flows out of the cell into its neighbouring downstream cell This accumulated amount is the amount of material in the cell itself plus the amount of material in upstream cells of the cell For each cell the following procedure is performed using the local drain direction network on lda the catchment of a cell its outflow is determined which is made up the cell itself and all cells that drain to the cell i e which are in upstream direction of the cell The material values of all cells in the catchment are summed and send to the cell on Result flux This value is the amount of material which accumulates during transport in downstream direction to the outflow of the cell Notes The values on material must be equal to or larger than zero A cell with missing value on material is assigned a missing value on Result flux Additionally all its downstream cells are assigned a missi
6. List of PCRaster Operators Prey Home Next Reference Pages http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r2850 htm 5 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Time series PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 2 The Database Next 2 5 Time series 2 5 1 Introduction The concept of time series was discussed earlier in this chapter Section 2 2 The following section Section 2 5 2 gives the format used for time series Creating and editing a time series will be discussed later on Section 3 4 2 as will the use of timeseries in dynamic modelling Chapter 5 2 5 2 Format The contents and the format number of rows of a time series must match the dynamic model for which the time series is used especially the time dimension of the model For a description of the time dimension and the terms used see Section 5 1 2 4 Two types of format for a time series are used the time series with a header and a plain time series without header Both are ascii formatted text 1 time series with a header An example of this sort of time series is below It has the following format line 1 header description line 2 header number of columns in the file line 3 header time column description line 4 up to and including line n 3 header the names of the n identifiers to which the second and following columns in the time series are linked subsequent lines data formatted in rows and columns where columns are separated by one or more spaces o
7. Note Currently you don t have much control in the control center More functionality will be added in the future It is useful now for keeping track of the visualizations and data in visualization groups Prev Up Next Chapter 3 Starting Aguila Home Map2D http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04 html 1 van 2 8 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Chapter 4 Using Aguila http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04 html 2 van 2 8 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Map2D Map2D Prev Chapter 4 Using Aguila Next Map2D The Map2D visualization shows PCRaster stacks as 2D maps 4 H Aguila ZD Map 1 File View Legend dem cst 112 Example of Map2D visualizing a digital elevation model Animation If you loaded a dynamic stack than you can start an animation of the stack by selecting the Animate menu item from the View menu or by pressing the Animate toolbutton EE from the toolbar A dialog will be shown from which you can control the animation Remember that by animating you change the time part of the current cursor position of the data subject see Chapter 1 Concepts This will trigger an update of all visualizations observing that data subject This means that the animation control dialog is global to the data subject and controls all its observers http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s02 html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Map2D Controls The folowing controls are implemented
8. Path over the local drain direction network downstream to its pit pit Unique value for each pit cell plancurv Planform curvature calculation using a DEM pred Ordinal number of the next lower ordinal class profcurv Profile curvature calculation using a DEM rounddown Rounding down of cellvalues to whole numbers http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 6 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual roundoff Rounding off of cellvalues to whole numbers roundup Rounding up of cellvalues to whole numbers scalar Data conversion to the scalar data type sin Sine slope Slope of cells using a digital elevation model slopelength Accumulative friction distance of the longest accumulative friction path upstream over the local drain direction network cells against waterbasin divides spread Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from source cell to cell under consideration spreadldd Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction downstream path over map with friction values from an source cell to cell under consideration spreadlddzone Shortest friction distance path over map with friction from a source cell to cell under consideration only paths in downstream direction from the source cell are considered spreadmax Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from a source cell to c
9. symbol The minimum and maximum values are included in the range if square brackets respectively and are used they are not included if lt or gt are used A value which is omitted in the range definition means infinity Examples of tuples are assume a cellarea of 100 m one PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn 0 05 gt 37600 An area of 37600 376 cells of 100 mz has PCRmapl values smaller than 0 05 two PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn 1 42 0 2 gt 9 gt 20800 An area of 20800 208 cells of 100 m5 has an PCRmapl value equal to 1 42 or between 1 42 and 0 2 and an PCRmap2 value smaller than 9 Default the keys are determined automatically before the counting of cells starts The way this is done depends on the data type of the maps PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn boolean nominal ordinal ldd data type the key column consists of sets of all whole values between and including the maximum and minimum cell value on the map linked to the key column scalar data type the key column consists of sets of ranges default 8 ranges of equal width or specified by the options n nrintervals h or H nrhistslots directional data type http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16682 htm 3 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table the key column consists of sets of the number 1 for the value 1 no direction and nrintervals 1 ranges for the directions the number of ranges used can be specified by n nrintervals h or H n
10. A cell with missing value on areaclass will result in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples percale Result map areadiversity Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4717 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areadiversity Result map Prev Home Next areaaverage Up areamajority http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4717 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areamajority PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areamajority Name areamajority Most often occurring cell value within an area Synopsis percalc Result areamajority expression areaclass expression boolean nominal ordinal spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result type of expression spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a cell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate class For each separate class the most often occurring cell value on expression is determined This value is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result If two values both occur the same number of times the largest value of these values is assigned Notes Acellon areaclass with missing value will result in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the
11. linkage Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual apc html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Appendix D OpenGL Graphics Library Appendix D OpenGL Graphics Library id Next Appendix D OpenGL Graphics Library Aguila uses the OpenGL Graphics Library www opengl org for the rendering of 3D objects Map3D OpenGL is a standard software interface which is implemented on a number of platforms e g Window 95 98 200 NT Linux Macintosh If it is not already installed on your computer visit www Oopengl org applications installing html It is possible to improve the speed of an application which uses OpenGL by using a 3D accelerator with OpenGL driver A list of graphics boards which are OpenGL enabled can be found at www opengl org applications graphic_cards html If you re about to buy a new computer I recommend including such a board Prev Up Next Appendix C Qt GUI Toolkit Home Glossary http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual apd html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Glossary Glossary Prev Glossary O observer A combination of data and state See Also subject S subject A visualization of data See Also observer Is Prev Appendix D OpenGL Graphics Library Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual go01 html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Timeplot Manual Timeplot Manual Timeplot Manual Software to visualise timeseries Kor de Jong Utrecht University Faculty of Geograph
12. tab s The cell values are in the first column the labels are in the second column The first row contains in the first column the field 0 and in the second column the title of the legend The following rows contain in the first column the cell value and in the second column the label for that cell value When the legend file is the output from the legend operator the title row if a title occurs in one or more of the input maps is the first row The cell values with the labels are written in rising order from top to bottom starting with row two When the legend file is used as input file the row with the title may be omitted If it is given it must be the first row of the file The following rows contain the cell values with the labels The order of these rows does not matter An example of an input legend file is 0 landuse 4 arable land 1 woodland 3 buildings 2 lake 2 river http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15447 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM legend See Also Prev Home Next col2map map2asc IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15447 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM map2asc PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next map2asc Name map2asc Converts from PCRaster maps format to ascii file format Synopsis map2asc options PCRmap asciifile PCRmap boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial asciifile formatted asciifile Options Options can be g
13. timeplot PCRaster applications PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next ll PCRaster applications Table of Contents asc2map Converts from ascii file format to PCRaster map format col2map Converts from column file format to PCRaster map format legend Attaches a legend to or changes the legend of one or more maps map2asc Converts from PCRaster maps format to ascii file format map2col Converts from PCRaster map format to column file format mapattr Create a new PCRaster map change or display location attributes of existing PCRaster map resample Cuts one map or joins together several maps by resampling to the cells of the result map table Creates on basis of one or more maps a table with a score for each key in the table timeplot Plots timeseries in a x y lineplot on the computer screen Prev Home Next ycoordinate asc2map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14839 htm 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM asc2map PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next asc2map Name asc2map Converts from ascii file format to PCRaster map format Synopsis asc2map options asciifile PCRresult asciifileasciifile PCRresult specified by data type option if data type option is not set data type of PCRclone spatial Options Options can be given related to the layout of asciifile and the way asciifile must be read These options are described in the operation section Other options are clone PCRclone PCRc
14. where n is the number of cells i surrounding the centre cell c in the window This computation is performed for all cells for each cell the highpass c value is assigned to the corresponding cellon Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13815 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 16 PM windowlength windowhighpass Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in a cell which is not the centre cell of the window the expression value in that cell is included in the computation of the highpass value in the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples pcrcalc Resultl map windowhighpass Expr map 6 Resultl map Expr map elende OO ENGINES EE Lee PPE EI EEEE pcrcalc Result2 map windowhighpass Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map Expr map WinLen2 map EES DATA AAAAA AAOO ee ENE EE dadel oe ole fe jeetje EE el occ NARE AE Prev Home Next windowdiversity Up windowmajority http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13815 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 16 PM windowmajority PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowmajority Name windowmajority Most
15. 2 3 sum 2 map add 1 map add_2 map Basic substitution rules e everything may substituted even operators functions etc e if a substitution fails blanks are returned no error message is printed the resulting string might be incorrect use t to check substitution without running the model e A sign followed by a number refers to an argument on the command line e g 1 2 e If the sign is followed by a non numerical string the argument is a shell or environment variable for example RESULT e Simple arguments may be enclosed in curly braces e g 1 2 3 equals 1 2 3 This enables prefix substitution of a variable such as 1 map 2 3 Advanced substitution rules e A range of parameters can be given in the from to construct For example 1 max 2 3 max map inl map in2 map becomes max map max inl map in2 map e n in the first or second arguments denotes the number of arguments 1 max 2 n max map inl map in2 map in3 map becomesmax map max inl map in2 map in3 map e The from to construct prints an between every argument Another argument separator can be given explicitly 1 2 n sum map inl map in2 map in3 map becomes sum map inl mapt in2 map in3 map e A wrapper around each arguments can be given 1 2 n sqrt sumsqrt map inl map in2 map in3 map becomes sumsqrt map sqrt inl map sqrt in2 map sqrt in3 map e In the 4th a
16. FALSE on expression area assigned a missing value Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Cells See Also Section 6 3 2 Section 6 4 2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10067 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM normal Examples percalc Result map normal unigueid map Result map fw fmf fe Prev Home Next nominal Up not http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10067 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM not PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next not Name not Boolean NOT operation Synopsis percalc Result not expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result boolean dimension of expression Operation The cell values on expression are interpreted as Boolean values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the Boolean NOT evaluation is performed if expression has a cell value 1 TRUE Result has a cell value 0 FALSE on the corresponding cell if expression has cell value 0 FALSE Result has cell value 1 TRUE Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Boolean operators Examples percale Result map not Exprl map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10138 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM not Result map Exprl map Prev Home Next normal or IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman
17. Glossary PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Glossary A angle Location attribute the angle is the angle between the horizontal direction on the PCRaster map and the x axis of the real world coordinate system See Also location attributes area A fundamental spatial unit of a PCRaster map consisting of one cell or a set of cells areamap section The section in a dynamic modelling script that defines the location attributes of the maps used in the model See Also location attributes dynamic modelling script attribute Property of a geographic object or location boolean data type data type for attributes that only may have a value TRUE cellvalue 1 or FALSE cell value 0 See Also data type http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 1 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary C Cartographic Model A model that computes new attribute values from those attribute values already present It represents one static change in the property of cells cartographic modelling script A script of a Cartographic Model See Also Cartographic Model script cell The basic spatial element of a PCRaster map cell length Location attribute The length of cells on a PCRaster map which is the same in horizontal and vertical direction Measured in the distance unit of the real coordinate system cell property The combined information at one cell location stored in one PCRaster map or several PC
18. Introduction This section describes the format of the main sort of data used in the PCRaster package the PCRaster map which contains spatial data in raster format A header is attached to each PCRaster map it contains both the location attributes and the data type of the map The location attributes define the position of the map with respect to a real world coordinate system the size and shape of the map and its resolution cell size The sort of attribute stored in the map is given by the data type of the map The data type determines the PCRaster operations that can be performed on the map Data typing used in PCRaster helps to structure your data If you start a project and want to import data to the PCRaster package in PCRaster map format it is wise first to make a map containing the header with the correct location attributes and the data type of the first data set you want to import How this is done is described in Section 3 2 This section also describes other aspects of database management with a map 2 3 2 Location attributes missing values This section gives an overview of the geographical location attributes linked to a PCRaster map The location attributes projection xyz yyz cell length number of rows number of columns and angle are used to define the position of the map with respect to a real world coordinate system and the shape and resolution of the map Figure 2 3 shows schematically a PCRaster map of a study area and th
19. Point data column files 2 6 1 Introduction The concept of point data was discussied in a previous section of this chapter Section 2 2 The next section Section 2 6 2 gives the format used for point data column files The creation of a point data column file and the conversion between point data column files and PCRaster maps will be discusse in the next chapter Section 3 5 2 6 2 Format Ascii formatted column files are used for representation of point data in PCRaster A column file consists of two columns containing the x and y coordinates respectively and one or more columns containing data values Two types of column files can be used in PCRaster a column file in simplified Geo EAS format or a plain column file These have the following format 1 column file in simplified Geo EAS format line 1 header description line 2 header number n of columns in the file line 3 up to and including line n 2 header the names of the n variables subsequent lines data which are formatted in at least three columns containing the x coordinates y coordinates and values respectively Each line contains a record The separator between the columns may be one or more whitespace character s spaces tabs or ascii character s 2 plain column file This is a file formatted like the simplified Geo EAS format but without header lines The column separator may be chosen by the user Fields with the x coordinates y coordinates and values in the col
20. The binding section identified by the section keyword binding allows one to use a name for a variable in the script that is different from the file name of that variable in the database This is because you probably may want to run a program a number of times each time with a different set of data files and with a different set of resulting files In most cases these data files are used a large number of times throughout the program Using http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman c1649 htm 4 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling the binding you need only fill in the names of the files you want to use as input names and output names for the model run in the binding section without changing all the file names in the rest of the program Both file names used as input files for the model and names that are stored in the database during a model run with the report keyword may be given in the binding section If the PCRaster DOS version is used an additional advantage of the binding section is that it allows one to get round the DOS rules for filenames format 8 3 XXXXXXXX XXX in the script the unpractical DOS names with a dot can be replaced by model names which may be as long as you want with or without a dot In the binding section the name of a file in the database is bound linked to its name in the model with the following statement NamelnModel DatabaseFilename where DatabaseFilename is the file name under which the v
21. These storages are saved as Resultstate if the accuthresholdstate operator is used The remaining material is transported out of the cell these amounts of outflow from each cell into its neighbouring downstream cell are the result of the accuthresholdflux operator they are saved as Result flux The function can be described by flow of material through a set of linked systems where a cell represents a system The flow starts at the cells systems at the watershed boundaries defined by 1dd and ends at a pit cell The systems are linked by the local drain directions on 1dd these define the path of flow through the set of cells systems Each time a system is passed the amount of flow changes For a cell system somewhere on the map the flow of material is described by a system The inflow of the cell is the sum of the outflow amounts of its upstream neighbours This inflow amount is added to the material value in the cell itself This amount of material is potentially available for transport out of the cell If it is less than or equal to the transportthreshold value of the cell all material is stored If it is more than the transportthreshold the amount transported is the amount potentially available for transport minus the transportthreshold value The http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3923 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 39 PM accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate remaining material is stored For each cell the amount of material wh
22. Universiteit Utrecht Arrayed variables in PCRcalc Document version 4 0 By Willem van Deursen and Cees Wesseling PCRaster Environmental Software VOF DISCLAIMER The new features documented here are considered to be in alpha status Things may change a bit in later releases This release is intended to get feedback from users who want to apply these features As always we do welcome ideas and suggestions but for alpha software we can not garantuee the same level of support as for our regular software Introduction PCRcalc allows for the construction of arrayed variables The concept reduces the need for copying parts of the script several times to create similar behavior for a number of species or related components The clearest need for this type of concept comes from simulating ecosystem dynamics where the main goal is to model the interaction between species Although ecosystem dynamics deals with a number of species these species demonstrate similar not identical behavior Until the introduction of arrayed variables this type of models was constructed in PCRaster by copying the section that described the first species and substitute the parameter values for the second species This approach yields a script that can become very long and is becoming more and more difficult to maintain Changes made to the process descriptions have to be implemented in several similar sections and parameter values are scattered throughout the script
23. XOT Name xor Boolean XOR operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl xor expression expressionl boolean spatial non spatial expression boolean spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl andexpression2 are non spatial Operation The cell values on expressionl and expression2 are interpreted as Boolean values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the Boolean XOR evaluation is performed if both expressionl and expression have a cell value 1 TRUE or both have a cell value 0 FALSE Result has a cell value 0 FALSE on the corresponding cell if one of the expressions expressionl or expression has a cell value 1 TRUE and the other a cell value 0 FALSE Result has cell value 1 TRUE Table 1 Cross table of the XOR operator XOR expression SOSC sSC CS NEE EE 2 NEE EEN HEEN EE http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14603 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM xor Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl or expression 2 or on both expressions results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Boolean operators Examples percalc Result map Exprl map xor Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next xcoordinate Up ycoordinate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14603 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM ycoordinate PCRaster Version
24. mapattr the option c Map attribute information of multiple PCRmapl n is printed with the option p Operation without the menu The map attributes can also be entered without the menu by setting options If one of the options R C B N O S D L P x y l and or a for specifying the map attributes from the command line are set the operation is performed without the menu All modes of operation possible with the menu can also be executed in this command line no menu mode So you can also use the options e or c for changing map attributes of an existing map and copying map attributes from one map to other maps respectively If one of the map attributes is not specified with an option in the command line mapattr assigns the default value or if a clone map is specified with the option clone the value of the PCRclone See also the clone option in the option list at the top of the mapattr description See Also resample Examples Generation of a new map that is stored under the filename mask map invokes the menu mapattr mask map Changing the location attributes of an existing map clone map invokes the menu mapattr e clone map Copying the location attributes of clonel map to dem map and 1dd map does not invoke the menu mapattr c clonel map dem map Idd map Printing on the screen the map info for clonel map dem map and 1dd map mapattr p clonel map dem map Idd map Generation of a new map that i
25. pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 6 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots CAguila C ral center Coe El SE group 1 as E dem csf El SP group 2 gs E dem csf E dem csf BBE group 3 BE E dem csf I soil csf HE RAP group 4 A H boolean cst DB dem cst lose Exit Control center Clickpath Screenshots Versions page 23 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 7 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website FAQ Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht FAQ 1 What s the easiest way to compare two different layers timesteps from the same dynamic stack answer 2 How can I improve the performance of the camera and scene controls answer 1 What s the easiest way to compare two different layers timesteps from the same dynamic stack Since a visualization group only has one cursor position you can t show a layer from timestep tl in a visualization and a layer from timestep t2 in another visualization if both visualizations are members of the same group The easiest way to compare two different layers from the same dynamic stack is to copy the visualization A new visualization group will be created with the same data and the copied visualiz
26. run mm MoistCrit critical moisture content mm Fact actual evapotranspiration mm day Rain falls at time 6 and 7 days MoistInit I Fact mm day MoistCrit N en SERE ee EER EE soil moisture content mm 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 Bn time days gt The model example below gives the seguential modelling script for evapotranspiration and infiltration The binding section gives the model names for respectively the saturated soil moisture content map and the time series with the rain in millimetres for each timestep The table below gives the ascii formatted time series file Rain tss that is used Example 5 3 Dynamic modelling script Included processes evapotranspiration and infiltrating rain model for calculation of reduction in soil moisture content incorporated processes evapotranspiration and infiltration of rain timestep one day http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 10 van 12 8 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling binding MoistMeas Moist952 map measured moisture content mm MoistCrit scalar 20 critical moisture content mm Eref scalar 8 reference crop evapotranspiration ETPrc mm day Ke CrCoef95 map crop coefficient map TimeSeriesMax Max8 tss time series binding TimeSeriesMin Min8 tss time series binding RainTimeSeries Rain tss timeseries with amount of rain at each timestep mm day areamap Clone map clone map with loc
27. 1 Prev Home Next Area operations Up Time operations http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2316 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Cartographic Modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Table of Contents 4 1 Introduction 4 2 General approach to Cartographic Modellin 4 3 Point operations 4 4 Neighbourhood operations 4 5 Area operations 4 6 Map operations 4 7 Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling 4 1 Introduction This section describes the Cartographic Modelling part of the PCRaster package As noted in Section 1 2 this module includes both analysis of maps using PCRaster operators for Map Algebra from the command line and using PCRaster operators for Cartographic Modelling In Cartographic Modelling PCRaster operators are used to build static models by combining several operations into script files Using these script files you can let the computer perform several PCRaster operations consecutively and automatically Cartographic Modelling does not include a concept of time the operations that are performed represent one static change in the property of the cells If you want to make models that incorporate processes over time for instance hydrologic models using time series you have to use the Dynamic Modelling module which is described in Chapter 5 This module uses the same operators as used in Cartographic Modelling but they are combin
28. 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM SUCC Examples pcrcalc Resultl map succ Expr map Resultl map Expr map Prev Home subcatchment Up http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12606 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM Next tan tan PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next tan Name tan Tangent Synopsis pereale option Result tan expression expression directional scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Options degrees or radians degrees if expression is a number then the unit is degrees default radians if expression is a number then the unit is radians Operation For each cell calculates the tangent of expression cell value and assigns it to Result Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result If expression is of directional data type a cell on expression without a direction cell value 1 is assigned a missing value http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 2681 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM tan Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map tan Expr map Result map Expr map wp 1 EEN Er Home succ Up time Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 2681 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM time PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next time Name time Timestep Synopsis pereale Re
29. 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling map i e the values resulting from the operation in the third line Normally without using report keywords all resulting map values on the left side of sign at the end of running a script are stored in the database saving for each PCRaster map the last definition In the example given above the Friction map and the CostDist map are stored in the database under these names The last definition of Friction map is stored resulting from the third line Alternatively specified results can be stored by typing the report keyword before a limited number of operations in the script In that case only the result of the operations preceded with report are stored A certain resulting map name can be reported only once For instance example of a script file Friction map lookupscalar Friction tbl LandUse map Friction map 2 5 Friction map report CostDist map spread StartMap 0 Friction map This script only stores CostDist map in the database If in addition the operation in the second line was also be preceded with report then the values of the Friction map resulting from the operation in this second line would be stored too If the operation in the third line would be preceded with report the values of the Friction map resulting from the operation in this third line would be stored Note that Friction map may not be reported both in the second and the thi
30. 2005 5 03 58 PM maparea PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next maparea Name maparea Total map area Synopsis pereale option Result maparea expression expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial Result scalar non spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue area is computed in true area default unitcell area is computed in number of cells Operation Sums the area of the non missing value cells on expression and assigns this total area to Result non spatial Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9142 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 58 PM maparea Examples pcrcalc Result map maparea Expr map Result map Prev Home It or lt Up http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r9142 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 58 PM Next mapmaximum mapmaximum PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mapmaximum Name mapmaximum Maximum cell value Synopsis pereale Result mapmaximum expression expression ordinal scalar spatial Result type of expression non spatial Operation Determines the maximum cell value of the expression cell values and assigns this value to Result non spatial Notes The value of Result is undefined if all cells of expression are missing value Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators Examples percalc
31. 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM map2col PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next map2col Name map2col Converts from PCRaster map format to column file format Synopsis map2col options PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn columnfile PCRmap boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional ldd spatial The maps must have the same projection the other location attributes and the data types may be different between the maps column file asciifile Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue coordinates in columnfile are interpreted as real distance default unitcell coordinates in column file are interpreted as distance in number of cell lengths coordinate positions coorcentre cell values on columnfile are assigned the coordinates of the centres of the cells on PCRmap1 default coorul cell values on columnfile are assigned the coordinates of the upper left corner of the cells on PCRmapl coorlr cell values on columnfile are assigned the coordinates of the lower right corner of the cells on PCRmapl columnnumbers x columnnumberx http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 1 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM map2col columnnumberx is the column number of the x coordinate in columnfile in append mode the columnumber of the x coordinate in the inputcolumnfile default 1 y columnnumbery columnnumbery is the column number of the y coordinate in columnfile in append mode the c
32. 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations Fifth the spatial association may be related to the visibility of cells from a target cell in an elevation model These neighbourhood operations for visibility analysis are discussed in Section 4 4 6 4 4 2 Window operations In a neighbourhood operation within a window a new value is calculated for each cell on the basis of the cell values within a sguare window where the cell under consideration is in the centre of the window One can discriminate between two groups of window operations first each cell value that is calculated may represent a statistical value of the cell values in the window for instance mean diversity or extreme values These operations can also be used to find edges between polygons on a classified map windowdiversity operator For these operations the size of the square window can be specified by the user and is not restricted to whole magnitudes of cells Second square windows of 3 x 3 cells are used for the calculation of land surface topography when the PCRaster map is a digital elevation model These operations include the calculation of slope aspect and curvature within the window 4 4 3 Local drain direction operations A local drain direction network is made with the operator Iddcreate on basis of a map with elevation values 4 4 4 Friction paths http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 3 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourho
33. Chapter 4 Interface http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch03s03 html 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Appendix A Colourpalette file format Appendix A Colourpalette file format dae Next Appendix A Colourpalette file format A colourpalette file is an ASCII file with at least three columns The first three columns contain the rgb values tupples of the colours in the palette Rgb values range from 0 to 255 Example A 1 Colourpalette for soil map with 5 classes 163 83 5 10996 79 210 143 64 2 118117 1001 125 Prev Next Chapter 5 Changing the looks Home Appendix B Menu bar http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual apa html 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Chapter 4 Interface Chapter 4 Interface Prev Next Chapter 4 Interface Figure 4 1 Display interface shows the Display interface if no map layers are loaded See Appendix B Menu bar for a description of all menu items of the menu bar The tool bar contains shortcut buttons to most of the menu items of the menu bar Finaly most menu items of the menu bar have shortcut keys attached to them See Appendix C Shortcuts for a list of shortcut keys File Edit view menu bar tool bar map view scale slider Status bar progress bar legend view cursor view g Figure 4 1 The Display interface http peraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch04 html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Chapter 4 Interface The ma
34. Home Next ge or gt Up idiv http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6964 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM idiv PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next idiv Name idiv Quotient of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression Synopsis pereale Result expressionl idiv expression expressionl scalar spatial non spatial expression2 scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the value on expressionl is divided integer division by the value on expression2 This quotient is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with 0 on expression2 is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators See Also or div mod http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7063 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM Examples percalc Result map Exprl map idiv Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Home Next gt or gt Up if then http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7063 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM if then PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next if then Name if then Boolean condition determining whether value of expression or missing value is assigned to result Synopsis perca
35. Modelling Next 4 3 Point operations 4 3 1 Introduction to point operations The class of point operations includes functions that operate only on the values of the map layers relating to each cell Figure 4 2 The property of a cell is changed on basis of the relations between attributes or the vertical flow of material within the cells the operation is independent of the property of neighbouring cells i e no relations in lateral direction In other words for each cell a new value stored to a new layer is calculated on basis of the values in that cell on one or more map layers Figure 4 2 Point operation A new map is generated on a cell by cell basis No lateral relations between cells are included http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1258 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM Point operations 4 3 2 Operators for point operations The simplest of the point operations are the arithmetic trigonometric exponential and logarithmic functions for mathematical operations such as taking the exponent or sine of the values of one map layer or multiplying cell values of two map layers Just as simple are operators for rounding finding extremes minimize maximize or order comparison operators and conditional statements For applying Boolean logic Boolean operators can be used Point operations with user specified keys in tables defining relations between map layers can be performed with operators for relations in lookuptabl
36. Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 4 ldddist Section 6 2 3 lddmask Examples percalc Resultl map slopelength Ldd2 map 1 Resultl map Ldd2 map percale Result2 map slopelength Ldd2 map FrictMat map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 1428 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slopelength O 5 p ie Zi 49 U H Fr Result2 map Next spread S Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r1 1428 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM spread PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next spread Name spread Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from source cell to cell under consideration Synopsis percale option Result spread points initialfrictiondist friction points boolean nominal ordinal spatial initialfrictiondist scalar spatial non spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation The expression points identifies those cells from which the shortest accumulated friction path to every cell centre is calculated The spreading for determination of these friction distances starts at the centre of cells which have a non zero value on points The initial friction
37. Next Chapter 2 Introduction This is the user manual of the Display application The current version of Display can be used to visualize PCRaster map layers The software is available for MS Windows 95 98 NT and Linux I assume that you have a working copy of Display installed In Chapter Chapter 3 Usage of this manual I will show you how to start Display There are a few command line options which I will describe Display visualizes map layers based on the type of information in the layer For example a DEM is visualized differently from a soil map In Chapter 3 I will show you how you can use the interface to change the default visualization of a map layer Prev Up Next Chapter 1 License Home Chapter 3 Usage http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual chO2 html 3 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Chapter 3 Usage Chapter 3 Usage Prev Next Chapter 3 Usage Syntax The Display command has the folowing syntax display p filename q filename r interval w caption filename s Prev Up Next Chapter 2 Introduction Home Options http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual chO3 html 3 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Options Options Prev Chapter 3 Usage Next Options Table 3 1 Command line options Option Description Read colour palette from file f All map layers will be drawn using this palette See Appendix A pi Colourpalette file format for a description of the file format for colour palettes Creat
38. Opens reads and shows a new map layer The new layer is put on top of the Current map layers in the view Saves the current map layer and colour palette This option is only available if there s one map layer in the view Open layer Save layer Saves the current map layer and colour palette in a new file This option is only Save layer as available if there s one map layer in the view Closes the map view If there re no more map views visible than the Display Close application will quit Exit Closes all map views and exists the Display application Table B 2 Edit menu options Menu item Description Preferences Shows a dialog with which some view wide settings can be manipulated Table B 3 View menu options Menu item Description Toolbar Shows or hides the toolbar Status bar Shows or hides the status bar Animate Starts the animation of dynamic data Nothing will happen if no dynamic data is loaded Sets the cursor in point mode This enables you to change the cursor of the map by clicking Porat on the map Pan Sets the cursor in pan mode In pan mode you can pan the map by clicking and dragging it with the left mouse button pressed down Shows the zoom menu Here you can choose between Zoom area and Zoom all Zoom Zoom area sets the cursor in zoom mode To zoom an area of the map select a corner with the left mouse button pressed and create a zoom rectangle by dragging the mouse Zoom all zooms the
39. Section 4 4 3 Third the new value of the cell may be calculated on the basis of the cells that are on a path starting at a given source cell through consecutive neighbouring cells to the cell in question see Figure 4 4 These operations with friction paths are described in Section 4 4 4 The path represents the shortest distance from the source cell incorporating friction Also simply the real distance of the path for instance the shortest distance to a cell with a garden restaurant can be calculated by specifying a friction of one Figure 4 4 Neighbourhood operations over a path For each cell the NewMap value is calculated on the basis of Map1 Map2 Map3 values on a path from a source cell http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 1 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations Fourth the new value of the cell may be calculated on the basis of cells that are upstream from the cell i e in the catchment of the cell see Figure 4 5 All these operations use a local drain direction map for hydrologic modelling of transport and accumulation of material in a catchment These are discussed in Section 4 4 5 Figure 4 5 Neighbourhood operations within the catchment of a cell For each cell the NewMap value is calculated on the basis of Map1 Map2 Map3 values in the catchment of the cell defined by the local drain direction network http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 2 van 8
40. The use of arrayed variables improves this situation because it allows for a structured way of describing the similar processes in the different species and it allows for the species to be initialized from external files Identification and access to arrayed variables The introduction of the arrayed variables is straightforward In the binding section of the script we need to identify the arrayed variable while in the initial and dynamic section we need to use the foreach construct to iterate over the array Furthermore we developed index functions to create an interface to external parameter files The identification of the arrayed variables is in the binding section binding PlantSpecies Speciesl Species2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 1 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays Species3 HerbivoreSpecies Herbivorel Herbivore2 This introduces one array index type called PlantSpecies in the script PlantSpecies the type has three names of type array index Speciesl Species2 and Species3 Additionally the type HerbivoreSpecies is introduced This type is composed of two indices Herbivorel and Herbivore2 Within the initial and dynamic part of the script we can now create and access arrayed variables using these types this is the initial or dynamic section Variablel Speciesl Variablel Species2 Variable2 Herbivore2 this i
41. a higher elevation Additionally the outflow cell of each catchment on the map which is a cell at the edge of the map is also a pit On a local drain direction network pits have a cell value 5 For every pit cell on the local drain direction network 1dd an unique number starting with 1 is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result these are cells with a value 5 on 1dd The other cells on 1dd do have a local drain direction and are assigned a 0 value on Result Notes A missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10590 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM pit See Also lddmask Examples percalc Result map pit Ldd map Result map Home Next path Up plancurv http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10590 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM plancurv PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next plancurv Name plancurv Planform curvature calculation using a DEM Synopsis pereale option Result plancurv dem dem scalar spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell see also notes unittrue horizontal and vertical scale is measured in true distance values on dem are interpreted as real heights default unitcell horizontal and vertical scale is measured in number of cell lengths values on dem are interpreted a
42. a map meets these requirements it contains a so called sound ldd network A ldd map is sound if it is a map containing only whole values from to 9 or missing values Additionally the values on the map must be ordered in such a way that each downstream path starting at a non missing value cell ends in a pit cell A downstream path consists of the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells the pit cell at the end of the path is called the outlet point of the cell where the path started Here is a non exhaustive list of situations which cause a Idd to be unsound a cell on the border of the map has a local drain direction to the outside of the map For example a ldd code 7 8 or 9 on the first top row of cells or a value 7 4 or 1 on the first left column of cells of the map a cell with a local drain direction to a cell with a missing value For example a cell with a value 3 while its bottom right neighbour is a missing value the Idd contains a cycle A cycle is a set of cells that do not drain to a pit because they drain to each other in a closed cycle The smallest cycle consists of two cells with local drain directions to each other larger cycles may consist of several cells A ldd that is not sound cannot be used for PCRaster operations So you must always prevent operations that may generate an unsound Idd Normally a Idd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 6 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM PCRaster maps network i
43. a missing value on Result The sign is an alternative notation for eq Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6664 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM eq or Examples percalc Result map Exprl map eq Expr2 map Result map i Expr2 map Prev Home Next downstreamdist Up exp http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6664 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM exp PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev exp Name exp Base exponential Synopsis pereale Result exp power power scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of power Operation Next For each cell raises e to the nth power where n is the cell value on power The result of this calculation is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell a with missing value on power is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map exp Power map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6764 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM exp Result map Power map Prev Home Next eq or Up fac http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6764 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM fac PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next fac Name fac Faculty or factorial of a natural positive number Synopsis percalc Result fac express
44. alpha scalar spatial non spatial beta scalar spatial non spatial dT scalar spatial non spatial dX scalar spatial non spatial QnewResult scalar spatial Operation The objective of this operator is to solve the kinematic wave The kinematic wave equations are chow88 delta Q over delta x delta A over delta t q http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7415 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM kinematic and A alpha Q sup beta combined into delta Q over delta x alpha beta Q sup beta 1 delta Q over deltat q with Q streamflow through channel m3 sec q inflow into the channel m3 sec dt timestep used in the model sec dx channel length through cell m alpha coefficient beta coefficient The objective is to solve the equations for Q tsub t 1 Qnew at each point in the map given the channel parameters alpha and beta the lateral inflow q and the initial conditions Qold For each cell calculates the accumulated amount of material that flows out of the cell into its neighbouring downstream cell This accumulated amount is the amount of material in the cell itself plus the amount of material in upstream cells of the cell Unlike the accuflux family of functions this function allows for streamflow calculations in those situations where the average travel time through a cell is within the magnitude of the model time
45. amount of material that is transported all material that flows into a cell flows out of the cell This can be compared with the transport of water over an asphalt landscape without infiltration or transpiration But in most cases a part of the inflow to the cell will be stored or lost in the cell and only the remaining material will be transported out of the cell A well known example for such a transport process is the transport of water over an unsaturated soil only the surplus of the amount of water used for saturation of the soil is transported Several functions can be used to define this division in transport and storage These are implemented in the different accu operations These operations use a transport condition map which for each http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 7 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations cell contains a value related to the transport function In the example given above it may contain the amount of water needed to saturate the soil in a cell Now we describe what happens to the cells on the map during transport see also Figure 4 7 Transport starts at the cells at the divide of the catchment For each cell somewhere on the map the total input of material consists of the fluxes of material from upstream cells plus the amount of material at the start of the operation in the cell itself i e the value on the material map This total input is available for transport A part
46. and or power is assigned a missing value on Result Result power is an alternative notation for Result Result power Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3240 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM Examples percalc Result map Expr map Power map Result map Expr map Power map Home Next Up abs http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3240 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM abs PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev abs Name abs Absolute value Synopsis pereale Result abs expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation Next For each cell calculates the absolute value of the expression cell value and assigns it to Result Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map abs Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3344 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM abs Result map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3344 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM Next accucapacityflux accucapacitystate accucapacityflux accucapacitystate PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Name accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Transport of m
47. assigned to Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6577 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM downstreamdist Notes A cell with a missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also lddmask Examples percalc Result map downstreamdist Ldd2 map Result map i 2 88 2 83 2 83 2 2 zen 2 zel 2 j l Prev Home Next downstream Up eq or http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6577 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 50 PM eq or PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next eq Or Name eq or Relational equal to operation on two expressions Synopsis percalc Result expressionl eq expression percalc Result expressionl expression2 expressionl boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial expression2 type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expressionl equals the value on expression2 Result has a cell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expressionl does not equal the value on expression Result has a cell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with a missing value on expressionl and or expression or is assigned
48. at the edge of the map resulting in the absence of some surrounding cells If this occurs the aspect operator uses a built in neighbourhood interpolator to fill these missing values or absent cells in this will make calculation of the slope for the centre cell still possible For each missing value cell or absent cell the elevation is determined by taking the average elevation of non missing value cells in a 3 x 3 cell window with the missing value cell or absent cell in the centre of the window http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5387 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 45 PM aspect Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps See Also nodirection Examples pcrcalc Result map aspect Dem map Result map AAI Prev Next Home asin Up atan http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5387 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 45 PM atan PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev atan Name atan Inverse tangent Synopsis pereale option Result atan expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result directional dimension of expression Options if expression is a number degrees or radians degrees direction is given in degrees default radians direction is given in radians Operation For each cell calculates the inverse tangent of the cell value on expression and assigns it to Result Notes A cell with missing value on expression is as
49. can be specified by the option m Do not use the options s h and r in addition to g If you do set them they will be totally ignored conversion from asciifiles with an exotic format Two options can be used to impose the command to take into account the layout of your asciifile They can not be used in combination with the options a and g h asciilinesheader This is used if the asciifile contains a header with information which must be ignored during scanning The option h must be followed by linesheader which must be whole number larger than 0 This is the number of lines which will be skipped at the top of the asciifile The asciifile is scanned starting at line linesheader r asciilinesbeforemaprow The option r results in skipping of data in asciifile each time before asc2map starts with filling a new row on PCRresult Rows on PCRresult are filled in as follows First a number of lines on asciifile is skipped The number of lines which is skipped is given by asciilinesbeforemaprow it must be a whole value equal to or larger than 0 Then the asciifile is scanned http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 4841 htm 3 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM asc2map until the first row on PCRresult is filled with data At that point the remaining data on the line in asciifile are skipped plus data on the next asciilinesbeforemaprow number of lines Then the next row on PCRresult is filled with the data read from the row on ascii
50. cell coordinates are printed as specified by the option unittrue unitcell the coordinate position that is printed is specified by the option coorul coorlr coorcentre The cell values are printed as follows first each x y coordinate pair is supplemented with its cell value of PCRmapl Than each line in columnfile is supplemented with the cell values of the remaining maps PCRmap2 PCRmapn No new lines are appended for these maps For each of these maps and each line the cell value is printed of the cell which has a real world location that corresponds with the real world location of the PCRmapl cell that is already printed on that line The real world location corresponds if the real world x y coordinate of the PCRmapl cell comes into the cell of the PCRmap 2 PCRmapn under consideration the x y coordinate of upper left corner lower right corner or centre of each PCRmapl cell is used as specified by the coorcentre coorlr coorcentre option A line on the columnfile that represents a PCRmapl cell with a real world x y coordinate that does not come into a cell on the PCRmap 2 PCRmapn under consideration is assigned a missing value in the appended field operation in append mode Data can also be appended to an existing column file inputcolumnfile This columnfile may be a plain column file without a header or a column file in simplified Geo EAS format These formats don t need to be specified the map2col operator w
51. cell of map 2 a value larger than 200 and the cell of map 3 must contain a negative value Using the keys in a table a new map layer can be generated which contains information taken from several layers For instance a soil map vegetation map and a slope map can be combined using keys in a table containing the classes of these maps generating anew map with landscape classes Also a table can be used for determining the number of cells that match the conditions given in the keys Section 2 4 describes the format of tables Figure 2 2 A table defining relations between PCRaster map layers using these conditions a NewMap is generated on a cell by cell basis LOOKUP TABLE Values Values Values Values Mapl Map2 Map3 NewMap Vapa gt 2 3 lt 12 0 8 lt 2 3 lt 12 0 9 KEY gt 2 14 lt 12 1 0 lt 2 14 lt 12 1 2 gt 2 14 8 0 0 Map 1 lt 2 14 8 0 1 SS SSS Map 2 NewMap The third kind of data used in PCRaster is the time series In Dynamic Modelling time series are linked to a PCRaster map to control spatial data that vary over time and space for each time step a different spatial data set that represents a certain variable used in the model can be imported or stored For instance when simulating http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x120 htm 2 van 3 8 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Concepts kinds of data used in the database evapotranspiration of water in a catchment for each time step the amount and the spatial distribution
52. coordinates increase from top to bottom or from bottom to top See Also location attributes http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 6 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary R result The set of one or more PCRaster maps tables time series or point data column files that are generated by an operation row PCRaster map a series of cells in horizontal direction See Also number of rows S scalar data type data type for continuous data that do not represent a direction See Also data type directional data type script An ascii formatted computer programme of a Cartographic or Dynamic Model written in the PCRaster modelling language See Also PCRaster modelling language section A separate part of a script identified by a section keyword See Also section keyword script single real Default cell representation for scalar and directional data type cell values are stored as REAL4 in computer See Also cell representation script section keyword A keyword that identifies the start of a section See Also keyword section small integer Cell representation for boolean and Idd data type default for nominal ordinal and Idd data type cell values are stored as UINTI in the computer http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 7 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary See Also cell representation larger integer statement One line in a sect
53. corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are value fields http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 3 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM lookup 99 I 2 3 4 12 65 6 5 6 6 14 4 A A 4 16 13 13 12 12 For each cell the operator reads the expression value and the expression value It searches in the matrix both the column with a key field value which matches the expressionl value and the row with a key field value which matches the expression2 value The value field which is in this column and row is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result If more than one combination of column key field and row key field match the cell values of expressionl and expression2 the value field is chosen which is firstly in the most left column and secondly in the most upper row Notes If a cell has expressionl and or expression and or expressionn values that don t match with a key field in the table a missing value is assigned to the cell on Result A cell with a missing value on an expression expressionl expressionz2 expressionn is assigned a missing value on Result Each value in the key fields must be in the domain of the sub data type of the expression to which it will be linked else the operation will give an error Also the value fields must be in the domain of the data type of the Result map specified by the type of command lookupboolean lookupnominal etc Using lookupldd for generating a Result of data
54. data column files concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database conversion from a map Creating point data column files conversion to from PCRaster maps conversion to a map Creation of a PCRaster map data import http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman i17146 htm 3 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM Index polymorphic behaviour Introduction precision of cell values Introduction projection Location attributes missing values guotes use of in Cartographic Dynamic Modelling and GIS operations Command syntax REALA Introduction report in Cartographic Modelling Simple script files scanning GIS and Cartographic Modelling script execution of Simple script files section keyword Introduction layout of the script small integer cell representation Introduction statement Introduction layout of the script table concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database time series concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database transport condition map Operations for transport of material over a ldd tuple Format unsound Idd Ldd data type value field Format visibility analysis description Introduction window operations description Introduction Prev Home timeplot http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman i17146 htm 4 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM PCRaster Website Index Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geoscience
55. different names for variables than the names used in the database Also for the arrayed variables the binding section allows for linking model names to script names binding ArrayVariablel Modelnamel Externalnamel Modelname2 Externalname2 Modelname3 binding PlantSpecies Que Quercus Fag Fagus 1 This example links the modelnames Que and Fag to the external names Quercus and Fagus In this case the names which are used in the parameterfiles are the external names Quercus and Fagus while the names used in the script are the modelnames Que and Fag Using the above example the parameter file specifies the external names and looks like Quercus ImportantValuel 0 03 Fagus ImportantValuel 3 56 The script uses the modelnames and looks like binding ImportantValuel indexscalar Species tbl http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 4 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays The same is true for the parameter name Assuming the same parameter file binding PlantSpecies Que Quercus Fag Fagus l MyParam ImportantValuel MyParam PlantSpecies indexscalar Species tbl Switching arrayed variables off Consider the case in which we want to build a complex ecosystem simulation model for a region We identified four species in the region but we only collected parameter data for two of these species We want to construct the model for the interac
56. distance at the start of the spreading is taken from the values at these point cells on initialfrictiondist During spreading a path is followed over the consecutive neighbouring http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11569 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 08 PM spread cells While following this path the friction distance increases The increase of friction distance per unit distance is specified by the cell values on friction Using these values increase when travelling from one cell to its neighbouring cell is calculated as follows Let riction sourcecell and friction destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from and where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the increase of friction distance is distance x friction sourcecell frict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the sourcecell and the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied by the cell length if the cells are neighbours in diagonal directions During operation of the command the spreading is executed from all non zero cells on points over all possible paths For determination of the accumulated friction distance cell values on Result for each cell the path from a non zero cell on points is chosen with the shortest f
57. distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation The expression points identifies those cells from which the shortest friction distance to every cell centre is calculated The spreading for determination of these friction distances starts at the centre of cells which have a non zero value on points The initial friction distance at the start of the spreading is taken from the values at these point cells on initialfrictiondist During spreading a path is followed over the consecutive neighbouring cells While following this path the friction distance increases The increase of friction distance per unit distance is specified by the cell values on friction Using these values increase when travelling from one cell to its neighbouring cell is calculated as follows Let friction sourcecell and frict ion destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from and where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the increase of friction distance is distance x friction sourcecell frict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the sourcecell and the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied by the cell length if the cells are neighbours in diagonal directions During operation of the command the spreading is executed from all non
58. each cell the following procedure is performed using the local drain direction network on 1dd the catchment of a cell its outflow is determined which is made up the cell itself and all cells that drain to the cell i e which are in upstream direction of the cell The material values of all cells in the catchment are summed and send to the cell on Result flux This value is the amount of material which accumulates during transport in downstream direction to the outflow of the cell Prev Home Next catchment Up cellarea http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5727 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 46 PM cellarea PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev cellarea Name cellarea Area of one cell Synopsis pereale option Result cellarea Result scalar non spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue area is computed in true area Result is true area of a cell default unitcell area is computed in number of cells Result is 1 Operation Calculates the area represented by one cell and assigns this cell area to Result non spatial Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5767 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM Next cellarea Examples percalc unittrue clone Expr map Resultl map cellarea Resultl map 2 percalc unitcell clone Expr map Result2 map cellarea Result2 map Prev Home Next catchmenttotal
59. equal to the value on expression Is assigned to Result Notes Input values can be positive or negative A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Rounding Examples pcrcalc Result map rounddown Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10953 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM rounddown Result map Prev Home Next profcurv Up roundoff http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10953 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM roundoff PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next roundoff Name roundoff Rounding off of cellvalues to whole numbers Synopsis pereale Result roundoff expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell the value on expression is rounded off the whole value whose difference with the value on expression is smallest is assigned to Result If a value on expression is exactly halfway between two whole numbers the number with the greatest absolute magnitude is assigned to Result Notes Input values can be positive or negative A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Rounding Examples pcrcalc Result map roundoff Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11022 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM
60. example water will flow to Each cell on the local drain direction map Result is assigned an arrow pointing to this downstream cell This is the local drain direction of the cell These directions linked to each other results in a local drain direction network the flow pattern on the map The directions are coded according to the standard codes used for the local drain direction data type Figure 1 Direction of Idd values A value 5 not shown defines a cell without a local drain direction a pit this figures lddcode eps figure placeholder Coincidently the values resemble the layout of the numeric key pad of your computer A code 5 represents a pit which is a cell without a local drain direction it is surrounded by cells draining towards the cell Additionally each catchment on Result ends with a pit cell at the edge of the map this cell is considered to be the outflow point of the catchment For each cell the local drain direction is determined on basis of the elevation cell values on the digital elevation model elevation ina3 x 3 cells window with the cell under consideration in the centre Dependent on the elevation of the centre cell with respect to its 8 surrounding cells the local drain direction is determined as follows if a cell has one or more neighbours with a lower elevation on elevation it is assigned the local drain direction to the neighbour cell which results in the steepest drainage slope If two or more neighbouring cells
61. expression2 type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expression is less than or equal to the value on expression2 Result has acell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expression is greater than the value on expression2 Result has acell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell The lt sign is an alternative notation for le Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8381 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM le or lt Examples percalc Result map Exprl map le Expr2 map Result map i Expr2 map Prev Home Next Iddrepair Up In http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8381 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next In Name In Natural logarithm Synopsis pereale Result In expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell calculates the natural logarithm logarithm of the cell value on expression and assigns it to the corresponding cell on Result Notes The cell values on expre
62. expressionl expression2 expressionl boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial expression type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expressionl does not equal the value on expression2 Result has a cell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expressionl equals the value on expression2 Result has acell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result The sign is an alternative notation for ne Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9806 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM ne or le Examples percalc Result map Exprl map ne Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Home Next mod Up nodirection http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9806 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM nodirection PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next nodirection Name nodirection Expression of directional data type Synopsis percalc Result nodirection expression expression directional spatial non spatial Result boolean dimension of expression Operation The expression cell values represent directions with
63. file after the skipped rows Notes Using asc2map for generating a PCRresult of data type Idd is quite risky probably it will result in a Idd which is unsound If you do want to create a PCRresult of data type Idd use the operator Iddrepair afterwards This operator will modify the Idd in such a way that it will be sound Group This operation belongs to the group of Creation of PCRaster maps See Also col2map Examples asc2map clone mapclone map S m mv v 4 AscFilel txt Resultl map Resultl map mapclone map 210 Pe 2 f 0 s 0 4 E l MV 3 2 0 01 2 asc2map clone mapclone map D a AscFile2 txt Result2 map AscFile2 txt Result2 map MEES 4 mapclone map NROWS 3 fw o 28 es ER es 22 YLLCENTER 120 oe fest fost 0 as NODATA VALUE 9999 9999 0 2 3 8 9 43 MV 10 10 o g 351 9 360 45 9999 370 10 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14841 htm 4 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM asc2map Prev Home Next PCRaster applications col2map 5 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14841 htm 5 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM legend PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next legend Name legend Attaches a legend to or changes the legend of one or more maps Synopsis legend options PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn PCRmap1 n boolean nominal ordinal they must have the same data type spatial Options By default legend starts a menu Options that apply to this de
64. for Cartographic Modelling includes those that compute a new value for each cell as a function of existing cell values of cells associated with a zone containing that cell see Figure 4 8 These operations provide for the aggregation of cell values over units of cartographic space areas The operations are like point operations to the extent that they compute new cell values on basis of one or more map layers Unlike point operations however each cell value is determined on the basis of the several cell values of cells in the zone containing the cell under consideration Area operations are also like neighbourhood operations to the extent that they represent operations for two dimensional areas But unlike neighbourhood operations the constituent cells do not conform to any particular ordering or spatial configuration Figure 4 8 Area operations The cell value is determined on basis of values of cells which are in the same area as the cell under consideration http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x1421 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Area operations Newimap 4 5 2 Operations over areas The area operations use a nominal ordinal or boolean map that contains the separate area classes For each cel this map identifies the area class to which the cell belongs cells with the same value on this map are member of a separate area class These cells belonging to the same class do not need to be contiguous For each
65. for each index included in the simulation but this is default behavior binding PlantSpecies Speciesl Quercus Species2 Fagus http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 5 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays Species3 HerbivoreSpecies Herbivorel Herbivore2 Sets combining indices If one specifies the name of the array type in the foreach construct the construct will iterate over all indices of that array type that are not switched off If one wants to iterate only over a subset of indices there are two options defining subsets named array set or using the except clause of foreach Subsets are defined within the array type definition using the construction setName indexNamel indexName2 For example B b1 b2 b5 b4 b b3 Set1_3 b1 b2 3 Set1_4 Setl 3 b4 Set45 b4 b5 l The above example shows a number of features e Sets only include indices that are active Setl_3 will only contain bl and b3 since b2 is switched off e Sets can be used within set definitions Set 4 will contain b1 b3 and b4 e Sets can be switched off Arrays and foreach A formal definition In the previous sections all new concepts are introduced We now try to formalize these concepts The syntax of foreach is foreach iterator in indexCollection Block Of Statements or foreach iterator in indexCollection except indexCollection Bloc
66. from the command line by typing one operation after the DOS or UNIX prompt The command syntax of this application of the operator will be explained later in this section Section 4 7 2 For Cartographic Modelling the operations are combined in a script file The operations in the script file are executed using the same pereale program also used for separate percale operations As a result only operations that use the percale program can be combined in a script file Operations that do not use the pereale program data management operations display and the table operator are not used in a script file Section 4 7 3 describes how to combine pereale operations in a script file 4 7 2 Command syntax Both operations that use percalc as well as operations that do not use percale can be invoked from the command line by typing the operation after the DOS or UNIX prompt This section first describes the operations that do not use calc second the syntax of the operations that use percale is given Operations that do not use percale such as data base management operations and the table operation are performed by typing after the prompt In DOS and UNIX operator options InputFileName s ResultFileName s where operator is one of the non percale operators Both the Inputfilename s and the Resultfilename s are filenames of one or more PCRaster maps tables or point data column files The kind of files depends http pcraster geog uu nl doc
67. from which the time series is the result the first row contains data for timestep i 1 the second row for timestep i 2 etc The first column contains the time t at the timesteps At the first row which contains data for the first time step i 1 it is always the starttime 11 The remaining columns column number 2 up to and including n 1 where n is the number of uniquely identified cells as above said contain values that are taken from expression column number n contains data of the cell that has a value n Notes In principle each unique identifier is represented by one cell on idexpression This is the basic use to sample certain locations Alternatively more than one cell on idexpression may have the same unique identifier value In that case Result TimeSeries contains for the id under consideration an aggregate expression value of the set of cells with that id If expression is of data type scalar or directional the average expression value of cells with the id under consideration on idexpression is written to Result TimeSeries If the data type is directional cells without a direction cellvalue 1 are discarded in the calculation of the average value If all cells with the id under consideration have no direction a 1 value is written to Result TimeSeries If expression is of data type boolean nominal or ordinal the highest score most ocurring cell value of the cells with the id under consideration is written to the time seri
68. in a 3D landscape defined by a digital elevation model Prev Home Next Functional list of PCRaster Up Area operations operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2154 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Area operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Next 6 3 Area operations 6 3 1 Operations over areas areaarea For each cell assigns the area of the area to which the cell belongs Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areaaverage For each cell assigns the average value of the cells that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areadiversity For each cell assigns the number of unique cell values that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areamajority For each cell assigns the most often occurring cell value of cells that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areamaximum For each cell assigns the maximum value of the cells that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areaminimum For each cell assigns the minimum value of the cells that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes areato
69. is always in the order of definition of the array indices here b1 b2 b5 b4 b3 Implicit duplication of array indices has no effect the foreach construct is only evaluated once for each distinct array index variable So foreach h in B Set1_4 b4 Is valid and will only result in 4 times evaluation of foreach in the following order b1 b5 b4 b3 Reporting output for arrayed variables Reporting arrayed variables are done under the same rules as normal variables concerning external names that are optionally defined in the binding To discern between the different array index names each array item is written under a name containing all array index names with a dash in between Clickpath Arrays Versions page 19 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http ocraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 7 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Report Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Selective reports for map stacks in dynamic models Pcrcalc version of Feb 28 1998 or later allow to define at which timesteps a map must be written to the permanent database in other words your harddisk This feature consists of the following extensions to the modelling language e Defining a sequence of report moments in the timer section of the script by a symb
70. legends For instance a landuse map and a soil map cannot be joined laterally together The legend of a map and the resulting subtype is described in Section 2 3 4 The data type mechanism used in PCRaster will help you understand and organize your ideas about the attributes stored in your database or used in some kind of spatial model The data types will prevent you from doing operations that are nonsense each time a operation is done the system checks the data type of the input maps and if the operations would result in nonsense an error message is given Also for some PCRaster operators the system adapts the way the operation is done to the data type of the input maps this is called polymorphic behaviour of GIS operators Additionally the map resulting from an operation is given the data type that fits the sort of data that result from the operation Most data types have a distinct cell representation The cell representation is not related to the concept of data type checking in the GIS and for ordinary use it is of little importance it only determines the way the values of the cells are stored and processed in the computer The cell representations used in PCRaster are single real or double real for scalar and directional data and small integer or large integer for nominal and ordinal data These are represented in the computer by REAL4 single real REAL8 double real UINT1 small integer and INT4 large integer UINT1 REAL4 REAL8 UINT1
71. local and global options are given for each PCRaster operator All global options are listed and described in the next section 3 6 2 Overview of global options global options related to location attributes clone CloneMap The CloneMap is a PCRaster map that must have the location attributes of the maps you want to use during a project It may be an empty map made at the start of a project using the operator mapattr see also Section 3 2 1 Alternatively you may specify as CloneMap an existing PCRraster map containing data unittrue default or unitcell This option specifies the units used for the coordinates and sizes of the cells It is of importance to the operations that make calculations with distances or areas in the map or to operations that import or export coordinates of cells Default with the option unittrue PCRaster uses true distances and the true coordinate system of the map These are given during creation of your map or the clone map of your map with mapattr and Section 2 3 2 about the location attributes of a map The cell length is defined by the real length of a cell The x coordinates are real distance coordinates and increase from left to right starting with the x coordinate at the left edge of your map the y coordinates increase from top to bottom starting with the y coordinate at the top edge of your map or from bottom to top starting with the y coordinate at the bottom edge of the map depends on the pr
72. management 3 4 1 Introduction 3 4 2 Creating and editing time series 3 5 Point data column files database management 3 5 1 Introduction 3 5 2 Creating point data column files conversion to from PCRaster maps 3 6 Global options and local options 3 6 1 Introduction setting global options 3 6 2 Overview of global options 4 Cartographic Modelling 4 1 Introduction 4 2 General approach to Cartographic Modelling 4 3 Point operations 4 3 1 Introduction to point operations 4 3 2 Operators for point operations 4 4 Neighbourhood operations 4 4 1 Introduction 4 4 2 Window operations 4 4 3 Local drain direction operations 4 4 4 Friction paths 4 4 5 Transport of material over a ldd 4 4 6 Neighbourhood operations visibility analysis 4 5 Area operations 4 5 1 Introduction 4 5 2 Operations over areas 4 6 Map operations 4 7 Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 2 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual 4 7 1 Introduction 4 7 2 Command syntax 4 7 3 Script files 5 Dynamic modelling 5 1 Introduction 5 1 1 Concepts 5 1 2 The script 5 1 3 Timeinput and report in the script running a script 5 1 4 How to make a dynamic model 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators 6 1 Point operators 6 1 1 Boolean operators 6 1 2 Comparison operators 6 1 3 Conditional state
73. missing value on expressionl results ina missing value on Result Also a cell with a value 0 FALSE on condition and a missing value on expression results in a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7269 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM if then else Remember that the data type of expression1 must correspond with the data type of expression2 Comma s between condition expressionl and expression2 in the command line is an alternative notation for then else If you want to cut an local drain direction map data type Idd use the operator lddmask instead of if then else The operator if then else allows for cutting expressions expressionl expression2 of data type Idd but we advice to use it in very special cases only it will result in an unsound Idd Group This operation belongs to the group of Conditional operators See Also cover defined Iddmask Examples percalc Result map if Cond map Exprl map Expr2 map Result map i Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next if then Up kinematic http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r7269 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM kinematic PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next kinematic Name kinematic Dynamic calculation of streamflow through a channel Synopsis pereale OnewResult kinematic Idd Qold q alpha beta dT dX ldd Idd spatial Qold scalar spatial non spatial q scalar spatial non spatial
74. more PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn In addition the title of the legend can be assigned The keys that are supported by the menu are given at the bottom of the menu Operation without the menu The operator can also be used without the menu This is done by setting one of the following options copy the legend of the first map to the other maps c More than one PCRmap1 PCRmap2 PCRmapn are specified The legend of the first map PCRmapl is copied to the other maps PCRmap2 PCRmapn store the legend labels in an ascii formatted legend file w outputlegendfile One or more PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn may be specifed The cell values of these maps with the labels are stored in the ascii formatted outputlegendfile For each cell value the label is stored of the PCRmapi i is 1 with the lowest i that contains the cell value under consideration The layout of the legend file outputlegendfile is given below read the legend labels for the maps from an ascii formatted legend file f inputlegendfile One or more PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn may be specified The labels given in the inputlegendfile are assigned to the legend of these maps A cell value on an input map that does not occur in the inputlegendfile is assigned a label The layout of the legend file inputlegendfile is given below The general layout of a legend file is as follows The ascii formatted file constists of two columns separated by one or more whitespace characters space s
75. no restriction on the distance towards the cell all points are candidate to contribute to the computation maxNr allows to select only the maxNr closest points as the maximum number of points used in the computation Less points are used if if no maxNr points can be found with in the radius If maxNr is 0 or http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates idi html 1 van 3 8 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Inverse distance less then all points are candidate to contribute to the computation A missing value is generated if the the combination of radius and maxNr setting yield no points at all Inversedistance is typically used to interpolate sparse point samples to a continuous surface of values An idp value of 2 is commonly used to achieve a smooth surface A result with idp value of 2 is also much faster to compute then another idp value A common use of inversedistance is in combination with timeinput to create a value surface each timestep This setup will also handle the case where timeseries have missing values 1e31 in that case a point is not defined in that timestep and will not take part in the computation of the weighted average Notes e The execution time of this function increases linear with the number of non missing values on points e Using all points in the interpolation by setting both radius and maxNr to 0 will gives the fasted execution time Example 1 binding a map with columns id s MV s els
76. of 2 spaces followed by 12 Maps of scalar and directional data type are always printed in the C type format 11 6g also used in the C programming language the precision the data are saved on columnfile corresponds with the precision they are available on PCRmap with the restriction that the maximal number of significant figures which can be saved on columnfile is six per cell value The maximum and minimum value which can be saved is 10 9 and 1099 respectively a notation with base exponents is used if the value is larger than 106 or smaller than 106 Examples PCRmap columnfile 894 41000 894 41 5674935 5 67494e 06 453628190 6 4 53628e 08 0 000000000031 3 1e 11 0 02000012 0 0200001 1 0200001 1 02 If you want to prevent the usage of base 10 exponents for scalar or directional data use the C type format f and specify f a df where a and d must be whole numbers equal to or larger than 0 The value d is the number of decimal figures which will be used for each cell value the value a is the minimal total number of positions used for each value if more positions are needed large values more positions are used Examples C typeformat PCRmap columnfile 5 6f 1234 1981 1234 198100 5 3f 1234 1981 1234 198 5 0f 1234 1981 1234 3 1f 1234 1981 1234 2 15 6f 1234 1981 1234 1981 2 1f 1289128932 75 1289128932 7 You can also specify other C type formats see for description of these formats a C programming la
77. of PCRaster Operators lookup Compares cell value s of one or more expression s with the search key in a table It or lt Relational less than operation maparea Total map area mapmaximum Maximum cell value mapminimum Minimum cell value mapnormal Cells get non spatial value taken from a normal distribution maptotal Sum of all cell values mapuniform Cells get non spatial value taken from an uniform distribution max Maximum value of multiple expressions min Minimum value of multiple expressions mod Remainder of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression ne or Relational not equal to operation nodirection Expression of directional data type nominal Data conversion data type nominal data type normal Boolean TRUE cell gets value taken from a normal distribution not Boolean NOT operation or Boolean OR operation order Ordinal numbers to cells in ascending order ordinal Data conversion to the ordinal data type path Path over the local drain direction network downstream to its pit pit Unique value for each pit cell plancurv Planform curvature calculation using a DEM pred Ordinal number of the next lower ordinal class profcurv Profile curvature calculation using a DEM rounddown Rounding down of cellvalues to whole numbers roundoff Rounding off of cellvalues to whole numbers roundup Rounding up of cellvalues to whole num
78. of rain water can be given in a time series the amount of water that evaporates from a certain part of the map can be stored in a different time series The time series is a table that crosses the unique identifier values on a PCRaster map with the numbers of the successive time steps used in the model During a model run it is read from top to bottom If the time series is used for data input to the model each unique identifier value on the PCRaster map is assigned the value linked to that unique identifier in the time series This is done for each time step If the time series is used to store data for each time step the model results for certain areas specified on the PCRaster map can be assigned to the time series Section 2 5 describes the format of time series In addition to spatial data in raster format point data are used in the PCRaster package stored as point data column files the fourth sort of data used Point data consist of a x y coordinate and one or more attribute values Quite often data will be available in this format especially if they are gathered through field study In the gstat module point data column files can be used for analysis of spatial structures with the variogram tools and for interpolation to a raster in PCRaster map format of estimated values using block kriging Section 2 6 describes the format of point data column files Prev Home Next The Database Up PCRaster maps http pcraster geog uu nl documentatio
79. of the material is stored in the map and is saved as a new result state map layer the remaining material flows out of the map to the downstream cell and is stored as a new result flux map layer The decision about the amount of material that is stored and transported respectively is defined by the sort of accumulation operation that is performed It is always made on the basis of the cell value of the transport condition map with respect to the total input to the cell 4 4 6 Neighbourhood operations visibility analysis The neighbourhood operation for visibility analysis view use a map with elevation cell values over which the cells having direct line of sight from a given viewpoint or viewpoints are determined Prev Home Next Point operations Up Area operations http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 8 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM mapattr PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mapattr Name mapattr Create a new PCRaster map change or display location attributes of existing PCRaster map Synopsis mapattr options PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn PCRmapl n boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional ldd spatial Options Options that apply to all modes of operations Set default attribute values with existing map clone PCRclone is taken as clone map This option can be set in the command line or as a global option If a map attribute is not specified by the user in the menu or with options the a
80. operations 6 4 Map operations 6 5 Time operations 6 6 Data management 6 1 Point operators 6 1 1 Boolean operators and Performs a Boolean AND operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis not Performs a Boolean NOT operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis or Performs a Boolean OR operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis xor Performs a Boolean XOR operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis 6 1 2 Comparison operators eq or Performs a relational equal to operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis ge or gt Performs a relational greater than or equal to operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis gt or gt Performs a relational greater than operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis le or lt Performs a relational less than or equal to operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1935 htm 1 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Functional list of PCRaster operators It or lt Performs a relational less than operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis ne or Performs a relational not equal to operation on two expressions on a cell by cell basis 6 1 3 Conditional statements if then For each cell a Boolean expression determines whether the value of an expression or a missing value is assigned to the result if then else For each cell a Boolea
81. or cell size modifier these options will be described below If several maps Mapl Map2 Mapn are specified they must have the same data type and projection The location attributes Xy Yur coordinate number of rows and columns and cell length may be different The angles of Mapl Map 2 Mapn may be different only if you use resample for pasting in a clone map else these must be the same If you specify more than one Mapl Map2 Mapn these maps may have any spatial location with respect to each other they may overlap may be adjoining or they may be separated in space Almost in any case the separate cells on Mapl Map2 Mapn will not exactly overlap the separate cells on Result So the raster data on Mapl Map 2 Mapn must be resampled to the raster of Result For each cell on Result this is done as follows for each cell on Mapl Map 2 Mapn which is partly or entirely in the cell on Result the area of the Result cell covered by that cell is calculated This is done by laying down a fine raster of subpixels over the Result cell default 40 x 40 subpixels per Result cell and counting the number of subpixels covered by each Mapl Map2 Mapn cell These areas are used for assignment of the Result cell value if the data type of Map1 Map 2 Mapn is scalar or directional an area weighted average of the Mapl Map2 Mapn cell values is taken where the weights are the numbers of subpixels covered by the cells If the data type is b
82. pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7536 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Idd 22 5 67 5 gt are assigned a ldd code 9 on Result Or it generates a map of local drain direction data type with one constant value If expression has no PCRaster data type a Result with data type Idd is generated This is the case if expression is a number The value of expression must be in the domain of the Idd data type i e a whole number from 1 up to and including 9 Result will be a map with the same location attributes as the global clone map all cells will have the value of expression Notes A missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 7 Examples pcrcalc Result map ldd Expr map Result map Expr map Prev Home Next kinematic Up Iddcreate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7536 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Iddcreate PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next lddcreate Name Iddcreate Local drain direction map with flow directions from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbour Synopsis percalc option Result lddcreate elevation outflowdepth corevolume corearea catchmentprecipitation elevation scalar spatial out flowdepth scalar spatial non spatial corevolume scalar spatial non spatial corearea scalar spatial non spatial catchmentprecip
83. percale operations For each timestep first the moisture content for that timestep is calculated by subtracting the actual evapotranspiration from the moisture content of the previous timestep For each timestep the report keyword provides that the moisture content is stored to the database At the end of the model run the database will contain 30 moisture content maps These have filename extensions referring to the time of the timestep at which each map has been generated The resulting map of the first timestep at time 1 is stored under the name Moist000 001 the map of the second timestep at time is 2 is stored as Moist000 002 etc Remember that it would not be possible to report also the operation Moist MoistMeas in the initial section That would result in a report of Moist which is made two times in one model which is not allowed MoistBelowCrit is calculated in the second statement using the value for Moist that results from the percale operation in the first statement MoistBelowCrit is a Boolean map that contains a Boolean TRUE cell value 1 for cells that have a moisture content equal to or below the MoistCrit value and a Boolean FALSE for cells that still have a moisture content larger than MoistCrit http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 9 van 12 8 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling The third statement reports a timeseries with model name TimeSeriesMax Each timestep the maximum cell value of the map Moist
84. potential shortest paths that cross missing value cells are ignored If a cell has no source cell i e a non zero cell value on points on its upstream path or paths it is assigned a missing value Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators spread operators See Also Section 4 4 4 1dddist slopelength Examples percale Resultl map spreadldd Ldd2 map Pointsl map 0 1 Resultl map Points1 map pcrcalc Result2 map spreadldd Ldd2 map Points2 map Initial map FrictMat map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r11736 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM Spreadldd Result2 map Points2 map Initial map FrictMat map spreadlddzone http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r1 1736 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM spreadiddzone PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next spreadiddzone Name spreadlddzone Shortest friction distance path over map with friction from a source cell to cell under consideration only paths in downstream direction from the source cell are considered Synopsis percalc option Result spreadlddzone ldd points initialfrictiondist friction 1da Idd spatial points nominal ordinal boolean spatial initialfrictiondist scalar spatial non spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result points spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell
85. pred For each cell returns an ordinal number which is the ordinal number of the next lower ordinal class predecessor on the expression succ For each cell returns an ordinal number which is the ordinal number of the next higher ordinal class predecessor on the expression 6 1 7 Maximize minimize maximize For each cell determines the maximum value of multiple expressions and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result minimize For each cell determines the minimum value of multiple expressions and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result 6 1 8 Arithmic operators trigonometric exponential logarithmic functions x Multiplies the values of two expressions and sends this product to the result on a cel by cell basis KK Calculates the nth power of the first expression where n is the value on a second expression and sends it to the result on a cell by cell basis Subtracts the value of the second expression from the value of the first expression and assigns it to the result on a cell by cell basis Adds the values of two expressions and assigns this sum to the result on a cell by cell basis of div Divides the value of a first expressions by the value of a second expression and assigns this quotient to the result on a cell by cell basis abs Calculates the absolute value of an expression on a cell by cell basis acos Calculates the inverse cosine value of an expression on a cell by c
86. representation is single real double real can be chosen for a higher precision but in almost any case single real will give satisfying results Note that statistics of directional data like http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 5 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM PCRaster maps mean and variance are computed in a different way than for scalar data see also mardia72 So always use the directional data type for directional data PCRaster will automatically apply statistics for directional data to the map values 2 3 3 7 Ldd data type The Idd data type is used for maps that represent a local drain direction network A local drain direction network is made up of a network of cells each cell has a whole value from 1 to 9 These codes identify the neighbour of the cell to which material flows The values have the meaning shown in Figure 2 4 note that the values are chosen to resemble the numeric key pad of your computer Figure 2 4 Directions of Idd codes A value 5 not shown defines a cell without local drain direction a pit For instance during transport of material a cell with value 3 designates flow to the bottom right neighbouring cell The value 5 represents a pit this is a cell without drainage to one of its neighbours Since the local drain direction network on a map of Idd data type defines a relationship between cells a map of this data type must meet some requirements to safeguard these relationships If
87. returns blanks So be warned Clickpath Argument substitution Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates argsubst html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Options Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht global options can be given in the first line of a model script Global options that aply to a script can be stored in the script itself instead of typing it on the command line when the script is called The first two characters of the first line of the script should read After the global options can be specified For example lddfill radians SO Note that the should exactly be the first positions on the first line Leading empty lines or spaces will change the line to a normal comment and no global options from that line are set No error messages are printed in such a case The remainder of this discussion on global options in the script applies only to those who use pcrcalc from a UNIX like shell The syntax of this first line is modelled after the alternative interpreter syntax of UNIX shells If the first 2 characters of this first line are then all words on that line that can be recognized as global options are parsed as global options overriding global options at the comma
88. same catchment as the divide cell or cells on the other side of the divide As a result there are no cells that drain to a divide cell For each divide cell a downstream path can be defined which begins at the centre of the divide cell follows the local drain directions in downstream direction and stops at the centre of the outflow cell of the catchment For all cells the following procedure is performed using the local drain direction network on 1dd the divide cells of the cell its catchment are determined where the cell itself is the outflow cell of the catchment Now for each divide cell the accumalative friction distance over its downstream path to the outflow cell is calculated as follows an amount of friction moves through the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells following the downstream path of the divide cell until it reaches the centre of the outflow cell under consideration It accumulates each time it travels from one cell to its downstream next starting with an amount of 0 at the divide cell The amount of friction which accumulates per unit distance when moving from one cell to the next is specified by the cell values on friction Using the values on this expression accumulation of friction when travelling from one cell to its first downstream cell is calculated as follows http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11428 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slopelength Let friction sourcecell and friction destinationce
89. series gives cell values for these unique identifiers These cell values are assigned to the timeinput expression in the dynamic section on basis of the unique identifiers on the unique identifier expression For a detailed description of the timeinput operations see timeinput and timeinput Section 2 5 2 gives the format of time series 5 1 3 3 report keyword and the timeoutput operator The report keyword stores the result which is always on the left hand side of a percalc operation to the database Reporting is done by typing the keyword report before a percale operation report VariableName percale operation for instance report NOStdDev sqrt NOVariance has the effect that the result NOStdDev of the percale operation is stored to the database In a script a VariableName cannot be used for report more than once The report keyword has no effect on the percalc operation that is done the only effect of report is that it stores the result of the operation in addition to computing it If results of the iterative dynamic section are reported the results are stored in the database for each timestep The model results for each timestep can be reported in two different ways the sort of report that is made depends on the sort of operation that is prefaced with the report keyword http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 6 van 12 8 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling First the results of an ordinary
90. so conf then the loader won t find it One solution is to edit etc 1d so conf Another solution is to set the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH to contain the directory where the Qt library is installed Since the Qt library isn t part of the Linux X core installation I recommend that you install the library in usr local 1lib and add that path to the end of etc 1d so conf You have to run the Idconfig command as root before any changes in etc 1d so conf have any effect For a critical discussion about this subject have a look at the homepage of David Barr www visi com barr Idpath html Prev Up Next Appendix A Shortcuts Home Appendix C Qt GUI Toolkit http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual apb html 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM Appendix C Ot GUI Toolkit Appendix C Ot GUI Toolkit Prev Next Appendix C Qt GUI Toolkit Qt is a graphical user interface GUI software toolkit Qt simplifies the task of writing and maintaining GUI applications We use it for PCRaster s graphical applications e g Display and Aguila Normally you couln t care less about the name of the GUI toolkit used but if you want to download a dynamically linked version of our software see Appendix B Static versus dynamic linkage than you need to install Qt yourself You can find all information about Qt at the homepage of Troll Tech www trolltech com Prev Up Next Appendix B Static versus dynamic Appendix D OpenGL Graphics Library
91. specified by the user changes the location attributes of an existing map or prints map attribute information Operation with the menu A new map is generated by specifying one input file PCRmapl and not setting options The operator invokes a menu In the menu the location attributes can be entered of the new map PCRmapl that is created You can scroll through the menu with the arrow up or arrow down keys or the keys listed at the bottom of the menu An menu item is entered by pressing lt Enter gt and typing the value followed by lt Enter gt The menu items data type and projection are filled in by selecting one of the options with the arrow left or arrow right keys or one of the keys listed at the bottom of the menu instead of typing the entry Quit the menu by pressing g The program asks you whether the map must be created You can answer by pressing Y Yes create the map N No do not create the map and leave the menu or by pressing lt Escape which effects that you can resume editing Location attributes of one map can be changed by specifying one existing map PCRmapl and the option e Note that this is not meant for cutting or resampling the map which is done with the operator resample See also the section on the import map type Location attributes of the first existing PCRmapl are copied to the existing PCRmap 2 PCRmapn with http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16156 htm 3 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM
92. step Notes This is an experimental implementation of the numerical solutions of the kinematic wave equations The stability and accuracy of the equations can not be gauranteed under all circumstances The kinematic operations uses unlike other pcraster commands defined units for the calculations Whereas other pcraster commands can operate with any consistent system of units the kinematic operation explicitly needs its input parameters in cubic meters and seconds and the result is in qubic meters per second This explains the explicit use of dX and dT in the interface of the operator Additional sediment flux based on the channel flow calculated with this operator can be obtained by the code shown in example 1 below http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7415 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM kinematic Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 Examples percalc Qnew kinematic ldd map Qold g alpha beta dT dxX Qin upstream ldd map Qnew Osum Qin Qoldt q Snew accufractionflux ldd map Sold s Qnew Qsum Result map Expr map Prev Home Next if then else Up Idd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r7415 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM Idd PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Idd Name Idd Data conversion from specific data types to local drain direction data type Synopsis pere
93. streamorder Synopsis percale result streamorder ldd ldd is ldd result is ordinal Strahler order stream network The classification of stream networks was originally developed by Horton and modified by Strahler Following the scheme of Strahler streamorder designates an order 1 to the smallest channels which are the cells with no upstream cells connected to that cell Where two channels of order 1 join a channel of order 2 results downstream In general where two channels of order i join a channel of order i 1 results NOTE The september 1997 print of the manual has this command but incorrectly documents the return type as nominal catchmenttotal Synopsis percale result catchmenttotal ldd amount ldd is ldd amount is scalar result is scalar Calculate total for the entire upstream area Note that this function is identical to accuflux except that accuflux does not accept negative values fac Synopsis percalc result fac expr expr is scalar http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates newfunc html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website New functions result is scalar Computes the faculty or factorial of a natural positive number Domain errors result in a MV Overflow occurs on 35 and bigger resulting in a MV spreadmax spreadmaxzone EXPERIMENTAL Identical to spread and spreadzone but with a fourth parameter a maximum spread distance Areas that are not reached are given the
94. taken as clonemap If you have not set a global clonemap or if you want to use a different clonemap than the global clonemap you must specify the clonemap in the command line with the clone option unittrue or unitcell unittrue coordinates in columnfile are interpreted as real distance default unitcell coordinates in columnfile are interpreted as distance in number of cell lengths B N O S D and L This data type option specifies the type options which is assigned to PCRresult respectively boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional ldd If the option is not set PCRresult is assigned the data type of PCRclone or the global clone The data in columnfile must be in the domain of the data type which is assigned to PCRresult For description of these domains see the description of the different data types single or double and small or large In most case the default cell representation will be sufficient If you want you can specify the cell representations Scalar and directional data types single cell values are represented by single real cell representations default single precision double cell values are represented by double real cell presentations double precision http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15119 htm 1 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM col2map Nominal and ordinal data types small cell values are represented by small integer cell represe
95. to change the scale and position of the map Table 4 1 Controls for changing the scale and position of the map Effect Control move map to the right fh move map to the left I move map to the bottom k move map tothetop GEENEEN EN Prev Chapter 4 Using Aguila http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s02 html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Up Home Next Map3D MapaD Map3D Prev Chapter 4 Using Aguila Next Map3D The Map3D visualization shows a scalar raster as a surface or sheet which floats in space You can change some properties of the 3D map visualization by right clicking your mouse in the map view the one which shows the sheet and selecting Properties The properties dialog for the map view will be shown et ll Aguila 3D Map 1 File View Legend dem cst Example of Map3D visualizing a digital elevation model Animation If you loaded a dynamic stack than you can start an animation of the stack by selecting the Animate menu item from the View menu or by pressing the Animate toolbutton EE from the toolbar A dialog will be shown from which you can control the animation Remember that by animating you change the time part of the current cursor position of the data subject see Chapter 1 Concepts This will trigger an update of all http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s03 html 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM MapaD visualizations observing
96. two characters If you use the UNIX version of PCRaster global options are set by typing after the UNIX prompt PCROPTIONS globaloption globaloption2 globaloptionn export PCROPTIONS Note that in UNIX no spaces are typed on either side of the sign For instance PCROPTIONS clone CloneStudyArea map lddin export PCROPTION After applying PCROPTIONS the global options have the setting as specified or if they are not specified the default values This set of options is used until a new set of options is specified with PCROPTIONS If you set the options again with PCROPTIONS options which are not specified that time are always set to default no old settings are taken If you want to set a different global option for only one operation you can specify a global option in the command line This is done in the same way as it is done for a local option by typing the globaloption after percalc If a non percalc operator is applied for instance table the global option is typed after the operator The general global option setting described above is overruled only for the execution of the http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x979 htm 1 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Global options and local options Operation that is given in the command line You will find the local options and global options in the alphabetical list of PCRaster operators Reference I List of PCRaster Operators In this list the
97. type Idd is quite risky probably it will result in a Idd which is unsound If you do want to create a Result of data type Idd use the operator Iddrepair afterwards This operator will modify the Idd in such a way that it will be sound see the operator Iddrepair Group This operation belongs to the group of Point operators relations in tables See Also Iddrepair Section 3 3 2 Examples percalc Resultl map lookupnominal Table txt Exprl1 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 4 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM lookup Resultl map Table txt Exprl map 2 5 gt j oe lt 2 5 01 5 lt 0 10 gt 7 12 5 17 75 9 eo jef S17 Toy 250 gt 11 sie fous oa 12 2 percalc Result2 map lookupordinal Table2 txt Exprl2 map Expr22 map Expr32 map Result2 map Table2 txt Expr12 map Expr22 map Expr32 map 7 Zos lt 7 gt 0 gt lt 7 gt lt 0 gt 7 lt gt ap EG Bb BBE 3 percalc matrixtable Result3 map lookupordinal Table2 txt 1 100 Expr32 map Result3 map Expr32 map Table2 txt 1 7 pe 1 SI 0 gt 1 lt 7 gt lt 0 gt 0 7 lt gt 0 lt 7 gt 0 gt OL KS KOS 4 percalc matrixtable Result4 map lookupscalar Table3 txt Expr1l3 map Expr23 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 5 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM lookup Result4 map Table3 txt Expri3 map Expr23 map 0 1 12 5 My 12 8 1255 LAB 6 as 6 6
98. value MV for spreadmax and 0 for spreadmaxzone On the final names of these commands is not yet decided thus the EXPERIMENTAL status kinematic Synopsis percalc newQ kinematic ldd Qold g alpha beta deltaT deltaX ldd is ldd all other inputs are scalar Qold in m3 s deltaT s timestep deltaX cellsize newQ in m3 s Printed manual page available on request Notes on features and unresolved bugs here Clickpath New functions Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k WE http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates newfunc html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Kinematic Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht kinematic unresolved bugs and features Clickpath Kinematic Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k Gist http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates kinematic html 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Debugging Home Introduction Demo Downloads Documentation Support Courses Case studies Publications Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht debugging pcrcalc scripts A frequent problem when writing scripts is that sometimes the results have u
99. van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling PCRaster dynamic data base BINDING AREAMAP report report2 report3 timeinputl timeinput2 timeinput3 defines ini tial value of defines operations sequential maps that are done each timestep INITIAL DYNAMIC start fstart di EE The areamap section defines the model area and modelling resolution A clone map specifies the geographical location attributes of the maps used throughout the program All maps used or generated by the model have the location attributes of the clone map in the areamap section The timer section controls the time dimension of the model It specifies the duration of a model run by setting the time at the start start and end t end of a model run Additionally it specifies the time slice df of the timestep The number of timesteps of the model is the duration of the model run divided by the timeslice Spatial maps or non spatial attribute values at the start of the model run are given in the initial section These values may be defined by one or more pereale operations The initial http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 3 van 12 8 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling section can be seen as a static Cartographic Modelling script which sets the initial attribute values used at the start of the dynamic section for the iteration at the first timestep For each timestep i the dynamic section defines the o
100. which will also be assigned to the PCRaster map is assumed to be a simple x y field also used in basic mathematics The x coordinates increase from left to right The y coordinates increase from top to bottom or from bottom to top This can be chosen from top to bottom is default XULYUL The xyz Yyz are the real world coordinates of the upper left corner of the PCRaster map The location of the PCRaster map with respect to the real world coordinate system is given by this corner if a rotated map is used an angle not equal to zero it is rotated around this point so rotation over 90 degrees will result in a xyz Yyz that is at the bottom left side in Figure 2 3 Other PCRaster map corners are x77 YLL XUR YUR 3 XLR gt YLR cell length The cell length is the length of the cells in horizontal and vertical direction This implies that cells in a PCRaster map are all of the same size and always square The cell length is measured in the distance unit of the real world coordinate system number of rows number of columns The number of rows and the number of columns are the number of rows and columns of the PCRaster map respectively The cell length multiplied by the number of rows and number of columns is the height and width of the PCRaster map respectively in distance units of the real world coordinate system angle The angle is the angle between the horizontal direction on the PCRaster map and the x axis of the real world coordinate syst
101. with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 This value is assigned to Result non spatial Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Maps See Also Section 6 1 11 Section 6 3 2 Examples percalc clone Expr map Result map mapnormal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9353 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM mapnormal Result map Expr map Prev Home Next mapminimum Up maptotal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9353 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM maptotal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next maptotal Name maptotal Sum of all cell values Synopsis pereale Result maptotal expression expression scalar spatial Result scalar non spatial Operation Sums all expression cell values and assigns this sum of these values to Result non spatial Notes The value of Result is not correct if all cells of expression are missing value In that case Result is assigned the value 0 Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators Examples pcrcalc Result map maptotal Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9416 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM maptotal Result map Prev Home Next mapnormal Up mapuniform http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9416 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM mapuniform PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mapuniform Name mapuniform
102. with a missing value on mask is interpreted as a mask value 0 FALSE and handled in that way In addition a cell with a missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Missing value creation See Also Section 6 2 4 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8215 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM lddmask Examples percalc Result map lddmask Ldd map Mask map Result map Home Next Idddist Up Iddrepair http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r8215 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM Iddrepair PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next lddrepair Name Iddrepair Reparation of unsound local drain direction map Synopsis percalc Result lddrepair ldd ldd Idd spatial Operation Each cell on a local drain direction map must have a pit at the end of its downstream path If this is not the case for one or more cells on a local drain direction map the map is called unsound An unsound local drain direction map can not be used as input expression for the operations with local drain direction maps The Iddrepair operation changes the cell values on the unsound 1dd in such a way that it becomes sound all downstream paths will end in a pit cell this adjusted 1dd is saved as Result The repair operation is done as follows Two things may be the cause of a downstream path not ending in a pit cell a set of cells in a cycle and cells draini
103. with the steepest drainage slope can be found the local drain direction is randomly chosen to one of these cells A cell may have neighbours which are at the same elevation as the cell under consideration One cell of this kind or a set of neighbouring cells of this kind represent a flat area Two types of flat areas may occur The first type is bordered on one or more sides by one cell or a set of cells at lower elevation Flat areas of this type are filled in with local drain directions iteratively starting at the edge of the flat area bordered by an area at a lower elevation each time the local drain direction is determined for one of the cells on the flat area which has one or more neighbour s with a local drain direction not pointing back into the cell under consideration The local drain direction of the cell under consideration will be in direction of one of these cells randomly chosen The second type of flat area is a flat area surrounded by cells at higher elevation Flat areas of this type are iteratively filled in with local drain directions starting at the edge of the flat area and assigning drain directions to cells which have neighbours draining into the cell under consideration Each iteration a cell is assigned a drain direction to one of its neighbouring cells on the flat area The result of resolving flat areas of this type is a map in which all cells are assigned a drain direction except one cell which is a pit Pits are defin
104. zero cells on points over all possible paths For determination of the friction distance cell values on Result for each http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 1923 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM spreadiddzone cell the path from a non zero cell on points is chosen with the shortest friction distance So during the execution of the spreadlddzone operation for each cell the friction distance for each possible path from the non zero cells on points to the cell under consideration is calculated and then the path with the shortest friction distance is chosen On Result each cell is assigned the points cell value of the cell where the shortest path to the cell begins Notes The values on friction must be larger than zero Missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist and friction are assigned a missing value on Result Additionally potential shortest paths that cross missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist or friction are ignored Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators spread operators See Also Section 4 4 4 1dddist slopelength Examples percale Resultl map spreadlddzone Ldd2 map Pointsl map 0 1 Resultl map lt Pointsl map percale Result2 map spreadlddzone Ldd2 map Points2 map Initial map FrictMat map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r1 1923 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM spreadiddzone Result2 map Points2 map Initial map Fri
105. 05 5 04 11 PM Next subcatchment subcatchment PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next subcatchment Name subcatchment Sub Catchment s watershed basin of each one or more specified cells Synopsis percalc Result subcatchment ldd points ldd ldd spatial points boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result type of points spatial Operation The local drain direction for each cell is defined by 1dd For each non zero value on points its catchment is determined and all cells in its catchment are assigned this non zero value This procedure is performed for all cells with a non zero value on points but there is one important exception subcatchments are also identified if the catchment of a non zero cell on points contains another non zero cell value on points the smaller catchment of the latter non zero cell is identified instead of the larger enclosing catchment The operation is performed as follows for each cell its downstream path is determined which consists of the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells on 1dd On Result each cell is assigned the non zero points cell value which is on its path and which is nearest downstream If all cells on the downstream path of a cell have a value 0 on points a Ois assigned to the cell on Result Notes A cell with missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directi
106. 1 column Each key column must contain key values in the domain of the data type of the map which is linked to the key boolean nominal ordinal ldd data type whole values scalar data type values or ranges directional data type the value 1 or values or ranges in the domain of the data type 0 360 gt option degrees 0 2pi gt option radians operation with a matrix table with the option matrixtable With the option matrixtable set with two maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 specified in the command line Resulttable will be a matrix table instead of a column table If the option matrixtable is set and a different number of PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn is specified a column table is generated and the operation is performed as described above The matrix will have the following lay out The first field in the top left corner has no meaning it is a dummy field The first row consists of this dummy field and the key fields which have been linked to PCRmapl The first column consists of the dummy field and the key fields which have been linked to PCRmap2 The remaining fields in the matrix are score fields Each score field contains the number of cells that have an PCRmapl value of the key field of its column and have an PCRmap 2 value of the key field of its row If in addition to matrixtable the option i Inputtable is used the input table must have the following lay out The first row of Inputtable consists of a dummy field and
107. 1 3 Timeinput and report in the script running a script 5 1 3 1 Introduction This Section 5 1 3 describes the contents of a script meant for timeinput of data Section 5 1 3 2 and reporting results Section 5 1 3 3 The last section Section 5 1 3 4 describes how a script is run 5 1 3 2 Operators for timeinput Two PCRaster operators perform a timeinput operation timeinput and timeinput e g timeinputboolean timeinputnominal etc These operations are used only in the dynamic section Like the other PCRaster operators the timeinput operators result in either a spatial or a non spatial expression For each timestep timeinput assigns specified cell values to the resulting expression independent of the cell values at the previous timestep The assignment of a different set of cell values to the expression for each timestep can be done in two ways The timeinput operator uses a set of maps in the database the database must contain a PCRaster map with a file name extension referring to the timestep for which it is meant The timeinput operator assigns to the expression in the dynamic section each timestep the map in the database with the extension referring to that timestep The timeinput operators timeinputboolean timeinputnominal timeinputordinal timeinputscalar timeinputdirectional and timeinputldd use a time series The time series is linked to a given expression with unique identifier cell values For each timestep the time
108. 16402 htm 2 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM resample map and each map Mapl Map2 Mapn must have the same projection The other location attributes may be different on basis of Mapl Map2 Mapn cookie cutter specifying border around map s b borderwidth The smallest rectangle around cells including missing value cells is determined Result will cover an area of this size plus borders or minus borders around this rectangle where borderwidth is the width of the border A positive borderwidth results in a larger map than the rectangle a negative value in a smaller map If b 0 is specified Result will have approximately the size of the rectangle c borderwidth idem the smallest rectangle around non missing value cells is determined map expansion or contraction x 1f the area covered as defined by b borderwidth or c borderwidth contains a fractional number of rows and columns of cells on Result the number of rows and columns is rounded off upwards the map is expanded default a if the area covered as defined by b borderwidth or c borderwidth contains a fractional number of rows and columns of cells on Result the number of rows and columns is rounded off downwards the map is contracted This functionality of resample cookie cutter generates a Result with location attributes determined on basis of Mapl Map2 Mapn One of the options b borderwidth or c borderwidth must be specified and additionally x or a and
109. 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowminimum Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples pcrcalc Resultl map windowminimum Expr map 6 Resultl map Expr map percalc Result2 map windowminimum Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map Expr map WinLen2 map Prev Home Next windowmaximum Up windowtotal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14228 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowtotal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowtotal Name windowtotal Sum of values within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result windowtotal expression windowlength expression scalar spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unitcell windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell its windowtotal is computed as follows A square window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell i which is entirely or partly in the window the fraction of the cell in the window is determined This is the area of the part of the cell in the window divided by the total area of a cell Call this fraction i let expression i be the value on expression of cell i Now the windowtotal of the
110. 2 3 3 2 Boolean data type directional continuous directional The domain of the Boolean data type is 1 Boolean TRUE and 0 Boolean FALSE It is used for all attributes that only may have a value TRUE or FALSE for instance suitable or unsuitable for maize or to specify cells that come into a class or do not come into a class for instance cells with a watch tower or cells http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 4 van 7 8 2 2005 5 03 28 PM PCRaster maps without a watch tower A legend can be made for a map of data type Boolean it has no effect on the domain of the map 2 3 3 3 Nominal data type The nominal data type is used for classified data without order It represents attributes described by classes for instance a map with soil classes If the default cell representation is used small integer the domain consists of whole values equal to or between 0 and 255 so 256 different classes can be distinguished Of course any number in the domain can be chosen to represent a class but normally for each class a number is chosen starting with 1 and a value of 0 is chosen for cells that do not belong to a class If the cell representation large integer is chosen optional the domain consists of all whole values between 23 and 23 and many more classes can be stored in the map A legend can be attached to a map of nominal data type see Section 2 3 4 This results in subtyping of the map 2 3 3 4 Ordinal data t
111. 2 Manual Prev Next ycoordinate Name ycoordinate Y coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell Synopsis pereale option Result ycoordinate expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue coordinates are expressed in true distance coordinates default unitcell coordinates are expressed in unit cell lengths where the minimum y coordinate of a cell centre is 0 5 and the maximum y coordinate of a cell centre is y 0 5 where y is the number of rows of cells assignment of coordinates coorcentre for each cell the coordinate of the cell centre is assigned default coorul for each cell the coordinate of the upper left corner is assigned coorlr for each cell the coordinate of the lower right corner is assigned http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14738 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM ycoordinate Operation For each cell that has a value 1 TRUE on expression assigns the y coordinate of the cell to the cell on Result Cells with a value 0 FALSE on expression are assigned a missing value Notes A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Coordinates unique ID s Examples percalc coorlr Result map ycoordinate Expr map Result map Expr map EIE HEEE BEE Home xor Up PCRaster applications Prev Next h
112. 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual downslope neighbour Iddcreatedem Modified digital elevation model ldddist Friction distance from the cell under consideration to downstream nearest TRUE cell Iddmask Local drain direction map cut into a smaller sound local drain direction map Iddrepair Reparation of unsound local drain direction map le or lt Relational less than or equal to operation In Natural logarithm e log10 Log 10 lookup Compares cell value s of one or more expression s with the search key in a table lt or lt Relational less than operation maparea Total map area mapmaximum Maximum cell value mapminimum Minimum cell value mapnormal Cells get non spatial value taken from a normal distribution maptotal Sum of all cell values mapuniform Cells get non spatial value taken from an uniform distribution max Maximum value of multiple expressions min Minimum value of multiple expressions mod Remainder of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression ne or Relational not equal to operation nodirection Expression of directional data type nominal Data conversion data type nominal data type normal Boolean TRUE cell gets value taken from a normal distribution not Boolean NOT operation or Boolean OR operation order Ordinal numbers to cells in ascending order ordinal Data conversion to the ordinal data type path
113. 4 Reporting storing dynamic data in the database Reporting means storing model results in the PCRaster database Both the results of an operation in the initial or in the dynamic section can be stored in the PCRaster database If results of the dynamic section are reported the results are stored in the database for each timestep This can be done in two ways First the result of a percale operation can be stored in the database as a set of maps where each map gives the values for a different timestep Second a time series can be used to report results each timestep the cell values of a given set of cells are written to a time series file Reporting of results is done with the report keyword The use of this keyword in the script is given in Section 5 1 3 3 5 1 2 The script 5 1 2 1 Introduction layout of the script This Section 5 1 2 describes the structure of a Dynamic Modelling script and its contents The script is an ordinary ascii text file an example was given in a Table in the beginning of this chapter A script consists of separate sections each with a defined function in the model A dynamic model script contains the sections binding areamap timer initial and dynamic in this order Each section starts with the section keyword of the section The section keyword is followed by one or more statements that give the content of the section Each statement is terminated by a semicolon sign In principle white space characters
114. 5 1 4 Example 5 1 Example of a dynamic model model for calculation of reduction in soil moisture content incorporated processes evapotranspiration and infiltration of rain timestep one day binding MoistMeas Moist952 map MoistCrit scalar 20 Eref scalar 8 Ke CrCoef95 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman c1649 htm 1 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling TimeSeriesMax Max8 tss TimeSeriesMin Min8 tss RainTimeSeries Rain tss areamap Clone map timer 1301 initial report Eact Kc Eref Moist MoistMeas dynamic Rain timeinputscalar RainTimeSeries 1 report Moist Moist Rain Eact MoistBelowCritial Moist le MoistCrit report TimeSeriesMax mapmaximum Moist report TimeSeriesMin mapminimum Moist reports to a time series Figure 5 1 gives a conceptual picture of a Dynamic Model and its sections The binding and areamap sections regulate the database management of the files used throughout the program In principle files mentioned in the Dynamic Modelling script are linked directly to those of the PCRaster database the names used in the Dynamic Modelling script correspond with those of the database The binding section defines a different names in the script it binds the database file names to the names of a variable in the model Figure 5 1 Schematic representation of a dynamic model http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman c1649 htm 2
115. 5 5 03 51 PM ge or gt Examples percalc Result map Exprl map ge Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next fac Up gt or gt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6865 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM gt or gt PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next gt or gt Name gt or gt Relational greater than operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl gt expression percalc Result expressionl gt expression expression ordinal scalar spatial non spatial expression type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expression is greater than the value on expression2 Result has a cell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expressionl equals or is less than the value on expression2 Result has acell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell The gt sign is a alternative notation for gt Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6964 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM gt or gt Examples percalc Result map Exprl map gt Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map
116. Cosine Synopsis pereale option Result cos expression expression directional scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Options if expression is a number degrees or radians degrees direction is measured in degrees default radians direction is measured in radians Operation For each cell calculates the cosine of the cell value on expression and assigns it to Result Notes A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Next If expression is of directional data type a cell on expression without a direction cell value 1 is assigned a missing value http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6077 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM COS Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map cos Expr map Result map Expr map os jos fw ide Prev Home Next clump Up cover http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6077 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM cover PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next cover Name cover Missing values substituted for values from one or more expression s Synopsis percalc Result cover expression 1 expression 2 expression n expressionl n boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional must all have the same data type spatial non spatial Result type of expressionl n spatial non spatial Operation This operat
117. Display interface http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual index html 1 van 2 8 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Next Display Manual List of Tables 3 1 Command line options B 1 File menu options B 2 Edit menu options B 3 View menu options B 4 Help menu options C 1 Shortcuts to Display functions List of Examples A 1 Colourpalette for soil map with 5 classes Next Chapter 1 License http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual index html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Chapter 1 License Chapter 1 License Prev Next Chapter 1 License This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should receive a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the programs if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Prev Up Next Display Manual Home Chapter 2 Introduction http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch01 html 3 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 2 Introduction Prev
118. It may be that initial variables maps for instance for running the dynamic section at timestep are already present in the PCRaster database These do not need to be generated or http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 5 van 12 8 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling changed in the initial section and can directly be used in the dynamic section because they already have the correct value On the other hand all variables that are needed as input for running the dynamic section for the first time must either be defined in the initial section or must be already present in the database This holds also for variables that have an initial value 0 If the initial section is not needed to define the initial values of the variables it can be omitted from the script 5 1 2 6 Dynamic section The dynamic section identified by the section keyword dynamic contains percalc operations that are performed at each timestep i The operations are sequentially performed from top to bottom in the section Each line gives a percale operation and is concluded with a semicolon sign At the start of running the dynamic at timestep i variables have the value that results from running the dynamic at timestep i 1 These values are used as input values for running the dynamic at timestep i The values of the variables at the end of running the dynamic section at timestep i are the input values for running the dynamic section at timestep i 1 5
119. PCRaster Website Documentation Home Introduction Demo Downloads Documentation Support Courses Case studies Publications Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Documentation The following documentation items are available e PCRShell using PCRaster e PCRaster visualisation commands Items available Display Aguila Timeplot manual Yes Yes Yes screenshots Yes Yes No faq No Yes No known problems Yes Yes No bugs Yes No No e Gstat manual you can find this at the Gstat homepage e All other PCRaster commands containing 1 list of percalc functions 2 PCRaster applications e Updates and additions to above documentation Clickpath Documentation Versions page 20 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k ies http pcraster geog uu nl documentation index html 8 2 2005 5 03 12 PM PCRaster Website PCRShell Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht PCRShell On Microsoft Windows operating systems PCRaster commands are given from the command line shell also known as the MS DOS prompt If PCRaster is correctly installed on your computer will the MS DOS prompt of PCRaster under the Start menu in the Programs PCRaster folder you find PCRShell As illustrated in the image below PCRShell allows to rec
120. Raster maps cell representation The method of storage used in the computer for cell values of PCRaster maps column A column of cells in vertical direction on a PCRaster map See Also number of columns D database A collection of interrelated information usually stored on a harddisk The PCRaster database includes data stored as binary PCRaster maps and ascii formatted tables time series and point data column files data type Data description attached to a PCRaster map It defines the scale and the domain of the data stored in the map and as result the behaviour with respect to operations performed upon the map See Also boolean data type nominal data type ordinal data type scalar data type directional data type ldd data type http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman g2424 htm 2 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary Dynamic Model A model that computes new attribute values as a function of attribute changes over time It represents a change in the property of cells over time directional data type Data type for continuous data with a direction See Also data type scalar data type dubble real Optional cell representation for scalar and directional data type cell values stored in computer as REALS dynamic modelling script Script of a Dynamic Model See Also Dynamic Model script dynamic section The iterative section in a dynamic modelling script which contains calc operati
121. Result map mapmaximum Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9219 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 58 PM mapmaximum Result map Expr map Prev Home Next maparea mapminimum IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9219 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 58 PM mapminimum PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mapminimum Name mapminimum Minimum cell value Synopsis pereale Result mapminimum expression expression ordinal scalar spatial Result type of expression non spatial Operation Determines the minimum cell value of expression cell values and assigns this value to Result non spatial Notes The value of Result is undefined if all cells of expression are missing value Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators Examples percalc Result map mapminimum Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9286 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM mapminimum Result map Expr map Prev Home Next mapmaximum mapnormal IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9286 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 59 PM mapnormal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next mapnormal Name mapnormal Cells get non spatial value taken from a normal distribution Synopsis pereale Result mapnormal Result scalar non spatial Operation A random generator is used to generate the Result a value is taken from a normal distribution
122. The rows on PCRmap are scanned from left to right starting with the top row and ending with the bottom row Each time a value is scanned it is added to asciifile starting with a new line on asciifile if anew row on PCRmap is scanned The values in one row on PCRmap will be on one line on asciifile with a separator defined by the option s default one or more spaces see above The lines on asciifile always end in a cell value conversion to ARC INFO input format In ARC INFO ascii data with a special lay out containing a header with location attributes and the nodatavalue can be imported using the ARC INFO command asciigrid An asciifile with the lay out needed for this command can be created with map2asc specifying the option a Additionally only the option m can be specified conversion to other ascii file lay outs Two options can be set to specify asciifiles with other lay outs C Default a rowwise output is performed lines on asciifile correspond with rows on PCRmap If this option is set the output will be columnwise the first column on PCRmap from top to bottom is printed as the first line from left to right on asciifile the second column as the second line etc The number of columns on PCRmap will correspond with the number of rows on asciifile n numberofcellsonline must be a whole value larger or equal to 1 Default each row of cell values on PCRmap is saved as one line in asciifile This option can be used to print a di
123. These pits remain in the map as outflow points of these small catchments default lddin pits at the edge of the map outflow points of a catchment are removed like the other pits if they have core dimensions smaller than the pit dimension thresholds On the result their original catchment cells including the pit cell will drain in another catchment unittrue default or unitcell unittrue http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7856 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 54 PM Iddcreatedem elevation out flowdepth and catchmentprecipitation is measured in true length corearea in true area and corevolume in true volume Units used for elevation and horizontal distance in x and y direction must be the same default unitcell elevation outflowdepth and catchmentprecipitation is measured in number of cell lengths corearea in number of cells and corevolume in number of 3D blocks with edges of one cell length assignment of elevation in pits Iddfill for each pit which is removed cells in the area which was formerly the core of the pit are assigned an elevation equal to the overflow level of the pit core default lddcut for each pit which is removed cells on the path between the pit and the outflow cell are assigned the elevation of the pit cell The elevation of the other cells in the core of the pit is not changed Operation This operation corresponds with the local drain direction maker Iddcreate
124. Up celllength http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5767 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM celllength PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next celllength Name celllength Horizontal and vertical length of a cell Synopsis pereale option Result celllength Result scalar non spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue length of cells is computed in true length of cells Result is true length of a cell default unitcell length of cells is computed in unit cell length Result is 1 Operation Calculates the length horizontal or vertical of one cell and assigns this cell length to Result non spatial Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Map operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5868 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM celllength Examples percalc unittrue clone Expr map Resultl map celllength Resultl map 2 percalc unitcell clone Expr map Result2 map celllength Result2 map Prev Home Next cellarea Up clump http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5868 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM clump PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next clump Name clump Contiguous groups of cells with the same value clumps Synopsis pereale option Result clump expression expression boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result nominal spatial Options diagonal or nondiagonal diagonal
125. _updates idi html 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Line numbers Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands i ini Universiteit Utrecht Line numbers in error messages All error message of pcrcalc have the format scriptFileName lineNr colNr ERROR A descriptive message The message is a list of positions separated by the symbol scriptFileName Name of the script file or the symbol if a statement is issued from the command line lineNr The line number within the script file coinr The column number where the error is detected In most cases pcrcalc will point to the exact position where the error is present There are a few occasions that the actual syntax error is before the position that pcrcalc reports One of these occasions is the generic syntax error like example mod 5 36 ERROR Syntax error at symbol In this example the symbol at line 5 character position 36 is not expected This may be caused by earlier symbols in the script Clickpath Line numbers Versions page 19 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k aster http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates lineno html 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays Projects People Links Department of Physical Geograph Utrecht University The Netherlands Faculty of Geosciences
126. a dynamic model a PCRaster map is a variable that may have a different set of cell values for each time step it is a map that changes in time A table is used in dynamic modelling to define certain relations between maps The table must be available in the PCRaster database before a model is run a table cannot be changed or generated during a model run The general concept and format of the time series the PCRaster map en the table has been dicussed earlier Chapter 2 5 1 1 2 The sections of a script Dynamic models are built with the language provided by PCRaster Within this language the models can be programmed with the PCRaster operators of Cartographic Modelling A script which is a program written in the Dynamic Modelling language consists of separate sections Each section contains a certain functional part of the script The division in sections is an essential concept of the Dynamic Modelling language It tells the computer how to execute a program and it helps the user to structure the components of a model The basic sections needed for building a model are the binding section areamap section timer section initial section and the dynamic section The Table below gives an example of a script for the simulation of the soil water balance Here you do not need to know the exact function of the model it is only given as an idea of a script The detailed description of the example in the Table will be discussed later on in this chapter Section
127. a model run have the location attributes of the clone map Also all maps that are used as input to the model must have location attributes which correspond with the map in the areamap section 5 1 2 4 Timer section The timer section identified by the section keyword timer gives the time dimension of the model It contains one statement consisting of three values starttime endtime timeslice The iterative part of the model is run between the starttime and the endtime The timeslice defines the time between the consecutive timesteps This version of the Dynamic Modelling module of PCRaster imposes restrictions on the time dimension of a model The starttime and timeslice cannot be chosen by the user and must always be 1 Only the endtime can be chosen it must be a whole number larger than 1 5 1 2 5 Initial section The initial section identified by the section keyword initial is meant to prepare the set of input variables which are needed to run the dynamic section at timestep 1 the first time that the dynamic section is run The initial section can be compared with a Cartographic Modelling script It contains a set of percalc operations which are performed consecutively from top to bottom in the section Each line contains a percale operation and is concluded with a semi colon sign The resulting variables of the initial section are the initial values that are used as input variables for running the dynamic section at timestep 1
128. a position Unfortunately this doesn t work yet Currently the arrow keys rotate the scene relative to the original camera position which is fine if you don t move the camera Problem The map saved in the png format is sometimes slightly different than the map in the 3DMap window Workaround If this happens maximize the window and resize it back If you save the map again it will contain an exact copy of the map in the window Clickpath Known problems Versions page 23 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k mm aster SRE http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila knownproblems html 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Bugs Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Bugs e A legend can be too large for Display If a map layer has many classes the legend becomes very long This can result in strange behaviour of the legend e If an ordinal layer is shown and the user wants to select another palette then Display shows the wrong palettes from which the user can choose e If you save a layer more than once FilelSave as than the created file will be badly formatted and useless If you use FilelSave as once than you will not notice this bug Clickpath Bugs Versions page 23 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k
129. abase can also be used in the script The second section of a script with binding section is the initial section It starts with the initial section keyword The following lines contain the Cartographic Model formatted in the same way as the plain script Also the use of reports and characters for remarks corresponds with the plain script Using a binding the plain script with a report might look like this Example 4 1 Example of a cartographic modellinge script file Example of a cartographic modelling script file with binding and initial section binding this is the binding section Friction Table Fr12 tbl StartMap Station map CostDistanceMap CostRun1 map initial this is the initial section FrictionMap lookup FrictionTable LandUse FrictionMap 2 5 FrictionMap report CostDistanceMap spread StartMap 0 FrictionMap The initial section has not been changed The binding section binds the Station map already present in the database to the name in the model StartMap The table Fr12 tbl in the database is used as FrictionTable LandUse is not bound in the binding section as a result it must be present in the database as a map with name LandUse The report CostDistanceMap is stored in the database under the name CostRunl map A script with binding section is also ascii formatted text It is executed in the same way as the plain script Prev Home Next Map operations Up Dynamic modelling http pcraste
130. al data and data from points respectively These kinds of data are in ascii format as a result these can also be analysed with other software packages without conversion In PCRaster a stack of PCRaster map layers represents the landscape where each map layer represents one attribute see Figure 2 1 The discretization of the spatial domain results in cells At each cell location the total information for that cell is represented by the values of the different layers at that cell The representation described here is sometimes referred to as 2 5 D the lateral directions are represented in real while a certain kind of vertical dimension is implemented using several layers Figure 2 1 A stack of PCRaster maps resulting in a 2 5 D representation of the landscape One cell is shown its property is defined by the attribute values stored in map layers Map1 Map2 Map3 The spatial characteristics of a PCRaster map are defined by its geographical location attributes These define the shape and the area covered by the map and the size of the cells The kind of attribute represented by the layers controls the type of operations that can be done with the data stored in the layer This knowledge is implemented in the PCRaster package by the idea of data types each PCRaster map layer has a data type attached to it Six data types are recognized Data types for data in classes are the boolean nominal and ordinal data types The boolean data type is mean
131. al directions with attributes stored in neighbouring cells i me Z Prev Home Next PCRaster Version 2 Manual GIS and Cartographic Modelling http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c3 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 22 PM GIS and Cartographic Modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Next 1 2 GIS and Cartographic Modelling The central module of the PCRaster system is the group of PCRaster operations where the operations for Cartographic Modelling are integrated at a high level with the GIS functions of the package The main GIS functions supported are user interfaces i a screen display hard copy output conversion of data with other GIS packages and database management No digitizing and scanning functionalities are implemented but data transfer to and from other GIS packages that support these functionalities is simple Spatial data are stored in the database as PCRaster maps this is a binary format used for representation of raster maps in PCRaster The Cartographic Modelling part consist of operators for the static analysis of maps This set of operators follows the concept of Map Algebra and Cartographic Modelling There are several versions of Map Algebra all with different names but the concept used in PCRaster is strongly related to the concept of the MAP package designed by Tomlin tomlin80 tomlin90 and the algebra used by berr
132. ale option Result ldd expression expression nominal ordinal directional spatial non spatial Result Idd spatial non spatial Options conversion from directional data type degrees or radians degrees values on expression are interpreted as degrees default radians values on expression are interpreted as radians Operation If the expression is a PCRaster map or a calculation resulting in a PCRaster map it is converted If the expression has a data type nominal or ordinal only the data type is changed the cell values on Result correspond with the values on expression For this conversion it is required that the cell values or directions on expression are in the domain of the Idd data type i e a whole number from 1 up to and including 9 The values resemble the layout of the numeric key pad of your computer If expression has a directional data type the circular directional scale of expression is converted to the local drain direction codes of the Idd data type as follows the local drain direction codes are interpreted as real clockwise directions where a local drain direction to the top of the map Idd code 8 is 0 degrees Each directional cell value on expression is assigned the Idd code of the local drain direction which is closest to the direction given by expression For instance assuming the option degrees is set all expression values equal to 22 5 or between 22 5 and 67 5 i e values in the range http
133. all and change previously typed commands by pressing the up and down keys of the keyboard It also always start in the directory or folder where you finished working with PCRaster the last time When PCRShell is started the first time after installation it will start in the directory named workspace From there you can go to the sub directory where the data for the Map Algebra course is installed vy OPEN Vibe LULUIIIETIL bam VVS led UM ad En fn Pra grams PCRaster EK Documentation 3 DEERE 5 Plextor aE PCRshell Eh Settings x LS Python 1 5 gt A Eind 5 Startup gt VMware gt Help Bun WordPerfect Office 2000 STS RB Adobe Illustrator 9 0 By Shut Down WS dd 23 Start 2 Control Panel Express For C Builder 4 Clickpath PCRShell Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k nn http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrshell manual html 3 2 2005 5 03 13 PM Display Manual Display Manual Display Manual Software to visualise rasters Kor de Jong Utrecht University Faculty of Geographical Sciences Department of Physical Geography Heidelberglaan 2 80115 3508 TC Utrecht Netherlands lt k dejong at geo uu nl gt Table of Contents 1 License 2 Introduction 3 Usage Syntax Options Filenames 4 Interface 5 Changing the looks A Colourpalette file format B Menu bar C Shortcuts List of Figures 4 1
134. all cells will have the value of expression Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5547 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 46 PM boolean See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 2 Examples pcrcalc Result map boolean Expr map Result map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5547 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 46 PM Next catchment catchment PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next catchment Name catchment Catchment s of one or more specified cells Synopsis percalc Result catchment ldd points ldd Idd spatial points boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result type of points spatial Operation The local drain direction for each cell is defined by 1dd For each non zero value on points its catchment is determined and all cells in its catchment are assigned this non zero value This procedure is performed for all cells with a non zero value on points but there is one important exception subcatchments are not identified if the catchment of a non zero cell on points is a part of another larger catchment of a non zero cell on points the cells in this smaller subcatchment are assigned the value of the larger enclosing catchment The operation is performed as follows for each cell its downstream path is determined which consists o
135. amajority areaminimum http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4892 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areaminimum PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areaminimum Name areaminimum Minimum cell value within an area Synopsis percalc Result areaminimum expression areaclass expression ordinal scalar spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result type of expression spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a cell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate class For each separate class the minimum expression value of the cells belonging to that class is determined This value is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result Notes A cell with missing value on areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples percale Result map areaminimum Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4980 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areaminimum Result map Prev Home Next areamaximum Up areanormal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4980 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areanormal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areanormal Name areanormal Value assigned to an area taken from a normal distribution Synop
136. an r7856 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 54 PM Idddist PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Idddist Name Idddist Friction distance from the cell under consideration to downstream nearest TRUE cell Synopsis percale option Result ldddist ldd points friction ldd Idd spatial points boolean spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation points Is a Boolean expression where 0 is FALSE and 1 is TRUE For each cell the friction distance over a friction surface is calculated of the path over the local drain direction network on 1dd to the first downstream cell which is TRUE on points For each cell the path starts at the centre of the cell itself The path is a route over the consecutive neighbouring FALSE points cells in downstream http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8045 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM Idddist direction where the direction is specified by the local drain directions on 1dd The friction distance increases while following the path starting with a friction distance of zero The amount of increase per unit distance is specified by the values on friction Using these values increase of friction distance when travelling from one cell to its first downstream cell is calculated as follo
137. and INT4 are also applied in other software see for an exact description a standard book about computers in your library By default PCRaster automatically chooses the cell representation for each data type so for ordinary use you do not need to take care of the cell representation In some cases especially if you want to store extremely large or small data values at a high precision you may want to choose a cell representation another than the default This can be done with global options for defining cell representations The cell representations for each data type are given in the next sections The data types are described in Section 2 3 3 2 up to and including Section 2 3 3 7 a short overview of the types is given in Table Table 2 1 Operators for creating and conversion between data types are listed in Section 3 2 3 Table 2 1 List of data types domaines for default cell representation without legends data datatype description attributes attributes domain domains example bees buis 0 false 1 true enn paek visible non visible nominal classified no order 0 255 whole values soil classes administrative oo ordinal classified order 0 255 whole values ME EE groups scalar continuous lineair ea real elevation temperature 0 to 2 pi radians or to 360 degrees and 1 no aspect direction real values idd local drain direction to 10 teodedGr drain diveodons drainage networks wind neighbour cell directions
138. and where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the increase of friction distance is distance x friction sourcecell frict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the sourcecell and the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied by the cell length if the cells are neighbours in diagonal directions During operation of the command the spreading is executed from all non zero cells on points over all possible paths For determination of the friction distance cell values on Result for each http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 1736 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM Spreadldd cell the path from a non zero cell on points is chosen with the shortest friction distance So during the execution of the spreadldd operation for each cell the friction distance for each possible path from the non zero cells on points to the cell under consideration is calculated and then the path with the shortest friction distance is chosen On Result each cell has a value which is the friction distance covered when moving over this shortest path from a non zero cell on points Notes The values on riction must be larger than zero Missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist and friction are assigned a missing value on Result Additionally
139. ap Initial2 map FrictMat2 map Prev spreadmax http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12143 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 10 PM sqr PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev sqr Name sqr Square Synopsis percalc Result sqr expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell calculates the square of the expression cell value and assigns it to Result Notes A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map sqr Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12309 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 10 PM Next sqr Result map Expr map Prev Home Next spreadzone Up sqrt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12309 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 10 PM sart PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev sqrt Name sqrt Square root Synopsis pereale Result sqrt expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell calculates the square root of the expression cell value and assigns it to Result Notes The cell values on expression must be equal to or greater than 0 Negative values are assigned a Next missing value on Result A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Res
140. are not needed in DOS If the command contains a lt the quotes must be applied in the same way as it is always done in UNIX The use of pereale operations for expression1 expressionn allows for nested operations The number of operations used to define these expressions so called because these may be expressions that result in a PCRaster map is practically unlimited For each separate statement percalc is typed only once at the start of the line For instance percalc AspectTr map if VegHeigh map gt 5 then aspect Dem map uses the if then gt and aspect operators for a description see Reference I List of PCRaster Operators Remember that the nested operations must result in correct data types For instance in the operation given above the gt operation results in a map of boolean data type needed for the first expression of the if then operator The second expression of the if then operator typed after then may have any data type in this case it is directional Using a plain number giving no data type specification for instance the 5 in the operation given above for an expression is possible if it is taken into account that the number that is filled in must be in the domain of the data type that is needed for the expression under consideration For instance a value 8 7 cannot be filled in if a nominal data type is needed In addition a plain number may not be used if for determination of the data type of Result t
141. area class an operation is performed that calculates a statistical value on basis of the cell values of a second input map This value is assigned to all cells on the resulting map belonging to the class A wide range of operations is provided such as computation of area averages determination of the minimum or maximum values within each area or calculation of the sum of the cell values within each area Generation of a random number for each area is also possible Prev Home Next Neighbourhood operations Up Map operations http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x1421 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Map operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Next 6 4 Map operations 6 4 1 Operations over maps mapmaximum Determines the maximum cell value of all cells values mapminimum Determines the minimum cell value of all cells values maptotal Sums all cell values maparea Calculates the total area represented by the non missing value cells cellarea Assigns the area of one cell celllength Assigns the length which is identical in vertical and horizontal direction of one cell 6 4 2 Random number generation map areanormal Assigns to all cells one non spatial value taken from a normal distribution with a mean 0 and a standard deviation 1 areauniform Assigns to all cells one non spatial value taken from a uniform distribution with a mean 0 and a standard deviation
142. ariable is available in the database or will be stored to the database and NamelnModel is the name used for the variable throughout the script Alternatively a constant value can be assigned to a variable with the statement This applies only if ModelName is a PCRaster map which is input to the model NamelnModel value where value is a number NamelnModel has this value throughout the program its value cannot be changed in one of the other sections It has no data type attached to it Attaching a data type to the PCRaster map NamelnModel with a constant value can be done using one of the data type assignment operators boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd An example which assigns a nominal data type to ClassMap is ClassMap nominal 3 The data type assignment operators are the only operations that can be given in the binding section other operators cannot be used Not all variable names need to be mentioned in the binding as above said the filenames of the variables in the database can also be used directly in the script If no variable names are bound at all the section may be omitted from the model script 5 1 2 3 Areamap section The section keyword areamap defines the areamap section It contains one statement the name of a map which is used as clone map in the model followed by a semi colon This map may contain any kind of data only its location attributes are of importance All maps that are generated during
143. ass tan Tangent time Timestep timeinput Cell values per timestep read from a time series that is linked to a map with unique identifiers timeinput Set of output maps per timestep with an extension that refers to the time at the timestep timeoutput Expression value of an uniquely identified cell or cells written to a time series per timestep timeslice Timeslice uniform Boolean TRUE cell gets value from an uniform distribution uniqueid Unique whole value for each Boolean TRUE cell upstream Sum of the cell values of its first upstream cell s view TRUE or FALSE value for visibility from viewpoint s defined by a digital elevation model windowaverage Average of cell values within a specified square neighbourhood windowdiversity Number of unique values within a specified square neighbourhood windowhighpass Increases spatial frequency within a specified square neighbourhood windowmajority Most occurring cell value within a specified square neighbourhood windowmaximum Maximum cell value within a specified square neighbourhood windowminimum Minimum value within a specified square neighbourhood windowtotal Sum of values within a specified square neighbourhood xcoordinate X coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell xor Boolean XOR operation ycoordinate Y coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2850 htm 4 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM
144. aster Version 2 Manual Prev Next accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Name accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Input of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport trigger is exceeded Synopsis percalc Resultflux accutriggerflux ldd material transporttrigger percalcResultstate accutriggerstate ldd material transporttrigger percalcResultflux Resultstate accutriggerflux accutriggerstate ldd material transporttrigger ldd ldd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial transporttrigger scalar spatial non spatial Resultflux scalar spatial Resultstate scalar spatial Operation These operations describe accumulation of material in a drainage network with transport limited by a trigger transport occurs once a trigger value has been exceeded When the trigger value is not exceeded no transport takes place and all material is stored This may be the case with landslides where the soil has to be saturated first before all water and soil will be transported downhill or avalanches where the total amount of snow will come down once triggered Both operators perform the same function of accumulation of material with a transport trigger the only difference between the operators is the sort of result that is saved accutriggerstate yields storages of material in cells accutriggerflux yields fluxes of material out of cells For each cell the amount of material input for instance t
145. aterial downstream over a local drain direction network Synopsis percalc Resultflux accucapacityflux ldd material transportcapacity percalcResultstate accucapacitystate ldd material transportcapacity percalcResultflux Resultstate accucapacityflux accucapacitystate ldd material transportcapacity 1da Idd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial transportcapacity scalar spatial non spatial Result flux scalar spatial Resultstate scalar spatial Operation These operations describe accumulation of material in a drainage network with a limited transport capacity of the drainage channel For instance when water is flowing through pipes or when sediment is transported whereby the transport is limited by the water velocity and thus transport capacity The material that is not transported is stored For each cell accucapacityflux assigns the amount of material which is transported out of the cell accucapacitystate assigns the amount which is stored in the cell Both operators perform the same function of accumulation of material with a limited transport capacity the only difference between the operators is the sort of result that is saved accucapacitystate yields storages of material in cells accucapacityflux yields fluxes of material out of cells For each cell the amount of material input for instance the amount of rain is given by material This is transported in downstream direction through the consecutively nei
146. ates If the data are regularly spaced on a rectangular grid you probably want location attributes that match the set of x and y coordinates of the data set If the data are irregularly spaced we advise to choose a map size of the smallest bounding rectangle or somewhat larger that comprises the study area as shown in Figure 2 3 In this Figure a rectangle has been chosen that is rotated with respect to the real coordinate system positive angle Quite often it is better not to rotate the map and to choose an unrotated smallest rectangle Rotation may result in a map that better fits the shape of the study area But remember that rotation has an important effect which may be very clumsy rotation will not only result in a rotated map but of course also in a grid of cells that is rotated with respect to the real coordinate system As a result cells that are in one row on the PCRaster map will not have the same y coordinates the same holds for cells in one column and their x coordinates Two sorts of column files with x and y coordinates may be imported a column file in simplified Geo EAS format or a plain column file format These formats are used in PCRaster for representation of point data especially in the gstat module for geostatistical analysis Section 2 6 describes these formats Point data http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x813 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM PCRaster maps database management are imported to PCRast
147. ation Now you have two groups with the same data You can use the animation dialogs of both visualizations to select the layers from the stack you want to compare Alternatively you can use the control center to manually create a new visualization group add data to it and add a visualization to it The idea is that if you want to compare data on different cursor positions you need different visualization groups 2 How can I improve the performance of the camera and scene controls Enlarge the quad length press Shift Q or use the properties dialog before rotating or moving the camera or scene Once you re in a good viewing position you can set the quad length back to 1 for a high resolution map Clickpath FAQ Versions page 23 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila faq html 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Known problems Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Common problems and their solutions Colour palettes Colour palettes Problem I ve selected some nice colours for a certain map layer How can I override the default colour palette used by Display Solution While reading a map layer Display checks if it has an in file colour palette If so it reads and uses that palette If not it uses the interna
148. ation attributes of maps used in model timer 130 1 starttime 1 first day endtime 30 thirtiest day timeslice 1 day as a result 30 timesteps iterations initial report Eact Kc Eref actual evapotranspiration mm Moist MoistMeas initial moisture content is measured moisture content mm dynamic Rain timeinputscalar RainTimeSeries 1 report Moist Moist Rain Eact moisture content mm MoistBelowCrit Moist le MoistCrit results in boolean map report TimeSeriesMax mapmaximum Moist report TimeSeriesMin mapminimum Moist reports to a time series In the first statement of the dynamic section the timeinputscalar operator reads the RainTimeSeries and assigns each timestep the amount of rain to Rain In the second statement Rain is added to the soil moisture Moist The remaining statements give the operations for the evapotranspiration process and the report These have not been changed compared to the model given in the previous section Example 5 4 Time series Rain tss rain at the study site Rain 1 30 July 1995 2 time rain mm 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 DZ 4 0 0 5 23 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 11 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling 6 40 1 lines for 7 to 28 not shown 29 0 0 30 0 0 Prev Home Next Command syntax and script files for Functional list of PCRaster operators cartographic modelling http pcraster g
149. ation model Synopsis percalc Result view elevation viewpoints elevation scalar spatial viewpoints boolean spatial Result boolean spatial Operation All cells in viewpoints with a value 1 TRUE are used as viewpoints The 3D landscape over which is looked out is defined by the elevation model elevation Each cell which is visible from the TRUE cells on viewpoints is assigned a 1 TRUE on Result Cells which are not visible are assigned a 0 FALSE on Result Notes A cell with a missing value on elevation is assigned a missing value on Result If elevation has a missing value on the line of sight between a cell and its viewpoint from which it can potentially be seen the cell is considered as non visible from that viewpoint If there isn t a different viewpoint from which the cell can be seen the cell is assigned a 0 FALSE on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operator operators for visibility analysis Examples pcrcalc Result map view Dem map Points map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13433 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 15 PM view Result map Points map Prev upstream windowaverage http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13433 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 15 PM windowaverage PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowaverage Name windowaverage Average of cell values within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis per
150. ation with a column table with global option Example 1 Example of a column table generated with the table operation with two input maps and the setting n 4 The first and second column give the values of PCRmapl data type scalar and PCRmap2 data type nominal respectively the third column contains the score fields lt 0 2 1 205 lt 2 4 1 123 lt 4 6 1 142 lt 6 8 10 lt 0 2 2 10 lt 2 4 2 350 lt 4 6 2 4209 lt 6 8 2 2 The maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn are PCRaster maps with the same location attributes In the Resulttable relations between the cell values on these maps are given Combinations of cellvalues on PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn can be specified in keys or are determined automatically For each combination http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16682 htm 2 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table key the number of cells that matches the combination is counted and added to the key in the Resulttable The Resulttable will consist of a number of n 1 columns The first n columns are key columns where n is the number of the one or more maps PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn The key columns consist of key fields each key field is one value or a range of values The key fields in the first column have been linked to cell values on PCRmapl the key fields in the second column to values on PCRmap2 and so on where the key fields in the nth column have been linked to values on PCRmapn The last column column
151. ault 3 Each cell on PCRresult is assigned the cell value on columnfile which has x y coordinates that define a point in that cell for assignment of values in columnfile which have x y coordinates at the edges of cells on PCRresult the following options are used coorcentre coorul or coorlr coorcentre default or coorul values in columnfile that have x y coordinates at the upper and left margins of a cell come into that cell values at the bottom and right margins come into neighbouring cells So cell values with x y coordinates at vertexes of cells come into the cell at the lower right side of the vertex coorlr values in columnfile that have x y coordinates at the bottom and right margins of a cell come into that cell values at the upper and left margins come into neighbouring cells So cell values with x y coordinates at vertexes of cells come into the cell at the upper left side of the vertex http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15119 htm 2 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM col2map Options to specify which value is assigned if two or more values in columnfile are found which all come into the same cellon PCRresult a h 1 H M a average value of the values found within the cell is assigned default for scalar and directional data for directional data and assignment of records without a direction see notes h highest score most occuring value found for the cell is assi
152. bers scalar Data conversion to the scalar data type sin Sine slope Slope of cells using a digital elevation model slopelength Accumulative friction distance of the longest accumulative friction path upstream over the local drain direction network cells against waterbasin divides spread Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from source cell to cell under consideration http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2850 htm 3 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM List of PCRaster Operators spreadldd Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction downstream path over map with friction values from an source cell to cell under consideration spreadlddzone Shortest friction distance path over map with friction from a source cell to cell under consideration only paths in downstream direction from the source cell are considered spreadmax Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from a source cell to cell under consideration spreadzone Shortest friction distance path over a map with friction from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration sqr Square sqrt Square root streamorder Stream order index of all cells on a local drain direction network subcatchment Sub Catchment s watershed basin of each one or more specified cells succ Ordinal number of the next higher ordinal cl
153. calar ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation Next Let n be the number of non missing value cells on expression These cell values are set in order and numbered on Result in ascending order the cell with the smallest value on expression is assigned a and the cell with the largest value is assigned a number n Cells on expression with corresponding values are assigned consecutive unique numbers the order in which these cells are numbered is arbitrarily chosen Notes A cell with missing value on expression is not considered in the order operation it is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Data management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10343 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM order Examples pcrcalc Result map order Expr map Result map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10343 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM Next ordinal ordinal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next ordinal Name ordinal Data conversion to the ordinal data type Synopsis pereale Result ordinal expression expression boolean nominal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result ordinal dimension of expression Operation If expression is a PCRaster map or a calculation resulting in a PCRaster map it is converted if expression is of one of the data types boolean nominal or Idd the cell values on expre
154. calc option Result windowaverage expression windowlength expression scalar spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number cell lengths Operation For each cell its windowaverage is computed as follows A square window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell i which is entirely or partly in the window the fraction of the cell in the window is determined This is the area of the part of the cell in the window divided by the total area of a cell Call this fraction i let expression i be the expression value of cell i Now the windowaverage c of the centercell is computed by taking a fraction weighted average of the values on expression AAS windowavaverage c big sum from i 1 to n Ipar Quote fraction i times expression i rpar over big sum from i 1 to n Quote fraction DY http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13519 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 15 PM windowaverage where n is the number of cells which is entirely or partly in the window For each cell c its windowaverage is computed and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 els
155. calculation can not be performed It may occur that one of these values is unknown this is the case if a surrounding cell is a missing value or if the centre cell is at the edge of the map resulting in the absence of some surrounding cells If this occurs the profcurv operator uses a built in neighbourhood interpolator to fill these missing values or absent cells in this will make calculation of the profile curvature for the centre cell still possible For each missing value cell or absent cell the elevation is determined by taking the average elevation of non missing value cells in a 3 x 3 cell window with the missing value cell or absent cell in the centre of the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps See Also plancurv Examples pcrcalc Result map profcurv Dem map Result map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10846 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM profcurv Prev Home Next pred rounddown IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10846 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM rounddown PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next rounddown Name rounddown Rounding down of cellvalues to whole numbers Synopsis pcrcalc Result rounddown expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell the value on expression is rounded downwards the next whole value that is less than or
156. cell the amount of material which is transported to its downstream neighbour or out of the map if the cell is a pit cell is saved as Result flux use the operator accutriggerflux the http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4124 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM accutriggerflux accutriggerstate amount of material which is stored to the cell is saved as Result state use accutriggerstate Notes The values on material and transporttrigger must be equal to or larger than zero A cell with missing value on material and or transporttrigger is assigned a missing value on Result flux or Resultstate Additionally all its downstream cells are assigned a missing value The local drain direction network on 1dd must be sound Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 lddmask Examples percalc Fluxl map Statel map accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Ldd map Material map 1 5 Fluxl map Statel map Ldd map Material map P3 n yd ei percalc Flux2 map State2 map accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Ldd map Material map TransTH map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4124 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Flux2 map State2 map Ldd map Material map TransTH map Z efe fefefe efe fefefe BEE Prev Home accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Up acos http pcraster geog uu nl docume
157. cells are assigned a missing value The local drain direction network on 1dd must be sound Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 lddmask Examples pcrcalc Fluxl map Statel map accufractionflux accufractionstate Ldd map Material map 0 5 Fluxl map Statel map Material map OE i apale 2 percalc Flux2 map State2 map accufractionflux accufractionstate Ldd map Material map TransFra map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3723 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 38 PM accufractionflux accufractionstate Flux2 map State2 map Ldd map Material map TransFra map a os foafoa ot III os Jot font er so 50 50 50 49 os ot fot ot Prev Home Next accuflux Up accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3723 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 38 PM accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Name accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Input of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport threshold is exceeded Synopsis percalc Resultflux accuthresholdflux ldd material transportthreshold percalcResultstate accuthresholdstate ldd material transportthreshold percalcResultflux Resultstate accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate ldd mater
158. cells of the same value are grouped if they are within the immediate 8 cell neighbourhood of each other This includes if they are to the right or left above or below or are diagonal to each other eight nearest neighbours default nondiagonal cells of the same value are grouped only if the cells are directly to the right or left or above or below each other four nearest neighbours Operation Cells that have the same value on expression and are neighbours are grouped Every group of cells satisfying these conditions is assigned a unique value on Result Cells without neighbours with the same value on expression are also assigned a unique value on Result The kind of connectivity needed for cells to be neighbours is specified by the option http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5969 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM clump Notes Cells with a missing value on expression are assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators Examples pereale Resultl map clump Expr map Resultl map Expr map percalc nondiagonal Result2 map clump Expr map Result2 map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5969 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM clump Prev Home Next celllength COS IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r5969 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 47 PM COS PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev COS Name cos
159. cells on Result that have a unique identifier on idexpression that corresponds with the unique identifier of the column The data type that is assigned to Result is specified by the sort of operator that is used The contents and partly also the format number of rows of the TimeSeries must match the dynamic model for which the TimeSeries is used especially the time dimension of the model For a description of the time dimension and the terms used see section VI 2 2d Two types of format for the TimeSeries can be used the timeinput operator detects the formats by itself 1 a time series file with a header line 1 header description line 2 header number of columns in the file line 3 header time column description line 4 up to and including line n 3 header the names of the n unique identifiers subsequent lines data formatted in rows and columns Each row represents one timestep i at time f 7 in the model for which the time series is used the first row contains data for timestep i 1 the second row for timestep i 2 etc The first column contains the time t at the timesteps The remaining columns column number 2 and further contain values that are assigned to Result These values must be in the domain of the data type that is given to Result Each column contains data for an unique identifier Column number 2 is associated with an unique identifier 1 column number 3 with an unique identifier 2 etc In general starting wi
160. centre cell c is a fraction weighted sum of the values on expression SES windowtotal c big sum from i 1 to n Ipar Quote fraction i times expression i rpar where n is the number of cells which is entirely or partly in the window For each cell c its windowtotal is computed and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14360 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM windowtotal Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in a cell which is not the centre cell of the window the value on expression in that cell is included in the summation of the cell values in the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples percale Resultl map windowtotal Expr map 6 Resultl map 2 percale Result2 map windowtotal Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map WinLen2 map 4 Jaa sles sa 59 l j Prev windowminimum xcoordinate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14360 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM xcoordinate PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next xcoordinate Name xcoordinate X coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell Synopsis pereale op
161. chanism This means that data type information is added to all spatial data based upon the kind of attribute that the data represent The use of data types controls the way the data are stored in the database and the possibilities for manipulation and analysis of the data This strict data type checking mechanism has the advantage that it helps the user to organize the data and prevents the execution of operations that will make a nonsense result The spatial data types implemented discriminate between various types of continuous fields and classified objects PCRaster has a relatively open database The architecture of the system permits the integration of environmental modelling functions with classical GIS functions such as database maintenance screen display and hard copy output The modules for Cartographic and Dynamic Modelling are integrated with the GIS at a high level which means that the GIS functions and modelling functions are incorporated in a single GIS and modelling language for performing both GIS and modelling operations The modules for geostatistical modelling gstat module and error propagation ADAM module not described in this manual are integrated at a medium level with the GIS part of the package both use a separate set of functions for manipulating the data the map format of the central database is used and files can be automatically exchanged between the modules and the GIS part of the package Exchange of ascii files with an
162. cription of phenomena such as loss of a certain percentage of organic matter over a river stretch For each cell accufractionflux assigns the amount of material which is transported out of the cell accufractionstate assigns the amount which is stored in the cell Both perform the same function of accumulation of material with a transport fraction the only difference between the operators is the sort of result that is saved accufractionstate yields storages of material in cells accufractionflux yields fluxes of material out of cells For each cell the amount of material input for instance the amount of rain is given by material This is transported in downstream direction through the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells following the local drain directions on 1dd Each time material moves through a cell a certain amount is stored in the cell These storages are saved as Result state if the accufractionstate operator is used The remaining material is transported out of the cell these amounts of outflow from each cell into its neighbouring downstream cell are the result of the accufractionflux operator they are saved as Result flux The function can be described by flow of material through a set of linked systems where a cell represents a system The flow starts at the cells systems at the watershed boundaries defined by 1dd and ends at a pit cell The systems are linked by the local drain directions on 1dd these define the path of flow thr
163. cs of the spatial data in PCRaster map format can be changed with both the operator resample and mapattr Note that these two operations have a totally different result If you want to resample your data in a PCRaster map to a new map with different geographical location attributes use the operator resample First create a new map with the location attributes you wish this is done with mapattr For instance it may have geographical location attributes that define an area that only partly covers the old map with a somewhat smaller or larger cell size Now the resample operator can be used to resample your old data to the new map for each cell of the new map a new cell value is computed on basis of the cell values on the old map that come into the cell on the new map The resample operator can also be used to join two maps together The maps that are joined together will be resampled and may have different location attributes for instance they may overlap or may not overlap or may have different cell sizes The geographical location attributes of a map can be changed using the operator mapattr Using this operator will not result in resampling of the data each cell of the new map will contain a value that corresponds with the value on that cell of the old map For instance halving the cell width of a map that consists of 50 x 50 cells of width 10 m results in a smaller map of 50 x 50 cells of width 5 m containing values that are taken directly fr
164. ctMat map Prev spreadldd spreadmax http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r1 1923 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM spreadmax PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next spreadmax Name spreadmax Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction path over a map with friction values from a source cell to cell under consideration Synopsis pereale Result spreadmax expression expression nominal ordinal scalar directional ldd spatial non spatial Result boolean dimension of expression Operation Identical to spread and spreadzone but with a fourth parameter a maximum spread distance Areas that are not reached are given the value for MV for spreadmax and 0 for spreadmaxzone Prev Home Next spreadlddzone Up spreadzone http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 21 12 htm 3 2 2005 5 04 09 PM Spreadzone PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next spreadzone Name spreadzone Shortest friction distance path over a map with friction from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration Synopsis percale option Result spreadzone points initialfrictiondist friction points boolean nominal ordinal spatial initialfrictiondist scalar spatial non spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result points spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance
165. d executable Most non trivial applications depend on one or more libraries with re usable software components If you re using a MS Windows operating system have a look at the d11 files in the c windows system directory or similar to see what I mean If an application is linked dynamically to a library it means that it searches and reads the library at run time If an application is linked statically to a library it means that part of the library is copied into the executable The obvious advantage of dynamically linked executables is that they can share the re usable common software components they use This will cut down the number of bytes occupied by applications on your harddisk The advantage of statically linked executable is that you don t need to install anything else but the executable to be able to run it For all the graphical stuff used by Display it depends on the Qt GUI Toolkit see Appendix C Ot GUI Toolkit If you download the statically linked version of Display the Qt library is linked into the executable If you download the dynamically linked version of Display you have to make sure you install the Qt library yourself Note for Linux users After you have installed the Qt library you have to make sure that the dynamic loader can find it The file etc 1d so conf contains a list of directories which the loader searches for shared libraries If the directory where you installed the gt library isn t listed in Id
166. day timeslice 1 day as a result 30 timesteps iterations initial report Eact Kc Eref actual evapotranspiration mm Moist MoistMeas initial moisture content is measured moisture content mm dynamic report Moist Moist Eact moisture content mm MoistBelowCrit Moist le MoistCrit results in boolean map report TimeSeriesMax mapmaximum Moist report TimeSeriesMin mapminimum Moist reports to a time series All maps used in the model must have the same location attributes The areamap section defines a map with these location attributes Here it is the map Clone map available under that name in the PCRaster database The timer sets the model time The model starts at time 1 and ends at time 30 with a timestep of 1 As a result it consists of 30 timesteps which represent 30 days of evapotranspiration The starttime is 1 so the results of running the dynamic section for the first time at the first timestep are stored with time extension 1 The initial section defines the initial moisture contents at the start of the model run these are assumed to be the measured moisture contents stored in the map MoistMeas The actual evapotranspiration according to equation 2 is also defined It does not change during the model run for this reason it has been put in the initial section It is also reported the initial moisture content is stored to the database under the name Moist The dynamic section contains three
167. del run with the report keyword may be given The name of a file in the database is bound to its name in the model with the following statement NamelnModel databasefilename where databasefilename is the file name under which the variable is available in the database or will be stored to the database and NameInModel is the name used for the variable throughout the script Alternatively a constant value can also be assigned to a PCRaster map variable This applies only if ModelName is a PCRaster map which is an input to the model NameInModel value where value is a number NameInModel has this value throughout the Cartographic Model its value cannot be changed It has no data type attached to it Attaching a data type to the PCRaster map NamelnModel with a constant value is done by one of the data type assignment operators We advice to specify the data type always because most operations need to know the data type of the maps used An example that assigns a boolean data type to NameInModel is NameInModel boolean 1 The data type assignment operators are the only pereale operations that can be given in the binding section other operators cannot be used http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1445 htm 5 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling Not all variable names need to be defined in the binding section as said above the filenames of the variables in the dat
168. e downstream Cell gets value of the neighbouring downstream cell downstreamdist Distance to the first cell downstream eq or Relational equal to operation on two expressions exp Base exponential fac Faculty or factorial of a natural positive number ge or gt Relational greater than or equal to operation gt or gt Relational greater than operation idiv Quotient of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression if then Boolean condition determining whether value of expression or missing value is assigned to result if then else Boolean condition determining whether value of the first or second expression is assigned to result kinematic Dynamic calculation of streamflow through a channel Idd Data conversion from specific data types to local drain direction data type Iddcreate Local drain direction map with flow directions from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbour Iddcreatedem Modified digital elevation model Idddist Friction distance from the cell under consideration to downstream nearest TRUE cell lddmask Local drain direction map cut into a smaller sound local drain direction map Iddrepair Reparation of unsound local drain direction map le or lt Relational less than or equal to operation In Natural logarithm log10 Log jg http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2850 htm 2 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM List
169. e a somewhat generalized description of pit removing is given For a detailed description see Van Deursen 1995 Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps Examples percalc Resultl map lddcreate Dem map 1E35 1E35 1E35 1E35 Resultl map Dem map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7646 htm 3 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Iddcreate percalc lddin Result2 map lddcreate Dem map 1E35 1E35 1E35 1E35 Result2 map Dem map percalc lddin Result3 map lddcreate Dem map 1E35 5000 1E35 1E35 Result3 map Dem map Next lddcreatedem Prev Idd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r7646 htm 4 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Iddcreatedem PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Iddcreatedem Name Iddcreatedem Modified digital elevation model Synopsis percalc option Result lddcreatedem elevation outflowdepth corevolume corearea catchmentprecipitation elevation scalar spatial out flowdepth scalar spatial non spatial corevolume scalar spatial non spatial corearea scalar spatial non spatial catchmentprecipitation scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options pit removing at edges of the map lddout small catchments at the edge of the map are not considered as potentially being affected by the pit removing process pits which are at the edge of the map are not removed
170. e a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in a cell which is not the centre cell of the window the expression value in that cell is included in the summation of the cell values in the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples pereale Resultl map windowaverage Expr map 6 Resultl map Expr map EOIEE EK Ze percalc Result2 map windowaverage Expr map WinLen2 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13519 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 15 PM windowaverage Result2 map WinLen2 map Next windowdiversity http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13519 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 15 PM windowdiversity PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowdiversity Name windowdiversity Number of unique values within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result windowdiversity expression windowlength expression boolean nominal ordinal spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell a s
171. e bound to the model names MoistMeas and Kc Respectively these are Moist952 map which contains measured moisture contents which may be based upon an interpolation of field measurements and CrCoef95 map which contains the crop coefficient value for each cell The MoistCrit is the critical moisture content which is assumed to have a constant value of 20 mm over the study area The reference crop evapotranspiration modelname Eref has a constant value of 8 mm day The binding also gives the file name under which the output time series TimeSeriesMin and TimeSeriesMax defined in the dynamic section is stored to the database Example 5 2 Dynamic modelling script for change in soil moisture content included process evapotranspiration model for calculation of reduction in soil moisture content incorporated processes evapotranspiration timestep one day http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman c1649 htm 8 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling binding MoistMeas Moist952 map measured moisture content mm MoistCrit scalar 20 critical moisture content mm Eref scalar 8 reference crop evapotranspiration ETPrc mm day Ke CrCoef95 map crop coefficient map TimeSeriesMax Max8 tss time series binding TimeSeriesMin Min8 tss time series binding areamap Clone map clone map with location attributes of maps used in model timer 130 1 starttime 1 first day endtime 30 thirtiest
172. e cell at the start of this shortest friction distance is assigned to the cell under consideration 6 2 4 Operations with local drain direction maps Idddist Calculates for each cell the material distance of the path over a map with friction from the cell under consideration to the downstream nearest TRUE cell slopelength For each cell assigns the accumulative material distance of the longest accumulative material path upstream over the local drain direction network to one of the cells against the divide of its catchment transport of material accuflux For each cell calculates the accumulated amount of material that flows out of the cell into its neighbouring downstream cell This accumulated amount is the amount of material in the cell itself plus the amount of material in upstream cells of the cell accucapacityflux and accucapacitystate Transport input of material downstream over a local drain direction network material is transported from one cell to its downstream cell when the transport capacity is exceeded the remaining material is stored http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x2154 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Neighbourhood operators accufractionflux and accufractionstate Transport input of material downstream over a local drain direction network a fraction of the material is transported to its downstream cell the remaining material is stored accuthresholdflux and accuthresholdstate Transport input o
173. e control center For example to view a static dem in 3D issue the following command aguila dem csf or aguila 3 dem csf If you want it in 2D issue the following command http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch03 html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Chapter 3 Starting Aguila S aguila 2 dem csf To view a dynamic dem in 3D issue the following command S aguila dem00000 001 100 To drape a soil map on a dem issue the following command both stacks can also be dynamic aguila dem csf soil csf Prev Next S Chapter 2 Installation Home Chapter 4 Using Aguila http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch03 html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 16 PM Chapter 4 Using Aguila Chapter 4 Using Aguila Ene Next Chapter 4 Using Aguila If you follow the instructions in Chapter 3 Starting Aguila than Aguila will show your data in a default visualization currently Map2D and Map3D are implemented or it will show the control center Control center Aguila Contra ls Eile REAP group 1 2D Map 1 2D Map a 2D Map 4 2D Map a dD Map 2 Wi boolean cst W dem cst FA ldd cst Bl ardinal csf M scil csf From the control center you can create new visualization groups close existing groups add data to the data subject and add visualizations to a group Click with the right mouse button on the various parts of the interface for a popup menu with available options
174. e in the asciifile a conversion is also possible conversion from ARC INFO ascii files In ARC INFO grid maps can be converted to an formatted ascii file using the ARC INFO gridascii command These output files from ARC INFO are converted to the PCRaster map format with asc2map using the option a without setting the options s m h and r These latter options will be totally ignored if you set them in combination with a The output asciifile from ARC INFO will contain a header The number of rows and columns of the original ARC INFO map given in the header must correspond with the number of rows and columns of PCRclone The remaining location attributes in the header are ignored during conversion since they are taken from PCRclone cell size and x y coordinates If the header contains a no_data_value each value in the asciifile which corresponds with the no data value is assigned a missing value on PCRresult If the header does not contain a no_data_value the value 9999 is recognized as a missing value conversion from Genamap ascii files In Genamap grid maps can be converted to an formatted asciifile using the Genamap audit command These output files from Genamap are converted to the PCRaster map format with asc2map using the option g The number of rows and columns of the original Genamap map given in the header of the output file from Genamap must correspond with the number of rows and columns of PCRclone Assignment of missing values
175. e increase in height vertical direction dz per distance in horizontal direction dx yielding a value between 0 and 1 This result value is often reffered to as a percentage Thus if slope returns a value of 0 12 one says a slope value of 12 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11328 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slope Notes Always set the option unittrue the option unitcell is only used in very very special cases In addition note that for a correct calculation of the slope the scales for the horizontal distance on your map and the vertical distance height on dem must be the same For instance choose for both distances metres If a cell has a missing value on dem a missing value is assigned to Result in any case For each cell the slope is calculated using its 8 neighbours in a 3 x 3 cells window Elevation in all these cells must be known else the finite difference method can not be performed It may occur that one of these values is unknown this is the case if a surrounding cell is a missing value or if the centre cell is at the edge of the map resulting in the absence of some surrounding cells If this occurs the slope operator uses a built in neighbourhood interpolator to fill these missing values or absent cells in this will make calculation of the slope for the centre cell still possible For each missing value cell or absent cell the elevation is determined by taking the average elevation of non mi
176. e is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13964 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowmajority A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs which is not the centre cell of the window the value on expression in that cell is included in the computation of the average of the cell values in the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples percalc Resultl map windowmajority Expr map 6 Resultl map Expr map DOEKE GOEDE po eo ss is 2 Jes es s pcrcalc Result2 map windowmajority Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map Expr map WinLen2 map GOUE ogee GEBED BOGE Prev Home Next windowhighpass Up windowmaximum http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13964 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowmaximum PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowmaximum Name windowmaximum Maximum cell value within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result windowmaximum expression windowlength expression ordinal scalar spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result expression spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in nu
177. e location attributes used As shown the location attributes define the map with respect to the real world coordinate system an ordinary x y coordinate system Figure 2 3 Location attributes used to define the spatial characteristics of a PCRaster map For explanation see text http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 1 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM STUDY AREA PCRaster maps The choice of the location attributes must be based upon the shape of the study area and the data set you want to store in the map PCRaster maps always have a rectangular shape but the shape and size of the map does not need to correspond exactly with the shape of the area studied as shown in Figure 2 3 during data import to the PCRaster map the cells in the map outside the study area are assigned missing values A missing valued cell is a cell which contains no attribute value Missing valued cells are considered not to be included in the study area PCRaster GIS and Cartographic or Dynamic Modelling operators ignore the missing valued cells In general cells that have a missing value on an input map of an operation are assigned a missing value on the resulting output map s also For a complete description of the choice of the location attributes related to the data set that will be stored in the map see Section 3 2 1 The location attributes have the following meaning see also Figure 2 3 projection The projection of the real coordinate system
178. e lock file f If f does not exist it is created When Display exists f is deleted again This qf can be useful if Display is started by another application which wants to be able to check if Display is still running r Set animation interval to miliseconds ws Set the captions of all windows to s Prev Next Chapter 3 Usage Home Filenames 5 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch03s02 html 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Filenames Filenames Prev Chapter 3 Usage Next Filenames A filename can be the name of a static map layer or the name of a dynamic stack data A static map layer is a layer of data which doesn t change in time A dynamic map layer is a layer of data which changes in time The name of a static map layer is just the filename of the csf file which contains the data The name of a dynamic map layer is the filename of the csf file which contains the data of the first time step concatenated by a and the number of the last time step To visualize a static soil map issue the following command display soil csf To visualize a dynamic soil map issue the following command display soil10000 0014100 If you want more than one map layer in one window separate the filenames of the layers with Note that the spaces around the are relevant To visualize a dynamic dtm with an Idd on top of it issue the following command display dem00000 001 120 ldd csf Prev Up Next Options Home
179. e real cell representations default single precision double cell values are represented by double real cell presentations double precision Nominal and ordinal data types small cell values are represented by small integer cell representaiton default http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16156 htm 2 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM mapattr large cell values are represented by large integer cell representation P yt2b or P yb2t Specifies the projection P yt2b y increases from top to bottom or P yb2t y increases from bottom to top Default yt2b or if clone is set the projection of PCRclone x XCorULC Specifies the x coordinate of the upper left corner of the map that is generated XCorULC is a real value Default 0 0 or if clone is set the value of the clone map PCRclone y YCorULC Specifies the y coordinate of the upper left corner of the map that is generated YCorULC is a real value Default 0 0 or if clone is set the value of the clone map PCRclone l CellLength Specifies the celllength of the map that is generated CellLength is a real value Default 1 or if clone is set the value of the clone map PCRclone a Angle Specifies the angle of the map that is generated Angle is the angle in degrees between 90 and 90 degrees Default 0 0 or if clone is set the value of the clone map PCRclone Operation The mapattr operator generates a new PCRaster map with map attributes
180. e time series can be shown in one plot Next Chapter 3 Usage Prev Up Chapter 1 License Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation timeplot manual ch02 html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Chapter 3 Usage Chapter 3 Usage Prev Next Chapter 3 Usage The Timeplot command has the folowing syntax S timeplot filename s If you put a surrounded by spaces between two filenames than the time series in both files will be shown in one plot Prev Up Next Chapter 2 Description Home Chapter 4 Interface http pcraster geog uu nl documentation timeplot manual ch03 html 3 2 2005 5 03 19 PM Chapter 4 Interface Chapter 4 Interface Prev Chapter 4 Interface The interface of Timeplot has three areas were information about the time series are shown the plot view the legend view and the cursor view The plot view shows the time series as a two dimensional line plot You can change the properties of the line plot by pressing the right mouse button on one of the axes or in the plot area itself and selecting Properties The legend of the time series in the plot view is shown in the legend view The legend items are grouped by file You can change the properties of the legend items of a file by pressing the right mouse button on one of the legend items in the group and selecting Properties By double clicking the left mouse button on a menu item you can change the properties of one menu item The cursor view shows the cur
181. eader lines Prev Home Next Tables Up Point data column files http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x720 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Tables PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 2 The Database Next 2 4 Tables 2 4 1 Introduction The concept of tables specifying relations between PCRaster maps was discussed earlier in this chapter Section 2 2 The following section Section 2 4 2 describes the format used for tables For creating and editing a table see Section 3 3 Table 2 2 Example of a column table The first second and third column give the values of expression1 expression2 and expression3 respectively the fourth column contains the value fields ro io lt 2 LA Bd EE EET TEE E RA EI EI Table 2 3 Example of a matrix table The fields in the first row contain values of expression1 the fields in the first column contain values of expression2 The field in the top left corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are value fields se Tr dT ee 2 NT 3 TT to 12 6 5 6 5 6 6 MT dT a TT 4 UH 16 13 13 12 12 2 4 2 Format Two formats for tables are used a column table and a matrix table By default PCRaster uses column tables If you want to specify relations between only two maps it is sometimes better to use matrices instead This is done by setting the global option matrixtable for global options see Section 3 6 The format
182. eam http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13281 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 14 PM upstream PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev upstream Name upstream Sum of the cell values of its first upstream cell s Synopsis percalc Result upstream ldd material ldd Idd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Operation For each cell the neighbour cells that have a local drain direction on 1dd towards the cell are determined These are cells that drain directly to the cell On Result the cell is assigned the sum of the material values of these first upstream cells This is done for each cell Notes A cell with a missing value on 1dd or material is assigned a missing value on Result Additionally the downstream neighbour of a missing value cell on material is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions Examples pereale Result map upstream Ldd map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13348 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 14 PM Next upstream O 5 p 5 n oO ag Next Home Prev view S uniqueid http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13348 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 14 PM view PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next view Name view TRUE or FALSE value for visibility from viewpoint s defined by a digital elev
183. ections dynamic storage and transport sections of a dynamic model script only The keyword report precedes the operation The idexpression is an expression that contains one identified cell or several uniquely identified cells For each timestep the value of expression at the identified cell or cells is written to Result TimeSeries which is an ascii formatted time series file After a model run the time series contains for each identified cell a list of expression cell values per timestep The idexpression must contain one or more uniquely identified cells which are numbered with consecutive whole values starting with 1 The remaining cells must have a value 0 For instance if you want to write the expression values from three different cells to Result TimeSeries these cells must have the values 1 2 and 3 on idexpression respectively the remaining cells must have a value 0 The Result TimeSeries is an ascii formatted time series with header It has the following lay out line 1 header description expression map name line 2 header number of columns in the file line 3 header time column description model time http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13063 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM timeoutput line 4 up to and including line n 3 header the numbers of the n uniquely identified cells 1 2 3 n subsequent lines data formatted in rows and columns Each row represents one timestep i at time f 7 in the model
184. ed as those cells that only have neighbours at higher elevation than the cell under consideration or a cell somewhere in the centre of a flat area which is surrounded by cells at higher elevation as foresaid Therefore pits are those cells that only have neighbours pointing towards them and no neighbours at lower or equal elevation that they can point to Figure 2 A sprinkling of the few definitions used in theory of pit removing this figures demldd eps figure placeholder Pits can be removed by assigning artificial local drain directions to depressions which do not have an outlet see Figure The catchment of a pit is circumscribed by the divide this is a line which draws a boundary between cells that drain to the pit and cells that drain to one of the neighbouring catchments For a pit which will be removed the upstream path from the pit over the local drain directions towards and over the divide is determined which crosses the divide moving through cells at the lowest possible elevation The cell on this path at the highest elevation is called the outflow cell its elevation corresponds with the overflow level of the catchment of the pit Now the pit is removed by reversing the original local drain directions on this upstream path to the outflow cell Water for instance which falls in a certain cell in the catchment is removed from the catchment by tracing the local drain directions as follows first it moves over the original local drain directi
185. ed by large integer cell representation if option D is set degrees of radians degrees values on asciifile are interpreted as degrees default radians values on asciifile are interpreted as radians m nodatavalue nodatavalue is the value in columnfile which is converted to a missing value on PCRresult It can be one ascii character letters figures symbols or a string of ascii charaters For instance m 99 98 or m j83sOw Default if this option is not set le31 is recognized as a missing value S separator By default whitespace one or more tabs spaces is recognized as separator between the values of a row in the asciifile If the values are separated by a different separator you can specify it with the option The separator can be one of the ascii characters always one In that case asc2map recognizes the specified separator with or without whitespace as separator For instance if the values in asciifile are separated by a character followed by 5 spaces specify s in the command line you do not need to specify the whitespace characters Operation The asciifile is converted to PCRresult which is an expression in PCRaster map format PCRresult is assigned the location attributes of PCRclone number of rows and columns cell size x and y coordinates or if the option clone is not set in the command line the location attributes of the global clone The asciifile must contain data values separated by o
186. ed in a different way The first section of Chapter 4 describes the general approach to operations for Cartographic Modelling Section 4 2 The subsequent sections describe the four classes of Cartographic Modelling operations point operations Section 4 3 neighbourhood operations Section 4 4 area operations Section 4 5 and map operations Section 4 6 For an exhaustive list of all PCRaster operators included in these functional classes see Chapter 6 Section 4 7 describes the general rules for instructing your computer to perform PCRaster operations for Map Algebra and Cartographic Modelling command syntax and script files If you have operated a geographical information system before and you have knowledge of Map Algebra you may want to skip Section 4 2 up to and including Section 4 6 and use Chapter 6 to get an overview http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1194 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Cartographic Modelling of the operators You should always read Section 4 7 because it contains important practical information Prev Home Next Global options and local options General approach to Cartographic Modelling http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman c1194 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Functional list of PCRaster operators PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Table of Contents 6 1 Point operators 6 2 Neighbourhood operators 6 3 Area
187. ed nrLoopsExecuted 1 is executed 4 times If the BooleanCondition is spatial it evaluates to a map then the Statements are executed until no cells in BooleanCondition are false 0 In other words execution of the loop is stopped if all cells are true 1 or missing value Note that the execution is not stopped at a per cell base but when ALL cells meet the specified condition In theory stopping at a per cell base might decrease execution time but the additonal bookkeeping of which cells needs one iteration more at each loop will neutralise this gain A more realistic example is an iteration to fit a certain function with a series of succesive estimates that will stop if the next estimate only differs a certain small epsilon value prevEst initial estimate repeat nextEst estimate difference nextEst prevEst prevEst nextExt until difference lt 0 00001 If the result of nextEst is a map then this loop will continue until each cell in difference has a value smaller than 0 000001 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates repeatUntil html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 24 PM PCRaster Website Conditional iteration with repeat until Current bug and possible work around In the current version of the repeat until construction there is a serious flaw under certains conditions map data that is referenced within in the repeat code block for the last time in the script is prematurely released This bug
188. eded for filling up a pit core assuming that all water which falls in the pit catchment accumulates in the core It is defined by the volume of a core divided by the area of the catchment of a core Using these pit core dimensions the choice is made whether a pit is resolved or not for each pit cell the core depth core volume core area and catchmentprecipitation in millimetres are calculated If all of these values are smaller than the threshold values on respectively out flowdepth corevolume corearea catchmentprecipitation at the pit cell under consideration the pit will be removed if one value is larger or equal it will not be removed In general artificial pits will be relatively small compared to pits which are considered to be natural features of the landscape So the pit core dimension thresholds permit for distinguishing between these two sorts of pits Additionally some pits of a certain size can be removed from your map while keeping other pits of the same size This can be done by choosing dimension threshold values which are different for each pit on your map Try different values and use the PCRaster operators interactively by running Iddcreate with different combinations of out flowdepth corevolume corearea catchmentprecipitation each time adjusting the thresholds Notes A cell with missing value on one or more of the input expressions is totally ignored during operation of Iddcreate it is assigned a missing value on Result Her
189. egrees or radians degrees values on expression are interpreted as degrees default radians values on expression are interpreted as radians Operation If expression is a PCRaster map or an calculation resulting in a PCRaster map it is converted if expression is of one of the data types boolean nominal ordinal scalar the cell values on expression are converted to the circular scale of Result on a cell by cell basis If expression is of the data type Idd the codes on expression representing local drain directions are converted to real directions of drainage and saved as Result The directions are converted to the circular scale of Result clockwise assigning 0 degrees or radians if the option radians is set to cells with a local drainage towards the top of the map ldd code 8 A flat cell cell value 5 on expression is assigned a l on Result The command can also generate a map of directional data type with one constant value If expression has no PCRaster data type a Result with data type directional is generated This is the case if expression is a number or a calculation with numbers The value of expression must http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6354 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 49 PM directional be in the domain of the directional data type i e if the option degrees is set equal to 0 or between 0 and 360 if the option radians is set equal to 0 or between 0 and 2pi Result will be a map with the sa
190. ell calculates the planform curvature i e curvature transverse to the slope using elevations from a digital elevation model profcurv For each cell calculates the profile curvature i e curvature in the direction of the slope using elevations from a digital elevation model slope For each cell calculates the slope using elevations from a digital elevation model 6 2 3 Spread operations spread For each cell calculates the friction distance of the shortest material distance path over a map with friction material from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration spreadldd For each cell calculates the friction distance of the shortest material distance path over a map with friction material from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration where only paths are considered in downstream direction from the source cells spreadlddzone For each cell determines the shortest friction distance path over a map with friction from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration where only paths are considered in downstream direction from the source cells The value of the source cell at the start of this shortest material distance path is assigned to the cell under consideration spreadzone Determines for each cell the shortest friction distance path over a map with friction material from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration The value of the sourc
191. ell basis asin Calculates the inverse sine value of an expression on a cell by cell basis atan http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1935 htm 3 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Functional list of PCRaster operators Calculates the inverse tangent value of an expression on a cell by cell basis cos Calculates the cosine of an expression on a cell by cell basis exp Calculates the base exponential of an expression on a cell by cell basis idiv Divides integer division the values on a first expression by the values on a second expression and assigns this quotient to the result on a cell by cell basis In Calculates the natural logarithm base exponential of an expression on a cell by cell basis log10 Calculates the base logarithm of an expression on a cell by cell basis mod Divides integer division the values on a first expression by the values on a second expression and assigns the remainder to the result on a cell by cell basis sin Calculates the sine of an expression on a cell by cell basis sqr Calculates the square of an expression on a cell by cell basis sqrt Calculates the square root of an expression on a cell by cell basis tan Calculates the tangent of an expression on a cell by cell basis 6 1 9 Rounding roundup For each cell the value of an expression is rounded upwards Values of the results will be whole numbers rounddown For each cell the value of an express
192. ell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate class For each separate class the expression values of the cells belonging to that class are summed This sum is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result Notes A cell with missing value on areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples pcrcalc Result map areatotal Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r5141 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM areatotal Class map Expr map Result map Next areauniform S Home areanormal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5141 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM areauniform PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areauniform Name areauniform Value assignseds to area taken from an uniform distribution Synopsis percalc Result areauniform areaclass areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation The area to which a cell belongs is identified by areaclass cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate area The Result is generated with a random number generator for each area on areaclass arandom number between 0 and 1 is taken from a uniform distribution This value is assigned to all cells be
193. ell under consideration spreadzone Shortest friction distance path over a map with friction from an identified source cell or cells to the cell under consideration sqr Square sqrt Square root streamorder Stream order index of all cells on a local drain direction network subcatchment Sub Catchment s watershed basin of each one or more specified cells succ Ordinal number of the next higher ordinal class tan Tangent time Timestep timeinput Cell values per timestep read from a time series that is linked to a map with unique identifiers timeinput Set of output maps per timestep with an extension that refers to the time at the timestep timeoutput Expression value of an uniquely identified cell or cells written to a time series per timestep timeslice Timeslice uniform Boolean TRUE cell gets value from an uniform distribution uniqueid Unique whole value for each Boolean TRUE cell upstream Sum of the cell values of its first upstream cell s view TRUE or FALSE value for visibility from viewpoint s defined by a digital elevation model http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 7 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual windowaverage Average of cell values within a specified square neighbourhood windowdiversity Number of unique values within a specified square neighbourhood windowhighpass Increases spatial frequency within a specified
194. ells in the surrounding neighbourhood The result of this calculation is assigned to the corresponding cell for the result windowmajority For each cell finds the most often occurring cell values within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result windowmaximum For each cell finds the maximum cell value within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result windowminimum For each cell finds the minimum cell value within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result windowtotal For each cell finds the sum of cell values within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result 6 2 2 Derivatives of elevation maps Iddcreate Creates a local drain direction map expression using the 8 points pour algorithm with flow directions from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbour Pits can be removed with pit removing threshold map s Iddcreatedem Creates a modified digital elevation model which fits the local drain direction map generated on the basis of the original digital elevation model the elevation model is the input of the operation aspect For each cell calculates the aspect using elevations from a digital elevation model http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2154 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Neighbourhood operators plancurv For each c
195. em It must be between 90 and 90 degrees a map with a positive angle has been rotated counter clockwise with respect to the real coordinate system a map with a negative angle has been rotated clockwise In most cases an unrotated map will be sufficient angle 0 degrees see also Section 3 2 1 2 3 3 Data types 2 3 3 1 Introduction Data stored in PCRaster maps can be grouped according to the sort of attribute they represent For instance a distinction is often made between attributes that are stored in maps as classified data for instance soil classes or continuous data for instance elevation In PCRaster attribute information is linked to each map by specifying one of six data types Each data type imposes a distinct domain of values that may occur on a map whole values or fractional values range of possible values and whether some kind of order scale is represented by the data with or without order linear or directional scale If a legend is attached to a map the map is subtyped by its legend the attribute stored in the map is not only specified by the data type of the map but also by the legend Also the domain of a subtyped map is determined by the legend it consists only of the map values linked to the classes given in the legend As a result PCRaster prevents some http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 3 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM PCRaster maps operations that otherwise would combine maps with different
196. ented by cells default unitcell area is computed in number of cells Operation The class to which a cell belongs is identified by areaclass all cells with corresponding values on areaclass are grouped and together they form one class For each separate class the total area that is represented by the cells belonging to that class is calculated cell value times the total number of classes This value is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4543 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areaarea Notes A cell with missing value on areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples pcrcalc Result map areaarea Class map Result map Class map EEE EEE EEE Prev Next Home and Up areaaverage http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4543 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areaaverage PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areaaverage Name areaaverage Average cell value of within an area Synopsis percalc Result areaaverage expression areaclass expression scalar spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a cell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass together
197. eog uu nl documentation perman c1649 htm 12 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Table of Contents 3 1 Introduction 3 2 PCRaster maps database management 3 3 Tables database management 3 4 Time series database management 3 5 Point data column files database management 3 6 Global options and local options 3 1 Introduction This Chapter contains information about how to in and export data from PCRaster It discusses how to convert data from other GIS to one of the kinds of data used in PCRaster Section 3 2 1 and how to export data from PCRaster Section 3 2 2 Other database management operations are also described such as how to cut or join together maps and how to change location attributes or the data type of maps Section 3 2 3 Furthermore it will be explained how to attach a legend to a map Section 3 2 4 and how to display PCRaster maps on the computer screen and print a map Section 3 2 5 All operations are done using one of the PCRaster operators given in the text For a detailed description of these operators see the alphabetical list of operators in Reference I List of PCRaster Operators The other sorts of data used in PCRaster tables time series and point data column files are ascii formatted Unlike PCRaster maps these can easi
198. er map format with the PCRaster operator col2map 2 import of data without x and y coordinates ascii formatted The data do not contain x and y coordinates the asciifile with your data contains a sequence of cell values without coordinates In this case the number of rows and columns of the PCRaster map must correspond exactly with the number of rows and columns of the file you want to import or else the import of data will result in nonsense Among other data maps from the ARC INFO or Genamap GIS packages are imported in this way It is done with the PCRaster operator asc2map 3 2 2 Data export from a PCRaster map Data can be exported from a PCRaster map using one of the operators map2col and map2asc The operator map2col exports data to an ascii column file in simplified Geo EAS format or a plain column file format Both contain x y coordinates and data values These kind of data are also used in the PCRaster package for representation of point data see for formats Section 2 6 The plain column file format can easily be imported in spreadsheet database management or word processing programs It is also used in the gstat module of PCRaster The operator map2asc exports to an ascii file which will contain only data values without x and y coordinates This operator is used if you want to export data to the ARC INFO package 3 2 3 Cutting or joining maps changing geographical location attributes or data types The spatial characteristi
199. eraction between these types Parts of a sample script might look like binding A al a2 a3 B b1 b2 b3 Interaction A B indexscalar Inter tbl dynamic foreach a inA foreach b in B VarSomething a pb Interactionl a BI 3 with the parameterfile Inter tbl looking like Interaction al b1 0 2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 3 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays Interaction al b2 0 35 Interaction al b3 0 33 Interaction a3 bl 0 35 Interaction a2 b3 0 4 Interaction 0 10 Default NOT IMPLEMENTED Note 1 The order of columns in the parameter file define the order in which the types appear in the indexscalar statement The first column defines the name of the parameter the middle columns are in the order of array types used on the parameter and the last column is the result value of the index operation Note 2 NOT YET IMPLEMENTED Not all possible combinations have to be defined only those actually used in the script do have to have a value It is also possible to define default values see the last line in the example in which more specific definitions always overrule more general definitions and the first occurrence overrules later occurrences see also lookup table rules Linking variable names to external names The binding section allows for linking variable names to external names Within the script we might want to use
200. eries are assigned a missing value on Result For instance let TimeSeries contain three columns the first column with the time and two columns with data associated with unique identifiers 1 and 2 respectively All cells of Result that have a idexpression value different from 1 or 2 are assigned a missing value A timeseries generated and stored in the database during a model run by the report keyword or the timeoutput operator cannot be imported during the same model run with the timeinput operator Group This operation belongs to the group of Time operators Prev Home Next time Up timeinput http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12827 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM timeinput PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next timeinput Name timeinput Set of output maps per timestep with an extension that refers to the time at the timestep Synopsis percalc Result timeinput suffixOfMap suffixOfMap boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result type of suffixOfMap spatial Operation This operation is used in the iterative sections dynamic storage and transport sections of a dynamic model script only For each timestep timeinput assigns to Result one map of a set of sequential maps given by suf fixOfMap suffixOfMap refers to a set of maps that all have a filename starting with the suffix suf f ixOfMap Additionally these maps contain a unique time extension Ext in their file
201. eries that is linked to a map with unique identifiers Per time step the time series gives for each unique identifier a cell value that is assigned to cells on the map with a corresponding unique identifier timeoutput For each cell writes the expression value of an uniquely identified cell or cells to a time series After a model run the time series contains for each identified cell a list of expression cell values per time step timeslice Assigns the timeslice Prev Home Next Map operations Data management IF http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2348 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Data management PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Next 6 6 Data management 6 6 1 Random number generation areas mapattr Generates a new PCRaster map with attributes specified by the user or changes location attributes of an existing PCRaster map 6 6 2 Conversion of data asc2map Converts from ascii file format including ARC INFO and GENAMAP ascii output to PCRaster map format col2map Converts from column file format including simplified Geo EAS format used in the GSTAT module of PCRaster to PCRaster map format map2asc Converts from PCRaster map format to ascii file format including ascii input format for ARC INFO map2col Converts from PCRaster map format to column file format including simplified Geo EAS format also used in the GSTAT module of PCRaster 6 6 3 Cuttin
202. erpreted as number of cell lengths Operation Calculates the profile curvature i e the curvature in the direction of the slope on the elevation map dem For each cell the curvature is calculated in a 3 x 3 cell window where the cell under consideration is in the center of the window The profile curvature on Result is the change in slope per distance in horizontal direction in direction of the slope It is negative at concave slopes and positive at convex slopes The slope is dz dx which is the increase in height vertical direction dz per distance in horizontal direction dx The profile curvature is the change in slope per distance in horizontal direction so it is dz dx 2 For a correct calculation of the profile curvature the scale for the horizontal distance on dem and the vertical distance http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10846 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM profcurv height on dem must be the same and the global option unittrue must be set it is default In that case the scales of z and x correspond and the profile curvature on Result is in 1 dx The profile curvature is calculated according to the equation given by zevenbergen87 Notes If a cell has a missing value on dem a missing value is assigned to Result in any case For each cell the profile curvature is calculated using its 8 neighbours in a 3 x 3 cells window Elevation in all these cells must be known else the profile curvature
203. es Also random cell values can be generated using field generation operators Prev Home Next General approach to Cartographic Up Neighbourhood operations Modelling http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1258 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM Neighbourhood operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Next 4 4 Neighbourhood operations 4 4 1 Introduction Neighbourhood operations relate the cell to its neighbours The property of each cell is changed on basis of some kind of relation with neighbouring cells or flow of material from neighbouring cells In other words for each cell a new value is calculated and stored as a new layer on the basis of the map layer values in cells that have some kind of spatial association with the cell Five categories of spatial association may be represented by the neighbourhood operations First the new value of the cell may be calculated on basis of the properties of cells within a specified square window around the cell Figure 4 3 These so called window operations are described in Section 4 4 2 With the gstat module it is possible to calculate properties of cells that are in a circular window around the cell Figure 4 3 Neighbourhood operations within a window Second the new value of the cell may represent the local drain direction to a neighbouring cell in a local drain direction network over a digital elevation model These are described in
204. es If several values all have the highest score the highest value is assigned Group This operation belongs to the group of Time operators Examples percale Result map timeslice Result map Prev Home Next timeinput Up timeslice http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13063 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM timeslice PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev timeslice Name timeslice Timeslice Synopsis percalc Result timeslice Result scalar non spatial Operation Next This operation is used in a dynamic model script only It assigns the timeslice used in the model The timeslice is specified in the timer section of the script The timeslice is always 1 Group This operation belongs to the group of Time operators Examples percale Result map timeslice Result map Prev Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13166 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM Next timeslice timeoutput uniform IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13166 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM uniform PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next uniform Name uniform Boolean TRUE cell gets value from an uniform distribution Synopsis pereale Result uniform expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Operation A random generator is used to generate the Result for each cell that has a value 1 TRUE on expres
205. es in cores are changed is specified with the lddfill and lddeut options Setting the option Iddfill the elevation of cells in a core is increased until the overflow level is reached This can be compared with fluviatile or lacustrine sedimentation in the core depression until a maximum sedimentation level is reached the level of the core pass which is at the lowest elevation The option lddcut does not fill the core but reduces the elevation of the cells on the path between the pit cell and the overflow cell This can be compared with digging a canal in the core between the pit and the pass with the lowest elevation the canal bottom is at the elevation of the pit Notes A cell with missing value on one or more of the input expressions is totally ignored during operation of Iddcreatedem it is assigned a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7856 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 54 PM Iddcreatedem Here a somewhat generalized description of pit removing and reversal of local drain directions is given For a detailed description see Van Deursen 1995 Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps Examples percalc Resultl map lddcreatedem Dem map 1E35 1E35 1E35 1E35 Resultl map percalc lddcut Result2 map lddcreate Dem map 1E35 1E35 1E35 1E35 Result2 map Dem map Prev lddcreate Next Idddist http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perm
206. es will contain the resulting non spatial value for each timestep The second way in which a report can be made is reporting results of a percale operation especially meant for reporting the timeoutput operator This operators always create a time series and must always be prefaced with the report keyword They are only used in the iterative dynamic section The timeoutput operator reports cell values of a specified cell or cells of an expression to a time series in the database The result of one map operation resulting in a non spatial value is always written to a time series It is meant to report statistics of a map for each timestep Section 2 5 2 gives the format of time series 5 1 3 4 Running a script A Dynamic Modelling script is run in PCRaster MS DOS and UNIX by typing percale f NameOfModel where NameOfModel is the file name of the ascii formatted model script 5 1 4 How to make a dynamic model 5 1 4 1 The soil moisture model with evapotranspiration This following sections give some examples of a Dynamic Modelling script We describe how the change in soil moisture content as a result of precipitation and evapotranspiration can be modelled using the PCRaster Dynamic Modelling language In this section we start with a script for a simplified model without rain during a model run The next section Section 5 1 4 2 describes a somewhat more complicated model incorporating rain modelled with a timeinput operation Evapotran
207. ev Next Chapter 5 Dynamic modelling 5 1 Introduction Dynamic modelling is modelling of processes over time In dynamic modelling new attributes are computed as a function of attribute changes over time After the general concepts Section 5 1 1 are explained each part of the script will be described from the structure in the seperate sections of the program script for a dynamic model Section 5 1 2 to some special contents of a dynamic modelling script timeinput report and the running of a script Section 5 1 3 Finally some examples of dynamic models are given Section 5 1 4 5 1 1 Concepts 5 1 1 1 Introduction In a dynamic model for each timestep a series of percale operations is consecutively performed using the resulting maps from the previous timestep and or external data that define the value of an attribute for that timestep This is done for all timesteps of a model run Thus a dynamic model can be seen as a temporal sequence of static changes in the state of cells on map s each representing the change in the state of the modelled process over the timestep In the PCRaster database the time series covers spatial data that vary over time For each time step it contains a set of map cell values that is input or output at that timestep The format of time series will be described later on Section 2 5 Other data used in Dynamic Modelling are the same as used for Cartographic Modelling the PCRaster map and the table In
208. ewhere pointId pointid map a map with 1 TRUE for area of interest mask mask map a timeseries possible with missing data 1e31 inputTss input tss dynamic points timeinputscalar inputTss pointId use all points if radius is 0 and maxNr is 0 result inversedistance mask points 2 0 0 Example 2 Since radius can be spatial we may specify a different radius for each cell In combination with spread we can enlarge the radius in such a way that at least 1 point is always selected in areas where no sampling points are near Note that we add one celllength to adjust for cell roundings binding a map with columns id s MV s elsewhere pointId pointid map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates idi html 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Inverse distance a map with 1 TRUE for area of interest mask mask map a timeseries possible with missing data 1e31 inputTss input tss dynamic points timeinputscalar inputTss pointId spreadSurface cover points 0 distanceToNearestPoint spread spreadSurface 0 1 celllength 5000 is the default radius radius max spreadSurface 5000 use at max 5 points within radius result inversedistance mask points 2 radius 5 Clickpath Inverse distance Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual
209. f material downstream over a local drain direction network transport from one cell to its downstream cell only takes place if the amount of the material input to the cell exceeds the transport trigger of the cell if the trigger is exceeded all material is transported else all material is stored accutriggerflux and accutriggerstate miscellaneous operations catchment Determines the catchment s watershed basin of each one or more specified cells subcatchments are not identified downstream Returns the value of the neighbouring downstream cell downstreamdist Returns the distance to the first cell downstream path Determines for each TRUE cell on a Boolean input expression the path over the local drain direction network downstream to its pit on the result each cell which is on a path is assigned a TRUE pit Assigns a Boolean TRUE to all pit cells on a local drain direction network streamorder Assigns the stream order index to all cells on a local drain direction network subcatchment Determines the sub catchment s watershed basin of each one or more specified cells subcatchments are identified Iddrepair Repairs an unsound local drain direction map upstream For each cell assigns the sum of the cell values of its upstream cell s 6 2 5 Operations for visibility analysis view Assigns a TRUE or FALSE value for each cell on the result according to the visibility of that cell from one or more viewpoint cells
210. f the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells on 1dd On Result each cell is assigned the non zero points cell value which is on its path and which is most far downstream If all cells on the downstream path of a cell have a value 0 on points a0 is assigned to the cell on Result Notes A cell with missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also subcatchment lddmask http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r5631 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 46 PM catchment Examples percalc Result map catchment Ldd map Points map Result map Points map catchmenttotal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r5631 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 46 PM catchmenttotal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next catchmenttotal Name catchmenttotal Total catchment for the entire upstream area Synopsis percalc Result catchmenttotal amount ldd amount scalar spatial non spatial ldd Idd spatial Result scalar spatial Operation This operation is identical to accuflux except that accuflux does not accept negative values Catchmenttotal calculates for each cell the accumulated amount of material that flows out of the cell into its neighbouring downstream cell This accumulated amount is the amount of material in the cell itself plus the amount of material in upstream cells of the cell For
211. f the camera This might be in a direction away from the scene http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s03 html 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM Apart from the camera whose position and orientation can be changed there are 5 more camera s in the scene These static camera s are positioned in such a way that it is possible to see the relative position of the scene and the mobile camera Table 4 4 Camera s gives a list of camera s you can choose from note the correspondence between the shortcuts and the layout of the numeric keypad on your keyboard Table 4 4 Camera s Shortcuts Table 4 5 Shortcuts Effect Shortcut enlarge quad length Shift q smallen quad length q Prev Up Next Map2D Home Visualization groups http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s03 html 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM Visualization groups Visualization groups Prev Chapter 4 Using Aguila Next Visualization groups As explained in Chapter 1 Concepts visualization groups consist of data a cursor and visualizations As said there a change in cursor position will trigger updates of the visualizations if that makes sense For example if you load two dynamic stacks into a visualization group and you visualize them with the Map2D and or Map3D visualizations then animating one of them will also animate the other In fact the animation dialog only changes the cursor position of the group which in
212. fault menu mode are l and h enter also labels for cell values with a smaller value than which occurs on PCRmap11 PCRmapn minvalues the menu will allow you to fill in labels for whole cell values equal to or between the whole value minvalue and the maximum value on the PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn enter also labels for cell values with a higher value than which occurs on PCRmap11 PCRmapn h maxvalues the menu will allow you to fill in labels for whole cell values equal to or between the minimum value on the PCRmap1 PCRmap2 PCRmapn and the whole number maxvalue The operator can also be used in a mode without the menu The options that invoke this mode are described in the second part of the operation section Operation The one or more maps PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn must have the same data type boolean nominal or ordinal the location attributes do not need to correspond The PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn may have corresponding or different legends attached or may not have legends attached The legend operator will overwrite or assign in both cases the same legend to all PCRmap1 PCRmap2 PCRmapn Operation with the menu http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15447 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM legend This is the default action when no options or the options l or h are set The operator invokes a menu which is used to change or enter the legend labels for the cell values that are found on one or
213. fferent number of cell values the value of numberofcellsonline on one line in asciifile Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Data export from PCRaster map See Also map2col http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15573 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM map2asc Examples map2asc m m PCRmap map AscFilel txt AscFilel txt 23225 45 5 56 34 PCRmap map II m 0 32 0 016 sea se pe map2asc m m s s f 3 1f PCRmap map AscFile2 txt PCRmap map 123 2sms0 0 15 55124 080 4 56 3s32 0s0 0 sea ze por 3 map2asc m m a PCRmap map AscFile3 txt AscFile3 txt NCOLS 3 NROWS 3 XLLCORNER 10 000000 YLLCORNER 22 000000 CELLSIZE 4 000000 NODATA_VALUE 123723 45 5 56 34 Prev legend PCRmap map CEN 4 5 124 pas m m 0 32 0 016 Home Next map2col http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15573 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM resample PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next resample Name resample Cuts one map or joins together several maps by resampling to the cells of the result map Synopsis resample options Mapl Map2 PCRmapn Result Mapl n boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional must have the same data type spatial Result data type of Mapl Map2 Mapn spatial Options general options additional options for specifying the location attributes of Result are given in the description section cell value as
214. file Data export from a PCRaster map coorcentre global option Overview of global options cutting a map Cutting or joining maps changing geographical location attributes or data types http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman i17146 htm 1 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM Index cycle in an ldd Ldd data type data type assignment to numbers in operations Command syntax concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database Introduction domain defined by Introduction in operations Command syntax subtype Introduction degrees global option Overview of global options diagonal global option Overview of global options digitizing GIS and Cartographic Modelling directional data type global options related to Overview of global options double real cell representation Introduction expression Command syntax friction paths operations with introduction Introduction general systems approach Operations for transport of material over a ldd GIS module for introduction GIS and Cartographic Modelling initial section in a Cartographic Modelling script Script files with binding section INT4 Introduction key column Format concept Concepts kinds of data used in the database field Format large global option Overview of global options Idd data type global options related to Overview of global options sound unsound Idd Ldd data type local drain direction network Ldd data type locatio
215. fined http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6164 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM defined PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next defined Name defined Boolean TRUE for non missing values and FALSE for missing values Synopsis pcrcalc Result defined expression expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result boolean dimension of expression Operation For each cell on Result returns a Boolean value where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE if the cell value on expression is not a missing value a 1 TRUE is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result if the cell value on expression is a missing value a 0 FALSE is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Missing value creation Examples percalc Result map defined Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6286 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM defined Result map Prev Home Next cover directional IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6286 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM directional PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next directional Name directional Data conversion to the directional data type Synopsis pereale option Result directional expression expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar Idd spatial non spatial Result directional dimension of expression Options d
216. form a separate class For each separate class the expression values of the cells belonging to that class are averaged This average value is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result Notes A cell with missing value on areaclass will result in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples pereale Result map areaaverage Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4630 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areaaverage Class map Expr map Result map Next areadiversity Home S areaarea http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4630 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 41 PM areadiversity PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areadiversity Name areadiversity Number of unique cell values within an area Synopsis percalc Result areadiversity expression areaclass expression ordinal spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a cell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate class For each separate class the number of unique cell values on expression is counted This number is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result Notes
217. fteen decimals 2 3 3 6 Directional data type The directional data type is used for continuous data that represent a direction The domain depends on the sort of directional data that is used if the global option degrees is set for global options see Section 3 6 the domain consists of real values equal to 0 or between 0 and 360 degrees and the number 1 for cells without a direction 1 and 0 360 gt which means that 360 is not in the domain If the global option radians is set the direction is given in radians the domain is 0 2pi gt and the number 1 for cells without a direction The value 1 is not a missing value it represents a cell for which no direction can be given For instance a cell in a flat terrain does not have an aspect as a result it has the value 1 on a map with aspects The direction in the map of a directional value 0 depends on the location attribute angle of the map see Section 2 3 2 a cell value of 0 points to the North of the map the y direction of the real world coordinate system the remaining values increase in clock wise direction In most cases the top of the map will be the North location attribute angle 0 degrees In these cases a directional value 0 is to the top of the map and 90 degrees East corresponds with a direction to the right side of the PCRaster map The directional data type can be used for all attributes that have a circular scale for instance orientation or a year scale Default the cell
218. g and joining together PCRaster maps resample Cuts one PCRaster map or joins several PCRaster maps by resampling to the cells of the resulting PCRaster map 6 6 4 Generation of legends legend Attaches a legend to or changes the legend of one or more maps http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x2373 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Data management 6 6 5 Screen output display Displays one or more maps on the computer screen timeplot Plots one or more timeseries on a x y lineplot on the computer screen 6 6 6 Hard copy output mapprint not yet included in software Prev Home Time operations Is http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2373 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Next Glossary PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next se Name Addition Synopsis pereale Result expressionl expression expression scalar spatial non spatial expression2 scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the values of expressionl and expression2 are summed This sum is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result Result expression is an alternative notation for Result Result expressionl Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators http pcraster geo
219. g options Smooth shading F Light on Quad length i cellis a OK Cancel Apply Properties dialog of the 3D map view LLL Loop animation Animation interval Oms Clase http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 1 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots Animation control dialog L Aguila 3D Map 1 Oo x Fille View Help r 0 Legend world nap world map Cursor time u 3D map of the world http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 2 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots fi File View Help Legend Cursor time aguila dem csf http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 3 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots a Aguila 3D Map 2 H x File View Help IAR Legend Cursor time aguila dem csf dem csf http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 4 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots File View H Cursor time aguila dem csf road csf http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila screenshots html 5 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots File View Help Tm Legend Cursor time aguila dem csf soil csf http
220. g uu nl documentation pcrman r2852 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Examples percalc Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next List of PCRaster Operators Up http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2852 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Name Subtraction Synopsis pereale Result expressionl expression expression scalar spatial non spatial expression2 scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the value of expression2 is subtracted from the value of expressionl This difference is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl or expression2 or on both expressions is assigned a missing value on Result Result expression is an alternative notation for Result Result expressionl Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2945 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 35 PM Examples percalc Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Home Next Up or div http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2945 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 35 PM or div PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next or div Name or div Division Synopsis percalc Result ex
221. ghbouring downstream cells following the local drain directions on 1dd Each time material moves through a cell a fraction is stored in the cell These storages are saved as Result state if the accucapacitystate operator is used The remaining material is transported out of the cell these amounts of outflow from each cell into its neighbouring downstream cell are the result of the accucapacityflux operator they are saved as Result flux The function can be described by flow of material through a set of linked systems where a cell represents a system The flow starts at the cells systems at the watershed boundaries defined by 1dd and ends at a pit cell The systems are linked by the local drain directions on 1dd these define the path of flow through the set of cells systems Each time a system is passed the amount of flow changes For a cell system somewhere in the map the flow of material is described by a system The inflow of the cell is the sum of the outflow amounts of its upstream neighbours This inflow amount is added to the material value in the cell itself This amount of material is potentially available for transport out of the cell The amount which is actually transported out of the cell is limited by the transportcapacity value of the cell if the sum of material is larger than the transportcapacity value the amount of material which is transported out of the cell is equal to the transportcapacity value the remaining material is stored
222. gned if two values are found the same largest number of times the highest value of these values is assigned this is called a majority conflict default for boolean nominal ordinal and ldd data l lowest score least occurring value found for the cell is assigned option for nominal ordinal boolean Idd data if two values are found the same smallest number of times the smallest value of these values is assigned this is called a minority conflict H highest value found for the cell is assigned option for scalar or ordinal data M lowest value found for the cell is assigned option for scalar or ordinal data Operation The columnfile is converted to PCRresult which is an expression in PCRaster map format with the location attributes of PCRclone The columnfile must be in ascii format Two types of column format can be converted the col2map operator detects these formats by itself a column file in simplified Geo EAS format line 1 header description line 2 header number n of columns in the file line 3 up to and including line n 2 header the names of the n variables subsequent lines data they are formatted in at least three columns containing the x coordinates y coordinates and values respectively Each line contains a record The default column separator of the col2map operator is chosen to resemble the separator of the simplified Geo EAS format a plain column file This is a file formatted
223. group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples percale Result map areamajority Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4804 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 42 PM areamajority Result map Class map Prev areadiversity areamaximum http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r4804 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 42 PM areamaximum PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areamaximum Name areamaximum Maximum cell value within an area Synopsis percalc Result areamaximum expression areaclass expression ordinal scalar spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result type of expression spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a cell belongs cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate class For each separate class the maximum expression value of the cells belonging to that class is determined This value is assigned to all cells belonging to that class This is done for all classes and saved as Result Notes A cell with a missing value areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Area operators See Also Section 4 5 Examples percale Result map areamaximum Expr map Class map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4892 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areamaximum Result map Class map Prev are
224. gure 4 6 gives a simple example of a path between a source cell and a target cell travelling through cell A with a cell length of 4 Figure 4 6 Path from a source cell to a target cell crossing cell A http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 4 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations TARGET CELL mus p CELL A SOURCE CELL Let the initial friction distance at the source cell be zero While moving from the source cell to cell A the friction distance increases by 4 times Ipar 10 5 rpar over 2 30 and when moving from cell A to the target cell in diagonal direction the friction distance increases by sqrt 4 sup 2 4 sup 2 times Ipar 5 8 rpar over 2 36 77 So the total friction distance between the source cell and the target cell is 30 36 77 66 77 Of course on a real map many possible paths can be found between a source cell and a target cell through different sets of neighbouring cells The path which is followed for each target cell can be determined in two ways The spread operation and the closely related spreadzone operation uses the path that results in the shortest friction distance between a source cell and the cell under consideration For instance if you use friction values of 1 the real distance to the source cell is calculated which is nearest as the crow flies in a straight line Also the path that is followed for each target cell may be determined b
225. h shorter and faster nearGroundWater GroundWaterLevel lt 20 the first expression of the if then else is already a boolean expression consisting of 0 false and 1 true and possible missing values so there is no need to write the values of 1 and 0 explicit This happens often when using any of the boolean and comparison operators More dangerous is the common believe that a statement like nearGroundWater if GroundWaterLevel lt 20 then 1 WRONG will result in a true false map as in the statements given above This is wrong if without the else will create missing values not 0 false People also tend to think in terms of if this then that happens if not then if this the case then bla bla This results in statements like A aDepth 1t 20 B bDepth lt 20 result boolean if A eg 1 1 if B eg 1 1 0 the same is better expressed as http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates boolean html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Boolean data result aDepth 1t 20 or bDepth 1t 20 to summarize in a few guidelines 1 if then and if then else are two totally different operations o if then is only to create missing values in maps O if then else is to make a selection between 2 values 2 Use the syntax if then else andif then insteadofif andif to see better which type of operation you use 3 Avoid patterns like if expression then 0 else 1 orif expression
226. h the time series is used See Also Examples Plotting one timeseries file timeplot rain tss Prev Home Next table Index IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r17111 htm 8 2 2005 5 04 23 PM Index PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Index ADAM module ADAM module error propagation angle Location attributes missing values Creation of a PCRaster map data import binding section in a Cartographic Modelling script Script files with binding section Cartographic Modelling example script Simple script files module for introduction GIS and Cartographic Modelling cell concept of Introduction length Location attributes missing values representation Introduction representation global options Overview of global options classified data data types for Concepts kinds of data used in the database clone map Creation of a PCRaster map data import Overview of global options clone global option Overview of global options column file in simplified Geo EAS format Format number of Location attributes missing values table Format columntable global option Overview of global options continuous data data types for Concepts kinds of data used in the database conversion between data types Cutting or joining maps changing geographical location attributes or data types from map to ascii file without x y Data export from a PCRaster map from map to point data column
227. he amount of rain is given by material This is transported in downstream direction through the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells following the local drain directions on 1dd Each time material moves through a cell an certain amount is stored in the cell These storages are saved as Resultstate if the accutriggerstate operator is used The remaining material is transported out of the cell these amounts of outflow from each cell into its neighbouring downstream cell are the result of the accutriggerflux operator they are saved as Resultflux The function can be described by flow of material through a set of linked systems where a cell represents a system The flow starts at the cells systems at the watershed boundaries defined by 1dd and ends at a pit cell The systems are linked by the local drain directions on 1dd these define the path of flow through the set of cells systems Each time a system is passed the amount of flow changes For a cell system somewhere on the map the flow of material is described by a system The inflow of the cell is the sum of the outflow amounts of its upstream neighbours This inflow amount is added to the material value in the cell itself This amount of material is potentially available for transport out of the cell If it is less than or equal to the transporttrigger value of the cell all material is stored If it is more than the transporttrigger all material is transported and nothing is stored For each
228. he data type of the expression for which the number is filled in is needed For instance the following operation is not correct pcrcalc Friction map if Boolean map then 1 else 2 because the data type of Friction map cannot be determined on basis of and 2 In this kind of cases one of the data type assignment operators must be used the correct operation for assigning a scalar data type to Friction map is http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1445 htm 2 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling percalc Friction map if Boolean map then scalar l else scalar 2 4 7 3 Script files 4 7 3 1 Simple script files Most geographic analyses contain a number of steps PCRaster can be used to write down these steps in one script file and execute these steps sequentially The thus created scripts are called Cartographic Models A script contains a list of percale operations which describe the Cartographic Model During execution of a script these operations are performed consecutively from top to bottom in the script Two layouts of a script can be used with or without the binding section First we describe how to use the plain script without the binding section In the second part of this section we describe the script with binding section The script without binding has the following layout operation of calc operation of calc The script contains only percale ope
229. he domain consists of the ordinal numbers linked to the classes in the legend This domain with these ordinal classes is also assigned to Result Cells on Result may have values in this domain For each expression cell value the first lower ordinal number which is in the domain is determined This is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result If expression does not have a legend an ordinal number is assigned to Result which is the ordinal number on expression minus 1 on a cell by cell basis Notes A cell on expression with missing value is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Data management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10771 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM pred Examples pcrcalc Resultl map pred Expr map Resultl map Prev Home Next plancurv Up profcurv http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10771 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 05 PM profcurv PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next profcurv Name profcurv Profile curvature calculation using a DEM Synopsis pereale option Result profcurv dem dem scalar spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell see also notes unittrue horizontal and vertical scale is measured in true distance values on dem are interpreted as real heights default unitcell horizontal and vertical scale is measured in number of cell lengths values on dem are int
230. http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display bugs html 3 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual PCRaster Version 2 Manual Table of Contents 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout 1 1 Introduction 1 2 GIS and Cartographic Modelling 1 3 Dynamic Modelling 1 4 gstat module Geostatistical Modelling 1 5 ADAM module error propagation 1 6 Hardware and software requirements installation 2 The Database 2 1 Introduction 2 2 Concepts kinds of data used in the database 2 3 PCRaster maps 2 3 1 Introduction 2 3 2 Location attributes missing values 2 3 3 Data types 2 3 4 Legends 2 4 Tables 2 4 1 Introduction 2 4 2 Format 2 5 Time series 2 5 1 Introduction 2 5 2 Format 2 6 Point data column files 2 6 1 Introduction 2 6 2 Format 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options 3 1 Introduction 3 2 PCRaster maps database management 3 2 1 Creation of a PCRaster map data import 3 2 2 Data export from a PCRaster map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 1 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual 3 2 3 Cutting or joining maps changing geographical location attributes or data types 3 2 4 Attaching a legend to a PCRaster map 3 2 5 Screen display hard copy output of PCRaster maps 3 3 Tables database management 3 3 1 Introduction 3 3 2 Creating and editing tables 3 4 Time series database
231. ial transportthreshold ldd ldd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial transportthreshold scalar spatial non spatial Resultflux scalar spatial Resultstate scalar spatial Operation These operations describe accumulation of material in a drainage network with transport limited by a threshold transport will only occur if a certain threshold of losses has been reached Material less than the threshold is stored This is the case for overland flow which will only develop once a certain loss has occurred saturating the soil The mechanism can also be used to describe phenomena such as losses from the streamflow due to infiltration of river water through the riverbed For each cell accuthresholdflux assigns the amount of material which is transported out of the cell accuthresholdstate assigns the amount which is stored in the cell Both operators perform the same function of accumulation of material with a transport threshold the only difference between the operators is the sort of result that is saved accuthresholdstate yields storages of material in cells accuthresholdflux yields fluxes of material out of cells For each cell the amount of material input for instance the amount of rain is given by material This is transported in downstream direction through the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells following the local drain directions on 1dd Each time material moves through a cell an certain amount is stored in the cell
232. ical Sciences Department of Physical Geography Heidelberglaan 2 80115 3508 TC Utrecht Netherlands lt k dejong at geo uu nl gt Table of Contents 1 License 2 Description 3 Usage 4 Interface http pcraster geog uu nl documentation timeplot manual index html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Next Next Chapter 1 License Chapter 1 License Chapter 1 License Prev Next Chapter 1 License This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should receive a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the programs if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Prev Up Next Timeplot Manual Home Chapter 2 Description http pcraster geog uu nl documentation timeplot manual ch01 html 3 2 2005 5 03 18 PM Chapter 2 Description Chapter 2 Description Prev Next Chapter 2 Description The Timeplot command can be used to visualize time series output by PCRaster Timeplot shows time series as two dimensional line plots More than on
233. ich is transported to its downstream neighbour or out of the map if the cell is a pit cell is saved as Result flux use the operator accuthresholdflux the amount of material which is stored to the cell is saved as Result state use accuthresholdstate Notes The values on material and transportthreshold must be equal to or larger than zero A cell with missing value on material and or transportthreshold is assigned a missing value on Result flux or Result state Additionally all its downstream cells are assigned a missing value The local drain direction network on 1dd must be sound Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 lddmask Examples percalc Fluxl map Statel map accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Ldd map Material map 1 5 Fluxl map Statel Material map s o o s fos s o fis 2 ie po feses jo 2 ss 2 percalc Flux2 map State2 map accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Ldd map Material map TransTH map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3923 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 39 PM accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Flux2 map State2 map Ldd map Material map TransTH map Prev Home Next accufractionflux accufractionstate Up accutriggerflux accutriggerstate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3923 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 39 PM accutriggerflux accutriggerstate PCR
234. idexpression percalc Result timeinputscalar TimeSeries idexpression pereale Result timeinputdirectional TimeSeries idexpression pcrcalc Result timeinputldd TimeSeries idexpression TimeSeries ascii formatted time series idexpression boolean nominal ordinal spatial non spatial Result type is specified by the sort of command timeinputboolean results in a boolean Result timeinputnominal in a nominal Result etc spatial Operation Example 1 Example of a time series file with header rain mm per area for model with timer 1 6 1 4 model time Area station A Area station B http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12827 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM timeinput Area station C 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 7 0 5 0 3 0 4 9 0 12 0 6 0 5 6 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 1 0 2 0 This operation is used in the iterative sections dynamic storage and transport sections of a dynamic model script only TimeSeries is an ascii formatted time series that contains cell values formatted in rows and columns During a run of a Dynamic Model TimeSeries is read from top to bottom for each timestep a row gives cell values that are assigned to Result at the timestep under consideration The cell values in a row are assigned to the cells of Result on basis of unique identifiers on idexpression each column on TimeSeries gives cell values for an unique identifier Each timestep the cell value in a column is assigned to the
235. ighbours are assigned a missing value also Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also lddmask Examples percalc Result map downstream Ldd map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6487 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 49 PM downstream O 5 p rd 5 n oO ag Next downstreamdist E AE T _ av es B gt sl Al o http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6487 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 49 PM downstreamdist PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next downstreamdist Name downstreamdist Distance to the first cell downstream Synopsis percalc option Result downstreamdist ldd ldd Idd spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell assigns to Result the distance to the first cell downstream where downstream cells are determined using the local drain directions on 1dd This distance is the length of one cell in case the local drain direction is to one of the right left top or bottom neighbouring cells or sqrt 2 multiplied by the length of one cell in case the local drain direction is to one of the 4 neighbouring cells in diagonal directions In case a cell doesn t have a downstream cell i e a pit a zero is
236. ike the database of the PCRaster package Chapter 2 GIS functions Chapter 3 and Cartographic Modelling Chapter 4 are described in the next chapters Prev Home Next Introduction to the PCRaster Up Dynamic Modelling Package Concepts Package Layout http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x30 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM Dynamic Modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Next 1 3 Dynamic Modelling The central idea of Cartographic Modelling is the derivation of new cell attributes from these attributes already present or from attributes of neighbouring cells In Dynamic Modelling the principle of spatial modelling is elaborated further by adding the concept of time new attributes are computed as a function of attribute changes over time The Dynamic Modelling module is integrated at a high level with the part of the package for GIS functions and Cartographic Modelling It provides a meta language within which the user can build a dynamic model with the operators that are also used for Cartographic Modelling Extra operators are added for creation of iterations through time and the reading of time series The dynamic modelling language can be used for building a wide range of models from very simple point models up to conceptually complicated or physically based models for environmental modelling for instance erosion models A dynamic model deve
237. ill detect the format of inputcolumnfile itself For the append mode the option a inputcolumnfile is used The inputcolumnfile is the name of the column file to which the data are appended The file with the appended data is saved as columnfile The data are appended as follows each line record of the inputcolumnfile is supplemented with the PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn values of the cell in which the x y coordinates of the line record are On each line the values of PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn will be typed in the order they are specified in the command line i e PCRmapl values are printed in the first column after the columns in the inputfile PCRmap2 in the second column etc The append mode results in the appending of columns only no lines will be appended a cell on PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn without a x y coordinate in the inputcolumnfile that comes into the cell will not be saved in a new line record A line record on inputcolumnfile with a x y coordinate that does not come into a cell on PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn is assigned a missing value in the appended column s In append mode the options M r c p and g must not be used The other options can be used as normal but the default values will be appropriate in almost any case the flags m f and s will only affect the columns http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 4 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM map2col which are appended The options co
238. in the cell If the sum of material is equal to or smaller than the transportcapacity value all material is transported out of the cell and nothing will be stored in the cell http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3411 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 37 PM accucapacityflux accucapacitystate For each cell the amount of material which is transported to its downstream neighbour or out of the map if the cell is a pit cell is saved as Result flux use the operator accucapacityflux the amount of material which is stored to the cell is saved as Result state use accucapacitystate Notes The values on material and transportcapacity must be equal to or larger than zero A cell with missing value on material and or transportcapacity is assigned a missing value on Result flux or Resultstate Additionally all its downstream cells are assigned a missing value The local drain direction network on 1dd must be sound Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 lddmask Examples percalc Fluxl map Statel map accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Ldd map Material map 1 5 Fluxl map Statel map NS Material map Ri percalc Flux2 map State map accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Ldd map Material map TransCap map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3411 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 37 PM accucapacityflux accucapacitystate
239. inputs may be a PCRaster map table time series or point data column file ordinal data type Data type for classified data with order See Also data type nominal data type http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 5 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary outlet point The pit cell at the end of a downstream path from a cell in a local drain direction network See Also local drain direction network pit P PCRaster database The database of PCRaster see database PCRaster map One of the kind of data in the PCRaster database Contains spatial data of one attribute encoded in the form of a regular grid of cells covering an area Binary format PCRaster modelling language The computer language provided by PCRaster for building Cartographic or Dynamic Models using a script See Also script Cartographic Model Dynamic Model pit A cell in a local drain direction network that only has neighbours pointing towards it and no neighbours at lower or equal elevation that it can point to See Also local drain direction network point data column file One of the kind of data in the PCRaster database Contains ascii formatted point data x y coordinates with attribute value s projection Location attribute The projection of the real world co ordinate system assigned to the PCRaster map It is an x y field also used in basic mathematics The x coordinates increase from left to right The y
240. ints the cells which are on the path downstream to its pit Each path is generated by starting at the TRUE cell on points and moving through the consecutively neighbouring downstream cells following the local drain directions on 1dd On Result all cells which are on the path of one or more TRUE cells on points are assigned a 1 TRUE the cells which are not on a path are assigned a 0 FALSE Notes A missing value on points and or 1dd results in a missing value at the corresponding cell on Result A path stops at a missing value cell on points Cells on the downstream path of a missing value on points are assigned a 0 unless they are on another path from a TRUE cell on points Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also lddmask http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10498 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM Examples percalc Result map path Ldd map Points map Result map Points map Prev ordinal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10498 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM pit PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next pit Name pit Unique value for each pit cell Synopsis pereale Result pit Idd 1da Idd spatial Result nominal spatial Operation A pit is a cell whose neighbours all have a local drain direction in direction of the pit cell A pit cell doesn t have a local drain direction because all its neighbours are at
241. ion expression scalar spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation Computes the faculty or factorial of a natural positive number Domain errors result in a MV Overflow occurs on 35 and bigger resulting in a MV Prev Home Next exp Up ge or gt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6834 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 51 PM ge or gt PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next ge or gt Name ge or gt Relational greater than or equal to operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl ge expression percalc Result expressionl gt expression2 expression ordinal scalar spatial non spatial expression2 type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell evaluates expression in relation to expression 2 If the cell value on expression is greater than or equal to the value on expression2 Result has a cell value 1 condition is TRUE on the corresponding cell if the cell value on expression is less than the value on expression Result has a cell value 0 condition is FALSE Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell The gt sign is an alternative notation for ge Group This operation belongs to the group of Comparison operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6865 htm 1 van 2 3 2 200
242. ion http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x80 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM ADAM module error propagation PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Next 1 5 ADAM module error propagation The ADAM module for error propagation is described in a separate manual see wesseling93 Here we give a short description The ADAM module calculates the propagation of errors in a Cartographic Model On the basis of the errors in the spatial input parameters of the Cartographic Model and non spatial or spatial correlation between these input parameters the ADAM module calculates the error in the output of the Cartographic Model i e variance skewness and quantiles of the output distribution Error propagation techniques implemented are Monte Carlo method first and second order Taylor method and Rosenblueth s method The error in the input parameters and the correlation between the input parameters is specified in a ADAM script file with the variogram models which are also used in the gstat module of PCRaster ADAM uses the PCRaster map format for the input and output of the error propagation models Prev Home Next gstat module Geostatistical Up Hardware and software Modelling requirements installation http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x86 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM Point data column files PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 2 The Database Next 2 6
243. ion mm day Rain falls at time 6 and 7 days 1 Direction of Idd values A value 5 not shown defines a cell without a local drain direction a pit 2 A sprinkling of the few definitions used in theory of pit removing List of Examples 2 1 Example of a time series file with a header It gives the temperature at three weather stations meant http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 9 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual for input or the output of a model with starttime 1 endtime 8 and timeslice 1 2 2 Example of a point data column file in simplified Geo EAS format A 1 Example of a cartographic modellinge script file 5 1 Example of a dynamic model 5 2 Dynamic modelling script for change in soil moisture content included process evapotranspiration 5 3 Dynamic modelling script Included processes evapotranspiration and infiltrating rain 5 4 Time series Rain tss rain at the study site 1 Example of a column table The first second and third column give the values of expression expression2 and expression3 respectively the fourth column contains the value fields 2 Example of a matrix table The fields in the first row contain values of expression the fields in the first column contain values of expression The field in the top left corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are value fields 1 Example of a time series file with header 1 Example of a column table generated w
244. ion is rounded downwards Values of the results will be whole numbers roundoff For each cell the value of an expression is rounded off Values of the results will be whole numbers 6 1 10 Data types Conversion and assignment boolean Converts from nominal ordinal scalar directional or Idd data type to a boolean data type or generates a map of boolean data type with one constant value directional Converts from boolean nominal ordinal scalar or Idd data type to a directional data type or generates a map of directional data type with one constant value Idd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1935 htm 4 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Functional list of PCRaster operators Converts from boolean nominal ordinal scalar or directional data type to a Idd data type or generates a map of Idd data type with one constant value nominal Converts from boolean ordinal scalar directional or ldd data type to a nominal data type or generates a map of nominal data type with one constant value ordinal Converts from boolean nominal scalar directional or Idd data type to a ordinal data type or generates a map of ordinal data type with one constant value scalar Converts from boolean nominal ordinal directional or Idd data type to a scalar data type or generates a map of scalar data type with one constant value 6 1 11 Random number generation cells normal For each cell that is TRUE on a Boolean expression a
245. ion of a script terminated with a semi colon See Also section T table One of the kind of data in the PCRaster database Contains relations between PCRaster maps Ascii formatted timeseries One of the kind of data used in the PCRaster database Contains a time series of aggregated cell values Ascii formatted V variable A PCRaster map table time series or point data column file in a Cartographic Model or Dynamic Model Unlike a keyword its name is chosen by the model builder and starts with an upper case Prev Home Next Data management Reference Pages http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 8 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM List of PCRaster Operators PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next I List of PCRaster Operators Table of Contents Addition Subtraction or div Division Multiplication nth power of a first expression where n is the value of a second expression abs Absolute value accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Transport of material downstream over a local drain direction network accuflux Accumulated material flowing into downstream cell accufractionflux accufractionstate Fractional material transport downstream over local drain direction network accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Input of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport threshold is exceeded accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Inp
246. is measured in cells Operation The expression points identifies those cells from which the shortest friction distance to every cell centre is calculated The spreading for determination of these friction distances starts at the centre of cells which have a non zero value on points The initial friction distance at the start of the spreading is taken from the values at these point cells on initialfrictiondist During spreading a path is followed over the consecutive neighbouring cells While http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12143 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 10 PM Spreadzone following this path the friction distance increases The increase of friction distance per unit distance is specified by the cell values on friction Using these values increase when travelling from one cell to its neighbouring cell is calculated as follows Let friction sourcecell and friction destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from and where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the increase of friction distance is distance x friction sourcecell frict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the sourcecell and the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied by the cell length if the cells are neighbo
247. is written to the time series The binding section defines that the table is stored under the file name Max8 tss This is neatly done for a next run with a slightly changed model for instance with a Eact value of 6 the user only needs to bind the TimeSeriesMax to a new filename for instance Max6 tss In this way it is relatively simple to run different scenarios each time only changing the values and filenames in the binding 5 1 4 2 Soil moisture model with timeinput rain Now we build on the model given in the previous section by adding rain to the soil during the 30 days of evapotranspiration We assume that all rain water immediately infiltrates in the soil If the saturated soil moisture content is reached as a result of rain water infiltration the remaining rain water is not added to the soil moisture anymore This excess in rain will run off Here the runoff process is not incorporated in the model it is assumed that the saturated moisture content is not exceeded as a result of infiltrating rain The evapotranspiration rate is assumed not to be influenced by the infiltrating rain water So no changes are made in the model with respect to evapotranspiration Figure 5 3 shows the temporal change in soil moisture content as a result of evapotranspiration and infiltrating rain Figure 5 3 Change of Soil moisture content mm with time timestep one day Included process evapotranspiration and rain MoistInit moisture content at start of model
248. it Utrecht update map2col f option The f option of map2col dated Feb 28 1998 and up accepts multiple format definitions For example map2col f 10 3f 10 3f 4 0f inputl map input2 map result col Will print the first and second column in 10 3f format and the third and remaining columns in 4 0f format Note that the format string must be enclosed in double quotes to pass the string as a single argument to the command if more than one format definition is given If the output has more columns than there are format definitions the last definition is used for the columns with no format definition Thus giving one format definition will result in output with identical formatting for all columns In append mode a the format definitions only apply to the appended columns the first format definition is applied to the first APPENDED column not the first output column Clickpath Map2col Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates map2col html 3 2 2005 5 04 27 PM PCRaster Website Resample Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht resample k option The k option of resample dated Feb 28 1998 and up sets the minimum and maximum of the result map to the minimum and maximum of the input maps Clickpath Re
249. it is assumed that the property of the cells is a realization of a spatial random function It includes modelling the spatial dependence on basis of the known cell values and spatial prediction where values are predicted at cells with an unknown value using cells with a known value In gstat modelling the spatial dependence is done by estimating the variogram the pseudo cross variogram covariogram or cross covariogram and fitting nested variogram models with interactive graphical display Tools for spatial prediction are simple ordinary or universal univariable or multivariable point or block kriging or conditional simulation Simple inverse distance functions are also available The gstat module is integrated at a medium level with the GIS part of the package It is a separate module but conversion of data with the central database is simple For interpolating point data it uses a point data column format also used in Geo EAS Section 2 6 This point data format can easily be converted to PCRraster map format The output from gstat of spatial data is in PCRaster map format when performing interpolations in gstat PCRaster formatted maps can be used as a mask to specify the area over which interpolations are done and the resolution of the interpolated map The resulting interpolated maps are in PCRaster map format and can be visualized and analyzed using the PCRaster operators Prev Home Next Dynamic Modelling Up ADAM module error propagat
250. itation scalar spatial non spatial Result Idd spatial Options pit removing at edges of the map lddout small catchments at the edge of the map are not considered as potentially being affected by the pit removing process pits which are at the edge of the map are not removed These pits remain in the map as outflow points of these small catchments default lddin pits at the edge of the map outflow points of a catchment are removed like the other pits if they have core dimensions smaller than the pit dimension thresholds On the result their original catchment cells including the pit cell will drain in another catchment unittrue default or unitcell unittrue elevation out flowdepth and catchmentprecipitation is measured in true length corearea in true area and corevolume in true volume Units used for elevation and horizontal distance in x and y direction must be the same default unitcell http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7646 htm 1 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Iddcreate elevation out flowdepth and catchmentprecipitation is measured in number of cell lengths corearea in number of cells and corevolume in number of 3D blocks with edges of one cell length Operation The operator creates a local drain direction map using the 8 point pour algorithm with flow directions from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbour It determines for each cell its neighbour cell to whom material for
251. ith the table operation with two input maps and the setting n 4 The first and second column give the values of PCRmapl data type scalar and PCRmap2 data type nominal respectively the third column contains the score fields 2 Example of a matrix table generated with the table operation with the settings matrixtable and n 4 Same input maps were used as in the first table shown above The fields in the first row contain ranges of PCRmapl the fields in the first column contain values of PCRmap2 The field in the top left corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are score fields Next Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman book1 htm 10 van 10 3 2 2005 5 03 22 PM Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Table of Contents 1 1 Introduction 1 2 GIS and Cartographic Modelling 1 3 Dynamic Modelling 1 4 gstat module Geostatistical Modelling 1 5 ADAM module error propagation 1 6 Hardware and software requirements installation 1 1 Introduction PCRaster is a Geographical Information System which consists of a set of computer tools for storing manipulating analyzing and retrieving geographic information It is a raster based system that uses a strict data type checking me
252. iven for assigning a special layout to asciifile These options are described in the operation section Other options are m nodatavalue nodatavalue may be one ascii character letters figures symbols or a string of ascii charaters For instance m 999 m or m 8kf f The missing values on the map will be assigned the nondatavalue on the asciifile S seperator separator may be one ascii character letters figures symbols space tab or a string of ascii characters A space or tab is specified using for instance s is a space as separator The cell values which are on one row on PCRmap will be separated by separator on asciifile Default if s is not set map2asc prints one space before each cell value field Note that if you want to convert the ascii file back to PCRaster map format with the asc2map operator it should contain whitespace characters only or whitespace characters with only one non whitespace character as separator f C typeformat This option is used to specify the sort of format which is assigned to the cell values in asciifile See the discussion of f in map2col http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15573 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM map2asc Operation simple conversion The data in PCRaster map format on PCRmap are converted to ascii format and saved as asciifile Default a simple conversion is performed This is a rowwise conversion to an asciifile without header
253. k Of Statements In this syntax iterator is a variable name that can only be used in the Block Of Statements The indexCollection is either a single variable name or a list of variable names indexVariableName or index VariableName indexVariableName An indexVariableName can be any of the following variables e An array name e An array index name e An array set name e The name of an iterator of a possible foreach construct enclosing this foreach construct The following examples summarizes these definitions B b1 b2 b5 b4 b b3 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates ArraysInCalc html 6 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays Set1_3 bl b2 b3 Set1_4 Set1 3 b4 Set45 b4 b5 l foreach h in B foreach i in Set1_4 except h b1 e The array variable is B e The array index variables are b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 e The array set variables are Set 3 Setl 4 Setd5 e The iterators are h and i h is in the second foreach the iterator of an enclosing foreach The Block Of Statements is executed a number of times with the iterators holding a distinct array index variable The possible values of the iterators is computed by a result set of the indexCollection of the in clause with all values mentioned in the indexCollection of the optional except clause removed Switched off array indices or array sets are simply discarded in the compution of the result set The execution order
254. keeps track of the current cursor position A cursor position is a certain position in space and time which is selected by the user for example by clicking the mouse in a 2D map visualization See also Figure 1 1 A subject consisting of a stack a timeseries and a cursor position Figure 1 1 A subject consisting of a stack a timeseries and a cursor position An observer is a visualization of some data Examples of observers are a 3D visualization of a raster layer with elevation values or a timeplot or a 2D visualization of a raster layer with soil classes See also Figure 1 2 Three observers a 3D map a timeplot and a 2D map visualization dT Figure 1 2 Three observers a 3D map a timeplot and a 2D map visualization Furthermore a subject can be observed by one or more observers data can be visualized by one or more visualizations And an observer is always connected to exactly one subject a visualization is always connected to a certain piece of data A subject and its connected observers are called a visualization group or a group in short See also Figure 1 3 A group three observers observing one subject http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch01 htm 1 van 2 8 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Chapter 1 Concepts Figure 1 3 A group three observers observing one subject If the current cursor position changes the subject will notify all its observers that it changed its state The obse
255. l Prev Next spreadldd Name spreadldd Total friction of the shortest accumulated friction downstream path over map with friction values from an source cell to cell under consideration Synopsis percalc option Result spreadldd ldd points initialfrictiondist friction 1da Idd spatial points boolean nominal ordinal spatial initialfrictiondist scalar spatial non spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation The expression points identifies those cells from which the shortest friction distance to every cell centre is calculated The spreading for determination of these friction distances starts at the centre of cells which have a non zero value on points The initial friction distance at the start of the spreading is taken from the values at these point cells on initialfrictiondist During spreading a path is followed over the consecutive neighbouring cells While following this path the friction distance increases The increase of friction distance per unit distance is specified by the cell values on friction Using these values increase when travelling from one cell to its neighbouring cell is calculated as follows Let friction sourcecell and frict ion destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from
256. l default colour palette This procedure can be overriden by the p commando line option of Display e g display p nicecolotrs pal soil cst In the above case the nicecolours pal palette will be used even if soil csf has an in file colour palette If you want a certain colour palette to be permanently coupled to a certain map layer you can save the layer and the palette by selecting the Save or Save as menu items from the file menu The next time you want to view the layer you don t have to use the p option anymore Clickpath Known problems Versions page 20 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k east http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display commonproblems html 3 2 2005 5 03 21 PM PCRaster Website Known problems Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Known problems This section contains a list of known problems in the software Some have workarounds which are described too Control center Problem You can open new visualization groups visualizations and data sets but the control center doesn t enable you to add a specific data set to a visualization Workaround Use the FilelOpen menu option of the visualization s interface to add a new data set to a visualization 3DMap Problem The arrow keys are supposed to rotate the scene relative to the current camer
257. layers to their bounding rectangle Table B 4 Help menu options Menu item Description About Shows some information about the Display application http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual apb html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Appendix B Menu bar Prev Next Appendix A Colourpalette file format Home Appendix C Shortcuts IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual apb html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Appendix C Shortcuts Appendix C Shortcuts Prev Appendix C Shortcuts Table C 1 Shortcuts to Display functions Function MS Windows Linux new Display window Ctrl N Alt N open layer Ctrl O Alt O save layer Ctrl S Alt S close Ctrl W Alt W exit Ctrl Q Alt Q animate Ctrl A Alt A point Esc Esc pan Ctrl M Alt M zoom area Ctrl I Alt I zoom all Ctrl Z Alt Z Prev Up Appendix B Menu bar Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual apc html 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM User manual of Aguila User manual of Aguila User manual of Aguila Kor de Jong Utrecht University Faculty of Geographical Sciences Department of Physical Geography Heidelberglaan 2 80115 3508 TC Utrecht Netherlands lt k dejong at geo uu nl gt Table of Contents 1 Concepts 2 Installation 3 Starting Aguila 4 Using Aguila Control center Map2D Animation Controls Map3D Animation Controls Camera s Shortcuts Visualization groups A Shortcuts http pcraster geog uu nl doc
258. lc Result if condition then expression percalcResult 1f condition expression condition boolean spatial non spatial expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result type of expression spatial if condition and expression are non spatial non spatial Operation The cell values on condition are interpreted as Boolean values where is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the cell value on condition determines whether the value of the corresponding cell on expression or a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result if condition has a cell value 1 TRUE the value on expression is assigned to Result if condition has a cell value 0 FALSE a missing value is assigned to Result Notes A cell with missing value on condition and or expression results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell A comma between condition and expression in the command line is an alternative notation for then If you want to cut an local drain direction map data type ldd use the operator Iddmask instead of if then The operator if then allows for cutting an expression of data type Idd but we advice to use it in very special cases only it will result in an unsound Idd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7155 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM if then Group This operation belongs to the group of Conditional operators See Also cover defined lddmask E
259. like the simplified Geo EAS format but without header The column separator may be different and can be specified with the option s separator Fields with the x coordinates y coordinates and values in the columnfile may contain the characters eE 0123456789 Fields may not be empty valid fields are for instance 3324 4E 12 for 3324 4 x 10 12 22 for 0 22 For each cell on PCRresult the operator searches in columnfile for records that have x y co ordinates that come http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15119 htm 3 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM col2map into that cell on PCRresult If one single record is found the value of this record is assigned to the cell if several records are found the value which is assigned is specified by the option a h 1 H or M A cell on PCRresult without a value on columnfile that falls into the cell is assigned a missing value on PCRresult Notes Directional data If the option a average default is set and both records without a direction value 1 and records with a direction come into a cell a so called direction conflict the records without a direction are discarded and the cell value is computed from the records containing a direction only Thus a cell is assigned a no direction value value 1 only if all records for that cell don t have a direction Using col2map for generating a PCRresult of data type Idd is quite risky probably it will result in a Idd which is u
260. ll be the friction values at the cell where friction is transported from and at its downstream cell where friction is transported to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the amount of accumulated friction is incremented with distance x riction sourcecell f rict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the sourcecell and the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied with the cell length if the cells are neighbours in diagonal directions For all divide cells the accumulated friction distance of the downstream path to the outflow cell is determined The accumulated friction distance of the downstream path resulting in the greatest accumulated friction distance is assigned to the outflow cell on Result This procedure is performed for each cell where each cell is regarded as a outflow cell of an catchment with one or several divide cells Notes The values on friction must be larger than zero A cell with a missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on friction is assigned a missing value on Result all cells which are on the downstream path of the missing value are also assigned a missing value on Result unless they also make part of another downstream path Group This operation belongs to the group of
261. lone is taken as clonemap If you have set a global clonemap as global option you don t need to set clone in the command line the clonemap you have set as global option is taken as clonemap If you have not set a global clonemap or if you want to use a different clonemap than the global clonemap you must specify the clonemap in the command line with the clone option B N O S D and L This data type option specifies the data type which is assigned to PCRresult respectively boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd If the option is not set PCRresult is assigned the data type of PCRclone or the global clone The data in asciifile must be in the domain of the data type which is assigned to PCRresult For description of these domains see the description of the different data types single or double and small or large In most case the default cell representation will be sufficient If you want you can specify the cell representations Scalar and directional data types single http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 4841 htm 1 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM asc2map cell values are represented by single real cell representations default single precision double cell values are represented by double real cell presentations double precision Nominal and ordinal data types small cell values are represented by small integer cell representaiton default large cell values are represent
262. longing to that area Notes A cell with a missing value on areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Areas See Also Section 6 1 11 Section 6 4 2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5228 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM areauniform Examples percalc Result map areauniform Class map Result map Class map EEEN EERDE EES 0 34 Ad l EE osp sask aay Prev Home areatotal Up Next asin http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5228 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM asin PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev asin Name asin Inverse sine Synopsis pereale option Result asin expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result directional dimension of expression Options if expression is a number degrees or radians degrees direction is given in degrees default radians direction is given in radians Operation Next For each cell calculates the inverse cosine of the cell value on expression and assigns it to Result Notes The values on expression must be equal to or between 1 and 1 Cells with a value outside this range will be assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r5301 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM asin Group Thi
263. loped in the PCRaster Dynamic Modelling module can carry out all steps performed in modelling with ordinary low level GIS integrated models such as MODFLOW MICROFEM i e validating and calibrating It has the advantage that the model is integrated at a high level with the GIS data exchange problems do not exist because the database of the GIS is the database of the model and vice versa So it is very easy to run models using distributed data sets imported analyzed and manipulated with the GIS and Cartographic Modelling part of the PCRaster package or created with the other modules of the package Additionally the results of model runs can be visualised and analyzed without further data exchange Chapter 5 covers the Dynamic Modelling module Prev Home Next GIS and Cartographic Modelling Up gstat module Geostatistical Modelling http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x74 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM gstat module Geostatistical Modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Next 1 4 gstat module Geostatistical Modelling Gstat is the module of PCRaster for Geostatistical Modelling Gstat is a seperate application for details look at www gstat org Most Likely your PCRaster installation came with a working version of gstat and seperate manual Here we give a short description of geostatistical modelling and the functionality of gstat In geostatistical modelling
264. ls in the second row etc column wise output The cell values in the first column on PCRmap1 PCRmap2 PCRmapn will be at the top of the column file underneath the cells in the second column etc a inputcolumnfile append mode The inputcolumnfile is the name of the column file to which the data are appended The file with the appended data is saved as columnfile See operation in append mode below f C typeformat http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 2 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM map2col This option is used to specify the sort of format which is assigned to the cell values in columnfile The format determines the maximal and minimal cell value which can be converted the precision the data can be saved in columnfile and the number of positions used for each cell value The default format that is used depends on the data type of PCRmap For boolean nominal and ordinal maps containing only whole values the smallest possible number of positions is used for each cell value field in columnfile taking into account all cell values and the number of positions needed for the missing value For instance a nominal map with nominal values between 12 and 19 and a no data value 999 given by the option m nodatavalue is written to columnfile using four positions for each cell value resulting from the number of positions needed for the nodatavalue For instance the value 12 is printed as a cell value field made up
265. ly be created analyzed and edited with other software packages Section 3 3 and Section 3 4 explain the creation of tables and time series respectively Creation and conversion of point data column files is described in Section 3 5 The above mentioned sections do not describe the formats of these sort of data The format of PCRaster maps Section 2 3 tables Section 2 4 time series Section 2 5 and point data column files Section 2 6 are described succesively Section 3 6 gives a list of global options used in PCRaster Global options are set only once for instance at the beginning of a project and will affect all operations to which they are relevant Local options which are used each time a operation is done must always be redefined Prev Home Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c790 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Point data column files PCRaster maps database management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c790 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM PCRaster maps database management PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Next 3 2 PCRaster maps database management 3 2 1 Creation of a PCRaster map data import PCRaster maps are in a binary format which is only used in PCRaster As a result you cannot analyze PCRaster maps with other software packages So it is i
266. m PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next windowminimum Name windowminimum Minimum value within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result windowminimum expression windowlength expression ordinal scalar spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result expression spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell a square window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell on expression the minimum cell value within its window is determined and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Both cells on expression which are entirely in the window and cells which are partly in the window are considered Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in a cell in the window which is not the centre cell of the window the value on expression in that cell is considered for determination of the minimum cell value in the window http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14228 htm 1 van 2 3
267. man x95 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM The Database PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Chapter 2 The Database Table of Contents 2 1 Introduction 2 2 Concepts kinds of data used in the database 2 3 PCRaster maps 2 4 Tables 2 5 Time series 2 6 Point data column files 2 1 Introduction This chapter describes the database of the PCRaster package After a general introduction with the concepts behind the structure and the components of the database Section 2 2 the components of the database wll be described in further detail with emphasis on the practical on the practical aspects formats data types for instance First the structure of PCRaster maps like location attributes missing values and data types will be described Section 2 3 after which the different types of formats of tables time series and point data column files will be explained Section 2 4 Section 2 5 and Section 2 6 Of these sections you will need the time series part Section 2 5 only if you want to use the module for Dynamic Modelling see Chapter 5 How to manage the database data import export conversions etc and how to perform other GIS functions is described in Chapter 3 Prev Home Next Hardware and software Concepts kinds of data used in requirements installation the database http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c107 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM Reference Pages PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Reference Page
268. mber of cell lengths Operation For each cell a square window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell on expression the maximum cell value within its window is determined and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Both cells on expression which are entirely in the window and cells which are partly in the window are considered Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in a cell in the window which is not the centre cell of the window the expression value in that cell is considered for determination of the maximum cell value in the window http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14097 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowmaximum Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples pcrcalc Resultl map windowmaximum Expr map 6 Resultl1 map Expr map percalc Result2 map windowmaximum Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map Expr map WinLen2 map Prev Home Next windowmajority Up windowminimum http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r14097 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 17 PM windowminimu
269. me location attributes as the global clone map all cells will have the value of expression Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 6 Examples percalc Resultl map directional Expr map Resultl map Expr map pcrcalc degrees Result2 map directional Expr map Result2 map Expr map asso fo a foo o Prev Home Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6354 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 49 PM directional defined downstream IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r6354 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 49 PM downstream PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next downstream Name downstream Cell gets value of the neighbouring downstream cell Synopsis percalc Result downstream ldd expression ldd Idd spatial expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial Result type of expression spatial Operation For each cell assigns to Result the expression value of the neighbouring downstream cell where downstream cells are determined using the local drain directions on 1dd In case a cell doesn t have a downstream cell i e a pit its own expression value is assigned to Result Notes A cell with a missing value on 1dd and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result Its upstream ne
270. ments 6 1 4 Missing value creation detection alteration 6 1 5 Relations in tables 6 1 6 Order 6 1 7 Maximize minimize 6 1 8 Arithmic operators trigonometric exponential logarithmic functions 6 1 9 Rounding 6 1 10 Data types Conversion and assignment 6 1 11 Random number generation cells 6 1 12 Coordinates unique ID s 6 2 Neighbourhood operators 6 2 1 Windows operations 6 2 2 Derivatives of elevation maps 6 2 3 Spread operations 6 2 4 Operations with local drain direction maps 6 2 5 Operations for visibility analysis 6 3 Area operations 6 3 1 Operations over areas 6 3 2 Random number generation areas 6 4 Map operations http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 3 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual 6 4 1 Operations over maps 6 4 2 Random number generation map 6 5 Time operations 6 5 1 Time operations 6 6 Data management 6 6 1 Random number generation areas 6 6 2 Conversion of data 6 6 3 Cutting and joining together PCRaster maps 6 6 4 Generation of legends 6 6 5 Screen output 6 6 6 Hard copy output Glossary Reference Pages I List of PCRaster Operators Addition Subtraction or div Division Multiplication nth power of a first expression where n is the value of a second expression abs Absolute value accucapacityflux accucapacitystate Transport of material dow
271. mportant to know how to convert data for instance point data column files to and from PCRaster map format If you start a project and want to use PCRaster maps for analyzing your data first make an empty clone map to define the geographical and cartographical location attributes and set this map as global clone map with the global option clone To make the clone map use the operator mapattr the location attributes can be entered using the menu given by the mapattr This map can be used as a clone mask map for all data sets you want to import A data type and its cell representation can also be attached to the clone map using mapattr This data type and cell representation will by default be assigned to the data that are imported but the type of the imported data can also be specified during the import The choice of geographical location attributes must be based upon the spatial characteristics of the data set you want to import to the PCRaster map format and upon whether x y coordinates are attached to the data in the data set or not There are two possibilities for data import 1 import of point data with x y coordinates using either a column file in simplified Geo EAS format or plain column file format The data file you want to import contains x and y coordinates with data values In this case the location attributes of the PCRaster map must be chosen in correspondence with the spatial distribution of the data given by the x and y coordin
272. n In this example the friction depends on the sort of road on which the car has to travel In an equation fuel used distance x friction where the fuel used can be regarded as a synonym for the friction distance between point A and B All operations with friction use the concept of friction illustrated with the car example A map with friction cell values is always used to calculate the friction distance between source cells and target cells The friction values represent some kind of friction per distance unit on the map and may be different between the cells For instance the friction may represent the amount of fuel used per unit distance in each cell or the costs of constructing a road per unit distance in each cell The friction distance amount of fuel used between a source cell and a target cell is calculated by travelling over the path between the cells through consecutive neighbouring cells and calculating the total accumulation of friction distance Each time that is travelled from one cell to the next the friction distance increases as follows let friction sourcecell and friction destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from and where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the increase of friction distance is distance x friction sourcecell friction destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the source cell and the destination cell Fi
273. n This option determines whether small catchments at the edge of the map are or are not considered as pits See the operators Iddcreate and Iddcreatedem lddfill default or lddcut This option determines the way the elevation model is modified in the core of pits See the operator Iddcreatedem global option for specifying the neighbourhood of cells diagonal default or nondiagonal This options specifies the neighbourhood of cells in the clump operation see the clump operator global option for defining the sort of message printed during execution of an operation noprogress default progress or nothing This option affects the message printed on the screen during execution of an operation Default the name copyright and version of the software is printed and error messages if errors occur noprogress The option progress will result in additional information printed during execution such as busy with row x etc If you set the option nothing nothing is printed on the screen except error messages Prev Home Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x979 htm 3 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Global options and local options Point data column files database management Cartographic Modelling IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x979 htm 4 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM PCRaster maps PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 2 The Database Next 2 3 PCRaster maps 2 3 1
274. n attributes choice of Creation of a PCRaster map data import http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman i17146 htm 2 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM Index concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database description of Location attributes missing values global options related to Overview of global options upper left corner Location attributes missing values XUL Location attributes missing values yUL Location attributes missing values Map Algebra description of GIS and Cartographic Modelling Introduction map PCRaster concept of Concepts kinds of data used in the database format of Introduction material map Operations for transport of material over a Idd matrix table Format messages printed during execution of operation Overview of global options missing value in maps explained Location attributes missing values operations concept Cartographic Modelling General approach to Cartographic Modelling concept Map Algebra General approach to Cartographic Modelling nested pcrcalc operation Command syntax operations with local drain direction maps transport of material introduction Introduction outlet point Ldd data type PCRaster concept of Introduction hardware required for Hardware and software requirements installation installation of Hardware and software requirements installation modules of Introduction pit Ldd data type plain column file Format point
275. n expression determines whether the value of the first expression or the value of a second expression is assigned to the result 6 1 4 Missing value creation detection alteration cover Substitutes missing values on an expression for values selected from one or more different expression s on a cell by cell basis defined Assigns a Boolean TRUE for non missing values on the input expression and FALSE for missing values on a cell by cell basis Iddmask Cuts a local drain direction map resulting in a smaller sound local drain direction map nodirection For an expression of directional data type returns TRUE for cells without a direction and FALSE otherwise for cells with a direction if then For each cell a Boolean expression determines whether the value of an expression or a missing value is assigned to the result 6 1 5 Relations in tables lookup For each cell compares the cell value s of one or more expression s with the search key in a table and assigns a new value linked to that record in the key which matches the value s of the input expression table Creates on basis of one or more maps a table with a score for each key in the table The score is the total area of the cells that match the key in the table http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1935 htm 2 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Functional list of PCRaster operators 6 1 6 Order order Returns ordinal numbers to cells in ascending order
276. n perman x120 htm 3 van 3 8 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Time series database management PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Next 3 4 Time series database management 3 4 1 Introduction The format of time series has been described in an earlier chapter Section 2 5 Underneath Section 3 4 2 database management with time series is described 3 4 2 Creating and editing time series If you have time series data in a spread sheet program database management program or a package for statistics you can create a PCRaster time series file by exporting your data as ascii formatted text A PCRaster time series file must have the lay out as described in Section 2 5 We advice to export the time series data in such a way that the resulting ascii formatted file will have a lay out that looks like the lay out used in PCRaster Minor changes for instance adding a header can be made with a text editor Additionally a timeseries file can be created by reporting a time series file to the database during a run of a dynamic model see Section 5 1 3 3 You can import a PCRaster time series file to an other software package by importing the time series as ascii text Prev Home Next Tables database management Up Point data column files database management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x942 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Dynamic modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Pr
277. name directly after suffixOfMap For each map this time extension refers to the time at a timestep in a model run each timestep Result is assigned the suf f ixOfMapExt with the time extension Ext that corresponds with the time i at the timestep i under consideration For each timestep ia suf f ixOfMapExt must be available in the PCRaster database with a time extension Ext corresponding with the time i at the timestep under consideration These maps referred to as suffixOfMap must have the following filenames The filenames consist of 8 characters a dot and 3 characters This is in accordance with the ordinary rules for filenames in DOS Each filename starts with the name of the suffix suf fixOfMap This suffix name may be maximal 8 characters long All the remaining character positions must be used for the time extension which is unique and different for each map The time extension must be a whole value the map will be assigned to Result at timestep 7 with time i Ext Two examples are given to illustrate the use of the operator Imagine a model with startime 4 endtime 10 and a timeslice of 2 As a result this model consists of 4 timesteps at time 4 6 8 10 During a model run the operation timeinput Rain queries for maps in the PCRaster database with filenames http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12975 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM timeinput Rain0000 004 Rain0000 006 Rain0000 008 and Rain0000 010 The
278. nd line For example example mod fusr local bin pcrcalc F lddfill ME ES To be fully compatible with the UNIX alternative interpreter notation one needs to specify the F flag on the first line if and only if one wants to put global options on the first line Note that pcrcalc will always scan the first line of a script even if the script is not executed by itself in other words pcrcalc f example mod is equal to chmod x example mod example mod In both cases the lddfill option will be activated Since pcrcalc scans the first line itself these feature is also enabled on NON UNIX OS s MSDOS F is only neccessary and can only be used if one wants to specify global options If the goal is to only describe pcrcalc as the interpreter of the script then use f This is due to a limitation in the syntax of an alternative interpreter only one option can be specified For example example2 mod fusr local bin poercale f set http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates option html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Options Clickpath Options Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates option html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Map2col Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universite
279. ne or more expressions results in a missing value on the corresponding cell on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Maximize minimize Examples percalc Resultl map max Exprl map Expr2 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9546 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM max Resultl map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next mapuniform Up min http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9546 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM min PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next min Name min Minimum value of multiple expressions Synopsis percalc Result min expression 1 expression 2 expression n expressionl n ordinal scalar expressionl n must have the same data type spatial non spatial Result type of expressionl n spatial if all expressionl expression expressionn are non spatial non spatial Operation For each cell the minimum value of expressionl expression expressionn is determined and assigned to the corresponding cell for Result As many expressions can be specified as needed Notes A cell with missing value on one or more expressions results in a missing value on the corresponding cell on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Maximize minimize Examples pcrcalc Resultl map min Exprl map Expr2 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9632 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 00 PM min Resultl map Exprl map Expr2 map
280. ne or more spaces or tabs Values may contain the characters eE 0123456789 Valid values are for instance 3324 4E 12 for 3324 4 x 10 12 22 for 0 22 simple conversion http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r1 4841 htm 2 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 22 PM asc2map The most simple conversion is a conversion ignoring the layout of your data on the asciifile ordering of data by rows row definitions or headers for instance This simple conversion is performed default All the characters on your asciifile will be interpreted as data The operator scans the asciifile starting at the top line from left to right than the second line from left to right etc Each time a value is scanned it is assigned to a cell on PCRresult until PCRresult is totally filled with cell values If the asciifile contains a larger number of values than the number of cells on PCRresult the remaining values are simply ignored The values are assigned to PCRresult starting with the top row on the map and ending with the bottom row The first value which is filled in is the first value in the asciifile the second value is the second value in the asciifile etc This conversion imposes almost no restriction on the layout of the ascii file if your data are ordered in a number of rows and columns which corresponds with the number of rows and columns on PCRresult it will result in a correct conversion but if they are not ordered this way for instance they are on one lin
281. ng to a missing value or to the outside of the map A cycle is a set of cells that don t drain to a pit because they drain to each other in a closed cycle The smallest cycle consists of two cells with local drain directions to each other larger cycles may consist of several cells First the cycles are removed by assigning missing values to all cells in a cycle Second cells with a local drain direction to the outside of the map or to a cell with a missing value including cells that were in a cycle are assigned the Idd code of a pit cell code 5 Now all downstream paths on the local drain direction map end in a pit cell this adjusted map is saved as Result Notes A missing value on 1dd is assigned a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r831 1 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM Iddrepair Group This operation belongs to the group of Missing value creation See Also Section 6 2 4 Section 2 3 3 7 Examples percalc Result map lddrepair Ldd map Result map Ldd map Prev Home Next lddmask Up le or lt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r831 1 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM le or lt PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next le or lt Name le or lt Relational less than or equal to operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl le expression percalc Result expressionl lt expression expression ordinal scalar spatial non spatial
282. ng value Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 5 Iddmask http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3612 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 37 PM accuflux Examples percalc Result map accuflux Ldd map Material map Result map Material map percalc Result2 map accuflux Ldd map 1 Result2 map Ldd map Prev Home Next accucapacityflux Up accufractionflux accufractionstate accucapacitystate http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3612 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 37 PM accufractionflux accufractionstate PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next accufractionflux accufractionstate Name accufractionflux accufractionstate Fractional material transport downstream over local drain direction network Synopsis percalc Resultflux accufractionflux ldd material transportfraction accufractionstate ldd material transportfraction percalcResultstate percalcResultflux Resultstate accufractionflux accufractionstate ldd material transportfraction ldd Idd spatial material scalar spatial non spatial transportfraction scalar spatial non spatial Result flux scalar spatial Resultstate scalar spatial Operation These operations describe the accumulation of material in a drainage network with transport of a certain fraction The remaining material is withdrawn from the stream The operators enable the des
283. nguage standard work http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 3 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM map2col Operation Default operation no append mode Operation if PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn have corresponding location attributes In most cases only one PCRmapl is given in the command line or several maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn are given which have the same location attributes In these cases the operation is performed as follows The PCRaster expression s PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn are converted to columnfile which is an ascii file in column format Each line in this columnfile represents one cell on PCRmapl PCRmanp2 PCRmapn The x and y coordinates of the cells will be in the column numbers specified by the options x columnumberx and y columnnumbery The cell values of PCRmapl will be in the first empty column the values of PCRmap 2 in the next column etc For instance if you set x 2 y 3 values of PCRmapl are written in the first column values of PCRmap2 in the fourth values of PCRmap3 in the fifth etc Operation if PCRmapl PCRmap 2 PCRmapn have different location attributes If more than one PCRmap is given in the command line and the given maps have different location attributes with the exception of the projection which must be the same the operation is performed in a somewhat different way Only the x y coordinates of the first map PCRmapl are printed in columnfile Real world coordinates or
284. nked to expressionl The first column consists of the dummy field and the key fields which are linked to expression2 The key fields may be one single value or a range of values where a range is specified in the same way as it is done in a column table see above The remaining fields in the table are value fields and consist of the values which will be assigned to a new map Or if the table operator is used these will contain the number of cells score that match the key In horizontal direction fields must be separated by one or more spaces or tabs All fields must be filled in Prev Home Next PCRaster maps Up Time series http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x521 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Concepts kinds of data used in the database PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 2 The Database Next 2 2 Concepts kinds of data used in the database Four kinds of data are used in the PCRaster database Data from 2D areas are represented by raster maps These PCRaster maps have a special PCRaster format that enables simple and structured manipulation of spatial data in the package It is the most important kind of data in the database almost any PCRaster operation uses and or generates a PCRaster map For analysis of PCRaster maps with other software packages conversion to ascii format is needed The remaining three kinds of data tables time series and point data column files represent relations between PCRaster maps tempor
285. ns the value fields 2 3 Example of a matrix table The fields in the first row contain values of expression the fields in the first column contain values of expression2 The field in the top left corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are value fields 1 Cross table of the AND operator 1 Cross table of the OR operator 1 Cross table of the XOR operator List of Figures http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 8 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual 1 1 The cell relations between attributes within the cell and relations in lateral directions with attributes stored in neighbouring cells 2 1 A stack of PCRaster maps resulting in a 2 5 D representation of the landscape One cell is shown its property is defined by the attribute values stored in map layers Mapl Map2 Map3 2 2 A table defining relations between PCRaster map layers using these conditions a NewMap is generated on a cell by cell basis 2 3 Location attributes used to define the spatial characteristics of a PCRaster map For explanation see text 2 4 Directions of Idd codes A value 5 not shown defines a cell without local drain direction a pit 4 1 Generation of a NewMap as a result of maplayers Map Map2 Map3 4 2 Point operation A new map is generated on a cell by cell basis No lateral relations between cells are included 4 3 Neighbourhood operations within a window 4 4 Neighbourhood ope
286. nsound data types If you do want to create a PCRresult of data type Idd use the operator Iddrepair afterwards This operator will modify the Idd in such a way that it will be sound see the operator Iddrepair Group This operation belongs to the group of Creation of PCRaster maps See Also asc2map Examples col2map clone mapclone map S m mv v 4 ColFilel txt Resultl map ColFilel txt field data 5 xcoord ycoord pH1 pHs Resultl map mapclone map code 25 25 mv 3 4 29 35 Tel 828 25 45 7 5 mv 35 25 7 4 3 1 1 So a ter 3x0 1 35 45 7 8 3 9 1 45 25 7 1 3 4 1 45 35 7 4 3 1 1 45 45 7 8 3 7 ii 55 20 Jak 3 2 1 55 35 7 1 3 2 141 55 45 7 9 3 7 132 mv mv 7 4 3 2 111 2 mv mv 7 6 3 1 col2map clone mapclone map 0 m mv x 2 y 3 v 6 coorlr H ColFile2 txt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r15119 htm 4 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM col2map Result2 map ColFile2 txt 1 30 20 7l 345 1 1 2 30 30 5 3 3 8 8 0 a AD AU par B T Ok Result2 map mapclone map 4 40 20 9 8 3 2 6 0 5 AQ 30 8 5 3 2 5 1 6 40 40 9 4 3 1 5 0 7 50 20 T T BP 2 9 8 50 30 6 2 2 9 4 0 9 50 40 7 4 3 1 10 1 10 60 20 5 3 3 3 3 1 11 60 30 5 4 3 5 11 1 12 60 40 3 4 3 9 mv 0 13 1200 345 3 4 2 1 121 1 14 45 3 25 8 5 3 3 2 125 1 15 46 2 23 7 5 3 3 2 124 0 Prev Home Next asc2map Up legend http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r15119 htm 5 van 5
287. nstream over a local drain direction network accuflux Accumulated material flowing into downstream cell accufractionflux accufractionstate Fractional material transport downstream over local drain direction network accuthresholdflux accuthresholdstate Input of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport threshold is exceeded accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Input of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport trigger is exceeded acos Inverse cosine and Boolean AND operation areaarea The area of the area to which a cell belongs areaaverage Average cell value of within an area areadiversity Number of unique cell values within an area http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 4 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03 22 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual areamajority Most often occurring cell value within an area areamaximum Maximum cell value within an area areaminimum Minimum cell value within an area areanormal Value assigned to an area taken from a normal distribution areatotal Sum of cell values within an area areauniform Value assignseds to area taken from an uniform distribution asin Inverse sine aspect Aspects of a map using a digital elevation model atan Inverse tangent boolean Conversion data type to boolean data type catchment Catchment s of one or more specified cells catchmenttotal To
288. ntaiton default large cell values are represented by large integer cell representation if option D is set degrees of radians degrees values on columnfile are interpreted as degrees default radians values on columnfile are interpreted as radians m nodatavalue nodatavalue is the value in columnfile which is converted to a missing value on PCRresult It can be one ascii character letters figures symbols or a string of ascii charaters For instance m 99 89 or m j5w Default if this option is not set le31 is recognized as a missing value S seperator By default whitespace one or more tabs spaces is recognized as separator between the values of a row in the columnfile If the values are separated by a different separator you can specify it with the option The separator can be one of the ascii characters always one In that case col2map recognizes the specified separator with or without whitespace as separator For instance if the values in columnfile are separated by a character followed by 5 spaces specify s in the command line you do not need to specify the whitespace characters columnnumbers x columnnumberx is the column number of the x coordinate in column file default 1 y columnnumbery columnnumbery is the column number of the y coordinate in columnfile default 2 v columnnumberv columnnumberv is the column number of the cell values in columnfile def
289. ntation perman r4124 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM acos PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev acos Name acos Inverse cosine Synopsis pereale option Result acos expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result direction dimension of expression Options affects Result only if expression is a number degrees direction is given in degrees default radians direction is given in radians Operation Next This operator calculates for each cell the inverse cosine of the cell value on expression and assigns it to Result Notes The values on expression must be equal to or between 1 and 1 Cells with a value outside this range will be assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4322 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM acos Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcale degrees Result map acos Expr map Result map Expr map se w 120 ww Home accutriggerflux accutriggerstate Up and Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4322 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM and PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next and Name and Boolean AND operation Synopsis pereale Result expressionl and expression expressionl boolean spatial non spatial expression2 boolean spatial n
290. number n 1 contains so called score fields with the scores Each row in the Resulttable is called a tuple Of course a row consists of n key fields and one score field For a tuple in the Resulttable the table operator has counted the number of cells that match the key fields in the tuple This number multiplied with the area of one cell if the option unitcell is set the number of cells has been assigned to the score field in the tuple So for each cell the value on PCRmapi where i is to n has been compared with the ith key field of the tuple The PCRmapi value of the cell matches the key field if it is equal to the value in the key field or if it is in the range of the key field in case of a key field consisting of a range of values If all cell values on the maps match the key fields belonging to them the cell matches the tuple and has been included in the score This counting has been done for each tuple The Resulttable is an ordinary ascii text file You can display the table by typing the DOS command type followed by a space and the table name Resulttable It has the following lay out In a row tuple the number of key fields equals the number of maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn The key fields are followed by the score field The fields are separated by one or more spaces or tabs A key field is a single value or a range of values where a range of values is typed as or s symbol minimum value comma maximum value or gt
291. nwanted missing values due to invalid ranges on some functions such as division by zero or taking the square root of a negative value The experimental d option of pcrcalc can help in finding the places where this occurs But only if you follow the convention that at each creation point of a map the map must have non missing values at each location where the boolean areamap or clone map has a true 1 value For example the script test mod areamap mask map timer 1 100 1 dynamic Result map VarA map VarB map SomeZero map If the script is called like pcrcalc d debug map f test mod then at each timestep when Result map receives anew map computed the new map is checked if it has any missing values where the areamap mask map is true 1 If so pcrcalc terminates immediately with an error message and writes the map debug map The map debug map may contains the following values MV where a missing value is in the areamap 0 where a 0 value is in the areamap where a value is in the areamap and the checked does not have a missing value 2 where a 1 value is in the areamap and the checked does have a missing value With this technique you find may find the points where additional work is needed In the example above we know that the formula only applies to cases where SomeZero map is larger than 0 and other cases should have the value 0 Result map if SomeZero map gt 0 then VarA map VarB map SomeZero map else 0 Ano
292. o Result Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result If expression is of directional data type a cell on expression without a direction cell value 1 is assigned a missing value http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11241 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM sin Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map sin Expr map Result map Expr map 0 5 Deep an wo jose rep ad or Home scalar Up slope Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11241 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slope PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next slope Name slope Slope of cells using a digital elevation model Synopsis pereale option Result slope dem dem scalar spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell see also notes unittrue horizontal and vertical scale is measured in true distance values on dem are interpreted as real heights default unitcell horizontal and vertical scale is measured in number of cell lengths values on dem are interpreted as number of cell lengths Operation For each cell calculates the slope on basis of the elevation dem of its eight nearest neighbours in a 3 x 3 cell window The third order finite difference method is used proposed by Horn 1981 also used by skidmore89 The slope on Result is given in dz dx which is th
293. occurring cell value within a specified square neighbourhood Synopsis pereale option Result windowmajority expression windowlength expression boolean nominal ordinal spatial windowlength scalar spatial non spatial Result type of expression spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unitcell windowlength is measured in true length default unitcell windowlength is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For each cell a square window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell on expression the most often occurring cell value within its window is determined and assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Both cells on expression which are entirely in the window and cells which are partly in the window are considered At a cell if two or more values occur the same largest number of times in its window the windowlength at that cell is increased with two times the celllength of expression The most often occurring cell value in this enlarged window is assigned to the cell under consideration If this enlarged window still does not result in one most often occurring value the window is progressively enlarged with steps of two times the cellsize of expression until a most often occuring cell value is found in the window Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing valu
294. od operations 4 4 4 1 Introduction This section explains the use of neighbourhood operations for calculating a new value for each cell in the basis of friction cell values on a path between a source cell and the cell under consideration The accumulation of friction is computed while following a path from a source cell to each cell over a map with frictions for instance costs The path that is followed may be determined in two ways First the paths chosen yield the smallest accumulation of friction Second the paths may be restricted by the local drain directions on a local drain direction network In the latter case the accumulation of friction is calculated for paths in upstream or downstream directions over a local drain direction network The operations with friction paths are also used for calculating ordinary real distances over paths for instance distance to a cell with a railway station This is done by simply specifying a friction of one 4 4 4 2 Operations with friction paths The principle of accumulation of friction is easily explained by an example of a car driving on an asphalt road for 50 km from point A to point B This will require x litres of fuel More fuel is needed if the car travels over a rough surface such as a sandy track because the friction will be larger In general the amount of fuel used is equal to the friction distance which is the distance to travel distance times the amount of fuel used per distance frictio
295. of the t able is as follows In a row tuple the number of key fields must equal the number of expressions expressionl expressionz2 expressionn The key fields are followed by one value field The fields must be separated by one or more spaces or tabs The number of spaces or tabs doesn t matter A value field is one single value A key field is a single value or a range of values where a range of values is typed as or lt symbol minimum value comma maximum value or gt symbol The minimum and maximum values are included in the range if square brackets respectively and are used they are not included if lt or gt are used Omitting a value in the range definition means infinity Ranges can be used for nominal ordinal scalar and directional data types Values in keys are typed as an ordinary number for instance 24 453 or using 17 exponentials for instance 32 45e3 means 32450 Examples of tuples are 0 05 gt 1 Assign a to all expression cell values smaller than 0 05 2e3 0 gt 2 Assign a 2 to all expression cell values equal to 200 or between 200 and 0 1 42 0 2 gt 9 gt 2 2 Assign a 2 2 to all cells with expression cell value equal to 1 42 or between 1 42 and 0 2 and expression2 cell value smaller than 9 In one table as many tuples as needed can be specified Remember that for each cell the value field is assigned of the first tuple from top to bottom that matches the set of expressi
296. of the type used for index definitions http peraster geog uu nl documentation manual updates ArrayslnCalc html 2 van 7 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Arrays VarName is the name of the parameter as it appears in the parameterfile This name can be overruled using the binding operations for linking external names to internal names see below Thus supposing Species tbl contains some parameters Parl and Par2 for the array type Species members Species Species2 and Species3 we can access this value using binding Species Speciesl Species2 Species3 Parl Species indexscalar Species tbl Par2 Species index init_a tbl dynamic foreach s in Species myvalue s Par2 s Parl Ss In this case the parameterfile Species tbl should look something like Parl Speciesl 0 03 OtherParameter Speciesl Pax Species2 0 05 OtherParameter Species2 Parl Species3 0 02 OtherParameter Species3 Par2 Speciesl par2_spl map Par2 Species par2_sp2 map Par2 Species3 par2_sp3 map Note that the parameter name as it appears in the binding section must exactly match the name as it appears in the parameter file And the rows in the parameterfile do not have to be in a certain order except if the wildcard NOT IMPLEMENTED is used as shown in the next example This functionality is also available for more dimensions suppose we have two types A and B and we have a parameter file Inter tbl which describes the int
297. ojection you have chosen PCRaster uses a sort of matrix coordinates if the option unitcell is set This option is seldom used Both the real coordinate system and the real cell length of the maps given with the mapattr operator are totally ignored In all operations a cell length of 1 is used If coordinates are exported or imported the top left corner of the map is assigned the x y co ordinates 0 0 x increases from left to right and y increases always from top to bottom As a result the centre of the top left cell of a PCRaster map has always unitcell x y coordinates 0 5 0 5 coorcentre default or coorul or coorlr This option gives the coordinate position that is linked to a cell If coordinates of cells are exported you can choose to export for each cell the x y coordinates of the centre of the cell coorcentre default the upper left corner of the cell coorul or the lower right corner of the cell coorlr If point data with x y coordinates are imported to a PCRaster map the option determines the assignment of point values that have x y coordinates exactly at the edges of cells This is only relevant to the operator col2map global options for defining the sort of directional data type degrees default or radians Default the program interprets directional data as degrees domain 0 360 gt If the option http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x979 htm 2 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Global opti
298. olic name reportName e Using that symbolic name in the report statement in the dynamic section report reportName e Definining a sequence of report moments in the report statement in the dynamic section report reportMoments e Introduction of the keyword endtime as the symbolic name for the last timestep e Introduction of the keyword reportdefault as the symbolic name for the reports without an explicit definition of the report moments e NOTE Selective reports only apply for map stacks when writing to a timeseries file they are ignored a timeseries file will always contains data for all timesteps To explain this feature we use the following minimal script timer 1 1000 1 initial dynamic report stackl_ input map report stack2_ input map The script simply copies the input map to 2000 maps named stack1_0 001 stack2_0 002 up to stack1_1 000 and stack2_0 001 up to stack2_1 000 Now suppose we want to write to stack stack1 only at step 1 10 900 1000 and stack2_ at every fifth step We then define and use two report moment definitions in the timer sections and apply them to the reports timer 1 1000 1 repl 1 10 900 endtime http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates report html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Report rep2 5 5 endtime initial dynamic report repl stackl_ input map report rep2 stack2_ input map Different moments in a report moment defini
299. olumnumber of the y coordinate in the inputcolumnfile default 2 m nodatavalue nodatavalue is the value in columnfile which is converted to a missing value on PCRresult It can be one ascii character letters figures symbols or a string of ascii charaters For instance m 99 98 or m or m j5w Default if this option is not set le31 is recognized as a missing value Default if PCRmapl has a missing value in a cell the cell is not saved in columnfile If the option M is set these cells are saved in columnfile They are assigned the nodatavalue s seperator By default whitespace one or more tabs spaces is recognized as separator between the values of a row in the columnfile If the values are separated by a different separator you can specify it with the option The separator can be one of the ascii characters always one In that case col2map recognizes the specified separator with or without whitespace as separator For instance if the values in columnfile are separated by a character followed by 5 spaces specify s in the command line you do not need to specify the whitespace characters specifying format of columnfile P columnfile is in plain format without header default 8 columnfile is in simplified Geo EAS format row wise or column wise output r row wise output default The cell values in the first row on PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn will be at the top of the column file underneath the cel
300. om the old map So changing the location attributes with mapattr will result in a new location of your data with respect to the real world coordinate system http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x813 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM PCRaster maps database management Maybe this sounds silly but you may want to change the geographical location attributes after a map has been made especially if you made an error in the specification of the location attributes with mapattr Conversion between data types is done using one of the conversion of data type operators boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional and Idd These operators change the data type of the input map to the data type that corresponds with the name of the operator Conversion is only possible if it results in a map that has some meaning with the new data type attached to it 3 2 4 Attaching a legend to a PCRaster map The operator legend attaches a legend to a PCRaster map 3 2 5 Screen display hard copy output of PCRaster maps hard copy output not yet included in software Screen display of PCRaster maps is done with the display operator Time series can be plotted with the operator timeplot Prev Home Next How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Tables database management S http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x813 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Tables database management PCRaster Version 2 Man
301. on can not be performed It may occur that one of these values is unknown this is the case if a surrounding cell is a missing value or if the centre cell is at the edge of the map resulting in the absence of some surrounding cells If this occurs the plancurv operator uses a built in neighbourhood interpolator to fill these missing values or absent cells in this will make calculation of the planform curvature for the centre cell still possible For each missing value cell or absent cell the elevation is determined by taking the average elevation of non missing value cells in a3 x 3 cell window with the missing value cell or absent cell in the centre of the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps See Also profcurv Examples pcrcalc Result map plancurv Dem map Result map Dem map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10664 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM plancurv Prev Home Next pit Up pred http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10664 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM pred PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next pred Name pred Ordinal number of the next lower ordinal class Synopsis pereale Result pred expression expression ordinal spatial Result ordinal spatial Operation The result of the operation depends on wheter expression has a legend or not If expression hasa legend the legend determines the domain of expression t
302. on spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation The cell values on expressionl andexpression2 are interpreted as Boolean values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the Boolean AND evaluation is performed if both expressionl and expression have a cell value 1 TRUE Result has a cell value 1 TRUE on the corresponding cell if expressionl or expression or both have a cell value 0 FALSE Result has cell value 0 FALSE Table 1 Cross table of the AND operator AND ooo presion SCS O d a http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4408 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM and Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl or expression 2 or on both expressions results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell Group This operation belongs to the group of Boolean operators Examples percalc Result map Exprl map and Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next acos Up areaarea http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r4408 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 40 PM areaarea PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areaarea Name areaarea The area of the area to which a cell belongs Synopsis pereale option Result areaarea areaclass areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue area is computed in true area repres
303. onl expression expressionn values on the cell operation with a matrix table with global option matrixtable If two expressions expressionl expression 2 expressionn are specified in the command line table will be interpreted as a matrix table instead of a column table If a different number of expressions expressionl expressionz expressionn is specified table will be read as a column table and the operation is performed as described above If a matrix table is read the table must have the following make up Table 2 gives an example The first field in the top left corner of the matrix is not considered during operation but is necessary to align the matrix it is a dummy field and may have any value The first row consists of this dummy field and the key fields which will be linked to expressionl The first column consists of the dummy field and the key fields which will be linked to expression2 The key fields may be a single value or may be a range where ranges are specified in the same way as it is done in a column table see above The remaining fields in the matrix are value fields and consist of the values which will be assigned to Result In horizontal direction fields must be separated by one or more spaces or tabs All fields must be filled in Example 2 Example of a matrix table The fields in the first row contain values of expression1 the fields in the first column contain values of expression The field in the top left
304. ons See Also catchment lddmask http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12510 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 11 PM subcatchment Examples percalc Result map subcatchment Ldd map Points map Result map Points map Prev streamorder http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12510 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 11 PM SUCC PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next succ Name succ Ordinal number of the next higher ordinal class Synopsis pereale Result succ expression expression ordinal spatial Result ordinal spatial Operation The result of the operation depends on wheter expression has a legend or not If expression has a legend the legend determines the domain of expression the domain consists of the ordinal numbers linked to the classes in the legend This domain with these ordinal classes are also assigned to Result Cells on Result may have values in this domain For each expression cell value the first higher ordinal number which is in the domain is determined This is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result If expression does not have a legend an ordinal number is assigned to Result which is the ordinal number on expression plus 1 on a cell by cell basis Notes A cell on expression with missing value is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Data management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12606 htm 1 van
305. ons and local options radians is set directional data are interpreted and displayed as radians domain 0 2pi gt global options for defining cell representations These options define the representation of cell values used for storage and processing of data The settings are only applied to the maps that are created if you change the cell representation settings during a project only the new maps you generate are assigned the new cell representation The old maps created before you changed the settings will keep the old cell representation scalar and directional data type single default or double Default the cell representation is single real single If you set double it will result in double real representation of cell values See also scalar data type Section 2 3 3 5 and directional data type Section 2 3 3 6 nominal and ordinal data type small default large Default nominal and ordinal data are represented by small integer cell representation If you set large large integer is used See also and ordinal data type Section 2 3 3 4 global option for specifying the format of tables columntable default or matrixtable Default the operators lookup and table use column tables setting columntable If the option matrixtable is set a matrix table is used For a description of these formats see Section 2 4 global options related to generation of a local drain direction map lddout default or lddi
306. ons that are consecutively performed at each timestep See Also iterative section E expression A PCRaster map or an operation resulting in a PCRaster map initial section Cartographic Modelling script the section containing the consecutively performed calc operations which describe the Cartographic Model Dynamic Modelling script the section which defines the map values of maps used in the dynamic section at the start of a model run See Also dynamic section section input The set of one or more PCRaster maps tables time series or point data column files which are used in an operation to generate the result of the operation iterative section http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 3 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary iterative section a section in a dynamic modelling script that describes the temporal change in map values See Also dynamic modelling script dynamic section K keyword A primitive word used in a script written in the PCRaster modelling language It is a word which has a special meaning in the PCRaster modelling language It is typed in lower case See Also PCRaster modelling language script L larger integer large integer Optional cell representation for nominal and ordinal data type cell values are stored in computer as INT4 See Also cell representation small integer Idd data type Data type for maps that represent a local drain direction ne
307. ons towards the pit then it leaves the catchment by following the traversed local drain direction path upstream to the http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r7646 htm 2 van 4 3 2 2005 5 03 53 PM Iddcreate outflow cell and then downstream into the neighbouring catchment The choice whether a pit must be removed or not depends on by what a pit is caused by Most of the pits will be due to data errors in the digital elevation model elevation grid mismatch or lack of resolution These artificial pits must be removed Additionally pits can be caused by natural phenomena they can occur at the lowest point in depressions in a landscape For a proper analysis it is important to maintain these natural pits as real pits on the local drain direction map The choice whether a pit is removed or not can be made dependent on the dimension of the core of the pit The core of a pit is the zone which contains all cells in the pit catchment with an elevation lower than the outflow level see Figure The dimensions of a pit core can be defined by core depth core volume core area and catchmentprecipitation The core depth of a pit is the overflow level of a pit minus the elevation of the pit cell see Figure The core volume of a pit is defined as the total volume that is needed to fill up the core area to the overflow level The core area of a pit is the area of the cells ina core The catchment precipitation is the amount of rainfall in a pit catchment ne
308. onverted the cell values of expression are assigned without change to the corresponding cells on Result Or it generates a map of scalar data type with one constant value If expression has no PCRaster data type a Result with data type scalar is generated This is the case if expression is a number or a calculation with numbers Result will be a map with the same location attributes as the global clone map all cells will have the value of expression Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11159 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM scalar See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 5 Examples pcrcalc clone Expri map Result map scalar l Result map Exprl map Prev Home Next roundup Up sin http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11159 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM Sin PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next sin Name sin Sine Synopsis pereale option Result sin expression expression directional scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Options if expression is a number degrees or radians degrees direction is measured in degrees default radians direction is measured in radians Operation For each cell calculates the sine of the cell value on expression and assigns it t
309. ookup degrees directional values in table are interpreted as degrees default radians directional values in table are interpreted as radians cell representation for lookupnominal and lookupordinal small cell representation is small integer cell representation default large cell representation is large integer cell representation Operation operation with a column table with global option columntable In the table relations between the values of expressionl expression expressionn are given For each combination of values of expressionl expression expressionn anew value can be specified If the option columntable is set a column table is always used for table The column table consists of a number of n 1 columns The first n columns are key columns where n is the number of the one or more expressions expressionl expressionz expressionn The key columns consist of key fields each key field is one value or a ranges of values The key fields in the first column will be linked to cell values on expressionl the key fields in the second column to values on expression and so on where the key fields in the nth column will be linked to values on expressionn The last column column number n 1 contains so called value fields these are values which will be assigned to Result Each row in the table is called a tuple Of course it consists of n key fields and one value field An example of a column table i
310. oolean nominal or ordinal the value is taken of the Map1 Map2 Mapn cell which covers the largest area in the Result cell If two or more cells both cover the same largest area the maximum value of these cells is assigned The maximum value is chosen in any case if the option m is set the areas covered will be totally ignored The subpixel length is specified by the option e subpixellength with a default length of 2 5 of the Result cell length which results in 40 x 40 subpixels per Result cell smaller subpixels will reduce the error made in the computation of the areas but the time needed to perform the operation will increase As above said the location attributes of the Result map can be specified in three ways with a clone map specifying clonemap clone Clonemap Clonemap is taken as clone If a global clonemap is set as a global option the option can be omitted the global clone map is taken as clone map If the clone map is not set as a global option or if you want to use a different clone map than the global clone you must specify the clone map in the command line with the option This functionality of resample is performed if no other options are used than the general options described at the start of the resample text The clone map must be given as described above Mapl Map 2 Mapn will be pasted in Result which has the location attributes of the clone map The clone http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r
311. or is used to cover missing values on an expression with values taken from one or more different expression s A theoretically infinite number of n expressions can be specified between the brackets in the command line where expression is typed first and expressionn last For each cell the value on one of the expressionl expression expressionn is selected and assigned to Result Per cell the value is assigned of the first expression between the brackets in the command line with a non missing value i e the value on the expression with the smallest n omitting expressions with a missing value on the cell under consideration If all expressions have a missing value a missing value is assigned to Result Notes Using cover for covering expressionl expression2 expressionn of data type Idd is quite risky possibly it will result in a Idd which is unsound If you do want to cover expressions of data type Idd use the operator Iddrepair afterwards This operator will modify the Idd in such a way that it will be sound see the operator Iddrepair http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r6164 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 48 PM cover Group This operation belongs to the group of Missing value creation See Also Iddrepair Examples percalc Resultl map cover Exprl map sqrt 9 Resultl map Exprl map percalc Result2 map cover Exprl map Expr2 map Expr3 map Result2 map Exprl map Expr2 map Expr3 map Next de
312. orcentre coorul and coorlr have the following meaning when used in append mode coorcentre default and coorul lines records with coordinates in inputcolumnfile that are exactly at the upper or left edge of a cell are supplemented with the cell value of that cell records with coordinates at the lower or right edge are supplemented with the value of a neighbouring cell coorlr lines records with coordinates in inputcolumnfile that are exactly at the lower or right edge of a cell are supplemented with the cell value of that cell records with coordinates at the upper or left edge are supplemented with the value of a neighbouring cell Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Creation of PCRaster maps See Also map2asc Examples map2col eoorui PCRmap map ColFilel txt ColFilel txt PCRmap map 10 10 123 23 10 14 45 5 14 14 124 10 18 56 34 18 18 0016 map2col M m 9999 f 5 0f g coorcentre c PCRmap map ColFile2 txt http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 5 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM map2col ColFile2 txt map2col 3 x coordinate y coordinate PCRmap map map2col append map2col PCRmap3 imap 12 12 123 12 16 46 12 20 56 16 12 9999 16 16 124 16 20 32 20 12 0 20 16 0 3 20 20 0 ColFile2 txt map2col 4 x coordinate y coordinate PCRmap map 12 12 123 12 16 46 12 20 56 16 12 9999 16 16 124 16 20 32 20 12 0 20 16 0 20 20 0 Prev ma
313. ough the set of cells systems Each time a system is passed the amount of flow changes For a cell system somewhere on the map the flow of material is described by a system The inflow of the cell is the sum of the outflow amounts of its upstream neighbours This inflow amount is added to the material value in the cell itself This amount of material is potentially available for transport out of the cell The amount actually transported is this amount multiplied by the transportfraction value of the cell The remaining material is stored in the cell Since transport fraction is a fraction it must contain values equal to or between 0 and 1 0 1 If transport fraction is 0 nothing will be transported if it is 1 all material will be transported http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r3723 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 38 PM accufractionflux accufractionstate For each cell the amount of material which is transported to its downstream neighbour or out of the map if the cell is a pit cell is saved as Result flux use the operator accufractionflux the amount of material which is stored to the cell is saved as Result state use accufractionstate Notes The values on material must be equal to or larger than zero The values on transport fraction must be equal to or between 0 and 1 A cell with missing value on material and or transport fraction is assigned a missing value on Result flux or Resultstate Additionally all its downstream
314. p view is the area of the interface where the map layers are drawn The legend view is the area of the interface where the legend of the map layers are drawn The cursor view is the area of the interface where information about the current cursor position will be drawn Prev Up Next Filenames Home Chapter 5 Changing the looks http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch04 html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Chapter 5 Changing the looks Chapter 5 Changing the looks Prev Next Chapter 5 Changing the looks Based on the type of information of a map layer Display decides how to visualize it For example a layer with continuous values is drawn using other colours than a layer with classified values The interface enables you to change the properties of the map drawer of a map layer If you double click the left mouse button on a legend of a map layer than a properties dialog for the drawer of that layer will appear The same can be achieved by clicking the right mouse button on a legend and selecting the Properties menu item from the appearing popup menu Prev Up Next Chapter 4 Interface Home Appendix A Colourpalette file format http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display manual ch05 html 3 2 2005 5 03 14 PM Appendix B Menu bar Appendix B Menu bar Prev Next Appendix B Menu bar Table B 1 File menu options Menu item Description New display window Creates and shows a new empty display window
315. p2asc PCRmap map ies wo 5 5 124 pats 56 3 a2 pos map2col coorcentre a ColFile2 txt PCRmap3 map ColFile3 txt 5 8 1e31 6 9 le31 le31 le31 le31 PCRmap3 map Home Next mapattr s http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r15770 htm 6 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Next 4 7 Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling 4 7 1 Introduction PCRaster distinguishes two kind of operators The first group of operators is meant for data management including GIS functions this is the group of data management operators in Chapter 6 The second group which is by far the largest is meant for Map Algebra Cartographic Modelling and Dynamic Modelling These are the groups of operators for point operations neighbourhood operations area operations map operations and time operations Of these the time operations are only meant for Dynamic Modelling which will be discussed in the next chapter Chapter 5 All the operations of the second group except the table operator use the keyword pereale in the command line the next section gives the exact syntax percalc is the program that does these operations This program is not used for the operators for data management and the table operator Both operators that use pcrcalc and operators that do not use percale can be invoked
316. perations that result in the map values for timestep i It is an iterative section that is repeated each timestep The dynamic section consists of one or more percalc operations that are performed sequentially each timestep At the first timestep i 1 the dynamic section is run using the results from the initial section The values that result from running the dynamic section at the first timestep are called the map values at timestep 1 The second timestep is run starting with the results of timestep 1 These values are used for running the dynamic section at the third timestep i 3 etc Thus the operations performed during a timestep act upon the expressions that result from running the dynamic section at the previous timestep or upon an expression value that is the same for each timestep 5 1 1 3 Timeinput retrieving dynamic data from the database For each timestep timeinput assigns a new set of map values to an expression that is used in the dynamic section Timeinput allows the import of specified data to the dynamic section at each timestep irrespective of the results of the previous timestep it defines an expression that is assigned a different set of cell values for each timestep Each timestep timeinput queries the database for a set of cell values especially meant for that timestep and assigns these to the expression Timeinput is done with a timeinput pereale operation in the script This is described in Section 5 1 3 2 5 1 1
317. percale Result PCRasterOperator PCRasterExpression where pereale activates the PCRaster operation shell and PCRasterOperator is one of the PCRaster operations resulting in the Result The Result may be a map or a non spatial value The operation is done on the map PCRasterExpression This map is called an Expression because it may be a map but it may also be a PCRaster operation or a set of operations that result in a map or a non spatial value This means that several PCRaster operations may be nested in one command For instance the maximum slope on a slope map generated on basis of the elevation map Elevation can be calculated in one command line using the mapmaximum and slope operators by typing percalc Result mapmaximum slope Elevation http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x30 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM GIS and Cartographic Modelling As explained above the separate commands are applied from the command line Additionally by linking these commands into PCRaster scripts or programs it is possible to perform a theoretically unlimited number of commands consecutively This is usually referred to as static Cartographic Modelling Cartographic Modelling does not have a concept of time several operations are performed consecutively but they do not necessarily represent a process over time the operations performed represent one static change in the property of cells Elements of GIS and Catrographic modelling l
318. percale operation can be reported If the result of the operation preceded with the report keyword is a map each timestep the whole map is stored in the database with a filename that refers to the timestep under consideration The file names of these maps in the database consist of two parts the suffix and an extension The suffix corresponds to the name of the variable that is prefaced by the report keyword The suffix is followed by the time extension which corresponds with the time of the timestep at which the map is generated The filename has a format that corresponds with the DOS rules for filenames 8 characters a dot and 3 characters This is best illustrated by an example Imagine a model with starttime 1 1 endtime t i iend 1200 and timeslice dt 1 In the dynamic section the statement report Snow Snowfall 2 stores 1200 maps in the database with filenames Snow0000 001 Snow0000 002 Snow0001 199 Snow0001 200 If this statement were put in the initial section only one map is stored in the database with filename Snow Remember that it is not possible to report variable name Snow more than once both in the initial and in the dynamic section Maps stored in the database with the report keyword have the filename format which is also needed for the timeinput operation If the result of the percale operation which is reported is a non spatial value it is automatically stored as a time series At the end of the model run the time seri
319. pressionl expression percalcResult expressionldivexpression2 expressionl scalar spatial non spatial expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the value on expressionl is divided by the value on expression2 This quotient is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with 0 on expression is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result div is an alternative notation for Result expressionl is an alternative notation for Result Result expressionl Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3038 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 35 PM or div See Also idiv mod Examples percalc Result map Exprl map div Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3038 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 35 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Name Multiplication Synopsis pereale Result expressionl expression expression scalar spatial non spatial expression2 scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial if expressionl and expression2 are non spatial Operation For each cell the values of expressionl and expression2 are multiplied This prod
320. quare window with the cell in its centre is defined by windowlength The windowlength is the length of the window in horizontal and vertical directions For each cell on expression the number of unique values within its window is counted This number is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Both cells on expression which are entirely in the window and cells which are partly in the window are considered Notes The cell value on windowlength should be greater than 0 else a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result A cell on windowlength with a missing value results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell However if a missing value on windowlength occurs in the window in a cell which is not the centre cell of the window the expression value in that cell is considered for determination of the number of unique values in the window http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13661 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 16 PM windowdiversity Group This operation belongs to the group of Neigbourhood operators window operators Examples percalc Resultl map windowdiversity Expr map 6 Result1l map percalc Result2 map windowdiversity Expr map WinLen2 map Result2 map WinLen2 map percalc Result3 omap windowdiversity Expr2 imap celllength 1 1 gt 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13661 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 16 PM windowdiversity Result3 map
321. r geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1445 htm 6 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Map operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Next 4 6 Map operations The fourth group of PCRaster operations for Cartographic Modelling include those that compute one non spatial value as a function of existing cell values of cells associated with a map see Figure 4 9 The operations are like area operations to the extent that they compute a single value on basis of one or more map layers Unlike area operations however the value is determined on basis of all cells in a map Figure 4 9 Map operations A non spatial value is calculated on basis of an aggregate value of a map or maps Map 3 non spatial result For a list of list of operations determine a statistical value on basis of all cell values in a map for instance the maximum value or result in a value related to the location attributes of a map for instance the length of the cells on the map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1437 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Map operations Prev Home Next Area operations Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1437 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Area operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Next 4 5 Area operations 4 5 1 Introduction The third group of PCRaster operations
322. r tabs Each row represents one timestep i at time t i in the model for which the time series is used or from which the time series is a report the first row contains data for timestep i 1 the second row for timestep i 2 etc The first column contains the time t at the timesteps At the first row which contains data for the first time step i 1 it is always the starttime t 1 For the following consecutive rows the time in the first column increments each row with the timeslice dt of the model in the ith row ith timestep the time is t 1 i 1 x dt The remaining columns column number 2 up to and including number n 1 contain values related to the n identifiers where column number i is linked to the unique identifier value i 1 So the second column contains values related to a unique identifier of 1 the third column contains values related to a unique identifier of 2 etc Example 2 1 Example of a time series file with a header It gives the temperature at three weather stations meant for input or the output of a model with starttime 1 endtime 8 and timeslice 1 Temp three stations 4 time 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x720 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Time series 23 6 28 23 9 23 1 22 24 8 23 7 22 25 8 21 0 24 21 1 19 0 24 17 2 18 9 22 17 9 16 2 22 15 9 16 8 24 14 9 CONNDNMNBWN RK WWD 2 plain time series This is a file formatted like the time series file with header but without the h
323. r10138 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM or PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next or Name or Boolean OR operation Synopsis percalc Result expressionl or expression expressionl boolean spatial non spatial expression boolean spatial non spatial Result boolean spatial non spatial if expressionl andexpression2 are non spatial Operation The cell values on expressionl andexpression2 are interpreted as Boolean values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the Boolean OR evaluation is performed if expressionl or expression or both have a cell value 1 TRUE Result has a cell value 1 TRUE on the corresponding cell if expressionl andexpression2 have a cell value 0 FALSE Result has cell value 0 FALSE Table 1 Cross table of the OR operator ad ke EE Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10208 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM Group This operation belongs to the group of Boolean operators Examples percalc Result map Exprl map or Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Home Next not Up order http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10208 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM order PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev order Name order Ordinal numbers to cells in ascending order Synopsis pereale Result order expression expression s
324. rations other operations which do not use the percale program for instance table cannot be used in a script Each percale operation is typed on a separate line omitting the word percale from the operation and terminated with a semi colon On the right side of the sign an operation may use a file a PCRaster map or for the lookup operation a table that is present in the database a file that is defined in the script or a plain number The result on the left side of an operation is always a PCRaster map Remark lines are preceded by a character everything typed on a line after this character is ignored and has no effect on the function of the model An example of a script file is this is a cartographic modelling script file Friction map lookupscalar Friction tbl LandUse map Friction map 2 5 Friction map CostDist map spread Start map 0 Friction map The first line is a remark it is ignored by PCRaster In the second line the script generates a map Friction map with the lookupscalar operator from the files friction tbl and LandUse map which must be present in the database In the third line the Friction map is multiplied by 2 5 In the fourth line CostDist map is generated from the Friction map defined in the script and Start map already present in the database In the fourth line the Friction map is taken resulting from the last operation defining this http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1445 htm 3 van 6 3
325. rations over a path For each cell the NewMap value is calculated on the basis of Map1 Map2 Map3 values on a path from a source cell 4 5 Neighbourhood operations within the catchment of a cell For each cell the NewMap value is calculated on the basis of Mapl Map2 Map3 values in the catchment of the cell defined by the local drain direction network 4 6 Path from a source cell to a target cell crossing cell A 4 7 Material transport over a local drain direction network Bottom Local drain direction map defining pattern of transport through neighbouring cells Top system diagram of an open system representing one cell 4 8 Area operations The cell value is determined on basis of values of cells which are in the same area as the cell under consideration 4 9 Map operations A non spatial value is calculated on basis of an aggregate value of a map or maps 5 1 Schematic representation of a dynamic model 5 2 Change of Soil moisture content mm with time timestep one day Included process evapotranspiration MoistInit moisture content at start of model run mm MoistCrit critical moisture content mm Fact actual evapotranspiration mm day 5 3 Change of Soil moisture content mm with time timestep one day Included process evapotranspiration and rain MoistInit moisture content at start of model run mm MoistCrit critical moisture content mm Fact actual evapotranspirat
326. rd line this would result in reporting one map name twice in a script which is not allowed The ascii formatted script can be created with a text editor or with a word processing program storing the file as ascii text A script is executed by typing after the DOS or UNIX prompt pereale f ScriptFileName where ScriptFileName is the name of the ascii formatted script file 4 7 3 2 Script files with binding section An extension to the plain script is the script with a binding section In a plain script files PCRaster maps or tables are directly linked to these in the PCRaster database the names used in the script correspond with these in the database A script with binding definitions allows for different names in the model part of the script The binding binds the names of the files in the script to the names of the files in the PCRaster database Often you may want to run a Cartographic Model script a number of times each time with a different set of data files and with a different set of resulting files In most cases these data files are used a large number of times throughout the program Using the binding you only need to fill in the names of the files you want to use as input names and output names for the model run in the binding section without changing all the file names in the rest of the script Both file names used as input files for the model and names that are stored in the database during a model run with the report keyword ma
327. re ignored keys defined automatically n nrintervals http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16682 htm 1 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table the number of intervals in the key column for scalar and directional data type default 8 h the intervals in the key column for scalar and directional data type are histogram stretched intervals are chosen that result in an almost equal number of cells into each interval H nrhistslots corresponds with h additionally the number of histogramslots nrhistslots can be given With the default value 1024 the number of intervals in each interval will be almost the same but not exactly Choosing a larger nrhistslots will improve the accuracy the intervals are chosen on the contrary it will take longer to determine the intervals keys defined by the user 1 1 Inputtable the Inputtable is an ascii table that defines the keys used for calculation of the scores For explanation see Operation remove keys with score zero 0 all keys including these with a zero score are printed in Resulttable Default keys with a zero score are not printed change order of columns mode for column tables only m columnnrmove Use in combination with i Inputtable and do not specify input maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn In Inputtable the column with column number columnnrmove is moved to the last column The table with changed column order is saved as Resulttable Operation Oper
328. rent cursor settings location time and attribute values You can change the cursor by pressing the left mouse button in the plot area in the plot view Prev Up Chapter 3 Usage Home http pcraster geog uu nl documentation timeplot manual ch04 html 3 2 2005 5 03 19 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Screenshots of Display File Edit View Help z ma PA Idd csf flow direction dem csf 111 613968 109633442 107652916 105 67239 103 691864 101 711338 99 7308121 97 7502861 95 7697601 93 7892342 91 8087082 89 8281822 878476562 85 8671303 83 8866043 81 9060783 799255524 ldd csf n dem csf 90 1536713 x 182409 1358 ka 1 Here a local drainage direction network is draped on top of an elevation model The cursor view shows the flow direction north and height 90 15 at the location of the mouse http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display screenshots html 1 van 3 8 2 2005 5 03 20 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots PCRaster Display File Edit View Help maa to oo TE io da N ho t On DI hel NO a Lo mo ra wJ LO p Ad DO id ok ar tt ET AJ Jno tf om PJ oO ZO m mPa om ro co dem map 1060 x 1245683 128 vy 66466 4723 2a This is an elevation model of the rhine catchment This example shows the default way Display vi
329. rgument the wrapper a is given for where the argument should be inserted That sign is optional allowing the following construct 1 2 n 2 n 1 av map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates argsubst html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Argument substitution inl map in2 map in3 map becomes av map inl maptin2 maptin3 map 1 1 4 1 e white space in argument 3 and 4 is kept in the substitution 1 2 n and not andnot map inl map in2 map in3 map becomes andnot map not inl mapandnot in2 mapandnot in3 map while 1 2 n and not andnot map inl map in2 map in3 map becomes andnot map not inl map and not in2 map and not in3 map Additional notes e Currently comments are not allowed within a substitution e Note that n denotes the last argument while n means an environment variable named n e Note that is an extra substitution level so one needs to give 1 in an UNIX shell if the command line expression is enclosed in symbols This is not neccessary if it is enclosed in symbols e If you are trying constructs and you get the message ERROR parse error near line near symbol Then two errors are frequent o you forgot the delimit the expression and the arguments by o the substitution went wrong First try t to see what the result of the substitution is As said before the substitution mechanism silently ignores most errors and
330. rhistslots default 7 ranges of equal width are used Example 2 Example of a matrix table generated with the table operation with the settings matrixtable and n 4 Same input maps were used as in the first table shown above The fields in the first row contain ranges of PCRmapl the fields in the first column contain values of PCRmap2 The field in the top left corner is a dummy field The remaining fields are score fields 999 0 2 lt 2 4 lt 4 6 lt 6 8 1 205 123 1420 2 10 350 4209 2 The keys can also be given by the user specifying an Inputtable with the option i The nputtable must have the same lay out as the Resulttable described above with the exception that the column with the scores does not need to be given of course it is generated by the table command The Inputtable can be made using your favourite text editor program or with a spread sheet or word processing program export as text file If you want to change the order of the columns in a table you have made use table with the option m A Resulttable created with table can also be used as Inputtable The key columns of nputtable will be linked to the input PCRaster maps the first column to PCRmapl the second to PCRmap2 the nth to PCRmapn If Inputtable contains more columns than the number of n input maps specified in the command line the n 1 th columns and further are deleted by table before execution of the operation The scores are written to the n
331. riction distance So during the execution of the spread operation for each cell the friction distance for each possible path from the non zero cells on points to the cell under consideration is calculated and then the path with the shortest friction distance is chosen On Result each cell has a value which is the friction distance covered when moving over this shortest path from a non zero cell on points Notes The values on friction must be larger than zero Missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist and friction are assigned a missing value on Result Potential shortest paths that cross missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist or friction are ignored If no path is found for a cell for instance if the cell is surrounded by missing values a missing value is assigned to that cell on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators spread operators See Also Section 4 4 4 Idddist slopelength Examples percalc Resultl map spread Points map 0 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r11569 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 08 PM spread Resultl map Points map pcrcalc Result2 map spread Points2 map Initial2 map FrictMat 2 map Result2 map Points2 map Initial2 map FrictMat2 map Prev Home slopelength spreadldd http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r1 1569 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 08 PM Spreadldd PCRaster Version 2 Manua
332. roundoff Result map Prev Home Next rounddown Up roundup http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11022 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM roundup PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev roundup Name roundup Rounding up of cellvalues to whole numbers Synopsis pereale Result roundup expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial non spatial Operation Next For each cell the expression value is rounded upwards the next whole value that is greater than or equal to the value on expression is assigned to Result Notes Input values can be positive or negative A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Rounding Examples pcrcalc Result map roundup Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11092 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM roundup Result map Prev Home Next roundoff Up scalar http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11092 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 06 PM scalar PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next scalar Name scalar Data conversion to the scalar data type Synopsis pereale Result scalar expression expression boolean nominal ordinal directional Idd spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation If expression is a PCRaster map or a calculation resulting in a PCRaster map it is c
333. rows and columns the map is somewhat less than one new cell length expanded default or contracted until a whole number of columns and rows is reached This number of rows and collumns is assigned to Result If more than one input map is given the operation performed corresponds with the operation as a cookie cutter described above but you can not use the options b and c no borders can be specified Result will approximately have the size of the smallest rectangle around cells including missing value cells on the input maps xy Yyz will be the top left vertex of the rectangle See Also Import map types Prev Home Next mapattr table http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16402 htm 4 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM timeplot PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next timeplot Name timeplot Plots timeseries in a X y lineplot on the computer screen Synopsis timeplot options timeseriesl timeseries2 timeseriesn timeseriesl ntime series file s Operation Generates a x y line plot of the timeseries timeseriesl timeseries timeseriesn These files must contain the same number of timesteps i e the same number of lines All data in the timeseries are plotted in one graph The time column of the timeseries files is printed on the x axis the data columns on the y axis using the same scale for all data columns The contents and format of a timeseries file must match the dynamic model for whic
334. rvers than detect the change and if needed update their content So if you start an animation in a certain visualization the time part of the current cursor position is continuously changed The subject notifies all observers that the time changed and if needed they all update their contents Prev Up Next User manual of Aguila Home Chapter 2 Installation http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch01 html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Chapter 2 Installation Chapter 2 Installation Prev Next Chapter 2 Installation The software is distributed in an archived directory structure If you unpack the archive a new directory is created called aguila with a version string appended to the name e g aguila 000331 Below it you will find the folowing directories bin Contains the executable doc html Contains the manual in html format To be able to use the executable you need to copy it to a location in your search path or adjust your search path variable to include the bi n directory Prev Up Next Chapter 1 Concepts Home Chapter 3 Starting Aguila http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch02 html 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Chapter 3 Starting Aguila Chapter 3 tarting Aguila Prev Next Chapter 3 Starting Aguila aguila 2 3 qlock file stack namel stack name stack name Table 3 1 Command line arguments Argument Description 2 Start with 2D map visualization
335. s 3 Start with 3D map visualization s Create lock file with name lock file If lock file does not exist it is created When q lock file Aguila exists lock file is deleted again This can be useful if Aguila is started by another application which wants to be able to check if Aguila is still running Without options Aguila will try to find default visualizations for the stack name arguments You can force a certain kind of visualization by using the 2 or 3 commandline options for 2D or 3D visualizations respectively If an argument cannot be visualized it will only be loaded into the control center The stack name argument is the name of a static or a dynamic stack In case of a static stack you should just provide the filename The name of a dynamic stack is the filename of the first raster layer you want to visualize concatenated by a and the number of the last time step Stack names which are seperated by note the spaces are draped on top of each other Aguila will try to put as many data and visualizations in the same visualization group as possible Currently it adds each new stack on the command line to the current visualization group But if the spatial properties of that stack differ from the properties of the group than a new group is created and the stack added to that one If the stack name argument is skipped or if Aguila has no default visualization for the loaded data than Aguila will start with th
336. s J K Berry 1987 Beyond Mapping Concepts Algorithms and Issues in GIS World Books GIS World Inc Fort Collins Colorada USA 246pp V T Chow D R Maidment and L W Mays 1988 Applied Hydrology McGraw Hill 0 07 100174 3 B K P Horn 1981 Hill shading and the reflectance map Proceedings of the LE E E 69 14 K V Mardia 1972 Statistics of Directional Data London Academic Press A K Skidmore 1989 A Comparison of Techniques for Calculating Gradient and Aspect from a Gridded Digital Elevation Model International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 3 323 334 A N Strahler 1964 Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks section 4 II In Handbook of Applied Hydrology V T Chow et al 1988 McGraw Hill New York USA 4 39 4 76 C D Tomlin 1980 The Map Analysis Package draft manual Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies New Haven Connecticut C D Tomlin 1990 Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modelling Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 0 13 350927 3 C G Wesseling 1993 ADAM an Error Propagation Tool for Geographical Information Systems L W Zevenbergen and C R Thorne 1981 Quantitative analysis of land surface topography Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 12 47 56 Prev Home Next Glossary List of PCRaster Operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman b2736 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM
337. s Utrecht University The Netherlands i Bd Universiteit Utrecht Some updates and additions conditional iteration with repeat until a note on boolean data and if then else inverse distance interpolation line numbers in error messages arrays of parameters selective reports for map stacks in dynamic models e o o o e e e new functions in pcrcalc e debugging pcrcalc scripts o J o e e e argument substitution in pcrcalc putting a global option IN a pereale script map2col new feature of f option resample new option k list of current unsolved bugs printing PCRaster maps Clickpath Index Versions page 20 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates index html 3 2 2005 5 04 24 PM PCRaster Website Conditional iteration with repeat until Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Conditional iteration with repeat until Conditional iteration looping allows to perform model code a conditional number of times The syntax is repeat Statements until BooleanCondition The Statements are executed repeatedly until the BooleanCondition is true For example nrLoopsExecuted 0 repeat nrLoopsExecuted nrLoopsExecuted 1 until nrLoopsExecuted eq 4 The statement nrLoopsExecut
338. s given in the Table below Example 1 Example of a column table The first second and third column give the values of expressionl expression2 and expression3 respectively the fourth column contains the value fields lt 2 gt 3 lt 12 gt 1 lt 2 3 lt 12 gt 3 lt 2 gt 14 lt 12 gt 7 lt 2 14 lt 12 gt 9 lt 2 gt 14 8 4 lt 2 14 8 8 For each cell the lookup operator reads the values in that cell on expressionl expression expressionn and looks for a tuple whose key fields match these cell values starting at the first row of the table So in a tuple the ith key field where i is 1 to n is compared with the value on expressioni It matches if the cell value on expression is equal to the value in the key field or if it is in the range of the key field in case of a key field consisting of a range of values If all key fields in a tuple match the cell values of the expressions belonging to them the value in the value field of the http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 2 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM lookup tuple is sent to the corresponding cell on Result The table is an ordinary ascii text file which can be made using any text editor program you wish Alternatively you can make it with a spread sheet program or word processing program and export table as an ascii text file You can have a squint at your table by typing the DOS command type followed by a space and the table name table The precise format
339. s made from an elevation map using the operator Iddcreate This will always result in a ldd that is sound Other operations that can be used to generate a map of ldd data type will almost always result in a Idd that is unsound examples are asc2map col2map cover lookup Some operations for making changes in a ldd must be done with care editing using display and also cutting in a Idd map always use the operator lddmask for cutting instead of for instance if then if then else A 1dd that is not sound can be made sound using the operator Iddrepair Always use this operator if you are not sure whether your Idd is sound it will be repaired if it is unsound 2 3 4 Legends Legend labels can be attached to boolean nominal and ordinal maps with the operator legend Prev Home Next Concepts kinds of data used in the Up Tables database http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x181 htm 7 van 7 3 2 2005 5 03 28 PM col2map PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next col2map Name col2map Converts from column file format to PCRaster map format Synopsis col2map options columnfile PCRresult column file asciifile PCRresult specified by data type option if data type option is not set data type of PCRclone spatial Options clone PCRclone PCRclone is taken as clonemap If you have set a global clonemap as global option you don t need to set clone in the command line the clonemap you have set as global option is
340. s number of cell lengths Operation Calculates the planform curvature i e the curvature transverse to the slope on the elevation map dem For each cell the curvature is calculated in a 3 x 3 cell window where the cell under consideration is in the center of the window The planform curvature on Result is the change in slope per distance in horizontal direction in direction of the slope It is negative at concave slopes and positive at convex slopes The slope is dz dx which is the increase in height vertical direction dz per distance in horizontal direction dx The planform curvature is the change in slope per distance in horizontal direction so it is dz dx 2 For a correct calculation of the planform curvature the scale for the horizontal distance on dem and the http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10664 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 04 PM plancurv vertical distance height on dem must be the same and the global option unittrue must be set it is default In that case the scales of z and x correspond and the planform curvature on Result is in 1 dx The planform curvature is calculated according to the equation given by zevenbergen87 Notes If a cell has a missing value on dem a missing value is assigned to Result in any case For each cell the planform curvature is calculated using its 8 neighbours in a 3 x 3 cells window Elevation in all these cells must be known else the planform curvature calculati
341. s of tables are 1 column table In the column table relations between the values of several maps expression expession 2 expressionn are given where an expression can be a PCRaster map or a computation with PCRaster operators resulting in a PCRaster map For each combination of values of expression1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x521 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Tables expression 2 expressionn a new value can be specified Table Table 2 3 gives an example of a column table The column table is an ascii file that consists of a number of n 1 columns The first n columns are key columns where n is the number of maps The key columns consist of key fields each key field is one value or a range of values The key fields in the first column are linked to cell values of expression the key fields in the second column to values on expression2 and so on where the key fields in the nth column are linked to values on expression The last column column number n 1 contains so called value fields these are new values that may be assigned to a new PCRaster map Sometimes if the table operator is used these will contain the number of cells score that match the key Each row in the column table is called a tuple Of course it consists of n key fields and one value field The fields are separated by one or more spaces or tabs The number of spaces or tabs does not matter A value field is one single value A ke
342. s operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples percalc Result map asin Expr map Result map Expr map 58 1 330 wv ao 270 ss Prev Home Next areauniform Up aspect http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5301 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 44 PM aspect PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next aspect Name aspect Aspects of a map using a digital elevation model Synopsis pcrcalc Result aspect dem dem scalar spatial Result directional spatial Operation For each cell calculates the direction of maximum rate of change in elevation aspect on basis of the elevation of its 8 neighbours in a 3 x 3 cells window The third order finite difference method is used proposed by horn81 also used by skidmore89 Result is of a directional data type with aspect values assigned clockwise aspect to the top of the map is taken as zero aspect When using display the aspect will be expressed in degrees or radians depending on the global setting degrees default or radians Notes If a cell has a missing value on dem a missing value is assigned to Result in any case For each cell the aspect is calculated using its 8 neighbours in a 3 x 3 cells window Elevation in all these cells must be known else the finite difference method can not be performed It may occur that one of these values is unknown this is the case if a surrounding cell is a missing value or if the centre cell is
343. s stored under the filename mask2 map does not invoke the menu here the option a is not set so the angle of the map is assigned the default value 0 mapattr R 19 C 68 B P yb2t x 12 y 14 02 1 0 8 mask2 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16156 htm 4 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM mapattr Prev Home Next map2col resample IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16156 htm 5 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next table Name table Creates on basis of one or more maps a table with a score for each key in the table Synopsis table options PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapnResulttable PCRmapl n boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial they must have the same location attribute Resulttable ascii table Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue the score is the total true area of the cells that match a key default unitcell the score is the number of cells that match a key degrees or radians degrees directions of directional data type are in degrees default radians directions of directional data type are in radians columntable or matrixtable columntable Resulttable will be a column table column table format matrixtable if two maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 are specified in the command line Resulttable will be a matrix in matrix table format instead of a table The options i and m a
344. s the initial or dynamic section foreach species in PlantSpecies Variablel species Variable2 species Or nested this is the initial or dynamic section foreach species in PlantSpecies foreach herbivore in HerbivoreSpecies VarInteraction species herbivore Using external parameter files for arrayed variables Using index functions we can initialize arrayed variables parameter values from parameter definition files There are three types of index functions index initialize variable with a set of input maps indextable initialize variable with a set of lookuptables for use in lookup functions indextype initialize non spatial variable with a set of numbers Similar to the lookup functions the indextype functions is actually a family of functions with the members indexscalar indexboolean indexordinal and indexnominal Since the index functions are actually mapping external files on modelnames the index functions can only be used in the binding section Although this may seem like a large limitation on the use of the index functions in practice this only means that the parameter values read from the parameter files can only be used on the right side of the assign token token which makes sense The syntax of index is VarNamelTypeName indexfunction TableName TableName is the name of an external column file which stores the parameter values TypeName is the name
345. sample Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates resample html 3 2 2005 5 04 27 PM PCRaster Website Bugs Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Known Bugs in pcrcalc tan 180 is not 0 The tangent of 180 degrees a very small number instead of 0 8 7e 8 The workaround is to add an if statement percalc test map if v 180 then 0 else tan v e lookup functions misbehave if directional data of exactly 360 degrees is used Consider the operation pcrcalc test map lookupboolean asp tbl aspect map with aspect map being directional and asp tbl with the contents 0 135 gt 0 daa aaar 1 225 360 9 The range is 225 360 will produce missing values which is wrong The workaround is to make the range open 0 135 gt 0 1357223 gt 1 2 25 0 Clickpath Bugs Versions page 20 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates bugs html 3 2 2005 5 04 27 PM PCRaster Website Printing Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht Harcopy output printing PCRaster maps There are two ways to prin
346. se maps are assigned to Result at the sequential timesteps at time 4 6 8 10 In a model with starttime 990 endtime 1010 and a timeslice of 10 the operation timeinput Water will query for Water000 990 Water001 000 and Water001 010 Notes Maps that are reported in a model with the report keyword are stored in the database with a filename format that corresponds with the format needed for the timeinput operation So one model may be used to generate a set of suffix maps these maps can be used in another model as input maps to a timeinput operation A stack of maps generated and stored in the database during a model run by the report keyword cannot be imported during the same model run with the timeinput operator Group This operation belongs to the group of Time operators Examples percalc Result map time Result map Prev Home Next timeinput timeoutput Is http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12975 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM timeoutput PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next timeoutput Name timeoutput Expression value of an uniquely identified cell or cells written to a time series per timestep Synopsis pereale ResultTimeSeries timeoutput idexpression expression idexpression boolean nominal ordinal spatial expression boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial ResultTimeSeries time series Operation This operation is used in the iterative s
347. signed a missing value on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5463 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 45 PM Next atan Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map atan Expr map Result map Expr map ans 27 os EI Home aspect Up boolean Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5463 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 45 PM boolean PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next boolean Name boolean Conversion data type to boolean data type Synopsis pcrcalc Result boolean expression expression nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result boolean dimension of expression Operation If expression is a PCRaster map or a calculation resulting in a PCRaster map of one of the data types nominal ordinal scalar directional or ldd converts to a Boolean data type with Boolean cell values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE Each expression cell value not equal to 0 is assigned a 1 TRUE on Result each expression cell value equal to 0 is assigned a 0 FALSE on Result Or it generates a map of boolean data type with one constant value If expression has no PCRaster data type boolean generates a boolean Result This is the case if expression is a number This number must be in the domain of the boolean map type i e 0 or 1 Result will be a map with the same location attributes as the global clone map
348. signment m for each cell on Result the maximum value of the Mapl Map2 Mapn cells that cover the Result cell is taken see also description subpixellength e subpixellength subpixellength must be a number equal to or between 0 and 2 5 default 2 5 This options gives the subpixel length as percentage of the cell length on Result Subpixels are used for calculating the percentage of a Result cell that is covered by a Map1 Map2 Mapn cell see also description If e 0 is set the highest accuracy possible smallest subpixel length is taken missing value assignment P percentmv percentmy must be a number equal to or between 0 and 100 default is 0 This option specifies the assignment of missing values For each cell on Result if the percentage of the cell that is covered by non missing value cells on Map1 Map2 Mapn is less than percentmv a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16402 htm 1 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM resample Operation With the resample operator one or more input maps Mapl Map2 Mapn are pasted in a new map Result The location attributes will be changed to the location attributes of Result The way this is done depends on some options you can specify the location attributes of Result with a clone map and paste in that map or determine the location attributes of Result on basis of the input expressions cookie cutter
349. sion a value is taken from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1 and assigned to the cell on Result Cells that have a value 0 FALSE on expression area assigned a missing value Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Cells See Also Section 6 3 2 Section 6 4 2 Examples pcrcalc Result map uniform uniqueid map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13210 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM uniform Result map Expr map Prev Home Next timeslice Up uniqueid http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r13210 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 13 PM unigueid PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next unidueid Name uniqueid Unique whole value for each Boolean TRUE cell Synopsis pereale Result uniqueid expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Operation For each cell that has a value 1 TRUE on expression assigns a unique whole positive value to Result starting with 1 Cells that have a value 0 FALSE on expression are assigned a value 0 Notes A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Coordinates unique ID s Examples percalc Result map uniqueid Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r13281 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 14 PM unigueid Result map Expr map Prev Home Next uniform Up upstr
350. sis percalc Result areanormal areaclass areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation The area to which a cell belongs is identified by areaclass cells with corresponding values on areaclass are member of a separate area The Result is generated with a random number generator for each area on areaclass arandom number is taken from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 This value is assigned to all cells belonging to that area Notes A cell with a missing value on areaclass is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Random number generators Areas See Also Section 6 1 11 Section 6 4 2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5068 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areanormal Examples pcrcalc Result map areanormal Class map Result map Class map AE l A D aaah 434p Tea 764b l 0 5 p lt adp 43 b dp Teef l l j Home areaminimum Up Prev Next areatotal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r5068 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 43 PM areatotal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next areatotal Name areatotal Sum of cell values within an area Synopsis percalc Result areatotal expression areaclass expression scalar spatial areaclass boolean nominal ordinal spatial Result scalar spatial Operation areaclass Identifies the class to which a c
351. slopelength Section 6 2 3 Examples pcrcalc Resultl map ldddist Ldd2 map Points map 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8045 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM ldddist Resultl map Ldd2 map Points map RETE we fw jw je 2 percalc Result2 map ldddist Ldd2 map Points2 map FrictMat map Result2 map Ldd2 map Points2 map FrictMat map pafe e pap Prev Next lddcreatedem lddmask http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r8045 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 55 PM lddmask PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next lddmask Name Iddmask Local drain direction map cut into a smaller sound local drain direction map Synopsis percalc Result lddmask ldd mask ldd Idd spatial mask boolean spatial Result Idd spatial Operation The cell values on mask are interpreted as boolean values where 1 is TRUE and 0 is FALSE The part of the local drain direction map 1dd which you want to cut out must totally be filled with 1 TRUE values on mask Each cell with a mask value 0 FALSE is assigned a missing value on Result Each cell with a mask value 1 TRUE is assigned a value which corresponds with the value on 1dd except cells with a mask value 1 that have a local drain direction on 1dd towards a cell with a 0 FALSE on mask These last named cells are outflow cells on the edge of the new ldd these are assigned a cell value 5 which is the Idd code for a pit Notes A cell
352. spaces empty lines can be used anywhere in the script all white space characters are ignored during execution of the script For a structured script we advise users to type the section keywords and the statements on separate lines Remarks about the contents of the script are typed after a character everything typed on a line after this character is ignored and has no effect on the function of the model A statement in a section may contain keywords names of variables or numbers Keywords are defined by the PCRaster Dynamic Modelling language and have a special meaning in the language For instance the section keyword defines the start of a section in the script Other keywords in a script are the PCRaster operators and for instance the report keyword Keywords must always be typed in lowercase characters Unlike a keyword the name of a variable is chosen by the user It may be the name of a PCRaster expression a map or a non spatial value or the name of a table or time series To distinguish between keywords and names of variables we strongly recommend that the name of a variable always begins with an uppercase character 5 1 2 2 Binding section In principle if a variable is not mentioned in the binding section the variable name in the script is directly linked to the corresponding file name in the PCRaster database the file in the database that is used or generated during a model run has a corresponding name in the script and in the database
353. spiration is the combined water loss to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants The actual evapotranspiration Eact mm day from a crop can be calculated with the relation chow88 Eact ks x kex Eref 1 where Eref mm day is the reference crop evapotranspiration of a specified green grass surface with a soil not short of water Eref depends on the weather conditions during the day for the sake of simplicity it is assumed to be constant The soil coefficient ks 0 lt ks lt 1 mainly depends on the soil water content of the soil and is also assumed to be one the soil is not short of water The crop coefficient kc depends on the sort of crop and may have a value of 0 2 for almost bare ground up to 1 3 for vegetation that transpires at a great rate such as corn It is assumed that a map is available with the crop coefficient values recoded from a land use map So the model assumes a temporarily constant evapotranspiration which for each day is given by Eact kc x Eref mm day http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1649 htm 7 van 12 3 2 2005 5 03 26 PM Dynamic modelling 2 As a result of evapotranspiration the soil moisture content mm decreases For simplicity it is assumed here that evapotranspiration is the only flow that changes the soil moisture content No other flows such as infiltrating rain or percolation to the deeper groundwater occur Figure 5 2 gives the change with
354. square neighbourhood windowmajority Most occurring cell value within a specified square neighbourhood windowmaximum Maximum cell value within a specified square neighbourhood windowminimum Minimum value within a specified square neighbourhood windowtotal Sum of values within a specified square neighbourhood xcoordinate X coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell xor Boolean XOR operation ycoordinate Y coordinate of each Boolean TRUE cell II PCRaster applications asc2map Converts from ascii file format to PCRaster map format col2map Converts from column file format to PCRaster map format legend Attaches a legend to or changes the legend of one or more maps map2asc Converts from PCRaster maps format to ascii file format map2col Converts from PCRaster map format to column file format mapattr Create anew PCRaster map change or display location attributes of existing PCRaster map resample Cuts one map or joins together several maps by resampling to the cells of the result map table Creates on basis of one or more maps a table with a score for each key in the table timeplot Plots timeseries in a x y lineplot on the computer screen Index List of Tables 2 1 List of data types domaines for default cell representation without legends 2 2 Example of a column table The first second and third column give the values of expression expression2 and expression3 respectively the fourth column contai
355. ssigns a value taken from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 uniform For each cell that is TRUE on a Boolean expression assigns a value taken from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1 6 1 12 Coordinates unique ID s uniqueid For each cell that is TRUE on a Boolean expression assigns a unique whole value xcoordinate For each cell that is TRUE on a Boolean expression assigns the xcoordinate of the cell ycoordinate For each cell that is TRUE on a Boolean expression assigns the ycoordinate of the cell Prev Home Next Dynamic modelling Neighbourhood operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c1935 htm 5 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 33 PM Neighbourhood operators PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Next 6 2 Neighbourhood operators 6 2 1 Windows operations windowaverage For each cell finds the average of cell values within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result windowdiversity For each cell finds the number of unique values within a specified square neighbourhood and assigns it to the corresponding cell for the result windowhighpass Increases spatial frequency within a specified square neighbourhood For each cell it calculates the sum of cell values of an expression in a specified surrounding neighbourhood this is subtracted from the cell values itself multiplied by twice the number of c
356. ssing value cells in a 3 x 3 cell window with the missing value cell or absent cell in the centre of the window Group This operation belongs to the group of Derivatives of elevation maps See Also nodirection aspect Examples pcrcalc Result map slope Dem map Result map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11328 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slope Prev Home Next sin slopelength IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r11328 htm 3 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 07 PM slopelength PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next slopelength Name slopelength Accumulative friction distance of the longest accumulative friction path upstream over the local drain direction network cells against waterbasin divides Synopsis percalc option Result slopelength ldd friction ldd Idd spatial friction scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue distance is measured in true distance default unitcell distance is measured in number of cell lengths Operation For a cell on a local drain direction network its catchment is made up of the cell itself the outflow cell and all cells that drain to the cell The catchment is circumscribed by the divide Call the cells in the catchment against this divide the divide cells of the catchment neighbouring cells of the divide cells are cells downstream of the divide cell in the
357. ssion are assigned without change to the corresponding cells on Result if expression is of data type scalar or direction the values on expression are truncated Or the operator generates a map of ordinal data type with one constant value If expression has no PCRaster data type an ordinal Result is generated This is the case if expression is a number This number must be in the domain of the ordinal data type i e a whole value Result will be a map with the same location attributes as the global clone map all cells will have the value of expression Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r10413 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM ordinal See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 4 Examples percalc Result map ordinal Expr map Result map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r10413 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 03 PM Next path path PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next path Name path Path over the local drain direction network downstream to its pit Synopsis percalc Result path ldd points ldd Idd spatial points boolean spatial Result boolean spatial Operation The cell values on points are interpreted as Boolean values where is TRUE and 0 is FALSE The operation determines for each TRUE cell on po
358. ssion must be greater than 0 Any cell value outside this range is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map In Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8480 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM Result map Expr map Prev Home Next le or lt Up log10 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8480 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM log10 PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev log10 Name log10 Log jg Synopsis percalc Result logi0 expression expression scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar dimension of expression Operation For each cell calculates the 17 logarithm of the cell value on expression and assigns it to the corresponding cell on Result Notes Next The cell values on expression must be greater than 0 Any cell value outside this range is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples percalc Result map logl0 Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8551 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM log10 Result map Expr map Prev Home Next In Up lookup http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8551 htm 2
359. sualizes a scalar map layer The total range in data values is devided in 16 equaly sized classes In the above case all but the lowest classes are situated in the Alps Compare this with figure 2b http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display screenshots html 2 van 3 8 2 2005 5 03 20 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots 2 PCRaster Display File Edit View Help zumal te dem map 3945 2344 16333 1390 30406 TAR CUTER 483 290863 201 502655 161 267059 6 06674062 11 2729692 13 1833973 14 3217258 16 dem map 1060 x 1245683 128 sy 66466 4723 2b To get a beter sense of the variability in the data values we need a way to assign more colours to lower regions This is a situation where you can use the logarithmic or shifted logarithmic classification method Since we have values below and equal to 0 we can t use the pure logarithmic classification You can find these options in the properties dialog of the drawer Clickpath Screenshots Versions page 20 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation display screenshots html 3 van 3 8 2 2005 5 03 20 PM PCRaster Website Screenshots People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands i Universiteit Utrecht Screenshots am nn Agua 2D Map Select item to draw Bounding box Scene Scene drawin
360. sult time Result scalar non spatial Operation This operation is used in the iterative sections dynamic storage and transport sections of a dynamic model script only For each timestep in a model run the operator assigns to Result the time at the timestep i under consideration The time at the first timestep i 1 is t start the time at the second timestep i 2 is start timeslice at the third time step i 3 is t start 2 x timeslice etc The time dimension in a model i a start timeslice is defined in the timer section of a Dynamic Modelling Script Group This operation belongs to the group of Time operators Examples percalc Result map time http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12769 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM time Result map Prev Home Next tan timeinput IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12769 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM timeinput PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next timeinput Name timeinput Cell values per timestep read from a time series that is linked to a map with unique identifiers Synopsis percalc Result timeinput type TimeSeries idexpression pereale Result timeinputnominal TimeSeries idexpression percalc Result timeinputboolean TimeSeries idexpression percalc Result timeinputnominal TimeSeries idexpression pereale Result timeinputordinal TimeSeries
361. t PCRaster maps The first option is mostly used the second option is a bit more difficult and does not always result in better prints Dumps of PCRaster maps visualised with display This is done by displaying the map on the screen and making a dump of the screen You will get a jpg bmp or gif format depending on the screen capture programme You need a screen capture programme for instance Paintshop running in Microsoft Windows evaluation edition can be downloaded from http www jasc com free of charge or capture express http www captureexpress com free of charge 1 Display the map 2 Capture the map display from the screen In Paintshop use Capture gt Setupto define the options and then Capture gt Start to grab the map 3 Edit if needed and save the captured map in your screen capture programme or copy paste it to e g powerpoint Converting PCRaster maps to postscript Direct conversion from PCRaster map format to encapsulated postscript format Resulting file can be printed on a postscript printer or imported to a graphics programme eg Freehand 3 Freehand 7 does not work Clickpath Printing Versions page 19 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k an aster http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates printing html 3 2 2005 5 04 27 PM
362. t for data that may only have two values TRUE or FALSE Boolean logic can be applied to maps of this data type The nominal data type represents data with an unlimited number of classes for instance soil groups The ordinal data type also represents data in classes unlike the nominal data type it includes the concept of order between the classes for instance classes that represent income groups The scalar and directional data type http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x120 htm 1 van 3 3 2 2005 5 03 25 PM Concepts kinds of data used in the database represent continuous data the scalar data type for data on a linear scale for instance elevation the directional data type for data on a circular scale for instance aspect in the terrain The Idd data type represents a map with a local drain direction network For each cell a local drain direction map contains a pointer to the neighbouring cell to which material for instance water will flow to The direction of these pointers is represented by Idd codes Section 2 3 describes the format of maps including the location attributes data types and legends in detail Relations between PCRaster maps can be defined by tables which is the second kind of data used in PCRaster see Figure 2 2 In a table map layers are combined by specifying keys Each key gives a certain combination of cell values of the map layers 1 2 3 A key may be for instance the cell of map 1 must have a value 6 the
363. tal For each cell assigns the sum of cells of cells that belong to the same area to the cell itself Areas are identified by cell values on a expression with classes clump Identifies all continuous groups of with the same value clumps cells belonging to one clump are assigned the same new unique value 6 3 2 Random number generation areas areanormal Assigns to each area one value taken from a normal distribution with a mean 0 and a standard deviation l areauniform Assigns to each area one value taken from a uniform distribution with a mean 0 and a standard deviation l Prev Home Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2278 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Area operations Neighbourhood operators Map operations IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x2278 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 34 PM Time operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 6 Functional list of PCRaster operators Next 6 5 Time operations 6 5 1 Time operations time Assigns for each time step the time at that time step summary not yet included in the software For each stime step writes the values of a given set of non spatial expressions to a time series timeinput Assigns for each time step one of a set of maps in the database Each time step the map is taken with the extension that refers to the time at the time step timeinput For each time step assigns cell values read from a time s
364. tal catchment for the entire upstream area cellarea Area of one cell celllength Horizontal and vertical length of a cell clump Contiguous groups of cells with the same value clumps cos Cosine cover Missing values substituted for values from one or more expression s defined Boolean TRUE for non missing values and FALSE for missing values directional Data conversion to the directional data type downstream Cell gets value of the neighbouring downstream cell downstreamdist Distance to the first cell downstream eq or Relational equal to operation on two expressions exp Base exponential fac Faculty or factorial of a natural positive number ge or gt Relational greater than or equal to operation gt or gt Relational greater than operation idiv Quotient of integer division of values on first expression by values on second expression if then Boolean condition determining whether value of expression or missing value is assigned to result if then else Boolean condition determining whether value of the first or second expression 1s assigned to result kinematic Dynamic calculation of streamflow through a channel ldd Data conversion from specific data types to local drain direction data type Iddcreate Local drain direction map with flow directions from each cell to its steepest http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman book1 htm 5 van 10 8 2 2005 5 03
365. ter map with the map2col operator The point data column file will be in plain column file format or in simplified Geo EAS format See the map2col operator Prev Home Next Time series database Global options and local options management IS http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x956 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Global options and local options PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Next 3 6 Global options and local options 3 6 1 Introduction setting global options Options define the exact detailed functionality of the PCRaster operators Two types of options are used in PCRaster Local options are set each time a PCRaster operation is performed Local options only apply to one PCRaster operator and are specified in the command line directly after percale by typing localoption with one character where localoption is the local option you want to set for the operation Unlike local options global options define general rules for a set of PCRaster operators Normally they are set only once for instance at the beginning of a project and affect all operations to which they are relevant If you use the MSDOS version of PCRaster you can set general global options by typing after the DOS prompt set PCROPTIONS globaloption globaloption2 globaloptionn where globaloptionl is one of the global options which unlike a local option is preceded by
366. tes of a map to other maps C when using this option two or more PCRmap1 PCRmap 2 PCRmapn must be specified These maps must have corresponding number of rows and corresponding number of columns The location attributes cell length projection angle upper left corner xyz yyy of the first map PCRmapl are copied to the other map s PCRmap2 PCRmapn The other map attributes are not changed Do not use c in combination with other options Options that result in operation without the menu If one of the following options are set mapattr does not invoke the menu So all attributes must be defined with the following options else the default values or the values of PCRclone see the global cloneoption are assigned R NumberOfRows Specifies the number of rows in the map that is generated NumberOfRows must be a whole positive value C NumberOfColumns Specifies the number of columns in the map that is generated NumberOfColumns must be a whole positive value B N O S D or L Specifies the data type of the map that is generated respectively boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd Default boolean or if clone is set the data type of the clone map PCRclone single or double and small or large In most case the default cell representation will be sufficient If you want you can specify the cell representations Scalar and directional data types single cell values are represented by singl
367. th the second column a column number c is related to an unique identifier c 1 The columns must be separated by one or more whitespace characters spaces tabs the number of characters does not matter 2 a plain time series file This is a file formatted like the time series file with header but without header lines During operation the values in a column of TimeSeries are assigned to the cells of Result that have an unique identifier on idexpression that corresponds with the unique identifier value associated http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12827 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 12 PM timeinput with the column of TimeSeries So idexpression must contain a set of whole unique identifier cell values starting with a value one that is related to the unique identifiers of the columns in TimeSeries cells with a value 1 are assigned data from the second column in TimeSeries cells with a value 2 are assigned data from the third column etc An example of a time series file with header is given in the table explained above It is meant for a dynamic model with starttime 1 endtime 6 and timeslice 1 It gives precipitation for three areas For instance values for the area of station B are in the third column These are assigned to cells of Result that have a value 2 on idexpression Notes Cells with an unique identifier on idexpression that is not represented by a column associated with the same unique identifier on TimeS
368. that data subject This means that the animation control dialog is global to the data subject and controls all its observers Controls There s a difference between controlling the camera your head and the 3D scene You can control the position and aim of the camera see Table 4 2 Controls for changing the position and orientation of the Camera You can only control the orientation of the scene see Table 4 3 Controls for changing the orientation of the scene Together these controls enable you to look at every part of the scene from everywhere Table 4 2 Controls for changing the position and orientation of the camera Effect Control a aI llookleR __ h Teft mouse drag left right mouse drag left lookup k right mouse drag forwards SSS look down _ j right mouse drag backwards follclockwise h follcounter clockwisefm SSS EE SSS Table 4 3 Controls for changing the orientation of the scene Effect Control rotate clockwise around z axis Left rotate counter clockwise around z axis Right rotate clockwise around x axis Up rotate counter clockwise around x axis Down reset r The camera and the scene have their own coordinate system which can be moved and rotated independently from each other You should interpret the above controls relative to the direction of the coordinate system of the camera or the scene For example moving the camera forward means moving the camera in the direction o
369. the general options described at the start of the resample text may be given optional If more than one input map Mapl Map2 Mapn is given these must have the same projection and angle the remaining location attributes may be different Result will have the same projection and angle as the input maps the cell size is taken from the first input map Map1 The xy yyy coordinates and the number of rows and columns are calculated as follows first the operations related to the options b bordersize or c bordersize are performed the smallest rectangle around the edges of the input maps is determined including or excluding missing values The rectangle is enlarged or reduced by adding or removing a border at all sides of the map This new rectangle is the approximate size of the Result its top left vertex is the xy yu coordinate of Result Rows and columns of cells are laid down in the rectangle starting at XuL Yyr If the number of columns or rows needed to fill up the rectangle is a fractional number the rectangle is somewhat always less than one cel length expanded or contracted at the right and bottom sides until a whole number of rows and columns of cells fits into the rectangle This number of rows and columns is assigned to Result Expansion or contraction is specified with x default or a respectively to modify cell length celllength r celllength celllength is the cell length which is assigned to Result unittrue or
370. the key fields which will be linked to PCRmapl The first column consists of the dummy field and the key fields which will be linked to PCRmap2 The remaining fields http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16682 htm 4 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table must be filled in with arbitrary values these will be replaced by the scores Group This operation belongs to the group of Point operators relations in tables See Also lookup Examples table n 4 PCRmapl map Resultl txt PCRMapl1 map po fe e fe dae ads foe U 86 add gt 0 Dad p215 J 24 ejeli feie se ja fas fe 2 table n 4 h PCRmapl map Result2 txt PCRMapl map ao ae a ae ae 78889 0035162 6 03516 10 0059 gt ia fas Jer ee SRO edel pe sla fla pe jaojujs ie 3 table i Input txt PCRmapl map PCRmap2 map Result3 txt oO un wa http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r16682 htm 5 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM table Input txt lt 6 2 lt 6 gt 2 lt 6 3 lt 6 gt 3 PCRMapl map a ss o ferspess fe sl fos Input2 txt Result4 txt 4 table m 2 i Input2 txt Result4 txt 2 lt 1 5 2 0 2 2 0 lt 1 5 2 lt 5 10 1 1 21 1 lt 5 10 2 lt 10 20 3 1 2 3 1 lt 10 20 3 lt 20 30 4 1 3 4 1 lt 20 30 Prev resample d Result2 map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r16682 htm 6 van 6 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM lt 6 2 4 Next
371. then 1 else 0 in your model In most cases these patterns can be rewritten If these patterns are nested likeinif if tryrephrasing in terms of and or xor and not Clickpath Boolean data Versions page 18 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates boolean html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 25 PM PCRaster Website Inverse distance Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands i ini Universiteit Utrecht Inverse distance pcrcalc result inversedistance mask points idp radius maxNr synopsis result scalar spatial mask boolean spatial or non spatial points scalar spatial idp scalar spatial or non spatial radius scalar spatial or non spatial maxNr scalar spatial or non spatial Options unittrue unitcell unittrue radius is measured in true distance default unitcell radius is measured in number of cell lengths Description Interpolate values from point data Operation for each cell having a value 1 TRUE in mask a value is interpolated using weighted average of all non missing value points on points The weighted average method is an inverse distance scheme with a weight of d idp radius allows to select only the points at a distance less or equal to the cell a value is computed If radius is 0 or less then there is
372. ther solution is to cover the generated missing values Result map cover VarA map VarB map SomeZero map 0 This kind of debugging is of limited use if one applies operations that generate missing values on purpose such as if then without the else clause in this way Temp map if VarA map eg VarB map then VarC map Result map cover Temp map 0 If the d option is used then the creation of Temp map will create an error message Rewriting the operation fixes this Temp map if VarA map eq VarB map then VarC map else 0 Clickpath Debugging Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates debug html 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website Argument substitution Home Introduction Demo Downloads Documentation Support Courses Case studies Publications Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht substitution of arguments with a construct In both command line expressions and model scripts parts of the model can be substituted from shell like arguments For example sum_2 mod Sl 62 3 Calling percalc f sum 2 mod sum_2 map add 1 map add_2 map Is equal to percalc sum 2 map add_l map add_2 map On the command line the model and the arguments need to be separated by For example percale 1
373. time with a timestep of 1 day in the soil moisture content at a gridcell according to this concept This Figure also shows the critical moisture content which is the moisture content value below which shortage in soil moisture may occur Figure 5 2 Change of Soil moisture content mm with time timestep one day Included process evapotranspiration MoistInit moisture content at start of model run mm MoistCrit critical moisture content mm Eact actual evapotranspiration mm day MoistInit I Fact mm day Ps od MEE Ee N ee ek eee EE EEn soil moisture content mm m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DP 2 time days gt Now let s make a model for the process described above and shown in the Figure 5 2 Inputs for such a model are maps containing for each cell the initial moisture content and the critical moisture content Additionally in order to calculate the actual evapotranspiration a map with the crop coefficients for each cell and one constant value of the reference crop evapotranspiration is needed The model must calculate with equation 2 and store in the database for each timestep a map with the moisture content at that timestep Here we also assume that the model builder wants to know for each timestep the maximum moisture content in the study area and the area of land that has a moisture content below the critical value Table 2 below gives the script for such a model Two maps already present in the database ar
374. tion Result xcoordinate expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Options unittrue or unitcell unittrue coordinates are expressed in true distance coordinates default unitcell coordinates are expressed in unit cell lengths where the minimum x coordinate of a cell centre is 0 5 and the maximum x coordinate of a cell centre is x 0 5 where x is the number of columns of cells assignment of coordinates coorcentre for each cell the coordinate of the cell centre is assigned default coorul for each cell the coordinate of the upper left corner is assigned coorlr for each cell the coordinate of the lower right corner is assigned http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14502 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM xcoordinate Operation For each cell that has a value 1 TRUE on expression assigns the x coordinate of the cell to the cell on Result Cells with a value 0 FALSE on expression are assigned a missing value Notes A cell with a missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Coordinates unique ID s Examples percalc coorlr Result map xcoordinate Expr map Result map Expr map ag mefe eeffee Home windowtotal Up xor Prev Next http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14502 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 18 PM PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next
375. tion are seperated by as in 1 10 900 endtime that defines 4 moments A range of moments can be given by the syntax start step end Step increases the moments up and including end In the example above stack2_ will be reported at timestep 5 10 15 25 etc until 1000 If the is omitted a step value of 1 is assumed In other words 5 10 and 5 1 10 will both result in 5 6 7 8 9 10 A report moment definition can also be placed within the report statements timer 1 1000 1 initial dynamic report endtime stack1_ input map report 1 5 3 12 stack2_ input map In the example above stack1_ is only reported at the last step and stack2_ at 1 5 8 11 A special report definition is reportdefault Defining this one in the timer section causes all stack reports without explicit moments to report only at particular moments timer 1 1000 1 reportdefault 900 5 endtime initial dynamic report stackl_ input map report stack2_ input map Both stack1_ and stack2_ are reported at steps 900 905 910 1000 Clickpath Report Versions page 19 August 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates report html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 26 PM PCRaster Website New functions Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht New functions in pcrcalc
376. tion between all four species but for the time being we can only run the model for the two measured species PCRaster allows for indexed variables to be switched on and off thus defining whether they should be part of the actual simulation or not The syntax for this switching is to add a minus sign before each index in the type definition that should not be modeled binding PlantSpecies Speciesl Quercus Species Fagus Species3 HerbivoreSpecies Herbivorel Herbivore2 ImportantValuel PlantSpecies indexscalar Species tbl In this example PlantSpecies Species and Species3 are defined but not included in the simulation The indexscalar statement thus yields only one variable Important Value1 Species2 This ImportantValue1 for Species2 has to be defined in the table Species tbl otherwise an error occurs For Species and Species3 the ImportantValuel does not have to be defined since the simulation will never try to access these values There is one catch when switching off an index A switched off index can not be explicitly addressed in a statement like in DerivedValue Species3 ImportantValuel Species3 But switched off indices are usable in defining array sets and foreach structures as shown in the next sections Once the datasets for Species and Species3 are available it is now very simple to incorporate them into the model by erasing their minus sign Note that we can use the plus sign
377. transport through neighbouring cells Top system diagram of an open system representing one cell Resultflux from upstream cells CELL OPEN SYSTEM inflow from Ad Upstream cells Transport condition map total input to the gt cell Result flux P Result map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 6 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations Result flux to downstream cell local drain direction map The principle of material transport over this drainage network can be explained using the general systems approach In this approach each cell is an open system The direction and pattern of transport of material through the map representing a set of systems is given by the local drain direction map for each cell it defines its upstream neighbours from which material is transported to the cell and its downstream neighbour to which material is transported see Figure 4 7 The state of the cells at the start of the operation is defined by an input map that gives the amount of material that is available for transport This material map contains for each cell the input of material to the cell at the start of the operation For instance it may have cell values that represent the amount of rain falling in a cell or the amount of loose soil material that is available in a cell for transport The most simple transport operation accuflux does not include conditions that impose restrictions on the
378. ttp pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r14738 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM General approach to Cartographic Modelling PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic Modelling Next 4 2 General approach to Cartographic Modelling In PCRaster a stack of map layers represents the landscape Each map layer Mapl Map2 Map3 can be thought of as defining an attribute containing geographical data for that attribute The property of each cell is defined as consisting of the set of attribute values stored to that cell on the map layers Figure 4 1 Generation of a NewMap as a result of maplayers Map1 Map2 Map3 Map 3 Map 2 Map 1 Newimap When performing one PCRaster operation from the PCRaster command line the property of each cell is changed by generating a new map layer representing a new attribute as a function of one or more existing overlays see Figure 4 1 So for each cell the value of the Newmap layer can be expressed as in conceptual notation not in PCRaster notation Newmap f Mapl1 Map2 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1224 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM General approach to Cartographic Modelling where Mapl Map2 are the cell values of one or more overlays in the database and fis one of the functions from the set of PCRaster operations An example of an operation may be the amount of water that accumulates in each cell Newmap cell values calculated as a res
379. ttribute value of PCRclone is assigned to the map that is generated If clone is not set the following defaults are used data type boolean cell representation small integer projection y increases from top to bottom upper left corner xyz yyz 0 0 cell length 1 and angle 0 Print information for all maps P gives information for all maps PCRmapl PCRmap2 PCRmapn from top to bottom number of rows number of columns cell length data type cell representation projection angle in degrees upper left corner xyz Yyz minimum value maximum value PCRaster version number file id i e the number of the file used internally by PCRaster native not native specifies whether the byte order of the file is native y is printed or not native n is printed big endian or little endian attribute table specifies whether the file contains additional attributes y is printed like for example a legend or a colour palette or not n Options that apply to operation with the menu Change location attributes of an existing map e http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16156 htm 1 van 5 3 2 2005 5 04 21 PM mapattr starts the menu allowing to change the location attributes projection upper left corner xyz Yyz cell length and angle of the existing map PCRmapl The other map attributes are fixed Only one map PCRmapl can be specified Do not use e in combination with other options Copy location attribu
380. turn notifies all visualizations of the cursor change Synchronizing visualizations by visualization groups enables you to quickly query your datasets for information But sometimes it is useful to create different visualization groups for the same data sets For example if you want to compare data for different time steps with each other then you must put the data in different visualization groups Note Future releases of the software will contain more visualization group related functionality For example it would be very useful to be able to copy a whole visualization group so you can easily compare data for different time steps with each other To do that now you have to create a new group add visualizations to it and load the data Prev Up Next Map3D Home Appendix A Shortcuts http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual ch04s04 html 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM Appendix A Shortcuts Appendix A Shortcuts dae Next Appendix A Shortcuts Table A 1 Shortcuts to Aguila functions lose Crw SCS Prev Up Next Visualization groups Appendix B Static versus dynamic group Home ES linkage http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual apa html 3 2 2005 5 03 17 PM Appendix B Static versus dynamic linkage Appendix B Static versus dynamic linkage Prev Next Appendix B Static versus dynamic linkage There re two versions of the software a statically linked executable and a dynamically linke
381. twork See Also data type local drain direction network local drain direction network PCRaster map representation of flow paths in a landscape Each cell contains a pointer towards its downstream neighbour or no pointer in case it is a pit See Also outlet point pit location attributes The information entities attached to a PCRaster map which give together all spatial properties of the map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman g2424 htm 4 van 8 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM Glossary map The collection of digital information about a part of the earth s surface The kind of maps used in PCRaster is the PCRaster map module A piece of the PCRaster package with a distinct functionality N nominal data type Data type for classified data without order See Also data type ordinal data type number of columns Location attribute The number of columns in a PCRaster map See Also column number of rows Location attribute The number of rows in a PCRaster map See Also row O operation One static manipulation of one or more database components with one operator or several operators nested in one operation resulting in one or more database components PCRaster map table time series point data column file operator A primitive PCRaster function of Map Algebra Cartographic Modelling Dynamic Modelling and GIS It calculates a result on basis of one or more inputs Both the result and the
382. ual Prev Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Next 3 3 Tables database management 3 3 1 Introduction Section 3 3 2 describes how to create or edit a table 3 3 2 Creating and editing tables By default the PCRaster package uses column tables For defining relations between two maps of boolean nominal ordinal or ldd data type it is sometimes better to use matrices instead of column tables If you want to use the matrix tables set the global option matrixtable This option can be set for one separate operation or as general global option How this is done will be described later on in this chapter Section 3 6 If a relationship is specified between more than two maps in the matrix the relation can not be described by a matrix table PCRaster will automatically use a column table A table for the PCRaster operator lookup for creating a new map on basis of a table or an input table for the operator table for counting the number of cells that match the key can be made with a text editor or alternatively with spreadsheet or word processing programs by exporting your table as a file in ascii text format Additionally the table operator itself generates a correctly formatted table which can be used possibly with a few edits as input table for the lookup operator Prev Home Next PCRaster maps database Up Time series database management management http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman
383. uct is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with missing value on expressionl and or expression is assigned a missing value on Result Result expressionl is an alternative notation for Result Result expressionl Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3147 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM Examples percalc Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Result map Exprl map Expr2 map Prev Home Next or div Up dek http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r3147 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 36 PM kk PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next Name __ nth power of a first expression where n is the value of a second expression Synopsis percalc Result expression power expression scalar spatial non spatial power scalar spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial if expression or power is spatial else non spatial Operation For each cell raises the cell values on expression to the nth power where n is the cell value on power The result of this calculation is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result Notes A cell with a value 0 on expression and a value less than or equal to 0 on power is assigned a missing value on Result Also a cell with a value less than 0 on expression and a negative whole number on power is assigned a missing value on Result A cell with a missing value on expression
384. ues on expression are truncated Or the operation generates a map of nominal data type with one constant value If expression is not a PCRaster map a nominal Result is generated This is the case if expression is a number This number must be in the domain of the nominal map type i e a whole value Result will be a map with the same location attributes as the global clone map all cells will have the value of expression Notes A cell with missing value on expression is assigned a missing value on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Conversion and assignment http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9982 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM nominal See Also Section 2 3 3 Section 2 3 3 3 Examples percalc Result map nominal Expr map Result map Expr map Prev Home nodirection Up http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9982 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 02 PM Next normal normal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next normal Name normal Boolean TRUE cell gets value taken from a normal distribution Synopsis pereale Result normal expression expression boolean spatial non spatial Result scalar spatial Operation A random generator is used to generate the Result for each cell that has a value 1 TRUE on expression a value is taken from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 and assigned to the cell on Result Cells that have a value 0
385. ult Group This operation belongs to the group of Arithmetic operators Examples pcrcalc Result map sqrt Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12376 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 11 PM sart Result map Expr map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12376 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 11 PM Next streamorder streamorder PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next streamorder Name streamorder Stream order index of all cells on a local drain direction network Synopsis pereale Result streamorder ldd ldd ldd spatial Result ordinal spatial Operation The classification of stream networks was originally developed by Horton and modified by Strahler strahler64 Following the scheme of Strahler streamorder designates an order 1 to the smallest channels which are the cells with no upstream cells connected to that cell Where two channels of order 1 join a channel of order 2 results downstream In general where two channels of order i join a channel of order i 1 results Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also accuflux Examples pcrcalc Result map streamorder Ldd map http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12445 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 11 PM streamorder Result map A A T LL Y jE q s http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r12445 htm 2 van 2 3 2 20
386. ult of an amount of rain on Map1 transported to the cells over the drainage network on Map2 Instead of using a single function a PCRaster script for Cartographic Modelling changes the property of a cell according to an instruction given by a set of functions f1 2 3 that use both Map layers already present and the Newmap layers generated during execution of the script The result may be the creation of several Newmaps containing new values for each cell this is a conceptual notation not a PCRaster command line Newmapl Newmap2 f1 2 f3 Mapl1 Map 2 Newmapl1 Newmap 2 where Newmapl1 Newmap 2 are map layers generated during execution of the script An example may be an extension of the process described above the amount of water accumulated Newmapl created on basis of Mapl and Map2 may result in evaporation Newmap2 which is a function of both the amount of water accumulated Newmap1 and landuse Map3 In this manual the PCRaster operators for the functions fhave been grouped according to the sort of spatial relations that are included in the function The classes of point operations neighbourhood operations area operations and map operations are described in Section 4 3 to Section 4 6 Prev Home Next Cartographic Modelling Up Point operations http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x1224 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 19 PM Point operations PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 4 Cartographic
387. umentation aguila manual index html 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Next User manual of Aguila B Static versus dynamic linkage Note for Linux users C Qt GUI Toolkit D OpenGL Graphics Library Glossary List of Figures 1 1 A subject consisting of a stack a timeseries and a cursor position 1 2 Three observers a 3D map a timeplot and a 2D map visualization 1 3 A group three observers observing one subject List of Tables 3 1 Command line arguments 4 1 Controls for changing the scale and position of the map 4 2 Controls for changing the position and orientation of the camera 4 3 Controls for changing the orientation of the scene 4 4 Camera s 4 5 Shortcuts A 1 Shortcuts to Aguila functions Next Chapter 1 Concepts http pcraster geog uu nl documentation aguila manual index html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 15 PM Chapter 1 Concepts Chapter 1 Concepts Ee Next Chapter 1 Concepts It is important to understand a few concepts on which the software is based The most important concepts are the notion of subjects observers and their relationships within visualization groups A subject is a combination of data and state Data can be a stack of raster layers containing elevation values or a timeseries with soil classes for a certain location or both or any other combination of data which the software is willing to read State is the current cursor position Apart from data a subject also
388. umentation pcrman x1445 htm 1 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling of course on the operator see for a description per operator Reference I List of PCRaster Operators If more than one option is given the options are separated by a space For instance col2map S v 3 colfile txt sodium map Operations that do use percale are given by typing after the prompt In DOS pereale options Result operator expressionl expressionn In UNIX pereale options Result operator expression 1 expressionn where operator is one of the percale operators and expression1 expressionn are PCRaster maps or pereale operations resulting in a PCRaster map with a data type that applies to the operator In some cases a single number may be filled in for the expressions see below Result is a PCRaster map Sometimes no brackets are used or the syntax is somewhat different For the syntax per operator see Reference I List of PCRaster Operators Whether quotes are used or not depends on whether the command line contains a DOS or UNIX special symbol Without quotes a special symbol in the command is interpreted as having the meaning defined by DOS or UNIX In UNIX the sign is a special symbol As a result quotes must be used in UNIX for all percale operations No special symbols of DOS are used in percale operations except the s and gt symbols in a few operations So in general quotes
389. umnfile may contain the characters eE 0123456789 Fields may not be empty valid fields are for instance 25 11 3324 4E 12 which represents 3324 4 x 10 12 22 which represents 0 22 The Table below gives an example of a column file in simplified Geo EAS format Example 2 2 Example of a point data column file in simplified Geo EAS format pH data January 17 4 xcoor ycoor pHfield pHlab 349 34 105 03 3 4 4 1 349 36 102 51 3 4 4 1 348 89 104 00 3 6 4 1 348 44 102 68 3 5 4 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x761 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM Point data column files 349 89 104 72 3 8 4 1 Prev Home Next Time series How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman x761 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 23 PM Hardware and software requirements installation PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 1 Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Next 1 6 Hardware and software requirements installation PCRaster runs under UNIX or MS DOS 3 1 or higher For the DOS version a 386 machine or equivalent with coprocessor and 4 MB RAM is required A VGA monitor is required for displaying VGA colour is recommended For installation see the PCRaster professional edition installation sheet appended to the software Prev Home Next ADAM module error propagation Up The Database http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcr
390. unitcell http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r16402 htm 3 van 4 3 2 2005 5 04 23 PM resample unittrue cellength in the option r is real distance default unitcell cellength in the option r is distance in unit cell lengths map expansion or contraction x 1f the area covered by the smallest rectangle around the input maps contains a fractional number of rows and columns of Result cells the number of rows and columns is rounded off upwards the map is expanded default a if the area covered by the smallest rectangle around the input maps contains a fractional number of rows and columns of Result cells the number of rows and columns is rounded off upwards the map is contracted This functionality of resample is meant for changing the cell size of the first input map No clone map must be given The option r cellength must be set additionally you can specify unittrue or unitcell x or a or the general options described at the top of the resample text It is quite unlikely that you want to specify more than one map so first the operation with one map is explained Result will have the projection angle xyz yyy coordinate of the input map Mapl The cell length of the input map is changed according to the option r cellength and this length is assigned to Result The area covered by the input map is filled up with cells of the new cell size starting at XuL YuL If this results in a fractional number of
391. urs in diagonal directions During operation of the command the spreading is executed from all non zero cells on points over all possible paths For determination of the friction distance cell values on Result for each cell the path from a non zero cell on points is chosen with the shortest friction distance So during the execution of the spread operation for each cell the friction distance for each possible path from the non zero cells on points to the cell under consideration is calculated and then the path with the shortest friction distance is chosen On Result each cell is assigned the points cell value of the cell where the shortest path to the cell begins Cells for which no path is found are assigned a value 0 Notes The values on friction must be larger than zero Missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist and friction are assigned a missing value on Result Potential shortest paths that cross missing value cells on points initialfrictiondist or friction are are not considered Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 4 Idddist slopelength Examples percalc Resultl map spreadzone Points map 0 1 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r12143 htm 2 van 3 3 2 2005 5 04 10 PM Spreadzone Resultl map Points map pcrcalc Result2 map spreadzone Points2 map Initial2 map FrictMat2 map Result2 map Points2 m
392. ut of material downstream over a local drain direction network when transport trigger is exceeded acos Inverse cosine and Boolean AND operation areaarea The area of the area to which a cell belongs areaaverage Average cell value of within an area areadiversity Number of unique cell values within an area areamajority Most often occurring cell value within an area areamaximum Maximum cell value within an area areaminimum Minimum cell value within an area areanormal Value assigned to an area taken from a normal distribution areatotal Sum of cell values within an area areauniform Value assignseds to area taken from an uniform distribution asin Inverse sine aspect Aspects of a map using a digital elevation model http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r2850 htm 1 van 5 3 2 2005 5 03 24 PM List of PCRaster Operators atan Inverse tangent boolean Conversion data type to boolean data type catchment Catchment s of one or more specified cells catchmenttotal Total catchment for the entire upstream area cellarea Area of one cell celllength Horizontal and vertical length of a cell clump Contiguous groups of cells with the same value clumps cos Cosine cover Missing values substituted for values from one or more expression s defined Boolean TRUE for non missing values and FALSE for missing values directional Data conversion to the directional data typ
393. values equal to 0 or between 0 and 360 or 2 pi if the global option radians is set A cell with no direction a flat area has a value 1 Result isa Boolean expression where 1 is TRUE for cells with no direction and 0 is FALSE for cells with a direction Each cell without a direction on expression is assigned a 1 Boolean TRUE on Result Cells that have a direction on expression are assigned a 0 Boolean FALSE on Result Notes Group This operation belongs to the group of Missing value creation See Also aspect slope http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9905 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM nodirection Examples percalc Result map nodirection Expr map Result map Prev Home Next ne or Up nominal http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r9905 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 01 PM nominal PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next nominal Name nominal Data conversion data type nominal data type Synopsis pcrcalc Result nominal expression expression boolean ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial Result nominal dimension of expression Operation If expression is a PCRaster map or a calculation resulting in a PCRaster map it is converted if expression is of one of the data types boolean ordinal or Idd the cell values on expression are assigned without change to the corresponding cells on Result if expression is of data type scalar or direction the val
394. van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 56 PM lookup PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next lookup Name lookup Compares cell value s of one or more expression s with the search key in a table Synopsis percalc option Result lookupboolean table expression 1 expression 2 expression n pereale option Result lookupnominal table expression 1 expression 2 expression n percalc option Result lookupordinal table expression 1 expression 2 expression n percalc option Result lookupscalar table expression 1 expression 2 expression n percale option Result lookupdirectional table expression 1 expression 2 expression n percalc option Result lookupldd table expression 1 expression 2 expression n table ascii text table expressionl n boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial Result type is specified by the sort of command lookupboolean results in a boolean Result lookupnominal results in a nominal Result etc spatial non spatial if all expressions l n are non spatial Options columntable or matrixtable columntable a column table is read always default matrixtable if two expressions expressionl expression expressionn are specified in the command line a matrix table is read instead of a column table degrees or radians http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman r8621 htm 1 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 57 PM l
395. will terminate the model run with a message like RUN TIME ERROR prevEst has no value The solution is to define a dummy operation on prevEst just after the repeat until construct prevEst initial estimate repeat nextEst estimate difference nextEst prevEst prevEst nextExt until difference lt 0 00001 dummy operation prevEst prevEst 0 Clickpath Conditional iteration with repeat until Versions page 24 November 2004 website 18 February 2005 Webmaster In uu oeg gnojed k http pcraster geog uu nl documentation manual_updates repeatUntil html 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 04 24 PM PCRaster Website Boolean data Projects People Links Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Universiteit Utrecht A note on boolean data and if then else It seems that the use of boolean true false data in models is a difficult subject for many users I see a lot of very complicated expressions in user models that are unnecessary and error prune This week a small bug was discovered in pcrcalc that only happens when users write this kind of very complicated expressions The bug will NOT yield wrong results but simply refuses to run certain models Very often I see model fragments like nearGroundWater if GroundWaterLevel It 20 then 1 else 0 or nearGroundWater boolean if GroundWaterLevel lt 20 then 1 else 0 This is identical to the muc
396. with the difference that a modified digital elevation model is created instead of a local drain direction map The modified digital elevation model fits the local drain direction map generated on the basis of the original digital elevation model Not real cores are removed from the local drain direction map Additionally an extra option needed for creation of the modified digital elevation model can be specified The expressions used for the pit removing process out flowdepth corevolume corearea catchmentprecipitation and the options unitcell unittrue and lddout lddin have exactly the same meaning and are used in the same way as with the Iddcreate operation So before you start making modified dem s using Iddcreatedem we advise you to read and study the description of the Iddcreate command first First a local drain direction map is generated internally using elevation This is done after the manner of the Iddcreate operator but it is not saved as an expression Second the original digital elevation model elevation is modified in such a way that it fits this local drain direction map This modified digital elevation model is saved as Result The cell values on Result correspond with the values on elevation with the exception that the elevation of cells in cores of pit cells is changed This is done for cores of pit cells which are removed only the elevation in cores of pits which are not removed remains unaffected The way elevation valu
397. ws Let f riction sourcecell and friction destinationcell be the friction values at the cell where is moved from and at its first downstream cell where is moved to respectively While moving from the source cell to the destination cell the friction distance increases with distance x friction sourcecell frict ion destinationcell 2 where distance is the distance between the centre of the sourcecell and the centre of the destination cell This distance equals the cell length if the source cell and the destination cell are neighbours in horizontal or vertical directions it equals sqrt 2 multiplied by the cell length if the cells are neighbours in diagonal directions For each cell its path is followed in downstream direction until a TRUE cell on points is reached The friction distance covered at the centre of this TRUE cell is assigned to the cell where the path started and saved as Result If no cell is crossed which is TRUE on points a missing value is sent to the cell where the path started Notes The values on friction must be larger than zero For cells which are TRUE on points the friction distance is zero and a 0 is assigned to Result Ifa cell has a missing value on 1dd points and or friction a missing value is assigned to the corresponding cell and to all its upstream cells on Result Group This operation belongs to the group of Neighbourhood operators local drain directions See Also Section 4 4 4
398. x924 htm 3 2 2005 5 03 27 PM Point data column files database management PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Chapter 3 How to Import or Export Data Display Maps Global Options Next 3 5 Point data column files database management 3 5 1 Introduction The format of point data column files has been explained in the previous chapter Section 2 6 Underneath Section 3 5 2 the database management with point data column filess described 3 5 2 Creating point data column files conversion to from PCRaster maps If you have spatial data in a spread sheet program database management program or a package for statistics you can create a point data column file by exporting your data as ascii formatted text Before exporting we advise you to put the x and y coordinates in the first and second column respectively The third and following columns may contain the data After exporting as ascii text you can check and edit the ascii column file with a text editor If you want to convert it to a PCRaster map it must have the simplified Geo EAS format or the plain column file format which is described in the previous chapter Section 2 6 Conversion is done with the col2map operator Section 3 2 1 about importing to a PCRaster map or see the operator col2map Interpolation of regular or irregular spaced point data to a PCRaster map can be done with the gstat module Additionally you can create a point data column file by exporting data from a PCRas
399. xamples pcrcalc Result map if Cond map then Exprl map Result map Exprl map Prev Home Next idiv Up if then else http pcraster geog uu nl documentation perman r7155 htm 2 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 52 PM if then else PCRaster Version 2 Manual Prev Next if then else Name if then else Boolean condition determining whether value of the first or second expression is assigned to result Synopsis percalc Result if condition then expressionl else expression2 percalcResult 1f condition expressionl expression2 condition boolean spatial non spatial expressionl boolean nominal ordinal scalar directional Idd spatial non spatial expression2 type of expressionl spatial non spatial Result type of expressionl spatial non spatial if condition expressionl and expression are all non spatial Operation The cell values on condition are interpreted as Boolean values where is TRUE and 0 is FALSE For each cell the cell value on condition determines whether the value of the corresponding cell on expressionl or expression2 is assigned to the corresponding cell on Result if condition has a cell value 1 TRUE the value on expressionl is assigned Result if condition has a cell value 0 FALSE the value on expression 2 is assigned to Result Notes A cell with a missing value on condition results in a missing value on Result at the corresponding cell A cell with a value 1 TRUE on condition and a
400. y be given in the binding section If the PCRaster DOS version is used an additional advantage of the binding section is that it allows one to get rid of the DOS rules for filenames format 8 3 xxxxxxxx xxx in the model part of the script the unpractical DOS names with a dot can be replaced by model names which may be as long as you want with or without a dot In the binding section the name of a file in the database is bound linked to its name in the model with the following statement binding is that it allows to get round the DOS rules for filenames format http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1445 htm 4 van 6 3 2 2005 5 03 32 PM Command syntax and script files for cartographic modelling XXXXXXXX XXX in the script the unpractical DOS names with a dot can be replaced by model names which may be as long as you want with or without a dot A script with a binding definition is divided up in two sections the binding section and the initial section It has a structure as follows binding binding statement initial operation of calc operation of calc The binding section starts with the section keyword binding Each line after this keyword contains one binding statement Each statement gives a name for a PCRaster map or table in the script that is different from the file name of that variable in the database Both file names used as input files for the model and names that are stored to the database during a mo
401. y a local drain direction map the operators Idddist and spreadldd and the closely related spreadlddzone calculate the friction distance in upstream and downstream direction from the source cells respectively The operator slopelength calculates the friction distance in downstream direction from the catchment divide The above mentioned operations belong to both the group of spread operations and the group of operations with local drain direction maps with friction like in spread http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman x1280 htm 5 van 8 3 2 2005 5 04 20 PM Neighbourhood operations 4 4 5 Transport of material over a ldd 4 4 5 1 Introduction The third group of neighbourhood operations are the operations for hydrologic modelling of transport of material over a local drain direction network These operations discussed in the next section calculate the amount of material transported from upstream cells which is stored in the cell or transported out of the cell 4 4 5 2 Operations for transport of material over a Idd The operations for transport of material over a local drain direction network can be used for modelling processes that include transport in a downslope direction In most cases these will be used for hydrologic modelling of water transport or for modelling material transported by water Figure 4 7 Material transport over a local drain direction network Bottom Local drain direction map defining pattern of
402. y field is a single value or a range of values where a range of values is typed as or lt symbol minimum value comma character maximum value or gt symbol The minimum and maximum values are included in the range if square brackets and are used they are not included if point brackets lt or gt are used Omitting a value in the range definition means infinity Ranges can be used for nominal ordinal scalar and directional data types Values in keys are typed as an ordinary number for instance 24 453 or by using base 1g exponentials for instance 32 45e3 means 32450 Column tables may consist of as many tuples as needed Remember that when linking maps with the operator lookup for each cell the value field is assigned of the first tuple from top to bottom that matches the set of expression expression expressionn values of the cell 2 matrix table A 2D matrix table contains the relations between two expressions expression1 expression2 where an expression is a PCRaster map or a computation with PCRaster operators resulting in a PCRaster map Table Table 2 3 gives an example of a matrix table The matrix table is an ascii table with the following format The first field in the top left corner of the matrix is not considered during PCRaster operations but is necessary to align the matrix it is a dummy field and may have any value The first row consists of this dummy field and the key fields which are li
403. y other modelling or GIS package can be done using PCRaster conversion operations The central concept of PCRaster is a discretization of the landscape in space resulting in cells of information Each cell can be regarded as a set of attributes defining its properties but one which can receive and transmit information to and from neighbouring cells This representation of the landscape is often referred to as 2 5 D the lateral directions in a landscape are represented by a set of neighbouring cells making up a map relations in vertical directions for instance between soil layers are implemented using several attributes stored in each cell GIS operations or operations used in modelling can be regarded as functions that induce a change in the properties of the cells on the basis of the relations within cells between attributes on one cell location or between cells see Figure 1 1 In PCRaster each functional module of the package represents a group of operations that change the properties of the cells in a specific way A short review of the modules will be described Section 1 2 to Section 1 5 and after that the hardware requirements and how to install PCRaster on a computer will be explained Section 1 6 http pcraster geog uu nl documentation pcrman c3 htm 1 van 2 3 2 2005 5 03 22 PM Introduction to the PCRaster Package Concepts Package Layout Figure 1 1 The cell relations between attributes within the cell and relations in later
404. y87b The Cartographic Modelling part consists of a set of primitive operators that induce a change in the properties of the cells where the change in properties is calculated on the basis of some kind of dependency within cells point operations or between cells neighbourhood operations area operations map operations An extensive set of operators is available in the PCRaster system several point operators analytical and arithmetical functions Boolean operators operators for relations comparison rounding field generation etc neighbourhood operators for calculations in moving windows highpass filtering edge filtering moving averages etc area operators for calculations within specified areas for instance soil groups operators for the calculation of cost paths In the PCRaster package a rich suite of geomorphological and hydrological functions is available that goes behind the range of operations generally considered as Map Algebra These include functions for visibility analysis catchment analysis and routing of transport drainage of material in a catchment using interactively generated local drain direction maps and transport routing operations This set of operators is a computer language designed especially for spatial and temporal analysis It is an algebraic language which means that the PCRaster operations can be applied and combined in the same way as algebraic calculations In general an operation is done by typing
405. ype The ordinal data type is used for classified data that represent some kind of order For instance stages of succession or soil texture measured at an ordinal scale silt sand gravel for instance If the default cell representation is used small integer the domain consists of whole values equal to or between 0 and 255 so 256 ordinal classes can be distinguished Of course any number in the domain can be chosen to represent an ordinal class but normally for the first class an ordinal value of one is chosen and for the next classes the values 1 2 3 etc a value of 0 is chosen for cells that do not come into a class If the cell representation large integer is chosen optional the domain consists of all whole values between 2 3 and 23 and much more ordinal classes can be distinguished A legend can be attached to a map of ordinal data type see Section 2 3 4 This results in subtyping of the map 2 3 3 5 Scalar data type The scalar data type is used for continuous data that do not represent a direction for instance number of inhabitants air particle concentration amount of rain elevation or wind speed The default cell representation is single real which allows for storing and processing real values of data between 1037 and 10 37 using a maximum of six decimals Optionally the cell representation double real can be used it allows for storing and processing real values between 2 10308 and 2 10308 with a maximal number of fi

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