Home

SLC Handbook

1. 6 4 Discipline has been defined as both mental or moral training and a system of rules for conduct Either definition satisfies the Army s requirement since its discipline training is in fact mental and moral training towards voluntary and swift compliance with a code of behaviour 6 5 This is the crux of the issue Discipline is a matter of persuasion rather than force an attitude which can be encouraged by example It involves the conscience of the person who conforms to it in other words he submits because he wants to 6 6 Such compliance may be against his personal and selfish desires but his training enables him to put what he knows to be his duty before his inclinations 6 7 The basis of discipline training is the imposed discipline that the recruit receives in basic training In this training he learns the discipline of obedience and the basic standards of behaviour which form part of Army life 6 8 The recruit is taught how to dress himself uniformly and smartly Mental alertness and instinctive obedience to the spoken word of command can be developed through parade ground training He learns to persevere in adversity during training which is physically challenging 6 9 As training progresses the recruit meets both physical and mental challenges In mastering them he gains satisfaction and a sense of achievement Ultimately he will begin to perform effectively on his own because he wants to because his own self discipline is a
2. AAC BDE COURSES CAMPS SENIOR LEADER COURSE y WD x zy O x RV T U x S amp US LEARNER GUIDE TRIAL VERSION PRINTED JUNE 2073 PACKAGE CONTENTS Study Guide Introduction Introduction Record of Progress Module 1 Administration Module 2 Fieldcraft Module 3 Instruction Module 4 Leadership Module 5 Safety Module 6 Navigation Module 7 Drill Trial version printed June 2013 2 STUDY GUIDE Introduction 1 Your study guide has been designed to help you prepare for the course 2 Most of the subjects covered in this study guide should be revision However if you find that some of the material is new to you spend more time on those areas 3 The study guide is divided up into several Modules each of which covers a separate subject area The modules are arranged alphabetically but there is no need for you to work through them in that order work on the modules in any order you wish 4 The study guide is designed so that you can work through it at your own pace Read the materials in each module GOOD LUCK Trial version printed June 2013 3 RECORD OF PROGRESS Module Subject Start date Finish date Result Retest date Result 1 Administration 2 Fieldcraft 3 Instruction 4 Leadership 5 Safety 6 Navigation T Drill 8 Dress Regulations Trial version printed June 2013 MODULE 1
3. 4 90 This means that we need to measure 1Min 15 Sec West or to the left of the 112 20 reference meridian 4 91 To plot the longitude coordinate we will again use the same technique as we did in reading longitude previously Remember we have that problem of the meridians converging at the poles so they are closer together than they were at the equator and our 2 30 scale will be too long 4 92 As illustrated in Figure 11 we skew the scale such that the zero end is aligned with the 112 20 reference meridian line and the 2 30 mark on the 112 22 30 meridian line Now we 34 move the scale up and down so that we make our 1 15 mark on the scale cross the latitude pencil line we previously drew Once we have placed the scale to measure this 1 15 mark on the 34 4 93 14 10 parallel we drew earlier we have located the exact position on the map 12 30 Light Pencil line 1 40 above reference line Figure 11 Trial version printed June 2013 147 THE UTM GRID UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE 4 94 The UTM grid is a metric grid system based on 60 grid zones around the globe and a set of values in meters from reference points of the grid We are still working with the same basic components of a grid as we explained in Chapter 2 with a set of references units of measurement and some designation of direction from the references to clearly identify a position UTM ZONES Figure 12 4 95 Figure 12 pict
4. a Theleader must give priority to task needs at the expense of the other two areas of need b Theskilled leader will have used slack periods to build up reserves or credit within the group and individual areas in preparation for the crisis periods when the group must concentrate on the task In this sense the group and individual areas could be looked upon as batteries to be charged up in quiet periods c Similarly after long periods of high task priority the skilled leader is aware that he must find and seize opportunities to look to his group maintenance and individual needs to recharge his batteries 4 4 While it is important that the leader gets the job done he still has to be careful that he does not sacrifice the longer term interests of the group maintenance and individual needs and hence long term task effectiveness for a spectacular but short term advantage in task needs It is an essential part of a leader s job to have a correct sense of proportion about the needs of his group and the functions he should perform to meet those needs This requires a fine sense of judgment on the part of the leader An effective leader develops skill in getting his timing and his priorities right in relation to the situation The following illustrations show the relationship of the areas of need in different times of priority Priority of Needs Maintenance Slack Periods Priority Task Intensive Training Figure 7 From A Adam
5. a If you follow a compass bearing which is only one degree or the bearing you should have followed after travelling 1000m you will end up about 17m left or right of your target area This is a fairly insignificant error b If you follow a compass bearing which is ten degrees or the bearing you should have followed eg error in taking your bearing or forgetting to take magnetic variation into account after travelling 1000m you will end up about 175m left or right of your target area a more significant error particularly if thick vegetation or very steep terrain is involved 1 75 Therefore when navigating in the field it is generally sufficient to have a compass bearing that is accurate to within or a few degrees or your target The Mil System 1 76 Inthe mil system 360 is divided into 6400 mils with 6400 being the north point The mil system provides far more accurate bearings but accuracy to the nearest 10 mils is normally sufficient for map reading The mil system is used by the Australian Army 6400 MILS 3200 MILS NORTH WHICH ONE 1 77 n map reading reference may be made to three north points True North TN 1 78 TN is the direction of the geographic North Pole from an observer anywhere on the earth s surface A line which passes through any point and the North and South Poles is called a meridian These lines converge towards each other at the poles and consequently are not parallel 1 79 In m
6. Lake perennial Watercourse sse Lake intermittent Land subject to inundation Lake mainly dry Land subject to occasional flooding Dam or waterhole E E E T S Va REATR Contours Depression contours Ie Sand Cif Exrpeetor ew eli Pine plantation Orchard or vineyard Windbreak Trees and eee ee rrr an Trees and scrub medium dense se eee ee eee eee eens Trial version printed June 2013 112 IeAJ9lul JNOUO wert ANUV 1283430 40 1d YHON UOnID4 2 AUS A Emi 2 3 ee gt I NM DANT Y uy 507701771 yon pan png sam eg on LIT p amit 0 2 MP GRE RIA itis Nol eie cn eh t Wm ND se oim 1201 gam j hoping vonc eln aa PA onh ppan an teni ant Ct 0N3931 E LL dde sali M e MEME RAE DUE SILLIN SNOUYATTE JINI SNIuS 340438 B S3HI3N OZ TWANGLNI 8101409 398304534 0149 NDUIFONA WOLKE 9961 21130039 WNLVO V NOZRON veundi sg uta v orn lagen P 908 NAIVO LGN WALO ouis oii ii jO FZ UND i pi M D OE ritu AN 40 ROD ISIM HINOS IHL LV AWO TNA NMO
7. Once the body has been finished it is time to prepare the introduction The introduction has three parts the preliminaries revision and the approach The revision you choose should be something which helps to prepare students for the lesson you are about to give In other words the revision will be some skill or knowledge which is a prerequisite for the lesson you are about to give The approach is made up of the reason for learning and statement of objective The reason for learning is a statement about what is being taught in the lesson and why The statement of objective tells the student the standard of performance he or she must achieve at the end of the lesson You will find most of this information in the IO 1 9 Step 6 Prepare the conclusion The conclusion includes the test of objective and reinforces the teaching stages of the body of the lesson Planning the conclusion at this point ensures that it is relevant to the content of the lesson For example the statement of relevance is based on the reason for learning 1 10 Step 7 Prepare the training aids Training aids are things which are designed to assist in training and the process of learning eg OHP s models videos slides etc They add interest appeal to the senses and save time and money The preparation of training aids is described in chapter 6 of the Instructors Handbook 1 11 Step 8 Prepare the lesson plan Once you have prepared the body the introduction and the conc
8. Whichever method is used everything on the model must be explained Once the model is explained asked for any questions of the group and Trial version printed June 2013 27 f By the use the pointer the model should be used constantly throughout the orders group Mud Model Kits 1 22 A model kit can be made to suit each individual and for specialist situations but a model kit should only contain what you require to construct an effective model Your model kit should contain the following 1 23 2 metres of the following coloured wools a Red roads b Black railway and power lines c Blue watercourses d Green vegetation 1 24 Qty of card and of varying sizes of the following a Small pieces to show buildings or bridges b Medium pieces to show cuttings obstacles and target numbers C Larger pieces to show North Points airfields and towns If using card it should be covered with clear contact to save it from the conditions and will also allow it to be written on and erased for each orders group 1 25 Chinagraph pencils to mark the card they may need to be cut to fit your model kit Colours and qty will depend on the size of your model kit 1 26 A number of varying coloured buttons are useful to indicate targets RVs and proposed halts golf tees are ideal 1 27 Qty of matches can be useful to show power lines small tracks and can also be used to prop up any card symbols 1 28 A waterproof container sho
9. major points and relevant information which explain and Body upport your ideas he points in the body of your presentation must be arranged in logical order he conclusion is the final part of your presentation It should restate your purpose and include a brief summary of the main Conclusion points Depending on the type of presentation you may be required to express your opinion EXAMPLE OF AN ORAL BRIEF FORMAT 1 Introduction a Greeting introduce self eg Good Morning Sir am the AADJT LT X b Background arousal eg In the past 12 months 11 Bde has had 15 soldiers seriously injured in vehicle accidents C Title eg This brief is on the most recent vehicle accident involving members of Admin Coy d Reason purpose relevancy eg The aim of this brief is to outline the events of last night as pertaining to the vehicle accident involving members of Admin Coy e Scope if appropriate eg In this brief will cover the following points NB Some briefs will have specific subject areas eg a CP handover brief f End of introduction eg Sir if you have no questions at this point please hold all questions until the end of the brief 2 Body a Introduce each idea as identified in the introduction b Present ideas and supporting information examples C Confirm consolidate d Link to next idea e Repeat steps 1 4 for each new idea 3 Conclusion Trial version printed June 2013 61 Summariseln this brief have outlined
10. printed June 2013 116 combined to give the four figure grid reference N Y pa GR 0555 o2 05 o6 07 08 09 1 34 Six Figure Grid Reference Much more accurate than a four figure reference Used to indicate the position of an object within a grid square The Easting and Northing borders of the grid square are divided into tenths dividing the grid square into 100 smaller squares Each smaller square represents an area of 100m2 The numbering of the smaller squares indicates the number of tenths of a unit there are east of an Easting or north of a Northing The three figures of the Easting and Northing are combined to form a six figure grid reference Trial version printed June 2013 117 z P ga WF GR M TSP USA LA TaN LDL ee ie a 7 CLLEELED RS n a fie iS BE LLL Pod gat a L eM 7 at E E SUUS Al d 2345678910 1 35 Eight Figure Grid Reference This method is similar to the six figure method explained above except that each of the smaller squares is divided into 100 smaller squares The result is that the Eastings and Northings are calculated to four figures forming an eight figure grid reference This method has limited practical use suitable only for maps of scale 1 50 000 or larger and is not commonly used for navigating in the field Note 1 Always deal w
11. which are updated regularly Keep in Pamphlets mind modern versions such as ADEL As well as using the sources of information mentioned above for your research you should also use libraries both civilian and Defence libraries and their staff Larger libraries contain books videos magazines and newspapers as well as access to the internet If you have not been involved in researching for some time you should use this centralised professional ervice in the initial stages of your information gathering Libraries Trial version printed June 2013 60 4 22 choosing organising interpreting assessing and analysing information STEP 5 4 23 Develop an Outline Now that you have researched your topic and considered the make up of your audience try to plan a very basic outline of the presentation This should be in the format of an introduction a body and a conclusion 4 24 Presentation Format Generally all presentations have the same basic format an introduction a body and a conclusion This format is essential as it allows for the smooth transfer of information from you to the audience Each part of the presentation is briefly detailed in the paragraphs that follow ou should introduce yourself the topic aim purpose key elements and gain the attention of your audience Introduction he introduction provides the framework for the body of the presentation he body is the main part of your presentation It contains the
12. which is conducive to achieving great results Here are some ways in which you can generate high morale among your staff a Create a physical environment where people want to be A workplace which is conducive to getting results helps to bring the staff together with a common purpose Find out what staff need to improve their personal comfort and productivity and where possible undertake to have these needs met b Cater for the social context of work Provide opportunities for staff and their families to meet socially so that people get to know and understand their workmates a little better C Involve staff in decision making A useful rule to follow is that staff who are likely to be affected most by a decision should if possible be involved in the decision making process These people will then feel ownership of the decision and will be committed to its execution d Encourage team identity Refer to staff as a team and encourage members to see themselves as important parts of this functioning group Use We instead of when talking about things to be done Encourage the use of performance statements like We re No 1 as a way of promoting cohesiveness and group identity e Communicate clearly Make certain that staff who need in formation to function effectively have all then necessary data Morale is boosted in an open honest and caring environment f Provide assistance when required Performance is important to mo
13. 1 Can you get into the area easily 2 Resupply 3 Not too close to busy transport routes 4 Avoid dusty boggy tracks j Control Communication control security k Local Resources Medical Medivac facilities Trial version printed June 2013 29 Campsite layout 2 3 Having selected a site it is now your job to lay out the various facilities and your people within the area you have selected A commonly used method of laying out your platoon area is called the clockray method Imagine that the platoon area is a giant clock Site your platoon HQ at the centre of the clock and then divide up the clock face to site each of your sections Each section occupies a third of the clock face which is broken down into 3 sectors as follows 12 o clock to 4 o clock 4o clock to 8 o clock and 8 o clock to 12 o clock 2 4 You should consider a b HQ Area located at centre of the clock face for ease of communication Section Living Area including 1 location of section commander 2 section members in pairs 3 shelters sited according to wind Latrines 1 down wind for obvious reasons 2 down slope away from living stores cooking areas 3 down stream away from water course Cooking Area 1 decide if central or sections areas to be used 2 up wind slope from latrines ablution area Ablutions 1 outside living area 2 down wind slope up wind of latrines 3 well drained avoid old foul ground Water point 1 within
14. 5 4 General Browne continued to serve however with no left arm he found it difficult to draw his sword on parades etc To solve this problem he designed a belt to hang his sword from The belt was supported by a shoulder strap two were worn if a pistol was also carried The belt was adopted by the British Army during the Boer War 1899 1902 and by the Australian Army shortly there after In the ARA the Sam Browne belt is virtually the badge of rank for Adjutants and RSM s In the ACC the Sam Browne belt is worn by OOC IOC WO1 CUO and the cadet RSM on ceremonial parades CUO BADGE OF RANK 5 5 correct term for a CUO s badge of rank is a lozenge of chevronels lozenge was originally a diamond shaped medicated lolly The word lozenge refers to the diamond shape of the badge A chevronel is the term for the mini chevrons or stripes that make up the diamond shaped lozenge The CUO badge of rank is available in two styles DPCU field slides and brass ceremonial The brass ceremonial version can be obtained from Cadet Wing PACE STICK 5 6 Originally intended as a training aid for drill instruction the pace stick has now become a sort of badge of rank for RSM s The pace stick opens out to form a giant pair of callipers which can be adjusted to various regulation pace lengths In experienced hands the open pacestick can be swung on the march to measure out correct pace lengths In the ACC the pace stick is carried by the We
15. ADMINISTRATION MATERIALS CONTENTS Chapter Harassment Discrimination and Unacceptable Behaviour 1 Duties of the Section Corporal Duties of the Platoon Sergeant Responsibilities of OOC Explain the History of Military Uniforms and Embellishments How o recognize badges of rank o oc 2 W I How to write a minute Annex A Example of a simple minute Trial version printed June 2013 5 Chapter 1 HARASSMENT DISCRIMINATION AND UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR HARASSMENT 1 4 Harassment can be defined as attention actions and behaviour that is unwanted uninvited and unreciprocated It can be offensive belittling and or threatening and may be directed at an individual or a group of individual Harassment can occur through comments touching or by visual means It is behaviour that makes the person being harassed the recipient feel uncomfortable intimidated offended or frightened 1 2 Harassment may happen because of some real or imagined attribute or characteristic of the recipient such as racial origin gender sexual preference and so on Examples of harassment include a Sexual 1 An unwelcome sexual advance 2 Sexual comments about a person s appearance 3 Unwelcome touching 4 Displaying pornography b Personal 1 Offensive comments about a person s religion race etc 2 Telling sexist or racist jokes 3 Insulting comments about a person s appearance 4 Bullying or bastardisati
16. Banner and no unit flags are flown or displayed The Banner may be carried on all Cadet Group activities during visits by Royalty or the Colonel in Chief and on other important occasions When it is being transported throughout Australia the Banner is stored in a velvet lined box accompanied by an ARA officer LANYARD 5 10 The origin of the lanyard is somewhat unclear Some suggest it was first used as a cord to fire artillery pieces Others suggest that the lanyard was originally a means of tying up fodder and hay for horses use by cavalrymen Perhaps both are true but in any case the lanyard is now a colourful means of distinguishing between different corps and units The ACC Corps lanyard is Royal Blue and worn on the right shoulder HAT KHAKI FUR FELT SLOUCH 5 11 The slouch hat was originally a fashion accessory worn in the British Army in the 1850 s In the 1860 s the slouch hat was adopted in the armies of Australia s colonies and in 1885 COL Tom Price gave it a unique aspect by having the brim turned up at the side This practice was believed to be first adopted by the Victorian Mounted Rifles with the right side of the brim being pinned up This allowed troops to look the inspecting officer in the eye By the time of the Boer War 1899 the slouch was firmly entrenched item of the Australian Soldier s uniform with the brim now turned up on the left to make carrying the rifle at the slope easier The slouch hat to
17. For example a stable and reasonably extroverted soldier is usually an asset in any group whereas an unstable type whether he be introverted or extroverted is likely to be regarded as unreliable and a poor soldier in most cases By combining the two personality factors in different ways most soldiers in any group can be put into different categories Trial version printed June 2013 73 Factors in Personality Introversion Extroversion Figure 3 Instability Social Interaction 1 19 For a person to be part of a group he must react with other members of that group and they in turn must react with him The way each member reacts with others depends on a factor called social interaction 1 20 Each person develops a characteristic way of reacting to others in the group He falls into a pattern of behaviour in a group and to understand this pattern for each individual we must examine two components of social interaction called Dominance Submissiveness and Friendliness Hostility Dominance Versus Submissiveness 1 21 This factor is simply a measure of how much the member tries to openly influence others in the group A dominant group member will boss his way around and soon have more submissive members doing what he wants Friendliness Versus Hostility 1 22 Similarly a group member will adopt an approach to other members which shows if he is friendly or hostile A hostile group member is likely to show this behaviour not only to
18. Have a closer look at the map Trial version printed June 2013 136 Chapter 4 GPS BASICS INTRODUCTION 4 1 X Global Positioning System GPS technology is a great boon to anyone who has the need to navigate either great or small distances This wonderful navigation technology was actually first available for government use back in the late 1970s In the past ten or so years it has been made available to the general public in the form of handheld receivers that use this satellite technology provided by the U S government 4 2 Through the use of these handheld receivers one can navigate back to a starting point or other predetermined locations without the use of maps or any other equipment In conjunction with accurate maps and other basic tools like a compass and Lat Long or UTM scales one can navigate to identified locations on maps or take readings from a location that they are at or have been at and plot those locations on a map 4 3 Allof these features make it a very desirable and useful technology for a mirid of activities including Search and Rescue Aviation and Nautical navigation hiking hunting camping fishing and many more All of these various GPS users have unique needs which require different levels of understanding and skill in using this technology 4 4 Atthe most basic level the GPS user needs to be able to set up and initialize the unit and SAVE and GOTO a waypoint For many users this is all that they
19. Personality and Temperament Each individual human being has his own personality his own way of doing things The overall situation should eventually determine just how the Trial version printed June 2013 83 leader will go about achieving the desired effect but by nature he may tend to be dogmatic and insistent upon doing things his way On the other hand he may be more democratic in his approach more willing to consult with others A sound leader must be prepared to vary his style to suit the situation but this factor will still remain a significant one in determining how any given leader will go about his task THE GROUP What is a Group 4 10 group may be defined as a number of people who either have come or have been put together There may be a variety of reasons why this has occurred for example to earn money or play sport the crucial point to bear in mind is that the group has been formed for a purpose and that the individual members of the group either expect to or are receiving some reward as a result of their membership Work groups come together for economic and security reasons leisure groups form so that social activities may he pursued street gangs emerge as a result of parental indifference or neglect provide excitement and comradeship and give the individual the status which is denied him in other groups such as family church and school Incentive reward and protection are three fundamental reasons for groups fo
20. Regardless of the degree of harmony which exists in a group pressures both internal and external will continually be exerted on the group If left unchecked these pressures can have serious effects on the group s effectiveness In the Army many pressures may be applied in the interests of the Service and will produce a conflict of interests within the group Unrelenting pressures can be reduced to a certain extent if all members of the group understand the reason for the pressure Cliches such as exigencies of the Service or in the interests of the Service are not good enough and do not reduce the insecurity caused by these pressures The leader must establish reliable communication links within his group so that pressures which arise are brought to his attention 4 24 The leader s judgment is critical in determining what can be corrected and what cannot the action taken in relation to both will determine the future effectiveness of the group 4 25 t should also be emphasized that it is most unlikely that a particular disruption to a group will be the result of one pressure alone it is more likely that the cause will be several pressures acting on the group 4 26 Finally although most pressures on a group tend to be disruptive there are pressures which result in increasing the cohesion of the group for example an outside body which threatens group integrity is likely to be repelled Internal Pressures 4 27 These are the pressures w
21. TRAINING AIDS WHAT ARE TRAINING AIDS 8 1 A training aid is anything which helps an instructor to present a lesson in more effective and interesting way WHY USE TRAINING AIDS 8 2 Training aids are used to help you present information in a more interesting and effective way TYPES OF TRAINING AIDS 8 3 Some common types of training aids are a Hand outs b Chalkboards White boards Magnetic boards d Maps Charts e Slides f Films Videos g Computers amp Models Simulators power point presentations h Data projectors WHICH TRAINING AID TO USE DEPENDS ON 8 4 type of learning for example if you are teaching a weapons lesson it is a bit hard to do so without weapons or at least models of the weapons as training aids For a map reading lesson would need a map and might support you lesson with by a combination of OHP s Data Projectors charts models or slides 8 5 The ability of your students training aids should be designed to simplify the lesson add interest and cut down on instruction time The training aids you select will depend on the training level of your students For example aids such as maps videos charts and models may be needed to explain map reading to recruits whereas second or third year cadets doing a revision lesson may only need the maps themselves 8 6 visual content of the training aid the most powerful learning sense is sight Therefore your training aids should be well presented with a
22. The good leader realizes that success is not earned by being liked but rather through skilled performance which earns respect and this in turn ensures the discipline of his men Standards 6 25 High standards must always be insisted upon The man who is allowed to get away with a below average performance has little incentive to improve and in fact his performance is likely to deteriorate Maintenance of Communications 6 26 The leader must maintain effective communications with his men They must know what is expected of them and be told when their performance does not come up to standard 6 27 Men must know the rules and the reasons for them They must be encouraged to suggest ways and means to improve not only their own performance but also the efficiency and effectiveness of the unit Trial version printed June 2013 97 Enforcement 6 28 Discipline must be enforced fairly The leader cannot afford to close his eyes to any lack of discipline and all orders must apply equally to all men 6 29 When a disciplinary offence occurs the leader must quickly gather the facts before making a decision This includes listening to the offender s story 6 30 The leader should always point out a man s faults when they occur and base his action on the seriousness of the offence the circumstances and the record of the offender He should always try to find out the facts behind the act because if he can discover the reason for the man s attitu
23. a dog or simply talk to someone else we are communicating with others We must realize that every act whether intentional or not will have a message for someone else This is particularly significant to the military leader when he is transmitting his plans and requirements to his men in the form of orders Communication of Meaning 5 3 The effectiveness of leadership depends upon the effectiveness of communication The leader wishes to influence or bring about a change in the follower If his communication is to be effective and thereby influence the behaviour of the recipient the leader must ensure that accurate transmission receipt and interpretation of his message occurs He must ensure that the meaning of his message is understood Many factors are involved in communication each influencing the final interpretation placed on the communication To understand these influences it is necessary to understand the communication process THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 5 4 Communication is a very complicated process involving at least two people a sender or communicator and a receiver or recipient The sender and receiver communicate through a medium or channel The Sender 5 5 process commences in the mind of the sender who then selects the means of communication or transmission and then transmits the message The mind is the store house of the sender s knowledge attitudes and past experience From this source the sender selects or fo
24. about heights slopes and visibility TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 1 48 The topographical terms given below are fairly well known but are not always used correctly Terms such as hill mountain river stream and valley are in common use and need no definition 1 49 Basin An area of fairly level ground surrounded or nearly surrounded by hills or an area drained by a river and its tributaries 1 50 Crest The highest part of a hill or mountain range That line on a range of hills or mountains from which the ground slopes down in opposite directions 1 51 Defile A natural or artificial feature which causes a body of troops to contract its front during its passage through it for example natural defile gorge or mountain pass artificial defile bridge 1 52 Divide The line along a range of hills from which water flows in opposite directions 1 53 Escarpment An extended line of cliffs or bluffs 1 54 Estuary The tidal mouth of a river 1 55 False Crest The line along which a lower steep slope changes to an upper gentle slope 1 56 Gorge A rugged and deep ravine 1 57 Knoll A low and detached hill 1 58 Main Features Those important forms such as ridges drainage systems etc which determine the shape of the country Sometimes called salient features 1 59 Minor Feature An offshoot of a main feature 1 60 Pass A road or track over a mountain ridge or range 1 61 Plateau An elevated plain an elevated region of considerable exte
25. and after every visit to the latrines or urinal wash feet daily and d change socks daily e Failure to comply with the last two items may lead to fungal infections such as Tinea 11 14 Tinea is a fungal infection that is very infectious Tinea can be passed on by direct contact but is more commonly contracted through infected baths showers especially communal bath mats or even floors Once it develops it can only be eradicated completely and permanently by prolonged and persistent treatment which apart from washing of the feet and changing socks daily involves a drying feet thoroughly after washing especially between the toes b if you sweat a lot bath the feet in a solution of salt and water 2 dessert spoons of salt 1 litre of water with sufficient Condy s crystals dissolved in it to make it bright pink in colour C after bathing and thorough drying sponge with methylated spirits after shave lotion has this as a base and dust with talc powder issued through Q store d expose the feet to air as much as possible wear sandals instead of shoes boots Trial version printed June 2013 47 don t wear thick woollen socks in hot weather disinfect socks slippers shoes and boots regularly 9 soak socks before washing a 20 solution of disinfectant h ensure that shoes boots fit properly and do not chafe anywhere and i avoid going barefoot in public bathing areas 11 15 Clothing and Footwear
26. and then turn Trial version printed June 2013 139 the unit back off This is good when you want to save waypoint such as camp someplace you later want to return to 4 29 When navigating however unless you have large distances or blocks of time where you know you will be on the same course you probably will leave the unit on the whole time Backtrack 4 30 Most receivers have a plotting function which plots your course of travel if you leave the unit turned on while you are travelling By choosing the Backtrack function the unit will create multiple waypoints from your route of travel and automatically navigate you from one to the next in reverse order that they were originally travelled These Backtrack waypoints are automatically numbered by the receiver in sequential order so when you get to the first one you will be back at your starting position when the unit first established a Position Fix for that session Summary of Basic GPS Use 4 31 For Basic GPS use you only need to understand the most basic of the receiver s functions Setup and initialization functions Saving a Waypoint and using the GOTO feature For this level of use you don t need to understand the coordinate grid systems datums or how to use maps Therefore a new GPS user can make good use of the unit with the minimal amount of experience reading the manual and working the menus and keypad 4 32 Those who need to refer to maps and use them to plot and
27. apply the factors which determine why objects are seen as this knowledge will assist in finding the object 7 2 Scanning is a general and systematic examination of an area to detect any unusual or significant object or movement Searching on the other hand involves a detailed look at an area where the object is suspected to be Both require complete concentration combined with knowledge of why things are seen and the principles of camouflage and concealment 7 3 Scanning To scan an area the following actions must be undertaken a Divide the area into foreground middle distance and distance b Scan each area horizontally starting with the foreground To obtain maximum efficiency move the eyes in short overlapping movements Moving the head will minimise eye fatigue The speed at which scanning is carried out will depend on the type of country and the amount of cover it affords to possible targets When horizontal scanning is completed scan along the line of any features which are angled away from the observation position 7 4 Searching Searching may take place at any stage during scanning That is if your attention is dominated by a piece of ground you should search that area thoroughly before continuing with scanning Furthermore any significant movement or object suspected camouflage etc spotted during scanning would require an immediate search of that area Binoculars are a useful aid when searching ground in detail 7 5 n
28. are careful in determining the coordinates from the map and Trial version printed June 2013 145 equally careful with the data input process in creating Figure 9 the waypoint on your GPS unit As you go out in the field you can make some approximations of your distance from the waypoint as you reach certain readily recognizable landmarks Use the map scale and compass or protractor to determine the distance bearing and see if your GPS unit confirms your calculations If you see large differences in your calculations check your figures It pays to have more than one way to determine the accuracy of your data If you find that your data agrees from known landmarks then when you are out in the woods and not sure where you are you know you can rely on the data you are getting from your GPS unit Plotting Coordinates on a Map 4 76 One other very useful function that you will want to be able to do is to take coordinates that you have saved from being out in the field and plot them on a map Or possibly even plot them on the map while you are still in the field just to know where you are 4 77 Although it would seem logical that plotting a position on the map from coordinates is the reverse of reading them from the map there are a few little differences 4 78 You first have to determine which map that the coordinates will be on This is easy since your map gives coordinates of all four of its corners you can determine if your coordinates
29. b a section commander leads the section follows the platoon commander platoon commander leads the platoon follows the company commander 4 57 Itis evident therefore that there is a distinct relationship between leaders and followers 4 58 Two needs which all individuals in any organization have are security and self confidence 4 59 Security There are two aspects to security a regular pay insurance medical protection provision for pensions and retirement etc and b the creation of a working environment where task needs are being met and in which 1 mutual trust exists between superiors and subordinates 2 but friendly attitude prevails 3 individuals are kept informed of future activities and 4 there is constant supervision to correct actions which are wrong 4 60 Self Confidence A sense of self confidence is a natural flow on from security If a person feels Trial version printed June 2013 89 safe in his environment and believes he has some measure of control over his working conditions he will feel confident to a greater degree than if this situation does not exist From an Army viewpoint this creates an environment favorable to the better development of self discipline 4 61 Follower Participation Sharing Decision Making By recognizing that there is a distinct relationship between leaders and followers and by acknowledging the need of all individuals in a group for security and self co
30. be added When the section s orders have been given each person should know what the platoon is doing 1 WHAT THE MISSION OF THE SECTION IS and 2 THE PART EACH MEMBER HAS TO PLAY Before commencing your orders you should give a detailed explanation of your mud model and give a topography brief This is essential to all to allow them to visualise the area that they are working in and get a feel for the country The reason we do this is because it is rare for everyone to carry a map and such a brief allows them to relate to certain areas and features in the area of responsibility that are talked about in orders It is imperative that you explain your mud model or you will simply confuse others and waste your time Topography This can cover any aspect of topography not merely the lay of the land For instance besides the usual brief on roads tracks creeks type of vegetation hills and other significant features you may also include sunrise and sunset times first light and last light times moon phases moon rise and moon set weather aspects predicted temperatures humidity rain and cloud cover Situation this is the first point in orders and includes all relevant information on the following areas a Friendly Forces include in here any friendly locations other patrol locations and fire support available b Attachments and Detachments let the section know if there are any attachments Anyone left behind from the secti
31. be used together with the direct method To use this method a give the range to the target b nominate the reference point and use it as the axis Trial version printed June 2013 40 give a direction as in the direct method and briefly but accurately describe the target An example of the Reference Point method is shown at figure 2 1 ce cot ma 99 ee 6870 gt eb t Figure 2 The Reference Point Method 9 4 Clock Ray To indicate more difficult targets the reference is combined with a clock ray During indication it is imagined that there is a clock face standing up on the landscape with its centre on the reference point To indicate a target a b C give the range to the target nominate the reference point imagine the reference point as the centre of a vertical clock face Imagine a straight line from the reference point to the target and state the direction either right or left and time to the nearest hour and describe the target briefly but accurately An example of the clock ray method is shown at figure 3 Trial version printed June 2013 41 Figure 3 The Clock Ray Method 9 5 Hand Angles Difficult targets at longer ranges may be indicated by using a reference point together with a hand angle As a guide with the arm fully outstretched from the shoulder and one eye closed fig 4 a the thickness of one finger subtends approximately 20 mils b th
32. conversation between you and another person and a public speech However ordinary conversation tends to be careless and casual whilst public speaking has more formal guidelines for organisation and delivery 4 5 Public speaking should include the best elements of conversational styles including a spontaneity intimacy good communication directness more volume a slower delivery roaog more frequent pauses and h more bodily action which supports your presentation 4 6 In summary public speech is private speech elevated and enlarged by combining all the elements mentioned above Trial version printed June 2013 56 4 7 Throughout your career you will be expected to give several different types of presentation These include a formal briefs information briefs decision briefs operational briefs ground situation handover briefs impromptu speeches formal speeches 7070209 reports and i lessons 4 8 The list above is a guide to the types of presentations As a leader you will be called upon to give oral presentations to superiors subordinates and peers in several different settings If you remember the differences between oral communication and written communication speak clearly and be confident you will successfully survive all speaking tasks Above all else when you have the opportunity REHEARSE STEPS IN PREPARING A PRESENTATION 4 9 There are 10 steps required when prep
33. features have to be given a prominence equal to that of much larger features in hilly country Hill Shading 1 43 Hill shading shows by colouring what hachures show in line The shading is applied so that depth of tint indicates the steepness of the slope the general tint becoming deeper as the ground rises Hill shading obscures detail less than hachures but otherwise has the same disadvantages 1 44 A second method of hill shading depicts the shadows that would be cast by high ground if light was shining from a certain direction This method can also be used in conjunction with contour lines Spot Elevations 1 45 Spot elevations are points on the map with the height of the particular feature shown alongside This gives accurate information when used in conjunction with contours Other types of spot elevations are horizontal control points trig points and bench marks Layer Tints 1 46 Layer tints are used in conjunction with contours The space between the contours is coloured with tints that vary according to heights above sea level the colours becoming deeper as the height increases Each tint may cover the vertical interval of several contours This makes the high ground obvious at a glance Trial version printed June 2013 120 Form Lines 1 47 Form lines are approximate contours that have not been accurately surveyed They show the shape of the grounds in a similar manner but cannot be relied upon for accurate information
34. following detail a At 100m clear in all detail b At 200m clear in all detail colour of skin and equipment identifiable C At 300m clear body outline face colour good remaining detail blurred d At 400m body outline clear remaining detail blurred e At 500m body begins to taper head becomes indistinct f At 600m body now wedge shaped no head apparent 8 5 Conditions effect the appearance of objects as follows a Objects seems closer than they are when 1 the light is bright or the sun is shining from behind the observer 2 they are larger in comparison with the surroundings 3 there is dead ground between the object and the observer or 4 they are higher up than the observer b Objects seem farther than they are when 1 the light is bad or the sun is shining in the observers eyes 2 they are small in comparison with the surroundings 3 looking across a valley or down a road or tack or 4 4 the observer is lying down Trial version printed June 2013 38 AIDS JUDGING DISTANCE 8 6 Accurate judging of distance is a skill that you must develop in order to be able to estimate a distance to an object effectively It is important that you know all the recognised methods of judging distance and any aids which can be used to help you 8 7 Bracketing is the method most likely to prove the best under all conditions You should decide on the furthermost possible distance and the nearest possible dis
35. for the receiver to establish what is called a Position Fix Areas that need to be actioned are a Units for speed distance etc self explanatory units of feet meters miles b Grid System Latitude amp Longitude or UTM can be selected Lat Long usually has choices of Degrees Minutes amp seconds or Degrees Minutes and Minutes instead of seconds C Datum This references the map that coordinates will be plotted on or taken from A common datum is NAD27 see glossary d North reference Either Magnetic North same as compass or True North Time Offset From UTC Time zone difference from Greenwich England Once the set up has been completed and the unit has been initialized it will then lock on the signals of three or more satellites and establish a Position Fix The Position Fix is the calculated position of the receiver s current location GPS Receiver Basic Use 4 17 Once the receiver is initialized and set up the most useful and immediate function is to save the current position as a waypoint Saving Current Position as a Waypoint 4 18 To save the current position as a named or numbered waypoint you must access the function for your unit that does this On many of the Garmin units the MARK button is specifically for this purpose Other units may access a menu first where Create Waypoint or some other related option is available Usually the current position coordinates are then displayed
36. force of attraction which holds the dirt on the surface to allow the dirt to be displaced and keep the dirt particles dispersed so they be washed away 11 7 Showers Baths In warm and especially humid climates it is natural to perspire freely and parts Trial version printed June 2013 46 of the body subject to this need special attention Daily washing and careful drying are essential to protect against Tinea and similar fungal infections as well as the usual bacterial and parasitic problems Whether a bath or shower is taken is irrelevant but what should be remembered is that a warm or hot bath or shower relaxes and soothes where as a cold one stimulates 11 8 Ears The ears are very sensitive organs and require gentle care The normal secretions of wax in the ear prevent the skin from cracking and drying out and therefore prevents infection which may occur in the cracks Ear infections can be very painful and are common in hot and humid climates Swimming in dirty water and the collection of sweat and dirt in the ears can be a cause In instances where problems occur medical attention should be sought 11 9 Eyes Healthy eyes need little special care Using them for reading or watching television will not harm them though overuse may cause general fatigue There are however several precautions which may help maintain optical health a when reading or writing make sure lighting is adequate by using bulbs of 75 100 watts S
37. in a similar manner to that in which an abacus is read Time 3 27 Time is a good check on the distance travelled when movement is continuous and does not involve the crossing of many obstacles The following rates of movement are provided only as a guide Lost 3 28 As soon as you realise you don t know where you are STOP 3 29 Think about your movements since you last positively knew your location Have you drifted left or right or badly estimated distance and time 3 80 Go to high ground to RELOCATE 3 31 Carry out a resection using the techniques detailed below Where am I 3 32 f still lost STAY in one location Don t risk wandering even further away from your target and making it more difficult for a rescue party to locate you 3 33 Section Commanders must always brief their members on actions if separated from the group Trial version printed June 2013 Non tactical Movement a 1 By day over open undulating 2 By day in close flat country country metres per hour bkm hr Tactical Movement 1 By day over open undulating country 2 By day in close flat country 1000 metres 2000 metres per per hour 1km hr 1000 metres per hour 2km hr hour 1km hr 3000 metres per hour 3km hr 3 By night over open undulating country 3 By day in ipis rough c deep sand or snow 1500 metres per hour 1 5km hr 4 By night in close flat country 100 to 50
38. informal group leaders and being careful that as far as possible the aims of the formal and informal groups do not conflict he will be much more effective as a leader 1 37 Characterization of a Group 1 38 A group is composed of individuals who each brings to the group his own distinct abilities attitudes needs and personality However a group can become more than just the sum of the individual components of its members 1 39 As a group develops and becomes more efficient in the performance of its tasks group standards become yardsticks by which the individual in the group can measure his own performance Standards accepted by the group to achieve a common group aim provide a basis for common understanding This does not mean that the members lose their individuality but that they have a set Trial version printed June 2013 75 of standards by which they can understand one another 1 40 As each man learns the abilities and personalities of the other members personal relations and loyalties develop in the group Trust and mutual dependence grow and the group increasingly becomes a cohesive unit 1 44 Members of a group tend to identify themselves closely with their group s achievements and group solidarity and morale tend to improve steadily as their success as a group increases This process is a major element in development of the abstract quality known as esprit de corps 1 42 The enduring nature of this quality is expressed in
39. line of Grid North Turn the dial of the compass until the N and the meridian lines are pointing to the direction of the travel or direction arrow Turn both the map and compass until the magnetic needle points to N on the compass The map is now orientated Attack Points 3 9 Find your objective by locating a point that is easy to find near your destination eg a large hill or unusual feature Aiming Off 3 10 When you are approaching a point which is situated on a linear feature you should aim off to hit the line feature to the left or right of your destination On reaching the line feature you will know which way to turn TRACK ROUTE TAKEN P Fr 1 MAG 1600 MILS OBJECTIVE ALLOWANCE FOR ERROR 200 MILS MAG 1800 MILS Hand Rails 3 11 Linear features can be used to help maintain your direction in the bush eg following rivers ridges valleys and spurs Catching Features 3 12 Select a feature on the map that is further away than your destination If you reach this feature you know that you have gone past your target point and must head back Bypassing Obstacles 3 13 When an unexpected object is encountered eg swamp or bamboo forest etc a decision must be made to bypass the object or go through If the decision is to bypass it any tendency to cling to the edge of the object and feel a route round it must be avoided as a loss of direction will result 3 14 There are two methods to bypass obstacles These a
40. living area 2 on opposite side to latrines 3 if bulk water bladder close to transport access Fire wood 1 outside but close to perimeter 2 upwind of camp fire Rubbish Point 1 outside perimeter 2 down wind clear of access paths 3 bash burn carry or bash burn and bury Platoon 1 adjacent close to campsite assembly area 2 upwind of fire hazards 3 shade would be an advantage Store 1 within camp site Trial version printed June 2013 30 2 clear of fire flood hazard 3 within control of platoon HQ good access Transport access safety noise dust Trial version printed June 2013 31 Chapter 3 Demonstrate Erection of Shelters 3 1 standard field shelter that you and your platoon will use in the AAC is of course the shelter individual or hootchie 3 2 hootchie is a waterproof lightweight oblong shaped shelter It has stud fasteners webbing loops and rivet holes located around it s outer edge and can be joined up with any number of other hootchies Most commonly it is joined with another hootchie to make a sleeping area for two people When erected properly the hootchie provides a very good level of protection from the elements 3 3 Youare responsible for ensuring that your people have a comfortable and dry night s sleep Therefore check the following points a Wind direction and prevailing winds Hootchies have been joined correctly Many recruits will do i
41. of the earth Trial version printed June 2013 141 SOUTH POLE os AXIS OF THE LAT LONG GRID Figure 3 4 44 Much like our X Y graph we define a point by a given distance in degrees East or West from the Prime Meridian and in degrees North or South from the Equator This is illustrated in the example on Figure 2 showing a given point of Latitude and Longitude 4 45 Another important issue needs to be understood about angular measurement which is the fact that if we were only using degrees we would not be very accurate because one degree of longitude or latitude at the axis is equal to approximately 69 statute miles Therefore the circle needs to be divided into smaller components to give us more accurate coordinates Therefore the Degree has been divided into 60 smaller units called Minutes and furthermore these Minutes are divided into 60 Seconds nothing to do with time 4 46 The drawing in Figure 4 shows one degree of angular measurement and how that is divided into Minutes and Seconds One Mitte fil senad Oar degree 69 09 niles OacMiane 1 15 Miles Duc Saad 101 34 fea x i one degree Urn ing pa aa Ries cds sidus ac aac Degree Figure 4 4 47 This now gives us increments that are small enough so that at the surface of the earth one second will be a distance of around 100 feet which gives us a much higher level of accuracy 4 48 f you refer back to Figure 2 you will notic
42. on Bearing Heading Distance and Speed are always displayed 4 24 Itis important to understand the difference between Bearing and Heading when navigating to a waypoint a Bearing This is the compass heading When Magnetic North is in Set up to the waypoint b Heading This is the direction you are traveling 4 25 Ideally if terrain were not a consideration the Heading would be the same as the Bearing Notes on Navigation Compass 4 26 Most GPS receivers do not have an internal compass although a very few have that as an added feature Therefore the receiver does not act as a compass and only indicates Bearing and the direction you are traveling no matter which way it is being pointed 4 27 is a very handy tool to have with you When you choose a GOTO and get a Bearing to the waypoint you can check your compass so you can start out on the right direction Otherwise you can spend some time walking in different directions until your receiver can pick up your Heading which you will be likely to need to correct significantly Battery Life 4 28 Battery life of the receivers varies drastically from one model to another so conserving batteries may or may not be a concern to you Also there may be a large discrepancy between what the manufacturer states as battery life and what you really get Therefore in many instances you may want to turn your unit on at a given location get a position fix and save it as a waypoint
43. other members but also the leader 1 23 f the two social interaction factors are combined the leader is able to categorize members of his group and is better able to predict their behaviour as individuals and as a group reacting together A dominant friendly type is likely to be accepted as an informal leader of a group and is worth paying special attention to More will be said about this later in our discussion of group behaviour Factors in Social Interaction vominance Friendliness Hostility Submissiveness Figure 4 Motivation 1 24 The fourth broad psychological factor to be examined in any attempt to explain behaviour is motivation While this will be covered more fully in the section on Human Relationships it is worth noting the following points here 1 25 Motivation refers to those factors which increase the willingness of the individual to give his full Trial version printed June 2013 74 capacity to a task or to the group to which he belongs 1 26 It can be seen therefore that whilst motivation is related to the satisfaction of individual needs it can also apply to group needs If the needs of the group as a whole can be identified it is easier for the leader to motivate that group to achieve its goal THE GROUP 1 27 Leadership implies group activity and for a group goal to be achieved not only must the leader react effectively with the group but members of the group must interact effectively among themsel
44. pattern The most important points to remember about contours are a Contour lines close together indicate steep slopes Contour lines far apart indicate gentle slopes Evenly spaced contour lines indicate uniform slopes b When the spacing of contour lines reading from high to low decrease the slope is convex C When the spacing of contour lines reading from height to low increase the slope is concave CONVEX SLOPE CONCAVE SLOPE Trial version printed June 2013 119 Limitations of Contours 1 41 The features that can be shown by contours are limited by the vertical interval If the vertical contour interval is 10m features of less prominence than 10m may not appear on the map Such features may be of tactical importance particularly on relatively flat ground Other Methods of Showing Relief Hachures 1 42 Hachuring is a method of showing hill features by shading in short lines drawn in the direction of the slope These lines show rising ground by shading up the line of slope the shading becoming heavier as the ground rises Hachuring gives a good impression of the shape of the ground as hills and valleys stand out clearly It has several disadvantages a Hachuring gives no exact information about height Therefore heights and slopes cannot be measured accurately b Hachuring tends to obscure other detail on the map C Hachuring varies with the type of country for example in flat country quite small
45. removed as an error 4 12 Selected Availability is an intentional error that is introduced into the signals coming from the Satellites that create readings that can be off as much as 300 feet Even so the accuracy levels with Selected Availability turned on is usually within 100 ft or better 4 13 Other factors effect accuracy such quality of GPS signals from the satellites and operator error Operator error can include such things as inputting the wrong values for position coordinates and as using the wrong datum for the map being referenced These issues will be covered in Chapter two GPS Receiver Set Up 4 14 To be able to properly use a GPS receiver it needs to be set up and initialized Set up establishes the basic information about the units of distance speed Map Datum Navigation Grid System time difference from Greenwich England or UTC time and other basics 4 15 user s manual that comes with each GPS receiver gives detailed instructions on the process of selecting the options for initialization and set up This must be done to be able to use the unit for navigation Most Common Set up Components 4 16 Initialization Initialization is the process of telling the receiver your approximate location on the surface of the earth This must be done the first time you use the receiver or if it has moved more than 300 miles from the last location where it was being used Otherwise it will take an unreasonable amount of time
46. significantly in the absence of the leader d the followers may demonstrate aggression or apathy and e the followers will undervalue their work performance Participative 4 67 This style implies that the leader will or may a encourage suggestions from his followers so that they will identify themselves with the plan b plan future activities by discussing them with the group permit the followers to choose their own work companions divide work as they see fit provided that proper use is made of available skills d when advice is needed suggest a number of alternatives from which the followers can select the one which seems best and Trial version printed June 2013 90 include himself in the task in a cooperative and helpful fashion but still retain his position as leader 4 68 The participative style is suitable when a b c d e teaching complex skills and knowledge problem solving in other than a stress situation instructing under personal hardship and interviewing and counseling 4 69 The following results may be observed when the participative approach is correctly adopted a b d e f Free Rein work goals will be achieved recreational goals will be achieved performance will continue up to standard in the leader s absence hostility and aggression will be minimal friendliness will predominate among the group with a willingness to cooperate and the follower
47. turn search for each of the factors that make an object visible The weather may assist when searching an area For example frost will reveal tracks made during the night or a hot sun will alter the tone and colour of cut foliage used for camouflage by ageing the leaves more quickly Trial version printed June 2013 37 Chapter 8 EXPLAIN METHODS OF JUDGING DISTANCE General 8 1 When an object is detected it is important to be able to estimate the range correctly There are two main methods of judging distance without aids They are a bytheunit of measure and b the appearance method The Unit of Measure Method 8 2 To use the unit of measure method visualise a known distance on the ground and calculate how many of the units would fit between the observer and the object An easy figure to use is a unit of 100m This method gives acceptable results when a the observer can see all the intervening ground and b the distance to be estimated is not greater than 400m The Appearance Method 8 3 The appearance method of judging distance is based on what an object looks like compared to its surroundings To become proficient in judging distance by this method a great deal of practice is required under varying conditions of ground and observation 8 4 The amount of visible detail of a cadet at various ranges gives a good indication of the distance they are away An observer with good vision should be able to distinguish the
48. visual content that is simple easy to see colourful and relevant Trial version printed June 2013 70 Module 4 LEADERSHIP CONTENTS Chapter Human Behaviour Approaches to Leadership Leadership Qualities Functional Leadership Communications Discipline o oO 2 W I Morale amp Esprit de Corps Trial version printed June 2013 71 Chapter 1 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR INTRODUCTION 1 14 The art of influencing people is the very essence of leadership Before we can hope to influence a person effectively we must have some idea of what influences his behaviour Groups consist of a number of individuals who communicate with each other have some influence on each other and hopefully can work together Leaders therefore must not only have some knowledge of the behaviour patterns of individuals but also knowledge of group interaction 1 2 Evidence from psychological studies has increased our understanding of individual and group behaviour in relation to leadership This understanding allows the leader to predict and control the behaviour of his men more fully 1 3 This chapter presents some of that information which if used wisely can be of great value to the leader THE INDIVIDUAL 14 men are different but despite these individual differences there are a number of basic factors common to all Some of these are present at birth and are called hereditary factors These include a person s basic physical s
49. will be at 34 12 30 with only the 12 30 being printed ig 1 4 56 The very top of the map will show 34 15 which is 7 1 2 Minutes greater than the reference at the bottom of 34 07 30 The z4 on xo sa orson same progression of 2 1 2 Minute intervals 112772 wee zx iT TERTI can be seen across the top and bottom of the map from 112 15 West Longitude to 112 22 30 which is also 7 1 2 Minutes or 7 Minutes Sd ani Dictate dub and 30 Seconds 4 57 most 7 1 2 Minute Topos the 2 1 2 and other info Minute Tick Marks are not connected from side to side or from top to bottom but this is Figure 5 necessary for measuring coordinates in positions other than right by the borders of the map Therefore you will want to take a straight edge and connect the tick marks at the Trial version printed June 2013 143 2 30 two Minute thirty Second intervals that your map will look like the one Figure 4 Reading a Lat Long Coordinate POCKET WA YPO SCALE 1 24 000 4 58 Now that you understand the layout of the typical map you are ready to measure the coordinates of a given location on the map Lets take an example where our location indicated by is somewhere in the middle section of the map as in Figure 5 B 4 59 Wecan see by simple observation that the position is n somewhere between 112 17 30 and 112 20 West Longitude The position is also between 34 10 and 34
50. will get a value of 50 as seen in a magnified view Figure 7 4 65 So our coordinate for Latitude will be 34 10 50 We arrive at this by adding the 50 our measurement up from the reference of 34 10 34 10 00 50 Trial version printed June 2013 144 34 10 50 Longitude 4 66 Unfortunately the Longitude coordinate is not as easy to measure The reason is the fact that we mentioned earlier that the Meridians of Longitude converge at the poles and therefore come closer together in linear distance the farther north your position is above the equator Their angular distance is the same but when we are trying to measure with a tool such as a Waypointer scale we are measuring linear distance 20 11217 30 4 67 ltcan be easily proven that the same number of degrees of Latitude is shorter in linear distance than that value of Longitude by simply taking a tape measure and measuring the vertical distance of a 7 1 2 Minute Topo and then measuring the horizontal distance The horizontal or Latitude measurement will be significantly less even they both represent 7 30 of angular measurement 4 68 So it will be easily understood that our Waypointer scale will not fit within the 2 30 increments between the vertical lines on our map It will be significantly too long The simple solution to this problem is presented in Figure 8 If we Figure 8 skew the scale at an angle such that the zero mark is on the ver
51. 0 metres per hour Where 3 34 Once you have orientated your map it is possible to locate your position by comparing features on the map with features on the ground If you are still not sure of your position carry out a resection The method of carrying out a resection is as follows a Select three prominent widely spaced features that can be clearly recognised on the map and on the ground On the ground take magnetic bearings to these features with a compass Covert these magnetic bearings to grid bearings Convert the grid bearings to back bearings Plot the map the back bearings from the identified features 3 35 These lines will either intersect to locate your position or form a small triangle of error MAG OA 5590 MILS A GRID OA 5790 MILS GRID BACK 2590 MILS YOUR POSITION gt gt L 7 1540 MILS GRID OB 1740 MILS GRID BACK 4940 MILS C MAG OC 3700 MILS GRID OC 3900 MILS GRID BACK 0700 MILS GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE IS 200 MILS EAST 3 36 If the triangle of error is inside the triangle formed by the three features your true position will be inside the triangle of error 3 37 If the triangle of error is outside the triangle formed by the three main features then a You have made a gross error in one or more of your bearings and should take them again or b You have not correctly identified the features you have taken your bearings from on the map
52. 12 30 North Latitude 4 60 What we need to do is get exact coordinates but you will notice that the map does not give any further breakdown than the 2 Min 30 Sec intervals Therefore an additional tool is needed in conjunction with the map to measure this position M 4 61 The Waypointer is such a tool that is designed to measure the individual Minutes and Seconds for the 2 1 2 Minute interval between the tick marks A picture of one of the Waypointer scales is pictured here in Figure 6 Figure 6 BOR wf b b Wm ope Mw b b up Latitude 4 62 The Waypointer scale is 1230 zae designed to fit exactly between the 2 Min 30 Sec Intervals on the 7 1 2 Min Topo If the scale is placed vertically with the Zero mark at one of the 2 1 2 Min tick marks or reference m lines that you drew the 2 Min 30 Sec n line will then exactly align with the next tick mark or reference line above it x 4 63 To measure Latitude with the Waypointer scale is then very simple All you have to do is to place the zero end of the scale at the first reference line below your Position and measure zo up from the reference line to the desired position Then add the amount measured to the value of the reference line mm Figure 7 4 64 For our example the nearest reference line below our desired position is 34 10 if we measure up from that line to the at our desired location we
53. 7 The word comes from the Hindu word pagre meaning a turban or scarf of muslin It was worn around the hat sometimes falling onto the neck to keep the sun off It is said that the seven fold puggaree used in the Australian Army represents the fact that soldiers are drawn from the six states and the territories KHAKI 5 18 The word comes from a Persian word meaning dust covered When the British Army were serving in India during the Indian Mutiny of 1857 they were issued with white uniforms To camouflage these uniforms soldiers stained them with mud tea leaves curry powder and anything else that would make them less of a target In 1898 khaki was made general issue for all foreign service and after the Boer War 1899 1901 it became official dress for all occasions PARADE GROUND 5 19 As far back as 500 AD the dead were collected and laid inside a hollow square formed by the troops at the end of a battle The reason for this was so that the bodies could be identified and last respects paid to them This area became sacred ground and as such was treated respectfully and was not walked upon This has been passed down through the ages and today we use the parade ground for instruction and parades to symbolise this tradition No one should ever use the parade ground for any purpose other than drill CORPS INSIGNIA 5 20 The ACC insignia is a woven patch in gold on a royal blue background The emblem consists of a sword crossed by a torch of l
54. Along with body cleanliness attention to clothing is a vital part of personal hygiene This is especially true in Australia where high temperatures and humidity are found throughout the country Heavy perspiration may be experienced without exercise or occupational influence and underclothing must be changed regularly as part of the general routine of personal cleanliness 11 16 Dirty clothing can contain bacteria which when rubbed against the skin can find a way through minute cracks abrasions and the pores of the sweat glands and cause boils carbuncles and other skin infections Clothing should be changed and washed as often as possible Modern detergents and washing powders allow clothes to be washed more completely and more easily than before Care must be taken however to rinse thoroughly as residues of detergent will irritate sensitive skin 11 17 Choice of Clothing Clothing choice will depend upon a Insulation ability air is a poor conductor of heat Closely woven garments prevent cooler outside air mixing with warmer air trapped close to the body Conversely open weave garments allow considerable transfer of heart from the body to the outside air and are best suited to warm climates b Absorbency the extent to which clothing absorbs moisture will influence it s suitability under various conditions Water is a better conductor of heat than is air Garments which become wet quickly will cling to the skin and conduct heat away fro
55. Chapter 1 SAFETY IN TRAINING What is the aim of safety awareness 1 1 To preserve life prevent injury to members of the Unit and to avoid damage to Unit equipment and resources Principles of safety awareness 1 2 Foresight consider all the possible hazards in the proposed training especially those that are life threatening Remember the 7 P s to successful planning prior preparation and planning prevents pathetically poor performance By thinking about potential problems before they happen Then you will be able to prepare an accident prevention plan so that the hazard can hopefully be avoided 1 3 Supervision make sure that your people are supervised properly By monitoring activities carefully you will be able to prevent a dangerous situation and you will also be able to correct dangerous practices These bad habits can be hard to break if left unchecked eg lighting small fires within the platoon harbour etc 1 4 Incident analysis if an accident does happen it is important that you find out why it happened If you don t you won t be able to stop the same thing happening again Your investigation may reveal a dangerous practice or a faulty piece of equipment which was not noticed before Include your findings in future accident prevention plans 1 5 Safety education many accidents happen because cadets adopt slack attitudes towards routine tasks Safety education is an ongoing process make sure that it is something that
56. HS Sina ORS 4 QUUSIHdS CNOLLYN MYTIVILLSTIV TONY NYUVELSIY US WOE Ute HOLY ORION IUIASNVEL WSHAUNO IHL JD JALMA GOO eT SINI OES GROIN OTS Mains COVEY SOL 1144 AUJAS ONTLLY3N 341 ONGONV SNOL FANNIN HUM SHINUOD 13345 34 1Y NEDSS Sey SIMMA 305110807 Gey IONLI TII deme t m NI NN en PER TT ney Li t LI LI t t 1 ame 2714 Manag 000 09 1 3198 t ALH CES uone 1 1 xoo g Jo 1u02 113 Trial version printed June 2013 Read the Marginal Information FIRST when you look at a for the first time Rule Two Be wary of the ACCURACY OF ANY MAP especially regarding man made features Trust natural features before man made ones Map Reliability 1 20 No matter how accurately a map was made it is only a plan of the ground at a certain date If it is several years since the map was made or revised much may have changed towns grow roads and railways are built woods grow and are cut down Only the main physical features should be regarded as absolutely reliable and even these may change slowly coastlines may erode and rivers can change their course It is very important that the product
57. ION DOES WHAT IN ORDER TO STATE MISSION TWICE Trial version printed June 2013 STATEMENT These my orders I will take questions at the end SITUATION Own unit disposition Other units in the area Attachments amp detachments Other personnel EXECUTION Commanders intent End state Main effort Concept of operations Groupings amp tasks EXECUTION ADMINISTRATION amp LOGISTICS Coordinating instructions 1 Dress amp equipment Key timings Radios Boundaries Routes Water re supply Action on Medical ADMINISTRATION amp LOGISTICS COMMAND amp SIGNALS CONTINUED A Radio frequencies say twice Casevac a Primary b secondary Transport Call signs a Commander 21C Hygiene ye Medic Ablutions 3 Pit Other Trial version printed June 2013 25 COMMAND amp SIGNALS Passwords Nicknames bounds on Nav Ex etc Locations of Command Time Check 15 seconds 10 seconds count down last five seconds STATEMENT That concludes my orders questions in minutes MUD MODEL Definition 1 15 Mud Models are three dimensional representations of a piece of ground made of earth and natural materials which show manmade and natural features Preparation Clear an area of suitable size relative to the size of the O GP and area to be shown 1 16 Construct the border of sticks rope or stones ensuring it is large e
58. LMENT OF SELF AND EQUIPMENT General 6 1 Personal camouflage techniques are designed to deceive A cadet must learn how to guard against observation 6 2 Effective camouflage of the individual depends mainly on the choice of background and its correct use The term background is used to describe the area surrounding an object when seen from the ground or the air It is the controlling element in personal camouflage The clothes that are worn must blend in with the predominant colour of the background Skin and light coloured equipment are toned down for the same purpose The individual cadet must practice blending with the background by hiding in shadows and avoiding contrast between their silhouette and the background To enable them to do this they must be practiced in the skills of camouflaging themselves and their equipment Skin 6 3 Exposed skin reflects light and contrasts with the surrounding background Face neck hands and lower arms which may be exposed below the shirt should be toned down by painting them in a disruptive pattern by toning them down in an even colour or by wearing additional accessories such as scarves and gloves When using disruptive painting the patterns should be cut across nose lines cheek bones eye sockets and chin lines A darker treatment of the skin will be necessary for night work Camouflage cream burnt charcoal and dirt can all help to tone down skin colours 6 4 Individual camouflage req
59. N 1 42 Printed around the margin of the map is the information needed to interpret the map This is referred to as marginal information The type of information and the layout may differ slightly from one map to another Marginal information includes 1 13 Map Title May be the name of important town or area and indicates roughly the location of the map Map Sheet and Edition Number North Points Diagram Shows for a given year the direction of true magnetic and grid north The diagram is a representation only and states the angular relationship between the three The annual magnetic variation is also given 1 14 Universal Grid Reference Describes how to calculate a grid reference 1 15 Legend Below the scale is the legend which contains the colours and symbols which make the detail on a map easy to read These symbols are called conventional signs and are purely representative Care should be taken when using them as they are not always to scale for example buildings and the width of roads 1 16 Control and Production Block The production information at the bottom left of the map shows when by whom and under what authority the map was made The method of production and an indication of the accuracy are also shown 1 17 Index to Adjoining Sheets Provides the titles for adjoining maps Representative Fraction A method of indicating the scale of the map 1 18 Linear Scale Eg one centimetre on the map may repres
60. North or Magnetic North Differential G P S A means of compensating for Selected Availability error in G P S locating using radio transmissions Elevation The distance above mean sea level usually in meters or feet Equator The Latitude reference point for the Lat Long grid system Other positions of latitude are referenced as degrees of North Latitude if they are north of the equator and degrees of South Latitude if they are south of the equator Also see Latitude ETA E stimated T ime of A rrival The estimated time of your arrival computed at your present speed toward the destination ETE E stimated T ime E n route The projected travel time it will take to arrive at your destination or waypoint GIS G eographic I nformation S ystem A category of computer programs and applications that are used to organize analyze and display geographic information GMT G reenwich M ean T ime Time at 0 or the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich England A Iso Universal T ime C oordinated UTC In aviation Zulu Time G P S G lobal P ositioning S ystem A generic term for satellite based positioning system Grid A system of horizontal and vertical lines used to chart specific position coordinates i e the Latitude Longitude Grid system Grid North The direction that north south lines of a grid point Grid Zone One of the 60 zones covered by the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM
61. To prevent tears maps should be folded in such a way that any part can be referred to without having to open the map fully First fold it in half with the map detail outwards Then fold across in concertina fashion The number of folds in the concertina will depend of the size of the map The aim is to reduce the map for a convenient size for carrying and at the same time ensure that there is a reasonably large area for studying when two folds are opened like a book 1 11 Once the map has been folded leave it folded The detail at the creases is bound to deteriorate but less than if the map were constantly unfolded and folded Protect the folded map by placing it in a plastic bag or map case when not in use Other methods to protect a map ir lamination Step 1 Step 2 Trial version printed June 2013 109 Topographic Maps 1 12 Topographic maps are the basic military maps which may be produced at any of the standard scales such as 1 25 000 1 50 000 1 100 000 and1 250 000 They show both natural and man made features with the density of detail depending upon the map scale In addition to horizontal position vertical position is also depicted by means of contour lines drawn at varying intervals depending on the scale of the map and the nature of the terrain Topographic maps are generally produced in five or six colours and carry the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM grid and reference system MARGINAL INFORMATIO
62. achieved B Timing or Degree of Notice This lets the section know how long they have before departing to achieve the mission e g no move before 0700 hr or the time now is 0400 hr notice to move from now is three hours d RV and time for 0 Group warns the section where to be and what time for orders e g OGP at the depth pit at 0545hr e Preliminary Moves any moves to be carried out before commencing the mission are Advised of f Administrative Instructions warns out the 21C what stores and equipment he may be Getting or needs to ask for and also gives him time to test any equipment such as radios He can also warn out the section as to who carries what how many rations they are receiving if wet weather Trial version printed June 2013 19 or cold weather equipment is required and so on to allow the cadets to prepare their equipment g Acknowledgment Demanded always demand that your WO has been received if sent in message form and understood if you don t there is always the chance that someone may have not understood it and at worst you could return and nothing has been done SMEAC 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 Orders are given before any activity and must be passed on down to section level Normally these orders will be verbal a Before giving orders the parts of the platoon commander s orders relevant to the section will be extracted and the detail on how the section is to carry out its task will
63. adow of its own As the sun moon moves so do the shadows Objects which were concealed by shadows may be revealed as the shadow moves They may also be revealed by their own distinctive shadow which reappears Contained Shadow shadow that is contained within a space for example in a room a cave mouth or under an individual shelter It is normally darker than other shadows therefore attracts attention Silhouette any object silhouetted against a contrasting background is conspicuous Smooth flat backgrounds such as water a field or worst of all the sky should be avoided An object may also be silhouetted if it is against the background of another colour An uneven background such as a hedge bush trees or broken ground will provide the best concealment Surface if the colour and texture of the surface of an object contrasts with its surroundings it will be conspicuous Shiny helmets and white skin contrast violently with most backgrounds and need to be disguised to assist concealment Spacing natural objects are rarely if ever regularly spaced Regular spacing draws attention to the fact that something other than a natural object is present It is conspicuous and should be avoided Movement sudden movement attracts the eye Slow and careful movement is much less likely to disclose the location of a well concealed position than quick and short movement Trial version printed June 2013 35 Chapter 6 CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEA
64. age to unit gear Death serious injury minor injury damage to Unit gear Trial version printed June 2013 105 Briefing weapons training TOET s supervision range coaches confidence ear protection safety officer Self discipline high morale supervision interesting training alternative training 1st aid gear Training in proper use supervision maintenance 1st aid Gear MODULE SIX NAVIGATION Trial version printed June 2013 106 MODULE SIX NAVIGATION CONTENTS Chapter MAPCRAFT 1 NAVIGATION PLANNING 2 CONDUCT OF NAVIGATION 3 GPS BASICS 4 Trial version printed June 2013 107 Chapter 1 Mapcraft 1 4 Objective Navigate by day or night using a compass and topographic map 1 2 Reference A Manual of Land Warfare B Part 2 Infantry Training C Volume 3 Pamphlet No 1 Navigation All Corps 1 3 It is not sufficient for a student of map reading to be able to extract information shown on a map give grid references read and plot bearings and measure distances Mapcraft involves being able to relate the map to the ground and the ground to the map However much is known about the technicalities of map reading it will be largely wasted and even dangerous without a mastery of mapcraft 14 The nature of field exercises can cause extreme dispersion of personnel Any cadet can be required to navigate as part of their duty or simply for their own survival All cadets sh
65. agnetic by subtracting the variation That is if the variation is east Magnetic bearings are less least than Grid bearings 1 94 When the variation is West convert Grid to Magnetic by adding the variation That is if the variation is West Magnetic bearings are greater Best than Grid Bearings Trial version printed June 2013 128 The Silva Compass LUMINOUS MAGNIFYING MAGNETIC LENS MILLIMETRE NEEDLE SCALE DIRECTIONAL ARROW GRADUATED DIAL ROAMERS COMPASS HOUSING AID LINES LUBBER LINE ORIENTING INCH LINES Local Magnetic Attraction 1 95 Local magnetic attraction is due to the presence of iron or iron ore nearby The compass is a delicate instrument and quite small quantities of iron have a surprisingly large effect on its behaviour A wrist watch steel framed spectacles or steel helmet will affect the compass reading Precautions should be taken to see that all iron or steel objects are at a safe distance before using the compass Small articles will be safe in a trouser pocket but larger articles should be placed 2 or 3 m away Listed below are the safe distances from various common objects Local Magnetic Attraction Transmission high tension lines 80m follow ing is the proce Ss to take a Grid Beari ng Steel helmet 3m Step 1 Pla Step 2 Turn the compass housing so that the orientating lines are parallel with the eastings on the map Step 3 Read the grid bear
66. aining A list of qualities provides a description of what a leader should be like but how can these qualities be used in leadership training Potential leaders may be selected on the basis of their possession to some degree of the desired traits but the qualities approach pro vides only a limited basis for leadership training To counsel a potential leader by informing him that he must develop a sense of humour display more initiative or be more confident is apt to leave him more confused and less confident than he was before receiving such well meant guidance 2 5 Because the qualities approach is of assistance particularly in selecting and assessing leaders it has been developed further in the next chapter Situational Approach 2 6 The effect of the situation in determining who will emerge as the leader of a group also has been recognized for some time but it has been only in recent years that social scientists have begun to emphasize the significance of the situation One researcher concluded that although certain qualities were found to bear some relation to leadership the evidence suggests that leadership is a relationship that exists between persons in a social situation and that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations 2 7 This theory is well illustrated in the leadership structure of some early North American Indian tribes which appointed hunting chiefs war chiefs and so on Thi
67. al version printed June 2013 140 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1234 567 Pomt A Figure 1 4 39 Lat Long grid consists of all the same elements The axis are the Equator running in an east west circle around the globe and the Prime Meridian which is a line running north and south through Greenwich England Figure 2 below shows these axis on the globe 4 40 There are two unique things about this grid in that it is spherical instead of flat and the units of measure are ANGULAR in Degrees Minutes and Seconds The significant issue than must be understood in using the Lat Long grid is that the units of measurement are defined in Degrees 4 41 Almost everyone knows that a circle is divided into 360 degrees In working with the Lat Long grid we are dealing with a sphere where the reference axis are two circles The one circle is around the center of the globe at the equator and the other running vertical or North and South at the Prime Meridian Figure 2 4 42 The angular measurement is considered from the centre of the earth for both of these reference circles 4 43 Any given point of the globe can be defined by measuring degrees West or East of the Prime Meridian to get the value for Longitude and degrees North or South of the Equator to get Latitude Figure 3 shows a simplified view of the angular measurement from the Equator and Prime Meridian with the centre point of these reference circles being in the centre
68. ale 1 23 The graphic scale shows how distances are represented on the map and assists in the Trial version printed June 2013 114 measurement of distances topographic survey maps the scale is in kilometres with secondary divisions in 100 m On smaller scale maps generally there are three graphic scales for statute miles kilometres and nautical miles Care should be taken to ensure that all measurements are taken from the zero mark which on some maps is in from the left of the scale SCALE 1 25 000 METRES 0 500 1000 1500 2000 GRID INTERVAL 1000 METRES MEASURING DISTANCES Straight Line Distances 1 24 To measure a straight line you require a Piece of Paper and b Romer Scale on a compass Curved Distances 1 25 measure a straight line you require a Piece of String b Piece of paper taking short straight segments Trial version printed June 2013 115 Remember Distances measured from a map do not take into account vertical distances travelled ie walking up and down hills Remember allow for contours GRID REFERENCES 1 26 Grid refererences are used to identify points on the map in an unambiguous way 1 27 Superimposed over the entire map are equally spaced vertical and horizontal lines intersecting to form squares For 1 25 000 and 1 50 000 scale maps the distance between adjacent lines represents 1000 m or 1km Therefore each square represents 1 km2 Note Other scales use d
69. and can be edited if you choose to create a waypoint that is not the current location If you are saving the current position you then proceed with the menu choices to name and save the waypoint With many units available the waypoint will automatically be assigned a sequential number that can be changed to a name of your choosing This is so a waypoint can be saved quickly and the name noted You can go back later and rename it if you choose or you can rename it as you are saving it initially The naming process is usually simple using the up and down arrows of your keypad to choose various letters and the left and right arrows being used to move to the different characters This process will be adequately described Trial version printed June 2013 138 in the user s manual GOTO 4 19 Once a location has been saved as a waypoint the next obvious activity will be to navigate to that waypoint when you are away from it In almost all GPS units this is called the GOTO function 4 20 Aclassic example would be if you were going hiking or camping and acquired a position fix at your camp and named it something like CAMP399 Try and use something descriptive enough so as not to be confused with other names In our example we put the month and year at the end of the name so we will know more about it 4 21 Itis important for you to understand that you will get confusing headings and distances using the GOTO if you don t get more that about 1 2 mi
70. and confident manner using a blueprint that ensures that nothing gets left out Your orders are a short and accurate summary of the task to be completed 1 2 you the method used to give orders groups in the Australian Army Cadet Corps is called the SMEAC method Each letter of SMEAC stands for a different heading in the orders group The headings are as follows SITUATION short statement of the conditions under which the patrol task etc will be completed eg terrain ect Mission aone or two sentence statement of what you want to achieve The mission statement is repeated so that everyone is clear about what has to be done Execution sets out how the patrol task etc will be conducted individual tasks co ordination details Administration amp Logistics rations dress equipment medical details equipment needed Command amp Signals radio frequencies net diagram testing of radios alternative Signals communications patrol seniority list synchronize watches 1 3 You take questions 1 minute after you have finished your orders Then you ask questions of the people you are giving your orders to so that you ensure that your orders have been understood Turn the page to see the SMEAC sequence in more detail SMEAC ORDERS SEQUENCE Warning Order 1 4 The Warning Order is as follows a Situation a brief on the situation and the ground b General Outline of Task a brief concept of how and what is to be
71. ap reading there is rarely a practical need for knowing the direction of TN As the direction of GN is more easily found and is very close to TN it is used in preference Grid North GN 1 80 GN is the direction in which the north south grid lines point towards the top of the map Under the UTM grid reference system the central grid line of each grid column coincides with a particular meridian Within each grid column this one grid line points to TN but all other grid lines being parallel point to an imaginary point either to the east or west of the True North Pole Trial version printed June 2013 126 1 81 The variation between GN and is called grid convergence The size of this angle depends on how far the particular map sheet is from the selected meridian Its value is shown in the north point diagram Magnetic North MN 1 82 MN is the direction in which a compass needle points when affected only by the earth s magnetic field As the magnetic pole is not the True North Pole there is a variation between TN and MN at any place The angle made at the observer between TN and MN is called the magnetic variation of that position As GN is used in map reading more often than TN it is more useful to know the size of the angle between GN and MN This is called the grid magnetic angle and its size is shown in the north point diagram GN TN MN GRID CONVERGENCE 10 MILS 0 5 GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE 170 MILS 9 59 Chan
72. aps is the USGS 1 24000 scale Topo Map This is also called the 7 1 2 Minute Topo or the 7 1 2 Minute Quadrangle because it covers 7 1 2 Minutes of Latitude and 7 1 2 Minutes of Longitude This map is popular with hikers hunters and others who need a significant amount of detail One problem with having a map in such detail is that you need quite a few of them to see a larger area of the terrain The average 7 1 2 Minute Topo only covers about 49 square miles 4 52 Regardless of the size of the map and its scale the basic principles are the same for plotting or reading position coordinates For our examples here we will use a 7 1 2 Minute Topo because its use is so common and readily available 4 53 The first step in using a map to plot or Layout of 7 1 2 Min Topo read position coordinates is to locate the Longitude and Latitude reference points and 2 1 2 Minute tick marks nse E arse 112 17 LI LI 34 1m Z4 19 N 4 54 n our example the bottom right corner of the map gives us the reference coordinates of 112 15 West Longitude and 34 07 30 North Latitude Notice since the Longitude is in even Minutes the seconds are not given 1250 1230 North is always at the top the map 4 55 The first tick mark up from the bottom of the map will be at 2 1 2 Minutes 2 Minutes 30 Seconds more than the reference or at 34 10 The 34 degrees is assumed so only the 10 is displayed Another 2 1 2 Minutes North from that
73. aring for a presentation these are Step One Choose the topic Step Two Determine the purpose message scope Step Three Know your audience Step Four Research gather information Step Five Develop an outline Step Six Assemble the material Step Seven Arrange the material Step Eight Write the manuscript Step Nine Prepare visual presentation aids Step Ten Rehearse the presentation Step 1 4 10 Choose the topic More than likely you will be given the topic about which you must speak However there may be occasions where you can choose the topic The following guidelines may assist you when completing this task a Choose something that interests you or that you know something about b If you need to research the topic be sure that the necessary sources of information are available Your topic should suit the occasion Be careful not to choose a topic that cannot be covered in the time you have been given 4 11 If you are given a topic make sure you read it over several times to make sure you fully understand it Use a dictionary to define the key words if necessary Once you are sure you have grasped the meaning of the topic consider the purpose of your presentation as well as the audience Trial version printed June 2013 57 Step 2 4 12 Determine the message purpose scope After you have selected your topic you need to decide the purpose of your presentation For example are you trying to obtain a decision from or inf
74. asleep The key to effective non verbal communication is to show your audience that you are interested in what you have to say and to give your audience s other senses something to do Just listening is almost impossible but watching and listening is easier 4 41 You must be aware of the following list of non verbal aspects which affect communication Type of non verbal agp Explanation communication A gesture is a significant movement of the body head arms hands Gestures and movement or face which expresses an idea or emotion A gesture must have significance and must serve a purpose Respect is an important element of public speaking and having the Appearance appropriate appearance is a step towards gaining your audience s respect Beari Bearing refers to the manner in which you carry yourself How you earing stand sit walk and the impression you create It includes posture Eye contact is an important element of non verbal Eye Contact communication With a look or a glance you can establish who is paying attention strike fear and regain listeners attention 4 42 Articulation and pronunciation are not exactly the same Pronunciation means the correct way to say words Articulation on the other hand is the formation of particular speech sounds VERBAL COMMUNICATION Trial version printed June 2013 64 4 43 In order to communicate a message to an audience during a presentation effectively you must consider
75. at an observer must apply scanning is that the visual purple which sensitises the rod cells will bleach out after being exposed from 4 to 10 seconds When the one group of rod cells are no longer sensitive to night light objects another group of rod cells must be brought into use by shifting the visual axis Therefore every four to ten seconds an observer must shift his visual axis Another reason for scanning is that the rod cells can see something that is moving but are not capable of seeing while they themselves are in motion Therefore an observer must move his eyes quickly so that a new group of rod cells is stimulated to allow detection of movement Scanning is used in conjunction with off centre vision to gain the maximum use of the eyes at night 10 7 It is important to note that this technique differs from daytime scanning In daylight the observer searches by moving his eyes from left to right in overlapping parallel bands from near to far If he uses this method at night he would tend to be using the same set of rod cells constantly and would have his eyes in movement most of the time Therefore he would achieve nothing Trial version printed June 2013 44 10 8 Staring It is important to realise that when staring at a stationary light or prominent object in an otherwise black scene the object may start moving This happens because the eye has no bearings on which to check the exact position This can be prevented by placing an object a
76. basis for leadership training in the military environment QUALITIES APPROACH 2 2 Perhaps the oldest and most widely followed approach to leadership training is that which may be described as the qualities approach In an attempt to develop their leadership capacity potential leaders are encouraged to emulate great leaders of the past To enable the embryonic leader more readily to understand what is required for successful leadership the proven leader is analysed and described in terms of the character traits or qualities possessed 2 3 qualities approach undoubtedly contributes to an understanding of the nature of leadership and it has some useful application in that a it helps to identify leadership potential b it upholds the importance of character in leadership and C itprovides a model for emulation 2 4 These advantages have long been recognized and employed However as a basis for leadership training the qualities approach has some serious shortcomings which include a Lack of Agreement Most armed forces of the western nations have prescribed a list of qualities considered to be necessary in a leader Although there are areas of agreement the lists tend to differ widely even between the various forces of the same nation The writers of one article on this subject have listed 17 000 words which may be used to describe qualities of personality Which are the significant qualities b Description Rather Than Tr
77. be worked out When travelling the distance can be measured by pacing and time Pacing 3 24 Pacing is the most reliable method of measuring the distance Trial version printed June 2013 134 travelled As each individual takes a different length of stride everyone must determine the average number of paces that they take for every 100m over varying types of ground With experience the counting of paces and their conversion to metres will give the individual an accurate gauge of the distance covered Even so it is always advisable for the leader to nominate a check pacer 3 25 There are various techniques for pacing Some people find it easier to count every time their right foot hits the ground that is every second pace Their pace count must of course be doubled before they can covert paces to metres 3 26 Whatever technique is adopted a reliable method must be used to record the total paces so they are not forgotten when the pacer is distracted One approach is to use pace counting beads Two sets of beads are placed on hootchie chord or similar one group of 9 beads 100 s and the other of 5 1000 s For every 100m travelled one of the 100 s beads is pulled down After the 9 bead has been moved signifying 900m has been travelled the next bead to be moved upon completion of another 100m is the first 1000 s bead This continues and at any time the number of km s and 100 s of metres can be read directly from the pace counter
78. but the Central Meridian at 500 000 meters Figure 13 Trial version printed June 2013 148 4 100 The meters Easting never gets to zero or to 1 Million 4 101 Any position is defined as meters Easting and meters Northing The rule for reading UTM coordinates is to read right then up 4 102 There is also a Latitude Band Letter which is assigned to areas of latitude starting with the letter C way down at the bottom of the zone going up through N at the Equator continuing to letters X in northern Canada North America in generally bands R S T U and so on EXPLODED VIEW EQUATOR z WE CENTRAL MERIDAIN OR 500 000 M EASTING Figure 14 4 103 Often your GPS receiver will not reference the Band Letter only Zone and Meters Easting and Meters Northing 4 104 A typical coordinate that you might see on a GPS receiver would look like the one below 12 59095E 3785889N 4 105 This means that the location is in Zone 12 and is 59 095 meters Easting and 3 785 899 meters Northing Your map will have grid tick marks something like the ones for Lat Long except the numbers are large so they often enlarge and bold numbers for the thousands of meters like this 0564000 or A4728000mN Q 4 106 It is a simple exercise to then use a scale that measures meters for that scale of map to measure meters East of a reference line and North from a reference line to get the exact meters Easting and Northing for the coordinate GLOSSARY Act
79. can be reinforced by keeping them fully informed of changes in the situation of the plans and long term objectives of the organization and how these may affect the group This information helps to give meaning to the group s work and makes the members better able to contribute ideas and suggestions and more receptive to changes 4 43 Appointing Sub leaders Army units are structured in such a way as to facilitate the achievement of most tasks that are likely to be allotted to them However the allocation of a special task may require the formation of a new temporary group and unless the group is a very small one the appointment of sub leaders to assist in the control of the group By appointing sub leaders the leader establishes realistic spans of control and he should create a structure in keeping with sub group specializations He should seek out and develop potential leaders within the group 4 44 Ensuring Communication Within the Group In ensuring communication within the group the leader must make sure that his communications downwards to the group are clear and accurate that he trains and encourages his group members to discuss problems with each other and that he conditions his subordinate leaders and specialists to pass up understandable and relevant information and opinions 4 45 Training the Group In performing this function the leader must arrange group practice in situations that simulate tasks aiming at the development of group kn
80. centrate central idea of supporting M us facts 9 Habit Unquestioning TRANSMITTER acceptance of unclear or unsupported facts or words Remeoy Participate and become involved in the feedback process The Communication Process 5 26 Proper order giving is important to the leader as it ensures that his men are always clear as to what they should or should not do There are four types of orders that a leader may use RECEIVER SENSES a Direct This order is specific concise and definite It is not DECODER open to question or interpretation eg PTE Brown clean your shoes now b Request This is a direct Trial version printed June 2013 94 1 Selects information 2 Estimates receiver s knowledge of subject 3 Selects means of communication 4 Organizes message logical sequence 5 Communicates voice writing bodily actions etc AOAPO ZCZzE00 MEANS HEARING VISION TOUCH TASTE SMELL Distance Size of group Prejudice Values Emotions Experience Semantics Inattentiveness Delivery errors Attitudes FEEDBACK rmzz zrzo 1 Receives and interprets message a If the ideas relate with past knowledge and experience he will understand b If the ideas do not relate with past knowledge and experience he may learn by rote but he will not understand ALzm v Oomz Figure 9 The Order Giving Process order softened by expressions such as will you would yo
81. country than to go against it Although crossing graining may be slower if often provides more navigation checks such as spurs and streams 3 17 Ridges The vegetation along ridges is generally less dense than in valleys The ridge serves as a direction guide and makes observation of landmarks easier 3 18 Rivers While rivers are useful aids to direction keeping it is not advisable to follow them In rugged country they are winding and are usually bordered by dense vegetation 3 19 Close Country As movement through close country is slow the distance travelled is often over estimated As visibility is limited through the vegetation a small undulation can often be mistaken for a significant spur Unless the navigator is experienced in close country navigation a straight route on a compass bearing should be followed rather than navigating from feature to feature 3 20 Once the route has been selected it should be mentally traversed to check for obstacles and difficult terrain and altered if necessary 3 21 Unmistakable objects such as river junctions or hills should be selected as bounds Where possible they should not be more than one hour s march apart so that the navigator s position can be pin pointed regularly 3 22 Linear features which cross the proposed route should be noted for use as navigation checks 3 23 Finally the detail of bearings estimated distance marching time between check points and expected terrain should
82. ctives and priority of needs are met Leader Feedback Feedback Figure 5 Positive and Negative Motivation Trial version printed June 2013 76 1 51 Although the existence of one factor may not have much effect in improving motivation if it is taken away it becomes a strongly demotivating ie negative factor For example good working conditions ie positive motivation may not in themselves motivate people to work harder but poor working conditions may become strongly demotivating Reward and Punishment 1 52 A similar case occurs when considering reward and punishment as means of motivating Where reward or incentive can be a strongly motivating factor punishment although it may correct a fault does not motivate the person to perform more effectively He will be more inclined to perform at a level good enough to avoid punishment instead of aiming for a level good enough to attract reward This is an important factor in motivation Frustration 1 53 When individuals or groups are motivated to achieve a task and they fail frustration tends to develop Frustration in an individual was mentioned earlier Frustration within the group can lead to a breakdown in group relations which a leader may have been cultivating so carefully Members become irritable and argue amongst themselves group identification suffers and motivation is lost 1 54 f the group reacts ineffectively to frustration as described in paragraph 354 future
83. d June 2013 54 spaces between letters don t always look equal to the eye Space the letters by eye rather than by using a ruler and you ll get a more natural looking THESE LETTERS ARE TOO SMALL THESE LETTERS ARE A BETTER SIZE BETTER STILL Trial version printed June 2013 55 Chapter 4 EFFECTIVE SPEAKING SPEAKING IN PUBLIC More men have achieved success by their ability to speak than through any other means Effective speakers have always ruled the world The wise thing to do is to join them Bruce Barton All the great speakers were bad speakers at first Ralph Waldo Emerson 4 1 Rationale Speech is particularly important for you because as a leader you must be a competent communicator The primary task of every commander staff officer or supervisor is to get things done through other people This means there is a need to speak clearly concisely and accurately 4 2 The aim of this document is to outline the preparation and presentation skills required of an effective speaker 4 3 Overview This document will cover the ten steps for preparing an effective presentation including a types of oral presentations and b planning and preparation PUBLIC SPEAKING DEFINED 4 4 Speech public or private is the use of spoken words accompanied by visible actions to obtain a desired response from your listener In the light of this definition there is no essential difference between the face to face
84. d on it and placed on the model works just as well Feature names or Spot Height numbers can be shown with either a piece of card or paper with the name or number written on them and placed on that feature Artillery Mortar Targets are shown with either a piece of card or paper with the target number written on Them and placed on the target Remember when using pieces of paper they should always be anchored down North Points are always shown on a model and can be shown by many methods some of which are as follows 1 Place a compass on the model with the North points aligned showing North 2 Place a fighting knife on the model to indicate the direction of North 3 Form an arrow with three sticks and indicate the direction of north with them 4 On a piece of card or paper draw an arrow and a North symbol and place it on the model showing the direction of North North points are always placed on the inside of the Mud Model 1 21 When using the Mud Model the following actions must occur prior to and during your Verbal Orders a Select a pointer that is long enough to reach all the points on the model without you having to step on the model Scat the participants so that all can see the model orientated to the direction of travel and in formation Explain what each symbol on the model represents this must include both natural and artificial features in a logical sequence normally starting with the North Point
85. de or what causes him to disobey an order he will be better able to give constructive advice which in turn will help to improve standards of discipline Personal Example 6 31 Discipline begins with the leader He must set the example Without self discipline he cannot hope to discipline his men 6 32 The disciplined leader plans and organizes his tasks he knows what he wants and how he wants it done There is no wasted effort no indecision Such a leader realizes that effective leadership is based on personal consistency Pressure for top performance is steady and orders are always enforced with appropriate firmness 6 33 This kind of leader asks much of his men and gets it the reason he asks more of himself his method discipline Summary 6 34 Discipline and morale have substantial influence upon each other When morale is high men accept the demands of discipline and necessary burdens and deprivation and take pleasure in doing a good job When morale is low duty becomes irksome and the sense of compulsion which exists results in lack of effort selfishness cautions complaints and discord 6 35 n the final analysis a lack of discipline can result in panic in conditions of stress panic in turn results in confusion initially and chaos eventually the value of discipline is thus paramount Trial version printed June 2013 98 Chapter 7 MORALE AND ESPRIT DE CORPS INTRODUCTION 7 1 Morale and esprit de cor
86. der must be aware that many factors such as voice quality language and gestures enhance or detract from his presentation Trial version printed June 2013 92 The Receiver 5 11 The message is detected through the senses mainly the senses of hearing and vision The incoming signals are decoded and the separate signals organized into thoughts 5 12 Understanding the message depends upon the receiver s past experience knowledge and attitudes The message may be received and decoded but the receiver will not necessarily understand the idea s it was meant to convey The originator of a message must take into account whenever possible the receiver s background and experience Feedback 5 13 Feedback is the process whereby the originator receives an indication of the effect of his message on the recipient The most effective feedback is obtained from face to face relationships where the communicator can observe the receiver s facial expressions and gestures etc The more complete and immediate the feedback the better the communication BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION 5 14 There are two groups of barriers in the process of communication a physical and b psychological Physical Barriers 5 15 Physical barriers are those barriers that exist in the channel between the sender and receiver and block or distort the transmission of the message Such barriers in this category are a Distance preventing clarity frequency of communication a
87. ds The construction is similar then to the single inverted V Make sure that the bottom hootchie is tied off through its loop to a tree at the apex as this will stop a gap occurring between the press studs Keep the shelter sides as straight and as tight as possible This will aid in water run off and prevent pools of water forming Any object touching the underside of the hootchie when it is raining will cause a leak Knots 3 8 Theonly knot to use when tying off a shelter is the quick release knot slip knot It has a single bow and is similar to tying a shoelace This allows the shelter to be dropped quickly to the ground if you have to leave Quickly SAFETY DO NOT USE OCCY STRAPS Occy straps are banned in the ACC and must not be used Occy straps are very dangerous and have been know to cause eye injuries and even death Trial version printed June 2013 33 Chapter 4 Explain the Purpose and Requirements of Field craft THE PURPOSE OF FIELD CRAFT 4 1 Field craft is the use of natural and artificial cover to provide a measure of protection for the cadet Field craft and target detection training enables the cadet by day and night to use his senses to find the target without being seen himself always make best use of the ground move silently with or without stores and equipment judge distances accurately be alert confident and cunning whatever the situation may arise and recognise and ind
88. ds and only write on one side Visual Presentation Visual and presentation aids are anything your audience can see which will Aids aid in your presentation Visual presentation aids include 1 Handouts 2 Models diagrams 3 Projected images 4 Electronic presentations freelance amp powerpoint 5 Film video 6 Directly projected images Your visual presentation aids should be relevant well prepared and well used They must serve to emphasise a concept related to the topic being Handouts can be used to confirm ideas from the presentation They should be prepared well in advance be free from errors easy to read and look professional The handout should be distributed when it relates to the idea s being discussed 4 32 Regardless of which style of prompt you choose the most important thing to rehearse is your presentation The more comfortable you are with the information the less chance you have of forgetting what to say relying on notes or losing the audience s attention USING NOTES 4 33 Using notes rather than a full script has a number of benefits for you as a speaker lItenables you to maintain eye contact with your audience You do not have to erect a barrier between you and your audience It builds confidence in your ability to present leaves you additional flexibility Notes are easier to handle than full manuscript Trial version printed June 2013 63 4 34 The following are some guide
89. e all the relevant information relating to all your Phases e g 1 Phase One move to Blakely Hill i route ii navigation responsibilities boundaries v RVs vi formations bounds vii order of march and viii action at firm base 2 Phase Two and so on covering all phases in your execution 1 11 Administration and Logistics this is where you include all administration that is required for your mission such things as a e h 5 Transport Rations and water Equipment and dress Medical Relief s Administration areas Inspection of equipment Equipment testing 1 12 The administrative requirements will be dictated largely by your mission different tasks requiring different requirements Trial version printed June 2013 21 1 13 Command and Signals included in command and signals should be such things as a b C d e f Location of commander Any signal information such as 1 Type of radio 2 Frequency 3 Codes Radio silence etc Any codeword s nicknames and passwords Chain of command seniority Synchronise watches 1 14 Questions always give a set time for the cadets to take in orders then ask questions e g I will take questions in five minutes After that ask each cadet a question that relates to his task in orders that you have prepared prior to giving orders It is important to note that only the s
90. e completely unsure of themselves These few minutes of blindness were caused by the following a all of the cone cells are blind in the darkness b a chemical compound called visual purple is being manufactured in the eye to sensitise the rod cells enabling them to see and the pupil of the eye must expand to allow light to enter the eye The amount of time it takes to become dark adapted depends upon the individual s physical make up Some people become partially night adapted in six to ten minutes others take much longer However to become 98 percent dark adapted it takes the average individual approximately 30 minutes 10 4 Off Centre Vision If at night an observer looks directly at a small or dim object it may not be seen at all as only the cone region of the eye is being used Off centre vision is used to put the rod region of the eyes into play instead of using the blind cone cell area directly behind the lens 10 5 To achieve off centre vision the eye should be aimed away from the object about a fist s width to arms length 100 to 130 mils Only by experiment can the cadet find out which direction is most suitable for his aim off ie above below or to one side of the object It is important that the cadet resists the temptation of a direct look just to make sure 10 6 Scanning Scanning is the short abrupt movement of the eye over or around an area of observation or an object that is being kept in view The reason th
91. e leader must understand a how his particular task fits into his superior s overall aim and long term objectives and b what limitations are placed on his method of accomplishing the task Trial version printed June 2013 86 4 33 Making a Plan deciding upon a plan for the achievement of his task the leader should call on all the experience and specialist advice available to him consider all the possible courses of action and their probable outcomes decide on the best course of action and make provision for possible changes of plan The effectiveness of this function will depend upon the leader s own ability and training and the degree to which he has trained group members for participation in the decision making process 4 34 Allocating Work and Resources This is achieved by the issuing of orders what is to be done why when and by whom In allocating work and resources the leader should normally a give background information on the reason for the task b give the aim of the task and explain how it fits into the larger organization plans C allocate work and resources to individuals and or sub groups d delegate the necessary responsibility and authority to sub leaders e arrange communications and f check that his orders are understood 4 35 Controlling the Quality and Tempo of Work and Checking Performance Against the Plan Having decided how the task is to be achieved and then passed his plan on to the group fo
92. e that the vertical lines or Meridians of Longitude converge at the North and South Poles It is important to understand that those Meridians are still the same angular distance apart even though they will be closer together in linear distance the further North or South they are from the equator This issue will become more apparent and have to be Trial version printed June 2013 142 accounted for when you plot and read coordinates from maps Linear distances for a given measurement of Degrees will be shorter for Longitude than the same angular distances for Latitude for positions significantly North of the Equator which includes all of North America 4 49 The coordinates for a given location is the intersection of the Meridian of Longitude East or West of the Prime Meridian and the Parallel of Latitude North or South of the Equator as shown in Figure 2 A typical set of coordinates for a position in North America would be 112E 27N 550 W 112 Degrees 27 Minutes 55 Seconds West Longitude 34E 33N 150 34 Degrees 33 Minutes 15 Seconds North Latitude The Lat Long grid on Maps 4 50 There are many maps available that provide information on Latitude and Longitude so that specific locations can be identified by their coordinates Some of the most common of these are the USGS Topographical maps and U S Forest Service maps These maps are made at different scales that provide varying levels of detail 4 51 One of the most common of these m
93. e thickness of two fingers subtends approximately 40 mils c the first two knuckles of the closed fist subtends approximately 50 mils and d the closed fist without the thumb subtends approximately 150 mils 20 MILS 40 MILS 50 MILS 150 MILS Figure 3 Hand Angles Trial version printed June 2013 42 9 6 Viewing Instruments The graticule scale the lens of the binoculars are spaced at intervals of approximately 10 mils across a field of view of about 80 mils and these may be used when appropriate to assist in indication The detail of the graticules in the binocular is shown in figure 5 20 MILS I wis s MILS NOTE ALL DIMENSIONS ARE APPROXIMATE 10 MILS Figure 3 Graticules on a binocular FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE A TARGET 9 7 observer fails to recognize a target being indicated he should tell the person indicating the target to repeat his instructions He does this by calling NOT SEEN or AGAIN NOT HEARD 9 8 The originator must if the observer failed to understand the indication indicate the target again by a different method or if the observer simply failed to hear the indication he must indicate the target again by the same method RECOGNITION OF A TARGET 9 9 An observer should always tell the person indicating the target that it has been recognized by calling SEEN If time permits the observer should check back the target using any of the target indication methods Trial version
94. earning surmounted by a rising sun The insignia is normally to be worn on both upper arms by all members of the AAC Unless a woven unit insignia is approved in which case it will be worn on the left arm and the corps insignia on the right Available in both left and right hand versions the AAC insignia is to be worn with the sword leading pointing forward 1 cm below the point of the shoulder NATIONAL ADVENTURE TRAINING AWARD NATA BADGE 5 21 The ATA Award is a 2 5cm gold coloured metal brooch with the torch of learning centrally placed behind a boomerang which bears the word ADVENTURE The symbol is worn 4mm above the flap of the left breast pocket on all orders of dress except protective dress Trial version printed June 2013 13 Chapter 6 Demonstrate how to Recognise Badges of Rank CDTLCPL CDTCPL CDTSGT CDTSSGT CDTWO2 CDTWO1 CUO RCUO NATCDTRSM NATCUO LCPL AAC CPL AAC SGT AAC SSGT AAC WO2 WO1 AAC 2LT AAC T AAC CAPT AAC MAJ AAC LTCOL AAC COL AAC Trial version printed June 2013 14 AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE BADGES OF RANK AND SPECIAL INSIGNIA Rear Conmnadore Capiain Commanier Lienienant Tientenant Sub Acting Sub Midshipman Admi il Admiral CDRE CAPT CMDR Commanier LFUT Lieutenant T ientenani MIDN VADM RADM LCDR SBLT ARMY General Lieutenant Majer Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant Major UTR Lieutenant 2nd v General General BRIG Colonel LI Lieutenan
95. elt and Recognition and that it is not until these needs are more or less satisfied that the higher level needs become important This is shown in the diagram Need for Social Contact below which illustrates the priority of needs The leader should Belonging and understand these priorities and should recognize the needs his men are Psychological Security likely to have and if he is trying to make sure his men are satisfied in their need for recognition for example he should as a matter of course check that the more obvious basic needs are satisfied first Need for Safety and Physical Security Basic Needs for Survival Figure 2 Hierarchy of Needs 1 9 While behaviour can be explained in terms of man s attempts to satisfy needs it can perhaps be more easily understood and even predicted if the broad psychological factors of capacity personality his relationship to other people termed social interaction and motivation are taken into account CAPACITY 1 10 As explained above a man is born with certain basic capacities as well as physical capacity Trial version printed June 2013 72 which sets an obvious limit on his behaviour his mental capacity will determine to just what level he can perform general terms mental capacity or capacity to learn can be said to consist of intelligence aptitudes and reaction time called quickness of capprehension 1 11 Intelligence is a man s basic general ability It sets the lim
96. ent 1 kilometre on the linear scale 1 19 Contour Interval The vertical distance between contour lines Trial version printed June 2013 110 R NORTH L OD iraner som 1 0281 x pod ZZ TT TT toi A PA 204 5 T i a VIR SANE P Ju E NAE 4 E oA aD RR ee ve y N b EN pe y RM Ws 111 Trial version printed June 2013 LEGEND 1 50 000 Topographical Map Built up area Parks recreation areas Road sealed surface two or more lanes National route marker Road sealed surface one lane Road unsealed surface two more lanes Bridge d Road unsealed surface one lane Gate Cattle grid Vehicular track IH Ht I Railway multiple track Station Siding e ra B M Railway single track Cutting Embankment Administrative boundary Building Post office Police station School PS E Hospital Church Mine Windmill eene Fist eeseneeemesacencnarni A cR ACC ER ORC CK EON Qo ie Power transmission line Levee or bank Bids oot Survey beacon Spot elevation Rock bare or awash Reef sese
97. eory of group needs may be represented diagrammatically by three over lapping circles From John Adair Training for Leadership Macdonald 1968 2 11 f a coin is placed over the Task circle it will also cover segments of the other two circles as well In other words the lack of a clearly defined task or failure to achieve it may affect group maintenance by increasing disruptive tendencies and also the area of individual needs by lowering member satisfaction within the group Conversely where a group achieves its task the job satisfaction derived by the individuals and the degree of group cohesiveness is likely to be enhanced 2 12 Move the coin to cover the Group Maintenance circle and the effect of a fragmented group upon the task and individual needs can be readily envisaged Groups may be threatened from without by forces aimed at their destruction or from within by disruptive people or ideas If the members of a group happen to get on extremely well together and find that they can work closely as a team this will increase their work performance and also meet some important needs which individuals bring with them into the common life 2 13 The human needs of each individual within the group may be many and varied and these needs influence the individual s approach to both the task and team maintenance 2 14 Thus the three interlocking circles illustrate the general point that each area of need exerts an influence upon the other
98. erial you must consider the purpose of your presentation Refer to your outline and arrange the information under the appropriate headings Step 8 4 30 Arrange the Manuscript The crucial part of your research is putting together your manuscript At this stage you should write down the exact words that you want to speak Many effective speakers include pauses list of visual presentation aids cues for assistants and key timings within the manuscript Step 9 4 31 Prepare Presentation Aids Now that you are aware of how to logically write your speech it is important to consider those aids that when used effectively can enhance your presentation Some presentation aids that can assist you in giving an effective presentation are described below Presentation Aid Description Use Prompts allow the speakers to deliver presentations without reading and or putting their heads down Examples include palm cards notes visual aids and handouts Reading from notes to the audience may seem like the safest way to give a speech but it may also be the most difficult Speakers using this form of prompt often forget to maintain eye contact and the audience can easily lose interest Palm Cards Palm cards are good for maintaining your train of thought and allow you the flexibility to talk to rather that at your audience Only the major points should be included on your palm cards When using palm cards use headings large text number the car
99. eriod 6 20 The real test both of the soundness of basic training and the leader s capacity to maintain and extend the principles taught comes when the soldier leaves the somewhat artificial atmosphere of the recruit training establishment and joins his unit The leader s responsibility at this stage is a heavy one and to a large extent his success will be reflected in the self discipline exercised by his men 6 21 When resistance to self discipline is reflected in repeated offences by a soldier the leader must be aware of the possible causes of this behaviour and must endeavour to remove them The leader should concentrate on preventative rather than remedial measures and thus initially should counsel however when resistance continues he must resort to the imposition of disciplinary measures 6 22 Constant attention to the teaching motivating and training of the man along with the influences of environment customs and traditions will mould all except the most intractable into a person of resilient physical vitality confident of his own ability This self reliant self disciplined well trained man is the product of creative training GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE Understanding 6 23 The leader must understand his disciplinary responsibilities He earns the respect of his men largely through his judgment fairness and example Once men have learnt from experience that their leader knows his business they will trust his decisions 6 24
100. ersonnel should be detailed as pacers Where the going is slow or difficult a person will take shorter paces and there is a tendency to overestimate the distance traveled b Check Compass Map and Data Sheets direction should be checked against the compass at regular intervals Prominent landmarks must be checked and identified on the map as they are passed There is often a tendency in close country to take the easiest route This must be resisted Locate each Bound before Proceeding to the Next if at the end the required time and distance a bound is not located there has been an error in navigation which must be corrected before continuing A temporary halt is necessary while reconnaissance is carried out to find the bound Reconnaissance parties sent out to locate a bound must be given a definite duration of movement e g move down this creek for 15 minutes to see if this creek junction exists and Map Orientation 3 7 A map is much easier to compare with the ground if north on a map corresponds points in the same direction with North on the ground When this is done the map is said to be set or orientated Objects on the ground are in the same direction from the observer as they are on the map from the observer s position on the map Trial version printed June 2013 132 3 8 Amapisreadily accurately and quickly set or orientated by using a compass This is done by placing the compass on the map with the edge along the
101. expected of them and that it is carried out Submits lists of the section s needs for training stores clothing etc to the Platoon Sergeant and advises any losses and damages Continually Prove that they are fit for the job of Section Commander and at the same time by study and application prepare for higher rank Ensure that the section maintains a high standard of dress bearing and discipline and that clothing and equipment is kept in good order Ensures rations equipment water and mail are collected and distributed Ensures that the section duty roster is properly kept and carried out Ensures that the section observe all orders on health Know the strengths and weaknesses of each member of the section Instruct individual and collectively the section in bush craft basic map reading first aid personal hygiene section formations and movement knots and lashings camp craft and cooking and Other duties as directed by the Platoon Commander and Platoon Sergeant Trial version printed June 2013 8 Chapter 3 DUTIES OF THE PLATOON SERGEANT SGT 3 1 Platoon Sergeant understudies the Platoon Commander and takes command of the platoon in the absence of the Platoon Commander The Platoon Sergeant is the Platoon Commander s assistant responsible for platoon disciplinarian and administrator 3 2 Cadets expect their Platoon Sergeant to know their jobs to share the hardships with them and to take a personal interest in
102. f Defence Cadet Wing MINUTE C 1 225 1 oc 555 RCU For information CO CDT WING APPROVAL TO CONDUCT ACTIVITY References A Discussion LT ACC Smith WO1 Wiggins 20 Jan 00 B AAC Policy Manual 2004 1 Your request to conduct field training at the Bindoon Army Training Area between 23 25 May 00 in accordance with ref A is approved 2 The Activity is to be conducted according to the principles set out within ref B 3 Please forward the Risk Analysis Work Sheet for the activity to Cadet Wing as soon as possible M A SNETTERTON MAJ ACC SO2 TRG Tel 9311 2364 22 Jan 00 Trial version printed June 2013 17 MODULE TWO FIELD CRAFT CONTENTS Patrol Orders SMEAC Demonstrate selection and preparation of a sleeping area Demonstrate Erection of Shelters Explain the purpose amp requirements of fieldcraft Explain why things are seen Camouflage amp concealment of self amp equipment Explain methods of observation amp detection by day Explain methods of judging distance Explain target indication Explain methods of observing at night Explain the requirements of health amp hygiene in the field Trial version printed June 2013 18 o ON Oa FW N _ ost Chapter 1 PATROL ORDERS SMEAC 1 1 As a Ranked cadet you will be required to give orders to members of your Section platoon in many situations eg before the start of a navex You need to be able to give your orders in a clear concise
103. fferences between sender and receiver 5 22 Psychological barriers can be reduced by a b C d Interpersonal trust and confidence Cultural barriers are both perceptual and conceptual in nature and are due to social group Empathy or framing communication in accordance with the receiver s language knowledge and experience This will ensure that emotional semantic and value differences are kept to a minimum Removing or reducing prejudices Learning to listen properly 5 23 The total communication process is shown in Figure 9 The Art of Listening 5 24 Inattentiveness and poor listening habits are major factors in poor communication Our listening habits need constant correction as nearly half our working time is spent in listening to others communicating with us 5 25 Bad listening habits and their remedy are Habit Questioning speaker s credentials Hemedy Concentrate on what is being said Habit Criticizing speaker s delivery Remedy Concentrate on message and not delivery Habit Opposition to subject Hemedy Concentrate on understanding whole argument Habit Concentrating on minor details and missing main point Remedy Relate detail to Habit Detailed note taking Hemedy Concentrate on grasping main points and how a and not on the speaker himself b before making judgment d speaker s main argument e speaker organizes supporting facts f Habit Mind wandering MEMORY Remedy Con
104. find the difference between the value of latitude and the reference line below it so we know how much to measure above the reference line In our example we have the latitude of 34 14 10 and our reference line below that is at 34 12 30 If we subtract 34 14 10 34 12730 140 d Remember that we are dealing with a base of 60 for 60 Seconds in a Minute and 60 Minutes in a Degree 4 86 Now that we know that we are going to have to measure up 1 40 one Minute forty Seconds from our reference line of 34 12 30 We will make this measurement on the 112 20 reference meridian and again on the 112 22 30 meridian Now we will draw a light pencil line between these two measurements Trial version printed June 2013 146 112 22 30 20 4 87 We now have a line in the upper left section 3418 of the map at 34 14 10 as in our example in Figure 10 4 88 We know that the exact location of the waypoint is somewhere on this line Once we plot the longitude we will have it pinpointed Longitude 4 89 To start with we will again find the amount we need to measure from the closest reference line like we did with latitude The closest reference line to the latitude coordinate is the 112 20 reference meridian so we subtract this value from the value of the longitude coordinate to get the isao following i 112 21715 Light Pencil line 1 40 112 20 above reference line 115 Figure 10
105. fit within the range of latitude and longitude of that map 4 79 The Longitude coordinates need to be greater than the longitude reference at the right of your map and less than the value at the left of the map The longitude increases from right to left 4 80 The Latitude of your position needs to be greater than the reference at the bottom of the map and smaller than the latitude reference at the top of the map Latitude increases from bottom to top This is of course for locations in West of the Prime Meridian and North of the equator like North America 4 81 With a map that is prepared with the tick marks connected with reference lines as explained earlier you can determine the section of the map that your position is within Again for longitude looking for values of the right line to be smaller and the left line to be larger And for latitude the lower line having a smaller value and the upper line having a larger value 4 82 Lets take an example from our typical 7 1 2 Min Topo with a set of coordinates of the following waypoint 112 21 15 West Longitude 34 14 10 North Latitude 4 83 Look at Figure 9 and determine which section of the map this set of coordinates will be in 4 84 Those coordinates are located in the upper left section of the map so that is where we will begin working to plot the waypoint Latitude Our first step will be to plot a line across the section at the proper latitude Our first step to do this is to
106. g ways a The formal organization must become an important group in a soldier s life If this is to occur it is important that the soldier receives his orders and performs his duties within the framework of that organization By ensuring that wherever possible unit integrity is maintained in all possible activities and within all possible tasks the leader will assist in building this identification b The men must be provided with concrete and worthwhile goals This is mainly a matter of communication The leader s role is to ensure that the mission and goal are understood and that the individual feels these are important not only to the organization but also to his group The individual must also know where his role fits into the overall effort C Symbols are an important means of getting individuals to identify with the formal organization Symbols such as unit insignia and mottoes help the members feel they are accepted in the organization The most important symbol of the formal organization is the leader himself If he is a man who is respected by his men who is solicitous of their welfare and who brings them success then they will identify with him and thus with the formal organization The result is esprit de corps 7 12 Other factors which assist in the development of esprit de corps include a traditions b a unique experience common to the group and Trial version printed June 2013 100 competition 7 13 Whi
107. g are some of the teaching points applicable to the performance statement Interpret the conventional signs used in map reading 1 Identify the legend of a map 2 Identify written descriptions and corresponding symbols used in a legend 3 Identify the colour coding of conventional signs and 4 Identify natural man made features on a map using conventional signs b Sequence teaching points teaching points must be arranged in a logical sequence For example simple skills should be taught first followed by more complex skills Presenting information in a logical order helps students to learn in a step by step manner After the teaching points are arranged in a logical sequence they are grouped together into stages C Plan the Stages each stage should be taught and confirmed before the next is undertaken The practice stage starts with a talk through practice moves on to an abbreviated talk through practice and then finally to a to controlled practice d Plan the Training Aids the instructor should decide on the training aids that are needed to support the presentation and practice of teaching points e Plan the Location the setting for the lesson is very important A recce of possible locations helps the instructor to select the best site to deliver the lesson The recce also helps the instructor to decide where to put the training aids and whether any preparation of the site is required 1 8 Step 5 Prepare the introduction
108. g arrow follow the direction arrow and luminous mark Backbearings 4 2 bearing gives the direction of a line from the point of observation to an object A back bearing gives the direction from the object back to the point of observation If you want to head backwards along your original bearing eg you realise you have gone too far simply turn the compass 180 so the direction arrow is pointing directly at you Keep the needle aligned with the directional arrow and backtrack along your original bearing Trial version printed June 2013 130 Chapter 2 NAVIGATION PLANNING Considerations 2 4 Study the map noting the main features in the general area to be covered e g direction of flow of rivers heights of hills artificial objects variations in vegetation 2 2 Usinga sharp pencil or chinograph pencil if map is covered with plastic draw in the route to be taken 2 3 Mentally traverse the route and note the nature of the going and the main obstacles The best way to avoid bad going and negotiate obstacles should be decided now and the final route plotted on the map 2 4 Select bounds Unmistakable objects such as a river junction road junction or hill should be used as bounds These should be about one hour s march apart so as that one s exact location can be pinpointed at regular intervals The Navigational Data Sheet 2 5 As aid in planning navigation and to record the bearing and distance betwee
109. gainst something else such as a finger at arms length 10 9 Confidence To gain confidence in the ability to see under low light levels you must use your eyes properly You must believe what his eyes tell you Because the rod cells don t work in the same way as the cone cells objects at night tend to be fuzzy and hazy around their edges and not as clear cut Through practice you will learn to recognize objects at night and know how they differ from their daytime appearance Night familiarity only comes with constant practice Once you are familiar with the techniques of seeing at night confidence for night operations will quickly follow Trial version printed June 2013 45 Chapter 11 EXPLAIN THE REQUIREMENTS OF HEALTH AND HYGIENE IN THE FIELD General 11 1 Personal hygiene can be defined as Those individual measures primarily within the responsibility of the individual which promote health and limit the spread of infectious diseases chiefly those transmitted by direct contact 11 2 Personal hygiene measures include a washing your hands in soap and water immediately after going to the toilet and before handling or eating food b keeping your hands and unclean articles or articles that have been used for toilet purposes by others away from your mouth nose eyes ears genitals amp wounds avoiding use of unclean eating utensils drinking cups towels handkerchiefs combs hairbrushes d avoiding exposu
110. ge in Magnetic Variation 1 83 position of the magnetic pole is not fixed it moves slightly from year to year Consequently the direction of magnetic north and therefore magnetic variation also changes by a small amount each year The annual change is not constant although it can be forecast with sufficient accuracy over a number of years The annual change is shown below the north point diagram in the marginal information If the annual change is in the same direction as the grid magnetic angle it must be added If they are in opposite directions the annual change must be subtracted Bearings 1 84 The purpose of bearing is to give an accurate indication of the direction of one point from another A bearing is the angle measured clockwise that a line makes with a fixed zero line When reading maps the zero line is always taken to be north 1 85 The essential point to remember is that bearings are always measured clockwise from north and therefore bearings of any direction to the east of the north south line fall between 0 and 180 and any bearings west of the north south line fall between 180 and 360 1 86 When giving a bearing it is essential to indicate the reference point from which the bearing has been taken eg 245 007 M 075 G 1 87 The letter following the bearing defines which North reference is being used T for true not commonly used for map bearings M for magnetic and G for grid Trial version p
111. gether with the rising sun badge and emu plumes went on to become the most famous icons of Australian fighting men following the gallantry displayed by the Australian Light Horse who wore them during World War Source For Queen and Commonwealth Time Life Books 1988 The RISING SUN BADGE 5 12 The origin and development of the Australian rising sun badge is one of the most interesting aspects of Australian military history It is believed to have began with a collector a major in the South Australian forces who thought of the design to mount his collection of bayonets He asked a captain in the South Australian navy to help him build a trophy shield using timber and brass This shield seems to have come into the possession of General Sir Edward Hutton who was appointed to command the military forces of the new Commonwealth of Australia The trophy of arms fixed above his office door comprised a semicircular red painted board on which bayonets and sword bayonets were arranged alternatively surrounding a crown cut from sheet brass 5 13 Specifically the weapons were the Martini Henry rifle triangular socket bayonet and the cut and thrust sword bayonet In 1902 when the 1st Battalion Australian Commonwealth Horse was being raised for service in the South African War the GOC apparently decided on a general service badge and suggested something like the trophy of arms The contingent was due to leave five days later and the first badge wa
112. grid system of navigation Heading The direction that you are facing or travelling see Bearing Initialization The initial orienting process that a G P S receiver does when it is first turned on If it is the first time the receiver has been turned on or if the receiver is more than a few hundred miles from the last location it was used it will take some time or help from the operator by inputting or selecting from a menu the approximate location Landmark A specific location or identifiable natural or man made geographic feature Also referred to as a waypoint in G P S navigation Latitude The angular distance north or south of the equator when using the Latitude Longitude grid System These latitude lines are parallel to the equator and often referred to as Parallels Legend Information on a map for such things as scale datum and other details MGRS ilitary G rid R eference S ystem A metric grid system that is a subset of the UTM System It uses letter pairs to represent 10km squares Magnetic Declination The difference between True North and the direction that a magnetic compass points for a given location Magnetic declination varies from place to place and can change as much as a degree in a year Magnetic North The direction that a magnetic compass will point Can be 10 15 or even more different than True North Mean Sea Level M ean S ea L evel The average level of the ocean Meridia
113. groups which have been satisfying his needs for security love and belonging The quicker he can identify with his new group the Army and the quicker this group can satisfy most of his needs the quicker he will become an effective soldier 1 32 The effective leader realizes the importance of understanding the group and recognises it as not only a means to keep individuals satisfied but also if used wisely as a means of achieving goals more efficiently Formal and Informal Groups 1 33 Formal groups are created from outside and are recognized by all as groups The Army the platoon and the section are all examples of formal groups of different sizes Formal groups normally have a leader who is given his authority from outside the group 1 34 Informal groups are usually smaller than formal groups They form because all members share a common interest or goal Their leaders emerge naturally and are not always easily recognized To become a member of an informal group a person must be accepted by other members and if a person is rejected by the rest of the group he ceases to become a member 1 35 We all belong to many informal groups most of which we are not aware exist For example the group that assembles regularly every smoko the group who all dislike a particular NCO these are informal groups 1 36 f the leader can identify the different informal groups and their leaders within his men it follows that by influencing the
114. hat the information may be more up to date than in a book Newspapers provide a wealth of information on contemporary issues Newspaper However they usually only provide limited information on a specific topic and additional sources of background information are often required As a research source they often provide exceptionally good information because the content is succinct yet detailed enough and enjoyable to Television atch Beware of bias and sensationalism As with newspapers some elevision programs are trying to get a particular reaction from viewers and heir presentation of information cannot always be trusted Often one of the most readily available information sources for researcher is Interviewing other people To gather reliable information from people the researcher People must make sure that the person s providing the comments has appropriate level of subject knowledge on the topic they are being questioned about Radio programs particularly those of the ABC regularly discuss a diverse Radio range of topics however you must be aware of what is being broadcasted during the period in which you are conducting your research Information on the internet is continually updated and can be downloaded for urther use It is also important to note that anyone has access to publish information on the internet so the credibility of information and its publishers is not guaranteed Military hese are authoritative references
115. hich are generated within the group and their source is usually traceable to an interaction factor among members of the group Some likely sources are a personality clashes b mistrust C conflicting ideas d ambition e frustration resulting from individual and group needs not be ing met f lack of independence and g insecurity of individuals External Pressures 4 28 These are pressures which are generated outside the group The group reaction to these pressures will vary depending on morale esprit de corps and on the confidence which the group has in its leader s ability to manage the situations during the time the pressure is acting on the group Some examples of external pressures are Trial version printed June 2013 85 the environment challenges to group integrity hostility from other elements in the organization unnatural stress and danger threats to the security of the group 09m competition and g failure of other superior groups to acknowledge the achievements of the group 4 29 The important thing to remember about the group is that it is not an inanimate body the basis of the group is the individuals within it The Situation 4 30 situation in this context we mean the task and the general environment in which it must be carried out Thus some of the sub factors which may have to be considered are a the complexity of the task b the degree of stress risk or danger of death or
116. his method is continued until the destination is reached 3 2 In open country direction can be maintained by reference to prominent landmarks which can be easily read from the map Although continual reliance upon the compass is not necessary it should still be regularly checked to ensure an error in map reading has not occurred 3 3 In daytime navigation knowledge of the sun s movement provides the navigator with a double check on their direction MAINTAINING DIRECTION BY NIGHT 3 4 Before any night activity the luminous strips on a compass should be exposed to light to ensure their maximum brightness If the skyline or prominent objects are visible direction can be maintained by methods similar to those employed in daylight 3 5 Often due to fog or cloud cover no stars or prominent objects are visible If this occurs another cadet should be sent in the approximate direction until they are just visible The navigator then notes by means of the compass whether the cadet is standing on the true bearing or to the right or left of it The navigator moves up and places themselves on what they judge to be the correct alignment They then send the cadet forward again When the conditions are very dark the cadet can hold luminous tape to greatly increase the rate of advance Checking 3 6 During movement make the following checks on navigation a Nominate Pacers distance travelled must be estimated as well as measured by paces A number of p
117. how to use GPS to locate within fractions of an inch this is all you really need to know 4 9 Regarding the issue of time UTC time is the basis of all GPS time functions and calculations If nothing else in owning a GPS receiver you have in your possession the most accurate time piece available Your receiver updates itself from the atomic clocks on the satellites It is also very important for you to understand that your receiver must know the time difference between your location and of Greenwich England or UTC time This is a function in the set up of all GPS receivers With many GPS manufacturers this is referred to as Offset which is referring to the offset or difference in time zones from the present location to UTC time 4 10 The functionality of a receiver is dependent on the ability to receive signals from the satellites Certain locations such as under very thick foliage or down in the bottom of a slot canyon will preclude your receiver from getting a good signal from enough satellites to determine your location With many of the newer receivers however these problems are minimal All receivers have warning messages when they are not getting sufficient signal to properly navigate Trial version printed June 2013 137 4 11 The accuracy of the receivers is dependent on the number and quality the signals it is getting from the satellites and from a factor called Selected Availability This has since 2000 been
118. hus it is very difficult to identify any guidelines however it is important for the leader to demonstrate keenness and interest in the task at hand This is expressed by his cheerfulness optimism and enthusiasm Courage 3 7 Courage is a mental quality that recognizes the fear of danger or criticism but enables a man to proceed in the face of it with calmness and firmness In simple terms courage is the control of fear It is a quality of mind that gives a man control over himself enabling him to accept responsibility and act properly in a threatening situation 3 8 leader must have moral as well as physical courage Moral courage means knowing and standing for what is right in the face of popular disfavour A leader who has moral courage is also prepared to admit his mistakes but will enforce his decisions when he is sure they are correct Decisiveness 3 9 Theleader should have the ability to make decisions promptly and to announce them in a clear Trial version printed June 2013 80 forceful manner 3 10 Many situations have more than one solution The wise leader gathers all the facts weighs one against the other then calmly and quickly arrives at a sound decision Decisiveness is largely a matter of practice and experience Responsibility 3 11 A clear understanding of where responsibility lies and a constant endeavour to discharge these responsibilities are basic requirements for successful command 3 12
119. ially slower that if you were carrying out a general reading activity eg Reading the newspaper on a daily basis The important point to remember is that you are reading to commit subject matter knowledge to long term memory Notetaking Notetaking is an effective way to remember the specific details of what you have read With notes you have the advantage of a summarised version of a text which can be referred to at some later GENERAL COMMENTS ON ANALYSING INFORMATION 4 27 15 important for you to realise that you must consciously weigh up the credibility of the reference material when preparing for your presentation In order to do this you should be asking yourself the following types of questions a Does the source contain an appropriate level of detailed information for my purposes b Are the viewpoints arguments being put forward by the author s convincing C Is there an apparent bias towards a particular opinion or argument in the author s work d How do work with this e Does the source provide additional references that may help me improve my understanding of the topic Development of Ideas 4 28 The next stage in developing your presentation is to organise your thoughts ideas opinions and findings into a logical order You should do this before you begin to write or construct your oral Trial version printed June 2013 62 presentation Step 7 4 29 Arrange the Material As part of the arrangement of mat
120. icate targets THE REQUIREMENTS OF FIELD CRAFT 4 2 Training in field craft will develop the qualities of self reliance and mental toughness required in a cadet and will impart the confidence to exploit fully the terrain to survive and win It will also educate the cadet to use nature to his advantage 4 3 There will always remain the need for individual cadets to be trained in the skills of field craft TERMINOLOGY 4 4 To avoid misunderstanding it is important that the meaning of the terms commonly used in field craft is understood Common terms are as follows a Concealment concealment is protection from observation and surveillance It may also be achieved naturally or artificially Natural concealment may be provided by the surrounding vegetation such as trees bushes and grass Artificial concealment consists of camouflage nets camouflage cream and other materials Whether natural or artificial concealment hides or disguises a cadet a position a vehicle or a route Concealment is aided by avoiding light noise movement and strange smells Concealment from ground observation may not prevent observation from the air b Detection detection is the discovering the existence of an object and its location It may be the result of a deliberate search or come from the appearance of dust flash noise or movement Observation observation involves a careful study of the terrain and vegetation Good observation will allow a composite pict
121. icates that group cohesiveness has been achieved and that internal frictions have been reduced to a minimum This may be achieved by a Fostering pride in achievement by reminding the group of its past successes and traditions b Developing a feeling of belonging to an honorable and unique organization In doing this the leader should be careful not to develop a group approach which could lead to harmful or disruptive competition with other groups within the organization He should focus attention on the achievements of the whole organization as well as those of the group itself and emphasize the need for cooperation and team spirit at all levels Reducing competition within the group by showing each individual how the work of other members of the group coordinates with his work towards group effectiveness d Encouraging group participation in decision making Trial version printed June 2013 87 Avoiding unequal treatment of members of the group f Representing the group s interests 4 44 Encouraging Motivating and Giving a Sense of Purpose Good team spirit alone is not enough The group exists to perform tasks and its motivation must be channeled towards this The leader can encourage team members by stressing how they are contributing towards the aims of the organization and by the use of praise and rewards However the latter should not be overdone or they quickly lose their effect 4 42 The group s sense of purpose
122. ience and the situation Regimental Presentations Regimental presentations include speeches lessons and addresses given within certain military contexts The tone used in regimental presentations is similar to the formal style but it has its own idiosyncrasies special characteristics This type of presentation uses a very deliberate and predictable set of behaviors and language Step 3 4 16 Consider your audience When preparing your presentation you may need to consider all or some of the following characteristics of your audience a Size b average age C educational level or technical expertise d rank e general make up f skills and g interests or hobbies 4 17 lt is necessary for you as the presenter to involve your audience in your presentation If you consider these factors then your audience will be interested in taking your ideas and actively participating in discussions Trial version printed June 2013 58 Step 4 4 18 Research You should always do research to support your ideas and concepts In this way you will be able to get background information actual examples different viewpoints or just reinforcement of your own knowledge 4 19 Time Management One of the most important things to consider when collecting information and planning a presentation is your management of time Without enough time to complete your presentation you will find it difficult to succeed In the military you w
123. ifferent intervals Grid lines enable users to report an exact and unique map position 1 28 Grid lines are printed so that one set of lines run approximately north south or from bottom to top and the other set run approximately east west or from left to right 1 29 Eastings The vertical grid lines that run north south and divide the map from east to west are known as EASTINGS Their value increases towards the East 1 30 Northings The horizontal grid lines which run east west and divide the map from north to south are known as NORTHINGS Their value increases towards the north To avoid confusion over the direction of Eastings and Northings remember The value of Eastings increase towards the East The value of Northings increases towards the North 1 31 The squares which are formed where Eastings and Northings cross are known as Grid Squares 1 32 There are three methods used to indicate position on a map The method used depends on the degree of accuracy required and to a large extent the scale of the map being used 1 33 Four Figure Grid Reference Indicates the position of one grid square only 1 km and is therefore useful when identifying major features and localities To indicate a particular square first select the easting which forms the left West of the square and then the northing which forms the bottom South of the square The two figures for the easting and the two for the northing are Trial version
124. ignaller and 21C need to take written notes Trial version printed June 2013 22 Verbal Orders Mud Model Explain features of the model BLUEPRINT 1 North Point VERBAL ORDERS Verbal Orders Preliminaries Seat the members of the Orders Group in sequential arrangement Check that they have all the equipment necessary for the orders Make sure that they ail can see the model and that the sun is not in their eyes Make sure that the model is orientated to the north or south point when you construct it Make sure that there are no distractions before commencing the orders Stick to the correct sequence of delivery of the orders Topography Statement Situation Mission Execution Admin amp Log Command amp Sigs Statement 2o0 o00npn Trial version printed June 2013 23 Rivers water creeks Roads tracks Boundaries Main features Built up areas No go areas Are there any questions on the Model Verbal Orders Topography Current Location North point Key features outside the exercise area Key features inside the exercise area Areas out of bounds Areas of concern Boundaries Ground Verbal Orders Topography Going day amp night Vegetation Condition of roads amp tracks Condition of creeks crossings Current weather moon etc First light amp last light Ask the question Are there any questions on MISS
125. ill often be given a time limit for your presentation It is important to remain within the limits set 4 20 Gathering Information Researching means obtaining information about a particular topic It can take many forms For example research may include a observing people and events searching the internet conducting experiments checking Defence publications holding interviews checking sitreps reading books and magazines confirming details marked map i Watching television j revising yourself of commander s k listening to the radio intent looking at newspapers 4 21 You should also be aware that all research sources have strengths and weaknesses Some of the sources of information are listed below Trial version printed June 2013 59 Source Characteristics Books are an excellent source of information because of their diversity and universal use One of the minor limitations of books is that they often contain more information than you require some of which is not related to your specific research topic Be aware that ideas concepts arguments and theories date with the passing of time so it is important to recognise this when searching through a book Magazines Magazines journals periodicals are very similar in nature to books heir weakness is that they are sometimes less authoritative as a reference han a book because of their brevity or technical language heir strength is t
126. inally look at those in the rear third Hand Gestures again the idea is to make your gestures natural and not forced Try to avoid pointing at students with your index finger this can be intimidating Trial version printed June 2013 67 Chapter 6 COMMUNICATIONS DO s and DONT s DO s DONT S Use humour Resort to sarcasm Keep your cool Belittle your students Be direct and honest Get flustered if you make a mistake Be yourself Bluff bully or patronise Speak clearly concisely amp simply Be vague or beat around the bush Use personal pronouns We You Lose control of the class Be friendly Tolerate discourtesy Be as informal as the lesson amp the class Lose your patience allow Go as slowly as the class needs Tolerate insubordination Be sincere Be intimidated Trial version printed June 2013 68 Chapter 7 QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES 7 1 The correct sequence for asking a question is as follows a ASK THE QUESTION b PAUSE C NOMINATE THE STUDENT e LISTEN TO THE ANSWER f EVALUATE THE ANSWER g RESPOND WITH FEEDBACK CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD QUESTION 7 2 You can tell a good question because it a is concisely worded b is easily understood C starts with either Why What When How Who or Where d requires more than a one word answer e relates to the information being taught f has been prepared in advance Trial version printed June 2013 69 Chapter 8
127. ing on the housing where the lubber line intersects Trial version printed June 2013 129 Step 4 The bearing calculated is the GRID BEARING This must be converted to a magnetic bearing if going from Map to ground wow vr A EE i Setting the Compass to March on a Magnetic Bearing 1 97 The following is the process for setting a Magnetic Bearing 2 Step 1 Convert the grid bearing to a magnetic bearing Set the Magnetic Bearing on the compass by rotating the compass housing until the required bearing is in line with the lubber line on the compass plate linn D es ARED add da 4 SUMAS 3 Step 2Holding the compass level in the palm of the hand turn around until the red end of the compass needle points to the orientating arrow on the compass housing 4 Step3Keeping the compass needle aligned with the orientating arrow follow the direction arrow and luminous mark To Take a Magnetic Bearing Using a Compass without a Map 4 1 The following is the process for taking a Back Bearing Step 1 Select a landmark along the route you want to travel Hold the compass with the direction arrow pointing to the landmark Step 2 Rotate the compass housing until the orientating arrow is directly beneath the red north end of the compass needle Step 3 Read the magnetic bearing on the housing where the lubber line intersects it Step 4 Keeping the compass needle aligned with the orientatin
128. injury time available and d general working and living conditions food shelter recreation facilities and so on THE FUNCTIONS OF A LEADER 4 31 Let us look in greater detail at the kinds of functions that a leader may have to perform Obviously they could be multitudinous in their variety but the major functions that may be required of a leader in the military environment are shown in Figure 8 together with the area of need for which they would provide In the diagram the functions of a leader are related to group needs The Handbook on Leadership examines the functions of a leader under simple function headings so that they may be easily remembered Instructors should also read Chapter 3 of the Handbook for a complete coverage of leadership functions TASK FUNCTIONS Detning the task Making gan work amd reieauroes Contraling quality and Lempo of work Checking p rtarmanc ganst fie pan Adjusing fie plan GROUP MAINTENANCE INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS NCTIO Seting standards Adiending ia personal peablema Maintaining dissipline Encouraging ndivicuals Building team s Giving status Encouraging mofvatng giving sense of purpose Recognizing and using individua abi ities sub leaders Traning fie incl vila Ensuring carnenunication the group Training fi group Figure 8 Functions of a Leader Task Functions 4 32 Defining the Task In defining the group s tasks th
129. ion notes be examined to note the date on which a map was produced or revised to judge its reliability Large scale maps are sometimes made from enlargements of smaller scale maps with more detail added Consequently these maps may be no more reliable than the original map When a cadet is required to navigate they may find that a more recently produced smaller scale map is more useful than a map with more detail but with dubious reliability Whatever their decision they should place their trust only in the natural land forms and not the man made features Understanding Scale 1 21 The scale of a map is the relation between the horizontal distances between two points measured on the ground and between the same two points measured on the map There are two methods of expressing the scale on a map the Representative Fraction and the Linear Scale Representative Fraction RF 1 22 An RF expresses the distance on a map as a fraction of the corresponding distance on the ground If the scale is 1 100 000 every distance on the map is 1 100 OO0th of the distance on the ground for example 1 cm on the map represents 1 km on the ground The numerator of the RF is always 1 The larger the denominator of the RF the smaller the scale A Handy Tip To find out what 1 cm on the map represents in metres cross off the last two zeros in the RF Eg 1 25 000 1 25 000 1cm 2 250m 1 100 000 1 100 000 1 cm 1000 m or 1 km Graphic Sc
130. is of obedience is established In difficult or Trial version printed June 2013 96 dangerous situations men always tend to act in accordance with pre established drill and therefore if attention to duty and the smart execution of orders are habitual in normal circumstances men will act in the same way in times of stress Hence the aim must be to ingrain these habits thoroughly Collective Discipline 6 15 Pride in shared accomplishment helps stimulate and gives members of a group a feeling of belonging which directly affects group solidarity 6 16 Aman joining a group will be subjected to the rules and behaviour patterns of the group and to be accepted and to become an effective member he must comply 6 17 In a group where self discipline is high the objectives of the group will be more readily attained as the individual group members will sacrifice their self interests in favour of group interests and become willing participants of the group s objectives The Progression from Imposed to Self Discipline 6 18 When a recruit finishes his basic training he has acquired the necessary mental attitude to imposed discipline However on first arriving at his unit he may have difficulty in adjusting himself as he has moved from an environment of imposed discipline to one where self discipline becomes much more important 6 19 The leader by interpreting the regulations consistently and fairly will assist the soldier in this transitional p
131. it on his performance where reasoning or brain power is required Intelligence however does not work on its own and a man with limited intelligence can perform very well in many circumstances where special aptitudes and skills he may have are used in conjunction with his intelligence RESERVED APTITUDES 1 12 The second component of mental capacity is aptitude or potential skill in a particular field The particular ability of a soldier to understand the workings of an engine is probably an indication of his mechanical aptitude Examples of other aptitudes are clerical aptitude and verbal aptitude SPEED OF REACTION 1 13 Speed of reaction commonly called quickness of apprehension is another component of mental capacity This is the speed with which a person grasps a particular point and is able to act on it Even with good intelligence and aptitudes a soldier may be inefficient at a particular job because he is a slow thinker and unable to quickly understand what he is required to do In the opposite case a person with limited intelligence may be more valuable in a particular job because of the speed with which he is able to react provided the job is within the range of his intellectual capacity 1 14 So a soldier s capacity depends on a number of things and his intelligence aptitudes and speed of reaction should be considered together when trying to determine his overall capacity Even if his capacity is known however more knowledge
132. it so that light shines onto your work without causing shadows or glare b hold reading material 40 to 45 cm away for normal vision rest the eyes occasionally by looking away into the distance at a dark object and use your own flannel and towel 11 10 Teeth Teeth should be cleaned each night and morning and after meals At least once a day five minutes should be set aside for care of teeth The teeth and gums should be brushed using a circular motion both inside and out Dental floss should be used between the teeth to prevent the plaque in places where the tooth brush cannot reach A soft toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste should be chosen 11 11 Hair Hair should be brushed twice daily and combed as often as required It should also be washed regularly depending on the weather the work done by an individual and the make up of the hair greasy dry Usually two separate washings with warm water and shampoo are required to remove oil and dirt from the hair Thorough rinsing is essential after the second wash 11 12 Dandruff Seborrhogic Dermatitis is a chronic oiliness and scaling of the scalp which produces a degree of inflammation The cause is unknown but the condition is not contagious or infectious nor does it cause permanent hair loss A medicated shampoo prescribed by a Doctor will control dandruff 11 13 Hands And Feet When operational circumstances permit always a keep nails short and clean b wash hands before eating
133. ith Eastings first then Northings 2 When transmitting grid references in the first instance always include the map sheet number and title 3 Grid References should always commence with the letters GR to show they are grid references and nothing else Romer 1 36 A Romer is a simple device used for accurately measuring the position of a point within a grid square instead of estimating the tenths To use a Romer place the corner against the required point with the edges parallel to the grid lines The LN distance east and north within the grid square can be read off cae against the west and south grid lines of the square Clearly a different Romer is required for each scale of a map 13 Trial version printed June 2013 118 Contour Lines 1 37 Lines joining points of equal elevation above a given reference datum usually Mean Sea Level 1 38 Contours are the most common way of showing relief on modern maps the shape of the ground is often referred to as relief They not only give a representation of height but also indicate the shape of the ground Adjacent contour lines represent a fixed change in elevation Interval 1 39 Every fifth contour may be drawn heavier to aid measuring height These are known as index contours Some contours have the height shown at intervals along their length Contour Patterns 1 40 Each topographical feature such as spur or knoll is represented by its own particular contour
134. ive Log The segment of a route currently being travelled Backtrack Navigation of a route in reverse order from the last position fix in succession to the first Reverse of navigating a route in normal sequence Bearing For G P S navigation it generally refers to the compass reading to navigate from one position to another measured to the nearest degree In traditional nautical navigation it is referenced a differently in degrees from quadrants of the compass See G P S for Land Navigation by Michael Ferguson for more details on this topic Coordinates A set of numbers that describes a given position for a given coordinate grid system Examples of coordinate grids are Latitude Longitude and Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Course The direction in degrees between two waypoints or the course indicated by a G P S receiver when the GOTO function is activated COG ourse ver G round The actual direction you G P S receiver are travelling Trial version printed June 2013 149 Datum A reference system for vertical and horizontal positions Different datums have different positions for the physical location of their origins thus different datums will represent coordinates in different positions Differences can be as much as a mile All reliable maps that show coordinate Systems provide Datum information Declination The angular difference between True North and some other reference for north such as Grid
135. l screens because any clean light even surface will do d Ready reference the flexability of a data projector allows lessons to be updated and used many times LETTERING 3 4 Make your presentations readable otherwise they will frustrate your students and spoil your lesson Remember the following points a Select a readable letter style i e THE ANPRC 77 THE ANPRC 77 THE ANPRC 77 Readable Not so easy to read Hard to read b Use capital letters for short titles for longer captions phrases 6 words or more use lower case letters and capitals for example SETTING UP The Repair and Maintenance AN ANPRC 77 of the 84mm Carl Gustav C Contrast the colour or tone of the lettering to the background For crisp clear OHP s it is best to use black lettering on a clear or light background Black on blue or white lettering on light backgrounds should obviously be avoided See example below The Repair and H M i i M i iil i Note It is good idea to use colour to highlight important parts of your presentation Maintenance of the 84mm Carl Gustav mi ii Readable Harder to read 3 5 Avoid lettering that is too small and don t try to put too much on one page make sure that the size of the letters you use is not too small and don t put too much writing on each page It is far better to have less writing and a few more pages Also watch the spacing between letters Equally measured Trial version printe
136. le away first If you activate the GOTO right after saving the waypoint and are essentially in the same location you are very likely to get indications that itis 2 to 3 miles away This is primarily due to Selected Availability errors but may be confusing if you don t understand the problem 4 22 When you activate the GOTO the receiver will then go into the navigation mode and you will have on your display any of a number of Navigation Screens available There are options to select various Navigation Screens and a default one can usually be established in Set up The main types of screens available are a Highway This screen looks like a highway and shows the direction you are progressing toward the destination You will have values displayed for Heading Distance and Speed b CDI Course Deviation Indicator This has a horizontal graph usually towards the bottom of the screen with the center representing being on course If you deviate to the left or right a pointer or vertical line will indicate that you are to the left or right of course and a numeric value will usually indicate by how much This screen also has values displayed for Heading Distance and Speed C Compass Card This display shows a set of compass values with a pointer indicating what direction you are traveling This screen also has values displayed for Heading Distance and Speed 4 23 There is some variety in Navigation Screens but the essential information
137. lines for the use of notes palm cards Palm cards should fit easily into one hand b Cards should be held slightly above waist height C When you need to take a good look at your notes do not try to be sneaky d Write on one side of the cards only and write in large letters e Clearly number your cards f not join cards together 4 35 Write only in point form This does not mean simply shrinking down your entire script and sticking it t o palm cards 4 36 Use codes such as symbols or colours to remind you to think about the rate of your speech or highlight a main point after which you should pause 4 37 Write in mixed case not all capitals Step 10 4 38 Rehearsal A rehearsal preferably with others is essential Speaking into a tape recorder or giving the presentation in front of a sympathetic friend is advisable Ask for honest comments and useful suggestions If possible use videotaping equipment and practise using visuals during the rehearsal 4 39 Non verbal Communication Communication is more than just words Public speaking involves more than opening your mouth and saying the right words clearly and audibly 4 40 The other aspects of communication are the non verbal forms Non verbal communication relates to what the audience sees and feels while you are passing information to them The key to maintaining the audience s interest does not just lie in speaking loudly enough so that they will not fall
138. lst esprit de corps will compensate for many adverse factors in the short term it will be difficult to maintain it over a long period unless the following problems which may arise are overcome a lack of confidence in the leadership b presence in the unit of groups of men in conflict presence of unwilling members who hamper unit performance d rapid turnover of personnel especially of the leaders and e lack of proper recognition for unit achievement Summary 7 14 Individual morale is the complex of a man s attitudes towards his Service life Esprit de corps consists of group solidarity and strong identification with the formal organization There is a dynamism about esprit de corps it fosters faith loyalty pride confidence unity and even a feeling of invincibility a feeling of oneness 7 15 Itis the leader s task to build the climate in which individual morale group solidarity and esprit de corps can develop He must constantly relate the needs feelings and attitudes of his men the factors that make up the foundation of morale to the accomplishment of the mission if he is to employ them to maximum effect HOW TO BOOST MORALE 7 16 High staff morale is the life blood of any successful organisation because it refers to the cheerfulness confidence and achievement motivation of the staff which in turn affect the quality of the job performed Managers who are able to boost the morale of their staff help to create a climate
139. lusion and you have decided what training aids you will use it is time to prepare the lesson plan The lesson plan is a permanent record of the content of your lesson which includes the IO the introduction body and conclusion It is an aid for instructors It helps you to ensure that the lesson is delivered efficiently and effectively A suggested layout for the lesson plan is shown in Annex B Chapter 3 of the Instructor s Handbook 1 12 Step 9 Rehearse the lesson It is important to rehearse the lesson before you deliver it to students If possible it is a good idea to record the lesson on videotape It can also helpful to rehearse your lesson with a fellow instructor present to obtain feedback on the a timing of each stage b use of training aids C choice of location and layout d suitability of the test of objective and Trial version printed June 2013 51 overall conduct 1 13 Step 10 Prepare the location Ideally the location should be prepared before the rehearsal but in any case you must prepare the location before your lesson Make sure that all your training aids work eg OHP s are plugged in etc there is enough ventilation and light and that the desks and chairs are laid out how you want them Trial version printed June 2013 52 Chapter 2 LESSON STRUCTURE CHECKLIST Instructor s Handbook Annex A to Chap 2 INTRODUCTION 1 Preliminaries Attendance check Position students Allocate weapon
140. m the body Colour dark coloured clothing absorbs heat light colours reflect heat away Movement clothing which restricts body movement is to be avoided e Boots should be properly fitting and kept pliable and in good repair They should not be shared Foot wear such as rubber boots should if possible only be worn for short periods and thoroughly dried inside afterwards because they do not allow perspiration to evaporate and escape and therefore must be treated carefully 11 18 Exercise Exercise is part of healthy living It stimulates the various body functions and provides mental and physical charge as well as relaxation for people employed is desk type jobs The importance of regular exercise is today unquestioned in regard to prevention of heart disease and digestive problems Forced exercise is always unpalatable and may be dangerous if consideration is not given to the suitability physically and mentally of the subject Trial version printed June 2013 48 MODULE THREE INSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONTENTS Chapter Steps in the Development of Instruction 1 Lesson Structure Checklist The Data projector Effective Speaking Communication Techniques Communication DO s and DONT s Questioning techniques N OO A lt I Training Aids Trial version printed June 2013 49 Chapter 1 STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUCTION Taken from the Instructor s Handbook paragraphs 301 313 INTRODUCTION 1 4 Develo
141. n A line of longitude going north and south from pole to pole measured in degrees from the Prime Meridian or 0 See Longitude MOB M an O ver B oared A feature in G P S receivers to quickly mark a given location as you are traveling Some receivers then activate a GOTO navigation function to that waypoint Trial version printed June 2013 150 NAD27 north Mercian D atom of 1927 The datum used most large scale USGS topographic maps NAD83 north A Mercian D atom of 1983 A newer datum than the NAD27 Almost identical to WGS84 NAVSTAR The name of the United States Department of Defense satellite navigation system Northing A term used to denote positions north of the origin in the UTM coordinate grid system Parallel A line of latitude See latitude Position Fix The calculated position of the current location by a G P S receiver Prime Meridian The reference line for Longitude in the Lat Long grid system All other meridians of longitude are designated in degrees East or West of the Prime Meridian up to 189 The Prime Meridian is 0 Longitude Route A series of progressive waypoints stored in a G P S receiver which can be activated and navigated Scale The ratio between actual distance and that same distance represented in a map SA elected A availability The intentional error introduced G P S signals by the government to degrade accuracy SOG peed
142. n bounds navigational data sheet should be produced The navigational data sheet can be written on any notepaper but should be legible so that it can be checked and copied by a check navigator 2 6 write down all the information about going and the shape of the ground that can be determined from a map would take a prohibitive amount of time Consequently a navigational data sheet can never replace the map Its information is only to aid the memory Estimated Magnetic Distance Serial From To Time In Going Remarks Bearing Metres Minutes a b c a e f 9 h 400 m gentle downhill Creek 400 m fiows light timber left to right 567709 b 300 m gentle 1 561703 Hut 0640 920 25 uphill open c 200 m uphill Dirt road at medium timber 750 m 563724 Undulating ground Creeks at 400 m and 567709 Rui 5900 1600 50 sloping right to left 1300 m uin medium timber a 300 m flat light timber 554724 b 300 m gentle uphill 563724 Knoll Maus 950 ag medium timber c 350 m steep Trial version printed June 2013 131 Chapter 3 CONDUCT OF NAVIGATION MAINTAINING DIRECTION BY DAY 3 14 When moving through close country continuous checks must be made using the compass To maintain direction a prominent object such as a tree which lies on the magnetic bearing is selected Once the navigator has reached this object they select another object which is on the bearing and move to it T
143. nce and well being that enables him to face hardship with courage endurance and determination Its requirements in a military organization are detailed below a Leadership It is essential that a soldier should have confidence in his leaders hence leadership becomes the most important single factor in the attainment and maintenance of high morale By failing to set a good example and not practicing what is taught a leader can destroy morale Successful leaders effectively contribute to good morale whereas the inept commander destroys the consciousness of well being and gives rise to the feeling that nothing is going right b Unity of Purpose Men must feel that they are members of a team working towards team objectives Leaders at all levels must endeavour to instil this unity of purpose in their men C Discipline Good discipline and high morale are inseparable without one you cannot have the other d A Sense of Belonging Self Respect Individual self respect is necessary before high morale can be generated There is a normal human need to belong and contribute to a group and the leader should encourage and use this need By ensuring that tasks assigned are commensurate with a man s training and ability that the man is encouraged that praise is given when deserved and that criticism is constructive the leader can lay the foundations upon which a man can build this self respect e Comradeship This is intangible but neve
144. nd feedback b Time delays Size of group In a group of two men there is one possible interaction ie 0 gt 0 In a group of three men there are seven hoe oe ES Y osos 5 16 In a four man group there are 25 possible interactions and a five man group there are 90 The number and complexity of possible interactions increases far greater than the actual size of the group This illustrates the great difficulty that exists in getting coordinated group activity from a large group and the increasing degree of cross talk that can distort and even totally block out a message 5 17 Leaders must be constantly aware of the physical barriers and strive to overcome them Psychological Barriers 5 18 Psychological barriers are present in both the sender and the receiver They can be classified as a conceptual b perceptual and cultural barriers 5 19 Conceptual barriers are those which are raised by the failure of the communicator to get his ideas over to the receiver largely because of the use of unfamiliar language In this situation the sender and receiver are working at different levels of understanding 5 20 Perceptual barriers affect the interpretation of messages by the receiver Because of different experiences or status or in the Army because of disparity in rank messages are interpreted in the Trial version printed June 2013 93 wrong way which may result in wrong action being taken 5 21 di
145. nfidence it follows that the members of the group will work better if their views and opinions are recognized as being important to the successful accomplishment of the mission 4 62 Leaders must realize that a great deal of benefit can occur if the decision making process is shared among their followers whenever the situation allows The degree to which the leader retains control of the decision making or shares delegates control to his followers can be described as the leadership style 4 63 There are three main styles a authoritative b participative and i free rein Authoritative 4 64 This style implies that the leader retains complete control himself by such means as a determining all policies b directing all activities step by step so that his followers may not know what future activities will be and assigning tasks to individuals and allotting work companions 4 65 The authoritative style is suitable in the Army when a incombat b there is stress and or danger time is short d engaged in tactical exercises e there is a requirement for conditioning men to quick response eg drill and f there are large numbers of men involved 4 66 f the authoritative style is adopted by a leader when he more properly should have adopted another approach the following results may be noticed a performance goals will be achieved b recreational goals will not be achieved performance will drop off
146. ng inspires confidence and respect more quickly than demonstrating professional knowledge and ability The individual who knows his job develops self confidence at the same time gaining the confidence of others 3 20 Knowledge should not be limited to military subjects only such subjects as national and international events amongst others should be studied Loyalty 3 21 Loyalty is the quality of faithfulness to country the Army your superiors subordinates and associates This quality alone can do much to earn for you the confidence and respect of others Your every action must reflect loyalty to your command Selflessness 3 22 The unselfish leader is one who avoids providing for his own comfort and personal advantage at the expense of others A leader must place the comfort pleasure and recreation of his subordinates before his own and share the same dangers and hardships Nevertheless you should be aware that this quality can be overdone if it is carried to the point where the leader neglects his own well being to the point where his condition prevents him from exercising effective command It is essential to consciously monitor your own well being Ability to Communicate 3 23 Itis vitally important to a leader that the message he wishes to get across to his subordinates is received and interpreted as he intends Trial version printed June 2013 81 Chapter 4 FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP INTRODUCTION 4 1 The functional appr
147. nough to contain the model 1 17 Orientate the map to the model it should face the direction of travel 1 18 Construct the areas of high ground as shown on the map by placing mounds of dirt on the model as they are shown on the map 1 19 Depict other natural features on the model as they appear on the map These would include waterways which can be shown by either using a section of blue coloured tape or ribbon or by simply scraping the water courses into the ground of the model Vegetation can be shown by either using scrim or green wool or natural foliage can also be used 1 20 Artificial features can be shown on the model by the use of any of the following Trial version printed June 2013 26 Roads can be shown as red coloured tape or ribbon or simply breaking up some twigs and joining them in a line along the path the road takes Railway and Power lines could be shown by the use of black coloured tape or ribbon They can also be shown simply by using a length of perimeter cord or pushing small sticks into the ground of the model Twigs used the same way as above are also quite effective Buildings can be shown by blocks of wood painted black conventional signs can be marked on then however stones or pieces of paper with conventional signs marked on then work just as well Defensive obstacles can be shown by card with the correct military symbol shown on them or just a piece of paper with the military symbol marke
148. nt generally fairly level 1 62 Ravine A long deep valley worn by a stream 1 63 Re entrant VQ valley or ravine i NN usually between two spurs turned inwards A SPUR towards the main feature 1 64 Ridge The line along a hill or range of hills or mountains sometimes the crest of CONVEX a line of hills as it appears on the horizon 1 65 Saddle A neck or ridge of land connecting two mountains or hills a UN GENTLE H W depression between SLOPE N STEEP andi high features also SLOPE called a col CLIFF 1 66 Spur A minor feature generally in the form of a ridge running out from the main feature 1 67 Undulating Ground Ground which alternately rises and falls gently Trial version printed June 2013 121 1 68 Watercourse The line defining the lowest part of a valley whether occupied by a stream or not 1 69 Watershed A ridge of land separating two drainage basins the summit of land from which the water flows in two directions A watershed does not necessarily include the highest point of a chain of mountains or a range of hills GENTLE SLOPE STEEP SLOPE RE ENTRANT Trial version printed June 2013 123 124 Trial version printed June 2013 SPOT HEIGHT Gradients 1 70 The slope of the ground may be expressed as the angle the ground makes with the horizontal but more commonly it is expressed as a gradien
149. ntified by observing the voluntary associations which arise among individuals 4 19 Within the informal groups leaders emerge and they are those who are best able to meet the needs of the group It should be noted that the position of leadership has been conferred on these emergent leaders by the members of the group and the position they hold can have considerable ramifications on the workings of the formal group The fact that emergent leaders are able to perform the functions necessary to fulfil the needs of the group may indicate they have greater intellectual capacity than other members of the group 4 20 lf the emergent leaders are working harmoniously with the imposed leader the group should function smoothly If there is a clash between imposed and emergent leaders the effect of this clash is likely to reverberate through the group to the detriment of the group s effectiveness 4 21 The ultimate object of the imposed leader must be to gain acceptance as a leader in his own right by the group including the emergent leaders within the group so that the group is able to work harmoniously in successfully completing all its tasks 4 22 The informal group can be used to fortify the formal group by judicious placement of individuals within the groups and by retaining individuals within the group The stability gained provides the foundation from which mutual confidence firm friendship teamwork and team spirit emanate GROUP PRESSURES 4 23
150. o discussion Decide point of view Organise significant argument State it Conclude Question without notice Define the subject Ask yourself questions mentally Answer questions orally Summarise state a general truth Question without notice Decide subject two ways List three relevant points under each heading Introduce state two view points Develop points under each heading Summarise state a general truth Question with little notice 2 Determine analogy List similarities and differences Discuss similarities Discuss differences Summarise state a truth Address of welcome Refer to occasion Express goodwill Refer to achievements Trial version printed June 2013 66 Pee ga 52 Un doe e MAINS rr DP hg M NA rm Introducing a speaker Welcome on audience behalf State subject briefly Explain relevancy Refer to speaker and qualifications Thanking a speaker Be brief Do not comment on matter of lecture rather on its qualities evidence of special preparation Comment directly on speech Thank for time and trouble Comment of benefit gained Proposing a toast Refer to occasion Refer to accomplishment of person Express goodwill Formal request for toast Delivering a brief Prepare facts objectively Establish eye contact State aim Project voice Pause appropriately Speak simply clearly Avoid mannerisms VERBAL COMMUNICATION 4 46 Believe it or not
151. oach to leadership training does not introduce a new style or method of leadership What it does provide is a rational explanation of what has always happened in effective leadership By promoting a deeper understanding of the nature of leadership and by providing a basis for the logical analysis of leadership functions the young leader is able to develop his skill and capacity for leadership much more quickly THE PRIORITY OF NEEDS 4 2 From our consideration of the theory of group needs we saw that the functions required of a leader are determined by the needs arising within a group Frequently these needs may be in conflict a function performed by the leader to satisfy one need may have adverse effects on some other need Consequently the successful leader must be able not only to identify accurately the needs existing within his group but he must also be able to recognize which needs warrant priority of attention at any given time 4 3 Groups are formed to achieve tasks and there will be times in every organization when the task needs must predominate This is especially so in organizations that exist to deal with emergencies where in moments of crisis in life and death situations or in operational matters the leader will have to concentrate every effort upon the task Indeed the members of the group in these circumstances will look to the leader to be single minded vigorous and decisive in dealing with the situation In such circumstances
152. ob and if necessary by formal interview 4 53 Training the Individual Before collective or group training can be undertaken it is necessary to ensure that group members are adequately trained in their individual tasks and responsibilities In training the individual the leader should encourage both the reluctant and the ambitious to undertake additional training and he should attempt to create an atmosphere that encourages individuals to use new skills and to test themselves in realistic situations 4 54 Summary The leader s performance of his individual functions depends on his attitude to people Although this meeting of individual needs is for the purpose of achieving the task aim most leaders are morally involved with their subordinates welfare and the subordinates perception of how much their leaders really care about them has far reaching effects on the organization s morale LEADERSHIP STYLES 4 55 All men to a greater or lesser degree have the ability to influence the behaviour of others In other words while a man in one group may be one of the followers given a changed set of circumstances he could be appointed leader if he was perceived to a possess the necessary knowledge and competence or b be capable of satisfying group needs 4 56 the military environment many people are both leaders and followers In a rifle company for example a a section 2 leads the machine follows the section gun group commander
153. of the individual is necessary before his behaviour can be predicted PERSONALITY 1 15 317 The study of personality is a complex subject which cannot be covered any depth in this chapter We will deal with only two areas of personality that are relatively easy to observe and assist the leader in his understanding of individual soldiers 1 16 Firstly the terms Introvert and Extrovert are two words which cover a scale of personality types and are worth understanding An introverted person is quiet and reserved and is normally content to be alone An extroverted person is outgoing happy go lucky and is usually the life of the party While even these extreme cases are considered normal in personality most people can best be described as being somewhere between the introvert and extrovert 1 17 second personality factor is that of Stability The stable person is most able to cope with frustration and still perform efficiently The unstable person is one who when frustrated in attempting to satisfy his needs or goals is unable to perform efficiently and usually shows signs of a changed emotional state Some of the more common signs are a weeping repeated loss of temper drop in appetite or ability to sleep b C d depression e AWOL in the military situation and f other unusual or unexplained behaviour 1 18 Introversion Extroversion and Stability Instability combine to form different personality types
154. on b Excluding a person from activities conversations etc Abuse of Authority 1 Misusing rank to interfere with a person s cadet career NOTE Legitimate comment and advice including feedback and fault correction is not harassment when it is intended to improve the performance and or behaviour of individuals or groups DISCRIMINATION 1 3 Discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favourably than another person would have been because of irrelevant matters such as race religion marital status sexual preference political persuasion medical record etc 1 4 Examples of discrimination include a Where a cadet is not allowed to take up a posting in the unit because of their gender and b Where a cadet is refused a promotion because of their religion or racial origin UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR 1 5 Unacceptable Behaviour is any activity which adversely affects the efficiency effectiveness and morale of the unit or which causes a loss of respect for any member of the ACC Unacceptable behaviour may or may not also be a criminal offence 1 6 Examples of unacceptable behaviour include a Sexual relations between superiors and subordinates including adults and cadets over the age of 16 years Trial version printed June 2013 6 b Public displays of affection C Advocating a particular sexual preference whether heterosexual or homosexual and d Not allowing cadets to dress undress in private 1 7 Wha
155. on for any reason should also be mentioned in orders illness etc Mission should be short and clearly expressed to everyone This is the clear statement of what you want your section to achieve as well as the intent i e in order to This lets the others know why they are conducting the mission The most satisfactory format is who what where when why For Example Section 3 is to establish a radio position on Blakely Hill by 1800h today in order to provide communications for the unit NAVEX The mission is to be stated twice 1 10 Execution This is basically the nuts and bolts or guts of your plan where you explain in detail how you are going to conduct your mission and is broken into the following General headings Trial version printed June 2013 20 Concept of Operations 1 Commander s Intent what your intention is and a description of the state of play once your intent is carried out i e an end state 2 Main Effort what you consider to be the most important aspect of the tasks 3 Scheme of Manoeuvre This is where you give a generalization of how the tasks are to be achieved usually in phases For examples to break a simple move in to phases you could use 1 Phase One move to Blakely Hill 2 Phase Two establish radio position 3 Phase Three return to unit HQ Detailed Grouping and Tasks give the strength of the group and its composition Coordinating Instructions giv
156. on if it is within his authority or by representing the problem to the appropriate authority 4 49 Encouraging Individuals Praise as a means of recognizing successful performance can be positive motivating factor if handled correctly Excessive praise if it seems to be insincere or without foundation in achievement is useless it can even be dangerous if it brings about complacency in the recipient 4 50 Correction of faults can also have an encouraging effect Individuals do not always do things wrongly from malice quite often they are unaware and if corrected they are grateful for the opportunity of improving their performance 4 51 Giving Status People need status because it is a measure of their achievement in comparison with other people and because it bolsters their self esteem It can take tangible form in material rewards such as pay or rank or it can be intangible in the form of public praise and recognition To avoid danger to group maintenance needs such rewards must be justifiable in the minds of the other members of the group Trial version printed June 2013 88 4 52 Recognizing and Using Individual Abilities An important function of leader is to assess individual expectations and abilities and to give individuals appropriate opportunities and responsibilities This presupposes a detailed knowledge of each member of the group which can only be achieved by studying personal documents talking to them informally on the j
157. on was described as the willingness of an individual to give his full support to a task In other words if he accepts group goals as his own or identifies with the group he is well motivated Lack of motivation is likely to be due to lack of group identification 1 48 By recognizing individual and group needs a leader can best decide how to motivate his men as individuals or as a group If an individual has a need for recognition and advancement in the group he could be given a responsible task which once successfully completed will give him this recognition and chance of advancement Similarly if a group through lack of achievement has a need for recognition and self esteem by introducing an element of intergroup competition into the task the group should become motivated 1 49 Motivation is a two way process It is not only a matter of a leader manipulating his followers to perform tasks and reach objectives but ideally the two should reach agreement so that the energies of the person being motivated are Capacity released to achieve the task as shown in the objectives Achieved following diagram intelligence Plitudes Objectives Performance Personality Satisfied Needs Social Interaction Stimuli The Process of Motivation GROUP 1 50 Throughout the whole process feedback occurs so that objectives and stimuli can be changed as necessary Feedback ensures that the process is a dynamic one and that obje
158. orm persuade or entertain your audience You may choose to use a combination of these purposes depending on your topic 413 Once you have determined your purpose you will need to define your message What information ideas do you want to put across to your audience 4 14 In defining your message you will need to take into consideration the scope depth of the presentation The depth that will be required to explain each point will limit the number of points you will need to cover PRESENTATION TYPES 4 15 Atthis stage it might be a good idea to consider the type of presentation you have been asked to prepare In the military there are general presentation types formal informal and regimental These are outlined in the table below Formal Presentations Formal presentations require the use of correct grammar and pronunciation The speaker uses formal language and leaves out slang jargon and poor grammar They require prior planning and preparation and often the use of detailed notes The introduction of a formal presentation must state the purpose of the presentation Informal Presentations Informal presentations include those speeches given in response to a toast introducing a guest or speaker making and announcement etc Usually the speaker has not had the time for detailed preparation of an address and would be expected to deliver the speech without formal notes The level of language can vary depending on the aud
159. ould learn map reading as part of their initial training so that by the time they are junior commanders they are well practiced in mapcraft 1 5 Mapcraft is a The ability to relate symbolic information on a map to the corresponding features in the terrain b The ability to relate features in the terrain back to the symbols on the map Military Uses for Maps 1 6 There are two main military uses for maps a Enable military movements using a common reference b Enable assessment of the tactical and logistical possibilities and limitations of the terrain without having to visit the area 1 7 The second one is particularly important in a military sense in that the terrain we are most interested in may well be unreachable Trial version printed June 2013 108 MAP CHARACTERISTICS The Formal Definition of a Map is What is a Map A visual representation of the Earth s surface usually drawn to scale on any suitable material Showing natural and man made features LIMITATIONS 1 8 The Earth is a sphere Any representation of a sphere on a flat piece of paper will be distorted If the area covered is very small the distortion is negligible and can be ignored CARE OF MAPS 1 9 Maps are valuable documents and their supply is limited therefore they must be treated with care to prevent damage Most damage to maps occurs when they are opened fully in the open air and the maps tear in the breeze 1 10
160. owledge skill and attitudes 4 46 Summary The leader is aiming at two aspects of group needs when performing these functions On the one hand he is concerned with team work and he controls organizes and trains the group to create a dynamic flexible and durable organization On the other hand he is concerned with team spirit and he provides for the material and psychological needs of the group sufficiently to remove frictions and to harness their motivational energies for the 4 47 mutual benefit of the organization the group and the group members He achieves these two aims of team work and team spirit by setting standards maintaining discipline appointing sub leaders ensuring communication within the group and training the group Individual Functions 4 48 Attending to Personal Problems An individual s ability to work to his normal potential may be affected adversely by personal problems These could include bad working or living conditions insecurity of employment and friction with other members of the group pay administrative health or family problems The removal of such problems may not necessarily make the individual cooperate or work significantly harder because it appears that more positive motivations have had to be found to bring this about but their continued existence will make the application of positive motivation difficult to achieve The leader s first individual function is to remove these problems either by direct acti
161. ping a lesson consists of a series of common sense steps This chapter describes the steps which apply to the preparation of all methods of instruction These steps will help you to prepare lessons based on the best sequence for learning and mean that your lessons can be given in the most efficient and effective manner Development of Instruction 1 2 There are 10 steps in developing a lesson These steps are Examine the Instructional Objective IO Study the subject Design the test Prepare the body Prepare the introduction 2209 5 p Prepare the conclusion Prepare the training aids Prepare the lesson plan i Rehearse the instruction j Prepare the location 1 3 Step 1 Examine the Instructional Objective IO IO s ensure that the lesson is planned to achieve specific new learning which can be confirmed by the test of objective The IO is the learning target for the lesson The columns on the IO contain the following information a Task what the students will perform as a result of the lesson a Conditions the aids or material that the students can or can t use to achieve the learned performance Also describes the setting for the lesson b Standards the level of performance the students must reach as a result of the lesson 1 4 Theuse of IO s in developing instruction is contained in Annex A to Chapter of Instructor s Handbook 1 5 Step 2 Study the subject Instructors must thoroughly study their subjec
162. printed June 2013 43 Chapter 10 EXPLAIN METHODS OF OBSERVING BY NIGHT 10 1 The Human Eye Light enters the eye through the pupil The amount of light is controlled by the iris The light passes through the lens and is focused on a sensitive area called the retina From here the optic nerve transmits electrical impulses to the brain In fact it is the brain which sees rather than the eyes The retina is composed of two sets of cells named for their shape There are rod cells and cone cells The cone cells are used in daylight they see colour sharp contrast and shape The cone cells are found predominantly behind the pupil in an area called the cone region There are approximately seven million cone cells in the human eye 10 2 The rod cells are used at night These cells are located around the cone region on the outer portion of the retina There are few rod cells in the cone region but they are of an insufficient number to allow night vision for any period of time There are 130 million rod cells in the eye They only see black and white and shades of grey In order to see effectively at night the rod area of the eye must be used 10 3 Dark Adaptation Dark adaptation is allowing the eyes to become capable of seeing under low illumination conditions Most people have wondered what happened to their ability to see when they have gone into a matinee movie on a bright sunny day They probably not only had difficulty trying to find a seat but wer
163. ps are two factors which directly affect the efficiency of a unit Consequently the leader must consider the complex of attitudes which constitute morale and esprit de corps and understand how they affect the approach of a man towards his duties and his way of life By considering how these attitudes may be developed and influenced it is possible to make a systematic and fruitful effort to build and maintain morale 7 2 Esprit de corps obviously is strongly affected by individual morale It would be unusual to find high esprit de corps in a group made up of persons having low morale 7 3 In the same way because most of the men in a unit display good morale it does not mean that the morale of every member is good If those of low morale are overlooked their attitudes may influence and impair the morale of the other men and the esprit de corps of the whole unit MORALE 7 4 Morale is an attitude of confidence in the mind of an individual and is closely related to the satisfying of a man s basic needs If the training administration and fighting of a unit is conducted so as to assist in satisfying these needs a favourable attitude will be developed 7 5 Any consideration of morale must take into account the needs of the group and differing individual needs both of which are influenced by external factors which are constantly changing from situation to situation 7 6 High morale is a positive state of mind which gives a man a feeling of confide
164. r execution the leader must a personally check standards of work performance b instill a sense of urgency where necessary coordinate the work of various sub groups and d measure the achievement of the group against the effort time and resources used 4 36 Adjusting the Plan Frequently it may he necessary in other than simple tasks completed over a short period of time to amend the original plan The leader does this by continually reviewing his priorities examining external factors and checking the progress of his original plan The actions necessary to adjust the plan are a repetition to a greater or lesser degree of those actions taken for the original plan GROUP MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS 4 37 636 Setting Standards The leader performs this function in two ways by personal example and by quickly and constantly correcting faults in individuals 4 38 Whether he intends to or not a leader inevitably sets group standards by displaying his own attitudes conduct and performance of duties A group is highly perceptive of its leader s behaviour and will react quickly to it To some extent ability to set high standards will depend upon the personal qualities and knowledge he brings to his work 4 39 Maintaining Discipline The maintenance of group discipline and the development of self discipline are very important functions of the military leader 4 40 Building Team Spirit Team spirit is a state of mind in a group that ind
165. re a Method 1 From the edge of the area plot a fresh course at 90 from the line of march i e using the rear of the base of the compass and move a pace distance say 500 paces When the 500 pace mark has been reached swing back on the original heading or parallel line of march for sufficient distance to ensure bypassing Then swing back 90 in the direction of the original line of march for the desired distance e g 500 paces to get back to a point from which the march can be continued Remember to add the paces counted while travelling along the march bearing as part of the distance travelled BY PASS ROUTE 1600 MILS 500 PACES 1600 MILS LINE OF MARCH Trial version printed June 2013 133 b Method 2 Select an object to a flank Plot a new course to this object and from it plot another course to another object on the line of the march LINE OF MARCH Terrain Appreciation 3 15 t is essential that before setting off on a course detailed planning is carried out This will save unnecessary hardship and greatly reduce the changes of error The map should be studied in detail making note of the main features the direction of river flow and changes in vegetation In most instances the route taken is determined by the task and the tactical situation The following factors will have an influence upon the final decision 3 16 The grain of the country It is physically easier to follow the grain of the
166. re to other persons spray from the nose and mouth as in coughing sneezing wheezing laughing or talking e wash hands thoroughly after handling a patient or his belongings and f keep your body clean by frequent soap and water baths or showers 11 3 The Skin The skin is the largest organ of the body and is necessary to life Its primary function is to protect the tissue beneath and in spite of its thinness furnishes a surprising amount of protection against a blows and friction b the chemical action of certain chemicals bacteria and d other hazards which may be harmful to life 11 4 The skin also a regulates body temperature heating amp cooling the skin by altering blood flows b possesses sensory functions warning of touch pressure heat cold and pain C is a secretory and excretory organ eg sweat oil d is fairly waterproof few substances can be absorbed through the skin and e stores fat and can manufacture Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight 11 5 Where possible therefore all parts of the body should be washed daily paying particular attention to the parts where sweat collects eg armpits waist crotch and feet The hair should be kept short 11 6 Soap To help maintain the skin it is essential to remove accumulated fatty deposits dirt and cellular debris This is done by using soap and water T he soap must a wet both the dirt and the surface to lower surface tension b reduce the
167. read position coordinates must understand at least one of the coordinate grid systems Once the grid system is understood and its coordinate references can be identified on maps it is a simple matter to learn to use the tools and techniques to properly identify coordinates THE LAT LONG GRID Grid Systems 4 33 The two most common grid systems in use in Australia and are referenced on maps are the Latitude Longitude Lat Long grid and the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM grid 4 34 The Lat Long grid has been in use for centuries and most people have heard of the basic terms of latitude or longitude 4 35 The UTM grid is a metric grid system based on 60 grid zones around the globe and a set of values in meters from reference points of the grid There are some aspects to this grid that make it very simple and easy to use even though the basic terminology is foreign to most people 4 36 We will discuss the principles of how these two grids are set up and used to determine a set of coordinates for an exact location 4 37 Any grid consists of reference points units of measurement and some designation of direction to clearly identify a position 4 38 Aclassic example is the basic X Y graph as seen in Fig 1 below The horizontal line is the X axis and the vertical line is the Y axis The two axis are the reference points Direction is indicated by and on either side of the axis Therefore the Point A would be defined as 5 4 Tri
168. really need to do For others it is important to understand the coordinate grid systems and to be able to plot and read position coordinates on a map Being able to plot and read position coordinates enables the user to make the optimum use of this technology for more sophisticated applications 4 5 In Chapter one we will cover the fundamental concepts of what makes GPS work the basics of setting up the receiver taking a position fix and activating the GOTO navigation function to a given waypoint For some this may be all they need to know for the applications that they are interested in 4 6 The second Chapter will cover the concepts of the Latitude and Longitude Grid system and how to plot and read the coordinates of positions on a map 4 7 X Chapter three covers these same concepts using the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM metric grid system HOW GPS WORKS amp BASIC NAVIGATION Operating Principles 4 8 basis of the GPS technology is a set of 24 satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth These satellites are equipped with atomic clocks and send out radio signals as to the exact time and their location These radio signals from the satellites are picked up by the GPS receiver Once the GPS receiver locks on to four or more of these satellites it can triangulate its location from the known positions of the satellites This is a very simple explanation but unless you are a surveyor or engineer who needs to understand
169. rect f Evaluation through observation and feedback to determine efficiency of orders 5 31 Good orders are clear and precise The art of giving orders is one that all leaders should constantly practise to develop their own skill COMMUNICATION IN AN ORGANIZATION 5 32 Communication in the Army consists of a highly complex system of vertical and lateral official and unofficial formal and informal channels 5 33 Official communications are the life stream of any organization and generally follow the chain of command particularly in hierarchical organizations such as the Army However informal channels are also important because formal organizations are composed of individual people who establish their own informal system of communication thus we get the establishment of grapevines and subsequently the spread of rumors Informal communication is important as it gives the leader feedback as to the attitudes and interests of his men as well as the identity of the leaders of informal groups These emergent leaders can be used to further influence the opinion and attitudes of the group Rumors allow the leader to assess those areas where information may be deficient Rumors can be a problem to the leader as unlike the grapevine they are usually not based on fact and the leader should use the formal organization to prevent quash or answer any rumors 5 34 n the formal organization upward communication is very important It gives the subordina
170. responsible leader can be relied upon to carry out actively intelligently and with willing effort the intent of his commander 3 13 The leader who has a sense of responsibility will continually attempt to achieve the highest standards of performance and put the good of the Army ahead of his personal interests Initiative 3 14 Initiative is seeing what has to be done and doing it even in the absence of orders Soldiers unite quickly behind the commander who meets new and unexpected situations with prompt action 3 15 Closely allied with initiative is resourcefulness the ability to deal with a situation in the absence of normal means or methods Inactivity or passive acceptance of an unsatisfactory situation because of the lack of normal means of coping with it is never justified particularly in battle Integrity 3 16 Integrity the uprightness of character and soundness of moral principles the quality of absolute truthfulness and honesty is an indispensable trait in a leader 3 17 The stakes in the Army are too high to place the lives of its members in the hands of men with questionable integrity Unless a man is honest he cannot be relied upon There is no compromise and the Army cannot permit deviation from the highest standards of personal integrity from its leaders Judgment 3 18 Judgment is the quality of logically weighing facts and possible solutions and basing sound decisions upon these considerations Knowledge 3 19 Nothi
171. rinted June 2013 127 Conversion of Bearings Compass bearings taken on the ground must be converted to grid bearings for plotting on a map Conversely grid bearings taken from a map will have to be converted to magnetic bearings before they can be used with a compass on the ground You must add or subtract the amount of magnetic variation to get an accurate heading Variai 1 88 When the grid magnetic angle is to the east that is when magnetic north is east of grid north convert bearings as follows a To convert grid to magnetic subtract the magnetic variation b To convert magnetic to grid add the magnetic variation 1 89 simple way to remember these conversions is a Grid to Magnetic Subtract GMS or Grand Ma s Sister and b Magnetic to Grid Add or My Great Aunt 1 90 For example if variation is 8 East then 090G 082M 216M 224G Variation West 1 91 When the grid to magnetic angle is to the west that is magnetic north is to the west of grid north the opposite conversions are true Magnetic to Grid subtract the magnetic variation Grid to Magnetic add the magnetic variation Eg if variation is 8 West then 090 098M 216 208G 1 92 Remember the saying Variation East Magnetic Least Variation East Grid to Magnetic Subtract Variation West Magnetic Best Variation West Grid to Magnetic Add 1 93 When the variation is East convert Grid to M
172. rmat When the Minute is used 7 3 Minutes are used for correspondence within and between all parts of the Defence organisation Some examples of situations where you might use the minute format are a writing to your unit s OC to suggest a training activity b writing to your units GRES foster unit to organise a visit or C writing to another Army cadet unit to arrange a joint activity Format 7 4 An explanation of the format for a minute is set out at pages 9 and 10 of this module Notes the sample minute explain its various parts An example of a minute without the margin notes so you have a clearer idea of what a minute looks like appears at page 11 of this module 7 5 Aminute can either be typed or handwritten If you decide to hand write your minute make sure your writing is easy to read Style 7 6 Minutes can be written in either the first second or third person depending upon your preference You must try to write clearly and concisely Other points to remember are a The KISS principle keep it simple stupid Use short words in simple sentences Avoid using two words when one will do b Keep to the point and don t waffle Say what you have to say briefly C Think of your audience In other words who will be reading your minute Try to be neither too formal nor too casual 7 7 An example of a Minute is at annex A Trial version printed June 2013 16 EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE MINUTE Department o
173. rming Types of Groups 4 11 In our society there are many groups in existence such as the family group the school group the church group the sporting club the workers union and the political party to name a few 4 12 The family group is an important group and the individual always remains part of that group Other groups may be described as of lesser importance eg the school and church groups Some groups are voluntary there being no compulsion for individuals to join or indeed remain against their will the sports club normally falls into this category Still others are compulsory groupings individuals being required to join for various reasons and such groupings as workers unions and schools fall into this category 4 13 Within organizations individuals are members of numerous compartments of people or groups each group having a particular purpose justifying its existence and each satisfying various needs which individuals have 4 14 Generally groups can be classified as follows a formal and b informal Formal Groups 4 15 Formal groups are those which are authorized by an organisation and which are formed as part of policy requirements These groups in totality within an organization comprise what is known as the organizational structure Groups are normally structured in a hierarchical fashion with individuals being appointed to head the various subgroups within the organization Appointment to these positions of leade
174. rmulates an idea The idea can be inaccurate even at this stage The process of communicating with others must first be preceded by logical thought processes 5 6 After selecting the information the sender estimates the receiver s knowledge of the subject If the sender fails to estimate this knowledge correctly then further breakdown in the process will occur 5 7 Selection of the most appropriate means of transmission is very important in the communication process Involved in this selection is the use of appropriate symbols such as words and gestures which can trigger different interpretations of the message s meaning The words used are particularly important in communication The meaning of words varies from individual to individual thus semantics plays an important part in the process and can act as a block 5 8 commonly forgotten fact is that words convey emotions thus words such as black peace and pig have different emotional effects on different people depending upon their environment and or past experience 5 9 The sender next organizes his message For example he can organize a message in chronological order into categories or he can give important information first It is important to remember that the first and last portions of a long communication are remembered better than information in the middle of a message 5 10 The message is now transmitted to the receiver using the most appropriate means or channel available The sen
175. rship is normally done after a selection process and in some organizations such as the Army after a process of training has been completed The basis for appointment as head of a group is the competence of the individual to fulfil the functions required to complete the job 4 16 Although it is desirable that the individual appointed to head the group be accepted by the group as its leader this acceptance is the prerogative of the group and has to be earned by the appointed head Initially therefore the leadership of formal groups may be described as imposed leadership Informal Groups 4 17 Informal groups form within and outside formal groups Informal groups which emerge within formal groups do so to meet various needs of the individuals who comprise the formal group These needs are normally socially oriented although they may be task orientated if the appointed leader is unable to perform the functions necessary for the accomplishment of the mission 4 18 The five soldiers who form a car club to get to their place of work and the group which goes to the canteen for lunch every day are two examples of informal groups Although informal groups may be technically leaderless there is normally one member of the group who is more influential than the others and it is he who finally determines what the group should do Informal groups also form on the Trial version printed June 2013 84 job within the formal group and can normally be ide
176. rtheless very real The leader can do much to encourage a sense of loyalty belonging and humour in the group This gives a reserve of strength to the group in difficult times f Mutual Confidence In any team it is important that the individual members have confidence in each other s ability In the Army where a man s life often depends on the actions of his comrades such confidence is essential It must exist at all levels and between all ranks g Dependants Well Being Personal and domestic problems particularly when men are separated from their families can grow to disproportionate size and ruin morale and Trial version printed June 2013 99 efficiency The leader must be aware of the ways his men can be assisted and he must act promptly and with sincerity h Spiritual Beliefs The leader is under an obligation to his subordinates to see that their spiritual needs are met He must ensure that his men are able to practise their particular beliefs and are not subject to prejudice or derision The leader s personal feelings are not particularly important it is his duty as a leader to encourage and support anything within reason which enables his men to perform their task with maximum efficiency Comfort and Welfare Material comforts are important and desirable when the situation permits but they themselves mean very little and must not take the place of other factors Men will work long hours under bad conditions withou
177. s equipment materials Safety precautions 2 Revision 3 Approach Reason for learning Statement of objective BODY 4 Teaching Stages Open Present Practice Confirm Close Link 5 Practice Stages Talk through practice Abbreviated talk through practice Controlled Practice CONCLUSION 6 Clear up doubtful points 7 Test of objective provide feedback 8 Summary 9 Statement of Relevance 10 Safety Precautions if applicable 11 Preview of next instruction follow up lesson next period of instruction time location instructor dress or activity 12 Dismissal Trial version printed June 2013 53 Chapter 3 THE DATA ROJECTOR 3 4 Computer driven training aids such as PowerPoint are now having a big impact on the delivery of training However given the cost of the hardware needed to run such programs most cadet units will continue to rely on the data projector 3 2 The data projector is a machine designed to project information from plastic sheets onto a screen wall etc behind the instructor who faces the class 3 3 The data projector is a popular training aid for several reasons a Readily available most cadet units have access to at least one data projector b Class control the instructor does not have to turn away from the class when speaking as happens with a chalkboard etc Legibility the data projector be used in daylight because of the powerful light Source it uses You don t need specia
178. s approach to the study of leadership is known as the situational approach Although a valid theory the implications of changing leadership to conform with fluctuations in the situation negate its application to the military environment Functional Approach Trial version printed June 2013 78 2 8 The qualities approach to leadership training evolved from studies which were aimed at determining what kind of man makes a good leader The functional approach to leadership training concentrates on what a leader must do in order to be effective in that role To understand this approach to leadership it is necessary to look first of all at the theory of group needs 2 9 Extensive study of group behaviour indicates that within any group that has come together to achieve some common goal certain needs will arise The type and extent of these needs vary extensively from situation to situation and even from group to group within the same situation but they may be grouped into three broad areas of need a needs relating to the task itself definition of the task the need for a clearly understood plan etc b the need to maintain the group as a cohesive working unit and the basic human needs of the individual members of the group 2 10 These three areas of need are very closely interrelated they cannot be segregated into water tight compartments because each exerts an influence or will have some effect upon the other Thus the th
179. s hurriedly struck It consisted of seven triangular points above AUSTRALIA and the crown on a form of wreath base 5 14 The design was amended for later contingents with six intermediate points between the larger ones The metal around AUSTRALIA was pierced probably to sew a piece of coloured cloth beneath Still later that year another variation was struck with COMMONWEALTH HORSE forming the badge s base it was worn by Australian troops who went to London for the coronation of King Edward VII 5 15 Itis possible that the badge designers were symbolically including the six pointed Commonwealth Star which is the major part of the crest of Australia The origin of the rising sun title given to the badge is connected neither with the sun nor heraldry nor history but with a brand of jam Until about 1906 the only building near Victoria Barracks Melbourne was Hoadley s jam factory which produced a widely advertised Rising Sun brand Large quantities of this jam was shipped to the Australians in South Africa and the jam s trademark was striking In Melbourne returning soldiers were sometimes called Hoadley s Horse 5 16 In 1903 the badge makers J R Gaunt and Sons of Birmingham designed a badge whose basis did not change until the 1970 s The inscription on the scroll was AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH MILITARY FORCES until 1949 when it became AUSTRALIAN MILITARY FORCES PUGGAREE Trial version printed June 2013 12 5 1
180. s important that he make an honest self evaluation which will allow him to exploit his strong qualities and minimize his weak ones DESIRABLE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES 3 3 Most of the qualities which are commonly listed as leadership qualities are desirable in any individual and particularly in soldiers If an NCO is to lead individuals who possess these qualities sometimes to a marked degree it is clear that he must have the same qualities developed to a high degree himself It is highly doubtful that the mere possession of these qualities is sufficient to make a leader successful Yet at the same time there appears little doubt that the absence of these qualities will hinder a person from becoming a successful military leader These qualities are those which would be desired of any good soldier regardless of rank they are an essential part of the soldier s role 3 4 The qualities listed below although not all inclusive represent those that are most desirable and provide a good guide for the personality development of the military leader LEADERSHIP QUALITIES MOTIVATION INTEGRITY COURAGE PHYSICAL JUDGEMENT MORAL KNOWLEDGEMENT DECISIVENESS LOYALITY RESPONSIBILITY SELFLESSNESS INITIATIVE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE Motivation 3 5 Motivation is that quality which gives a member or a group the desire and determination to be successful in all of the tasks which are attempted 3 6 Motivation is a very personal and individual matter t
181. s will place a high value on performance and will take pride 4 70 The free rein style is unsuited to the Army It implies that the leader leaves the decision making to his followers even to the extent that he may not set performance goals for the group In general performance goals are not met whilst recreational goals are Principles of leadership 4 74 Thenine principles of leadership are a 5 appreciate your own strengths and weaknesses and pursue self improvement seek and accept responsibility lead by example make sure that the task is understood supervised and accomplished know your men and look after their welfare develop the leadership potential of your men make sound and timely decisions train your men as a team and employ them up to their capabilities and keep your men informed of the mission the changing situation and the overall picture Trial version printed June 2013 91 Chapter 5 COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION 5 1 Communication is essential in influencing human behaviour Unless a leader can effectively convey information intention and emotion to those he leads he will not be an effective leader Furthermore the leader must be able to establish maintain and respond to communication from others feedback 5 2 Communication is a continuing process and takes many forms whether we read a newspaper listen to the radio watch a film or TV wink at a pretty girl kick
182. son The Effective Leader Pitman 1970 Trial version printed June 2013 82 Analysing the Working Situation 4 5 To determine what function is required of him and how he should go about performing it the leader must analyse his working situation In the case of a simple uncomplicated situation the needs existing in the group may be few and readily identifiable In more complex working situations the real needs may not be so obvious and a logical systematic analysis may be necessary to identify them 4 6 illustrate the basic elements that exist in any leadership situation let us examine in some detail just one of a leader s functions that of decision making by asking the question What factors will determine the extent of group participation in the decision making process The answer to the question may be summarized as follows a the leaders knowledge and experience b the leaders sense of security The leader C the leaders personality d the size of the group e the skills knowledge and experience of the group The group f The attitude of the group to the task g the attitude of the members of the group to each other The situation ie the task h the complexity of the task andthe environment i the level of risk or consequence in which it must j the amount of time available and be achieved the physical ability to communicate within the group 4 7 Thus the leader in carrying ou
183. sserting itself Self Discipline 6 10 The basis of all order is self discipline All men have inbuilt sets of standards governing their behaviour These vary from individual to individual and depend on a number of factors such as early home life influence of parents teachers and other authorities Thus most individuals learn to accept authority in its various guises from their earliest years As the individual develops he learns to discipline himself rather than be disciplined 6 11 In any group there may be a resistive minority In the attempt to positively motivate them towards acceptable attitudes and behaviour it may be necessary to resort to a system of punishment This means that although individuals have the power to disobey they must accept the consequences of their actions The penalties along with a person s natural conscience will generally prove sufficient to achieve obedience 6 12 It is well known that the restraints of conscience vary with the individual but even the most resistant individual who decides upon illegal action must feel the gnawing of his own conscience at the moment of decision Obedience and Habit 6 13 Trained obedience requires both mental and physical effort The necessary mental alertness must be cultivated so that the meaning of an order can be grasped and the requisite mental and physical reaction obtained to ensure that the order is carried out quickly 6 14 By making these conditions habitual the bas
184. st staff so be available to coach them in areas where help is needed Give suggest ions that will further improve performance Be around to provide feedback g Design work groups Build interdependence among staff members so that the group can apply its own code of performance In most situations staff will pull together a little harder when they are working closely with a small group of workmates h Reprimand on the run if necessary Let staff know where they stand and if their performance demands a reprimand do it However don t dwell on this negative behavior Tell them that you value their input and want to work with them to help achieve full potential Trial version printed June 2013 101 i Encourage flexibility Instil in staff that when an approach they are using is not working they should do anything other than continue this approach Flexible staff will try other approaches until they succeed j Recognize top performance When individuals and groups achieve new heights recognize this in some way You will find that if the form of recognition is valued by the staff they will be eager to volunteer their success stories to you in the future This in turn will make your supervisory task easier Trial version printed June 2013 102 MODULE FIVE SAFETY IN TRAINING CONTENTS Chapter What is safety awareness 1 Principles of safety awareness 1 Hazards in training 1 Trial version printed June 2013 103
185. stern Region Cadet Corp RSM and by IOC s with the rank of WO1 SCARLET SASH 5 7 Originated in the British Army in the mid 1600 s At that time the sash was worn around the waist of senior NCOs as a badge of rank Some suggest that the sash was used to carry the dead and wounded from the battlefield hence it s scarlet colour In the ARA and GRES Sergeants Staff Sergeants and Warrant Officers Class 2 in the Corps of Infantry wear a worsted ie woven woollen cloth scarlet sash on ceremonial occasions and when acting as duty NCO The sash is worn diagonally on the right shoulder with the tassels hanging from the left side DUKE OF EDINBURGH S BANNER 5 8 Banner was presented to the ACC on 2 May 1970 by our Colonel in Chief His Royal Highness Prince Phillip The Duke of Edinburgh The Banner is made of crimson silk embroidered with gold thread On the obverse side ie the side of the Banner you would see when the pike pole is on your left the Banner has the personal cipher ie emblem of the Duke of Edinburgh in the top left hand corner In the top right corner is the date 1970 the year of presentation and in the centre is the capitals insignia 5 9 On the reverse side of the Banner is the Australian Coat of Arms The Banner is always carried by a CUO with an armed guard and is always saluted by members of the ACC When carried Trial version printed June 2013 11 on parade the Banner takes precedence after the Sovereign s
186. t A gradient of 1 in 10 written as 1 10 means that in a distance of 10 units horizontally the ground rises or falls 1 unit 1 71 Gradients may be measured on a map by comparing the vertical distance VD to the horizontal distance HD for a particular slope VD is the difference between the highest and lowest elevations of the slope and is determined from the contour lines HD is measured between these highest and lowest elevations Both the vertical and horizontal distance must be expressed in the same units For example if the vertical distance is 40m and the horizontal distance is 240m the average gradient of the slope is 40 240 or 6 expressed as a gradient 1 6 11 8 1 2 13 1 10 1 20 4 1 40 A SAND HILL STEEP ROAD LIMIT OF CYCLING ASTEEP Q RAILWAY The Degree System 1 72 Inthe degree system the circle is divided into 360 degrees with 360 degrees being the north point The four quadrants of the circle are each 90 degrees and therefore the east south and west points are at 90 180 and 270 degrees respectively Trial version printed June 2013 125 1 73 Each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds Degrees are marked thus O minutes 5 and seconds When map reading the subdivisions of a degree are too small for practical use and measurements to the nearest degree or half of a degree are generally sufficient 1 74 For example
187. t MAIGEN LTCOT NT AIR FORCE Ba aE EE Air Chief Air Air Air Group Wing Squadron Tlight Flying Pilot Marshal Marshal Vice Marshal Commodore Captain Commander eader Lientenan Officer Officer ACM ATRMSHI AIRCDRE GPCAPT WGCDR SQNT DR FITIT FLGOFF PLTOFF Warrant Officer Chief Petty Petis d Leading Able Seaman of the Navy Officer Seaman Seaman SMN A 0 LS AB 7 7 Insignia Regimental Warrant bi M Staff Sergeant Corporal or Lance Corporal or Private Sergeant Major Officer Officer Sergeant SCT Bombardier Lance Bombardier PTF of the Army Eo Chs 2 SSCL CPL BDK LCPL LBDR AIR FORCE Warrant Officer Warrant flight Serpant Corporal Leading Alrerafrman of the Air Force Officer Sergeant SCT CPL Aircraftman Aireraftwoman AF WOFF FSGT Alrsatraman Produced by Department of Defence Public Affairs and Corporate Communication PI35 8653 0303 Trial version printed June 2013 15 Chapter 7 HOW TO WRITE A MINUTE Introduction 7 1 Defence writing aims to transmit information effectively and efficiently As with most things in the Army set formats and procedures apply to all correspondence sent within the Defence Forces 7 2 This chapter will explain the format for the Minute which is the most common type of correspondence you will use During the course you will be required to write a minute so you should make sure that you understand the fo
188. t and know how to perform the skills required This step involves gathering materials and information that will give the instructor the expertise to conduct the instruction Where physical skills are involved most of the necessary information is contained in the relevant Manual of Land Warfare MLW pamphlets MLW pams dealing with weapons and equipment contain training chapters which will help you with this step The instructor must become experienced in handling the weapons or equipment that will be the subject of the lesson It is no good fumbling when you are trying to teach someone else Practice and seeking help from experienced instructors before the lesson is the key 1 6 Step 3 Design the test Every period of instruction must have a test of objective to confirm that the students have understood the lesson The test is the focus for the planning of instruction and is based on the information in the IO The steps in preparing tests of objective are shown in Annexes A to C Chapter 10 of the Instructors Handbook 1 7 Step 4 Prepare the body The body contains the teaching and practice stages of the lesson The lesson content must be aimed at helping students achieve the performance specified in the IO The five steps in preparing the body are Trial version printed June 2013 50 Derive teaching points teaching points are the knowledge and skills required by students to achieve the task specified by the IO For example the followin
189. t his leadership appreciation must consider the three basic factors or elements of his working situation a the leader b the group and c the situation THE LEADER 4 8 The skills ability and personality of the leader will in themselves have an effect on what the leader has to do and how he goes about it For this reason it is potentially dangerous for the inexperienced leader after having observed some other leader successfully perform some function to attempt to do precisely the same thing when faced with a similar situation It may not have the same effect For example the use of humour is a good way of relieving tension in a group Some people are able to amuse others quite easily others because of their personality can do or say precisely the same thing but achieve nothing more than to look slightly ridiculous The latter type as a leader may have to take some other step to relieve tension in his group such as diverting their attention to some other useful activity 4 9 characteristics of the leader which may either give rise to needs within the group or more particularly influence the way he may go about performing his functions are a Knowledge and general experience b Technical skill or experience in the specific task at that time C Status or security in his position as leader Is he well established accepted by the group and secure or is he newly arrived and having difficulty in establishing credibility d
190. t their morale being adversely affected provided that they know why the hardship is necessary and they are satisfied that their leaders have a sincere interest in their welfare 7 7 state of a man s morale at any time depends upon and is measurable by his attitude to a the Army b himself C his companions and d hisleader ESPRIT DE CORPS 7 8 X Esprit de corps is best described as a sense of pride in belonging to a unit It is built on the foundation of morale and discipline and is more than just group solidarity It also includes a strong identification with the formal organisation the pride loyalty and enthusiasm that members show for their unit 7 9 As explained a man will identify himself with a group when it satisfies his needs The informal group provides many satisfactions of social needs and it is easy for a soldier to identify with the informal group when it accepts him 7 10 Similarly the formal organization can provide many satisfactions both to the individual and the group When this occurs both the individual and the group will identify strongly with the formal organization The result is esprit de corps If on the other hand the formal organization fails to provide the required satisfactions the individual will retreat to the security of his informal group and esprit de corps will be non existent 7 11 build identification with the formal organization the leader can contribute in the followin
191. t to do if you feel you have been harassed Contact your units Harassment and Discrimination officer or if you don t feel comfortable doing this ask a friend or your parents to do it for you Your complaint will then be investigated confidentially and the appropriate action will be taken CONCLUSION 1 8 No member of the ACC should ever be harassed discriminated against or subjected to unacceptable behaviour This kind of treatment is wrong It may also be a criminal or civil offence It can have a devastating effect on the individual cadet or group of cadets affected by it and of course on the unit as a whole 1 9 As a person aspiring to hold rank within the ACC you must do your part to help make sure that this sort of behaviour is stamped out Trial version printed June 2013 7 Chapter 2 DUTIES OF THE SECTION COMMANDER CORPORAL 2 1 The Section Commander Corporal commands a section of up to 10 Cadets The duties of the Section Commander include the following a b Direct requests or suggestions to the Platoon Commander Be loyal to superiors and to the section It is extremely important that the Section Commander does not voice any dissatisfaction in front of the section but rather discuss the matter with the Platoon Commander Make sure that when receiving orders he she fully understands the orders and their scope When issuing or passing on any order it is also important that the section fully understands what is
192. t wrong and get wet Avoid ants nests rocky ground zania palms and blackboys ticks Dig hip and shoulder holes to make sleeping on the ground more comfortable Look up for dead fall Dead overhead twigs or branches which may fall in high winds Even a small piece of wood falling from a height can do real damage Check that drainage has been considered 9 Are drainage ditches shallow trenches needed around the hootchie h ensure sides of the hootchie are taut to ensure good water run off i Use quick release knots ie slip knots Shelter construction 3 4 There are three basic types a Lean To b Inverted V and Double Inverted V Lean To 3 5 The Lean To is ideal for hot climates as it provides a greater area for shade and breeze The drawback lies when heavy rain and wind combine as the rain can be easily swept into the sleeping area UL lr Trial version printed June 2013 Alternate lean too configurations Inverted V 3 6 The Inverted V is far sturdier in a variety of climatic conditions being erected closer to the ground to counter the effects of wind and rain It does not however allow the maximum cooling effect of any breeze or the erection of a mosquito net ml vam NY Double Inverted V a 3 7 The Double V is useful for two people It is constructed by simply joining long sides of two hootchies together using the male and female stu
193. tance to the object The average of these is taken as the range For example if the furthest estimated distance is 1000m and the nearest distance is 600m then the range is therefore 800m 8 8 Halving The halving method is useful for judging distance up to 1000m The observer estimates the distance to a point half way and in a direct line to the object he then doubles it The main disadvantage of this method is that any error made in judging the distance to the halfway point is doubled for the full distance 8 9 Key Ranges When the range to any point within the arc of observation is known the distance to another object can be estimated from it This method is successful provided that the object is reasonably near to the key range object 8 10 Unit Average Provided that there is sufficient time available the observer should get several cadets to estimate the distance to the object He should then take the average of their answers If all the cadets are practiced in the skills of judging distance this method can be particularly accurate 8 11 Binoculars Binoculars can be used to estimate distance particularly at long range Using the sub tension rule that one mil subtends 1m at 1000m the graticules of the lens of the binoculars can be used provided the height of an object is known If an object is known to be 4m high and it is exactly covered by the smallest graticule it will be about 1000m away If the object is 8m high then it will be 2000m awa
194. tasks will be difficult to achieve The leader must recognize that when frustration occurs new individual and group needs are created With some thought it is possible to re motivate before the group relations deteriorate too much 1 55 If frustration persists an outlet should be considered by the leader so that his group can let off steam in a harmless way Sport or other competitive physical activity is an ideal way of reducing frustration amongst soldiers 1 56 Frustration can arise through criticism which is careless and destructive In handling soldiers or any group of men a leader must respect their individuality and their needs for recognition and self respect As well as criticism then which should be fair and constructive both individuals and the group should be praised when this is deserved and treated with sincerity and courtesy This will result in individuals being satisfied and the group being more desirous of staying together Trial version printed June 2013 77 Chapter 2 APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP INTRODUCTION 2 1 Students of leadership and institutions or organizations interested in developing the leadership capacity of their executives have traditionally analysed proven leaders such as Hannibal Alexander Wellington Churchill and Slim in an attempt to achieve an understanding of the nature of leadership From these studies have evolved different approaches to leadership and these approaches provide a
195. te opportunity to contribute ideas and participate in the group s activities and produces a feeling of mutual trust and confidence Effective leaders have an open door policy to stimulate upward communication This policy is productive provided the leader realizes the psychological and social barriers that may exist between his subordinates and himself The leader can overcome this forbidding atmosphere if he supplements his formal open door policy with frequent informal visits and talks to his subordinates in surroundings familiar to the latter A leader must act promptly upon or answer any ideas or complaints he receives If he does not respond then his subordinates will cease their upward communication Trial version printed June 2013 95 Chapter 6 DISCIPLINE INTRODUCTION 6 1 In combat a man must obey orders immediately although the result may lead to his injury or death 6 2 This unquestioning obedience has its roots in Service discipline which is not synonymous with enforced control and corrective punishment but rather is based upon good training self discipline high morale and the recognition of just treatment 6 3 The existence of discipline ensures a readiness to obey willingly and to take appropriate and intelligent action Since all military training is aimed in the final analysis at success in battle the need for discipline is obvious FACTORS UPON WHICH DISCIPLINE IS BASED Discipline Training Imposed Discipline
196. the following aspects of verbal communication a Volume The most important part of the voice is the ability to adjust the volume to suit the requirements of the surroundings and the audience Linked to volume is the emphasis you place on certain words or phrases Volume and emphasis aid you in sounding interested in the information you are presenting Pitch Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of your voice eg Tone the higher the pitch the more excited a presenter may appear Rate or pace Rate is the speed at which you talk If you vary the pace of a presentation you can influence the audience s interest in what you are saying Pause Pausing is just as necessary as speaking during a presentation Appropriate pauses allow the absorption of information and keep the audience interested with the most routine of subject matter Bearing Bearing refers to the manner in which you carry yourself How you stand sit walk and the impression you create It includes posture AVOID DISTRACTIONS 4 44 When you are rehearsing your presentation you need to consider the possible distractions which your audience may face Even though many distractions are outside your control the following list may assist you in preparing the best presentation environment a b So mp Dress well Dirty shoes or sloppy uniforms can be a distraction Looking smart means you are professional about your work Do not stand in front of a windo
197. the historical traditions and performance of famous service units Although individual members are continually changing the performance and esprit de corps of these units can remain remarkably unchanged over long periods Such a unit or group has become more than just a well trained collection of individuals The Individual Member 1 43 Each member of a group retains his individuality and this is an important fact to remember If he enjoys good relationships plays a useful role and has a sense of identity with the group he will probably fulfil his needs for status security and personal satisfaction 1 44 n return for the satisfaction of these needs he must act in accordance with the standards of the group and do his part in achieving the group s goals Thus the individual must in some ways subordinate his own interests to those of the group as a whole Again this does not mean that he loses his individuality What it does imply is a willingness to place a worthwhile group goal before personal interests when the occasion demands 1 45 A group does not have a mind of its own It needs the individual attributes and talents of each member to be fully effective HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS 1 46 The effective leader knows how to start his group working and how to maintain it This involves skill in handling the human relationships within the group and comes from an understanding of motivation and reaction to frustration Motivation 1 47 Motivati
198. the incident involving members of Admin Coy last night have discussed Recommendations if appropriate Practical Applicable Quest ions Decision Sir now require your decision if appropriate STEP 6 4 25 Assemble the Material Whilst assembling your material carefully select your references do not try to cover too much information take into account the audience and how much you are capable of delivering considering other constraints 4 26 Once you have gathered the information you must sort through it to determine its usefulness It is important to remember that you follow a standard plan when doing this The following stages could be helpful when sorting information Skimming requires you to concentrate on finding the most important parts of the material without having to read every word When you skim you read and glance attempting to obtain the basic meaning and organisational structure of the material without having to read every word Scanning is a valuable method for locating reference material or a relevant section in a textbook When scanning you look further into the text located in the particular section of the book or reference material that you are interested in At this stage you may not be reading every word rather you would be looking at paragraph headings or topic sentences Deeper Reading This type of reading requires careful checking of most of the material so the rate of reading is substant
199. the use of gestures facial expressions and body movements can help you get your message across However try to avoid mannerisms that distract the class clicking a pen saying OK after every sentence or tapping the side of the lectern If you don t avoid these mannerisms students will lose interest in the lesson and start to keep score One instructor counted said 63 OK s in a 40 minute period 4 47 Try to remember the following points about non verbal communication a Body movement try to avoid becoming a robot when you are instructing Move about in front of the class in a natural and relaxed manner or at least try to look as if you relaxed Although it is probably better to remain still when you are presenting new or complicated information it is quite OK to move naturally about in front of the class at other times Eye contact when you are instructing it is important to look at the class and maintain eye contact with them Don t just stand out the front and read from your notes Maintaining eye contact will tell you if you are going too fast or too slow and whether you are being understood You can keep an eye out for blank stares and also make sure that the class is still awake One way of maintaining eye contact in a natural way without staring at people is to divide the class up into thirds in your mind s eye Spend some time glancing at students in the front third then look at those in the middle third and f
200. their problems Platoon Sergeants should ensure that section commanders keep them advised about problems encountered by platoon members and ensure that these problems are rectified or passed on to the Platoon Commander 3 3 The duties of the Platoon Sergeant include a Supervising and conducting platoon drill b Checking the dress bearing drill and behaviour of Platoon members Ensuring section commanders advising him her of cadet s problems and make sure these are solved or passed on to the Platoon Commander d Checking lists of stores required by section commanders submitting consolidated lists to the Company Quarter Master Sergeant CQMS e Receiving stores from the and ensuring that stores are fairly distributed amongst sections f Calling and marking the platoon roll book submitting the roll to the Company Sergeant Major CSM advising of any absentees g Supervising instruction conducted by section commanders as directed by Platoon Commander Acting as resource person for section commanders h On bivouacs he she is responsible for signposting eg foul ground etc and providing platoon guides as required and i Generally assisting the Platoon Commander Trial version printed June 2013 9 Chapter 4 STATUS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS amp INSTRUCTORS OF CADETS Status 4 1 Being appointed as an Officer Of Cadets OOC or an Instructor Of Cadets IOC does not make you part of the A
201. they hold and d exercising a duty of care to all cadets staff and others under their supervision 4 6 When in temporary command of a unit an may not issue or alter any Standing Orders without the approval of the permanent CO OC or superior authority Trial version printed June 2013 10 Chapter 5 Explain the History of Military Uniforms and Embellishment 5 1 Army Dress Manual states that Australian traditions should be fostered and long existing customs should not be lightly discarded para 202 f The customs and traditions of an organisation provide a link with past generations This continuity leads to a feeling of belonging amongst group members The things that distinguish the ACC from other organisations is it s customs and traditions and for this reason these customs and traditions are nurtured and handed down 5 2 Itis important that you have some understanding of the customs of the ACC to enable you to pass on this knowledge to new members of your unit If you would like to find out more check out your local library for books on Military history uniforms etc SAM BROWNE BELT 5 3 Invented by General Sir Samuel James Browne VC While serving with the 46 Punjabis in India on 31 August 1858 the then Lieutenant Colonel Browne single handedly silenced a field gun In doing so however he sustained serious injuries and as a result his left arm was amputated at the shoulder He won his VC for this action
202. tical line to the right and the 2 30 mark is on the other line we will be able to read any value in between 4 69 We have to adjust the scale up and down until both ends are aligned properly and such that we have the desired position next to the scale so we can read its position from the right reference line 4 70 n this example we read on the scale 1 15 If we add that to the reference line value to the right we get the following 112 17 30 1 15 112 1845 4 71 Thatis all there is to reading the coordinates of a position from the map So the final set of coordinate in our example is 112 18 45 West Longitude 34 10 50 North Latitude Using the Coordinates with your GPS receiver 112 zrso zm iso 112 um 34 17 4 72 Once you have determined a set of coordinates for a location or waypoint on the map you can input them into your GPS receiver so that you can navigate to that location io aso 4 73 n using your GPS to navigate to a position obtained from a map you need to be careful about several concerns 4 74 The main concern is that you review the 1 v set up of you GPS receiver and make sure that the Map Datum that is referenced on the map that you took the coordinates from is the same map datum selected in set up on your receiver Differences from one datum to another can create ters 29 an error as much as a mile difference uium 2 4 75 other concern is that you
203. tructure his capacity to learn and some basic features of his emotional make up Because he is born with these features they set certain limits beyond which experience and training will produce no further change 1 5 Within those limits however individual characteristics do develop and they develop differently depending on the situation or environment at the time When a man joins the Army he enters a new environment and the way he adapts to this and the way he is able to satisfy the needs which arise from his life in that environment will determine how able he is as an individual and as a soldier NEEDS 1 6 Behaviour may be described as a person s continuing attempt to satisfy needs whether these are needs existing within himself or arising from the environment in which he lives Although all individuals have similar needs the urgency with which each particular need has to be satisfied differs greatly from person to person and from situation to situation 1 7 Needs can be broadly classified into two kinds basic or inherited needs such as the needs for food drink sleep and protection from danger and a second or higher level of needs termed social fee oa needs Though a person is born with basic needs in the process of Responsible satisfying these in society he develops social or higher level needs which include the desire for approval self respect and recognition 1 8 Itis generally accepted that basic needs are more urgently f
204. two Clearly in order that the group should fulfil its task and be held together as a working team certain functions must be performed to provide for the needs of the group The individual who begins to perform these functions emerges as the group leader Conversely if the appointed leader of a group is to be accepted and effective in that role he must be able to identify and then provide for the needs of the group This theory forms the basis of the functional approach to leadership training 2 15 Function in this context is defined as any behaviour word or physical act which meets or provides for one or more of the group s needs or areas of leadership responsibility as they may also be called Trial version printed June 2013 79 Chapter 3 LEADERSHIP QUALITIES INTRODUCTION 3 1 Those personal characteristics which are desirable in a leader can be described as leadership qualities If demonstrated in daily activities these distinguishing personality traits help the leader to earn the respect confidence willing obedience and loyal cooperation of his men Demonstrated traits also help the commander to select and assess his subordinate leaders 3 2 leadership qualities demonstrated by a leader directly affect the behaviour of his men and their willingness to accomplish a task thus leadership traits have some relevance to functional leadership Further it is essential that a leader know himself To know himself fully it i
205. u I want eg PTE Brown will you clean your shoes soon C Implied This order leaves a lot of the initiative for an action up to the recipient This type of order is not often used eg PTE Brown your shoes need cleaning d Call for volunteers This type of order is most ineffective eg Who will clean these shoes 5 27 Orders may be either written or verbal or a combination of both Written orders should conform to the requirements of good Service writing and should be clear concise correct and coherent Written orders are issued a for permanence b when communicating to other locations where complex detailed orders are involved and d where strict adherence is necessary 5 28 Verbal orders have the advantage of allowing the leader to impress his personality on the recipient Orders wherever possible should be given by the leader personally 5 29 A combination of written and verbal orders allows the leader to impress his personality and at the same time achieve the advantages of written orders 5 30 following order giving procedure should be followed a Planning ask what when where why how and who b Preparation orders should be complete and not ambiguous Delivery clear concise correct and coherent d Confirmation to ensure recipient fully understands the order e Follow up whilst order is being carried out to ensure actions are cor
206. uires planning thought and imaginative use of materials at hand This applies to camouflage of clothing also In the absence of issued camouflage uniforms the cadet can make his own camouflage suit adapting its colour and pattern to the terrain in which it is to be worn Remember that the use of camouflage clothing and equipment is only the basis for good concealment 6 5 Boots shiny boots look good on the parade ground but are out of place on a soldier in the field Polish or dubbing should be applied to preserve the waterproofing of boots but they should not be shined Bush hat 6 6 The floppy cloth bush hat has a distinctive shaped crown which can be broken up by the use of garnishing or a small amount of vegetation Webbing Equipment 6 7 The solid green colour of the webbing equipment can be modified by irregular painting using colours such as brown black ochre grey and light green The shape of webbing equipment such as packs pouches and water bottles can be broken up by using hessian garnishing amp foliage Shiny Objects 6 8 All shiny objects must be concealed This includes such items as watches belt buckles and messing items Trial version printed June 2013 36 Chapter 7 EXPLAIN METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND DETECTION BY DAY Scanning and Searching 7 1 To find an object hidden by those skilled in camouflage and concealment you must learn how to observe by scanning and searching You must also know how to
207. uld be selected to maintain your model kit and its contents in a serviceable manner Trial version printed June 2013 28 Chapter 2 Demonstrate selection and preparation of a Sleeping Area First Things First Site Selection 2 1 When you become a CUO one of your jobs will be or at least should be to select and site campsites for your platoon Section The first thing you have to do is to select your campsite Keep three points in mind a Don t rush the selection process a better site may suggest itself if you take time b Selecting a site is important you may have to occupy the site for several days and Consider health and welfare aspects carefully 2 2 Factors to Consider are a Terrain including 1 security considerations 2 Platoon Section assembly areas 3 Latrines 4 Safe cooking b Vegetation Environmental minimal destruction including 1 irritants thorny vegetation 2 Ticks avoid blackboys zania palms C Slope including 1 Gentle slope higher elevation better 2 Determines location of facilities d Prevailing Winds i e Shelter from the weather e Shade Important in summer f Drainage Soil loam preferred to gravel or sand g Size of site including 1 Enough room for Platoon HQ 2 Enough Room for the sections 3 Site must be large enough to allow expansion h Siting of facilities eg rubbish water points latrines not too close etc Access including
208. ure to be built up It may occur over a long time or may require the employment of a number of techniques before the full situation is revealed Trial version printed June 2013 34 Chapter 5 EXPLAIN WHY THINGS ARE SEEM 5 1 Valuable information will continue to be gained by the individual cadet who uses the skills of field craft in conjunction with his sense of sight hearing smell and touch Every cadet must therefore be trained to use his natural senses Why Things are Seen 5 2 The use of sight is the primary means by which man gathers and assimilates information An understanding of why things are seen will help the cadet to conceal himself and his equipment It will also assist the cadet in searching for and detecting others It is therefore important that the cadet be taught how best to use his sight to his advantage 5 3 The following factors will make an object easier to see a Shape military equipment and the human body are familiar outlines to all cadets They can be recognised instantly particularly when they are in contrast with their surroundings Distinctive Shapes which are easily detected unless concealed are head dress basic webbing equipment and boots Shadow there are different types of shadows Shadows are seen as follows Cast Shadow in sunlight moonlight an object casts a shadow which may give away its presence An object which is concealed in other shadows is harder to detect and does not cast a sh
209. ures how these 60 zones look like around the globe These zones are simply numbered 1 through 60 starting just east of the International Date Line and continuing easterly all the way around the globe The zones are defined by meridians of longitude that are 6E apart 4 96 They don t go all the way to the poles but only to around 84E North Latitude and 80E South latitude The Poles are covered by a separate grid 4 97 Figure 13 shows how several of these zones would appear if they were flattened out Notice that the lines of the grid do not all run parallel to the bordering meridians They are only parallel to the meridian in the center of the grid which is called the Central Meridian 4 98 This Central Meridian is the vertical axis or reference line for each zone The horizontal reference line for each zone is the equator see Figure 14 For the areas in the Northern Hemisphere the Equator is considered zero and everything above it is in meters North For the Southern hemisphere the equator but it is given the value of 10 000 000 m North Everything below the equator is measured in meters less than the 10 000 000 North 4 99 The Central Meridian in each zone is designated 500 000 meters Everything east of this is greater than 500 000 meters and everything west of this is less than 500 000 meters At the equator each zone is almost 1 Million meters wide It is important to understand that the reference point is not zero or 1 Million
210. ustralian Defence Force You are however subject to the Cadet Forces Regulations and ACC Policy when parading in an ACC capacity ADF members who are OOC IOC are not subject to Military Regulations or the Defence Force Discipline Act whilst they are parading in an ACC capacity Precedence Compliments 4 2 OOC ICC hold only precedence within the ACC OOC IOC may use military rank in all official correspondence provided the rank is qualified by the addition of the letters In other words the rank of Captain would be shown as Captain ACC of in the abbreviated from as CAPT ACC 4 3 OCC are to be saluted by all members of the ACC of lower rank Whilst do not have any formal entitlement to be saluted by members of the ADF common courtesy dictates that during ACC activities the normal compliments applicable to the rank of the OOC will be accorded Conditions of Service 4 4 The conditions of service for OOC IOC are set out in Chapter 6 of the ACC Policy Manual 1999 You should familiarise yourself with this material Responsibilities of OOC IOC 4 5 are responsible to their CO OC for a Assisting with training administration and discipline within the unit b ensuring health welfare and safety guidelines are complied with and the ACC s zero tolerance policy with respect to harassment discrimination and unacceptable behaviour is enforced C Army equipment clothing and stores relating to the appointment
211. ver G round The speed the G P S receiver is traveling Topographic Map A map that gives not only locations of roads landmarks and other features but also gives contour lines at different elevations to show valleys hills and other topography of the area True North The geographic north of the globe and represented on the Lat Long grid by the lines of longitude or meridians USGS U noted S tats G ecologic S purvey A part of the U S Department of Interior and the primary mapping agency for the U S government UTC U universal T ime C oordinated The time on which all G P S signals are synchronized The same as Greenwich Mean Time UTM U universal T transverse M reactor A metric grid system consisting of 60 zones to cover the earth s surface VMG V velocity M adze G old The speed at which you are progressing toward the destination or the GOTO waypoint Waypoint A location designated by a set of coordinates and stored in a G P S receiver to be later used as a GOTO destination or as part of a route XTE Cross Track Error The amount deviated to the left or right from the true course Trial version printed June 2013 151
212. ves To understand the influence and importance of groups we can use the example of one individual looking at the group he belongs to and his various roles within those groups 1 28 From the moment of birth a person is a member of his family group As he grows he moves in and out of groups in his neighbourhood He is a member of a group at school and simultaneously will belong to a class sporting teams recreation groups gangs and boy girl groups while still belonging to the family and neighbourhood groups He leaves school finds a job and the number of different groups he belongs to at the one time multiplies 1 29 Within each group the person has a role He is the son in the family group the leader perhaps of the neighbourhood group the clown in the classroom the halfback in the football team the most junior member of the group at work and so on 1 30 By occupying different roles in a variety of groups the individual becomes more able to adjust to new situations and be accepted by others but at the same time this increases the likelihood of role conflict eg he may be leader of a neighbourhood gang which decides to throw stones on the roof of the church where he is a Sunday school pupil His membership of different groups can provide such conflicts 1 31 Then he joins the Army He is immediately required to adjust to a whole new set of groups and possibly for the first time he is separated from the family group and other
213. w or door when you are delivering a speech Your audience will watch what is going on outside Attempt to control the temperature of the room so that it is comfortable Consider the layout of your audience Provide visual aids that are easy to read Do not try to talk in competition with a visual aid People can read faster than you speak So do not read your visual aids word for word rather expand upon the highlighted points Do not speak over your visual aids if it is important enough to be on the screen allow the audience time to read Hide visual aids until you are ready to use them Talk to the audience and not the visual aid Do not let your notes be a distraction If you use large sheets of paper do not staple them as audiences will be distracted then you turn the page If you are using palm cards make them discreet If you hand out notes to the audience it is often better to leave it until after you have finished talking Otherwise your audience will be reading your notes and not listening to you and Remember as far as humanly possible lessen distractions and help your audience focus on you and what it is you are communicating CONCLUSION 4 45 Public speaking and oral communication as a whole is an extremely important skill Every time you speak to someone you communication skill is on display Trial version printed June 2013 65 A whe wy jw AIDE MEMOIRE SPEECHES Impromptu contribution t
214. y if it is exactly covered by the small graticule 8 12 Range Cards Range cards enable estimated or measured ranges of specific features to be used as indicators to the range of an object Normally they are used in a static position however patrols should prepare them when time allows Trial version printed June 2013 39 Chapter 9 EXPLAIN TARGET INDICATION 9 1 The methods of target indication are as follows a Direct Method b Reference Points C Clock Ray d Hand Angles 9 2 Direct Method The direct method is used to indicate an obvious target Only the range where to look and a description of the target are given Terms used to describe where to look are as follows a Axis for target on or very near the centre line of the sector b Left or Right for targets 1600 mils from the axis of the sector C Slightly left right for targets between the axis and left or right d An example of the direct method given from an observer where the sector covers 3200 mils is detailed in figure 1 AXIS OF ARC S LEFT S RIGHT 1 4 LEFT 1 i 1 4 RIGHT T N 1 2 LEFT 1 2 RIGHT b S lt are 5 E S V 3 4 LEFT N 3 4 RIGHT TD p 88 Pd ai oe ao V4 E ing ant LEFT RIGHT OBSERVER Figure 1 The Direct Method 9 3 Reference Points To indicate less obvious targets a reference point may
215. you are always reminding your people about Hold regular refresher lectures on safety and re brief your people on safety procedures For especially dangerous activities your briefing will need to be more detailed Always try to make sure that your people are aware of possible dangers in the platoon training 1 6 Individual protection it is essential that your people are provided with the right safety gear and of course that they use it eg eye glasses if using power tools pot mitts if lifting hot cooking pots from fires etc It is up to you to lead by example by making sure that you are seen to be using the correct safety gear at all times Hazards in training 1 7 Cadet training can at times be dangerous For example abseiling water crossings and range practices all have the potential to cause serious injury and possibly death It is therefore essential that you identify potential dangers in the training your platoon is about to engage in Some of the common hazards in cadet training are HAZARD POTENTIAL RISK PRECAUTIONS Briefing supervision fire pits fire fighting gear fire piquet 1st aid gear Death serious burns scalds scarring Briefing supervision Death by drowning swimming lessons life loss of equipment saving gear trained life savers life jackets Trial version printed June 2013 104 HORSEPLAY USE OF TOOLS Death serious injury by gun shot wounds Death serious injury minor injury dam

SLC Handbook

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents