Home

English

1. Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 18 APPENDIX I Measurement of Chlorine Emissions Colourimetric Method 1 0 Introduction Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant Under normal conditions chlorine is a green yellow corrosive gas with a density 2 5 times that of air The gas is soluble in water and is a potent disinfectant even at low concentrations When dissolved in water chlorine forms two acids by reaction with water This reaction is shown in Equation 8 Cl HO gt HCl HOCI 3 Hypochlorous acid HOCI is a disinfecting agent and its chlorine content is referred to as free available chlorine Chlorine rapidly penetrates microbial cells and kills the micro organism However its effectiveness is greatly influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of the water or wastewater The presence of suspended solids or the clustering of micro organisms may protect pathogens and so reduce the disinfecting ability Chlorine is a strong oxidising agent and when it reacts with a reducing agent eg ammonia the amount available to kill pathogens is depleted In the case of ammonia the reaction forms a series of end products that will usually include nitrogen gas and nitrite ion The reaction products present and their relative amounts depend on the molar ratio of chlorine to ammonia the pH and the contact time The intermediates are a series of chlorinated ammonia compounds known as chloramines There are thre
2. atm m gmol K Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 59 V Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients Because part of the impoundment is turbulent and part is quiescent individual mass transfer coefficients are determined for both turbulent and quiescent areas of the surface impoundment Turbulent area of impoundment Equations 3 and 4 from Table 4 A Calculate the individual liquid mass transfer coefficient K K m s 8 22 10 POWR 1 024 0 10 MW Va p D Doz The total power to the aerators POWR and the turbulent surface area Va are calculated separately Note some conversions are necessary 1 Calculate total power to aerators POWR Default presented in III POWR hp 0 75 hp 1 000 ft V V wastewater volume m V m E A D 17 652 m 1 97m V 34 774 m POWR 0 75 hp 1 000 ft ft 0 028317 m 34 774 m 921 hp 2 Calculate turbulent surface area Va default presented in III Va ft B 0 24 A E 0 24 17 652 m 10 758 ft m 45 576 ft Now calculate K using the above calculations and information from II HI and IV K m s 8 22 10 3 Ib O hp hr 921 hp 1 024 0 83 10 18 g gmol 45 576 ft 1 g cm 9 8 10 cm s 2 4 10 cm S 0 00838 0 639 K 5 35 10 m s B Calculate the individual gas phase mass transfer coefficient K K m s 1 35 10 Re P Sc Fr DMW d The Reynolds number
3. e Insert the chlorine colour comparator disc into the comparator so that the numbered standards face you If necessary adjust the translucent spacer to suit the size of the cells used e Place the cell containing the treated sample the one with the reagent in the right compartment and the cell containing untreated sample in the left compartment 4 3 Measure free chlorine e Flush two 10mL moulded cells with sample and leave a few drops of sample in the cells e Fill one cell to the 10mL mark with sample and place in the left compartment of the comparator e To the other cell add one DPD No 1 tablet and allow to disintegrate or gently crush with a stirring rod while supporting the cell e Fill the cell with sample to the 10mL mark mix with the stirring rod and place the cell in the right compartment of the comparator e Hold the comparator so that it is illuminated and look through the cells e Rotate the colour disc until the colour of the left cell matches the colour of the right cell e Record the number shown on the disk as free chlorine 4 4 Measure total chlorine e Add a DPD No 3 tablet to the coloured liquid in the right cell and mix to dissolve e Allow to stand for two minutes e Rotate the disc until the colours match e Record the number shown on the disk as total residual chlorine 5 0 Troubleshooting No adjustment of the test equipment is possible Maintenance involves keeping the cells and colour filt
4. 48 123 38 6 57 55 6 75 66 9 110 86 1 108 46 3 1 15E 02 1 50E 05 1 34E 02 2 36E 04 1 88E 07 1 14E 04 1 02E 04 1 00E 04 7 60E 05 8 70E 05 Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont CASR Number Molecular Weight Vapour Pressure At Henry s Law Constant At 25 C atm m mol Diffusivity Of Chemical In Water At 25 C Diffusivity Of Chemical In Air At TETRACHLOROETHANE 1 1 1 2 TETRACHLOROETHANE 1 1 2 2 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TETRAHYDROFURAN TOLUENE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 2 4 TRICHLORO 1 1 2 TRIFLUOROETHANE TRICHLOROBENZENE 1 2 4 100 42 5 630 20 6 79 34 5 127 18 4 109 99 9 109 88 3 584 84 9 76 13 1 120 82 1 2 61E 02 2 00E 02 3 80E 03 2 90E 01 4 90E 04 6 68E 02 6 30E 05 4 35E 00 1 42E 02 8 00E 05 7 90E 05 7 90E 05 8 20E 05 1 05E 04 8 60E 05 6 20E 05 8 20E 05 7 70E 05 TRICHLOROBUTANE 1 2 3 TRICHLOROETHANE 1 1 1 TRICHLOROETHANE 1 1 2 TRICHLOROETHYLENE TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE TRICHLOROPHENOL 2 4 6 TRICHLOROPROPANE 1 1 1 TRICHLOROPROPANE 1 2 3 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 49 71 55 6 79 00 5 9 01 6 5 69 4 68 06 2 96 18 4 0 0073 4 66E 01 4 92E 02 7 A2E 03 9 10E 02 5 83E 01 1 77E 04 2 90E 01 2 80E 01 7 20E 05 8 80E 05 8 80E 05 9 10E 05 9 70E 05 7 50E 05 7 90E 05 7 90E 05 0 087 0 0661 0 071 0 071 Table
5. Gi National Pollutant Inventory Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Sewage and Wastewater Treatment First Published in March 1999 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS FUN TINT ON Rer M AU PROCESSES DESCRIPTION a a a Ee Dr FUSE pin EU d UEE 21 Physicalor Primary Treatment erster essiens 22 Secondary FECAEMONE A aE 23 Advanced Water or Tertiary Treatment ss 24 JDISIDfeC Osuna tuni oid ia ten oen li tac 2 5 Fosson TO VV IO ne D DIEQUE OI ere 2 5 1 Inland Wate rs cccccccecccsccsccecccecceccecccsctccescceccesceecsescasceecsescascesceesenses 2 5 2 Ocean and Marine Wate rs cccccsccecccccceccccceccescaccceccsceecesscacceeceass 26 Emissions to Land de sa eS eee Zr Tanson D St 2 8 Leaks Overflows and Spills ie raies 3 0 DE FERMININ ELEARESOEDSS nd de 554 3 1 Emission Based Thresholds Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus 3 2 Usage Based Thresholds Category 1 Substances 3 3 Combustion Based Thresholds Category 2 Substances LU ESTIMATING EMISSION S a a IHE IRE ea D E 4 1 Estimating Emissions of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Td sto corpo DO en 412 Usine Emission CUO leo OMNEM MEN 4 2 Estimating Emissions of Category 1 Substances Total VOCs Speciated Organics Metals and Inorganic Compounds 4 2 1 Emissions t Water and
6. C A B C DICHLORO 2 BUTENE 14 0 0 0 29E0 9875 22452 DICHLOROBENZENE 1 2 O 176 0 0 6 94E 06 4 3103 2398 83292 DICHLOROBENZENE 1 3 M 0 0 0 1 78E 05 2 7826 2398 83292 DICHLOROBENZENE 14 P 09 o 0 1780 2786 24547082 DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 0 0 0 2 99E 05 12 0413 144 54398 DICHLOROETHANE 1 1 0 0 0 2 99E 05 4 6783 61 6595 DICHLOROETHANE 1 2 7 025 1272 3 222 9 5 83E 06 2 1429 61 6595 DICHLOROETHYLENE 1 2 6 965 1141 9 231 9 2 99E 05 6 3294 1 DICHLOROPHENOL 2 4 0 0 0 6 94E 05 7 5758 562 34133 DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID 0 0 0 2 99E 05 14 8934 82 61445 24 st 6 98 1380 1 22 8 4 72E 05 12 1429 1 DIETHYL N N ANILIN 7 466 1993 57 218 5 4 25E 05 27 0047 43 57596 DIETHYL PHTHALATE 0 0 0 7 35E 06 1 28 1412 537 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE 6 928 1400 87 196 43 4 25E 05 15 3 1 DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE 1 1 7 408 1305 91 225 53 4 25E 05 15 3 1 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE 4 522 700 31 51 42 6 11E 06 0 7097 74 13102 DIMETHYLBENZ A ANTHRACENE 0 0 0 8 64E 05 0 3377 28680056 33087 DIMETHYLPHENOL 2 4 0 0 0 2 97E 05 2 2766 263 0268 DINITROBENZENE M 4 337 229 2 137 4 25E 05 29 9146 33 28818 DINITROTOLUENE 24 sf 5798 ns 618 4250 19523 10x DIOXANE 1 4 7 431 1554 68 240 34
7. Methyl ethyl ketone 0 009 0000 0 033 4033 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0 015 0 005 005 055 Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND ND 4 4 Methylene bis 2 4 aniline ND ND ND ND MOCA Methylenebis ND ND ND ND phenylisocyanate Nickel 0 023 0 0083 0083 083 Nickel carbonyl ND ND ND ND S9 Nickel subsulfide ND ND ND ND Nitric acid ND ND ND ND Organo tin compounds ND ND ND ND Phenol 0 024 0 0088 0088 088 Phosphoric acid ND ND ND ND Selenium 0 0057 0001 0021 021 Styrene ethenylbenzene 0 0026 0 000 0009 009 Sulfur dioxide ND ND ND ND S9 Sulfuric acid ND ND ND ND Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 10 Table2 Typical Concentrations and Annual Usage of Category 1 Substances in an Urban Sewage Treatment Plant at Selected Influent Flow Rates cont Typical Raw Prefix NPI Listed Substance Sewage Predicted Annual Usage at Selected Concentration Influent Flow Rates tonnes year mg L 1ML day 10 ML day 100ML day 1 1 1 2 Tetrachloroethane 0 000 0 000 0002 002 Tetrachloroethylene 0 03 0011 011 1 1 Toluene methylbenzene 0 007 0 0027 007 027 Toluene 2 4 diisocyanate ND ND ND ND LL2 Trichloroethane 0 0000 0 000 0002 002 Trichloroethylene 0 0075 0 0027 007 02
8. p Density of air g cm 1 2 10 p Density of water g cm 1 P Density of oil g m B LL Viscosity of air g cm s 1 8 10 T Viscosity of water g cm s 8 93 107 Code A Site specific parameter B Site specific parameter For default values see Table 6 C Parameter can be obtained from Tables 10 amp 11 These represent chemical properties at 25 C D Calculated value Reported values at 25 C Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 33 Table6 Site Specific Default Parameters Default Definition Parameter AO o 5 o m jd Wind speed T Temperature of water Biotreatment Systems b Biomass concentration for biologically active systems Quiescent treatment systems Aerated treatment systems Activated sludge units POWR Total power to aerators for aerated treatment systems for activated sludge W Rotational speed of impeller for aerated treatment systems d d Impeller diameter for aerated treatment systems Turbulent surface area for aerated treatment system for activated sludge Oxygen transfer rating to surface aerator for aerated treatment systems O Oxygen transfer correction factor for aerated treatment systems N Number of aerators Diffused Air Systems Q Diffused air volumetric flowrate Oil Film Layers MW Molecular weight of oil D Depth of oil layer V a
9. 0 000 0 000 000 002 Dichloromethane 0 006 00020 002 022 Ethanol ND ND ND ND 2 Ethoxyethanol ND ND ND ND 2 Ethoxyethanol acetate ND ND ND ND Ethyl acetate ND ND ND ND Ethyl butyl ketone ND ND ND ND Ethylbenzene 0 0019 0 0007 0 0068 0 068 Ethylene glycol 1 2 ND ND ND ND ethanediol Ethylene oxide ND ND ND ND Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Table2 Typical Concentrations and Annual Usage of Category 1 Substances in an Urban Sewage Treatment Plant at Selected Influent Flow Rates cont Typical Raw Prefix NPI Listed Substance Sewage Predicted Annual Usage at Selected Concentration Influent Flow Rates tonnes year mgl 1ML day 10 ML day 100ML day Di 2 Ethylhexyl phthalate 0 059 0 022 0 22 22 DEHP Fluoride ND ND ND ND Formaldehyde 0 0002 0 00006 0 0006 0006 Glutaraldehyde ND ND ND ND S9 n Hexane ND ND ND ND S9 Hydrochloric acid ND ND ND ND Hydrogen sulfide 2 56 1 04 10 4 104 Lead amp compounds 0 06 0 02 0 22 22 Magnesium oxide fume ND ND ND ND Manganese 0 144 0 053 0 53 5 3 Mercury 0 0006 0000 0 002 002 Methanol ND ND ND ND 2 Methoxyethanol ND ND ND ND 2 Methoxyethanol acetate ND ND ND ND
10. 15E 05 6 30E 05 0 0586 DIMETHYLBENZ A ANTHRACENE 57 97 6 256 33 0 2 70E 09 4 98E 05 0 0461 DIMETHYLPHENOL 2 4 105679 12216 0 0573 9 21E 08 8 40E 05 0 0712 DINITROBENZENE M 99 56 0 168 10 0 05 2 20E 04 7 64E 05 0 279 DINITROTOLUENE 2 4 1212142 182 10 0 0051 4 07E 05 7 06E 05 0 203 DIOXANE 1 4 123 91 1 88 20 37 2 31E 04 1 02E 04 0 229 DIOXIN NOCAS2 322 00 0 8 12E 04 5 60E 05 0 104 DIPHENYLAMINE 122 39 4 169 20 0 00375 2 78E 05 6 31E 05 0 058 EPICHLOROHYDRIN 106 89 8 92 50 17 3 23E 04 9 80E 05 0 086 ETHANOL 64 17 5 46 10 50 3 03E 04 1 30E 04 0 123 ETHANOLAMINE MONO 141 43 5 61 09 0 4 3 22E 06 1 14E 04 0 107 ETHYL ACRYLATE 140 88 5 100 00 40 3 50E 03 8 60E 05 0 077 ETHYL CHLORIDE 75 00 3 64 52 1200 1 40E 01 1 15E 04 0 271 ETHYL 2 PROPYL 3 ACROLEIN 645 62 5 92 50 17 3 23E 04 9 80E 05 0 086 ETHYLACETATE 141 78 6 88 10 100 1 28E 03 9 66E 05 0 0732 ETHYLBENZENE 100 41 4 106 20 10 6 44E 02 7 80E 05 0 075 ETHYLENEOXIDE 75 21 8 44 00 1250 1 42E 03 1 45E 04 0 104 ETHYLETHER 60 29 7 74 10 520 6 80E 03 9 30E 05 0 074 FORMALDEHYDE 50 00 0 30 00 3500 5 76E 04 1 98E 04 0 178 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont Di
11. 2 69E 05 24 7001 16 60956 DIOXIN 12 88 6465 5 273 3 00E 05 6 3412 1 5 28E 05 8 4103 1659 58691 DIPHENYLAMINE 0 0 0 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Antoine s Antoine s Chemical Name Equation Equation Equation Maximum Half Saturation Octanol Water Vapour Vapour Vapour Biodegradation Constant Partition Pressure Pressure Pressure Rate Constant g m Coefficient At Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient g g Biomass s 25 C A B C EPICHLOROHYDRIN 8224 2086816 27316 3 00E 05 6342 107152 ETHANOL 8 321 1718 21 237 52 2 44E 05 9 7778 0 47863 ETHANOLAMINE MONO 7 456 1577 67 173 37 4 25E 05 223 0321 0 16865 ETHYL ACRYLATE 7 9645 1897 011 273 16 2 69E 05 39 4119 4 85667 ETHYL CHLORIDE 6 986 1030 01 238 61 2 99E 05 22 8074 26 91535 ETHYL 2 PROPYL 3 ACROLEIN 0 0 0 4 25E 05 15 3 1 ETHYLACETATE 7 101 1244 95 217 88 4 88E 05 17 58 1 ETHYLBENZENE 6 975 1424 255 213 21 1 89E 05 3 2381 1412 53754 ETHYLENEOXIDE 7 128 1054 54 237 76 1 17E 05 4 6154 0 50003 ETHYLETHER 6 92 1064 07 228 8 2 69E 05 17 1206 43 57596 FORMALDEHYDE 7 195 970 6 244 1 1 39E 05 20 87 09636 FORMIC ACID 7 581 1699 2 260 7 2 69E 05 161 3977 0 1191 FREONS 0 0 0 3 00E 05 6 3412 1 FURFURAL 6 575 1198 7
12. B MW Molecular weight of water g gmol 18 N Emissions g s D N Number of aerators dimensionless A B O Oxygen transfer correction factor dimensionless B P Power number dimensionless D P Vapour pressure of the constituent atm C E Total pressure atm A POWR Total power to aerators hp B Q Volumetric flowrate m s A Q Diffused air flowrate m s B OQ Volumetric flowrate of oil m s B r Deficit ratio ratio of the difference between dimensionless D the constituent concentration at solubility and actual constituent concentration in the upstream and the downstream R Universal gas constant atm m gmol K 8 21 10 Re Reynolds number dimensionless D Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 32 Table 5 Parameter Definitions for Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations cont Parameter Definition Units Code SC Schmidt number on gas side dimensionless D SC Schmidt number on liquid side dimensionless D T Temperature of water C or Kelvin K A t Residence time of disposal S A U Friction velocity m s D U Friction velocity m s D Uo Wind speed at 10 m above the liquid surface m s B V Wastewater volume m A Va Turbulent surface area ft B Va Volume of oil m B w Rotational speed of impeller rad s B
13. III A Va A 1 0 24 A K m s 4 39 10 m s 0 24 A 5 72 10 m s 1 0 24 A A 1 06 10 m s VII Calculate VOC Emissions For An Aerated Biological Flowthrough Impoundment Equation 16 from Table 4 N g s KC A where C g m b b 4ac 2a and a KA Q 1 b K KA Q 1 Kmax b V Q Co C K Co Calculate a b c and the concentration of benzene in the liquid phase C separately 1 Calculate a KA Q 1 1 06 10 m s 17 652 m 0 0623 m s 1 301 3 co 2 Calculate b V 34 774 m from V b K KA Q 1 Kmax b V O Co 13 6g m 1 06 10 m s 17 652 m 0 0623 m s 1 5 28 10 g g s 300 g m 34 774 m 0 0623 m s 10 29 g m 4084 6 884 1 10 29 495846g m c KCo 13 6 m 10 29 g m 139 94 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 63 4 Calculate the concentration of benzene in the liquid phase C from a b and c above b b 4ac 2a 4 958 46 g m 4 958 46 g m 4 301 3 139 94 2 301 3 0 0282 g m C g m Now calculate N with the above calculations and information from II and V N g s KAC 1 06 10 m s 17 652 m 0 0282 g m 0 52 g s Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 64
14. O Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 39 Use the arrow keys to highlight COMPOUND on the MAIN menu and then ENTER to obtain the COMPOUND OPTIONS LIST Use the cursor keys to highlight Tag compounds in Waste then press ENTER to view a list of compounds Follow the directions on the screen to select compounds from the list in the existing data base Tag all compounds in the waste for which emission estimates are to be made For the sample case tag benzene and phenol Pg Up Pg Dn are helpful to review the list of compounds Press SPACE BAR to return to the Compound Option List Press ESC to return to the main menu Use the cursor keys to highlight UNIT on the MAIN menu then press ENTER to obtain UNIT OPTIONS Use the cursor keys to select specify wastewater treatment system then press ENTER to review or modify the operating parameters of the treatment system You will see a wastewater treatment system worksheet You can specify the units for the treatment train on this worksheet For the sample case press F3 and you will see a pop up menu that has the name of the units supported by WATERS Select activated sludge and press ENTER to obtain a secondary data input screen on the right of your worksheet This secondary data input screen contains default values Use the arrow keys to move to the data input for activated sludge Enter data for your system overwriting the default values For the sample case the covered flag
15. On du 4 2 2 Emissions Of COLIC uu oerte oar Unite irnia 12 IIS SIONS COLA vi P C soi SO REFERENCES nn de M Sewage and Wastewater Treatment i N N GD OF RA BD OO n NN NY N E EA N jud QJ EA e m O1 16 16 17 17 18 SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT APPENDIX I MEASUREMENT OF CHLORINE EMISSIONS Colourimetrice VIeLtoQo ace den ane ee ee ed dans PV na d zo E D D I e T Estimating Emissions to AE E LO E ngineernne Pc Ie el ons MR pce UE VSS RES cesses E E E SE EE 1 3 Emission Models siens 1 4 Gas Phase Measurements ore Sep buo anas oUv Se Usb UU SuRu buF Se seed 1 5 Cmo ONTI O oes iosemusaviderun uiti eniin SEEMS ME IP USED RE ENDUE TUE ud id s BJ b H t M Sewage and Wastewater Treatment ii 19 19 23 23 23 35 35 40 40 44 Figure Table Sewage and Wastewater Treatment i SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 1 Flow Diagram for Estimating VOC Emissions from Wastewater Collection Treatment and Storage eere 26 1 Reporting Decision Matrix by Emission Media and NPI Listed ADS AN C iron Pt 7 2 Typical Concentrations and Annual Usage of Category 1 Substances in an Urban Sewage Treatment Plant at Selected Influent Flow Rates 9 3 Typical Nutrient Emission Factors from Sew
16. Re power number P Schmidt number on the gas side Sc and Froude s number Fr are calculated separately Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 60 Calculate Reynolds number Re Re d wp p 61cm 126 rad s 1 2 10 g cm 1 81 10 g cm s 3 1 10 r9 Calculate power number P 0 85 POWR 550 ft 1b s hp N g P d w POWR 0 75 hp default presented in III 0 85 75hp POWR POWR 550 ft Ib s hp 32 17 Ib ft lb s 62 4 1b ft 2 ft 126 rad s 25 10 P N P 3 Calculate Schmidt number on the gas side Sc SC 1 p D 1 81 10 g cm s 1 2 10 g cm 0 088 cm 5s 1 71 Calculate Froude number Fr Fr d w g 2 ft 126 rad s 32 17 Ib ft 1b s 990 Now calculate K using the above calculations and information from II III and IV K m s 1 35 1072 1 10 2 8 10 1 71 x 990 0 088 cm s 29 g gmol 61 cm 0 109 m s Quiescent surface area of impoundment Equations 1 and 2 from Table 4 A Calculate the individual liquid phase mass transfer coefficient K F D 2 A n D 2 17 652 m n 1 97m 76 1 U 4 47 m s 10 For U 3 25 m s and F D gt 51 2 use the following K m s 2 61 10 U D Deme 2 61 107 4 47 m sy 9 8 10 cm s 8 5 10 cm s 5 74 10 m s m Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 61 B Calculate the individual gas phase mass tra
17. file you have saved onto disk All of the documents contained within the zipped file will be listed However when you go to open the Water8 exe file you will see the message File not found at address This is because the water8 zip file has not yet been unzipped Using WATERS Contained on the floppy disk that accompanies this manual are the following two files Water8 exe this file contains the Water program Water8 man this file is the Water8 user s manual in WordPerfect 5 1 It is essential to read the user s manual before attempting to use WATERS Most word processing packages eg Microsoft Word Word Perfect should open the file Water8 man The WATERS package apparently runs faster in DOS or Windows 98 or earlier versions of Windows than in Windows NT Results can be printed on an Epson clone printer but Postscript printers are not supported You may wish to divert the Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 37 printer input to a disk file and use a word processor that supports your postscript printer for the printing Step 1 Put the diskette containing Water8 exe and Water8 man into the A disk drive Open the file either through DOS or through Windows A graphics based title screen will appear Press any key to clear the title screen A MAIN menu will be displayed next and the program will automatically load the compound data from the master compound file Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 38 Step 2
18. of the sewage treatment process such as chlorine a threshold will be tripped if more than 10 tonnes yr is used e those substances that are produced as a by product of the sewage treatment process such as hydrogen sulfide a threshold will be tripped if more than 10 tonnes yr is produced Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 7 Monitoring of the raw sewage influent stream for NPI listed substances is the most appropriate way to determine whether a Category 1 threshold has been tripped for substances in the influent Equation 1 located at the end of this section allows such concentration data to be converted into annual influent loads which can be compared against the Category 1 threshold quantities listed in the NPI Guide For most plants however monitoring of the influent stream may not routinely cover all of the NPI listed substances As a guide Table 2 can be used to estimate a facility s likelihood of tripping a Category 1 threshold This sets out typical composition data for raw sewage influent and what this translates to as a daily usage figure at selected daily influent flows This data is from a large industry intensive city and therefore would be expected to show a worst case for most typical treatment plant situations Knowledge of a facility s influent flow rate allows extrapolation to estimate which substances may trip the Category 1 threshold Since a particular facility s raw sewage composition may vary from t
19. remains at 0 rather than 1 because the unit does not have a cover Press ESC to return to the main menu Upon returning to the MAIN menu use the arrow keys to highlight UNIT and press ENTER then use the arrow keys to highlight specify waste constituent concentrations Press ENTER Type in the concentration of each selected compound then press ESC to return to the MAIN menu For the sample case enter 2 for benzene and 1 for phenol erase additional characters with the SPACE BAR and then press ECS to return to the MAIN menu Upon returning to the MAIN menu use the arrow keys to highlight UNIT and press ENTER then use the arrow keys to highlight specify system default parameters Press ENTER Type in the flow rate to the treatment plant in the correct data entry location For the sample case the flow rate is 0 1 Enter the wind speed and the temperature also For the sample case the default values given are 447 cm s and 25 C Press ESC to return to the MAIN menu When you return to the MAIN menu use the arrow keys to highlight details of wastewater treatment of a compound under the view submenu Press ENTER There will be an automatic data check Confirm your data entries by pressing ENTER or change the data entry by editing the value now After the data check is completed a menu will be displayed with a list of compounds Select BENZENE Emissions estimates for your selected compound will be shown on s
20. with a few exceptions such as Canberra and other regional cities and larger towns In Australia with very few exceptions discharge to inland waters occurs after a minimum of secondary treatment Commonly disinfection is a requirement There is an increasing need for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus particularly for the large discharges or where the effluent constitutes a significant proportion of total stream flow Nutrient removal is desirable for discharges to the longer inland rivers especially where there are other nutrient inputs from agriculture 2 5 2 Ocean and Marine Waters Effluent discharge to the ocean is common in Australia particularly from the larger coastal cities All of the state capital cities are located on the coast and discharge effluent directly or indirectly to the ocean There are more than 50 ocean outfalls from these cities and other coastal centres Discharge rates vary from about 500 megalitres per day from outfalls in Sydney and Melbourne to less than 1 megalitre per day in smaller communities The degree of purification before discharge varies from minimal up to advanced water treatment with nutrient removal Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 3 2 6 Emissions to Land Discharge of sewage effluent to land is significantly influenced by land availability climate topography and soil conditions Many small mainly inland communities discharge effluent to land Land discharge in arid or inland regi
21. 000m d Facility with Airflow Rate of 64 m min Compound Influent Effluent Influent Air Effluent Air Emission Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Factor ug L ug L ppbv ppbv kg kg of wastewate r Dichlorometha 39 38 20 5 110 5 0 026 Chloroform 8 7 0 0 225 0425 Benzene 60 56 24 5 500 0 0067 James M Montgomery 1990 in Toxic Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities 1995 Emission Factor Rating U ppbv is parts per billion volume Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 42 Table 9 Summary of Pooled Emission Estimation Program and Environment Canada Emission Factors for Physical Unit Operations NPI Listed Substance Aerated Grit Chambers Sedimentation Tertiary Filtration PEEP Environment Primary Secondary Quiescent Backwash Canada Benzene 0 032 0 011 0 39 0 0 lt 0 00085 0 0 Chloroform 0 0037 0 0029 0 0 0 0021 0 00055 0 11 Tetrachloroethylene 0 0068 0 0023 0 0 0 0008 0 0027 1 0 Styrene 0 0013 Neg 0 0039 0 0 0 000855 0 0 Trichloroethylene 0 010 0 0021 0 034 0 00083 0 0027 0 11 Toluene 0 0013 0 0070 0 0039 0 0 0 00085 0 0 Xylenes 0 00025 0 0057 0 0039 0 0 0000855 0 0 Formaldehyde Neg Neg Neg Neg 0 35 Neg James M Montgomery 1990 in Toxic Air Emissions from Was
22. 02 7 90E 05 0 069 DICHLOROBENZENE 1 3 M 541 73 1 147 00 2 28 3 61E 02 7 90E 05 0 069 DICHLOROBENZENE 1 4 P 106 46 7 147 00 1 2 1 60E 02 7 90E 05 0 069 DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 75 71 8 120 92 5000 4 01E 00 1 00E 04 0 0001 DICHLOROETHANE 1 1 75 34 3 99 00 234 5 54E 02 1 05E 04 0 0914 DICHLOROETHANE 1 2 107 06 2 99 00 80 1 20E 02 9 90E 05 0 104 DICHLOROETHYLENE 1 2 156 54 2 96 94 200 3 19E 01 1 10E 04 0 0935 DICHLOROPHENOL 2 4 120 8332 16301 0 1 480E 05 7 60E 05 0 0709 DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID 2 4 94 75 7 221 00 290 6 21E 01 6 49E 05 0 0588 DICHLOROPROPANE 1 2 78 87 5 112 99 40 2 30E 02 8 70E 05 0 0782 DIETHYL N N ANILIN 91 66 7 149 23 0 00283 5 74E 07 5 87E 05 0 0513 DIETHYL PHTHALATE 84 662 22200 0 003589 111E 01 5 80E 06 0 0542 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE 68 122 7309 4 1 92E 04 1 03E 04 0 0939 DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE 1 1 57 14 7 60 10 157 1 24E 03 1 09E 04 0 106 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 45 Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont Diffusivity Of Chemical Name CASR Molecular Vapour Henry s Law Chemical In Diffusivity Number Weight Pressure At Constant At Water Of Chemical 25 C 25 C At 25 C In Air At mm Hg atm m mol ems cm s DIMETHYL PHTHALATE 131 11 3 194 20 0 000187 2
23. 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont VINYL ACETATE VINYL CHLORIDE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE XYLENE M Diffusivity Of CASR Molecular Vapour Henry s Law Chemical In Diffusivity Number Weight Pressure At Constant At Water Of Chemical 25 C 25 C At 25 C In Air At Pm ig atm m mol cm s cm s 57 13 6 60 06 6 69 2 64E 03 1 37E 04 0 122 108 05 4 86 09 115 6 20E 03 9 20E 05 0 085 75 01 4 62 50 2660 8 60E 01 1 23E 04 0 106 75 35 4 97 00 591 1 50E 01 1 04E 04 0 09 1330 20 7 106 17 8 5 20E 02 7 80E 05 0 07 95 47 6 106 17 7 5 27E 02 1 00E 04 0 087 XYLENE O Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 50 Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Maximum Biodegradation Rate Constant g g Biomass s Half Saturation Constant g m Octanol Water Partition Coefficient At 25 C ACETIC ACID ACETIC ANHYDRIDE ACETONE ACETONITRILE ACROLEIN ACRYLAMIDE ACRYLIC ACID ACRYLONITRILE ADIPIC ACID ALLYL ALCOHOL AMINOPHENOL O AMINOPHENOL P AMMONIA AMYL ACETATE N ANILINE BENZENE 2 99 11 2932 5 652 7 038 2 29E 04 3 89 E 05 2 69E 05 3 61E 06 4 25E 05 2 17E 05 4 25E 05 2 69E 05 5 00E 05 2 69E 05 4 89 E 05 4 25E 05 4 25E 05 4 25E 05 2 69E 05 1 97E 05 5 28E 05 419 0542 14 2857 1 9323 1 1304 152 6014 22 9412 56 2388 54 7819 24
24. 162 8 2 69E 05 18 0602 37 86047 HEPTANE ISO 6 8994 1331 53 212 41 4 25E 05 15 3 1453 372 HEXACHLOROBENZENE 0 0 0 2 99E 05 0 6651 295120 92267 HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE 0 824 0 0 3 00E 05 6 3412 5495 408 HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE 0 0 0 3 00E 05 0 3412 9772 372 HEXACHLOROETHANE 0 0 0 2 99E 05 3 3876 4068 32838 HEXANE N 6 876 1171 17 22441 4 25E 05 15 3 534 0845 HEXANOL 1 7 86 1761 26 196 66 2 69E 05 15 2068 59 52851 HYDROCYANIC ACID 7 528 1329 5 260 4 2 69E 05 1 9323 1 7217 1268 37 273 87 2 69E 05 1 9323 1 HYDROFLUORIC ACID Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Antoine s Antoine s Chemical Name Equation Equation Equation Maximum Half Saturation Octanol Water Vapour Vapour Vapour Biodegradation Constant Partition Pressure Pressure Pressure Rate Constant g m Coefficient At Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient g g Biomass s 25 C A B C HYDROGEN SULFIDE 764 885319 2505 29950 639 1 ISOPHORONE 0 0 0 4 25E 05 25 6067 50 11872 METHANOL 7 897 1474 08 229 13 5 00E 05 90 0 19953 METHYL ACETATE 7 065 1157 63 219 73 5 52E 05 159 2466 0 81283 METHYL CHLORIDE 7 093 948 58 249 34 2 99E 05 14 855 83 17638 METHYL ETHYL KETONE 6 9742 1209 6 216 5 56E 06 10 1 90546 MET
25. 4 87 3 50 50 3830 8 14E 02 6 50E 05 0 126 METHYL ETHYL KETONE 78 93 3 72 10 100 4 35E 04 9 80E 05 0 0808 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 108 10 1 100 20 15 7 4 95E 04 7 80E 05 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 47 Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont CASR Number Molecular Weight Vapour Pressure At 25 C mm Hg Henry s Law Constant At 25 C atm m mol Diffusivity Of Chemical In Water At 25 C Diffusivity Of Chemical In Air At METHYL STYRENE ALPHA METHYLENE CHLORIDE 6 60E 04 5 91E 02 3 19E 02 8 60E 05 1 14E 04 1 17E 04 MORPHOLINE NAPHTHALENE NITROANILINE O NITROBENZENE PENTACHLOROBENZENE PENTACHLOROETHANE PENTACHLOROPHENOL PHENOL PHOSGENE PHTHALIC ACID PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PICOLINE 2 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PROPANOL ISO 110 91 8 91 20 3 88 74 4 98 95 3 608 93 5 76 01 7 87 86 5 108 95 2 75 44 5 100 21 0 65 44 09 108 99 6 1336 36 3 0 00099 0 34 1390 5 73E 04 1 18E 02 5 00E 06 1 31E 04 7 30E 02 2 10E 00 2 80E 05 4 54E 06 1 71E 00 1 32E 01 9 00E 06 1 27E 03 4 00E 03 1 50E 03 9 60E 05 7 50E 05 8 00E 05 8 60E 05 6 30E 05 7 30E 05 6 10E 05 9 10E 05 1 12E 05 6 80E 05 8 60E 00 9 60E 05 1 00E 04 1 04E 04 PROPIONALDEHYDE PROPYLENE GLYCOL PROPYLENE OXIDE PYRIDINE RESORCINOL Sewage and Wastewater Treatment
26. 66 9943 3 9241 68 1356 68 1356 15 3 16 1142 3381 13 5714 2 69153 0 48978 1 0 57544 0 45709 0 81283 6 32182 2 04174 0 12023 1 20226 1 47911 3 81533 3 81533 1 51 10801 7 94328 141 25375 BENZO A ANTHRACENE BENZ A PYRENE BENZYL CHLORIDE BIS 2 CHLOROETHYL ETHER BIS 2 CHLOROISOPROPYL ETHER BIS 2 ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Antoine s Antoine s Equation Equation Vapour Vapour Pressure Pressure Coefficient Coefficient B C 1600 017 291 809 1533 313 222 309 1444 718 199 817 1210 595 229 664 1314 4 230 0 0 3939 877 273 16 648 629 154 683 1232 53 222 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 699 157 331 343 1002 711 247 885 0 0 1731 515 206 049 1211 033 220 79 2426 6 156 6 3724 363 273 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 64E 05 8 64E 05 4 93E 05 2 99E 05 2 99E 05 2 14E 06 1 2303 17 5674 20 0021 8 3382 22 199 52623 38 01894 380 1894 Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Maximum Biodegradation Rate Constant g g Biomass s Half Saturation Constant g m Octanol Water Partition Coefficient At 25 C BUTADIENE 1 3 BUTANOL ISO BUTANOL 1 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE CARBON DISULFIDE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE CHLORO P CRESOL M CHLOROACETALDEH
27. 7 Vinyl Chloride Monomer 0 005 0 002 0 02 0 2 Xylenes 0 014 0 0052 0 052 0 52 Zinc 0 213 0078 078 7 8 TOTAL VOC s 1 49 0546 546 546 Source Melbourne Water Western Treatment Plant 1996 ND Not Determined Bolded numbers refer to potential threshold tripping substances Measured data refers to total chromium Total VOC s are an estimate only calculated based on summing all VOC s covered by this analysis The list of substances used could vary depending on the analytes chosen for the testing regime Concentrations are indicative only and are representative of the conditions at the time of sampling If monitoring data for raw sewage entering a particular facility is available actual usage can be calculated using Equation 1 below Similarly using Equation 1 concentration data from Table 2 can be multiplied by site specific influent flow rates to give indicative annual usage of substances at that facility I kpy i C V OpHrs 1 000 000 1 where I influent loading of pollutant i kg yr concentration of pollutant i in influent wastewater mg L from monitoring data or Table 2 V hourly volume of wastewater L hr OpHrs operating hours per year for which data apply hr yr 1 000 000 conversion factor mg kg i Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 11 Example 1 Influent Threshold Determination he amount of zinc contained in influent wastew
28. Biomass concentration for aerated treatment systems 300 g m J Oxygen transfer rating to surface aerator 3 lb O hp hr POWR Total power of aerators 0 75 hp 1 000 ft V O Oxygen transfer correction factor 0 83 Va Turbulent surface areas 0 24 A d Impeller diameter 61 cm d Impeller diameter 2 ft w Rotational speed of impeller 126 rad s N Number of aerators POWR 75 hp IV Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water Air and Other Properties For each pollutant the specific physical properties needed by this model are listed in Table 10 Water air and other property values are given in Table 5 A Benzene from Table 10 D Diffusivity of benzene in water 9 8 10 cm s w benzene E Diffusivity of benzene in air 0 088 cm s Henry s Law constant for benzene 0 0055atm a benzene benzene m gmol Kmax onc Maximum bio rate constant for benzene 5 28 10 g g s K benzene Half saturation bio rate constant for benzene 13 6 g m B Water Air and Other Properties from Table 5 p E Density of air 1 2 10 g cm p E Density of water 1 g cm LL Viscosity of air 1 81 10 g cm s Ds Diffusivity of oxygen in water 2 4 10 cm s D Diffusivity of ether in water 8 5 10 cm s MW Molecular weight of water 18 g gmol MW Molecular weight of air 29 g gmol g Gravitation constant 32 17 lb ft 1b s R Universal gas constant 8 21 10
29. Calculate VOC emissions I Determine Which Emission Model to Use Following the flow diagram in Figure 1 the emission model for a treatment system that is aerated but not by diffused air is biologically active and is a flowthrough system contains the following equations Parameter Definition Equation Numbers from Table 4 K Overall mass transfer coefficient m s 7 K Individual liquid phase mass transfer 1 3 coefficient m s K Individual gas phase mass transfer coefficient 2 4 m s N VOC emissions g s 16 II User Supplied Information Once you have determined the appropriate emission model some site specific parameters are required As a minimum for this model site specific flow rate wastewater surface area and depth and pollutant concentration should be provided For this example these parameters have the following values Q Volumetric flow rate 0 0623 m s D Wastewater depth 1 97 m A Wastewater surface area 17 652 m Co Initial benzene concentration in the liquid phase 10 29 g m Sewage and Wastewater Treatment III Defaults Defaults for some emission model parameters are presented in Table 6 but where available site specific values should be used For this facility all available general and bio treatment system defaults from Table 6 were used U Wind speed at 10 m above the liquid surface e 4 47 m s T Temperature of water 25 C 298 K b
30. D O2 w Air Emissions N N g s 1 Ct Co V Co t where Ct Co exp KA t V N g s i KC A where C g m QCo KA Q N g s 1 Ct Co V Co t where Ct Co exp KA KeqQ t V Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 28 Table 4 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations cont Equation Equation Number N g s KA Q Keq C where C g m QCo KA Q Q Keq 15 N g s 1 Ct Co KA KA Kmax b V K V Co t where Ct Co exp Kmax b t K KA t V 16 N g s KC A where C g m b b 4ac 2a and a KA Q 1 b K KA Q 1 Kmax b V Q Co c K Co 17 N g s 1 Ct Co V Co t where Ct Co expl K t D and Co Kow Co 1 FO FO Kow Va FOXV D FO V A 18 N g s KC oA where C g m QC KA is Oi and Co Kow Co 1 FO FO Kow Q FO Q 19 N g s 1 Ct Co KA Q Keq KA Q Keq Kmax b V K V Co t where Ct Co exp KA KeqQ t V Kmax b t K Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 29 Table 4 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations cont Equation Equation Number N g s KA Q Keq C where C g m b b 4ac 2a N g s 1 exp K r d h Q Q Co and a KA Q Keq Q 1 b K KA Q Keq Q 1 Kmax b V Q Co c K Co 21 N g s 1 exp K Q Co 22 N g s KC A where C g m 2 Q Co K A Oi and Co Co FO Q
31. E 04 5 00E 10 1 80E 04 3 67E 05 1 97E 04 3 28E 03 1 41E 04 1 20E 04 9 33E 05 1 14E 04 1 66E 04 1 22E 04 1 06E 04 1 06E 04 1 34E 04 6 84E 05 1 14E 04 8 64E 05 2 39E 05 6 93E 04 AMYL ACETATE N ANILINE BENZENE BENZO A ANTHRACENE BENZO A PYRENE CRESYLIC ACID Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 628 37 8 62 53 3 71 43 2 56 55 3 50 32 8 1319 77 3 95 2 4 64E 03 2 60E 05 5 50E 02 1 38E 08 1 38E 08 1 70E 05 1 20E 05 8 30E 05 9 80E 05 9 00E 05 9 00E 05 8 30E 05 44 Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 cont Diffusivity Of Chemical Name CASR Molecular Vapour Henry s Law Chemical In Diffusivity Number Weight Pressure At Constant At Water Of Chemical 25 C 25 C At 25 C In Air At mm Hg ammm cm s cm s CROTONALDEHYDE 4170 30 0 7009 30 1 54E 05 1 02E 04 0 0903 CUMENE ISOPROPYLBENZENE 98 82 8 12020 4 6 146E 01 7 10E 05 0 065 YCLOHEXAN 0282 84 20 uU SUE 9 TOE C 00839 CYCLOHEXANOL 108 93 0 10020 1 22 447E 05 8 31E 05 0 214 CYCLOHEXANONE 108 94 1 98 20 4 8 4 13E 05 8 62E 05 0 0784 DI N OCTYL PHTHALATE 117 840 39062 0 137E 00 4 10E 05 0 0409 DIBUTYLPHTHALATE 84742 27830 0 00001 2 80E 06 7 90E 05 0 0438 DICHLORO 2 BUTENE 1 4 76441 0 12500 2 87 2 59E 03 8 12E 05 0 0725 DICHLOROBENZENE 1 2 O 95 50 1 147 00 1 5 1 94E
32. FO Q 23 N g s 1 Ct Co V Co t where Ct Co exp K t D and Co Co FO Va FO V D FO V A 24 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 30 Table 5 Parameter Definitions for Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations L oil Co Co oil Co oil Fr Waste water surface area Biomass Concentration total biological solids Concentration of constituent in the liquid phase Concentration of constituent in the oil phase Initial concentration of constituent in the liquid phase Initial concentration of constituent in the oil phase considering mass transfer resistance between water and oil phases Initial concentration of constituent in the oil phase considering no mass transfer resistance between water and oil phases Concentration of constituent in the liquid phase at time t Concentration of constituent in the oil phase attime t Impeller diameter Wastewater depth Impeller diameter Diffusivity of constituent in air Clarifier diameter Effective diameter Diffusivity of ether in water Diffusivity of oxygen in water Oil film thickness Diffusivity of constituent in water Fraction of constituent emitted to the air considering zero gas resistance Fetch to depth ratio d D Fraction of volume which is oil g m g m 3 g m cm m ft cm s m m cm s cm s m cm s dimensionle
33. HYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 6 672 11684 1919 206E 06 16383 239883 METHYL METHACRYLATE 8 409 2050 5 274 4 2 69E 05 109 2342 0 33221 METHYL STYRENE ALPHA 6 923 1486 88 202 4 8 64E 05 11 12438 2907 589 METHYLENE CHLORIDE 7 409 1325 9 252 6 6 11E 05 54 5762 17 78279 MORPHOLINE 7 7181 1745 8 235 4 25E 05 291 9847 0 08318 NAPHTHALENE 7 01 1733 71 201 86 1 18E 04 42 47 1 NITROANILINE O 8 868 336 5 273 16 4 25E 05 22 8535 67 6083 NITROBENZENE 7 115 1746 6 201 8 3 06E 05 4 7826 69 1831 PENTACHLOROBENZENE 0 0 0 2 99E 05 0 4307 925887 02902 PENTACHLOROETHANE 6 74 1378 197 2 99E 05 0 4307 925887 02902 PENTACHLOROPHENOL 0 0 0 3 61E 04 38 2353 102329 29923 PHENOL 7 133 1516 79 174 95 2 69E 04 7 4615 28 84032 PHOSGENE 6 842 941 25 230 4 25E 05 70 8664 3 4405 PHTHALIC ACID 0 0 0 2 69E 05 34 983 6 64623 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE 8 022 2868 5 273 16 4 89E 05 3 9241 0 23988 PICOLINE 2 7 032 1415 73 211 63 4 25E 05 44 8286 11 48154 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 5 28E 05 20 PROPANOL ISO 817 158092 21961 417E05 20 06118 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 55 Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coeffic
34. In general municipal wastewater treatment facilities and industrial wastewater treatment facilities are both classified as flowthrough systems Disposal systems also referred to as fate management systems on the other hand do not discharge any wastewater Step 2 Using the Equations The numbers in Figure 1 under the columns for K K Ka Kp K and N refer to the appropriate equations in Table 4 Definitions for all parameters in these equations are given in Table 5 This table also supplies the units that must be used for each parameter with codes to help locate input values If the parameter is coded with A a site specific value is required B requires a site specific parameter but defaults are available C the parameter can be obtained from literature data Table 10 contains a list of approximately 150 chemicals and their physical properties that are needed to calculate emissions from wastewater using the correlations in Table 4 and D these are calculated values Assumption AIT emission systems presented in Figure 1 imply a completely mixed or uniform wastewater concentration system Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 24 To estimate an emission rate N the first step is to calculate individual gas phase and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients K and K respectively using the appropriate equations The individual coefficients are then used to calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient K Exceptions
35. Treatment 1314 41 1018 6 1043 004 0 0 788 2 0 1296 13 9 72E 06 1 08E 05 3 00E 05 4 25E 05 2 99E 05 2 99E 05 4 25E 05 2 69E 05 6 3412 58 8462 10 7719 10 7719 4 8169 31 8363 194 98446 338 8441 4897 78819 193 7827 193 7827 4068 32838 8 51722 Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Maximum Biodegradation Rate Constant g g Biomass s Half Saturation Constant g m Octanol Water Partition Coefficient At 25 C VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE XYLENE M XYLENE O Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 57 1099 4 3 00E 05 3 00E 05 8 64E 05 1 13E 05 14 0094 22 8569 1 1584 89319 891 25094 Example 3 Using Engineering Equations to Estimate Air Emissions An example industrial facility operates a flowthrough mechanically aerated biological treatment impoundment that receives wastewater contaminated with benzene at a concentration of 10 29 g m The following format is used for calculating benzene emissions from the treatment process I Determine which emission model to use II User supplied information III Defaults IV Pollutant physical property data and water air and other properties V Calculate individual mass transfer coefficient VI Calculate the overall mass transfer coefficients VII
36. U gt 3 25 m s and 14 lt F D 512 ether K m s 2 61 10 U D D ether For U gt 3 25 m s and F D gt 51 2 K m s 1 0 10 144 10 U 565 U 03 K m s 1 0 10 34 1 10 U Sc U gt 0 3 For U gt 3 25 m s and F D 14 where U m s 0 01 U 6 1 0 63 U SC 1 p D F D 2 A n Where Sc u p D d m 2 A n O 1 0 MW 7 Va p D Don where POWR hp total power to aerators V Va ft fraction of area agitated A K m s 135 10 Re P Sc Fr D MW d where Re d wp u P 0 85 POWR 550 ft lb s hp N lg p d w Sc H p D 2 K m s 4 82 10 U Se dy Fr d w g K m s 8 22 10 POWR 1 024 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 27 Table 4 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations cont Equation Number 10 11 12 13 K m s f Q 3600 s min h xd where f 1 1 r r exp 077 h Q nd D D K m s 0 001 0 0462 U Sc where U m s 6 1 0 63 U U 100 SC LL p D Overall mass transfer coefficients for water K and oil K phases and for weirs K K K Keq K Keq K K where Keq H RT K m s IMW K 100cm m MW K p H 55 555 100cm m MW 100cm m p K K Keq i where Keq P oMW a 0a MW P oil K 0 16h D
37. Volume of oil Qi Volumetric flowrate of oil P Density of oil FO Fraction of volume which is oil Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 34 298 K 4 47 m s 50 g m 300 g m 4000 g m 0 75 hp 1000 f V 2 hp 1000 ft V 126 rad s 1200 rpm 61 cm 0 24 A 0 52 A 3 Ib O hp hr 0 83 POWR 75 0 0004 V m s 282 g gmol 0 001 V A m 0 001 V m 0 001 Q m s 0 92 g cm 0 001 Table 6 Site Specific Default Parameters cont Default Definition Default Value Parameter Junction Boxes D Depth of junction box 0 9 m N Number of aerators 1 Lift Station D Depth of lift station 1 5m N Number of aerators 1 Sump D Depth of sump 5 9m Weirs d Clarifier weir diameter 28 5 m h Weir height 1 8 m h Clarifier weir height 0 1 m o 1 2 Mass Balance A mass balance identifies the quantity of substance going in and out of an entire facility process or piece of equipment Emissions can be calculated as the difference between input and output of each listed substance Accumulation or depletion of the substance within the equipment should be accounted for in your calculation The simplest estimation method material balance relies on wastewater flowrate and influent and effluent liquid phase pollutant concentrations Compound mass that cannot be accounted fo
38. W d lagoon filtration V W pasture filtration V W Air vaporisation W d Spills stormwater v W W surface waters v v v land v V Source Queensland Environmental Protection Agency 1999 Threshold based on amount of substance emitted Threshold based on amount of substance accepted in receiving waters or used 3 1 Emission Based Thresholds Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus The next step in the reporting process is to determine total annual emissions to waterways of the major contributing NPI listed substances from sewage and wastewater treatment facilities nitrogen and phosphorus If these emissions exceed threshold levels they must be reported Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus are the only substances in threshold Category 3 and as such are the only substances that require threshold evaluation an emission basis Since threshold determination and emission estimation are analogous in this case see Section 4 1 for Emission Estimation Techniques 3 2 Usage Based Thresholds Category 1 Substances For those substances with a Category 1 threshold metals inorganics and organic substances the threshold test is whether 10 tonnes or more of the substances are used annually For the purpose of the NPI use includes e those substances present in the influent stream a threshold will be tripped if more than 10 tonnes yr of a substance is present in the influent e those substances added as part
39. YDE CHLOROBENZENE 930 546 1314 19 1362 39 0 1169 11 1242 43 0 0 1431 05 238 854 186 55 178 77 0 241 59 230 2 99E 05 4 25E 05 2 17E 05 2 17E 05 8 64E 05 4 25E 05 4 17E 06 2 99E 05 2 99 E 05 1 08E 06 30 4422 15 3 0 9091 0 9091 14 1364 5 8175 1 5 2902 49 838 12 58925 4 32347 5 62341 5 62341 60255 95861 1 524 80746 1258 92541 3 4405 91622777 CHLOROFORM CHLORONAPHTHALENE 2 CHLOROPRENE CRESOL M CRESOL O CRESOL P CRESYLIC ACID CROTONALDEHYDE CUMENE ISOPROPYLBENZENE CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXANOL CYCLOHEXANONE DI N OCTYL PHTHALATE DIBUTYLPHTHALATE Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 783 45 1856 36 1435 5 1511 08 0 0 1460 793 1201 53 912 87 2137 192 8 17E 06 2 99E 05 3 00E 05 6 45E 05 6 33E 05 6 45E 05 4 17E 05 2 69E 05 6 65 E 05 4 25E 05 2 69E 05 3 19E 05 8 30E 07 1 11E 06 27 6285 16 5426 15 3 18 0816 41 8921 0 02 0 4 91 20108 13182 56739 1 93 32543 95 49926 67 09636 1 12 36833 1 338 0687 37 74314 6 45654 141253 7 158489 31925 Table 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 cont Antoine s Antoine s Antoine s Chemical Name Equation Equation Equation Maximum Half Saturation Octanol Water Vapour Vapour Vapour Biodegradation Constant Partition Pressure Pressure Pressure Rate Constant g m Coefficient At Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient g g Biomass s 25
40. age and Wastewater Trea menr PAGS oii 16 4 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations 27 5 Parameter Definitions for Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission QUAI OS 31 6 Site Specific Default Parameters ss 34 7 Estimated VOC Emissions from Headworks 41 8 Emissions from Aerated Grit Chambers 42 9 Summary of Pooled Emission Estimation Program 43 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 44 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 2 51 LO INTRODUCTION The purpose of all Emission Estimation Technique EET Manuals in this series is to assist Australian manufacturing industrial and service facilities to report emissions of listed substances to the N ational Pollutant Inventory NPI This Manual describes the procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions from facilities engaged in sewage and wastewater treatment The sewage and wastewater treatment operations covered in this Manual apply to facilities engaged in operating sewage or drainage systems or sewage treatment plants EEI MANUAL Sew age and Wastewater Treatment HANDBOOK Sewerage and Drainage Services ANZSIC CODES 3 02 and all codes within the 370 ANZSIC code group This Manual was drafted by the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency on behalf of t
41. ater can be determined from application of Equation 1 and the following data Total Influent Flow Rate V 150 ML day 150 000 000 24 L hr Typical zinc concentration in sewage C 0 21 mg L from Table 2 OpHrs 24hrs 365 days 8760 hr yr Ln C V OpHrs 1 000 000 0 21 150 000 000 24 8 760 1 000 000 11500 kg zinc yr 11 5 tonnes zinc yr The influent threshold of 10 tonnes per year of zinc has been triggered and reporting of zinc emissions in effluent streams is required Conversion mg to kg 1 000 000 3 3 Combustion Based Thresholds Category 2 Substances If your facility burns greater than a certain amount of fuel or waste gases or uses ereater than a certain amount of electricity per year you are required to report emissions from those substances listed as category 2a and or 2b For more information about these thresholds consult the NPI Guide Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 12 4 0 Estimating Emissions When a threshold has been triggered emissions need to be calculated and reported to the NPI for each environmental medium to which emissions occur ie to water land and atmosphere The following sections describe emission estimation techniques for undertaking these calculations Effluent discharged into waterways or onto land from sewage and wastewater treatment plants is regularly monitored by the facility operator to ensu
42. bourne Water in March 1999 NWOMS 1994 Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand ARMCANZ amp Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ANZECC National Water Quality Management Strategy Australian Guidelines For Sewerage Systems Acceptance of Trade Waste Industrial Wastes Canberra ACT NWOMS 1997 Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand ARMCANZ amp Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ANZECC National Water Quality Management Strategy Australian Guidelines For Sewerage Systems Effluent Management Canberra ACT Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage 1995 Water Quality Sampling Manual Queensland Government Brisbane OLD Taskforce on Air Toxics of the Water Environment Federation 1995 Toxic Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities Alexandria VA USA USEPA September 1991 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources fifth edition AP 42 Section 4 3 Wastewater Collection Treatment and Storage United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC USA The following EET manuals referred in this manual can be obtained from your local Environment Protection Agency see the front of the NPI Guide for details e Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Combustion Engines
43. ce emission isolation flux chambers and transect and fenceline methods If the industrial process is enclosed and vented it is possible to measure emissions using standard measurement techniques 1 5 Emission Factors An emission factor is a tool that is used to estimate emissions to the environment It relates the quantity of substances emitted from a source to some common activity associated with those emissions Emission factors are obtained from US European and Australian sources and are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight or volume of wastewater discharged from the whole process or from an individual unit operation The VOCs and their concentrations present in wastewater vary from plant to plant and with time at a given plant Because of these variations the only way accurate estimates of emissions can be obtained is by continuous source and air modelling Such monitoring is both physically and economically impractical Therefore emission factors are developed that relate the amount of a VOC emitted to individual processes and operations The emission factors used to estimate air emissions are defined as the fraction of the total unit or process influent mass loading removed from a process through Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 40 volatilisation Influent mass loading rates are determined by monitoring the influent stream flow rates and species concentrations Mass emission rat
44. condary Treatment In the context of sewage treatment the process of biological degradation of organic wastes is typically used as secondary treatment There are several processes in common use e activated sludge e trickling filter and e ponding 2 3 Advanced Water or Tertiary Treatment At this stage of treatment additional combinations of unit operations and processes are used to remove other constituents such as nitrogen and phosphorus which are not reduced significantly by secondary treatment These include among others e Coagulation air flotation or sedimentation e Filtration Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 2 e Disinfection UV Chlorine etc e Very high level of nutrient removal chemical or biological e Activated carbon treatment and e Reverse osmosis 2 4 Disinfection In most instances it is necessary to disinfect wastewater before it is discharged The common methods of disinfection are e chlorination e UV disinfection e ozone treatment and e detention lagoons Chlorination of wastewater will give rise to the emission of chlorine an NPI listed substance Other disinfection methods do not typically give rise to emissions of NPI listed substances 2 5 Emissions to Water Inland and marine waters are discussed separately because the chemical pathways differ considerably 2 5 1 Inland Waters Effluent discharge to inland waters in Australia is usually from smaller inland communities
45. creen Press any key to move to the next screen when viewing the results of calculations When you have finished with this procedure you will return automatically to the MAIN menu Upon returning to the MAIN menu use the arrow keys to highlight PRINT if you desire to have a printout of these results Press ENTER then use the arrow keys to highlight the type of report that you wish to print For the sample case move the cursor to print wastewater treatment report Press ENTER then a caution message will prompt you for the readiness of the printer Hit the Right key and press ENTER to initiate the printing The program will automatically return to the MAIN menu If you wish to save the current selection use the arrow keys to select FILE and press ENTER Highlight save current case study and press ENTER Next highlight save in a new file Press ENTER Type the name of your file and press ENTER To terminate the WATERS program highlight OUIT on the MAIN menu and press ENTER then highlight exit program and press ENTER The user s manual provides additional explanations on how to use WATERS 1 4 Gas Phase Measurements Measuring air emissions from the large open surfaces common at industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facilities is extremely difficult and perhaps one of the most challenging air quantification problems Several techniques have been developed for this purpose including surfa
46. culations For example lagoons relying on biological processes and with long detention times are less likely to have sudden changes in effluent quality than plants with short detention times using mechanical and electrical equipment The frequency of sampling is also dependent on plant size and the remoteness of the plant Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 14 Normally the larger the discharge the more significant the potential impact on the environment and consequently there may be an increased need for more regular sampling Other factors that can influence the sampling regime include the variability of the inflow the composition and variability of the industrial waste component of the inflow and the level of competence of the operating staff Sampling for NPI reporting requirements should be done using the same methodology as outlined in the licence agreement In instances where licence agreements do not stipulate sampling practices grab samples should be used for small and medium sized plants and taken within two hours of the normal time of the maximum daily flow For larger facilities composite samples are recommended Details on the storage transportation and testing of samples can be found in Australian Standard AS2031 For threshold determination purposes if the Category thresholds are exceeded you are required to report this emission for this substance 4 1 2 Using Emission Factors In instances where reliable sampling
47. d ND ND ND ND Acrylonitrile 2 propenenitrile 0 0025 0 0000 000 009 Ammonia total 26 1 9 53 95 3 953 Aniline benzenamine 0 005 0 008 0018 0418 Antimony 0 0022 0 0008 0 008 008 Arsenic 0 005 0 00018 0018 048 Benzene 0 0026 0 000 0009 009 Benzene hexachloro HCB lt 0 010 0 0006 0 00806 036 Beryllium 0 0006 0000 0 002 002 Biphenyl 1 1 biphenyl ND ND ND ND Boron 0 227 0083 O83 8 3 L3 Butadiene vinyl ethylene ND ND ND ND Cadmium 0 000 0 000 0002 002 Carbon disulfide 0 0574 0021 021 PA Carbon monoxide ND ND ND ND Chlorine ND ND ND ND S9 Chlorine dioxide ND ND ND ND Chloroethane ethyl chloride 0 005 0 00018 0018 048 Chloroform 0 004 0 0016 0016 0416 Chlorophenols di tri tetra 0 566 0 207 2 07 20 7 Chromium III 0 066 0024 024 24 Chromium VI 0 066 0024 024 24 Cobalt 0 0039 00014 0014 044 Copper 0 123 0045 045 4 5 Cumene ND ND ND ND Cyanide inorganic ND ND ND ND compounds Cyclohexane ND ND ND ND 12 Dibromoethane 0 000 0 000 000 002 Dibutyl phthalate 0 044 0016 0 16 1 6 1 2 Dichloroethane
48. d Spills can occur to stormwater surface waters or to land Emissions of total nitrogen and total phosphorus to land via spills do not require reporting However where these nutrient pollutants are emitted to surface waters from spill events characterisation and reporting is required when thresholds are exceeded Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 5 3 0 Determining Thresholds Estimates of emissions of NPI listed substances to air water and land should be reported for each substance that triggers a threshold The reporting list and detailed information on thresholds are contained in The NPI Guide at the front of this Handbook Wastewater from domestic commercial and industrial sources will contain a range of NPI listed substances including total nitrogen and total phosphorus metals inorganics and organics Wastewater from commercial and industrial sources may contain higher levels of metals inorganics and organics Commercial and industrial waste is typically discharged into the sewerage system on the basis of trade waste agreements between an individual business and the facility operator Knowledge and characterisation of this waste is useful in determining whether NPI reporting thresholds have been tripped and in calculating emissions The pricing of trade waste agreements attempts to reflect the true cost of the transfer and treatment of sewage and encourages businesses to remove pollutants before they enter the sewerage
49. d or is not known reporting facilities should assume that all substances remain in the wastewater or are adsorbed into the sludge Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 16 4 2 2 Emissions of Chlorine Sewage and wastewater treatment plants may disinfect effluent before it is discharged into receiving waters to reduce and destroy the microbiological agents and pathogens that cause disease This practice is not universal throughout Australia but is common at sewage treatment plants in inland and arid regions Facilities exceeding the 10 tonne threshold by using the disinfection process or where the amount used for disinfecting and the amount received in influent equals or exceeds 10 tonnes annually must report emissions of chlorine in effluent discharged to receiving waters For more information on measuring chlorine emissions see Appendix I 4 2 3 Emissions to Air Volatile organic compounds VOCs are emitted from wastewater treatment collection and storage systems through the volatilisation of organic compounds at the liquid surface Where the threshold for VOCs have been tripped as determined with reference to Section 3 2 emissions to atmosphere will need to be estimated and reported Emissions can occur through diffusive or convective mechanisms or both Diffusion occurs when organic concentrations at the water surface are much higher than ambient concentrations The organics volatilise or diffuse into the air in an attempt to
50. data is unavailable emission factors can be used to estimate pollutant emissions An emission factor can be defined as a pollutant emission rate relative to a level of source activity eg daily wastewater volume Emission factors are generally based on the results of source tests or sampling conducted at one or more sewage and wastewater treatment facilities The emission factors presented in Table 3 are an average of total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in wastewater effluent from a range of Australian wastewater treatment facilities These concentrations can be used in place of site specific sampling data by the application of Equation 2 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 15 Table3 Typical Nutrient Emission Factors from Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Plants Treatment Process Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus mg L mg L Wastewater A 35 60 6 16 B 30 55 6 14 C 20 50 6 12 D 10 20 lt 2 E NA NA F lt 10 1 Source NWOMS 1997 NA not applicable NOTES A Removal of gross solids plus some of the readily settleable solids eg microscreening B Removal of gross solids plus readily settleable solids eg primary sedimentation C Removal of most solids and BOD es biological treatment chemically assisted treatment lagoons D Nutrient removal after removal of solids eg biological chemical precipitation etc E Disinfection eg lagooning
51. dicted from the ammonia concentration For example at sewage treatment plants that are not completely nitrifying and thus have nitrite ion in effluent it is commonly found that chlorination to the breakpoint cannot be achieved at normal chlorine dose rates To ensure a free chlorine residual good practice is to chlorinate beyond the breakpoint so that the required chlorine dose is several times the ammonia concentration However effluents sometimes contain so much reductant that breakpoint chlorination would be prohibitively expensive and in such cases you should attempt to determine the cause If there are high concentrations of nitrite this would indicate a need for a change in operational practices For effluents containing high ammonia concentrations chlorination is commonly taken to the point of maximum combined available chlorine Once chlorine has been added to the water the chlorine residual depends on the dose concentration added and the time elapsed after the administration of the dose Continuous chlorination systems are usually designed with a chlorine contact chamber to hold the chlorinated effluent for a set time interval eg 30 or 60 minutes before discharge to receiving waters 2 0 Scope This method applies to the measurement of free and total chlorine residual in environmental waters and wastewaters with chlorine in the range of 0 1 to 1 0 mg L This method is not suitable for highly coloured waters as intense co
52. e possible chloramines monochloramine dichloroamine and trichloramine Although they form in a stepwise manner not all three need be formed under given conditions Chloramines are much less powerful disinfectants than free chlorine The term free available chlorine refers to chlorine gas CL hypochlorite ion OCI and hypochlorous acid HOCI The term combined available chlorine reters to chloramines The process of oxidation of ammonia by chlorine shows a unique dose response curve Initially as the chlorine dose is increased the residual chlorine rises to a maximum at which point the molar concentrations of the chlorine and ammonia are roughly equal This point represents the formation of chloramines As further chlorine is added the residual then decreases mainly because of conversion of monochloramine to nitrogen Eventually a stage is reached where all the ammonia has been converted to chloramines and all the chloramines have been oxidised At this stage known as breakpoint adding further chlorine will make the chlorine residual rise in proportion to the chlorine added The solution composition at the breakpoint depends on the reaction conditions including the molar ratio of the two reactants Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 19 Other substances found in natural waters and wastes react with chlorine These include organic carbon ferrous ion sulfide and nitrite This means the actual chlorine demand always exceeds that pre
53. ers scrupulously clean Any that become permanently marked will need to be replaced Residues on cell walls from previous tests can give false high readings Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 21 L 6 0 Calculations If required subtract the free residual chlorine value CI from the total residual chlorine value CI to find the combined residual chlorine value CI This figure should be reported to the NPI as chlorine emissions to water A sample calculation is shown at example mbined residual 7 0 Precision Under field conditions the precision of measurement is 0 1 mg L Example 2 Estimation of Combined Residual Chlorine Emissions to Water el m residual Cl ota residual _ CI residual 0 5 mg L OpHrs of STP 24hrs 365 dys 8760 hr yr Flow rate A 2800 kL day Annual emissions of chlorine Ed EF A OpHrs 0 5 10 2800 1000 24 8760 511 kg Cl yr Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 22 4l APPENDIX II Estimating Emissions to Air Listed below are EETs that may be useful for estimating emissions to air from sewage and wastewater treatment facilities Some of the techniques can also be used for estimating emissions to land and water 1 0 Engineering Calculations Theoretical equations can be used to calculate air emissions from wastewater treatment facilities The equations are based on mass transfer and liquid gas equilibrium theory and use individual gas phase and liqu
54. es from unit operations and processes are determined by measuring offgas concentrations and flow rates where possible Emissions from covered units are measured at vents Flux chambers are typically used to measure emissions from uncovered units Emissions at weirs drop junctions meters screens and similar devices are estimated as the difference in upstream and downstream liquid concentrations Emission rates are estimated for individual steps in a treatment process by the application of Equation 1 BE Q C 1 where Es mass emission rate for volatile organic compound species i g day Eb emission factor of species i for the unit g g QO liquid volumetric flow rate into the unit m day C influent liquid concentration of volatile organic compound species i g m The emission factors below have been developed in a Pooled Emissions Estimation Program PEEP by the USA Table 7 Estimated VOC Emissions from Headworks Consisting of Bar Screens Compound Influent Influent Mass Emission Emission Concentration Mass Emission Factor Factor Rate Rate Rating ug L kg day kg day kg kg of MEE wastewater Dichloromethane 19 2 097 29 0 014 U Chloroform 28 3091 43 004 U Benzene 2 221 14 008 U James M Montgomery in Toxic Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities 1995 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 41 Table 8 Emissions from Aerated Grit Chambers at a 270
55. f you have the WINZIP program open it and under File select Wizard You select the Wizard because you have to unzip the water8 zip file and the Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 36 Wizard guides you through the necessary steps to achieve this 7 The first screen you will see tells a little of what WINZIP is capable of Select Next 8 The next screen asks you to select the zipped file you wish to unzip Select Search below the window display and instruct WINZIP to search the disk you have downloaded the file onto a or b drive of your computer Once listed highlight the water8 zip file and select the Next button Immediately select Unzip Now on next screen Files will unzip in a matter of seconds and will be displayed 9 A list of 50 files will now be displayed Scroll through the list and you will find the Water8 exe file Water8 Model and Water8 man file Water8 Manual 10 Double click on Water8 exe file You should now be in Water8 Model 11 Once you have followed all of the above steps and the water8 zip file has been unzipped you may now save only the Water8 exe and water8 man files To do this select one of the files and use right hand cursor of mouse to send file to floppy disk or wherever you would like it to be sent It is important to remember that you must unzip the water8 zip file in order to access the Model and Manual When you first open WINZIP you can select Open Archive and select the water8 zip
56. ffusivity Of Chemical Name CASR Molecular Vapour Henry s Law Chemical In Diffusivity Number Weight Pressure At Constant At Water Of Chemical 25 C 25 C At 25 C In Air At mm Hg atm m mol ems cm s FORMIC ACID 64 18 6 46 00 42 7 00E 06 1 37E 05 0 079 FREONS 120 92 5000 4 01E 00 1 00E 04 0 104 FURAN 110 00 9 68 08 596 5 34E 02 1 22E 04 0 104 FURFURAL 96 01 1 96 09 2 8 11E 04 1 04E 04 0 0872 HEPTANE ISO 142 82 5 100 21 66 1 84E 01 7 11E 05 0 187 HEXACHLOROBENZENE 118 74 1 284 80 1 6 80E 03 5 91E 05 0 0542 HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE 87 68 3 260 80 0 15 2 56E 01 6 20E 05 0 0561 HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE 77 47 4 272 80 0 081 1 60E 01 6 16E 05 0 0561 HEXACHLOROETHANE 67 72 1 237 00 0 65 2 49E 05 6 80E 05 0 00249 HEXANE N 100 54 3 86 22 150 1 22E 00 7 77E 05 0 2 HEXANOL 1 111 27 3 102 18 0 812 1 82E 04 7 53E 05 0 059 HYDROCYCANIC ACID 74 90 8 27 00 726 4 65E 06 1 82E 04 0 197 HYDROFLUORIC ACID 7664 39 3 20 00 900 2 37E 03 3 30E 04 0 388 HYDROGEN SULFIDE 7783 06 4 34 10 15200 2 30E 01 1 61E 04 0 176 ISOPHORONE 78 59 1 138 21 0 439 5 76E 04 6 76E 05 0 0623 METHANOL 67 56 1 32 00 114 2 70E 05 1 64E 04 0 15 METHYL ACETATE 79 20 9 74 10 235 1 02E 03 1 00E 04 0 104 METHYL CHLORIDE 7
57. h volatility HLC 10 atm m gmol Medium volatility 10 gt HLC gt 10 atm m gmol Low volatility HLC lt 10 atm m gmol The design and arrangement of collection treatment and storage systems are facility specific therefore the most accurate emissions from wastewater treatment operations will come from actual tests at a facility eg direct measurement of emissions from openings In the event that actual data is unavailable the emission equations provided can be used Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 23 Emission equations should be given site specific information whenever it is available as the most extensive characterisation of an actual system will produce the most accurate estimates from an emissions model Using the Flow Diagram and Equations for Estimating VOC Emissions Step 1 Using Figure 1 and Tables 4 and 5 Trace through Figure 1 to determine the correct equations to use for your process Figure 1 is divided into two sections e wastewater treatment and storage systems and e wastewater collection systems Wastewater treatment and storage systems are further segmented into e aerated non aerated systems e biologically active systems e oil film layer systems and e surface impoundment flowthrough or disposal or fate management In flowthrough systems wastewater is treated and subsequently discharged to a subsequent sewage treatment facility or a receiving body of water such as a river or stream
58. he Commonwealth Government It has been developed through a process of national consultation involving State and Territory environmental authorities and key industry stakeholders Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 1 2 0 Processes Description Sewage collection and treatment plays a critical role in the public health and environment of all Australian towns and cities On average each Australian produces 70 000 litres of sewage each year with the majority of effluent from Australia s large coastal cities and towns discharged to coastal waters under environmental licence conditions Sewage and wastewater treatment plants are designed to utilise biological chemical and physical processes in order to remove pollutants Treatment plants are designed to remove pollutants in the following order 1 suspended solids 2 dissolved biodegradable organic material and 3 inorganic nutrients These three stages are referred to as primary secondary and advanced water or tertiary treatment respectively 2 1 Physical or Primary Treatment Physical treatment is an essential stage of most waste treatment processes particularly those with large volumes of solid or organic material This stage of the process involves physical separation by removing material that floats or can settle out It is generally termed primary treatment although some of the physical processes could be classified as secondary or advanced water treatment 2 2 Se
59. id phase mass transfer coefficients to estimate overall mass transfer coefficients Calculating air emissions using these equations is a complex procedure especially if several systems are present It is important to realise that these calculations have to be performed for each individual NPI listed substance found in the wastewater The rate of volatilisation of substances in wastewater can be determined using mass transfer theory Individual gas phase and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients K and K respectively are used to estimate overall mass transfer coefficients K Kv and K for each VOC emission of interest These overall mass transfer coefficients are then used to calculate emission rates in grams per second that can then be used to determine emissions per year for NPI reporting purposes Figure 1 is a flow diagram to assist in determining the appropriate combination of emission equations for estimating VOC emissions from various types of wastewater treatment storage and collection systems Tables 4 and 5 present the emission equations and definitions respectively VOCs vary in their volatility The emission equations presented in this appendix can be used for organic compounds of high medium and low volatility The Henry s Law constant HLC is often used as a measure of a compound s volatility or the diffusion of organics into the air relative to diffusion through liquids The volatility of VOCs is categorised below Hig
60. ient Antoine s Equation Vapour Pressure Coefficient Maximum Biodegradation Rate Constant g g Biomass s Half Saturation Constant g m Octanol Water Partition Coefficient At 25 C PROPYLENE GLYCOL PROPYLENE OXIDE PYRIDINE RESORCINOL STYRENE TETRACHLOROETHANE 1 1 1 2 TETRACHLOROETHANE 1 1 2 2 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TETRAHYDROFURAN TOLUENE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 2 4 TRICHLORO 1 1 2 TRIELUOROETHANE TRICHLOROBENZENE 1 2 4 TRICHLOROBUTANE 1 2 3 TRICHLOROETHANE 1 1 1 16 2315 8 2082 8 2768 7 041 6 9243 7 14 6 898 6 631 6 98 6 995 6 954 0 6 88 2659 02 2085 9 1656 884 1373 8 1884 547 1574 51 1365 88 1228 1 1386 92 1202 29 1344 8 0 1099 9 203 5396 273 16 214 98 186 0596 224 09 209 74 179 9 217 53 226 25 219 48 0 227 5 2 69E 05 2 69E 05 4 89 E 05 9 73E 05 2 69E 05 8 64E 05 2 99E 05 1 72E 05 1 72E 05 2 69E 05 2 04E 04 4 25E 05 2 99E 05 2 99E 05 3 00E 05 9 72E 06 39 2284 109 3574 3 9241 146 9139 35 6809 282 7273 6 3294 9 1176 9 1176 20 3702 30 6167 15 3 3 3876 2 4495 6 3412 4 91668 0 33141 1 4 46684 6 30957 1445 43977 1 363 07805 398 10717 27 58221 489 77882 1 4068 32838 9549 92586 1450901 06626 309 02954 TRICHLOROETHANE 1 1 2 TRICHLOROETHYLENE TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE TRICHLOROPHENOL 24 6 TRICHLOROPROPANE 1 1 1 TRICHLOROPROPANE 1 2 3 UREA VINYL ACETATE Sewage and Wastewater
61. ill be displayed on the NPI database as being of acceptable reliability Similarly if your relevant environmental authority has approved the use of EETs that are not outlined in this handbook your data will also be displayed as being of acceptable reliability This Manual seeks to provide the most effective emission estimation techniques for the NPI substances relevant to this industry However the absence of an EET for a substance in this handbook does not necessarily imply that an emission should not be reported to the NPI The obligation to report on all relevant emissions remains if reporting thresholds have been exceeded Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 13 You are able to use emission estimation techniques that are not outlined in this document You must however seek the consent of your relevant environmental authority For example if your company has developed site specific emission factors you may use these if approved by your relevant environmental authority You should note that the EETs presented in this manual relate principally to average process emissions Emissions resulting from non routine events are rarely discussed in the literature and there is a general lack of EETs for such events However it is important to recognise that emissions resulting from significant operating excursions and or accidental situations eg spills will also need to be estimated Emissions to land air and water from spills mus
62. lours might interfere with the colour comparison 3 0 Principle Chlorine concentrations are determined by colorimetry using a colour comparator apparatus The colourimetric reagent Diethyl P Phenylene Diamine DPD turns pink red upon reaction with chlorine and is available in the following tablet forms e No 1 DPD tablets will determine free available chlorine e No 1 and No 2 DPD combined will determine free chlorine plus monochloramine and e No 4 DPD or No 1 and No 3 DPD combined will determine total chlorine Kits normally supplied contain only No 1 and No 3 tablets and are used for free and total chlorine The comparator has two cells that are filled with the water to be tested To one cell the correct amount of reagent is added This causes a colour to develop according to the concentration of chlorine A coloured filter having several segments of different colours representing a series of chlorine concentrations is placed over the other cell The intensity of colour that develops during the test is compared directly to the Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 20 colours seen through the filters The filter that matches most closely with the colour developed during the test is selected as representing the chlorine concentration of the sample 4 0 Procedure 4 1 Collect sample Collect sample using a clean sampling beaker or sample container and rinse this container between samples 4 2 Prepare comparator
63. nsfer coefficient K K 4 82 x 10 U Sc a The Schmidt number on the gas side Sc and the effective diameter d are calculated separately 1 Calculate the Schmidt number on the gas side 5c Sc u p D 1 71 same as for turbulent impoundments 2 Calculate the effective diameter d d m 2 A n 2 17 652m m 149 9 m K m s 482 10 447 m s 1 71 149 9 m 6 24 10 m s VI Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient Because part of the impoundment is turbulent and part is quiescent the overall mass transfer coefficient is determined as an area weighted average of the turbulent and quiescent overall mass transfer coefficients Equation 7 from Table 4 Overall mass transfer coefficient for the turbulent surface area of impoundment K K m s KKeqK KeqK K Keq H RT 0 0055 atm m gmol 8 21 10 atm m gmol K 298 K 0 225 K m s 535 10 m s 0 225 0 109 0 109 m s 0 225 5 35 10 m s K 439 10 m s T Overall mass transfer coefficient for the quiescent surface area of impoundment K K m s KKeqK KeqK K 5 74 10 m s 0 225 6 24 10 m s 6 24 10 m s 0 225 5 74 10 m s 5 72 10 m s Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 62 Overall mass transfer coefficient K weighted by turbulent and quiescent surface areas A and ie K m s K A K A A A 0 24 A Default value presented in
64. ons is often associated with reuse of the effluent for other purposes such as irrigation When discharging sewage effluent to land the goal is to return water and nutrients with the least adverse effect on the soil on the pasture or crop and on the ecosystems near the discharge site Emissions of NPI listed substances to land from sewerage and wastewater treatment plants include the following three methods e lagoon treatment and effluent polishing through irrigation that rely on micro organisms and sunlight to disinfect the effluent as it passes through the lagoons and irrigation ponds e land filtration that relies on evaporation and soil filtering and e pasture filtration disposal or fate management that relies on bacteria in the soil and pasture to treat the effluent Nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus do not require reporting when the emissions occur to land as these pollutants only require reporting where the emissions are above threshold and the discharge is to a surface waterbody However other NPI listed substances contained in wastewater effluent and discharged to land need to be characterised and reported where thresholds for these substances have been tripped 2 7 Emissions to Air Volatile organic compounds VOCs are emitted from wastewater treatment collection and storage systems through the volatilisation of organic compounds at the liquid surface Hydrogen sulfide can form under anaerobic conditions low concent
65. r in the effluent is assumed to be volatilised However it needs to be noted that this method does not account for biodegradation or adsorption onto soils or other removal mechanisms 1 3 Emission Models Some emission models may be based on measured or empirical values The computer model can be based on theoretical equations that have been calibrated using actual data The models may be purely empirical in which case the equations are usually based on statistical correlations with independent variables Emissions estimated using models are a function of the wastewater treatment system configuration the properties of the specific compounds present in the wastewater streams and the emission estimation approaches used in the model algorithms Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 35 Because of the complexity involved in using manual calculations computer programs are available that incorporate these equations to estimate emissions from wastewater treatment facilities Included with this Manual is a copy of WATERS which can be used to estimate air emissions of NPI listed substances WATERS This is a publicly available computer model developed by the USEPA that models the fate of organic compounds in various wastewater treatment units WATERS contains such features as the ability to link treatment units to form a treatment system the ability to recycle among units and the ability to generate and save site specific data for a very large n
66. rations may be emitted and could be calculated using the WATERS computer model see Appendix II Chlorine may also be emitted Emissions can occur through diffusive or convective mechanisms or both Diffusion occurs when organic concentrations at the water surface are much higher than ambient concentrations The organics volatilise or diffuse into the air in an attempt to reach equilibrium between aqueous and vapour phases Convection occurs when air flows over the water surface thereby sweeping organic vapours from the surface into the air The rate of volatilisation is directly related to the speed of the air flow over the water surface Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 4 2 8 Leaks Overflows and Spills Most large sewerage systems comprise main sewers pumping stations and emergency relief structures During times of rainfall infiltration occurs into the sewerage system Sewerage systems are designed to contain a certain volume of sewage flow under defined rainfall levels When these levels are exceeded sewage spills may occur because of insufficient capacity in the system Sewage spills are usually controlled by the location of emergency relief structures within the system These are designed to control sewage flow and to minimise the impact on the environment and public health Measurement of spills or an estimation in the event that there are no emergency relief structures will need to be undertaken where thresholds are triggere
67. re that it meets the standards of its environmental licence as required by the relevant State Territory and or local government environment regulator Emissions of volatile organic compounds VOCs can also occur to atmosphere because of vaporisation although generally the triggering of VOC thresholds and the reporting of these emissions will only be required from the largest sewage and wastewater treatment plants Most sewerage systems in Australia were originally designed to remove and treat domestic sewage However the introduction of tighter controls on the discharge of commercial and industrial waste into the environment means that the sewerage system particularly in industrial and manufacturing districts is required to treat industrial effluent as well In general there are four types of emission estimation techniques EETs that may be used to estimate emissions from your facility The four types described in The NPI Guide are e sampling or direct measurement e mass balance e fuel analysis or other engineering calculations and e emission factors Select the EET or mix of EETs that is most appropriate for your purposes For example you might choose to use a mass balance to best estimate fugitive losses from pumps and vents direct measurement for stack and pipe emissions and emission factors when estimating losses from storage tanks and stockpiles If you estimate your emission by using any of these EETs your data w
68. reach equilibrium between aqueous and vapour phases Convection occurs when air flows over the water surface sweeping organic vapours from the surface into the air The rate of volatilisation is directly related to the speed of the air flow over the water surface Factors that can affect the rate of volatilisation of VOCs from wastewater include e wastewater surface area e temperature e turbulence e wastewater retention time in the system s e depth of the wastewater in the system s e concentration of organic compounds in the wastewater e volatility and diffusivity in water of the substance e presence of a mechanism that inhibits volatilisation eg an oil film or a competing mechanism eg biodegradation and e design of the wastewater treatment and collection units Emissions to air can be estimated using the EETs outlined in Appendices II and III Process gases including methane and hydrogen sulfide are commonly used in engines to pump the effluent and can be used in a turbine to produce electricity Combustion by products could include sulfur dioxide See EET Manual for Combustion Engines Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 17 5 0 References Eastern Research Group March 1998 Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Wastewater Collection and Treatment Volume Il Chapter 5 Morrisville NC USA Melbourne Water 1996 and subsequent written communications between VIC EPA and Mel
69. ss dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless lb_ ft s lb J gt U O 2 4 10 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 31 Table 5 Parameter Definitions for Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations cont Parameter Definition Units Code h Weir height distance from the wastewater ft B overflow to the receiving body of water h Clarifier weir height m B H Henry s law constant of the constituent atm m3 gmol C J Oxygen transfer rating of the surface aerator lb O hr hp B K Overall mass transfer coefficient for transfer m s D of constituent from liquid phase to gas phase K Volatilisation reaeration theory mass dimensionless transfer coefficient Keq Equilibrium constant or partition coefficient dimensionless D concentration in gas phase concentration in liquid phase Keq Equilibrium constant or partition coefficient dimensionless D concentration in gas phase concentration in oil phase K Gas phase mass transfer coefficient M sec D K Liquid phase mass transfer coefficient m s D Kmax Maximum biorate constant g s gbiomass A C Ka Overall mass transfer coefficient for transfer m s D of constituent from oil phase to gas phase Kow Octanol water partition coefficient dimensionless C K Half saturation biorate constant g m A C MW Molecular weight of air g gmol 29 MW Molecular weight of oil g gmol
70. system It also requires the sewage facility operator to have a reasonable knowledge of the influent An understanding of the different pollutants in the influent is important for determining thresholds and reporting obligations The first step for the operator of a sewage and wastewater treatment facility when preparing a report to the NPI is to consider which methods of effluent discharge are used by the facility and which listed substances may require reporting This is important because some pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus only require reporting where the emissions are directly to water Table 1 summarises the NPI listed pollutants contained in sewage effluent in terms of both the threshold categories and the likely emission media Only those listed substances matched by ticks against emission media need to be factored into threshold determinations The NPI Guide at the front of this Handbook contains the complete NPI list of substances and explanatory notes on the reporting thresholds Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 6 Table 1 Reporting Decision Matrix by Emission Media and NPI Listed Substance Category NPI Pollutant and Threshold Categories Total Total Inorganic Total Sewerage Effluent Phosphorus Nitrogen Metals Organics VOCs EmissionMedia Gtyn 5ty Gotyn 10 tyr Q5tyD Water coastal waters v V inland waterways v W aquifer recharge v V W Land irrigation reuse Vv
71. t be estimated and added to process emissions when calculating total emissions for reporting purposes The emission resulting from a spill is the net emission ie the quantity of the NPI reportable substance spilled less the quantity recovered or consumed during clean up operations 4 1 Estimating Emissions of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus 4 1 1 Using Sampling Data Because of the significant environmental hazards posed by the discharge of nutrients to waterbodies sewage and wastewater treatment facilities emitting nitrogen and phosphorus to inland waterways and ocean outfalls are required by their relevant State or Territory environment agency to closely monitor and measure these emissions specific sampling program is usually developed for each treatment plant based on the nature and volume of the discharge This existing monitoring data can be used to calculate annual emissions and therefore whether the threshold has been tripped Equation 2 illustrates a technique for using existing nutrient sampling data E C V OpHrs 1 000 000 2 where E emissions of pollutant i kg yr concentration of pollutant i in wastewater mg L V hourly volume of wastewater L hr OpHrs operating hours per year for which data applies hr yr 1 000 000 conversion factor mg kg In applying Equation 2 for water emission calculations monitoring data should be averaged and only representative concentrations used in emission cal
72. tewater Treatment Facilities 1995 Bell et al 1988 in Toxic Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities 1995 Extrapolated values Toxic Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities 1995 Extrapolated values are based on the mean emission factor values for compounds with satisfactory concentration values In making the extrapolations the compounds were grouped as non halogenated and halogenated Emission factors can also be determined for aerated grit chambers and diffused aeration activated sludge processes Emission Factor Rating U All units are kg of pollutant per kg of wastewater Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 43 APPENDIX III Table 10 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Part 1 Chemical Name CASR Number Molecular Weight Vapour Pressure At 25 C mm Hg Henry s Law Constant At 25 atm m mol Diffusivity Of Chemical In Water At 25 C cm s Diffusivity Of Chemical In Air At cm s ACETIC ACID ACETIC ANHYDRIDE ACETONE ACETONITRILE ACROLEIN ACRYLAMIDE ACRYLIC ACID ACRYLONITRILE ADIPIC ACID ALLYL ALCOHOL AMINOPHENOL O AMINOPHENOL P AMMONIA 108 24 7 67 64 1 75 05 8 107 02 8 9 06 1 9 10 7 107 13 1 124 04 9 107 18 6 95 55 6 123 30 8 7664 41 7 15 4 9 29 266 90 244 2 0 012 5 2 114 0 0000225 23 3 0 511 9 50E 04 6 27E 01 5 9 E 05 2 50E 04 5 80E 05 5 66E 04 5 20E 09 1 00E 06 8 80
73. through 1 3 2 4 7 16 Disposal 1 3 2 4 7 15 Tue Biologically Active Flowthrough 1 3 2 4 7 12 No Disposal 1 3 2 4 7 11 Wastewater Is System Treatment amp Aerated Storage Flowthrough 1 2 7 16 Disposal 1 2 7 15 NO No Flowthrough 1 2 7 12 Disposal 1 2 7 11 Oil Film Layer Flowthrough 2 9 18 Yes Oil Film Yes Disposal 2 9 17 Thickness greater than 1 em Flowthrough 2 9 22 No Disposal 2 9 23 Junction Box 3 2 7 12 Lift Station 3 2 7 12 No Wastewater Sump 1 2 7 12 Collection Yes Weir 10 21 Clarifier Weir 5 6 8 24 Numbered equations are present in Table 1 Individual liquid phase mass transfer coefficient m s ndividual gas phase mass transfer coefficient m s Overall mass transfer coefficient in the oil phase m s Volatilisation reaeration theory mass transfer coefficient Overall mass transfer coefficient m s Emissions g s v Ez RARE ZA Figure 1 Flow Diagram for Estimating VOC Emissions from Wastewater Collection Treatment and Storage Source USEPA AP 42 Section 4 3 1991 Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 26 E Environment Ce Austroitia Table 4 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations Equation Equation Number Individual liquid K and gas K phase mass transfer coefficients K m s 2 78 10 D D ether For 0 U 3 25 m s and all F D ratios K m s 2 605 10 F D 1 277 10 U y D D For
74. to this procedure are the calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficients in the oil phase K and the overall mass transfer coefficient for a weir K K requires only K and K does not require any individual mass transfer coefficients The overall mass transfer coefficient is then used to calculate the emission rates N This process must be repeated for each different constituent in the wastewater for which you are determining emissions Step 3 Calculating Annual Emissions Once the emission rates N have been calculated the next step is to determine emissions on an annual basis This is achieved using the following equation E N OpHrs 10 3600 1 where E annual emissions tonne yr N emissions rate g sec OpHrs operating time per year hr yr 10 E conversion factor tonne g 3600 conversion factor sec hr The annual emission that is obtained can then be used as an emission estimate for NPI reporting purposes Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 25 Equations Used to Obtain K K KaKo K N Flowthrough 1 2 7 20 Yes Disposal 1 2 7 19 Biologically Active Flowthrough 1 2 7 14 Disposal 1 2 7 13 Diffused Air Flow
75. ultraviolet chlorination F Advanced wastewater treatment tertiary after nutrient removal see D eg sand filtration ion exchange microfiltration For threshold determination purposes if the Category thresholds are exceeded you are required to report this emission for this substance 4 2 Estimating Emissions of Category 1 Substances Total VOCs Speciated Organics Metals and Inorganic Compounds 4 2 1 Emissions to Water and Land Sewage and wastewater treatment facilities using 10 tonnes or more per year of any listed Category 1 substance and or 25 tonnes of total VOCs are required to estimate and report emissions of these pollutants in the effluent stream which includes water and land This can be determined from monitoring data in the same manner as for Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus see Section 4 1 1 For organic chemicals in general some degradation during wastewater treatment will occur so that not all the chemical received is transferred to water effluent and sludge Wastewater facilities can estimate the amount of organic compounds in effluent by using measured data or by subtracting the amount biodegraded from the total amount removed in treatment The amount of removal can be determined from operating data and the extent of biodegradation might be obtained from published studies see Tables 10 amp 11 SIMS Chemical Property Data File Appendix III If the biodegradability of the organic chemical cannot be measure
76. umber of chemicals The mathematical equations used to calculate emissions in this model are those outlined in Table 1 Downloading from USEPA The WATERS model is also publicly available on the Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors CHIEF bulletin board system at the USEPA The web address is www epa gov ttn chief software html 1 Locate USEPA web site according to above address 2 Site will open and list various programs Click on WATERS in top box display 3 Once you have clicked on WATERS in the box display you will see a list of Water8 Chemdat 8 Files Under File Name in the table presented you will see water8 zip This zipped file contains the Water8 Model Manual and various other documents You have to download this zipped file to access the Model and Manual 4 Double click on the water8 zip file A message will appear which will ask you if you wish to save this file to disk or open it then and there Select save file to download to disk Ensure you have disk in your a or b drive of your computer unless you are saving to the hard drive 5 This file you have downloaded is a zipped zip file and hence needs to be unzipped If you use Microsoft Windows you may already have the WINZIP program which will enable you to unzip the file A 30 day evaluation version of WINZIP is available on the Internet Or you could use PRUNZIP as recommended in Water8 readme txt or readme 1st 6 I
77. ypical values it is recommended that this method be used as a guide only After determining those substances near or above threshold levels sewage monitoring should then be carried out at the facility to determine the actual situation Indeed if a particular facility s influent is non typical such as those predominantly served by industrial inputs then these indicative values may not be applicable and direct monitoring may be required The usage of each of the substances listed as Category 1 and 1a under the NPI must be estimated to determine whether the 10 tonnes or 25 tonnes for VOCs reporting threshold is exceeded If the threshold is exceeded emissions of these Category 1 and 1a substances must be reported for all operations processes relating to the facility even if the actual emissions of the substances are very low or zero Sewage and Wastewater Treatment 8 Table2 Typical Concentrations and Annual Usage of Category 1 Substances in an Urban Sewage Treatment Plant at Selected Influent Flow Rates Typical Raw Prefix NPI Listed Substance Sewage Predicted Annual Usage at Selected Concentration Influent Flow Rates tonnes year mg L 1ML day 10 ML day 100ML day Acetaldehyde ND ND ND ND S9 Acetic acid ethanoic acid ND ND ND ND Acetone 0 025 0000 009 0 9 Acetonitrile ND ND ND ND Acrylamide ND ND ND ND Acrylic aci

English

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents