Introduction - University of Toronto Scarborough
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1. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AT SCARBOROUGH The Instrumentation of Science PSC B01 H3S Course Notes and Laboratory Manual 2003 This manual can be accessed in electronic form via the PSCB01H3S Home Page at the following URL http www utsc utoronto ca quick PSCB01H3S I should like to thank UTSC technicians Ken Wesley and Bob Touchbourne for their competent and cheerful assistance in the development of this course The generous donations of Myrianne Lorincz made the course possible Stuart M Quick 2003 287 7249 quick utsc utoronto ca eee This book was produced using Microsoft Office 98 and LabVIEW 6i on a 192mB Macintosh G3 Computer Output was printed on the physics LaserWriter printers Text is in Palatino Arial Narrow and Symbol fonts Macintosh and LaserWriter are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc Microsoft Office and LabVIEW are respectively trademarks of Microsoft Corporation and National Instruments TABLE OF CONTENTS TONE StU G sii coscsnscteesitanatdidlencintsbedwinveantaatttansthavbab NAA N AG I 4 COUISEINOrMADON aanak NANA NANANA NAKAKAANGAT ANA NIKA I 5 AG SL AAP AA 1 7 Lab TEsUTULONAl SENAU Ga aaa I 9 MALO UG HO NA Kaka AA AA AA AA AA AA I 10 Notes Chapter 1 Elements of PHYSICS inna aa NTN NANGANAK NGA 1 1 Chapter2 Aspects of TECHNOLO Vsisaisnaiisssievascsissvatsiioneansienvsiana coseaiisivaevnsussaavataniquviaivadavinis 2 1 Chapter 3 Digital BASICS aaa AB ANUT NANANA NANANG INING 3 1 Chapter 4 Int2. s instruments including I 10 sensors or transducers inside and out These days scientists gather their data with multimeters data loggers data acquisition cards oscilloscopes animal counters and the like In the chapters to follow we shall have a lot to say about instruments as instru mentation is a large part of the technology of modern science What is Signal Analysis In these notes we shall refer from time to time to the phrase signal analysis Signal analysis is a general term applying to the study and interpretation of the stimulus and response functions for the purpose of extracting information about a system Both signals whether quantified in volts number of animals or whatever require careful analysis with the best tools available Signals can possess complex waveforms or have subtle easily overlooked features that can turn out to be important in one s interpretation about a system The output from an electric circuit may be changed in amplitude as well as in phase A signal may consist of several components whose amplitudes frequencies and power levels need to be measured with sufficient accuracy to make possible the testing of an hypothesis Signal analysis by this or any other name is concerned with these issues Terminology of Convenience In this course we shall use an electrical terminology by default We do this for convenience and consis tency and not because what follows applies only to the disc
3. and Magnet Sensor Projects Sensor Projects Magazines The number of magazines on the newstands targetted for the electronics hobbyist is declining and those that remain tend to be British or German and expensive Here are a two titles to look for e Electronics World UK 8 50 e Elektor Electronics UK 9 95 Course Information Course Outline This is a sketch of the topics to be covered and the order of presentation that was anticipated at the time of writing Some departures will inevitably occur in response to changes in priorities and the need to prepare students for upcoming labs or tutorials Lect Day Date Topics Chapter Lab 1 W 7Jan Welcome and introduction to the course The importance of instrumentation in the sciences Types of instruments to be used here The role of LabVIEW in the course A quick look at Oscar Why a project is a requirement of the course Discussion of project ideas 2 F 9 Jan A survey of the basic physics underlying instrumentation Part I 1 amp 2 1 Elements of DC circuits Voltage current sources AC circuits impedance filters Preparation for Lab 1 3 W 14Jan A survey of the basic physics underlying instrumentation Part II 1 amp 2 1 Elements of DC circuits Voltage current sources AC circuits impedance filters Preparation for Lab 1 4 F 16Jan A survey of the analogue electronics underlying instrumentation 1 amp 2 1 the need for signal conditioning or amplification the bipolar
4. be the heart of a frog the stimulus an impulse from the brain the response the resultant action of the heart muscle A system might be the mantle of the earth the stimulus a sudden earth slippage the response the resulting p wave And one could go on stimulus response system A stimulus and a response can be thought of in a broad sense as being signals that is to say of being phenomena that can be described by a change in the amplitude or number of some quantity as a function of usually time expressed in units of microseconds days years or centuries The stimulus and response may be analog in nature continuous functions of time but the result of measuring the stimulus and response curves using an instrument like a multi meter or a counter at some clock time is a digital measurement One obtains a sequence of numbers for measurements and the accompanying time stamps together called an acquisition The array is also known as a time series A stimulus is often produced by a device called a transducer and the response detected by a sensor In this course we shall most often treat a sensor and a transducer as synonymous How a response function differs from a stimulus function can yield vital clues about the makeup of the system And this is what most sciences are all about It is therefore important at the very outset of a study to possess the best possible measurements of both functions and to know one
5. e PHY A10H3F or PHYA20H3F amp PHYA21H3S Corequisite None Instructor Dr Stuart M Quick Room 503B Tel 287 7249 email quick utsc utoronto ca Lectures W F 9 00 10 00am Physics Lab S505 Tutorial Lab M 9 12 am 505 Suggested Text R H Bishop Learning With LabVIEW Addison Wesley 1999 Manual Stuart M Quick PSCB01H3S Course Notes and Lab Manual 2003 this book Requirements and Marking Scheme The grade will be based on participation in laboratory tutorial activities assignments two projects a term test and a final exam The marking scheme is as follows Final Exam 30 Participation in Lab Tutorial Activities 20 MidTerm Test 10 Level I Project 10 Level II Project 20 Assignments 10 General The laboratory and tutorials in this course are highly structured and focussed as they are intended to supplement the course material Though communal discussion is encouraged students are expected to collect their own data at their own workstation and to do their own programming Late materials are assigned a standard penalty of 10 per day Texts of Immediate Use to the Beginner These texts written by educators were runners up in our search for the suggested text for this course 1 J Essick Advanced LabVIEW Labs Prentice Hall 1999 This book was written by a physics teacher at Reed College Oregon who has been teaching a course using LabVIEW for several years 2 L K Wells and J Travis LabVIEW
6. ee lance engineers and NI employees are useful for advanced topics and for solving specific thorny problems e G W Johnson LabVIEW Graphical Programming McGraw Hill 2 4 Ed 1997 I am especially impressed with Johnson s contribution to the LabVIEW literature especially as he is a Macin tosh user and a Ham Radio enthusiast e G W Johnson ed LabVIEW Power Programming McGraw Hill 1998 This book is more of a sur vey of the uses of LabVIEW and is of limited use to the student e R Jamal amp H Pichlik LabVIEW Applications and Solutions Prentice Hall 1998 This is one of a number of books in the Virtual Instrumentation Series describing a number of applications of LabVIEW Of limited use to the student e M L Chugani A R Samant and M Cerna LabVIEW Signal Processing Prentice Hall 1998 As its title implies this book deals mostly with signal processing issues which are mostly beyond the scope of these notes e J Travis Internet Applications in LabVIEW Prentice Hall 2000 This book was invaluable in the writing of Chapter 10 About the Site Licence The Physical Sciences Division of UTSC has a site licence for LabVIEW 6i We can therefore run LabVIEW on any platform PC Mac and Unix It is our intention at the time of writing to make LabVIEW available for student use in this course on PCs and Macs in the physics lab area Students may choose to purchase the Student Edition for use on their own pers
7. for Everyone Prentice Hall 1997 This book though somewhat dated is a recommended text for a course in LabVIEW programming in the Physics Dept on the St George campus 3 B E Paton Sensors Transducers amp LabVIEW Prentice Hall 1999 This book was written by a member of the Physics Department of Dalhousie University He has used LabVIEW for many years Some of the LabVIEW demos in this book were written or inspired by Prof Paton Standard LabVIEW Documentation National Instruments provides the following manuals which we list here in the order of most use to the beginner Copies of these manuals are available for short term loan from the physics lab They are also available on line in pdf format User Manual This is the basic manual and starting point for anyone serious about learning G from the ground up It has many excellent activities written by people whose objective is to teach 2 Functions and VI Reference Manual This manual lists nearly all the VIs Use this when the LabVIEW Online Help is not available 3 G Programming Reference Manual This deals more with the underlying structure and intricacies of G 1 5 Course Information 4 Data Acquisition Manual This is important in learning advanced aspects of DAQ 5 DAQ PCI 1200 User Manual This slim volume is shipped with the PCI 1200 DAQ card You will likely not need it in this course Other LabVIEW Texts A number of texts on LabVIEW written by fr
8. formation Lab Tutorial Test Schedule NOTE At the time of writing the laboratory times had yet to be firmed up If a three hour bi weekly block of time cannot be found then the labs will be held over two tutorial times as outlined below The labs will in any case be held in tutorial style Lab Tutorial 1 M 5Jan No lab Tutorial on this first day of term 2 M 12Jan Lab 1 Measuring By Hand 3 M 19Jan Lab 1 Measuring By Hand Continued 4 M 26Jan Lab 2 Introduction to LabVIEW 5 M 2Feb Lab 2 Introduction to LabVIEW Continued 6 M 9Feb Lab 3 Using G to Control an Instrument W 1l1Feb 9 00 am Test 1 7 M 23Feb Lab 3 Using G to Control an Instrument Continued 8 M 1Mar Lab 4 The Data Acquisition DAQ Card 9 M 8Mar Lab 4 The Data Acquisition DAQ Card Continued 10 M 15 Mar Lab 5 Using G on a Network 11 M 22Mar Lab 5 Using G on a Network Continued 12 M 29Mar Project Workshop 13 F 2Apr Last day for submission of project report 1 9 Course Information Introduction A System Stimulus and Response Most studies in the sciences could be said to be con cerned with three general issues a system a stimulus and a response A system might be an electric circuit the stimulus a signal applied to it and the response the output signal A system might be a population of Arctic hares the stimulus a catastrophic drop in the food supply the response the subsequent change in the population A system might
9. ipline of physics or the subjects of electricity or electronics As we have already implied by the examples we have chosen above the phrases signal time series function etc should be understood to apply equally to a synapse trigger a vibratory impulse or an animal number just as well as to a voltage waveform as long as the waveform is expressable as a function of time in the appropriate units With this in mind we begin in Chapter 1 with some of the basic physics the student of science needs to know in order to use instruments correctly and most productively
10. junction transistor the operational amplifier 5 W 21Jan Introduction to LabView and the G programming language Part 4 2 I What it is and why it is used Laying down controls and indica tors for the first time Doing simple arithmetic Preparation for Lab 2 6 F 23Jan Introduction to LabView and the G programming language Part 4 2 IL Doing simple arithmetic Extracting numbers from strings 7 W 28Jan Introduction to LabView and the G programming language Part 4 2 III Loops arrays and Graphs 8 F 30Jan A survey of common sensors used in the sciences the thermistor 6 3 amp 4 strain gauge pressure humidity magnetic field sensors and others Where they are used How the voltage to be measured is produced and conditioned 9 W 4Feb A survey of gates and logic circuits Simple logic The use of 3 LabVIEW tutorials in the learning of digital circuits 10 F 6 Feb An overview of ways of cummunicating with and controlling App B amp 6 3 instruments RS 232 GPIB the DAQ card Advantages and disadvantages of each mode The role of LabVIEW One hour Test on material to this point in the Tutorial 10 11 00 am Monday 9 February 11 W 11 Feb Communication and Control Using RS 232 Part I The problems App B amp 6 3 with serial communication Using LabVIEW to import data from a serial device such as a digital multimeter and an oscilloscope Course Information Using VISA drivers Preparation for Lab 3 12 F 13 Feb 8 Communicati
11. o a number of chapters in parallel a little like the way G executes a program The chapters should therefore be treated more for reference to be consulted at the direction of the instructor There are exceptions Chapters 1 through 3 deal with material that is commonly covered in a first year course in physics or at least over three semesters These chapters are more ordered than the others and should be read one after the other for best preparation Chapter 4 is very much a prerequisite for Chapter 5 A selection of material from these chapters will form the content of the first four lectures of the course This was a new course for UTSC as of January 2002 Our intent was to make the course as interdisciplinary as possible an objective that led to the decision to leave the laboratory unscheduled We shall make every effort to find a three hour slot every other week that will accommodate the varying schedules of our audience If not we shall try to make do with the laboratory given in the Monday tutorial period Please bear with us Stuart Quick January 2003 Course Information Course Information PSCBO1 H3S Calendar Description A study of the computer control of various digital instruments used in the sciences including program ming with the G programming language RS 232 and GPIB interfaces meteorological and other sensors and the analysis of the data by curvefitting and prac tical time series analyses Prerequisit
12. on and Control Using RS 232 Part II AppB amp 6 3 February 16 20 Reading Week No classes are held 13 W 25 Feb Communication and Control Using GPIB How GPIB is an AppB amp 6 3 advance on RS 232 The advantages of using VISA functions Using LabVIEW to import data from a GPIB device such as an oscilloscope and a programmable power supply 14 F 27 Feb Introduction to the digital acquisition DAQ card Advantages AppA 4 and disadvantages of using DAQ over a standalone instrument Preparation for Lab 4 15 W 3 Mar Communication and Control Using DAQ methods Part I Using App A 4 LabVIEW to measure a voltage on an analogue input line 16 F 5 Mar Communication and Control Using DAQ methods Part II Using App A 4 LabVIEW to output a voltage on an analogue output line 17 W 10Mar Communication and Control Using DAQ methods Part MI App A 4 Using LabVIEW to control using digital input output lines 18 F 12Mar Overview of using G on a Network Part I Survey of networking 5 terminology Preparation for Lab 5 19 W 17Mar Overview of using G on a Network Part II Communicating with 5 an FTP server such as the UTSC weather station 20 F 19 Mar Project Workshop 21 W 24Mar Project Workshop 22 F 26 Mar Project Workshop 23 W 31Mar Project Workshop 24 F 2 Apr Project Workshop EXAM on all material in the course in the April exam period Exact date to be announced The exam will take place in the physics laboratory 1 8 Course In
13. onal computer at home NI Website You can learn a good deal about LabVIEW where and for what purposes it is used from the National Instruments website http www ni com 1 6 Instrument Manuals Radio Shack We have the Owner s Manual which accompanies the Manual Auto Range Dual Display Digital Multi meter w PC interface You shouldn t need this Manuals from Tektronix Agilent Instek and Berkeley Nucleonics are shipped with the instruments and are available in the physics lab for short term loan Tektronix TDS210 e User Manual e Programmer Manual This manual has all the SCPI commands and responses you need to know to program and control the oscilloscope Agilent Hewlett Packard HP34401A and HPE3640A e User and service manuals for the HP34401A digital multimeter and the HPE3640A program mable power supply Instek Model GFG 8016G e User Manual for the Digital Function Generator Model GFG 8016G BNC e Users Manual for the Berkeley Nucleonics Model 625A SG 100 Signal Generator Other Useful Materials The following inexpensive books produced and avail able from Radio Shack are useful for basic material on electronics and or sensor circuits e G McWhorter amp A J Evans Basic Electronics Cat 62 1394 e The Engineer s MiniNotebooks by F W Mims II are good for quick ideas 555 Timer IC Circuits Op Amp IC Circuits Optoelectronics Circuits Basic Semiconductor Circuits Environmental Projects Magnet
14. roduction NG ANGARA errs rr rrerrr er errorter aain anina 4 1 Chapter 5 Using G to Control an Instrument una 5 1 Chapter 6 Sensing Conditioning and Calibrating 6 1 Chapter 7 Using G ON AN GWOMKiicsisiisissisiincsiicensrsasaieisientevisteanidaansivvsediinvassniivansiisndtins 7 1 Appendices Appendix A Specifications and Quick Starts Luna AA 1 Appendix B NEA ANAN AANI AB 1 Appendix C A Guide for USING OSC als minana ANNA AA AC 1 Appendix D Term Project ld aS aNG AD 1 Appendix E Varieties of Waveform AnalysiSu aaa AE 1 Appendix F Aspects of Curvefitting sssssssssssnrnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanannnnnnnnnananananananananananananana AF 1 Labs Lab 1 Measuring By Handaan L1 1 Lab 2 Introduction to Lab VIEW ama GANANG L2 1 Lab 3 Using G to Control an Instrument aaa L3 1 Lab 4 The Data Acquisition DAQ Card ssssssssssnsannnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnanannnnannnnnnanan L4 1 Lab 5 Using G on a NGO naaa unahan L5 1 To the Student The course notes in this manual are organized by general subject area Aspects of Technology Using G to Control an Instrument and so forth and are intended to be more or less self contained It was not intended they be read necessarily in the order in which they are presented as would be a set of lecture notes Indeed this manual contains no lecture notes as such The lectures in this course will be given by the instructor as sketched in the Course Outline and will dip from time to time int
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