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Phase 1 Handbook: Cover Page through Step 3

1. Menu i er Soils reas Material Description Top 20 Table Codes Erodibility Alluvium Alluvial river sediments A alluvial High Ice Contact Glacio fluvial glacial river deposits GF outwash High Glacial Lake Glacio lacustrine glacial lake deposits GL lacustrine Moderate High Glacial Sea Glacio marine glacial sea Moderate High i DT dense till Till Till glacially deposited sediments GT glacial till Moderate High Colluvium Rock fall and landslide deposits NA Variable Bedrock Bedrock NA Low Other M miscellaneous O organic deposits Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the percentage of each geologic material will automatically be determined for each reach Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 37 May 2007 3 4 VALLEY SIDE SLOPES Meta Data e 1 24K topos e 1 24K topos soils slope data e 1 24K topos field observation Background Identifying the presence of steep adjacent side slopes in combination with data on the erodibility of the soils and geologic materials in the river corridor will enable you to query the Phase 1 database for infor mation on erosion potential watershed sediment supply and potential mass failure sites Menu Evaluation Classification Percent Slope Using topographic maps describe the typical val Flat 0 3 ley side slopes on the right and left s
2. Figure Number Description Page Figure 1 1 Confined narrow and broad valley types 11 Figure 1 2 Reach break based on a change in the valley width 12 Figure 1 3 Reach break due to a change in valley slope and confinement 13 Figure 1 4 Example of Impounded Reach 15 Figure 1 5 Example of reach numbering system 16 Figure 2 1 Valley length versus channel length 22 Figure 2 2 Example of delineating reach sub watersheds 25 Figure 2 3 Example of valley width on a topographical map 27 Figure 3 1 Alluvial fan indicated by topographic lines 35 Figure 3 2 Natural and structural grade controls 36 Figure 3 3 Example of NRCS soil survey 37 Figure 3 4 Aggregated Bedrock Classes for Vermont 41 Figure 5 1 Perched culvert restricting fish movement and migration 50 Figure 5 2 Examples of Vermont hard armored stream banks 52 Figure 5 3 Channel straightening as seen from a topographical map 53 Figure 6 1 Roads located within the river corridor 57 Figure 6 2 Berms and Roads within the river corridor 57 Figure 6 3 Developments within the river corridor 59 Figure 6 4 Mid channel and point bars viewed on an ortho photograph 6l Figure 6 5 A amp B Meander migration high and low impacts 62 amp 63 Figure 6 6 Belt width measurement example 65 Figure 6 7 Example of regular and irregular meanders 65 Figure 6 8 Wavelength measurement example 66 Figure 7 1 Ice jam formation at a dam on the Winooski River 69 Figure 8 1 Example of DMS report s
3. Narrower slightly steeper valley with a ANY ReachB less sinuous channel f li NX f fi J N VAN Figure 1 3 Reach break due to a change in valley slope and confinement as indicated by a change in the channel sinuosity Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 13 May 2007 Evaluating Geologic Materials A major change in the erodibility of soils or geologic materials along the stream may justify a reach break If you are familiar with evaluating the characteristics of soils and surfi cial geologic materials you may want to consider using this type of information in determining reach breaks This data can be found on NRCS soil survey maps available through NRCS and surficial geo logic maps available through the Vermont Geological Survey To determine if there are any significant geologic changes within your watershed find the streams and rivers of interest on the soils and surficial geologic maps and note any major changes in the surficial materials characteristics particularly erodibil ity Consider these locations as possible reach breaks Be sure to read about geologic materials in Step 3 of this Handbook and Appendix F before finalizing your reach breaks Evaluating Tributary Influence The confluence of major tributaries is a place to consider making a reach break on the mainstem stream receiving the tributary Major tributaries are those that constitute 10 or more of t
4. 25 May 2007 Evaluation At the Phase 1 stage of assessment you will have to rely on existing field data or a prediction of bankfull channel width calculated from the Vermont regional hydraulic geometry curve HGC HGCs for bank full discharge and channel cross sectional area width and depth have been developed by the River Man agement Program Appendix J At this time the curves are recommended for estimating channel width only on streams and rivers that are similar to those from which the curves were developed This would include mid to large sized streams in unconfined moderate gentle gradient alluvial settings You should not rely on the curves to characterize channel dimensions for other types of streams throughout your wa tershed The HGC for channel width follows the equation below where X is drainage area in square miles The DMS automatically calculates the channel width in feet by using the watershed size in square miles calculated in section 2 7 to the 0 50 power using the y function key on your calculator then multiply this value by 10 18 Round the calculated value to the nearest foot Example Calculating Channel Width W 13 1 x where X drainage area in sq mi if X 20 sq mi then W 13 10 20 49 feet For some stream reaches field data exists from surveys that may have included measurements of bankfull channel width Check for stream related studies and other developments that would hav
5. These reaches are numbered sequentially from downstream to upstream as R01 R02 R03 Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 14 May 2007 etc Rivers that should be labeled with R for the mainstem include the White Missisquoi Lamoille Winooski Otter Ompompanoosuc Ottauquechee and the Passumpsic If your assess ment area is located within one of the watersheds listed above please contact the River Manage ment section for further detail on how to number the reaches appropriately e M designates reaches on the mainstem of the remaining HUC 10 size streams those not listed above which are numbered sequentially from downstream to upstream as M01 M02 MO3 etc Figure 1 4 e M T or R T designates major tributaries on the mainstem those that drain 10 or more of the watershed area at their point of confluence with the mainstem These major tributaries are num bered sequentially from downstream to upstream along the mainstem as T1 T2 T3 etc They are preceded by the M or R that designates the mainstem reach into which they flow Individ ual reaches on each tributary are designated with a period and number following the tributary number e g T3 01 is assigned to the first reach on the third major tributary up the mainstem e M S or R S designates minor tributaries to the mainstem river those comprising less than 10 of the watershed at their confluence with the mainstem e g M02S2 i
6. dates of the protocols receive a login so data can be uploaded and entered into the DMS receiving in formation on Phase 1 assessment training opportunities receiving data quality assurance QA assistance and learning about other assessments that may have occurred or are currently underway in your study area It is critical that you contact ANR to find out about other assessments in your watershed as you need to coordinate your reach numbering assignments with prior assessments completed upstream or downstream from where you plan to work Have a Scoping Meeting Before starting your project the various constituents involved in the project should get together to be sure the goals of the project are understood It is also a good time to review the steps of the process and if there are multiple partners collecting data that each person understands their part in the project A Phase 1 Task Register table Appendix A can be used to assist in this process Protocol Steps Watershed characteristics evaluated as a part of this assessment protocol are referred to as parameters and have been organized under seven assessment steps For example a protocol for measuring water shed size is found in Step 2 7 the seventh parameter evaluated in Step 2 Data Sheets Paper data sheets Appendix A are organized by step and parameter number and have a heading to record the following information gt Stream Name The name of the stream or
7. gt 10 with abandoned terraces on one or both sides This ratio is only as accurate as the channel and valley widths used in the derivation You should con sider all Phase 1 confinement ratios and valley types to be provisional until you can go in the field meas ure the reference condition channel width and the natural valley width Where channel and valley widths are difficult to determine using remote sensing techniques it is recommended to at least nominate a valley type for every reach While there will be exceptions that will have to be corrected later the analytical power of the Phase 1 DMS will be much greater when provisional valley types have been assigned to each reach Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the valley width will automatically be imported for each reach and the DMS will calculate the confinement ratio and determine the appropriate valley type For those reaches that did not have a valley width come out of SGAT manually enter the estimated confine ment type into the DMS 2 11 REFERENCE STREAM TYPE Delineating stream types provides an initial Meta Data sorting of types within large basins and allows e 1 24K topos a general level of interpretation Field check e Field observation ing the remote sensing mapping effort that e Cross sections pebble counts utilizes aerial photographs and topographic e Profile cross sections pebble counts maps can lead to proper interpretations De li
8. 3 May 2007 5 1 4 5 Point Flow Regulation and Water Withdrawal Large Bypass Large Run of River Large Store and Re lease Large With drawal Small Bypass Small Run of River Small Store and Re lease Small With drawal Drinking Flood Control Hydro electric Other Recreation 3 2 1 6 Point Grade Control Dam Ledge Waterfall Weir Picture NO Picture Height Above Water Total Height N A 3 1 Point Gully N A N A Height N A 3 1 Polyline Mass Failure N A Left Bank Right Bank Height 6 4 5 2 Point Migration Avulsion Braiding Flood Chute Neck Cutoff N A 5 3 Point Steep Riffle or Head Cut Head Cut Steep Riffle N A 5 4 Field Ditch Other Overland Flow Road Ditch Tile Drain Urban Storm Water Pipe 4 7 Point Storm Water Input Straightening 55 Polyline With Windrowing Straightening N A Animal Crossing 5 4 Point Stream Ford Stream Crossing N A Not Applicable Using the Web Based Data Management System DMS Vermont ANR has also developed a web based data management system DMS The DMS can be used to automatically upload the SGAT amp FIT data stream characteristics soils land use data amp indexed fea tures and for manually entering Phase 1 information from data sheets The DMS also has the following capabilities e Built in QA checks t
9. ANR Information Technology Section for developing the Web based data management system DMS An initial draft outline of the Phase 1 Handbook was provided through contracted services with Lori Barg of Step by Step Consulting Pilot projects which greatly enhanced the development of the Phase 1 Handbook were made possible by Michele Boomhower of the Lamoille County Regional Commission Marty Illick and Kristen Underwood and many volunteers of the Lewis Creek Association Amy Sheldon and Dan McKinley and many volunteers of the White River Partnership Shelly Stiles and Dick Schesinger and many volunteers of the Bennington area and Jed Wright of the USFWS Gulf of Maine Coastal program Cove Creek pilot project Central Maine Request for technical assistance training questions and comments should be directed to Mike Kline Fluvial Geomorphologist Shannon Pytlik River Scientist River Management Program River Management Program DEC Water Quality Division DEC Water Quality Division 103 South Main St Building 10 North 430 Asa Bloomer State Office Building Waterbury Vermont 05671 0408 Rutland Vermont 05701 5903 802 241 3774 802 786 2501 Mike Kline state vt us Shannon Pytlik state vt us Larry Becker State Geologist Barry Cahoon P E Chief River Mgt Engineer Vermont Geological Survey River Management Program Laundry Building DEC Water Quality Division 103 South Main Street Logue Bldg 103 South Main Street Waterbury VT 0
10. Figure 2 1 Example of valley length versus stream length Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 22 May 2007 2 3 VALLEY SLOPE SGAT Data Sources e Step 2 1 and Step 2 2 Evaluation The DMS will automatically calculate the valley slope for each reach that has values for upstream and downstream elevations as well as the valley length The DMS uses the reach endpoint elevations re corded in the SGAT Step 10 dialog box to subtract the reach s downstream elevation from its upstream elevation to get the change in elevation for the reach Next the DMS will divide the change in elevation by the reach valley length determined in SGAT to calculate the reach valley slope The valley slope is multiplied by 100 to get percent slope Example Calculating Valley Slope 1140 ft upstream elevation 1000 ft downstream elevation 140 ft change in elevation difference in elevation ft 140 0 035 x 100 3 5 valley slope length of valley ft 4 000 Data Entry If you did not enter upstream and downstream elevations in Step 2 1 due to an indiscernible change in elevation along the reach use the Gentle Gradient check box on the data sheet and in the DMS to in dicate valley slope 2 4 CHANNEL LENGTH SGAT Meta Data e SGAT automated e Field tape measure e Field GPS e Field survey Evaluation SGAT will generate the channel length based on the 1 5000 VHD surface water theme th
11. and left valley into the DMS for each reach Note The right and left bank are determined facing downstream 3 5 SOIL PROPERTIES SGAT Meta Data e NRCS digital soil survey Background Similar to geologic materials soils information contributes to the understanding of sediment regime and may be particularly useful in explaining the channel condition stream type and departure and the ad justment processes occurring in a reach In addition knowing the types of soil and their properties within the river corridor may be valuable in an assessment of water quality where soils are subject to erosion during stages of channel evolution Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 38 May 2007 There are several categories of information contained in the NRCS soil surveys that are particularly useful in watershed analysis These include detailed information on engineering properties of the different soil types such as permeability grain size hydrologic group depth to bedrock and depth to seasonal high water table Soils information can help to characterize the erodibility of the soils the ability of water to infiltrate into the soils and the ways in which the soils were created Evaluation SGAT delineates the river corridor as a polygon and then uses the corridor polygon to clip soils data from the digital NRCS soils surveys SGAT generates a table named S14SC12 which sums the soil types and dom
12. graywacke conglom erate Metasedim entary mocks primarily non calcareous schist phyllite qneiss Metasanastone and other quatz bearing mocks primarily non calcareous m Metasandstone ana other quatz bearing mcks somewhat calcareous E Metamomphosed mafic volcanic and clastic metasedimentary rocks minor carbonate Ultramafics serpentine rocks talcs qunites ad peridotites m Plutonic granitic rocks and their metamorphic equivalents Figure 3 4 This map shows the distribution of calcareous and non calcareous bedrock types in Vermont Lake water quality studies con ducted by the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation have shown that bedrock type heavily influences lake buffering capacity with those lakes having the lowest alkalinities generally lt 25 mg l occur ring in areas dominated by non calcareous bedrock types Clarkson 1982 Though data is insufficient to compare stream alkalinity with bedrock type in Vermont it can be presumed that in general stream alkalinity levels follow a similar pattern Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
13. number and e The ability to link stream geomorphic and physical habitat data with other water resource data that has been stored electronically in other State databases by including fields for those data bases record identifiers such as the Vermont Waterbody ID Though the numbering system described below is a bit complex this provides the flexibility needed to permit users to conduct watershed assessments at different scales at different levels of detail and at dif ferent times and still be able to mesh assessment data together into a single statewide database Hydrologic Number The hydrologic number is an alpha numeric identifier that describes where a reach is located within the watershed drainage network This number combined with a unique project code assigned by the Data Management System creates unique reach identifiers for reaches from different wa tershed assessments This numbering system indicates into which reach a tributary enters allowing one to evaluate the upstream watershed inputs to a reach through database queries that sort by reach number It also provides the information needed to locate a reach within the watershed The SGAT program facili tates the assignment of reach hydrologic numbers See the SGAT User Manual for details The following numbering conventions are used to assign reach hydrologic numbers e R designates reaches on the mainstem of select large streams within the state of Vermont see list below
14. river printed on the USGS topographic map For un named tributaries use the tributary numbering system outlined in Step 1 of these protocols gt Sub watershed It is also helpful to note the name of the receiving water in parentheses Sub watersheds are generally at the scale of 16 sq mls to 63 sq mls National Hydraulic Unit Code 10 Scale Watershed delineations showing the 8 and 10 Scale Hydraulic Units and their codes are available as GIS data layers from the Vermont Center for Geographic Information VCGI at www vcgi org gt Watershed The name of the main river or lake at the downstream endpoint of your watershed Watersheds are generally at a scale greater than 63 mi Hydraulic Unit Code 8 Scale gt U S G S Map Name USGS map name s on which the watershed is located Map names are usually located in the bottom right hand corner of the maps gt Observers Name of observer s completing the assessment gt Organization Agency Three or more letter acronym s of the organizations and agencies repre sented in the assessment crew Paper Records You are encouraged to use both the hard paper copy data sheets and DMS report forms to catalogue and store assessment data for all data that is manually collected It is not necessary to keep hard copies of data that is collected in SGAT or the FITsince you will have a digital backup of the data Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources May 2007 Th
15. you revise the provisional condition evaluations in the Phase 1 DMS before setting priorities for protection management or restoration projects An interim way to set priorities within your watershed is provided through the completion of a Stream Impact Rating The River Management Program has developed guidance for basin planners on reach priori tization that places a high priority on identifying reference condition reaches for protection and red flagging strategic sites where certain channel adjustments may be occurring that would cause sig nificant landowner conflicts 4 A Like Reach Evaluation that groups the reaches in your watershed assessment by similar valley and stream types and similar geomorphic condition or impact rating Step 10 Grouping streams by like reaches is useful in selecting a manageable number of reaches on which to conduct the Phase 2 and Phase 3 field assessments By collecting detailed information on reaches that represent the dif ferent reach types in your watershed you are better able to characterize the entire watershed without conducting extensive and time consuming field surveys on the entire watershed The information collected on the representative reaches can be used to understand the other like reaches in the wa tershed 5 Watershed Maps including USGS maps where your assessment team has made field notations dur ing the watershed orientation and windshield surveys and computer generated GIS wate
16. 1 24 000 topographic maps e 1 5 000 DEM e 1 24 000 DEM Evaluation Using one of the data sources listed above record the elevation of the downstream end of each reach into the SGAT Step 10 data entry dialog box The DMS uses the elevations for successive reach breaks to determine the change in elevation between reach breaks in calculating valley and channel slopes When reading elevations from computer mapping programs it is important to verify the elevations given by the program with those interpreted from an original USGS topographic map Not all computer pro grams use corrected digital elevation models DEMs for their base map and this can lead to incorrect elevations Do not assume that the elevation given by the computer is correct Also be sure that eleva tions on all of the topographic maps you are using are in feet NOT METERS as slope measurements will be incorrect if elevation units are not in feet Record the elevation of the contour line crossing the stream nearest the reach endpoints If contour lines are far apart and a reach endpoint lies between interpolate the elevation based on the distance between the contour lines For example a reach endpoint located halfway between the 720 and 740 contour lines would be recorded as 730 For reaches in gentle gradient valleys typically lt 2 it may not be possible to discern between down stream and upstream elevations Where this is the case do not guess Do not r
17. 2 2 00 0 002 0 08 Silt size to pepper corn Silt lt 062 lt 002 Smaller than sand Not Evaluated The reach was not accessed during the windshield survey Sub Class Slope In a Phase 1 assessment the slope subscript is only used if the confinement and slope do not fit into one stream type category as listed in Table 2 2 The primary stream type always describes the confinement and a subscript is only used if the streams slope is not within the range for the confinement type For Example Ifa stream is semi confined with a slope around 1 0 that it would be a stream type B based on a confinement of a B and the slope of a C Menu Slope Slope Subscript a gt 4 b 2 4 c lt 2 None N A Data Entry Enter stream type subclass slope bed form and dominant bed material size class data into the Phase 1 DMS under Step 2 Use the meta data in the DMS to indicate whether the reference stream type has been Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 31 May 2007 confirmed or changed based on windshield surveys or Phase 2 or 3 assessments Data Entry The Phase 1 DMS contains menus to choose from the full complement of stream type descriptors used in the Rosgen 1996 and Montgomery Buffington 1997 classification schemes This way further details of reference stream characteristics determined later in Phase 2 or Phase 3 field assessments can be incor porated in th
18. 5671 2420 Waterbury Vermont 05671 0408 802 241 3496 802 751 0129 or 802 241 4309 Laurence Becker state vt us Barry Cahoon state vt us The Phase 1 Handbook may be downloaded from the River Corridor Management Geomorphic Assessment internet web page at www vtwaterquality org rivers htm Table of Contents Step Description Page Introduction 1 9 Where to Complete Phase 1 Assessments 1 Final Products of the Phase 1 Assessment 1 Basic Methods and Skills 2 Materials Needed 5 Getting Started 6 Phase 1 Quality Assurance Program 8 Phase I Meta Data 9 Expanded Menu Options 9 Starting the Assessment Defining Stream Reaches 10 18 Delineating the primary watershed 10 Selecting assessment streams 10 Defining geomorphic reaches a visual first cut 10 Reach Numbering 14 Special Circumstances where not to collect data 16 Watershed Orientation verifying reach breaks in the field 17 Step 1 Reach Locations 19 1 1 Reach Description 19 1 2 Town 19 1 3 Latitude and Longitude 19 Step 2 Determining Stream Types 20 32 2 1 Downstream and Upstream Elevations 21 2 2 Valley Length 21 2 3 Valley Slope 23 2 4 Channel Length 23 2 5 Channel Slope 24 2 6 Sinuosity 24 2 7 Watershed Size 25 2 8 Reference Channel Width 25 2 9 Valley Width 26 2 10 Confinement 28 2 11 Reference Stream Type 28 Step 3 Basin Characteristics Geology and Soils 33 41 3 1 Alluvial Fan 34 3 2 Grade Controls 35 3 3 Geo
19. Assessment Tool SGAT Use of GIS and the SGAT program significantly streamlines many of the Phase 1 calculations and measure ments The SGAT program automatically populates dBase tables that can be imported into the Phase 1 DMS The extension is set up in a user friendly interface format however it is expected that the user has a basic understanding of ArcView Currently SGAT is designed to work with ArcView 3 x Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 2 May 2007 Evaluation with SGAT Throughout the Phase 1 handbook the term SGAT appears in parentheses after each Step parameter for which SGAT can be used to generate data A separate handbook has been written to support the use of SGAT contact the DEC River Management Program It is recommended that a new user read through the SGAT handbook before using the tool in order to understand how the GIS extension works and which assessment steps can be completed or facili tated by the program The SGAT user handbook and the extension tool can be obtained on computer CD from the DEC River Management Program Using the SGAT Feature Indexing Tool FIT Evaluation of some of these parameters requires identification and measurement of physical features or characteristics such as bank armoring channel straightening and locations of berms and roads in the cor ridor Using the SGAT Feature Indexing Tool FIT provides an efficient means for documenting and measu
20. NR Stream Geomorphic Assessment Handbooks Phases 1 through 3 have a shared set of appendices Not all appendices are included with the Phase 1 Handbook Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 1V May 2007 PHASE 1 INTRODUCTION This Handbook is a guide to the Phase 1 Watershed Assessment the first of 3 phases of the Vermont Stream Geomorphic Assessment protocols Phase 1 is carried out using existing data such as topographic maps orthophotos agencies and organizations databases local and resource specialists knowledge and windshield surveys Windshield surveys provide field data through quick observation without exten sive field measurements The data collected in a Phase 1 assessment provide an overview of the general physical characteristics of a watershed Maps aerial pictures and historic information will be invaluable when combined with field interpretations in piecing together the story of a stream s response to the natural and human disturbances that have occurred over time at the watershed scale Where to Complete a Phase 1 Watershed Assessment Where to complete a Phase 1 watershed assessment is largely a question of scale as well as local priori ties How much of the main stem should be assessed Which tributaries should be looked at It is highly recommended that you and your team review the parameters or characteristics described in this hand book A limited ass
21. Reminder The right bank and left bank of a channel are defined looking downstream If you have any questions about the definitions of any terms please refer to the glossary in Appendix Q Materials Needed You will need the following materials to complete the watershed assessment e Acopy of the topographic maps covering your watershed e Orthophoto series two different time periods most recent and a series from at least 20 years ago e Computer mapping program that can measure distances areas and latitude longitude e Consistent access to the internet the ANR data management system is web based Materials needed for using SGAT amp FIT e Arc View 3 1 3 2 or 3 3 e Most recent version of the SGAT extension and accompanying user handbook Version 4 56 or above Digital topographic maps Digital orthophotos GIS layers for streams 1 5000 VHD Manually digitized watersheds meander center lines valley walls Digital NRCS soils and 2002 land use theme Iclu GIS computer tools or computer mapping programs are commercially available and are very use ful tools for measuring slopes distances and other assessment parameters however these tools are not required to complete a Phase 1 assessment Published data resources are listed throughout this Handbook Below is a summary table of sources for acquiring topographic maps orthophotos and similar basic data sources Many helpful data layers are available as GIS coverages from the V
22. TY SGAT Data Sources Step 2 2 and 2 4 results Evaluation Sinuosity is the ratio of channel length to valley length The DMS will calculate sinuosity for those reaches where SGAT was used to measure the channel length and either the SGAT generated valley length or the valley length entered by the user into the SGAT Step 10 dialog In general the narrower the valley the closer the stream length is to the valley length with both becoming nearly equal in length in narrowly confined valleys resulting in a sinuosity close to 1 If the DMS generates sinuosity values less than 1 there is an error in how the valley length measurement was generated in the program Measure the valley length on screen to determine if a different value should be entered into the SGAT Step 10 dialog for valley length Example Calculating Sinuosity channel length ft 6000 4000 1 5 sinuosity valley length ft Data Entry None this is a calculation automated by the DMS Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 24 May 2007 2 7 WATERSHED SIZE SGAT Meta Data e 1 24K DEM e 1 24K topos 1 5K NHD e 1 5K DEM Background Watershed size or drainage area is defined as the area of a river basin measured in a hori zontal plane that is enclosed by a topographic divide such that direct surface runoff from precipitation normally would drain by gravity into the river basin The National Handbook of Recomme
23. Vermont Stream Geomorphic Assessment Phase 1 Handbook WATERSHED ASSESSMENT ae ait te USING MAPS EXISTING DATA AND WINDSHIELD SURVEYS Vermont Agency of Natural Resources May 2007 Authorship and editing of the Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Handbook and Database was the collaborative effort of Mike Kline DEC River Management Program Christa Alexander formerly of Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife Shannon Pytlik DEC River Management Program Staci Pomeroy DEC River Management Program George Springston Norwich University Dept of Geology Shayne Jaquith DEC River Management Program Barry Cahoon DEC River Management Program Larry Becker Vermont Geological Survey Funding for assessment protocol development has been provided by the U S Environmental Protection Agency U S Fish and Wildlife Service Conservation and Reinvestment Act Funding Federal Emergency Management Agency Lake Champlain Basin Program Vermont Agency of Transportation Research Grant Vermont Geological Survey State Map Grant Acknowledgements Other Agency of Natural Resources staff who worked on the Phase 1 Handbook include Jim Ryan and Ethan Swift of the Water Quality Division Planning Section Jared Carrano Leslie Fernandez and Sacha Pealer of the Water Quality Division River Management Program and Joe Zuccarello Department of Fish and Wildlife Special thanks and acknowledgement to Brenda Clarkson and Andrew Tomczak of the
24. al lowing you to calibrate your eye as to how features you see on the ground appear on the maps and ortho photos The types of information that may be collected during the orientation are listed in the table below The Phase 1 protocol step number is listed next to each parameter and the Notes column sug gests what to look for during the orientation First read the Phase 1 protocols Before starting the watershed orientation overview the protocols pay ing particular attention to the parameters listed in the table below so you know which features are impor tant to note during the watershed orientation For example reading Steps 1 and 2 and Appendices D and E will help you successfully identify valley wall features on the topographic map The Watershed Orientation is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of the entire watershed that cap tures all notable features in the watershed Spend as much time as you can but do not expend so much time that it keeps you from completing the rest of the assessment For example it is not expected that you will see every mile of stream in your watershed and record all grade controls present The Wind shield Survey in Phase 1 Step 7 and Phase 2 assessments are designed to confirm Phase 1 observations and help fill in the data gaps over time Table 1 2 Parameters and map codes for use in watershed orientation surveys Step Num Ma P Parameter P Notes ber Code 210 and Recor
25. and make a note in the comments box Before beginning a Phase 1 assessment read the QA protocol at the end of the Phase 1 Handbook to more fully understand the data documentation process After the Phase 1 assessment steps are completed the QA sheet and QA data entry form in the DMS Appendices A and B should be completed The QA sheet is a set of questions that documents which steps were completed and when what assessment tools and data sources were used the level of training received by members of the assessment team and the confi dence level of the assessors towards the data collected at each assessment step These QA sheets should be reviewed and finalized by the QA team When data is updated or changed the same process of data review should to be completed The QA sheet can then be updated to indicate the change in data The portions of the QA sheet completed by the assessor will assist in incorporating the data into the State Geomorphic DMS see Appendix P As the data is brought into the State DMS ANR staff will review the data and the QA process and QA sheet will be completed This ANR level QA process will be done each time data is updated or changed and resubmitted to ANR Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources May 2007 Phase 1 Meta Data Description Metadata is used to document the methods and sources used in collecting geomorphic assessment data The RMP has developed a list of stand
26. annels Dominated by sand Ripple sized substrates Channel may exhibit point bars or other bed forms forced by channel geometry Typically undulating bed does not establish distinct pools and riffles Multiple channel system found on steep depositional fans and deltas Channel gradient is generally the same as the valley slope Ongoing deposition leads to high bank erosion Braided rates Bed features result from the convergence divergence process of local bed scour and sediment deposition Unvegetated islands may shift position frequently during runoff events High bankfull widths and very low meander belt widths Bedrock Lack a continuous alluvial bed Some alluvial material may be temporarily stored in scour holes or behind obstructions Often confined by valley walls Not Evalu The reach was not accessed during the windshield survey ated Be careful as casual observations of dominant bed material type are often biased toward the larger parti cles If you can get down close to the stream observe the smaller particles that are often entrained around larger substrates and be sure to consider these in your evaluation of dominant bed material Menu Bed Materials Millimeters Inches Relative Size Bedrock Ledge outcrop Boulder 256 4096 10 1 160 Basketball to Volkswagen Bug Cobble 64 256 2 5 10 1 Tennis ball to basketball Gravel 2 64 0 08 2 5 Pepper corn to tennis ball Sand 0 06
27. ape and fluvial processes of the stream or river Impoundments that warrant their own reach are those that are substantially wider than the natural channel In addition the dams creating these impoundments are typically constructed on natural grade controls i e bedrock which influence vertical channel adjustments Small riverine impoundments may not warrant reach breaks Though Phase 1 reaches are intended to represent reference conditions large impoundments are a necessary exception to this rule as they are often too modified to de termine reference valley confinement and slope thus the reason for breaking them out as their own reaches i E Evaluating Stream Confinement valley width Reach breaks are often made i where the valley width changes Valley width is important because it is an indica z tor of how confined the stream is and i whether it will have access to a floodplain at different flood levels To determine valley width differences look for relative changes in the distance between toes of opposing valley walls The toe of a valley ii Ree i Break wall can be identified as the bottom of the more steeply sloped portion of the valley This is evident on a topographic map as t the place where the contour lines change SS a Approximate toes of valley walls from being widely spaced on the gentle A AON Hn PISU 1 F sloped valley floor to being more closely Figure 1 2 Reach break ba
28. ard metadata options for each of the Phase 1 parameters Meta data should be documented on the data form provided in Appendix A The documentation of the metadata is completed during the automated upload of the SGAT and RIT data as well as during the manual data en try task in the DMS where the user will find a drop down menu listing the options for each parameter The default for each parameter is the data collection method most commonly used If you did not use the default method you must manually change the metadata for each applicable reach in the DMS If you find that none of the metadata options for a parameter adequately describes the method you used please contact the RMP staff Menu Options No Data versus None versus Not Evaluated In order to qualify the completeness and accuracy of a data set the following options are included for most of the Phase I menu options No data sources are available to determine if the impact exists A selection of No Data indicates that the data collector has exhausted all options for obtaining the data as described by the meta data and has found that no sources are available to determine if the impact exists A selection of none indicates the data collector reviewed all available options for obtaining data as described by the meta data and found that the impact is not documented anywhere A selection of None indicates that at the Phase I remote sensing assessment level no ev
29. at have a very slow infiltration rate and thus high runoff poten tial They have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface have a permanent high water table or are shallow over impervious bedrock or other hard material Menu Hydrologic Description Group A High infiltration rate low runoff potential AID Seasonally variable high infiltration rate with low runoff potential OR undrained slow infiltration rate with high runoff potential B Medium High infiltration rate B D Seasonally variable Medium High infiltration rate low runoff potential OR undrained slow infiltration rate with high runoff potential C Medium Slow infiltration rate Seasonally variable Medium slow infiltration rate low runoff potential cad OR undrained slow infiltration rate with high runoff potential D Slow infiltration rate high runoff potential Not Rated Not rated or no hydrologic group assigned No Data Soils data is not available for the study area Not Evaluated All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 39 May 2007 Flooding Flooding characteristics for soil types are listed in the Top 20 table under the frequency of flooding category Soils formed in floodplains are indicative of areas where historical channel migration has occurred Silts and sands are carried by floodwaters and d
30. at is registered in SGAT Read section 2 2 valley length to understand the difference between measuring valley length and channel length Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values for channel length will automatically be im ported for each reach Use the meta data in the DMS to indicate whether the channel length has been con firmed or changed based on windshield surveys or Phase 2 or 3 assessments Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 23 May 2007 2 5 CHANNEL SLOPE SGAT Data Sources e Step 2 1 and Step 2 4 Evaluation The DMS will automatically calculate the channel slope for each reach that contains data for upstream and downstream elevations as well as the channel length The DMS uses the reach endpoint elevations recorded in SGAT Step 10 to subtract the reach s downstream elevation from its upstream elevation to get the change in elevation for the reach Next the DMS will divide the change in elevation by the reach channel length recorded in Step 2 4 to calculate the channel slope The channel slope is multiplied by 100 to get percent slope See example below Example Calculating Channel Slope 1140 ft upstream elevation 1000 ft downstream elevation 140 ft change in elevation difference in elevation ft 140 0 023x 100 2 3 channel slope length of channel ft 6 000 Data Entry None this is a calculation automated by the DMS 2 6 SINUOSI
31. aterfalls and ledge drops that span the width of the river channel Grade control is important because it keeps the base elevation of a river from being lowered When the base elevation is lowered several adjustments typically occur e bed forms such as steps and riffles are eroded and floodplain access may be lost e vertical channel adjustments propagate upstream causing channel incision and bank erosion e the channel widens during floods introducing sediment into the river system from bank erosion e the water table may lower affecting channel flows riparian vegetation and domestic wells and e human investments particularly roads and bridges can be undermined Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 35 May 2007 Some grade controls may serve as barriers to movement and migration of aquatic biota Dams weirs and falls may prevent the upstream and in the case of some dams downstream movement of stream dwelling organisms particularly fish Phase 1 results for grade controls can be used to guide further assessments of aquatic habitat connectivity in Phase 2 Bridge and culvert assessments are also important components of assessing aquatic habitat connectivity see Appendix G ANR Bridge and Culvert Assessment proto cols Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department fisheries biologists can provide information about known fish migration barriers and can help evaluate suspected barriers Evaluation Indica
32. ber reaches according to the numbering systems outlined in this section 5 Conduct a watershed orientation to verify reach delineations and to calibrate your eye as to how features on the maps and orthophotos which you will be using to complete the Phase 1 assessment appear on the ground 1 Delineating the Primary Watershed Detailed instructions on how to delineate watershed boundaries and how to read topographic maps are provided in Appendix D Determine the boundary of the watershed that encompasses the stream s you are interested in assessing This is considered the primary watershed and includes all the land area that contributes flow to the as sessment stream s Draw this watershed boundary on USGS topographic maps as described in detail in Appendix D Refer to the SGAT User Manual on how to develop a digital watershed data layer 2 Selecting Assessment Streams Once you have determined the primary watershed you are going to assess you need to identify what sec tions of stream within the watershed you will complete the Phase 1 It is helpful to delineate the bounda ries of the sub watersheds for each major tributary to gain an understanding of what percentage of the watershed those tributaries comprise Your assessment goals local priorities and available resources should be considered when deciding how many tributaries to evaluate in the watershed If resources are limiting you can delay conducting steps 1 through 10 of the as
33. cy and completeness is to compare the original data sheets filled out by hand to those generated by the DMS Though tedious comparing each data entry line for line will en sure there are no errors resulting from simple typos and improper transfers of data from the raw data sheets to the DMS Many Phase 1 parameters are assessed in the field during Phase 2 and Phase 3 Stream Geomorphic As sessments If you have confirmed or changed remote sensing data in the Phase 1 DMS as a result of reach scale field assessments the meta data see below needs to be changed It is very important that you do not characterize an entire reach in the Phase 1 DMS based on a field assessment of only a segment or part of the reach Wait until you have field assessed the entire reach before revising the Phase 1 data Revising the Phase 1 DMS with new and or field verified data may strengthen the use of the data in wa tershed analysis After you make these revisions it is essential to document the changes This should be done by updating the meta data reach by reach parameter by parameter to ensure that you preserve the ability to pull out certain types of data i e remote sensing versus field verified data Everyone who attempts to use your Phase 1 data will appreciate the efforts made to document its quality including its deficiencies If you encounter problems with incomplete data for certain parameters select Not Evaluated for that reach and parameter
34. d by preexisting weak nesses such as relatively soft geologic units bedding and other layering within the rock units and frac tures in the rock such as faults or joints Thus a straight reach constrained by bedrock may owe its shape to a fault in the underlying rocks and a sharp bend in the stream may be due to one or more joints in the rock Such fractures can provide an easy path for the stream to follow because the rock weathers faster along the fractures Under present stream flow conditions bedrock controlled streams in Vermont are essentially fixed in position even when viewed over time frames of a hundred years or longer Reaches underlain by surficial deposits can in contrast respond to changing watershed inputs over very short time periods A single flood may drastically alter such a channel and the stream may be able to re spond to the new conditions over a period of months years or decades in order to reestablish the dynamic equilibrium described in the Program Introduction Evaluation Step 3 will help you to make the distinction between bedrock and non bedrock dominated stream systems and to subdivide the non bedrock systems based on the erodibility of the materials in the bed and banks You will also note features that control or accentuate certain erosion processes such as grade controls and the steepness of valley side slopes The River Corridor Created in SGAT From Step 3 on you will be evaluating several parameters wi
35. d valley toe locations on map and generally note valley widths rela First cut Valley Type and Confinement IERS PSE 8 y y 5 tive to channel widths Verify visual first cut reach breaks reach breaks 3 1 Alluvial Fan AF Map locations of any observed alluvial fans 3 2 Grade Controls GC Map locations and types of any grade controls observed 4 2 Cotidor tand Use f Land Cover Become familiar with how land use cover types appear on maps and or thophotos DNET Become familiar with how riparian vegetation appears on orthophotos 4 3 Riparian Buffer Generally note riparian buffer widths and vegetation types 4 4 Groundwater Inputs Trib Map locations of any observed small tributaries and groundwater SS inputs wetlands seeps springs not already visible on maps Flow Regulation Water Withdrawal Dam 5 1 Weir Map locations of any observed flow regulation and water with Snowmaking withdrawal Snow drawal structures Irrigation withdrawal Irrig Channel and Bank Modifications 5 3 and 5 4 Rip rap rprp Tree Revetments trvt Corridor Encroachments Become familiar with how channel modifications and bank re vetments appear on orthophotos B B Become familiar with how corridor encroachments appear on 6 1 and 6 2 are maps and orthophotos Map locations of observed features that i Reads are not viewable on maps and photos Development Resid Comm D R C Sediment storage Mid channel bar Mbr Become familiar with how sedimen
36. e Phase 1 watershed wide DMS For instance during a Phase 1 assessment you may provi sionally set the reference stream type of a reach as B Plane bed Then in the field you may determine that the dominant bed material type of the reference condition is cobble sized In this case you would want to revise the reference reach stream type to a B3 Plane bed Use the meta data field in the DMS to indicate whether the reference stream type for the reach was re fined or changed based on windshield surveys or Phase 2 or Phase 3 assessments Stream Types and Aquatic Habitat As indicated in Table 2 2 stream types are associ ated with specific bed forms and valley character istics which determine in part the types of habi tat available for stream dwelling organisms In general different species utilize different stream types as they have adapted to specific physical chemical and biological components found in these different stream types Many species will utilize more than one stream type but few species are adapted to utilizing all stream types well Some generalizations can be made about what species you might expect to find in certain stream types For example the Northern Spring salaman der Gyrinophilus porphyriticus commonly inhab its very cold well oxygenated headwater streams and spring seeps which are usually associated with A type and possibly B type streams The physical characteristics of A and B stream type
37. e following parameters are evaluated in SGAT and therefore do NOT need to be recorded on the paper data sheets Town Ortho Photo Topographic Map HUC 10 Reach Number Latitude amp Longitude Northing amp Easting Upstream amp Downstream Elevations Valley Length Channel Length Valley Width Watershed Size Geologic Material Dominant and Subdominant Hydrologic Group and Flooding and Water Table and shallow and deep Erodibility and Current dominant and Subdominant Land Cover in the Watershed including urban and crop in the Watershed Current dominant and Subdominant Land Cover in the Corridor including urban and crop in the Corridor Ideally data sheets are accompanied with paper maps These base maps will likely be USGS topographic maps but if you are using GIS you can create your own base maps that contain topography and other use ful data layers you may have available Be sure to include basic information on the map such as the wa tershed boundary the beginnings and ends of each stream reach and any watershed orientation and wind shield survey field notes Step 7 gives a description of the map notation used in windshield surveys Computer Tools amp Outputs Use the DMS to store and manage your assessment data Appendix B offers guidance on how to use the Phase 1 DMS and provides examples of these forms and data queries used to complete Phase 1 products Entering the Phase I Geomorp
38. e involved cross sectional surveys You should consider all Phase 1 channel width data to be provisional until you can go into the field and measure reference channel width After conducting a Phase 2 assessment you can up date the Phase 1 value for channel width in the Phase 1 DMS with the measured value for those reaches where you are fairly certain that your Phase 2 data is representative of the reach s reference condition You should not enter field measured channel width values into the Phase 1 DMS if they are from a seg ment or reach that is in adjustment especially those measured on over widened streams or streams un dergoing planform adjustment Data Entry None this is a calculation automated by the DMS Use the meta data in the DMS to indicate whether the channel width has been confirmed or changed based on Phase 2 or 3 assessments 2 9 VALLEY WIDTH SGAT Meta Data e SGAT automated e 1 24K topos e Field range finder e Field tape measure Background For purposes of Phase 1 assessment the valley may be described as that land area through which the river is free to move laterally over time A river can be prevented from moving laterally by geologic material of specific quality or quantity Material such as bedrock which is resistant to erosion will limit a river s ability to migrate laterally over time Erodible material if in large enough quantities may also signifi cantly impede the lateral migration of a river over t
39. e stream types are based largely on characteristics of the valley geology and climate of the reach Evaluation In Step 2 you will measure stream characteristics including valley slope and confinement to start the process of designating a reference stream type to each geomorphic reach in the watershed Only those stream characteristics that can be efficiently measured using maps and other remote sensing tools are evaluated in Step 2 of the Phase 1 protocols The refinement of reference reach characteristics will con tinue through the entire Phase 1 2 and 3 protocols Verification and refinement of reference stream types is done by observing sediment and hydrologic characteristics as well as channel floodplain and terrace land forms At the end of Phase 1 Step 2 you will have a preliminary reference stream type designated for each reach in the watershed At this phase of assessment do not expect your measurements to reflect on the ground conditions exactly These measurements are broad characterizations for a large area of land Evaluation with SGAT You MUST use the SGAT GIS extension to complete the assessment The term SGAT appears in parentheses after each parameter for which SGAT can be used to generate data SGAT will generate data for the following Step 2 parameters 2 2 valley length 2 4 channel length 2 8 valley width Valley width and length values are only generated in SGAT for those reaches where you choose to de l
40. ecord elevations for these reaches and check the Gentle Gradient check box on the datasheet and in the DMS Phase 3 field sur veys involving an established elevation benchmark are required to accurately set upstream and down stream elevations for these gentle gradient stream reaches If the elevations are determined with a survey during a Phase 3 assessment change the meta data in the DMS Data Entry If the downstream elevations are entered in the Step 10 dialog for each reach in SGAT then when the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the elevations will automatically be imported for each reach Other wise you have an opportunity to enter both the upstream and downstream elevations for each reach di rectly into the DMS 2 2 VALLEY LENGTH SGAT Meta Data e SGAT automated e 1 24K topos e 1 24K topos amp 1 5K orthos Background Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources yx May 2007 The valley length represents the straight line distance parallel to the valley walls between the reach end points see Figure 2 1 Do not follow the meanders of the stream Be sure not to leap over any hill sides when measuring the valley length Evaluation Valley length values are only generated in SGAT for those reaches where you choose to delineate valley walls by creating a GIS polygon theme usually done along most mainstem rivers larger tributaries and in some cases smaller tributaries in wider va
41. efined by field data it will become an even more rigorous guidance tool for watershed planners and managers In a Phase 1 assessment reference stream types are defined for each reach by evaluating reach valley slope and confinement in Step 2 and are further refined using bed form and channel substrate data col lected during the windshield survey Step 7 Assigning a reference stream type using remote sensing and windshield survey data should be considered provisional Field assessments Phase 2 and Phase 3 consider other channel characteristics to assign existing stream types such as the degree to which the channel can access its floodplain Where field assessments indicate the absence of major human related stressors and little or no channel adjustment the field data used to type the reference condition can be used to refine the reference stream type assigned in the Phase 1 assessment and to update the Phase 1 DMS The Phase 1 DMS is reserved for reference stream type data in order to maintain a consistent data layer for reaches throughout the watershed even though some evaluations may be more provisional than others This reserves the data necessary to contrast reference stream types with the existing stream types determined in Phases 2 and Phase 3 Evaluation Using Table 2 2 as well as the more detailed descriptions below to determine the stream type for each reach based on the confinement and valley slope Record the letter tex
42. ents additional stream type characteristics beyond the Phase 1 parameters of stream size geology valley confinement and valley slope may influence where you decide to make reach breaks ei ther dividing or combining reaches based on your field observations and measurements For reach breaks defined later in the assessment process i e during Phase 2 or Phase 3 there is a sub reach numbering and tracking system provided to allow for this later distinction of reaches without having to renumber and reassess Phase 1 reaches See the Phase 2 Handbook Introduction for guidance on numbering sub reaches e Choose one person to review all the reaches visually defined in your watershed in order to ensure consistency between different assessors reach designations e Start defining reaches from downstream to upstream on the mainstem first and then determine the reaches on the major tributaries again downstream to upstream e When a large tributary enters the mainstem this defines a new reach on the mainstem just above the confluence of the tributary See discussion under tributary influence later in this section e Consider creating reach breaks on the upstream and downstream ends of large alluvial fans see Step 3 1 on alluvial fans due to the sensitivity of these streams to both vertical and lateral adjust ment e Consider creating reach breaks on the upstream and downstream ends of large impoundments that have changed the general sh
43. eposited in the floodplain Over time these floodplain soils can build into deep rich deposits The presence of floodplain soils can be used to deter mine historic channel migration areas This information is listed under the description of each soil Menu Flooding Description None or Rare Soil texture not indicative of frequent flooding Occasional Soil texture indicative of occasional flooding Frequent Soil texture indicative of frequent flooding Not Rated Frequency of flooding not indicated for soil type No Data Soils data is not available for the study area Not Evaluated All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated HEL Class Determine the erodibility of soils and estimate the percentage of the reach that contains soil materials that are highly or potentially highly erodible One option for evaluating this parameter is to read the general description of each soil and use the erosion potential of the soil with no vegetation as the erodibility value assigned to the soil The overall percentage of highly and or potentially highly erodible soil values for the reach can be used to choose an appropriate value from the menu below For example if the value for highly erodible is 20 and the value for potentially highly erodible is 35 the overall per centage is 55 and the reach would be considered in the severe category for erodibility Highly Erodible Land HEL is soil erodib
44. ermont Center for Geographic Information VCGI Check their website at www vcgi org Materials Source Phone Vermont Hydrography Dataset Vermont Center for Geographic Information VCGD at http www vcgi org 802 882 3000 Topographic maps Retail outlets and Vermont Geological Survey 802 241 3608 Orthophotos Vermont Mapping Program VT Dept of Taxes http www state vt us tax vermontmapping htm 802 241 3552 Surficial geologic map Vermont Geological Survey 802 241 3608 FEMA National Flood Insurance Town Clerks Dept of Emergency Management Program NFIP maps DEC Division of Water Quality 802 241 3770 Soil Surveys Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS 802 951 6796 Wetland maps DEC Division of Water Quality 802 241 3770 Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment May 2007 VT Agency of Natural Resources 5 Getting Started Read the Handbooks Each member of your assessment team should read the Phase 1 Handbook before getting started The team member s running SGAT should read the SGAT manual Understanding the entire protocol and the rationale behind it can save a lot of questions that will undoubtedly arise otherwise Contact the ANR It is IMPERATIVE that you set up a project scoping meeting with the DEC River Management Program before beginning an assessment This offers several advantages finding out whether there have been up
45. es for the upstream end of the reach and the down stream end of each reach Computer mapping tools such as GIS Maptech Terrain Navigator and Delorme Topo USA provide latitude and longitude as degrees minutes seconds For example Longi tude 44 17 00 N and Latitude 73 17 30 W If you plan to access the data in the future using Arc View or other GIS mapping software it is important to use 1983 datum and to use decimal degrees It is possible to convert degrees minutes seconds into decimal degrees by dividing the minutes and the sec onds each by 60 and then adding these to the degrees degrees minutes 60 seconds 60 GIS data sets from VCGI and the ANR are generally in NAD 83 State Plane Coordinates in meters SGAT will automatically generate the latitude and longitude and the NAD 83 State Plane Coordinates for each reach break When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the latitude longitude and NAD 83 state plane coordinates will automatically be imported for each reach Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 19 May 2007 Step 2 Reference Stream Types Overview Background Reference stream types are designated to describe stream channel forms and processes that would exist in the absence of human related changes to the channel floodplain and or watershed Given the long his tory of stream channelization and human related changes to the Vermont landscape referenc
46. essment of stream reaches and tributaries will produce information you need to solve problems but only if your team examines enough of the watershed to interpret the impacts associated with upstream and downstream activities Final Products of the Phase 1 Watershed Assessment Products of a Phase 1 Watershed Assessment include 1 Reference Stream Typing which involves dividing streams in the watershed into geomorphic reaches that are assigned a reference stream type based on physical parameters such as geology valley landform and valley slope Note These are NOT the stream types as described in the Ver mont Water Quality Standards classification scheme Water Resources Board 1999 2 A Stream Impact Rating that results in a priority ranking for each reach in your watershed Step 8 This is based on impact scores that you assign to channel floodplain and land use modifications for each reach as you progress through the assessment Reaches with high scores may be physically re sponding to disturbances and warrant further study in the field Reaches with very low scores may also be candidates for field assessment as they may be suitable reference reaches for streams in ad justment 3 A Provisional Geomorphic Condition Evaluation for each reach Step 9 that includes e Reach Condition a descriptor that represents an estimate of channel and floodplain change or departure from the reference condition given the type
47. f any of your reach determinations will need to be refined You may decide as you start measuring the various parameters in Step 2 that some reaches should be combined or separated If you are using SGAT however which automates most of the Step 2 meas urements you will likely not want to change reach breaks once you have digitized sub watersheds for these reaches Be sure to give careful thought to your reach breaks and use the Watershed Orientation to quickly verify them in the field The Watershed Orientation is particularly helpful in identifying valley walls and in understanding valley slope and confinement Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 11 May 2007 By the end of Step 2 you will have assigned each reach a reference stream type classification as de fined in the Program Introduction The following discussion offers general guidelines for determining reach breaks and evaluating valley form geology and tributary influence to define distinct geomorphic stream reaches Ground Rules for Defining Reaches Stream reaches designate a length of channel based on reference stream type characteristics that can be distinguished in some way from the reaches immediately upstream or downstream You are encouraged to verify initial reach breaks in the field during the Watershed Ori entation to see if your visual first cut of reaches makes sense on the ground During Phase 2 and Phase 3 field assessm
48. he primary watershed area at their confluence with the mainstem Delineating the watersheds of major tributaries within the primary watershed will help you identify where to make reach breaks on the mainstem based on tributary watershed size Break the mainstem reach just above the con fluence of the major tributary This same rule applies when breaking reaches on the tributaries them selves consider the influence of minor tributaries those that feed major tributaries In the interest of practicality as you begin making reach breaks in the headwaters of the watershed you may choose to discontinue using tributary influence to determine reach breaks In headwater areas the mainstem typically becomes a steeper more confined channel of similar stream type throughout Often numerous tributaries of similar watershed size come together over a short distance to make up the main channel In these cases you may choose to consider all of these as minor tributaries together and per haps only break a reach on the mainstem upstream of a group of confluences of these tributaries rather than at each one 4 Reach Numbering Reach numbering is necessary to efficiently organize track and communicate reach related data The following objectives are also met by the reach numbering conventions described below e The ability to discern where a reach is located within its watershed and to be able to query for data upstream of a reach provided by the hydrologic
49. hers find the reach on the ground dur ing windshield surveys and later phases of Stream Geomorphic Assessment The process of sorting mapping retrieving and collating Phase 1 data is also facilitated by reach location information Data Sheet 1 Reach Locations 1 1 REACH DESCRIPTION Evaluation The reach description should help someone unfamiliar with the area to locate the reach Try to provide as much detail to your description as you can for example give a distance and compass heading from a named landmark road crossing or road mile marker to the upstream end of the reach All reaches should be marked on a topographic map and labeled with reach numbers Example Reach M01 Off Rt 100 2 miles up from Rt 100 Bridge St intersection in Granville Reach begins NE approximately 1 2 mile off Rt 100 just above tributary entering on the east bank 1 2 TOWN SGAT Evaluation Version 4 56 of SGAT will automatically determine the town s where the reach is located If a reach is located in more than one town then SGAT lists all towns in which the physical stream not the sub watershed is located When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the town s will automatically be imported for each reach 1 3 LATITUDE LONGITUDE amp NAD 83 State Plane Coordinates SGAT Evaluation Latitude and longitude are north south and east west values respectively recorded as degrees minutes and seconds Record the latitude and longitude valu
50. hic data into the web based DMS to the DEC River Management Program to include in the state geomorphic dataset provides the following benefits VVVV ensuring that a duplicate copy of the data exists in an alternate location Automated QA reviews to check for data consistency and accuracy building a statewide dataset that will result in a more powerful problem solving tool and receiving assistance from other geomorphic assessment professionals in data interpretation Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 7 May 2007 Phase 1 Quality Assurance Program At the start of your Phase 1 assessment establish a QA team that includes the primary data collector s This team will be responsible for reviewing the data collected Members of this team need to be trained in the protocols and use of the Phase 1 DMS and at least one member of the team should be trained in quality assurance techniques Training can be obtained from the DEC River Management Program RMP Once data has been collected and entered into the DMS the standard reports and tables in the DMS can be generated and reviewed by the QA team The team can determine if there is information that is miss ing inconsistent with the protocols or needs further evaluation Data that raises concerns or problems can then be assessed and the method of correcting or completing the information can be established A good first check to ensure data accura
51. hould be assigned a reach number in SGAT Figure 1 4 SGAT will automatically collect some data such as soils and land use for the waterbody and this data will be imported into the DMS You will have an oportunivy in the DMS to exclude the reach from further assessment by selecting a checkbox that indicates the section of stream is impounded In order to prevent data entry and analysis errors in the DMS the user can use the exclude button to eliminate from the dataset those reaches for which data was collected in SGAT but the complete set of Phase 1 data was not completed Refer to the DMS directions in Appendix B for further detail on excluding reaches Phase Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 16 May 2007 6 Watershed Orientation While you may be familiar with your watershed before beginning an assessment you may not have viewed the watershed in the context of a watershed assessment Getting out to see the watershed and its streams by car or boat at the start of an assessment can facilitate the assessment process by answering many questions that will arise later during the assessment The Watershed Orientation is useful in refining and verifying the first cut reach breaks Specifically it allows for a more detailed mapping of valley walls and field verification of valley confinement It also provides an on the ground look at parameters that you will later assess from maps and orthophotos
52. hould only be considered when project goals demand a high level of accuracy for location data as data collection and management can be time con suming See http www dnr state wi us maps gis documents gps_tools pdf for information on how to use GPS Take good pictures to document unique features such as grade controls and general watershed charac teristics such as channel size and valley form throughout the watershed Be sure to record the number of the picture and the location that it was taken using the standard photo log form Appendix A If you change roles of film mark the roll with tape as to which area locations the roll represents and be sure to transfer this information to the envelope in which you submit your film for processing Reference these pictures when completing the rest of the assessment Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 18 May 2007 Step 1 Reach Location Overview Once the geomorphic reaches have been delineated and numbered as described in the previous section you are ready to begin the first step in the Phase 1 assessment process which is to formally locate your reaches Locating the reaches involves writing a location description identifying the Vermont municipal ity in which the reach is located and providing a latitude and longitude for the upstream and downstream ends of the reach Reach location information serves the purpose of helping you and ot
53. idence of the impact can be found All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated Fur Not Evaluated ther work should be completed No Data None Example If you are collecting data for step 6 3 Depositional Features and in reviewing the 1 5000 ortho photos you find that you can t see the stream well enough to determine if any depositional features exist select the no data option because you can t tell if the impact exists However if you are collecting data for Step 5 5 Dredging and Gravel Mining and you have interviewed the DEC NRCS and town officials and locals and have found no existing evidence of dredging or gravel mining you should select None because you have exhausted all reasonable Phase I data sources and have found no evidence of the impact It is important to understand the difference between none no data and not evaluated prior to be ginning a Phase I Geomorphic Assessment Please use these options where applicable Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 9 May 2007 Starting the Phase 1 Assessment Defining Stream Reaches To start the Phase 1 assessment you must first do the following 1 Delineate the primary watershed 2 Select streams within the watershed to be assessed 3 Visually define a first cut of geomorphic reaches for the assessment streams using the ground rules and guidance provided in this section 4 Num
54. ides of the Hilly 4 8 valley as viewed looking downstream using the Steep 9 15 categories provided in the menu table Valley Very Steep 16 25 slopes can be measured off of USGS topographic Extremely Steep gt 25 maps in the same way as described for calculating valley and channel slopes in steps 2 3 and 2 5 Use the Windshield Survey Step 7 to verify valley side slope data The NRCS soil surveys Figure 3 4 are also useful for estimating valley side slopes The last letter in the three letter abbreviation for soil types indicates the slope of the land For example on a soil survey map a soil polygon may be labeled BeC which is a Berkshire Be soil with a C slope The breaks between the various NRCS slope classes vary between soil series Thus in one soils series an A may range from 0 to 2 while in another an A slope may range from 0 3 There are guides in each NRCS soil sur vey explaining different soils and their properties With a GIS program digital topographic maps can be overlain using the DRG Tools extension onto the digital soils layer Since each soil type has a slope range using the soil slope values in conjunction with the topographic lines will result in a more accurate evaluation of valley side slope Link the attribute table of the soils layer with the NRCS Top20 table to determine the slope range of each soil type Data Entry Manually enter the data for valley side slope for the right
55. ility factor which represents both susceptibility of soil to ero sion and the rate of runoff as determined by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service NRCS The NRCS uses a number of equations including the Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE to determine for each map unit a relative index of susceptibility of bare cultivated soil to particle detachment and transport by rainfall This value is for the erosion caused by overland flow on unvegetated soils and does not directly indicate the erodibility of the soils as it relates to the power of the stream working on them So be aware that a soil type that is listed as being not highly erodible may still erode when a stream is working against it Contact NRCS soil scientists for more information about soil erodibility Menu Erodibility Percentage of reach which contains soils with HELCLASS highly erodible and or potentially highly erodible Slight O 25 Moderate 26 50 Severe 51 75 Very Severe 76 100 No Data Soils data is not available for the study area Not Evaluated All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated Water Table Water Table information is usually listed in the Top 20 table or the Water Features table of NRCS soil surveys Enter the values under both the watershall and waterdeep categories Choices are in feet below ground surface ranging from 0 to gt 6 feet This information can be used
56. ime For example a river that migrates into a large hillslope of erodible sand may erode the toe of the hillslope but as material from the toe is transported downstream it is replaced by sands that slide into the river from above Therefore the margins of non erodible materials and tall hillslopes are considered valley walls Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 26 May 2007 Valley width is the horizontal distance across the valley floor that is between and perpendicular to the valley side slopes valley walls The change from the rela tively flat valley bottom to the side slope is marked by significant breaks in slope indicated by the tightening of contour lines as the valley side slopes become steeper Some low valley terraces de pending on their soil or geologic make up may confine or effectively stop the lateral movement of a stream channel In such instances it is helpful to have knowledge of soils and geologic parent material when determining valley walls and thus valley widths Soil and geology maps will pro vide some insight as to whether a stream e DEP a has deposited material there before or abc 2001 Nai whether the soils are erodible Figure 2 3 Example of valley width on a topographic map Evaluation Valley width values are only generated in SGAT for those reaches where you choose to delineate valley walls by creating a GIS polygon theme usually done along most mainstem r
57. inant soil property characteristics for the four soil properties discussed above within the river corridor for each reach When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the Soil Properties will auto matically be imported for each reach Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the percentage of each of the soil properties will automati cally be determined for each reach Hydrologic Group Hydrologic groups for soil types are listed in the NRCS Top 20 table and are grouped according to their runoff characteristics Some soils are assigned to two hydrologic groups Dual grouping is used for one of two reasons 1 Some soils have a seasonal high water table but can be drained In this instance the first letter applies to the drained condition of the soil and the second letter to the undrained condition 2 In some soils that are less than 20 inches deep to bedrock the first letter applies to areas where the bedrock is cracked and pervious and the second letter to areas where the bed rock is impervious or where exposed bedrock makes up more than 25 percent of the surface of the soil The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of soil when bare of vegetation to permit infiltration Soils are assigned to four groups Group A consists of soils that have a high infiltration rate when thor oughly wet and a low runoff potential They are mainly deep well drained and sandy or gravelly Group D at the other extreme consists of soils th
58. ineate valley walls by creating a GIS polygon theme usually done along most mainstem rivers larger tributaries and in some cases smaller tributaries in wider valleys The user MUST enter valley lengths for all reaches where the valley walls were not drawn This data can be entered directly into the DMS or the SGAT Step 10 dialog For those reaches which do not have valley walls in the user supplied valley wall theme the user has two options for determining the confinement ratio 1 Ifyou can accurately estimate the valley width you should measure it and enter the values into ei ther the Step 10 SGAT dialog or directly into the DMS When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values will automatically be imported for each reach and the DMS will calculate the confinement ratio for you 2 Ifyou cannot accurately estimate the valley width than you should not enter any values in the Step 10 SGAT dialog box Once the SGAT data is imported into the DMS you will have an op portunity to manually estimate the confinement for the reach Read the discussion under Valley Width 2 9 and Appendix E for further definition and explanation of delineating valley walls Refer to the SGAT User s Manual for information on how to create a valley wall GIS polygon theme Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 20 May 2007 Data Sheet 2 Stream And Valley Type 2 1 DOWNSTREAM AND UPSTREAM ELEVATIONS SGAT Meta Data e USGS
59. ity values are greater than 1 5 and where windshield survey observa tions support this stream type assignment DOMINANT BED FORM MATERIAL Background The type and distribution sorting of material found in the bed of the stream reflects the source and sup ply of sediments as well as the competency of the channel to transport the sediment a function of the channel depth and slope Measurements of the bed material and observation of bed form help character ize the stream s ability to carry different size material The Phase 1 windshield survey will give you an opportunity to field verify your selected stream types consistent with the Montgomery Buffington Stream Classification System 1997 Bed forms are exam ined in more detail in Phase 2 and Phase 3 field assessments when the entire stream reach is assessed Steeper reaches of a watershed generally have cobbles and boulders sorted into step pool bed forms This is because the stream easily transports smaller materials downstream and scours larger materials over relatively shorter distances into lines called steps As you go further down in the watershed where slopes are more shallow the bed material generally becomes finer moving towards sands and gravels near the mouth of most large rivers in Vermont Evaluation Choose the bed form and dominant bed material size class which best describe the reach from the menus below Indicate No Info if you cannot see enough of the reach t
60. ivers larger tributaries and in some cases smaller tributaries in wider valleys For those reaches which do not have valley walls in the user supplied valley wall theme the user has two options 1 Ifyou can accurately estimate the valley width you should enter the values in the Step 10 SGAT dialog box When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values will automati cally be imported for each reach and the DMS will calculate the confinement ratio for you 2 If you cannot accurately estimate the valley width than you should NOT enter any values in the Step 10 SGAT dialog box Once the SGAT data is imported into the DMS you will have an opportunity to manually select the confinement for the reach If you elect to manually measure the valley widths they should be measured using the USGS topographic maps Figure 2 3 Along the reach measure several widths with a ruler map wheel or computer meas uring tool and record the average valley width in feet It may be hard to get a map based measurement in narrow V shaped valleys because there is not enough topographic detail to show the true valley bottom Use valley slope as a guide Where it is difficult to get a sense for the width of the valley bottom and the valley slope is greater than 1 5 label the valley as confined valley types 1 NC or 1 SC Table 2 1 pending field verification Often in these cases valley width is equal to or only slightly greater than channel width but do not be sur
61. lleys For those reaches which do not have valley walls in the user supplied theme the user must manually measure the valley length and enter the values in the Step 10 SGAT dialog box Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values for valley length will automatically be imported for each reach If you do not enter a valley length in SGAT you must enter them in the DMS or the DMS will not be able to calculate the valley slope and you will not have the data necessary to de termine the reference stream type Use the meta data in the DMS to indicate whether the valley length has been confirmed or changed based on windshield surveys or Phase 2 or 3 assessments Read section 2 4 channel length to understand the difference between valley length and channel length The length of the valley in feet is the straight line distance parallel to the valley walls between the reach endpoints see Figure 2 1 If you are using paper maps use the scale at the bottom of the map to determine the valley length or read the length directly from your map wheel if it has the same scale as your map If necessary lengths meas ured in miles can be converted to feet by multiplying miles by 5 280 1 mile 5 280 feet If you are us ing computer mapping software to measure valley length and subsequent parameters utilize the soft ware s measuring tool and otherwise follow the same procedure for using a map wheel on a paper topog raphic map
62. logic Materials 37 3 4 Valley Side Slopes 38 3 5 Soil Properties 38 Step 4 Land Cover and Reach Hydrology 42 47 4 1 Watershed Land Cover Land Use 43 4 2 Corridor Land Cover Land Use 44 4 3 Riparian Buffer Width 44 4 4 Groundwater and Small Tributary Inputs 46 Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources May 2007 Step 5 Instream Channel Modifications 48 55 5 1 Flow Regulations and Water Withdrawals 48 5 2 Bridges and Culverts 50 5 3 Bank Armoring or Revetments 51 5 4 Channel Straightening 53 5 5 Dredging and Gravel Mining History 54 Step 6 Planform Changes and Floodplain Modifications 56 66 6 1 Berms and Roads 56 6 2 River Corridor Development 58 6 3 Depositional Features 60 6 4 Meander Migration Channel Avulsion 61 6 5 Meander Width Ratio 64 6 6 Wavelength Ratio 65 Step 7 Bed and Bank Windshield Survey 67 70 7 1 Bank Erosion Relative Magnitude 68 7 2 Debris and Ice Jam Potential 69 Step 8 Stream Impact Ratings 71 73 8 1 Total Impact Score 71 8 2 Priority Rating 72 Step 9 Stream Geomorphic Condition Assessment 74 77 9 1 Channel Adjustment Process 74 9 2 Reach Condition 76 9 3 Reach Sensitivity 77 Step 10 Like Reach Evaluation 78 78 Quality Assurance Protocol 79 81 Phase 1 References 82 83 Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources ii May 2007 Figures
63. nded Methods for Water Data Acquisition USGS 1977 Watershed size is used for calculating reference channel width Step 2 8 which is in turn a factor in calculat ing confinement Step 2 9 meander width ratio Step 6 5 wavelength ratio Step 6 6 and in delineating river corridors and subse quently evaluating them for soils and land i 3 A Reach sub watershed boundaries fe mmm Primary watershed boundary wor X t VAN i NN use land cover and floodplain modification impacts Steps 4 and 5 Evaluation JAN W OST PIA SGAT will determine watershed size for each Figure 2 2 Example of reach sub watersheds reach as well as the primary watershed size from manually digitized reach sub watershed GIS polygons Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values for watershed size will automatically be im ported for each reach 2 8 REFERENCE CHANNEL WIDTH SGAT Meta Data e HGC SGAT Automated e Field range finder e Field tape measure e Field survey Background Channel width as referred to in the phase 1 protocols means the width of the reference condition stream or river at bankfull flows measured across the channel at the flood height that occurs on an annual to bi ennial basis The channel width is generated for all reaches for the purpose of calculating confinement ratios and generating river corridors Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources
64. neation of stream types at this broad level Background leads to data organization and the ability to Several stream classification systems have been de develop a set of analysis priorities for the next veloped to describe the physical characteristics of more detailed level of stream classification in streams Two of the most commonly used systems ventory Rosgen 1996 are those of Rosgen 1996 and Montgomery Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 28 May 2007 Buffington 1997 Table 2 2 below combines several features of these systems The reference stream type describes the natural central tendency of channel form and process that would exist in the absence of human related changes to the channel floodplain and or watershed Given the long history of stream channelization and of human related changes to the Vermont landscape the reference stream type is based largely on characteristics of the valley geology and climate of the stream The Phase 1 DMS serves as a repository for reference stream type information and other provisional data until Phase 2 and Phase 3 field assessments can be conducted Remote sensing data in the Phase 1 DMS provide a powerful tool for guiding watershed level decisions especially when conducting field assess ments on every reach in the watershed is impractical in the near term As the Phase 1 DMS becomes populated by reference stream type evaluations and impact ratings r
65. o assure data accuracy and consistency between phases of assessment e Built in reports that simulate the standard reports in Appendix A as well as other reports that may be of interest e The ability to export all of the Phase I data in the dbf format to be used in mapping or other da tabase applications e Automated upload of both SGAT and FIT data Remote Sensing Skills The following remote sensing skills will be needed to complete the Phase 1 Watershed Assessment are Reading topographic maps Interpreting aerial orthophotos Calculating some basic mathematical equations examples are provided in the text Reading soil and geologic surveys Use of ArcView 3 X mapping software and extensions These skills are easily learned with some training If you are assembling a team of people to complete a Watershed Assessment it is very important to involve someone who has experience reading maps and ae rial orthophotos to assist you The involvement and technical assistance of specialists in the fields of ge Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 4 May 2007 ology aquatic ecology and fluvial geomorphology is also highly recommended Contact the DEC River Management Program the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department or the Vermont Geological Survey about the availability of professionals in these fields and or to learn about opportunities and requirements for technical training to complete Phase 1 Assessments
66. o make a determination Menu Bed Description Forms Generally occur in very steep channels narrowly confined by valley walls Characterized C scad by tumbling jet and wake flow disorganized bed materials typically bedrock boulders and cobbles Small partial channel spanning pools spaced lt 1 channel width apart common Often associated with steep channels in confined valleys Characterized by longitudinal Step Pool steps formed by large particles boulder cobbles organized into discrete channel spanning accumulations that separate pools which contain smaller sized materials Occur in low to high gradient and relatively straight channels and may be either uncon fined or confined by valley walls Composed of sand to small boulder sized particles but Se dominated by gravel and cobble substrates in reference stream condition Channel lacks discrete bed features such as pools riffles and point bars and may have long stretches of featureless bed Riffle Occur in moderate to low gradient and moderately sinuous channels generally in uncon Pool fined valleys and have well established floodplains Channel has undulating bed that defines a sequence of riffles runs pools and point bars Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 30 May 2007 Bed Description cont Forms cont Dune Usually associated with low gradient and highly sinuous ch
67. of Natural Resources 32 May 2007 Step 3 Basin Characteristics Geology and Soils Overview Background The stream types identified in Step 2 provide basic information on how streams function or work to transport the water and sediment produced in their watersheds This is critical to understanding the ad justment processes a stream may go through in response to the channel and floodplain modifications ex amined in Steps 5 and 6 Sediment supply as a factor in stream equilibrium is also related to the geology and soils of a stream s watershed The geologic materials underlying a watershed have a strong influence on stream processes These materials include both the solid ledge or bedrock and the unconsolidated sediments that overlie the bedrock A stream carries not only water but also sediment Geology deter mines the source material that the river is carrying the way that material is carried and the rate of chan nel adjustments Stream reaches that have beds and banks composed of surficial geologic materials such as gravel sand silt clay or mixes of these are far more erodible than any of the types of unweathered bedrock found in Vermont This leads to a fundamental distinction between the bedrock controlled reaches and those un derlain by surficial deposits Stream reaches that have bedrock controlled beds and banks are relatively static systems The planform of a stream flowing over bedrock is largely controlle
68. other critical component of aquatic habitat The weathering of rocks results in various carbonate compounds dis solved in surface waters These compounds determine a stream s buffering capacity and pH levels the latter of which can directly influence an organism s health In general highly calcareous rocks those that contain a lot of calcium carbonate such as limestone foster streams with high buffering capacity that can maintain a fairly stable pH level within a range that supports aquatic biota Most igneous rocks such as granite do not contain abundant carbonate minerals and typically result in streams with low buffer ing capacity These streams have greater susceptibility to pH swings and low pH lev els that can be detrimental to aquatic biota Figure 3 5 shows a general distribution of calcareous and non calcareous bedrock types in Vermont Various studies have also shown that streams rich in cations espe cially calcium and magnesium which are often associated with bicarbonate are more productive biologically Allan 1995 sup porting more abundant and often more di verse aquatic communities Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment May 2007 Aggregated Bedrock Classes for Vermont Carbonate rich rocks dolomite limestone marble clastic sediments Calcareous clastic and metamorphosed clastic rocks approx 15 45 cambonate minerals m Metasedimentary rocks primarily non calcareous Slate
69. prised if this does not always hold true Valley floors that appear narrow on a 1 24 000 topo map with 20 foot contour intervals may actually contain a floodplain that is broad in comparison to the small stream that is flowing there Data Entry When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the values for valley width will automatically be imported for each reach Use the meta data in the DMS to indicate whether the valley width has been confirmed or changed based on windshield surveys or Phase 2 or 3 assessments Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources 27 May 2007 2 10 CONFINEMENT Ratio of Channel Width to Valley Width SGAT Meta Data e 1 24K topos e 1 24K topos SG data e Field observation e Field tape measure Evaluation To calculate the confinement ratio the DMS divides the valley width measured in Step 2 9 by the channel width calculated in Step 2 8 The DMS uses the categories listed in the table below to determine the con finement type For those reaches that did not have a valley width come out of SGAT use the table below as well as the guidance under the valley width category to estimate and manually enter the confinement ratio into the DMS Table 2 1 Confinement Ratios Valley Type Confinement Ratio Valley Width Channel Width NC Narrowly Confined gt land lt 2 SC Semi confined gt 2 and lt 4 NW Narrow gt 4 and lt 6 BD Broad gt 6 and lt 10 VB Very Broad
70. ring features of interest Use of the FIT also results in a data base file that can be imported into the Phase 1 DMS thus eliminating the need to manually enter the data Instructions on acquiring and using the FIT are contained in the SGAT manual Evaluation with FIT Throughout the Phase 1 handbook the term FIT appears in parentheses after each Step parameter for which the FIT can be used to generate data The Feature Indexing Tool FIT should be used to document the following impacts to a stream during the Phase I and updated in Phase 2 Assessments 3 1 1 2 Point Alluvial Fan N A N A N A N A z Rip Rap Bank Armoring Right Bank 59 3 1 Polyline St Revotnant Hard Bank Left Bank Other Length N A 4 9 Point Beaver Dam N A N A Affected Bridge 5 2 4 8 Point Bridge and Culvert Culvert N A Rene d Unknown Right Bank 4 3 3 2 Polyline Buffer Less than 25 feet N A Left Bank 5 r NOT Representative N A 2 x Point Cross Section Location Representative N A Number N A 4 4 Point Debris Jam N A N A Both Sides 6 2 1 3 Polyline Development N A One Side Commercial Mining Exact Location 5 5 5 5 Polyline Dredging Dredging General Loca Gravel Mining tion Berm Improved Path Both Sides 6 1 1 3 Polyline Encroachment BAd One Side Height Road F Left Bank 7 7 2 3 1 Polyline Erosion N A Rigth Bank Height Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources
71. ropriate reaches in those tributaries Menu Yes Maps suggest an alluvial fan exists in the reach No Maps do not suggest an alluvial fan exists in the reach No Data No data sources are available to determine if an alluvial fan exists Not Evaluated All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated Data Entry Use the Feature Indexing Tool FIT in SGAT to note the locations of alluvial fans When the FIT data is uploaded into the DMS the data will be automatically populated for each reaches where an alluvial fan is indicated For reaches with no no data or none the data field must be manually entered into the DMS Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 34 May 2007 Ae W Figure 3 1 Large alluvial fan indicated by series of parallel undulating topographic lines 3 2 GRADE CONTROLS FIT Meta Data e 1 24K topos e 1 24K topos bedrock map e 1 24K topos bedrock map dam inventories e 1 24K topos field observation Background Grade control as defined here is a permanent feature that may impound or slow the water upstream of the feature and limit the ability of a river to cut down into its bed These physical features provide grade control Figure 3 3 These features must be channel spanning meaning they go from bank to bank across the channel Features that provide grade control include e dams and weirs e bedrock w
72. rshed maps depicting Phase 1 reaches and data the provisional geomorphic condition and the like reach evalua tion Basic Methods and Skills Data Sources The information collected in a Watershed Assessment comes from three primary sources remote sensing existing data and windshield surveys as defined below The type of information source used to evaluate a parameter is listed next to each parameter in the Handbook 1 Remote Sensing Data includes data collected from maps aerial photographs and orthophotos 2 Existing Data includes but is not limited to studies such as NRCS soil surveys and information such as dam locations available from the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Other useful exist ing data such as the regional hydraulic geometry curves are included in the Appendices Existing data may also include first hand knowledge from resource specialists 3 Windshield Survey Data includes general observations made from a car as you drive about the wa tershed These observations will help you verify information interpreted from maps and aerial pho tos Please be careful when gathering data from a car You need at least two people for this exer cise one to drive and one to record observations Using The GIS Stream Geomorphic Assessment Tool SGAT To support the Phase 1 Watershed Assessment the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources ANR has developed a GIS extension for ArcView called the Stream Geomorphic
73. rt section of valley less than 1 4 mile which has a different slope than the rest of the valley it may not be necessary to break out that section as its own reach Gentle gt l in Another indication of valley slope and confinement is channel sinuosity which is a ratio of channel length to valley length Changes in channel sinuosity can be determined on topographic maps Gener ally channels in steep confined valleys have low sinuosity and channels in broad gentle sloped valleys have high sinuosity Reach breaks may be appropriate where there is a significant change in valley slope and confinement as indicated by a channel s sinuosity Figure 1 3 Caution is recommended however in using sinuosity as the basis for making a reach break especially in those situations where the straight ness of the channel may be explained by changes in land use or modifications to the channel valley or floodplain Do not make a separate reach for a section of a stream within a valley of similar characteris tics based solely on a change in the channel sinuosity If for instance a high sinuosity stream within a broad gentle sloped valley becomes straight low sinuosity for a short distance and then becomes sinu ous again do not create a separate reach if the straighter section cannot be explained by differences in local soils and or geology as determined in Step 3 Wider more gentle cr sloped valley with a more sinuous channel Ny ea y
74. s and extent of channel floodplain and land use modifications documented in the watershed e Channel Adjustment Process or type of change that may be underway in the stream channel e g vertical lateral or channel planform adjustment processes due to natural causes or human activity that may result in a change to the valley floodplain and or channel and e Reach Sensitivity of the valley floodplain and or channel to change due to natural causes and or human activity These assessment parameters are useful in evaluating the current and future conditions of gt stream and riparian habitat and gt erosion and flood hazards The Provisional Geomorphic Condition Evaluation is an appropriate tool for setting priorities and problem solving in a watershed context because it will not only tell you the proximity of adjusting Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources af May 2007 reaches to one another but you will be able to ascertain how one reach may be affecting the condition of another If you or someone in your team does not have experience with predicting the channel ad justment processes and conditions that follow in response to channel and floodplain modifications you may want to put the Provisional Geomorphic Condition Evaluation Step 9 aside until you have spent more time in the field completing Phase 2 and or Phase 3 assessments If you opt for going to the field first it is highly recommended that
75. s assigned to the sec ond minor tributary on the mainstem that flows into mainstem reach M02 Minor tributaries are numbered sequentially from downstream to upstream however the S sequence starts over for each mainstem reach Figure 1 5 For example the first two minor tributaries entering into the mainstem reach M01 would be MO1S1 and MO1S2 and the first two minor tributaries entering into reach M02 would be M02S1 and M02S2 Individual reaches on each minor tributary are des ignated with a period and a number following the tributary number e g M01S3 4 is assigned to the fourth reach of the third minor tributary that enters the first reach of the mainstem o M T S or R T S designates minor tributaries to the major tributaries Additional S letters are added as needed to designate tributaries of tributaries of tributaries etc Individual reaches on minor tributaries are designated with a period and number following the tributary number For ex ample M03T1 02S1 04 represents the fourth reach of the first tributary that flows into the second reach of the first major tributary which flows into the third reach of the mainstem ki ga winked ame x KEE EAA RE H CE Ras Figure 1 4 The impounded segment of stream is assigned a reach number using the SGAT ArcView extension The reach is excluded from further geomorphic assess ment in the DMS using the exclude option Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Na
76. s that contribute to keeping these streams cold and well oxygenated are their narrow steep valleys which are typically still forested since these valleys are often unsuitable for other land uses The narrow valley helps shade the stream and the forest cover slows run off shades the ground surface and enhances groundwater recharge all of which contribute to cold water temperatures in the stream In addition steep confined valleys result in stream bed forms that are more turbulent cascades and steps which along with cold water temperatures result in well oxygenated wa ter In contrast the Northern Spring salamander is not likely to be found in low gradient large rivers that are typically warmer and support other organisms such as fish which compete with and prey on these salamanders Similarly a species which is adapted to warm water temperatures and is not a strong swimmer such as a Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus will not likely be found in an A or B type streams which are typically cold water systems with faster flows The pumpkinseed is common however in low gradient slow moving streams and rivers which are usually C and E stream types Due to their broad low gradient valleys mix of land cover types and generally larger watershed sizes C and E type streams are usually warmer slower moving and possibly less well oxygenated than headwater A type streams and most B type streams Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency
77. sed on a change in the valley width Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 12 May 2007 spaced on the steep valley wall A significant change in the confinement of the stream for example where a wide valley transitions to a narrow valley is usually a good place to make a reach break Figure 1 2 There may be small sections of valley that are somewhat narrower or wider than the average valley width for a given stretch of stream If the section is less than a mile long it may not be necessary to break it out as its own reach but rather to lump it within the larger section of stream Use your judg ment If the section is significantly narrower or wider make a reach break no matter how long the result ing reach is Evaluating Valley Slope Another important valley characteristic to consider when defining reaches is Table 1 1 Guide to valley slopes in defining first cut stream reaches the slape of the valley To visual Percent Slope Description of Approximate contour in ize the valley slope look at the dis slope terval spacing on 1 24 000 tance between contour lines that map cross the stream and valley floor Very Steep lt 0 2 in Widely spaced contour lines indi Steep 0 2 0 5 in cate a gentle slope and tightly Moderate gt 0 5 in spaced contour lines indicate a steeper slope Make reach breaks where there is a substantial change in the valley slope If there is only a sho
78. sessment for some tributaries but you should define and number reaches for all of the mainstem and the tributaries that you plan to include in the assessment over the long run 3 Defining Geomorphic Stream Reaches A Visual First Cut Next for those streams you have selected for assessment define geomorphic stream reaches based on the geomorphic characteristics of stream size valley characteristics and to some extent underlying geology as described below Specifically you will be looking at stream confinement valley width compared to stream width valley slope geologic materials and tributary influence to determine distinct geomorphic stream reaches within the watershed Background On the broadest level streams are classified by the shapes of the valleys in which they flow steep and confined moderately steep and narrow or gentle sloped and broad Figure 1 1 below shows the different valley types and the typical changes in sediment regime characteristics source transfer and response and water discharge as a function of drainage area In general these valley types have different physical characteristics As you travel from steeper to gentler sloped valley segments the bed material transitions from larger boulders and cobbles to finer sands and gravel The amount of sediment deposited in the channel increases as the slope of the channel decreases Typically steeper headwater streams flow in relatively straight channels thro
79. t deposits appear on ortho 6 3 Point bar Pbr photos Map locations and types of any observed sediment de posits not viewable on orthophotos Delta bar Dtbr Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 7 May 2007 Make good field maps Take field copies of your topographic maps and orthophotos with you on the ori entation surveys to record the watershed features and characteristics you observe You can use the maps to record new features that are not visible on the maps photos and to verify those features that are visible on the maps photos Reference the field maps when completing the rest of the assessment Stan dard map codes for field mapping are provided in Table 1 2 See Appendix A for additional map codes and symbols Using a GPS You may choose to use a handheld GPS Global Positioning System unit to document feature locations that can later be imported into GIS software as a data layer This is particularly useful in recording grade control and valley wall toe locations that are not apparent on the topographic maps but are obvious in the field You can then use these GPS points later to create digital data layers of grade controls and valley walls the latter of which can be used in the SGAT program Depending on how you plan to use the data you may or may not need the greater level of accuracy that GPS can provide Using a GPS unit is not required for the Phase 1 assessment and s
80. t description of the stream type on the data sheet During windshield surveys Step 7 you may have an opportunity to verify valley con finement dominant bed materials and bed forms and thus further define the reference stream type desig nation More detailed information on the variables and descriptors used in field stream typing are pro vided in Appendix I and described further in the Phase 2 Handbook Step 2 14 and in the Phase 3 Hand book Step 6 Table 2 2 Phase 1 Reference Stream Typing Chart Reference PARNER Confinement Valley Slope Valley Type Type Very Steep A Narrowly confined NC gt 6 5 Very Steep A Confined NC 4 0 6 5 Steep B Confined or Semi confined NC SC 30 40 B Confined or Semi confined or Narrow NC SC NW Mare Mod Gentle Cork Unconfined NW BD VB lt 2 0 Mod Gentle D Unconfined NW BD VB lt 40 29 May 2007 Use the Gentle Gradient descriptor rather than a calculated slope value for those reaches where eleva tions were not recorded in Step 2 1 In this table the D Braided channels may have the same valley confinement and slope characteristics as C stream types Only set the provisional reference stream type as a D Braided channel after observing a braided channel on the topographic maps orthophotos or windshield survey or based on the presence of an alluvial fan see Step 3 1 Only choose the E stream type rather than C where sinuos
81. te known dams weirs waterfalls or bedrock ledges that completely cross the channel Mark these on the topo map with the letters GC Most grade controls are identified in the field so make sure to note them during the watershed orientation Step 1 and during the windshield survey Step 7 Menu Dam Constructed dam or weir Ledge Bedrock ledge Waterfall Bedrock that extends across the channel and forms a vertical or near vertical drop in the channel bed Weir At grade or low cross channel structures No Data No data sources are available to determine if grade controls exist None The parameter was researched and no evidence of grade controls can be found Not Evaluated All data sources as described by the meta data HAVE NOT been evaluated Data Entry Use the Feature Indexing Tool FIT in SGAT to note the locations of grade controls When the FIT data is uploaded into the DMS the data will be automatically populated for each reaches where a grade control is indicated For reaches with none no data or not evaluated the data field must be manually en tered into the DMS Figure 3 2 Natural ledge grade control left and dam grade control right Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 36 May 2007 3 3 GEOLOGIC MATERIALS SGAT Meta Data e NRCS digital soil survey Background Stream equilibrium is in large part a function of
82. the channel and leading to frequent shifts in channel location Viewed from above an alluvial fan often has the shape of a wedge of pie with the nar row point at the upstream end where the confined valley widens out see Figure 3 2 In Vermont these fans can range from a few tens of feet to several hundred feet or more across Excavations on alluvial fans in Vermont show that although much of the material accumulated in the first few thousand years af ter the end of glaciation sediment accumulation increased dramatically on many fans in the 19th century in response to the large scale land clearing associated with increased settlement throughout Vermont Bierman et al 1997 and Jennings et al 2003 Since the reforestation of much of Vermont s landscape in the late 19th century and the 20th century sediment accumulation on the fans has decreased Evaluation It is difficult to determine from map work alone if the reach has formed on an alluvial fan This parame ter is meant to assess the possibility that the reach is located on an alluvial fan A yes answer to this question indicates that further field work may be required Figure 3 1 shows a possible alluvial fan Mark possible alluvial fan locations on the topographic map with the symbol AF Be sure to only re cord an alluvial fan that occurs in the reach you are assessing and not those in tributaries entering the reach you are assessing These fans should be recorded for the app
83. the size and quantity of sediment which is transported by the stream i e stream type is dictated by sediment regime Insights to stream type and sediment regime may be made by evaluating the surficial geologic materials available for transport in the water shed and river corridor The Soil Surveys of the NRCS con tain a wealth of information including interpretations of the surficial geologic materials Every soil series the basic soil subdivision has been assigned a parent material classification The parent material is defined by NRCS as the unconsoli dated material mineral or organic from which the soil devel ops Natural Resources Conservation Service 1999 Part 618 40 Geologic materials can also be determined from the surface geologic maps produced by the Vermont Geological Ta T i Survey though these maps are at a fairly coarse scale De Figure 3 3 Example of NRCS soil survey scriptions of geologic materials and sources of geologic infor mation are provided in Appendix F Evaluation This step is automated with the use of SGAT SGAT delineates the river corridor as a polygon and then uses the corridor polygon to clip soils information from the NRCS soils maps SGAT automatically ex cludes any surface water in the NRCS theme in the analysis From this SGAT generates a table named S14SC12 When the SGAT data is uploaded to the DMS the Soil Properties will automatically be imported for each reach
84. thin the river corridor which is described in detail in Appendix E It is highly recommended that you secure the resources and expertise needed to undertake analysis of soils and geologic materials using GIS software the SGAT extension and digital data layers The monetary investment is well worth the time saved in reviewing and piecing together soils information from soils surveys and other geologic maps SGAT automates delineation of the river corridor and the characterization and summation of soil proper ties within the river corridor for each reach see below SGAT delineates the river corridor based on val ley walls meander centerlines and standard buffer algorithms built into the software Appendix E ex plains the general process that SGAT uses to draw the river corridor and the rationale behind the river corridor delineation process Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 33 May 2007 DATA SHEET 3 BASIN CHARACTERISTICS GEOLOGY AND SOILS 3 1 ALLUVIAL FAN CHANGE IN VALLEY SLOPE FIT Meta Data 1 24K topos 1 24K topos SG data 1 24K topos SG data geologic studies 1 24K topos field observation Background An alluvial fan may form where a steep confined stream valley becomes abruptly less confined and shal lower in slope When the stream becomes shallower it loses velocity which reduces its ability to trans port sediment The sediment drops out of the water blocking
85. to determine groundwater inputs to the stream Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 40 May 2007 Hydric A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part The concept of hy dric soils includes soils developed under sufficiently wet conditions to support the growth and regenera tion of hydrophytic vegetation The presence of a hydric soils may indicates that wetlands are present Vegetation and hydrology must also be considered when making a wetland determination Hydric Description Yes At least one of the major components in the map unit is hydric No None of the major components in the map unit is a hydric soil Unknown Unknown if the major components of the map unit is hydric Not Rated Hydric classification was not noted for the map unit Geology and Aquatic Habitat The geological setting in which a stream is located influences a stream s valley form and bed and bank substrate size and erodi bility These geological influences affect channel form and sediment transport proc esses which in turn determine in part in stream habitat suitability for stream dwelling organisms Instream physical habi tat is evaluated in detail in Phase 2 In addition to these physical effects geology also largely determines a stream s water chemistry an
86. tural Resources 15 May 2007 When starting the assessment it is essential to determine all mainstem reaches and to label at least all the major and minor tributaries to the mainstem M T and M S before starting to collect other data Even if you plan to complete a Phase 1 assessment over several iterations you should label all mainstem tribu taries on the topographic maps up front to ensure that you have included all major tributaries in your numbering system This will avoid reach numbering errors in future assessment work preserving the ca pability to sort the watershed data hydrologically from downstream to upstream according to the drainage pattern If you need assistance on where to start the numbering process contact the DEC River Manage ment Program A Paian Surface Waters Reach Breals f C Battenkill Suh Watersheds amp Figure 1 5 Example of reach numbering system All reaches on tributary T1 would be preceded by M01 for example M0O1T1 01 MO1T1 02 etc for graphical presentation it has been left off for this example 5 Special Circumstances Where NOT to collect data Surface waters that are not functioning as a fluvial system such as wetlands ponds lakes and impoundments should not be assessed using this protocol However to run the SGAT ArcView tool the surfacewater theme must be contiguous Therefore if a wetland pond lake or other impoundment is located between reaches in the stream system it s
87. ugh narrow valleys The streams are confined in the valleys As the water moves downstream valleys generally become wider and Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 10 May 2007 the slopes become gentler Streams begin to wind around more becoming more sinuous with gentle channel gradients and finer bed materials Source Transfer Response aa wis x N Increase hannel width a_a channel depth mean flow velocit OO Drainage Area downstream distance Figure 1 1 Confined narrow and broad valley types from the Stream Corridor Restoration Manual Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group 1998 With these valley types in mind take a first cut at defining reaches based on the following reach defining characteristics generally listed in order of priority stream confinement or valley width valley slope geologic materials and tributary influence described below Evaluation Use the USGS 1 24 000 topographic maps overlain with the Vermont Hydrography Dataset VHD 1 5 000 stream layer to do this evaluation There are no measurements taken during this first cut of defin ing reaches Itis based solely on the visual differences you observe on the maps for the reach defining characteristics Before you formally label the map with the reach numbers complete the Watershed Orientation de scribed at the end of this section and Step 2 to see i
88. ummarizing impacts by category 12 Figure 8 2 Downstream to upstream locations of impacted reaches 13 Figure 9 1 Example of database report of adjustment process scores 75 Figure 10 1 Example of like reach evaluation database report 78 Tables Table Number Description Page Table 1 1 Guide to valley slopes 13 Table 1 2 Parameters and map codes for watershed orientation surveys 17 Table 2 1 Confinement ratios 28 Table 2 2 Phase Reference Stream Typing Chart 29 Table 7 1 Phase 1 parameters benefiting from field verification 65 Table 9 1 Phase I Adjustment Process 75 Table 9 2 Reach Sensitivity Ratings based on reference stream type 77 Phase 1 Stream Geomorphic Assessment VT Agency of Natural Resources iii May 2007 Appendices Appendix Description Page Appendix Al Phase 1 Data Sheets Al A12 Appendix B Data Management System Instructions B1 B14 Appendix C Channel Evolution Models C1 C4 Appendix D Watershed Area Delineation D1 D11 Using Topographic Maps amp Aerial Photography Appendix E River Corridor Delineation Process E1 E9 AppendixF Geologic Information F1 F4 Appendix G Phase 1 amp 2 Bridge and Culvert Survey Protocols G1 G22 Appendix H Meander Geometry H1 H3 Appendix I Stream Classification Systems 1 12 Appendix J Vermont Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves J1 J15 Appendix P_ Mapping Channel Impacts using the Feature Indexing Tool P1 P53 Appendix Q Glossary of Terms Q1 Q10 The Vermont A

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