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the SeisOpt ® ReMi TM v4.0 manual from Optim, 4.8 Mb PDF

1. 2 Model Profile Settings Figure 50d Click Done when the desired color scheme is achieved Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 57 of 85 amp SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 Model Profiles O x oe Mode Standard Advanced Attach oom xX Shear Velocity 18 676 ft 56 864 ft 159 388 ft 166 311 ft Layer Add Delete Figure 50e Model Profile panel showing the new color scheme The colors should be changed only after all the manipulations are complete and it is ready to be saved as a jpeg image Else the color will reset to the default values when resized Horizontal black double lines These indicate the layer interface depths Clicking the left mouse on any interface and dragging the mouse over the plot with the left mouse button held down will change the depth of the layer The depth value is shown on top of each interface towards the left of the plot Figure 50 Blue vertical shaded area The blue vertical shaded area towards the left of the plot indicates the density within each layer They are assumed to be of a constant density of 2 0 g cc for all the layers This can be changed 1f reliable density values are available For most soil types it has been shown that density variations are within 5 to 10 of 2 0g cc and these have eligible effect on the shear wave velocity profile But if density values are available they should be used for m
2. O x b Figure 59 Model files and dispersion files blue line can be saved either as ASCII files or exported as JPEG images Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 65 of 85 4 3 Interactive Modeling using ReMi Disper Once a model is derived using the Automatic Dispersion Inversion outlined in Section 4 2 it is useful to import it into Disper and interactive model the picks This will give the user a better understanding of how the picks are affective the model Use File gt Import to read in the model file saved from Disper The following steps enumerate how to perform interactive modeling using the Disper module 1 Open the dispersion pick file created during Step 6 of the Vspect Processing sequence Section 3 6 2 using the Load Picks under the File menu 2 The dispersion picks will now be displayed as red filled circles in the Dispersion Curve panel 3 If you wish to model the velocities in feet sec toggle the Units option in the Controls Window to feet per second The velocities displayed in the Model Profile and the Dispersion Curve window will change accordingly Note that the Velocity Step in the Controls Window will also change It is recommended that this value not be changed during processing The only time this might have to be changed is if the shear wave velocities are very low lt 100 m s and if the interactive mod
3. Save Parameter File to save the plot parameters to a file Once you have appended all the files and created a new binary file you can read it back in To do so use Step 1 Open Seismic Records option under Vspect Process Select the combined binary file Set the Binary File Type to Raw Float You also need to set the following as shown in Figure 191 Elements per vector Total recording time sample interval For example if the total recording time is 30 seconds and sampling interval is 2ms then elements per vector 15000 Vectors per plane Number of channels per record all traces recorded NOT the ones analyzed Number of planes Number of records that were combined Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 21 of 85 Once the data is read in displayed you can adjust the plot parameters by reading in the parameter file saved in Figure 19h To do this select the Apply Parameter File option under the Edit menu from the window that displays the records Figure 19 and read in the saved parameter file plot par in this case Save Viewmat Parameter File Ed x criss Fj Shea Commercial Line 1 9 sqy ey 86 E 03 155 cis xls 28 E 03 155 mod xls Shea Line 1 1 sqy sheadis1 El plot par Shea Line 1 4 sqy sheamod a Shea Commercial Line 1 6 sgy a Shea Line 1 3 sgp sheamocd m Shea Commercial Line 1 7 sgy Shea Line 1 4 sqy Ei sheapick shea C
4. and Controls panel window i SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 Model Profiles loj x Mode Standard Advanced oom Shear E o 18 676 ft 56 864 fi 159 388 fi 166 312 ft Layer Add Delete 0 02 5 Period O45 RMS Error 18 76 tts We 807 3 IEC Site Class O IBC 2000 1615 1 1 ae Figure 50 1 Use Detach to view the model profile in a separate window This helps in modeling the dispersion picks in the interactive mode Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 55 of 85 e Zoom Scroll bar can be used to resize the Model Profiles panel Adjust the maximum and minimum velocity values in the Controls panel to further adjust the model profiles window e Vertical shade red area These are the shear wave velocities for each layer The value is either in meters second or feet second and is set in the Controls window Section 4 1 1 One can manipulate the velocity model by clicking on the line with the left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the plot with the left button held down Each of the red areas indicating velocity of a particular layer can be move independent of the other As the velocity profile is being changed the synthetic calculated dispersion curve blue line in Figure 49 in the Dispersion Curve window will change The velocity values for each layer is displayed within the red shaded area and they change as the lines are moved Figure 50
5. scroll bar can used to expand the image size The horizontal axis of the image is period while the vertical axis is phase velocity The axes limits can be manipulated within the Controls panel Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 52 of 85 4 SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 i 10 x File Tools te Rayleigh Dispersion Quarter Wave Approximation i oom i fs I s 0 02 Period 0 Ws T6S 4 IBC Site Class B IBC 2000 1615 1 1 Figure 49 Dispersion Curve panel of the ReMi Disper module This window displays the modeled and picked dispersion values e Calculate gt Rayleigh Dispersion This is the default option and must be the one used This models the picked dispersion curve using the Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion analysis criteria The one dimensional shear wave velocity derived using this option will be closer to the real earth shear wave velocity gt Quarter Wave Approx This option models the picks assuming the quarter wavelength approximation That is it assumes the average shear wave velocity is approximately equal to the one quarter of the dominant wavelength This option should be used only for instructional purposes Unlike the p f image Figure 34 the horizontal axis in this plot is the period inverse of the frequency in seconds and the vertical axis is phase velocity in meters second or feet second depending on the units chosen in the Controls windo
6. Density Shear Compression Yelocities 749 207 fts ratio 1 732 506 682 fis ratio 1 732 18 676 ft 56 864 ft 302 ffs ratio 1 432 159 388 ft 166 312 Layer Add Delete Figure 50f In the Advanced mode P wave velocities can be changed from the fixed Vp Vs ratio of 1 73 e Add Layer button The Add Layer button at the bottom allows the user to add a layer interface to the model To do so left click on the button and then left click at the location where the layer has to be added e Delete Layer button To delete a layer interface left click on the Delete Layer button and left click within the interface that has to be removed e Vs The 100 ft average velocity is continuously calculated and display at the bottom of the Dispersion Curve window This forms the basis for classifying the soil as per IBC 2000 The soul classification is also shown in the window Important There are situations when the soil classification may have to modified based on presence of low velocities etc Please consult a certified professional engineer before confirming the soil classification ReMi only provides the 100 feet average shear velocity calculated as per IBC 2000 e RMS error Root mean square error between the dispersion picks and calculated picks is displayed at the bottom Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 59 of 85 4 2 Automatic Dispersion Inversion Using ReM
7. Sal Display Settings EE w Rotate Media 5 Ad AS E4 BS Ledger Legal Letter Mote Ad Al Az Sleemezz tec meter User Defined 4 0 Vepect Poe pene DAL 4OdemoRMOLL ogy Step 3 x rac Planen Averaged Felli Spectcal Fatis File AM_ picks ps Page 1 of U Figure 46a After opening the PostScript file using GS View make sure the EPS Clip and Show Bounding Box options are set as shown above Select Rotate Media from the Media menu Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 47 of 85 Ea plimage ps GSview Eile Edt Options View Orientation Media Help Open E Select File 5 Save Ag A Close E Info Convert Extract E PS to EPS Print P Pririt File Show Messages M 1 C Optin AeMiv20 demno ptimage ps 2 C hiplot_ zav eps a C Avelplot eps 4 C 51011 19 ep3 Exit Figure 46b Choose PS to EPS and convert the PostScript image to Encapsulate PostScript format 6 Make sure the option Automatically calculate Bounding Box is selected as shown in Figure 46c PS to EPS Have you read help PS to EFS Tet Figure 46c Select the option Automatically calculate Bounding Box in the dialog box 7 Provide a filename with the eps extension 8 Read in the saved EPS file 9 You will notice that the Bounding Box dashed box now surrounds only the image 10 Now go to the Edit menu and choos
8. 473 51 4 51 Figure 15 SEG Y data imported into ReMi Vspect module Step 1 Scroll down the bottom of the data to make sure that the total recording time and the amplitude of the traces are correct An incorrect trace data type will result in very large or very small amplitudes for the traces The data will open up as shown in Figure 15 Do the following to check for integrity of the imported data 1 Make sure to scroll down to the bottom of the window to check that the total recording time displayed in seconds is correct for this example it is 20 48 seconds 2 Check the amplitude scale and make sure they are reasonable Incorrect trace data type will result in very large or very small amplitudes Use the scroll bar to view all the files records that were converted The SEG Y file should contain all the SEG 2 files that were converted The Plane Index counter will increment from O as each record is displayed For example for the demo data 5 planes Plane Index O to 4 consisting of SEG Y data from records RM2011 to RM2015 will be present Note that messages will appear on the MS DOS window while the data is being read in including any error messages Since SeisOpt ReMi Vspect user interface is Java based it is possible that an Out of Memory error might appear when reading in large data sets with multiple records As a rule of thumb the available RAM on the machine must be about four times the numb
9. Clip at RMS x Clip at RMS tri 3 Vert Exaga Erase All Picks Apply Geometry Ctl G Figure 19j Render the data properly by applying the parameter file saved in an earlier step Now all the records should be displayed properly as separate planes and the Vspect processing can be continued 3 2 Step 2 Pre processing the Data The next step in the SeisOpt ReMi Vspect analysis is pre processing Figure 20 the imported SEG Y data This step is not necessary but is useful to do it It does a trace equalization gain and centering of all the traces in the records Step 1 a Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Records Step 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Records Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f oft Each Record Step 4 Combine Record p fs Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion Figure 20 Pre processing of imported microtremor data Trace equalization gain includes applying an automatic gain control whose length equals the number of time samples per traces on all the traces The centering function averages out any deviations or spikes in the data Most records will provide a more coherent velocity spectrum if a trace equalization gain is applied first This prevents high amplitude near offset traces from dominating the spectra Once the pre processing is completed the pre processed data Figure 21 will be displayed in the same window as the original data The title bar on this window will indic
10. Figure 1c and click OR Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 4 of 85 Setup Complete Setup has finished copying files to your computer Setup will now launch the program Select pour option below Yes want to view the README File iW ves Launch the program file Click Finish to complete Setup Figure 1b Select Yes launch the program file and then click on Finish to complete the installation x i Unable to copy File From CHOptiniReMiv40 crypsery exe bo COMWINDOW Sisystems2iCrypsery Exe Reason The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process Figure 1c Ignore the message and click OK The README file gives you directions on how to obtain your license from Optim to run SeisOpt ReMi The installation directory is C Optim ReMiv40 A successful installation will create three SeisOpt ReMi desktop icons as follows e SeisOpt ReMi Vspect module Figure 2a see Section 3 0 which has tools to read in the recorded data and create a Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curve ReMiyspect v4 0 Figure 2a SeisOpt ReMi Vspect module icon e SeisOpt ReMi Disper module Figure 2b see Section 4 0 which is the interactive one dimensional shear wave velocity modeling tool Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 5 of 85 ReMibisper v4 0 Figure 2b SeisOpt ReMi Disper module icon e SeisOpt ReMi Registration tool
11. La The field record numbers can be erased and left blank This 1 OOOO will ensure all data is read in M 3600 byte Reel Header Block Present Trace Data Type 32 bit Integer Traces to Analyze Enter the number of traces or i Bites to Skip fo channels equal to number of geophones to be analyzed For the demo data set this should be changed to 36 Elements per Vector Ez Vectors per Plane fioo fi MUMmMber of Planes M Old RG headers without source coords Read Binary File Cancel Figure 13 SEG Y data verification window Make sure the data type is correct before clicking Read Binary File Trace Data Type 32 bitInteger T E one IEEEWava Float races io Analyze fay Float SRE bit Integer Bytes ta Skip i K 16 bit Integer Elements per vas2 bit Int wi Gain Figure 14 Different Trace Data Type can be chosen using the pull down menu Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 14 of 85 Plane Index 0 O t 4 Leqsnect Ksdopmmeenmvanaemovennz07 IT sgy Use the Plane Index scroll Trace Sequence bar to view all the records that were converted Each plane is one record comprising of in this case 36 traces Scroll down to check whether the total m Check if the total number of traces for SS me recording time 20 48 s in this case is correct re S E been read in correctly i S in this case 7 Amplitude i
12. Velocity 50 0 mis 2500 0 mis Step 0 mis Depth 0 0 m 200 0 m Density 0 0 gice 3 5 gico Mode Standard Advanced Zoom Density Shear Velocity 30 0 m GGgee A 200 0 m B Layer Add Delete Calculate Rayleigh Dispersion lt Quarter VWave Approximation Automatic Dispersion Inversion Zoom O XS S 2500 0 m s D o T 50 0 mis 0 02 s Period 0 5 s Ws 763 4 IBC Site Class B IBC 2000 1615 1 1 vi T gt Figure 47 ReMi Disper Graphical user interface It consist of three panels Controls Model Profiles and Dispersion Curve 4 1 Description of ReMi Disper Module Windows The Disper module has three panels whose functions are described in detail in the following sections 4 1 1 Controls Panel This is the top panel Figure 48 and contains functions that control the plot parameters of the other two panels and has parameters that control the convergence and sampling criteria of the modeling algorithm The following is a description of the parameters e Period gt Min Minimum period in seconds of the dispersion curve being modeled This will control the horizontal axis in the Dispersion Curve panel Figure 49 gt Max Maximum period in seconds of the dispersion curve being modeled This will control the extent of horizontal axis in the Dispersion Curve panel Figure 49 gt No Steps This controls the number of steps in the calculated period That is more
13. 0 124 0 132 0 14 0 145 slowness sim Pernod s Velocity ft s 405 552329 405 77535 406 767676 409 170592 413 775555 441 300392 433 091576 450 401922 475 41277 510 307294 554 707245 602 134957 b43 42951 675 903165 r01 466075 f A2 594475 e 40 956727 Figure 66b Import the calculated dispersion file RMcalcdis txt in this case into MS Excel to plot the dispersion curve Figure 65 The blue color filled columns are the imported picks The Period and Velocity values are calculated Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 73 of 85 Dispersion Curve Showing Picks and Fit oo i 1000 Picked Dispersion _ 200 ave Phase Velocity ft s Rayleigh W cS CI e I bP cI DI U4 0 5 Period s Figure 67 Dispersion curve plot created using the graph module of MS Excel The example file RM_dis xls included in the demo directory produces this plot x Save files before closing Figure 68 Click No to quit If you Click Yes the model file will the overwritten in an internal format When exiting out of Disper the dialog window shown in Figure 67 will open up If you click Yes the model file will the saved in an internal format so it is better to click No to quit 5 0 Creating 2D Velocity Models Using SeisOpt ReMi SeisOpt ReMi allows the user to create 2D cross section by analyzing traces recorded on groups of geophones deployed along th
14. 35 0 vmin mis 50 0 beneath the investigation area cones if too large based Np cint 4B fee s 7 ae pe ail of on the p f image i changed 1f it is too low or too Both Directions hish Select for noise records or mmalize Forward Only vspect ai noise and source combined Reverse Only Cancel Choose for shots recorded in Choose for shots recorded in the reverse direction only the forward direction only source near last geophone source near 1 geophone Figure 31 Set the parameters and click the vspect to start computing the p f image for each record Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 31 of 85 Once the parameters are set click the vspect button to start the wavefield p f transformation A moderate sized record can take a couple of minutes and a multi record volume several The progress will be indicated on the original MS DOS or command window Figure 32 Once the computing is completed and the velocity spectrum calculated the window displaying the p f image Figure 33 will open up Note that this is an entirely new window and it is safe to close all other ReMi Vspect windows by clicking Close Window option under the File menu es CAAWINDOWS system3 cmd exe ReMiVspect bat windowof windowing 3413 elements and 36 vectors from plane with vA 6 du i E de 3 done wspectPlanes plane 16 of ii done windowof windowing 3413 elements and 36 vectors from
15. Color Table for Image Choose different color palettes for the image Element Zero Starting time for traces Element Delta Sampling interval of the traces in seconds Element Units Label for the time axis Vector Zero Starting value for horizontal axis number of traces or distance Vector Delta Geophone spacing in meters or trace spacing Vector Units Label for the x horizontal axis e g Offset meters Planes Zero Index for start of planes if multiple gathers records are being displayed Planes Delta Increment for labeling subsequent planes Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 16 of 85 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY 40 demor AMZ File mig View Wspect Process Windows olisgy Me Plot Parameters Apply Parameter File Ctrl F NJEN RAZUT ILS QY Clip at Maximum Cirlth amp Sequence 26 0 Clip at RMS Clip at 3R MS Ctrl 3 Deleteero Out Tracets z vert Exagg Erase All Picks nni Gannet Te Eeee Figure 17 View and edit plot parameters for the display of data by choosing Plot Parameters under the Edit menu Click the Apply Changes button for the changes to be applied Click Reset Values to delete the changes and Cance to close the window Positive Amplitudes Only Amplitude Clip 51 2 69226 Ampl zera foo Factor ho nits amplitude Color Table for Image Current Co
16. Delete Figure 50 Model Profiles window This window is used to interactively model the one dimensional shear wave velocity of the subsurface to match the dispersion picks The figure of the left is the window when used in the Standard mode while on the right is the default window when used in the Advanced model mode Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 54 of 85 e Model Mode o The Standard mode will display only the shear wave velocity red shaded area and density blue shaded area for each layer It assumes the P wave velocities are about 1 73 times that of the shear wave velocity Poisson solid assumption o The Advanced model will display the P wave velocity light red shaded area for each layer in addition to the shear wave and density profiles This mode can be used when P wave velocities for the site are available either from refraction surveys or well log If so this will improve the accuracy of the modeled shear wave profiles e Attach Detach o Detach The Model Profile window can be separated from the Dispersion Curve and Controls panel by clicking this This is useful when performing interactive modeling It will allow the user to view both the dispersion curve and the model profiles simultaneously and see the effect of changing the profiles on fits o Attach Once the modeling is done click Attach to attach the Model Profiles to the Dispersion Curve
17. Edit View Insert Format Help Delal elk al leel 58 0 0 0 O 0 2 0 778 617691572874 449 546522147651 1e 67 76416614 2 0 778 617691572674 449 546522147651 18 676416613999997 2 0 1273 100785435441 Ya5 04664429550e S6 G64011705 2 0 1273 100785435441 735 0466442 95302 56 004011704999996 2 0 2459 860211569781 1420 242 6174496643 159 3875940083 2 0 24598602115 69701 1420 242 6174496643 159 3875940085 2 0 3229 056013 69965776 1864 351118 5682323 i70 0 2 0 3229 056153 69985776 1864 351118 56823243 Figure 71 Saved model file for traces 1 12 RMmodel_01 12 txt is edited to enter the horizontal distance and elevation of the model location Note that the location is the midpoint of the traces being analyzed It is also recommended that the maximum depth in the 1D profiles last value in the 1 column Figure 71 be edited so that it is the same in all the files This will ensure that the 2D cross section will be rendered properly The next step is to read in the edited 1D model files and generate a 2D cross section Select the Create 2D profile option under the Tools menu Figure 72 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 77 of 85 it SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 Cirl 1 Model Filename ClOptimiReiivalidemoRe model txt Model Settings icks Filename C1OptimiReMiv4a0idemo RM_ picks _25 36 txt Standard Advanced Zoi Figure 72 Choose the Create 2D Profile option from t
18. File Cancel Figure 69 Import traces 1 12 for 2D analysis The first step is to import data as described in Section 3 1 1 and 3 1 2 The objective to analyze groups of traces channels instead of processing data recorded at all the geophones at the same time That is only selected traces are imported and analyzed In this example the field data has 36 channels So for the 2D analysis traces 1 12 5 16 9 20 13 24 17 28 21 32 25 36 are analyzed A 1D model is derived for each group of traces Then the 1D models are put together to obtain a 2D cross section It 1s recommended that at least 8 traces be used for analysis The overlap of over 60 of traces 4 traces in this case gives the user a better control on the lateral velocity variation If the subsurface velocities are expected to be layer cake with little or no lateral variation then more traces at a time and less overlap can be used for analysis One consequence of using fewer traces 1s that the maximum offset is reduced As a result the lower frequencies in the pf image Figure 70 are not well defined This in turn causes the depth of the velocity models obtained to be much less than when using all the traces But it is important to remember that most of the velocity variations do occur at shallow depths So the 2D image created will map the velocity variations were they occur the most Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 75 of 85 As shown in Figure 69 traces
19. Note that in the Standard model mode only the red S wave velocities appear The modeling assumes the subsurface has a Vp Vs ratio of 1 73 If the ratios are known to be different for the site under investigation or if reliable P wave velocities are available from refraction surveys logs etc then the Advanced model mode can be used The color of the S wave velocities can be change by choosing the Model Settings under the Tools menu Figures 50a b c and d Note that is best to change the color scheme after one is done with the modeling since it might change when the image is re szied it SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 7005 z oj x File Create 2 D Frofile Ctri 1 L Model Settings onds lt Feet Seconds Offset Elevation Location 0 0 m 0 0 mi bliri ar Figure 50a To change the color scheme of the model profiles window select Model Settings from the Tools menu 2 Model Profile Settings 3 _ o x Set Background Color Set Density Color Set Shear Velocity Color Ss Figure 50b User can change the background color the density or the shear velocity color The P wave velocities will always be a lighter shad of the shear wave S wave velocity color Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 56 of 85 Choose A Color Preview m E Sample Text Sample Text a CJ sample Text Sample Text Figure 50c Select appropriate color and click OK
20. Read in each SEGY file using the Step 1 b Open SEG Y seismic records option under Vspect Process option From the window that displays the SEG Y record choose the Write Binary File option under the File menu as shown in Figure 19a Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 18 of 85 my Edit View YspectProcess Windows Close Window Cirle yyy t 10 Convert SEG Files to SEGY Write Postacript File Ctrl F Write JPEG File Write Binary File Append to Binary File Ctrl D Write Sound File Ctrl u Write Ascii File sheadie bet BE E 03 155 mod sls Z sheamod tet BF fig jpg sheamodt tet_nehrp tet plot par Ef sheapicks 1 pg E sheapicks ps 4 shea tlt sheapicks 1 tet aot UU Save as type All Files m Cancel Figure 19b Provide a filename with an extension of your choice for the binary file to be written to Press the Save button The window shown in Figure 19c will open up Choose the Raw Float option for the binary file type The default option is RG so you need to scroll up to choose the Raw Float option Click on Create Binary File ER Creating Binary File C Optimsowens She _ Binary FileType IRG hi Trace Data Type l Coords will be large Old RG headers without source coords Create Binary File Cancel Figure 19c Select t
21. com Page 80 of 85 2 Create D Profile File Options Assistant O x Units O Meters Seconds Feet Seconds Horizontal Distance Elevation Velocity Smoothing 0 0 ft Elewation 298 224 This Cancel sso 550 Li70 0 170 0 loos oo o lt 299 224 e 298 2234 1864 351 1864 351 Samples 2950 ho T 1072 111 to 1075 17 ft s Horizontal Distance 295 0 ft i 1264 331 fils Shear Velocity Figure 77 The window has to be re sized a bit to vie w the model The smoothing can be increased by moving the scroll bar and clicking on Update Smoothing can be controlled by the scroll bar After any changes to the model parameters click on Update to view them Figures 79 and 80 show how to control the number of color bands so as to give a layer effect to the model One can click anywhere on the model to view the velocity values at that point Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 81 of 85 4 Create 2 D Profile l 5 x File Options Assistant Units OO Meters Seconds Feet Seconds Samples Plin Max Horizontal Distance 65 0 295 0 i g0 Elevation 470 0 loo 00 Velocity 299 224 i 864 351 Smoothing ee 0 0 ft Elewation 170 0 ft 33 0 ft Horizontal Distance 295 0 ft 295 224 ftis Shear Velocity 1864 351 This Figure 78 Smoothed model Create 2 D Profile File RAAE Smooth 32 Ba
22. ee Final Ws 100 o 4 1 ft E t Total Time 20 minutes 10 seconds E t Total Time minutes 41 seconds Final Ti me O minutes 44 seconds Final Ti me 2 minutes 7 seconds Optimizer Progress Optimizer Progress 3 000 Figure 55 Left Window opens up showing the inversion progress Right When complete the Vs100 average and the final RMS error in m s is displayed Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 63 of 85 When Dismiss is clicked the final model from the inversion is automatically loaded and displayed on the Model Profile panel Figure 56 2 Disper 2 0 ec_2005 15 42 49 mod 18 x File Tools Model Filename C 0ptim ReMiv40 demo RM_model txt Picks Filename C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM_picks txt Mode Standard Advanced Zon j Density Shear Velocity 848 fts 50 538 ft o o 166 303 ft EEE EET Layer Add Delete 18 344 ft Calculate Rayleigh Dispersion Quarter Wave Approximation Automatic Dispersion Inversion Zoom Y c 8202 5 ft s Velocity 164 05 fis 0 02 s Period 05s 7 Figure 56 Final model from the inversion is automatically displayed in the Model Profile panel ERM picks txt 16_Dec_2005_15_42_49 dspr RM_picks txt 16 Dec 2005 15 47 49 log RM picks txt 16 Bec 2005 15 42 49 mod 4 RM_picks txt 16_Dec_2005_15_42_49 sd Figure 57 Files automatically generated after each inversion run Each inversi
23. plane with vA 8 dv 1 el 8 z plane 11 of ii done wepectPlanes Done wiewinFrame displaying 56496 element volume of 11 planes in new frame MiewinFrame done max Finding maximum value of 5136 elements done wiewinFrame displaying 5136 element plane in new frame MiewinFrame done ReMi Version 3 1 Copyright 24 June 2002 by John N Louie ReMi vspectPlanes computing velocity spectral image of each plane of 4655646 el ement volume with dt 6 8686260 dx 3 8648 fmax 35 0 umin 560 0 np 48 EEEE E EROMA 3413 elements and 36 vectors from plane with v 8 du i el e 3 done wcpectPlanes plane 1 of ii done windowof windowing 3413 elements and 36 vectors from plane with v 8 dv 1 el 8 wc pectPlanes 2 of 11 done Pee een 3413 elements and 36 vectors From plane with v 8 dv 1 e e 3 done wepectPlanes plane 3 of 11 done Figure 32 The progress of the p f transformation will be displayed in the MS DOS window 3 4 2 Visualizing Results of ReMi Vspect Processing The Velocity Spectrum p f image Once the vspect processing is completed a window displaying the p f image will open up We are looking for trends of high spectral ratio that slope down to the right giving lower phase velocities at higher frequencies as is typical of surface wave dispersion P S 7 3 F N ia Peta ry _ 0O Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 32 of 85 it SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 dem
24. plots are rendered correctly Next use the graph module of MS Excel to plot the profile shown in Figure 65 Make sure to use space delimit option when cutting and pasting the RMmodel txt saved model file file into the spreadsheet Depth f ip fts Vs fs Cordo Depth ft density gice Wp Ths Vs This negative OU 946 4564337 432 5670 depth for 0 2 94b 4504557 452 567770 18 6764 946 4554337 432 5670 plotting 18 67641661 2 94b 4504557 452 567770 10 6764 1343 253196 775 5503 18 67641661 2 1343 253196 775 550346 56 564 1343 253196 775 5503 56 866401171 2 1343 253196 775 550346 56 064 2025 512651 1143 939 56 0640117 2 2020 512651 1143 9356 159 3506 2026 512651 1143 939 159 307594 2 2028 512651 1143 9356 159 300 4336 250194 2503 613 159 307594 2 4336 250194 2503 613209 166 312 4336 256194 2503 613 166 312 2 4336 256194 2503 613286 Figure 64 Import the saved model file into MS Ex l to plot the one dimensional shear wave profi This file RMmod xls is included in the demo subdirectory Plot usi Model file ad ins RMmodel graph tool txt imported into MS Excel Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 71 of 85 Vs Model 0 sag 1000 1500 2000 2500 S000 0 BE utenti mmni hemdi Annn nnnm nnna MTU CECH TT COLE EEE EEE Annn nnmnnn VSTOO 768 its 25 4 50 4 100 4 A405 L Wry homin Depth ft 150 4 Shear Wave Velocity fus Figure 65 Plot of th
25. study of the refraction microtremor method Using seismic noise and standard P wave refraction equipment for deriving 1D shear wave profiles Proceedings of the 6 SEGJ International Symposium January 2003 Tokyo 192 197 Saito M 1979 Computations of reflectivity and surface wave dispersion curves for layered media I Sound wave and SH wave Butsuri Tansa Vol 32 no 5 15 26 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 85 of 85
26. the number of steps smoother is the calculated dispersion curve blue line shown in Dispersion Curve window Figure 49 The default value is 20 and usually this is sufficient for modeling picks made from a typical p f image But if the user wishes to model slight variations one could increase it to 60 Be aware that increasing the number Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 50 of 85 of steps will increase the time to render each new dispersion curve It is best to increase the number of steps after the dispersion curve has been fit and before the calculated dispersion curve is written out to disk see Section 4 4 e Velocity gt Min Minimum velocity of the model and dispersion curve This will control the vertical axis of the Dispersion Curve window Figure 49 Also make sure this value is less than the minimum velocity used while performing the interactive velocity modeling in the Model Profiles window Figure 50 Else a root not found error will occur The values are either in meters second or feet seconds depending on the choice made by the user gt Max Maximum velocity of the model and dispersion curve gt Step This controls the convergence criteria of the modeling algorithm In most cases this will not have to be changed The only scenario this may have to be changed is when the velocities are very low lt 100m s and the interactive module fails to model the picked dispersion values v
27. the minimum velocity was set to be greater than minimum velocity in the profile and the maximum velocity less than the maximum velocity of the profile then a Cannot find root error will appear in the Dispersion Curve window The Model Profiles window will not display a velocity model To avoid this make sure the velocity limits are outside the maximum and minimum velocities in the Model Profiles window 6 5 ReMi Disper Module Shape of the Calculated Dispersion Curve As shown in the examples included in the manual the calculated dispersion curve blue line the Dispersion Curve window should be smooth Sometimes the curve might display sharp changes especially towards the edge of the windows This is an artifact of the limits placed on the velocity model period and maximum depth in the Controls Window of the Disper module Change these and hit lt ENTER gt If it doesn t make any difference reload the dispersion curve and model file and re render the calculated dispersion curve 7 0 References Ingber L 1993 Simulated Annealing Practice versus Theory Journal of Mathematical Computation Modelling v 18 n 11 pp 29 57 Louie J N 2001 Faster Better Shear wave velocity to 100 meters depth from refraction microtremor arrays Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Vol 91 347 364 Pullammanappallil S Honjas B Louie J Siemens J A and Miura H 2003 Comparative
28. velocity spectrum e Stack and sum velocity spectrum from individual records gathers to one spectrum Step 5 e Pick the dispersion curve and export the picks for interactive one dimensional velocity modeling using SeisOpt ReMi Disper module Step 6 e In addition it has also options to write out images in JPEG SEG Y or Binary formats Each of these steps launches a new window For ease of use it is recommended that the user close any windows that are not needed by selecting Close Window under the File menu For example if the user 1s performing Step 4 he or she can close windows that were opened during Step 1 Step 2 and Step 3 Note that the title bar on each window indicates which step of the SeisOpt ReMi Vspect processing the user is at making it easier to keep track of the processing sequence When proceeding to the next step use the select the options from the current window If you do have windows from all the processing steps open click on the frame of the window you want to activate and bring to the front Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 9 of 85 3 1 Step 1 Converting importing and visualizing field data The first step is to convert the microtremor data recorded in the field to SEG Y format since current version of the ReMi Vspect module can only read in field data in SEG Y format If the seismic recorder can save data in SEG Y format then this step can be skipped For the conveni
29. will have use the name of the model file txt added automatically to the name you specify as prefix follow by the suffix ibc txt So if the model file name is RMmodel then the IBC soil classification will be written out to a file called RMmodel_ibc txt This will be written out to the directory that contains the dispersion picks One can also save the modeled calculated dispersion curve blue line in the Dispersion Curve window using the option in Figure 63 This is useful if you wish to plot the picked dispersion curve against the calculated dispersion pick using MS Excel see Section 4 5 Note that if you increase the number of steps No Steps parameter in the Controls window from the default 20 to 60 click then more dispersion points will be calculated resulting in a smoother calculated dispersion curve blue line 4 5 Making Report Quality Output from the ReMi Disper Module Once the model and dispersion files are saved to a local disk they can be imported into a spreadsheet program like MS Excel to plot the profile and dispersion fits respectively 4 5 1 Plotting the Model Profile The sample spreadsheet RM_mod xls included in the demo sub directory in the SeisOpt ReMi installation directory C Optim ReMiv40 Figure 64 shows the model file after it has been imported into Excel The first columns which are the depths to the layer interfaces have been modified to be negative so the
30. 1 12 are read in Next use the ReMiVspect module and follow the steps described in Sections 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 and 3 6 to create a pf image and pick the dispersion curve Figures 70a and b When performing the Vspect processing on fewer traces it is best to use the same parameters as those used when processing all the traces amp ReMi p f AnalysisSeisOpt R ReMi TM X vspect of SelsOptithyReMic Th Va Vepect CA Remi Version 3 1 Copyright 24 June 2002 pi The vspect method on class FitPlane data computes Louie s yelocit spectrum analysis J Louie Bull Seismol Soc Amer Apr 200 use the same a SUtace wave phase velocity dispersion parameters as spectra ratio image byp tau and Fourier those used for processing all the traces It is easiest to Forward Only Reverse Only Cancel Figure 70a Process the traces using the ReMiVspect module It is easiest to use the same parameters used to process all the traces when processing groups of traces SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM2011 sgy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 ol x File Edit View YspectProcess Windows Frequency Hz ness sec meter 0 02 Averaged ReMi Spectral Ratio OS es Figure 70b pf image showing the picks for traces 1 12 Next follow the steps outlines in Section 4 2 and 4 3 to generate a 1D model using the ReMiDisper module The best procedure to model fewer traces is to start o
31. 16 5 4 Ex poring Data Files FOr PNDUNE sianar NOE N 17 3 1 5 Importing Exporting files in another format and combining SEG Y files eee eeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 18 3 2 Step 2 Pre processine the Dale sisvsesecccevccvasaverssscecesescauepsts seans een re EiS AAE AS cawusbacevavesececeseueceueecvacsuavebecevewsec 23 3 21 Writings out Pre Processed Data todisk sirenosrri innn aa a a a E a E 24 3 steps Erase or Apply Geometry airce oa aaae arae aeea a e a Eae r aE aa aa ea aaa aaaeei 25 3 3 1 Erasing Geometry from the Trace Headers Recommended for typical ReMi survey c sceeeeeeees 25 3 3 2 Applying Geometry to Trace Headers for Crooked line ReMi survey cccccccecececceeeaesssssseeseeeeeeeees 26 3 4 Step 4 Computing the velocity spectrum for each record p f transformation of the data cccccccoooes 30 3 4 1 Setting Parameters and Starting ReMi Vspect Processing essesssssseseeeeerresssssssssssssectererrsssssssssssseeeereeee 30 3 4 2 Visualizing Results of ReMi Vspect Processing The Velocity Spectrum p f 1mage c sseeeeeeeees 32 3 5 Step 5 Combining Individual p f Records into one Image sssssseceecccccccccccsssssccecceccoccccsossssssscccceceoccssssssssssee 34 3 60 Step 6 Pick and Save DISPersiOMs siccssceacscecesciecessascs ie coucteccnstesssacedececossneescaceaesseswseesvevaesuscotecenceceenseseeceecsenceieceees 36 S0 l Pickims hed DIS persi On CUVE ped
32. 2 Hts Clear Picks Ctrl Shift l 1 H6 311 Ht Quit Ctra FF as gcc Figure 62 Choose Export to export the model files or the calculated dispersion files Export as Model File Calculated Dispersion File Calculated Dispersion X Coordinates JPEG Image of Dispersion Curve JPEG Image of Model Profile Cancel Figure 63 Model files and dispersion files blue line can be saved either as ASCII files or exported as JPEG images The saved model can be read back into the ReMi Disper module by using the Import under the File menu The model will be rendered in the Model Profiles panel and the name displayed at the top of the window Make sure you select the desired Units parameter when saving the model The model file output by the ReMi Disper module writes depth and velocities in the selected units on the Controls window The first line in the saved model file indicates whether it is in units of m s or ft s The first column in the file is the depth of the layer the second column is the density in g cc third column are the P wave velocities and the fourth column is the shear wave velocity of the layers If the Standard model mode is used the Vp values written out will be 1 73 times the Vs When the Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 70 of 85 model is saved the IBC soil classification for the profile is also written out to a file The file
33. 29376 0 000000 1129 231744 11 083809 159 298561 5 438976 2 000000 0 000000 1955 829376 0 000000 1129 231742 11 083809 159 295561 2 720066 2 000000 O O0O0000 4436 569772 0 000000 2561 703102 106 114379 166 303470 2 720066 2 000000 O O000000 4436 869772 0 000000 2561 703104 106 114379 Figure 58 Standard deviation file produced from the inversion The final model can be exported into an ASCII file by using the Export option under the Files menu The model file can also be saved as a JPEG image using the same export option Figure 58 and 59 The Dispersion Curve window can also be saved as a JPEG image and the calculated dispersion curve blue line can also be exported as an ASCII file 4 SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 AES Tools l fodel Filename Cipin KeMiv idemo KM model PEA Ae T EA lA Picks Filename C Optin ReMiva0idemo RM_picks txt Ph ey Ctrl t Open Cirl o fonds Feet Seconds Save Ctrl S Elewation Save As Ctl Shift S Ft Import Ctrl l Export ales Load Picks Ctrl L F gag Hs Step 5 562 Fits Clear Picks Ctrl Shift l H6 311 Ht No Steps 20 0 ii Quit Ctr a Pe alist Figure 59 Choose Export to export the model files or the calculated dispersion files Oe hl Export as Model File Calculated Dispersion File Calculated Dispersion X Coordinates JPEG Image of Dispersion Curve JPEG Image of Model Profile Cancel Export
34. 4 la Slowness Sim 0 0025 TETEE TIMERE 0 00416 0 00459 0 00666 0 0070 0 0075 0 00791 0 00791 0 00791 0 005 0 00541 0 0053 000E GAGA es eh SS et est eS ea A O A J Period s Yelocity fis 0 35401 0 307201 0 236312 0 204501 0 170669 0 096006 0 095339 0 074929 0 066787 0 06144 0 059077 0 139635 0 126 0 116154 1312 32 905 2252252 of 4 50 foo 6530462 e 16 3310777 492 6126126 463 3090305 Aa AA 414 7561159 414 7661150 414 7661158 B56 16 BOB 4525525 562 Add ad 525 7692300 0 105931 E Figure 66a Import the dispersion picks file RMpicks txt in this case into MS Excel to plot the dispersion curve Figure 67 The blue color filled columns are the imported picks The Period and i r Roe A Oly EE SWS See S EE G A Oily E N EE ets ES ESS il OCF ie E ES AEEA NS EE A A a ly N Eee S E m Velocity values are calculated Freg Hz s0 35 7 1424 tid iene feat 19 245077 16 66667 14 70588 13 15709 11 90476 10 06957 10 4 259254 o 6206o 0 064516 featae heals f 142057 b r567597 Ros A S EE CNS Mae NS EE A ia Oy E N EEEN Sica aod m 0 006059708 0 005005262 0 O0S0655 40 0 006018172 0 007920936 0 007 esos 0 007575290 O00 254161 0 00eS00951 0 006429067 0 005913615 0 005446612 0 005098927 0 00405395 0 00467 7046 0 004540306 TANIC CAT Tin 0 02 0 025 0 036 0 044 0 0542 0 06 0 065 0 076 0 084 0 092 0 1 0 106 0 116
35. 6 www optimsoftware com Page 68 of 85 4 2 1 Using the Advanced Model Mode This version of ReMi allows the user to use P wave velocity information if available to improve the accuracy of the modeled shear wave profile e In the Standard model mode SeisOpt ReMi Disper assumes that the Vp Vs ratio is 1 73 This is may not be necessarily true for all soil types For example very soft clays are known to have Vp Vs ratios of over 5 e If P wave velocities for the site are known from refraction surveys logs etc then they can be used to model the shear wave velocities better e Todo so select the Advanced model mode The P wave velocities for will be displayed as lighter shade of the shear wave velocity profiles amp SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 Model Profiles ioj xj Mode O Standard Advanced Zoom E Density Shear Compression Yelocities pats 446 455 fs ratio 2 188 18 670 ft 506 682 Ws ratio 1 732 56 664 fi 5130s ratio 1 7a3 159 388 ft 166 312 Layer Add Delete Figure 61 Select the Advanced model mode to model the shear wave velocity profile with P wave velocity constraints e Now the P wave velocity can be adjusted independent of the shear wave velocity by holding down the ALT key and moving the vertical lines next to the lighter shade area to the appropriate values for each layer using the left mouse button e You will notice that the fits that is the blue curve in the Dis
36. EE RM2014 DAT EARM2015 DAT SE RM dis xls i SPRM mod xls My Computer i My Hetwork Places eT BelnSyne File name AM picks tell ha Shares Save as type All Files Cancel Figure 44 Save the pick file This can be imported into the SeisOpt ReMi Disper module for interactive modeling of one dimensional shear wave velocities 3 7 Making Report Quality Output of Velocity Spectrum Image SeisOpt ReMi allows the user to write out the images rendered either as a PostScript ps extension file or as a JPEG file It outputs the image is displayed in the ReM1Vspect window So if you wish to plot the p f image with the picks you have made on it then you should use the Write PostScript File option or the Write JPEG File under the File menu before you close this window The default plot parameters used to render the velocity spectrum p f image can be viewed and edited by choosing the Plot Parameters option from the Edit menu Figure 39 and 40 This window is similar to the plot parameter window for displaying and plotting the microtremor records See Section 3 1 3 for a description of each parameter in the window One can change the title of the plot or the axes if desired The aspect ratio and the color palette can also be changed The following sections describe how to create report quality output of the p f image with our without the picks 3 7 1 Creating Output Veloci
37. Figure 2c which has to be used to register the software before use Register Reh A Figure 2c SeisOpt ReMi Registration icon 2 2 Authorizing and Registering SeisOpt ReMi SeisOpt ReMi software modules are protected by encryption software and so you need to obtain the proper authorization from Optim to be able to start using them The following sections outline this procedure 2 2 1 Registering SeisOpt ReMi software 1 The first step is to register SeisOpt ReMi Note that you can do the authorization and registration at the same time That is send the registration key Section 2 2 1 and site code at the same time to Optim 2 To register double click on the Register ReMi v4 0 icon Figure 2c that appears on the desktop after installation 3 A command MS DOS window will open up Figure 3 displaying the Registration Code Part One 4 Send this code along with your company name and address to Optim via email to support optimsfotware com phone or fax 5 DO NOT quit the registration window until after you have entered the registration key Else you will not be able to run this module A registration key will be returned which you will need to enter to authorize the program 7 After entering the key hit lt ENTER gt and close the window Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 6 of 85 ii Register ReMi 4 0 C pt im ReMi 4 gt bin java cp disper_4h jar disper Register Registering f
38. Record Step 5 Combine Record p fs Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion Figure 24 Choose Step 3 to erase or apply geometry to the microtremor data The window shown in Figure 25 will open Make sure all the buttons appear as shown If they do not use the mouse drag the lower right hand corner of the window and make it longer so all the buttons are visible 3 3 1 Erasing Geometry from the Trace Headers Recommended for typical ReMi survey For a typical ReMi survey with approximately evenly spaced geophones and relatively straight line with gradual elevation changes it is recommended that the geometry information contained in the trace headers be erased This is done by clicking on the Erase All button in the window shown in Figure 25 The dialog window shown in Figure 26 will open up Click OK for the geometry information to be erased This procedure is recommended when the survey line does not deviate by more than 5 of the length of the line for example 10m for a 200m long line or if the elevation change is gradual and not more than 5 of the total length of the line Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 25 of 85 2 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect Ch Optimi ReM 0 x File Edit Type of Input Geometry Observer s Report Unit System Coords and Elevations in Feet Enter geometry Section 3 3 2 and click to apply Used for Click to erase all geometry crooked lines or l
39. Softuane Package gt Seictnt HeMi ud fj Registration Code Part One 166 46 91 38 3 Registratio Oe art wore Email this code to support optimsoftware com DONOT close the window until you enter the registration key Figure 3 A command MS DOS window opens up with the Registration Code 2 2 2 Authorizing SeisOpt ReMi Vspect and Disper Modules The next step is to authorize the license for SeisOpt ReMi Vspect and Disper modules Note that you can do the authorization and registration at the same time That is send the registration key Section 2 2 1 and site code at the same time to Optim To do so following the steps below l Click on either the ReMi Disper of ReMi Vspect icon on the desktop When the license configuration window appears Figure 4 a Site Code should be displayed as shown in Figure 4 If not click the Display Site Code button Send this site code to Optim by email support optimsoftware com phone 775 784 6613 or fax 775 784 1833 This same Site Code will reappear each time the license configuration window is opened until a Site Key is entered Upon receiving your Site Code Optim will generate a Site Key and send it to you Enter this Site Key in the blank line below the site code and click Validate Each time you run ReMi Disper a small window briefly appears Figure 5 describing the status of the license then closes and the program starts DO NOT hit ENTER RETURN whe
40. User s Manual SeisOpt ReMi Version 4 0 im software amp data solutions For support contact support optimsoftware com Optim Inc UNR MS 174 1664 N Virginia St Reno NV 89557 0141 USA Phone 775 784 6613 Fax 775 784 1833 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com CONTENTS 1 0 SeisOpt ReMi Software Overview sssssssssssssscccccccccccssssssssssssssssssssssscccccccccscsscsssssssssees 4 2 0 Installing and Getting Started with SeisOpt ReMi ssssssccececcccccccccossssssscccccccccccoccsossssssssseccecoe 4 ZL ilnstalline Seis pt REMI oosina a E AE N EAA a A a a 4 2 2 Authorizing and Registering SeisOpt ReMi sssssssssseceeceecocccccccssssecccccecccccccsossssssseccceccccocccssssssssecececceccssssssssssee 6 22L Resistente Sci sOpt REMI SOWAlE cesaroni a a E E T a Ai 6 2 2 2 Authorizing SeisOpt ReMi Vspect and Disper Modules c ccc ccesssssesseeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeaaaeeaeessseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaas 7 2 L Preve nnn STOSS OL CENS E a a A E SN 8 3 0 SeisOpt ReMi Vspect Module wise eine Rhee RE UMA 8 3 1 Step 1 Converting importing and Visualizing field data cccccccccsssssssssssssssssscccccccccccccsccssessssssssssssssscoooes 10 Sle Converting SE Ge data to SEG Y formales iadnn a e EE n 10 3 12 Tmporins and Vistalizihe SEG X Files erisin rian E E e ELN RE 12 31 3 Set ne Flot Parameters of the lmported Data ccs2sc1 210 ccscessseradensiatioensnein sts Sbasmanamadenien T N
41. anwanaelansievedanoepensda A O E EE 36 JGL EX portinocanc Savin PICKS a acne innate revanaauevanteesedenodpeaue T 42 3 7 Making Report Quality Output of Velocity Spectrum mage cccssssssssccscccccccccccccccsssssssssccsssssccsoees 44 3 7 1 Creating Output Velocity Spectrum Image ssie circ a a a a A a 44 3 7 1 1 Importing PostScript files into an MS WORD document cccccccccececceeceeeeeeseeeeseseeececeeeeeeeeaaasaaeeeseees 46 4 0 SeisOpt ReMi Disper module sesecceccccccccsececcccsscoccosssesecocccsccececsscccosssoesecsscsscecceececeessssseceesesess 49 4 1 Description of ReMi Disper Module Wind ow ccccccccccsssssssssssscsssccccccccccccccccsssssssscsccsscccccccccsssccssssssssccess 50 A Nh COn PAG lena e E I E teins Waa elena ee aoe 50 AEDEP En Carve Paine linssiin e E E 52 A Nh o Mode Prones Pan kiessen E N 54 4 2 Automatic Dispersion Inversion Using ReMi Dispet cccssceccccceccccccccceesssssseeeeececeeeeeeeeesaasaaasssseseeeeeeeess 60 4 3 Interactive Modeling using ReMi Disper seseceeeeccsosssssseccecececccccccsssssececcccececccocssssssscsecccccececcsssssssscseeceeeeeecsssss 66 A sine the Advanced Mode lMode cea e a eo ec chaleaameraestcuet atau 69 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 2 of 85 4 4 Exporting the Model Profiles and Modeled Dispersion Curve cccccccsssssssssssssssssscssscccccccccccccscsssssssssscecs 70 4 5 Making Report Quality Output
42. ate that the Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 23 of 85 process has been completed by displaying SeisOpt ReMi V4 0 Vspect SEG Y filename Step a i SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM201 1 say 45 File Edit View YWespectProcess Window s Plane Index 0 O 4 t 4 of CABRERA 40 A R 77 soy Step Z biae eee Cee 36 0 O x Title bar indicates the processing stage Figure 21 Data shown i in in Figure 15 after Step 2 pre processing 3 2 1 Writing out Pre Processed Data to disk If you wish to save the pre processed data and save it to disk use the Write Binary File under the File menu Figure 22 er 2 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM201 L sgy Stel lel Es File Edit View YspectProcess Windows Clase Window Cirle 40 0HORMZUT T S QY Step 7 Dio EE ce 36 0 Convert SEG Files to SEG Write Post cript File Ctrl F Write JPEG File Write Binary File i T iil i i il Hi i j H Cte hoiii ii i l wii Wi i tl i An way Append to Binary File Ctrl D Write Sound File Ctri u Write Ascii File Ctrl amp I i hi id i E tht pil i Pal iil m E il i J ee Figure 22 Use the Write Binary File option under aie File menu to writ
43. bar Go to the directory containing the SEG 2 data files DAT extension and choose all the records that need to be converted Make sure all the files that are being converted are recorded along one profile Note that for this example the data files RM2011 DAT to RM2015 DAT residing in C optim remiv40 demo folder was chosen Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 10 of 85 2 Select SEG 2 Seismic Records Files x w e IE RM2011 DAT RM2012 DAT RM2013 DAT RM2014 DAT RM_dis xls B RM_mod xls File Hame 2011 DAT RM201 2 DAT RM201 3 DAT RM201 4 DAT R M2015 DAT Figure 8 Choose all the SEG 2 files to be converted and click Open If the conversion is successful a window displaying the message Conversion completed will open up Figure 9 It will also list the Trace or data type of the converted SEG Y file Make sure you use this trace format when reading in the SEG Y files F con temperr txt Notepad Fie Edit Formak wiew Help Fee Comversian completed Datatype 32 Bit Integer Figure 9 On successful conversion the message above will be displayed on a Notepad Wordpad window Any errors that might occur during the conversion are also displayed in this window A SEG Y file SGY extension containing all the files records and which has the name of the first SEG 2 file will be written to the directory containing the SEG 2 files The conversion takes ab
44. cord and so the p f image Figure 33 will have the same number of planes as the number of records in the data set with the p f image for each record stored in separate planes Like for the data set display Section 3 1 2 click on the Animate button Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 33 of 85 to go through all the planes of the image Use the scroll bar on the top to look at each image individually Depending on the level of noise and its frequency content each data the p f image velocity spectrum will be different for each record For example Figure 34 shows the p f image of the seventh record plane index 6 of the data set The p f image for each record is stored in different planes If the seismic record has 11 records as in this case the p f image will have 11 planes Plane Index O to Plane Index 10 corresponding to the velocity spectrum from data sets RM2011 to RM2021 in this case The image is rendered with the frequency in Hz plotted along the horizontal x axis and the slowness in seconds meter inverse of velocity plotted down the vertical y axis The origin 0 0 of the image is the top left hand corner Since the highest frequency we used for the analysis was 35 Hz the frequency scale goes from 0 Hz to 35 Hz Since 50 m s was the lowest velocity used Figure 31 the slowness goes from 0 s m to 0 02 s m 1 50 The horizontal and vertical axes are linear in frequency and slowness respectively C
45. d velocities are known e Specify Total Layers If this option is not selected then the algorithm automatically determines the least number of layers required to model the data usually 3 or 4 The number of layers can be set by the users by selecting this option and using the pull down menu to choose a number up to 20 It is important to keep in mind that specifying large number of layers will introduce unnecessary layers that might have false velocities and it will also increase the run time for the inversion It is best to keep the number of layers to be less than 6 unless there 1s evidence for rapid velocity variations e Specify Max Depth If not selected algorithm selects the maximum depth of the model based on the input picks This is the preferred option e If the Specify Total Layers option is selected then the user can further constraint the velocity depth and thickness of each layer by selecting clicking on the layer that needs to be constrained and entering the appropriate values Once the parameters are set click on Run Optimzer The progress window shown in Figure 55 left will open up after a brief delay When the progress bar reaches 100 the inversion is done and the final error in m s and Vs100 average is displayed Figure 55 right iit Disper Inversion Dialog Picks Selected Picks Selected 15 r15 Initial RMS Error Initial ARRAS Error 4 56 Final RRS Error oe Final RMS Error 3 00 Final Ss 7100
46. d above can be modified using the freeware program GhostScript GSView and inserted into an MS WORD document Essentially it involves using GSView to create an EPS file with a Windows Metafile or TIFF preview Here are the steps to follow to do the above 1 Open the PostScript file ps written out by ReMi Vspect using GSView Click OK when warning messages come up Do not click Ignore all DSC 2 Go to the Options menu and select EPS Clip and Show Bounding Box options Figure 46a 3 Make sure the Ignore DSC option is not selected 4 If the entire image is not displayed on the screen go to Media menu and choose Rotate Media option Figure 46a 5 Go to the File menu and select PS to EPS option Figure 46b Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 46 of 85 Make sure this is not selected RM_picks ps GSview File Edit Options View Orientation Media Help Re amp amp amp amp amp oy plimage eps GSview File Edit Options View Orientation Media Help Easy Configure Advanced Configure Soundz Units Language PStoT ext DSC Warnings Save Settings Mow rr Fr F Save Settings on Exit Sater Save Last Directory Button Bar Fit Window to Page Quick Open Select EPS Clip and Show Auto Redisplay Bounding Box from this menu EPS Clip EPS Warn Ignore DSC lO x SS il
47. d elevation along the profile is flat EO Os SO rt rg Ze AO OO Oe Oi 0 F AUO O00 OD 4 303 O30 040 TAJU Oe Ol 0 E D00 OFU 00 T SOOO Oi gG SF TOO Org 0 Og 2 3040 Oe 040 VO BOO Oe 700 LL LOO AO Oiso GO LZ AO 0 U0 09 iS c2080 O20 O20 rA AS OO os o Ng PO 140 O OO 0 40 LG 000 0 201 0 Le TEOLO Og OF O20 Loc LOO D0 Usp ES EO Oss Wya Oli 20 LOO 30 sot Oh BL ZOO Oi e0 020 D2 GAO is O S 23 gt 2 Oe S ZA 2S Oe Di OwA Zo AO os es 0 2 0 Zr se USO Ai Ole O 24 260 20 Oise Or OicG Ze POI ROP U0 Zo ZOO OD Oe OF Ore 30 29020 020 O00 SL BOO uO 0 0 OG SA 310i 0 Die Od BS LVO Ve OG Oe oie D0 Oa 39 SAO 04 0 0 20 Bit BOO 0g OVO 8 Station ID N X lt N Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 28 of 85 iit SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optimi Remi ol x File Edit Type of Input Geometry Station Coords MNA YZ Unit Syster Coords and Elevations in Feet 16 150 0 0 0 0 0 17 160 0 0 0 0 0 18 170 0 0 0 0 0 19 180 0 0 0 0 0 20 190 0 0 0 0 0 21 200 0 0 0 0 0 2 210 0 0 0 0 0 23 220 0 0 0 0 0 24 230 0 0 0 0 0 25 240 0 0 0 0 0 6 250 0 0 0 0 0 7 260 0 0 0 0 0 0 2r 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 280 0 0 0 0 0 30 290 0 0 0 0 0 31 300 0 0 0 0 0 32 310 0 0 0 0 0 33 320 0 0 0 0 0 34 330 0 0 0 0 0 35 340 0 0 0 0 0 a6 350 0 0 0 0 0 Close Apply Clear Shiv Format Read File Write File A Show All Erase All Figure 28 Enter the c
48. e Add EPS preview option and select the preview type Windows Metafile or TIFF is the best option Figure 46d RM _picks eps GSview File Edit Options View Orientation Media Help Copy Ctrl C gt QQ aera Oe soars cet ard D enert Coat imen TildeeneeeOll sar costed 2 J d 5 Planen Ol 34 830 Gonmvert Bitmap 4dd EPS Preview Interchange Extract EPS k TIFF 4 TIF G uncompressed TIFF 6 packbits windows Metafile Measure Convert to vector Format Text Extract Find Ctrl F Find Next F3 User Supplied Preview Figure 46d Choose the preview format to be Windows Metafile or TIFF 6 uncompressed Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 48 of 85 RM_picks eps GSview jo x Fie Edit Options View Orientation Media Help aaa ad gt for ie gt ely E l SeioOpt R ReMi TH V4 0 Vopect p emae MOAR EL ThOdemoFrlOll sgy Step 2 i te Maal Plan Fio Or I 2lemezz z2 meter i m ar I o File AM_picks ep Tl 42rpt Page 1 of 0 Figure 46e The Encapsulated PostScript EPS file created can be viewed using GSView or imported into MS WORD document 11 Provide a new file name for the EPS file with the preview Make sure you type in the extension eps for the file name 12 Save the file as an EPS file Now you will be able to insert the EPS file saved in step 9 into an MS Word document using the insert pictur
49. e array The software comes with the capability that allows the user to perform the Vspect analysis on groups of traces for example trace 1 6 3 8 and so on and derive a 1D model for each group Then the 1D models can be put together to create a 2D cross section Creating a 2D cross section will allow the user to image the lateral variations in the shear wave velocity It can be very useful to map isolated low velocity zones get constraints on depth to higher velocity layers for example bedrock map velocity discontinuities like faults and in general get constraints on velocity model obtained from standard refraction survey Since ReMi can be done in noisy urban areas the 2D image allows the user to get some constraints on velocities in areas where the high noise level would render a standard refraction survey useless Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 74 of 85 5 1 Importing and processing data for 2D analysis 4 Open Binary File x Binary file CAOptiniRetiva tidemoRh201 1 Will replace the current data fit one Plane SeISOpTIRY RemitTht V4 0 YVsopect Begin wiii 7 Binary File Type sEG Y First Field Record Mo ta Read la Last M 3600 byte Reel Header Block Present Trace Data Type 32 bitInteger gt Traces to Analyze la fiz Bytes ta skip fo OOOO o Elements pervector 1150 Vectors per Plane 100 MUMbBer of Planes ii M Old RG headers without source coords Read Binary
50. e down to depths of 100 m with 5 15 accuracy with the accuracy decreasing with depth The software is based on the refraction microtremor ReM1 technique described by Louie 2001 http www optimsoftware com white_papers images remi pdf A field tutorial on how to acquire ReMi data is provided in the insert of this user s manual Before collecting the data for ReMi software analysis please read the field tutorial carefully and contact support optimsoftware com with any questions about the acquisition parameters The frequency of the available geophones distance between geophone takeouts total length of the recording array and the distribution of subsurface velocities will determine the maximum depth up to which shear wave velocities can be derived Current techniques of estimating 30 m 100 ft average shear wave velocities Vsj00 and one dimensional shear velocities for assessment of earthquake site response are too costly for use at most construction sites They require large sources to be effective in noisy urban settings or specialized independent recorders laid out in an extensive array SeisOpt ReMi software uses microtremor noise recordings made on 200 m long lines of seismic refraction equipment can estimate shear velocity with 5 15 accuracy often to 100 m depths Shorter lines and higher frequency geophones will yield velocities down to shallower depths It uses standard refraction equipment simple recording with no source a wave
51. e one The governing criteria while modeling the picks should be that the simplest model that fits the data well is the best estimate of the average shear wave velocity As you adjust depths and velocities note that there may be a range of these parameters in each layer that seem to fit the dispersion data equally well These become the indeterminacies of your data There is trade off between the thickness and velocity of for every layer Try to find the two end member combinations of large thickness and high velocity and small thickness and low velocity tat both fit the data equally well This will give you limits or bounds of the velocity model The 100 ft average shear wave velocity V along with the IBC 2000 International Building Code soil classification is automatically calculated and displayed at the bottom of the Model Profiles window This is also written out to a file called name of the model file _ibc txt If for example the model file is mod txt the IBC value will be written out to a file called mod_ibc txt in the same directory to which the model file was written Keep in mind that SeisOpt ReMi calculates the average one dimensional shear wave velocities so the user does not have to fit every pick The objective is to fit the general trend of the picks with the blue line passing through the center of the picks resulting in an average shear wave velocity profile It is best to introduce velocity reversals o
52. e one dimensional shear wave velocity created using MS Excel The spreadsheet is included in the demo subdirectory 4 5 2 Plotting the Dispersion Curve In addition one can plot the picked red circles versus calculated dispersion curve blue lines by importing the picked file for the demo data RMpicks txt and the saved dispersion data The MS Excel file RMcalcdis xls Figures 66a and 66b included in the demo subdirectory shows the imported picks numbers in black and saved dispersion numbers in red file The picked and saved dispersion values are in frequency Hz and slowness seconds meter Use the spreadsheet functions to convert it to desired values you wish to plot That is if you wish to plot frequency versus Rayleigh wave phase velocity then convert slowness for example column E in dis xls to velocity for example column G in the dis xls by taking the inverse of the output slowness values Similarly frequency can be converted to period by taking its inverse Period 1 Frequency Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 72 of 85 0 99516 0 7074 1 0331 0 50554 0 55495 1 0345 0 51162 0 9545 DAAA 0 55945 0 97033 1 0702 1 0424 1 0495 11015 o 10 1 la 18 J2 ab 4 4h ai aii 22 24 26 2d Freq Hz 2 6041 4 29524 42517 40020 g 0993 10 416 11 715 13 346 14 973 16 276 JESEN 1614 Tolz 0 4635 3 4401 E 2l 10 yi 16 1 16 ie 14 14 12 lest 1
53. e option or sent to a printer directly from GS View 4 0 SeisOpt ReMi Disper module SeisOpt ReMi Disper uses an iterative dispersion modeling algorithm based on the method described by Saito 1979 to model the dispersion picks made using ReMi Vspect module Double click on the ReMiDisper desktop icon Figure 2b to start the Disper module The module consists of three panels that can be collapsed or expanded Controls Model Profiles and Dispersion Curve Figure 47 The objective is to model the picked dispersion curve red filled circles by clicking and dragging the shear wave velocity profiles red lines so that the calculated dispersion curve blue line matches the picks red circles The control panel can be used to toggle between different units meters second or feet second control the depth of the model and magnify the image to better view and model the variations in the dispersion curve In addition to the interactive modeling option Version 4 0 allows the user to perform an automatic inversion The software using an adaptive simulated annealing optimization technique to generate a model whose dispersion response fits the imported picks Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 49 of 85 SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 e x File Tools Units Meters Seconds Feet Seconds Offset Elewation Location 0 0 m 0 0 m Min Max Period 0 02 s 0 5 s No Steps 20 0
54. e out the pre processed data in SEG Y format Provide the desired file name making sure not to overwrite any existing files in the directory in the dialog window with a SGY extension since the output file will have be in the SEG Y format Choose the SEG Y option for the binary file type and 32 bit integer for the trace data type Figure 23 Click on Create Binary File button to save the file to disk i Creating Binary File C Optim RemMi 40 de Hinary File Type SEG Y Trace Data Type EPSA M Coords will be latlon degrees old RG headers without source coords Create Binare File Cancel Figure 23 Select SEG Y for the file type and 32 bit integer for the data type and click Create Binary File to write out the file Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 24 of 85 3 3 Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry The next step is to enter the survey or erase the geometry present in the trace headers of the microtremor data Choose Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry item from the Vspect Process menu Figure 24 on the window that has the displayed data it SeisOpt R jReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM201 1 sq St Ioj x File Edit View BreA iaee noS Step 1 4 Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Records otep 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Records Step 2 Pre Processing Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f of Each
55. e shorter period higher frequency picks are matched then change the velocities an interface of the second layer until a few middle period picks at the higher periods lower frequencies are matched 9 Repeat this process until all the picks are matched Usually the last few longer period picks are least constrained since the sample the deepest part of the model There is bound to be trade off between the layer velocity and the interface depth especially for the deeper layers 10 Once you are satisfied with the picks add a layer to the bottom of the model Adjust the velocity of the deepest layer and the one above it and see if you can improve the picks 11 Once all the picks are fit that is when the error is as low as possible the next step is to fine tune the model Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 66 of 85 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Set the Period Min and Max bounds to values outside the range of periods in your picks Move the cursor to the pick location to find out these values Set the Max Depth to a lower value if needed If you wish to fine tune the shallow layers and need to zoom in decrease the Max Depth and the Max Period parameters This will display the shallow layers in greater detail and adjust them to fit the high frequency low period picks better thus decreasing the overall RMS error Unless you have good evidence for a velocity inversion try not to introduc
56. e the warmer colors are absent lack of high spectral ratio or where there are gaps in the trend 10 On the other hand if there is distinct kink in the dispersion curve and it is present in all the p f images of the data set then t probably implies the presence of a high or low velocity layer depending on the shape of tne kink see Figure 41a Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 40 of 85 Frequency Hz 49 804 0 0 g Slowness sec meter 0 01 0 0 E Sm 00 5 ReMi Spectral Ratio Figure 41a Example p f image showing a kink in the dispersion curve indicative of a velocity reversal 11 If you are picking p f images created from a source Forward Only or Reverse Only options used for Analysis see Section 3 4 1 then you need to pick the peak of the dispersion curve as shown in Figure 41b 0 0 Frequency Hz 24 525 0 0 Slowness sec meter 0 01 0 0 3 0 ReMi Spectral Ratio Figure 41b When picking the p f image generated from using sources then the picks need to be made along the peak amplitude and not the low energy bound 12 Save the p f image as a binary file SGY using the Write Binary File option under the File menu See Section 3 2 1 for details Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 41 of 85 13 Optim recommends and encourages users to send their first data set and any difficult data set to support optimsoftware com We will pe
57. eling fails to fit the picked picks If such a situation arises contact support optimsoftware com for suggestions 4 Now click and drag the S velocity profile vertical red shaded area in the Model Profiles window and the layer interfaces horizontal black lines in the Model Profiles window until the modeled dispersion curve blue line the Dispersion Curve window overlay the dispersion picks red filled circles The RMS error that appears at the bottom left hand corner below the Dispersion Curve window is a quantitative estimate of the fit Lower the error better the fit for a particular data set 5 It 1s recommended that the modeling start from the top down Take an iterative top down approach to interactively modeling the dispersion picks 6 First fit the lower periods higher frequency picks first since they sample the shallow horizons Since the shallow horizons are lower velocities associated with the top layer keep changing the layer velocities and interface depth of the first layer until the first few picks shorter period picks are matched well Change the velocity and the interface depth 7 Note that you can fit as few or as many of the picks in one step as you wish Going for too few would result in many layers while too many may result in too few layers Try to model about one third to one fourth of the picks at one step starting from the shortest period You can fine tune the fits later 8 Once th
58. ence of the user the module comes with a program that will convert data recorded in SEG 2 format to SEG Y If you wish to convert other data formats to SEG Y like from ABEM Mark 3 or OYO use SeisOpt Picker which is available from Optim SEG 2 usually with DAT extension is of the most common formats used for recording seismic data The conversion program can handle only data that has 16 000 samples per trace or less Hence set the recording length and sampling rate to make sure this limit is not exceeded Contact support optimsoftware com if you have any questions before acquiring the data There are several commercial programs available for example XSeg2Segy Interpex Limited Golden CO USA that can handle longer trace data 3 1 1 Converting SEG 2 data to SEG Y format If your seismograph records in SEG 2 format then the first step is to convert it to SEG Y format To do so choose the Convert SEG2 Files to SEGY item from the File menu of the Vspect module as shown in Figure 7 Convert SEG Files to SEGY Write PostScript File Ctrl F Write JPEG File Write Binary File Ctrl B Append to Binary File Cil D Write Sound File Ctrl U Write Ascii File Ctrl amp Amplitude Figure 7 Choose Convert SEG2 Files to SEGY to start the process of converting SEG 2 files The dialog window shown in Figure 8 opens up with the message Select first SEG File in its title
59. er of bytes in the SEG Y file The data size of the display window can be adjusted by choosing an appropriate zoom percentage under View menu Figure 16 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 15 of 85 Ctri Pick Window Ctrl About spect S0 Ctri 5 Ti Ctri 7 150 200 Ctl 2 SOO Figure 16 Adjust window size using the Zoom options under the View menu 3 1 3 Setting Plot Parameters of the Imported Data The parameters that control the display of the data on the window and the output can be viewed and edited by choosing the Plot Parameters option under the Edit menu Figure 17 Choosing this will open up the plot property window shown in Figure 18 If the window panel does not look like the one show in Figure 18 or if it appears to be missing the lower items just drag a corner with the mouse to enlarge it a little Setting the plot parameters correctly for the record will allow you to analyze it more quickly as some of the geometry information will be correctly set as well The following describes the plot parameters Rows Point Down If checked renders the image with the time axis going downwards Vert Exagg Recommended between 0 01 and 0 1 controls the size of the plot Positive Only If checked renders only positive amplitudes Amplitude Clip Values above this are clipped Best to set it at 3 rms Units Type in label for scale of image
60. ery well In this case the step size can be decrease We strongly recommend that you contact support optimsoftware com in such cases for suggestions on how to model set this parameter SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 O x File Tools Units Meters Seconds gt Feet Seconds Elewation mM Location Velocity rs 500 0 mis Step 2o ns Depth m 00 0 rm Density 0 0 gice Figure 48 Control panel entries are used to control the plot parameters of the Model Profile and Dispersion Curve panel Offset loo Mir Period 0 02 5 z No Steps 20 0 s0 T loo iai mimin e Units The user has the option to toggle between meters second and feet second The default setting is to meters second The output velocity model will always be written out in the unit that was selected during the modeling process e Location User can specify the horizontal distance and elevation of the model profile Information can be used for creating a 2D profile e Depth This controls the maximum depth of the velocity model shown in the Model Profiles window Figure 50 Make sure that this value is set to be greater than the deepest interface in the model Density Specifies the maximum density in the Model Profiles window Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 51 of 85 e Pull down menus Across the top of this window under the File menu are options to load dispersion picks Open import and
61. f with the 1D model generated using Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 76 of 85 all the traces use Import Model to read in the saved 1D model and then adjust the layer velocities and layer interface depths until the model fits the picks minimum RMS error Since fewer traces are being used the maximum depth of the model may be less than the depth of the model obtained using all the traces The next step is to save the model to a file Model for each trace should have a different file name 5 2 Assembling a 2D Cross section Once the 1D model for each set of traces have been derived they can be assembled to create a 2D shear wave velocity cross section under the profile To do this the saved model files have to be edited to enter the value of the horizontal distance of the midpoint of the traces being analyzed and the elevation if any at that location For example open RMmodel_01 12 txt Figure 71 Edit the first line and enter the horizontal distance and elevation of the midpoint of the traces being analyzed Since the geophone spacing was 10 feet the midpoint between trace 1 which is at O feet and trace 12 which is at 110 feet will be 55 feet Enter the value 55 0 0 0 since it is flat elevation in the first line Figure 71 Repeat this step for each of the saved model files each time changing the horizontal distance and the elevation values if different g RM_ model 01 12 tHt WordPad File
62. field transformation data processing technique ReMi Vspect module see Section 3 0 and an interactive Rayleigh wave dispersion modeling tool ReMi Disper module see Section 4 0 Thus the refraction microtremor exploits the most effective aspects of the microtremor spectral analysis of surface wave SASW and multi channel analysis of surface wave MASW techniques Louie 2001 The slowness frequency slowness is inverse of velocity wavefield transformation is particularly effective in allowing accurate picking of Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves despite the presence of waves propagating across the linear array at high apparent velocities higher mode Rayleigh waves body waves airwaves and incoherent noise Louie 2001 2 0 Installing and Getting Started with SeisOpt ReMi 2 1 Installing SeisOpt ReMi Begin the installation of SeisOpt ReMi by inserting the installation CD into the CD drive The install process should start automatically If it does not you can go to the CD drive and click on the Setup exe file which has the icon shown in Figure la Figure la Setup exe icon Click this to start the installation if it does not start automatically on insertion of the install CD into the CD drive When the install is complete a Setup Complete window will pop open Select Yes Launch the program file and then click Finish to complete the installation procedure Figure 1b Ignore the message that appears
63. from SASW Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves software It assumes the file has no header information and there is only a single dispersion curve in the file being converted Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 60 of 85 e Velocity Wavelength pair ASCII file containing two columns with the first column being velocities and the second column being wavelengths e Velocity Frequency pair ASCII file containing two columns with the first column being velocities and the second column being frequencies e Velocity Frequency Wavelength ASCII file containing three columns with the first column being velocities the second column being frequencies and the third being wavelengths The pick file name is display at the top of the ReMi Disper window Figure 52 O x SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 File Tools Picks Filename Cl0ptimniReMiiVvadidemoiRM_picks tst Units Meters Seconds Feet Seconds Elevation Offset Location 0 0 Ft 0 0 Ft Figure 52 The name of the pick file that has been loaded will be displayed at the top of the Disper window The picks are displayed as red circles in the Dispersion Curve control panel Figure 53 SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 18 x File Tools gt Picks Filename C Optim ReMiv40 idemo iRM_picks txt Calculate Rayleigh Dispersion Quarter Wave Approximation Automatic Dispersion Inversion Zoom SSS 202 5 f
64. from the ReMi Disper MOodull cccccsssssssscsscccccccccccccscccesssssssccecs 71 AS Plotuns Me Model Prone ergani see vaste ioinid scat tie E ES 71 AS 2 Plotting tne Dispersion Cur Ve ieena E A T I2 5 0 Creating 2D Velocity Models Using SeisOpt ReMi seccecccsssssceeeccosssssccceecosssssseccesssssssseeeooso 74 5 1 Importing and processing data for 2D analysSiS sssssssseseeccccccccccssssssccccccecccccccssossseeseccecccceoccssssssssesceceeeeeeessss 75 SL Assembling a2 D ross Set UO acs acca es ese ase eee eer ea 77 6 0 Solutions to Possible Problems and Other Useful Information sssssssscccccssssssssssees 84 Ob Authorizine th ICONS 5 cesceseceescassncadccuceceactestssasesucevseasenss 3 ce uceubecasacesedeusvexeentanseeceuawsbadavecessiececovecetensts cououeborvvewaes 84 6 2 Iransterrmo the eens Gs arice aerae a aE eE O E ea E 84 03 Out OF MIGMIONY CrO sonan aa a a a A 85 0A Cannot Find Root Error ra see ee ee 85 6 5 ReMi Disper Module Shape of the Calculated Dispersion Curve seseeeceeococssssssecccecececoccccosssssseecceeeceeosessso 85 VT AV IROTOLCIICOS assinar eanne n EE NEE EAEE EEES 85 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 3 of 85 1 0 SeisOpt ReMi Software Overview SeisOpt ReMi software uses refraction microtremor recordings from standard refraction equipment to estimate 30 m 100 ft average shear wave velocities and one and two dimensional shear wave profil
65. from the SEG Y file For example if the data has 5 records noise gathers each having 36 channels and the stations are numbered to 36 then the observer s report will have the following lines 1 1 1 i 36 2 1 i I 36 3 1 1 36 4 1 1 ih 36 i 1 ii 36 Copy it to the clipboard from the text editor like Wordpad and paste it to the Geometry tool s text area Make sure the Type of Input Geometry is set to Observer s Report Figure 27 and click the Apply button below it SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim Remit ol x File Edit Type of Input Geometry Observer s Report Unit Syster Coords and Elevations in Feet Close Apply Clear Shiv Format Read File Write File Show All Erase All Figure 27 Enter the information for each record contained in the file and click Apply to apply the observer s report Next create a surveyor s report or station coordinates list according to the format given in the tool You will need one line of station coordinate text per record in any order Note that there are two orders for the coordinate text accepted N X Y Z or N Z Y X The station numbers in the Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 27 of 85 observer s report and surveyor s report must match For example if you choose the N X Y Z option then the surveyor s information will look like the one below for a 36 channel survey and with geophone spacing 10 feet an
66. gher velocities However slowness resolution is a complicated function of frequency the number of traces their spacing and the total offset range Hence in most cases the default value should be sufficient e Analyze All Directions Use this option when computing the p f transformation of noise only or noise and source records This assumes surface waves are coming from all directions with relation to the ReMi acquisition array Note that if you are analyzing records that might contain both noise and source induced energy then this option should be used Forward Only Use this option when computing the dispersion curve for records that were collected using a source that is located near the first geophone Reverse Only Use this option when computing the p f image for records that were collected using a source that was located near the last geophone in the ReMi array amp ReMi p f AnalysisSeisOpt R ReMi TM vSperct of SeisOpithyRemitTh a 0 spect Remi version 3 1 Copyright 24 June 2002 by The vspect method on class FitPlane data computes Louie s yelocit spectrum analysis J Louie Bull Seismol Soc Amer Apr 200 Sampling eral in ffo sutare wave pnaseweloziy drapereion a Geoghone spacine seconds of the data H qepyp obecn 2 meters Maximum analysis frequency Ht tSeCA 0 0020 dx meter 3 048 i for the p f transformation l B50 l Expected minimum velocity Can be changed if not Fmax Ha
67. he Raw Float option and click on Create Binary File Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 19 of 85 Now open up the next SEG Y file to be combined using the Open seismic records option under Vspect Process menu From the window that displays the SEGY traces choose the Append to Binary File option as shown in Figure 19d coy SeisOpt A jRedi T HM 2 0 spect Shea Line 1 2 sgy me x AEM vit View VsopectProcess Windows Close window Ctrl AA Convert SEG Files to SEGY Write Postacript File Ctrl P Write JPEG File Write Binary File Ctrl H Append to Binary File Ctrl D write Sound File Cirle write Ascii File Ctrl s Figure 19d After reading in the next file to be combined choose Append to Binary File option A dialog window will open up Choose the same file name that was used to create the binary file for the 1 record The 2 record will be appended to the 1 one As before choose Raw Float for the binary file type Figure 19e and click on Append Binary File to append the second record to the first one S Appending to Binary File C Optimsowens _ x Binary File Type RG 7 Trace Data Type T Coords will be drre Old RG headers without source coords Append Binary File Cancel Figure 19e Choose the Raw Float option and click Append Binary File Repeat this process for the remaining SEGY files each
68. he Tools menu to start the 2D assembly process The window shown in Figure 73 will open up Click on Choose and select all the 1D profiles to be used and click open Figure 74 Create 2 D Profile Ioj x File Options Assistant Please select the files that will be used for creating the 2 0 profile Cancel Previous Hext Figure 73 Click Choose and select all the 1D files Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 78 of 85 4 Select Profile Files X Look n Jaare RM_model_09 20_ibc txt RM_model_21 32_ibc txt C RM_model_13 24 txt RM_model_13 24_ibc txt RM_model_25 36_ibc txt RM_model_17 28 txt RM_model_ibc txt RM_model_17 28_ibc txt RM_picks eps RM_model_21 32 txt RM_picks ipa m ee File Name Bt SRM _riodel 1 25 00 Rhl_model 21 32 00 Remodel 25 3681 Figure 74 Select all the edit 1D files and click Open The number of files and the names of some of them will be displayed Click next to bring up the window shown in Figure 76 Create D Profile F loj xi File Options Assistant 7 files RA model 01 12 te Rt model 05 16 te Rd model 25 36 tet will be loaded Cancel Previous Next Figure 75 The number of files and names of some of them will be displayed Click Next to proceed Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 79 of 85 4 Create 2 D Profile 5 x File Wpt
69. i Disper To following steps describe the automatic dispersion procedure Open the dispersion pick file created during Step 6 of the Vspect Processing sequence Section 3 6 2 using the Load Picks option CTRL L under the File menu Figure 51 You can also load the file using the Open Dispersion File under the File menu in the Dispersion Curve window i SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 7005 JES Tools Mew window Ctrl 5Shitt h New Cil h bconds O Feet Seconds Oper Ctro Elewation Save Ctrl 5 oo r Save As Ctl Shittt S Wax Import Ctrl 2 5 A E 0 6 Ho Steps 20 0 port rl lt 2400 0 mis Step 2 0 rus Load Picks Ctrl L 200 0 200 0 mi Clear Picks Ctrl Shitt e i 0c 3 5 giec Guit Ctl a Figure 51 Load dispersion picks for modeling Picks made using SeisOpt ReMi Vspect module are in the Vspect compatible format If you are importing picks made using third party software use one of the other four options shown in Figure 51 x Load picks from SASW Ho Header File BlocityVavelength File elocityFrequency File elocity Frequency Wavelength File Figure 52 Choose the file format for the dispersion picks SeisOpt ReMi picks are in the Vspect compatible format Currently the following types of third party dispersion files can be read in e SASW no header file Dispersion picks output
70. igh respectively They cannot be changed The Standard mode will assume Vp Vs ratios to be constant 1 73 If a variable Vp Vs ratio is desired then the user needs to choose the Use Initial Model option and read in an input model with the requisite Vp Vs ratio The output model will then have the same Vp Vs ratio as the input velocity model e Minimum Maximum Period This can be changed if the input picks have picks greater than 0 5second period or less than 0 01 second period Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 62 of 85 e Allow Velocity Inversion If this option is selected then the inversion algorithm will be the most general In other words it will assume that velocity reversals low high low or high low high could be present and will incorporate those into the model if the input dispersion picks show it The dialog box allows the user to specify the magnitude of the reversal both the minimum and maximum value If the user wants to force the inversion algorithm not to model the data with velocity reversals then this box must not be checked e Use Initial Model If this is not checked the inversion algorithm starts with a constant shear wave velocity If it is checked then the user can specify a starting model The file format of the input model should be the same as a ReMi model This option is useful if the user wants to incorporate variable Vp Vs ratios into the inversion process or if certain layer depths an
71. ines with large information in header elevation changes Recommended for survey lines that are straight or those that do not deviate by more that 5 from a straight line Close Afo Clear Show Format Read File write File Show All Figure 25 SeisOpt ReMi Vspect geometry tool It is recommended that for a typical refraction microtremor survey all geometry information contained in headers be erased by pressing the Erase All button S All Geometry Info Erased All shot receiver and offset information has been erased from the data headers vith no geometry headers methods requiring geometric information will make use ofthe labels on the vectors and planes as defined inthe Plot Parameters window and shown onthe data display Figure 26 The message window above appears Click OK to erase all geometry information 3 3 2 Applying Geometry to Trace Headers for Crooked line ReMi survey If the survey line is very crooked and there are rapid elevation changes then the correct geometry must be applied To do so the user needs to create the observer and surveyor s reports in plain text using Wordpad and copy and paste the text into the text area of the Geometry tool Figure 25 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 26 of 85 First create an observer s report according to the format given in the tool You will need one line of observer s report text per record in the order the records were read
72. ing the mouse on the image Figure 38 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 37 of 85 i SeisOptiR ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY40 demo RM201 1 sgy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 i T ol x File Edit View YVspectProcess Windows Piane ff GS UDHR IR eva NVN Va Yopeclt CU DONA ena VAgE RAUT S gy fap 2 o 4 34 830 Frequency Hz 0 0 0 0 Pick the trend of the curve Do not pick the dispersion curve if it does not have strong amplitudes or if it within the area of the image that has artifacts Pick the transition between green and light blue color Render the image using the Vspect color scale to see if the transition is rendered more clearly o 02 Averaged Retdi Spectral Ratio 0 0 2 5 Figure 38 Window showing dispersion picks made on the p f velocity spectrum image 4 While picking microtremor records try to pick the lowest energy bound of the high amplitude high spectral ratio s trend This stays closest to the real velocities and below the higher apparent velocities of waves traveling not along but obliquely to the geophone array 5 To delete a pick place the mouse pointer on top of the pick and right click 6 While picking follow the zone where the warmer colors start to blend with the cooler ones the blue green color 7 It is not necessary that only one pick have to be made for a particular frequency You can make more than one
73. lidemaiR l Rows Point Down Vert Exagg 1 326885 M Positive Amplitudes Only Amplitude Clip 25 Ampl zero joo Factor ho Units Averaged Ret Color Table for Image Current Colors Elements ero Current Colors Vectors Zero MSpace Ml f Apply changes Topographic no Clip Cancel Reset Values Figure 40 Choose Vspect as shown above To go back to the original color palette choose Topographic no Clip option Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 39 of 85 i SeisOptiR ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY40 demo RM201 1 sgy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 7 ol x File Edit View YVspectProcess Windows as phiM Rek A Vaio Vspect Cioparnhelavandenona oT soy Step A 3 4 5 Planes 0 o 0 l Frequency Hz 34 630 0 0 ness secimeter Pick the transition olive green and dark blue when image is rendered using the Vspect color palette It is recommended that both palettes be used to determine the best picking parameters for a particular data set 0 02 Averaged Re hli Spectral Ratio 0 0 2 5 Figure 41 p f image rendered using the Vspect color palette Depending on the frequency and amplitude content in the noise records this color palette will provide a better rendering of the transition from the high to low spectral ratios that need to be picked 9 Itis better to be conservative while picking the data That is do not attempt make picks in areas wher
74. llow the steps outlined in Section 2 0 The licensing software used by ReMi uses hidden files to keep track of the license If an unlimited license ever becomes disabled it is probably because one or more of the hidden files was inadvertently removed possibly by a hard disk utility program For example this is known to happen when running Speed Disk a de fragmentation utility included in Symantec s Norton Utilities This also happens while running Norton Anti Virus Utility Loss of these files will result in the loss of license to run SeisOpt ReMi To prevent these losses do the following 1 Open Speed Disk and choose File Options Customize and Unmovable Files 2 Specify that the ENT RST KEY and 41S files cannot be moved 6 2 Transferring the license SeisOpt ReMi Vspect and Disper module license can be transferred from one computer to another But the user will still have the Register ReMi by following the instructions in Section 2 0 The transfer process only transfers the licenses but not the registration The transfer should be done before uninstalling SeisOpt ReMi on the old computer Once the license has been transferred SeisOpt ReMi will not run on the old computer Here are the steps to follow for transferring the ReMi license from one computer to another 1 Install SeisOpt ReMi on new computer 2 Putanew floppy disk into the disk drive 3 Click on the SeisOpt ReMi Disper desktop icon Figure 2b A license
75. lors Elements ero joo Delta Jo 0020 Units Time sec Vectors Zero oo Deta fio Units Trace Sequet Planes Zero oo Delta 1 Units Record Index Apply Changes Cancel Reset Values Figure 18 Edit and save plot parameters The plot parameters can be saved to file by choosing the Save Parameter File option under the File menu of the properties window A new dialog appears asking you to find a directory and suggesting a name for the parameter file A saved parameter file can be read in using the Open Parameter File option 3 1 4 Exporting Data Files for Printing To save or print a plot of the record display the appropriate record the and then select File gt Write PostScript File from the menu bar Figure 19 Note that only the displayed file will be output as a PostScript file If multiple files are present the correct file must be first displayed by choosing Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 17 of 85 2 using the Planes Index scroll bar at the top PostScript files can be either displayed edited or printed using drawing programs like Adobe Illustrator To view and or print these files a program capable of reading EPS format files is needed If you do not have such a program you can download a set of free ones called GhostScript Copyright Aladdin Enterprises and GSView Copyright 2000 Ghostgum Software Pty Ltd from www cs wisc edu ghos
76. n deleting picks make sure that are no blank lines Figure 43b between pick entries in the pick window It is recommended that it is best to erase all the picks and start over if you are unsure of any picks The best way to pick the dispersion curve is to follow the trend in one sitting Once the picks have been saved you are now ready to perform interactive modeling of the one dimensional shear wave velocities using the SeisOpt ReMi Disper module Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 42 of 85 ii SeisOpt RJReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optimi Rem i 4i r ol x File Edit 0 99516 8 2 6041 6 0 0025 0 0 0 0 78741 10 3 2552 6 0 00333 0 0 0 1 0331 13 4 2317 9 0 00375 00 0 0 80554 15 4 88625 10 0 00416 00 0 0 85495 18 5 5593 11 0 00458 0 0 0 1 0345 32 10 416 16 0 00666 0 0 0 0 81162 36 11 7185 17 0 00708 00 0 0 95450 41 13 346 18 0 00750 0 0 0 7242 46 14 975 19 0 00791 0 0 0 0 85945 50 16 276 19 0 00791 0 0 0 0 97833 52 16 927 19 0 00791 0 0 0 1 0782 22 7 161472 0 0050 00 0 1 0424 24 7 612513 0 00541 00 0 1 0495 26 8 4635 14 0 00583 0 0 0 1 1015 29 9 4401 15 0 00624 0 0 0 e Close Show All Erase All Picks Figure 43 Pick window showing the dispersion curve picks made on the p f velocity spectrum image Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 43 of 85 Save ir E demo ge ey EJ B contemp txt convtemperr txt e E Desktop SRMZ2011 DAT gt ES RM2012 DAT f ERRMZ0LS DAT May Documents
77. n this window appears SeisOpt ReMi will not run on any other computer without obtaining another Registration Key and Site Key or authorization to transfer the license sees Section 6 2 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 7 of 85 Email this to support optimsoftware com and enter the site key sent back to you in the appropriate location B SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 License Configuration P mi x Program License Help E l a Program not authorized ee ees Site Code D311 5SBD4 5505 ESE Ad Site Kep seisOpt ReMi V4 0 1020 S wave velocity modeling The license for this program is not currently authorized If you have paid tor a license follow the instructions below 1 Ifthe Site Code does not appear above click on the Display site Code button 2 send this site code that appears along with your company name to Optim Inc ae Figure 4 Email the Site Code to support optimsoftware com and a Site Key will be returned oeisOpt Reb 4 0 Unlimited license Press lt Enter gt to configure your license Figure 5 License check window appears each time ReMi Vspect or ReMi Disper module is run 2 2 3 Preventing loss of license SeisOpt ReMi software protection mechanism works by storing hidden files in the PC As a result the user should make sure these files are not erased during disk de fragmentation or while running an anti virus scan For example this i
78. nd 16 Band L Custom O Meters Seconds Feet Seconds v Color Scale Min Max Samples L Gray Scale a ean 1 hama i hm Figure 79 Select a pre set band number or specify number of color bands to give a layer or contour effect to the 2D model Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 82 of 85 0 0 ft TO 639 to 293 991 ftis E m i Lu 170 0 ft 33 0 ft Horizontal Distance 2935 0 ft 298 224 this Shear Yelocity 1564 351 fis Input x Please enter the number of bands to use 1 256 looo OE 0 0 ft 5 a m i TT 170 0 ft 33 0 ft Horizontal Distance 295 0 ft 1264 3531 this Ina 33 2 ES 4 fts Shear Yelocity Figure 80 16 layer top and 5 layer bottom model 2 Create 2 D Profile EB Options port Ctrl eE JPEG Image F al pixels meters teet The resulting graph will be 2400 x 1700 pixels Additional space will be used forthe axis labels and scale Figure 81 Export model as a JPEG file Specify the desired resolution in pixels Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 83 of 85 6 0 Solutions to Possible Problems and Other Useful Information It is possible to encounter some problems while running SeisOpt ReMi software mostly because of memory issues or using incorrect file formats Below we list some trouble shooting tips 6 1 Authorizing the license SeisOpt ReMi will not run without a valid license and registration Fo
79. nly if you have other evidence suggesting its presence or if quite a few p f images velocity spectra Figure 60 show velocity reversal signatures Figure 60 shows an example velocity spectrum p f image that shows a velocity reversal Figure 60a and b show the picks and the model profiles that fit the dispersion picks figure using old Disper user interface This data set shows a clear kink in the picked dispersion values red circles that is indicative of the presence of a high velocity layer and thus it is safe to model it as a velocity reversal 0 9 0 Frequency Hz 24 956 Slowness sec meter 0 01 0 0 Averaged ReMi Spectral Ratio 25 Figure 60 Example p f image showing the dispersion picks for a model with velocity reversal Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 67 of 85 fs SeisOpt R RedMil TH Disper Dispersion Curve OF Velocity Asec 559 5 to 2999 4 Period sec 0 016 to 0 48 Figure 60a Dispersion picks red circles made from the p f image shown in Figure 60 and the fits blue line produced by the model shown in Figure 60b fs SeisOpt R ReMi TM Disper Model Profiles Ea Delete Layer i shear Velocity Etr sec 885 8000000000001 m 1410 7 a05 S000000000001 1213 9 2 0 2034 100000000000 30 1062 9 NMEHRP D Figure 60b Shear wave velocity model with velocity reversal obtained by fitting the picks shown in Figure 60a Optim Inc 200
80. o RM2011 sqy Ste 2 ies ol x Window s c4 oal DE Animate DRA ENVAR YVA demmno HZU T T S QY step 4 3 4 Frequency Hz 24 830 Surface wave dispersion amplitudes always trend from the upper left corner to the lower right of the p f image nA i W E l niness secimet r Artifacts due to truncation and transformation of other phases do not have the same trend as the dispersion curve Reili Spectral Ratio 0 0 a5 Figure 33 On completion of the computation the window displaying the velocity spectrum for each record will be open up SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 Yspect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM201 L sgy 5 i i iat WenectProcess Windows Use the scroll bar to Click animate to view view p f images for Plane index 4 0 4 a t 4 Animate all planes in the image each processed noise ordnas Opa ela Vg idemno RVU TTS gy Step 2 3 4 record Wu Frequency Hz 34 530 0 0 i Maximum frequency value entered in the Vspect processing window Cursor displays the frequency slowness velocity at each location ess secimeter Maximum slowness Inverse of the minimum 0 02 i I Re di Spectral Ratio velocity value entered in the Vspect processing Bee window 2 5 Figure 34 Step 4 computes the p f image velocity spectrum for each individual record and is stored in individual planes Use the scroll bar to view each one The velocity spectrum is calculated for each re
81. odeling the shear wav velocity profile The color of the S wave velocities can be change by choosing the Model Settings under the Tools menu Figures 50a b c and d Light red vertical shaded These are the P wave velocities for each layer The value is either in meters second or feet second and is set in the Controls window Section 4 1 1 These appear only when the Advanced model mode is selected in the Controls window and should be used only when reliable P wave velocity information is available like from refraction surveys logs etc Using accurate P wave velocity will lead to a more accurate shear wave S wave velocity profile One can manipulate the velocity model by clicking on the P wave velocity line with the Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 58 of 85 left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the plot with the left button held down Each segment of the light red shaded area indicating the P wave velocity of a particular layer can be moved independent of the other Doing so will alter the S wave velocity also keeping the Vp Vs ratio constant at 1 73 To move either the P wave or S wave profile only press and hold down the ALT button while using the left mouse button to move either the P wave or S wave profiles Thus layers with Vp Vs ratios greater or less than 1 73 can be modeled Figure 50f amp SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 Model Profiles 6S 0 x Mode O Standard Advanced oom
82. ommercial Line 1 0 sqy Shea Line 1 5 8gp eal sheapick gt File name plot pal save as type All Files Cancel Figure 19h Save the plot parameters to a file iit Open Binary File will open I a new wird ov controlled by Methods In Place 4 Binary File Type ees take Make sure the Raw Float option is selected irst Field Record Mo ta Fead fi Last j Iv Z600 hyte Feel Meader Block Present Trate Data THE 32 bit Integer Traces to Analyze fi 24 Check the number of channels traces to be analyzed Bytes to Skip ja Elements per Vector 10240 Number of samples per trace total time sample rate where Total number of traces channels 3g the units for both are same per record Note that this number a should be all the traces that are Number of Planes 5 recorded and NOT just the ones pane Ob Meo TERORS DEE j l imported being analyzed v Old RG headers without source coords Read Binary File Cancel Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 22 of 85 Figure 19i Read in the combined SEG Y file by selecting the Raw Float option for the binary file type and entering the correct values for elements per vector vectors per plane and number of planes fe C Optim owens Shea Commercial 7ip shea fit File View VWspectProcess Windows Plot Parameters Ctri E Apply Parameter File Corl F 0 0 F za Clip at Maximum Ctrl h
83. on run produces four files each with the pick file name as the prefix and with the date and time appended to it The file with mod extension contains the model profile in ASCII format that can be loaded into EXCEL for plotting The file with sd contains the standard deviation for each layer depth and velocity Figure 58 The file with dspr extension contains the calculated dispersion file blue line in Dispersion Curve panel In the standard deviation file the following are the different columns first column is the interface depth wih the second column being the corresponding standard deviation third column are the densities with fourth column being its deviation Fifth column are the P wave velocities in standard mode it assumes Vp Vs 1 73 and the its deviations shown in the sixth column Seventh column are the shear wave velocities and the eight column the corresponding deviation Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 64 of 85 4 RM_picks txt 16 Dec _7005_15_ 47 49 sd WordPad File Edit View Insert Format Help 0 x Delal elk al alle EA lFt s 0 000000 O 070187 2 000000 OC 000000 751 424303 O 000000 433 847750 2 905944 15 344222 0 070187 2 000000 O O00000 751 424303 0 000000 433 847750 2 905944 16 344222 3 113299 2 000000 O 000000 1456 809270 0 000000 841 113897 16 9530241 50 538478 3 113299 2 000000 0 000000 1456 809270 0 000000 841 113897 16 953021 50 5368478 5 436976 2 000000 O O00000 1955 8
84. ons Assistant Units Meters Seconds Feet Seconds Mim Horizontal Distance 65 0 295 0 00 Elevation E rO 0 lo 00 Velocity 299 224 864 351 Smoothing Max samples 0 Figure 76 View and edit parameters for the 2D model The following parameters can be set in the window e Units select the appropriate unit for the plot e Horizontal Distance The module automatically estimates the minimum and maximum horizontal distances of the 2D cross section These values will be displayed in the min and max box They can be changed to window out parts of the model to be displayed The Samples box shows the number of samples used when interpolating between the each 1D profile e Elevation The maximum elevation is displayed in the max box and will be the top of the model zero depth The minimum elevation is the bottom of the model and should be less the maximum elevation value Samples box shows the number of samples used when interpolating between the each 1D profile in depth e Velocity The default maximum and minimum values in the velocity model are displayed in the window The velocity limits can be changed to according to user needs e Smoothing The scroll bar can be moved to make the model as smooth as necessary e Click Finish to finish the plotting The window needs to be re sized a little to view the velocity model Figure 77 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware
85. onsequently the vertical axis is nonlinear in velocity For instance halfway down the plot at the left would be at half the slowness 0 01 s m or 100 m s a quarter of the way down would be 0 005 s m or 200 m s and so on The top row of the plot represents infinite velocity or an arrival simultaneous at all the geophones Details about how to pick the dispersion curve from the p f image are given in Section 3 6 The important thing to note is that the Rayleigh wave dispersion trends from the top left to the lower right while the aliasing and wavefield truncation artifacts track from left to right 3 5 Step 5 Combining Individual p f Records into one Image The next step in the ReMi Vspect processing sequence is to combine the p f image created for each record into one image This can be achieved by choosing Step 5 Combine Record p fs from the Vspect Process menu Figure 35 The window shown in Figure 35a will open up The user has the option of either using all the records or choosing the ones to be used to create the combined p f image To use all the records click on the Use all planes radio button and click Ok To select the records to be used in the summation click on Use selected planes and choose the planes or records to be used by keeping the Ctrl key pressed while clicking on the appropriate Planes Remember that Plane 0 corresponds to Plane 0 in the p f volume created d
86. oordinates for each geophone location and click Apply to apply the surveyor s report Paste it to the text area of the Geometry tool Make sure the Type of Input Geometry is set to the appropriate Station Coordinates option that the Unit System is set according to your input units and click the Apply button at the bottom of the Geometry tool Figure 28 Close the geometry tool by clicking the Close button To get more detailed information on what the observer s and surveyor s reports are do the following Select the appropriate entry from Type of Input Geometry above the text field using the pull down menu Figure 29 and click the Show Format button at the bottom of the window File Edit Type of Input Geometry Ca sc Unit System Ascii Trace Headers Figure 29 Choose the type of input geometry and click Show Format to see the format of the input files needed to apply the geometry Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 29 of 85 3 4 Step 4 Computing the velocity spectrum for each record p f transformation of the data Once the geometry has been erased or entered for a very crooked line the next step is to compute the velocity spectrum This process involves computing a surface wave phase velocity dispersion spectral ratio image by p tau and Fourier transform across all vectors This is described in detail in L
87. ouie 2001 see Section 1 0 The resulting image will be in the slowness frequency p f domain To start the process choose Step 4 Compute p f of Each Record from the Vspect Process menu Figure 30 on the window on which the geometry process Step 3 was done To make sure verify that the title bar on the window displays SeisOpt ReMi V4 0 Vspect SEG Y filename Step 2 3 Figure 30 nae WIndows SHEE Ene hnde Step 1 a Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Records Step 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Records Step 2 Pre Processing Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f of Each Record Step 4 Combine Record p fs Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion of each record Make sure you perform this action on the window which displays the data and has had Step 3 applied to it This will perform the p f transformation on each plane or record of the data sets For example for this demo data RM2011 sgy each of the 5 records RM2011 to RM2015 will be transformed individually 3 4 1 Setting Parameters and Starting ReMi Vspect Processing On choosing this step the dialog window shown in Figure 31 will open up Note that if the geometry has been entered correctly see Section 3 3 2 then the window shown in Figure 31 will not have the dx entry it will be automatically read in from the trace header information Hence it is important to enter the geometr
88. out a minute If the window shown in Figure 9 does not appear it indicates a problem in converting the files Then try converting one file at a time This will create one SEG Y file for each SEG 2 file The individual SEG Y files can then be read in together in Step 1 of the Vspect processing sequence Section 3 1 2 The conversion is performed by the seg2segy routine slightly modified to adapt to Vspect module and is available from the Colorado School of Mines Copyright 1992 1999 The following rules and limitations apply to the conversion e The SEG 2 files should not exceed 16 000 samples per trace For a typical SeisOpt ReMi data acquisition it is sufficient to record for 30 seconds at 2 ms sample interval resulting in 15 000 samples per trace Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 11 of 85 3 1 2 Importing and Visualizing SEG Y Files Once the SEG 2 files have been successfully converted to SEG Y format the next step is to import and visualize them using the ReMi Vspect module You also use this step to read in individual SEG Y files records that have been recorded in the field To do so go the Vspect Process menu item and choose Step 1 b Open SEG Y Seismic Records as shown in Figure 10 it SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect Begin With Step 1 ol x File Edit View BRST Ta itera Windows Step 1 a Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Rec Step 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Reco
89. persion window will change for Vp Vs ratios much different from 1 73 e Keeping the P wave velocities fixed since they are known adjust the shear wave velocities so that the fit between the red circles and blue line is again satisfactory e One may also have to add more layers to account for the variations Figure 57 shows a modified shear wave profile assuming P wave velocities Note that this is just for demo purposes Vp Vs ratios may not be as high as shown e Vp Vs ratios can be used for determining Poisson s ratio and other soil properties Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 69 of 85 4 4 Exporting the Model Profiles and Modeled Dispersion Curve The final model can be exported into an ASCII file by using the Export option under the Files menu The model file can also be saved as a JPEG image using the same export option Figure 62 and 63 The Dispersion Curve window can also be saved as a JPEG image and the calculated dispersion curve blue line can also be exported as an ASCII file it SeisOpt ReMi 4 0 C Optim Inc 2005 f l ol x AES Tools Hodel Filename CUOptimiResiVvalidemoRne model a 9 AULESUTULEA Picks Filename C Optin ReMiva0idemo RM_picks txt Ph ey Ctrl t Open Cir 0 fonds Feet Seconds Save Ctrl S Elewation Save As Ctrl Shitt S o o tt Import Cirl l hae Export id 0 5 z No Steps 20 0 Load Picks Ctri L F 2000 Hs Step 5 56
90. rds Step 2 Pre Processing Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f ot Each Record Step 5 Combine Record p ts Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion Amplitude Figure 10 Choose Step 1 b Open SEG Y Seismic Records to read in the microtremor data in SEG Y format Note that Step 1 a should be used only for data saved or recorded in a format that is NOT SEG Y or SEG 2 When the Step 1 b is selected the dialog box shown in Figure 11 will open up Go the directory that contains the data file in SEG Y format select it and click Open If you are reading in individual SEG Y files created in the field then you simply choose all the SEG Y files to be read in as show in Figure 12 Note that you use this option only when each SEG Y file contains only ONE record If they contain multiple records see Section 3 1 5 on how to read them in In both cases the format verification window shown in Figure 13 will open up The default data type of the converted SEG Y traces is 32 bit integer Make sure you choose the correct data type as shown in Figure 9 The program can also read in SEG Y data whose traces could be in any of the formats listed in Figure 14 Usually the seismic recording instrument manual should specify the trace type of the data being recorded Make sure the number of traces to be read in is correct The default value is 24 but if you have a 12 channel system this should be changed
91. records or select the records to be used to create the combined p f image Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 35 of 85 it SeisOptiR ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY40 demo RM201 1 sgy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 ol x File Edit View YVspectProcess Windows as phiM Rek A Vaio Vspect Cioparnhelavandenona oT soy Step A 3 4 o Planes 0 O 0 i Frequency Hz 34 630 0 0 ness sec meter 0 02 Averaged Reldi Spectral Ratio 0 0 2 5 Figure 36 Step 5 combines the individual wavefield transformed images for each microtremor record into one p f image In this example plane 0 used to create this image ReMi Vspect will stack and sum the individual velocity spectrum into a single p f image Figure 36 Examine the individual p f images Figure 34 and the combined one and choose the one that shows the Rayleigh wave dispersion the best That is look for the trend of warm colors that go from the upper left part of the image to the lower right We are looking for trends of high spectral ratio that slope down to the right giving lower phase velocities at higher frequencies as is typical of surface wave dispersion The color palette used in Figure 36 show the higher spectral ratios as warmer colors In some cases an individual image will show a larger amplitude trend than the combined one 3 6 Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion After choosing the p f image that displays the most coherent Rayleigh wave disper
92. rform the analysis and train you on how to pick and or verify whether the picks you made are correct 3 6 2 Exporting and Saving Picks Now that the picks have been made the next step is to export and save them to a file These picks can then be imported into the SeisOpt ReMi Disper module Section 4 0 for interactive modeling of the one dimensional shear wave velocity To export the picks choose Pick and Save Dispersion option from the Vspect Process menu Figure 42 This will open up the pick window shown in Figure 43 5 Step 1 a Open non SEG and non SEG 2 Seismic Records Y WerrOuMMew th Say step s a lt 0 0 Step 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Records Step 2 Pre Processing 34 330 Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f ot Each Record Step 5 Combine Record p fs Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion Figure 42 Choose the Pick window option to display and save the dispersion picks Click on the Save button to bring up the dialog box shown in Figure 44 Choose a file name for the picks Giving it a txt extension will allow the file to be viewed using Wordpad or Notepad Clicking on Erase All will erase all the picks The picks that are displayed in the window are ordered according to the order the picks were made You can delete any unwanted picks by highlighting it and clicking the keyboard Delete button Figure 43a Whe
93. s and GSView Copyright 2000 Ghostgum Software Pty Ltd from www cs wisc edu ghost GS View is the visual interface to GhostScript It allows viewing printing and manipulating the PostScript file for importing into an MS WORD document see Section 3 7 1 1 GhostScript GS View can also be used to convert the EPS file into BMP GIF PDF and several other formats In addition a quick Internet search will reveal that there are several shareware programs available that allow EPS files to be converted to GIF or BMP format files To write out a PostScript file choose the Write PostScript File option from the File menu Figure 46 A dialog window will open up Choose an appropriate name with the ps extension Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 45 of 85 4 SeisOpt RJReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 demo RM201 1 sqy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 O Ere Edit View YspectProcess windows Close Window Cire PIRJE ena V4 0 Vspec UG ee aera hogy Siep 4 3 4 Frequency Hz 34 830 Convert SEG Files to BEGY Write PostScript File Ctrl F Write JPEG File Write Binary File Ctr B Append to Binary File Ctrl D Write Sound File Ctr Write Ascii File Ctrl s m Figure 46 Select the Write PostScript File to write out a PostScript file of the image 3 7 1 1 Importing PostScript files into an MS WORD document The PostScript file create
94. s known to happen when running Speed Disk a de fragmentation utility included in Symantec s Norton Utilities This also happens while running Norton Anti Virus Utility Loss of these files will result in the loss of license to run SeisOpt To prevent this loss do the following 1 Open Speed Disk and choose File Options Customize and Unmovable Files 2 Specify that the ENT RST KEY and 41S files cannot be moved 3 0 SeisOpt ReMi Vspect Module Double click on the desktop icon shown in Figure 2a to launch the ReMi Vspect module The graphical user interface shown in Figure 6 will open up The Vspect module imports the microtremor Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 8 of 85 data recorded in the field and performs a wavefield transformation creating a velocity spectrum in the slowness frequency p f domain Element Amplitude Figure 6 Starting graphical user interface of SeisOpt ReMi Vspect module This module contains tools to do the following Convert refraction microtremor data recorded in the field SEG 2 format to SEG Y Import visualize and plot the data Step 1 Perform some pre processing on the data Step 2 Erase or apply geometry to the microtremor records Step 3 Perform wavefield transformation on the data in and generate a velocity spectrum in the slowness frequency domain Step 4 This yields the Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curve e Visualize and plot the
95. save export the model and the dispersion curves Create 2D Profile option under the Tools menu is to create a 2D shear wave velocity model from a series of 1D profiles This will be explained in a later section The Model Settings is used to change the color scheme of the Model Profile window SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 C Optim Inc 7005 Ei T mim Tools ew Yirg ow Citrl Shitt t Mew Cil h bconds lt Feet Seconds Open Ctrl 0 i Elevation Save Ctrl s bo e Save S Ctri shift S blax impart Ctrl E p E 0 5 Ho Steps 20 0 xpart rl mis 2500 0 rts Step 2 0 miz Load Picks Ctrl L F 500 0 Clear Picks Ctl Shift l gice 35 gice ui Ctri a Model Filename ClOptimRehivalidemoRe model txt icks Filename Cr ptim ReMi 40demoRM_picks_25 36 txt Standard Advanced Zoi Figure 48a Options under the File menu are used to import model files load picks export the final shear wave model and calculated picks The Tools menu is used during general of 2D velocity models and for changing the color scheme of the Model Profiles window Model Settings 4 1 2 Dispersion Curve Panel The Dispersion Curve panel is at the bottom Like the Controls and Model Profiles panel this can be collapsed or expanded as needed When first opened this will have a blue line showing the modeled dispersion curve Figure 49 The Zoom
96. sion the next step is to pick the dispersion curve and save the picks for input into the interactive velocity modeling module SeisOpt ReMi Disper 3 6 1 Picking the Dispersion Curve The following steps describe the picking procedure 1 The first step in picking the dispersion curve is to identify the normal mode dispersion trend down to the right starting from the upper left and distinct from the aliasing and wavefield transformation truncation artifact trends which are down to the left Make sure you are following the trend of the high spectral ratio band that has the lowest velocity or the highest slowness Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 36 of 85 That is the trend that is towards the bottom of the image Note the velocity and frequency ranges of the identifiable dispersion trend 2 Itis sometimes useful to magnify the image using the Zoom options under the View menu Figure 37 2 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optimi ReMiY40 demo RMZ01L1 59F Step 2 3 4 5 File Edit WENE VsopectProcess Windows Soom Image To 100 Cirl 1 Pick Window Gtri l 10 Set en 25 50 75 About spect Cirl 5 Cirl r ness secimeter Cirl 2 Averaged Reli Spectral Ratio 0 0 25 Figure 37 Choose an appropriate Zoom percentage to magnify or shrink the p f image 3 Pick several frequency velocity pairs along the trend by left click
97. slowness pick for any given frequency The range of slowness will give a bound on the velocities that are modeled For example note that the picks in Figure 38 have some scatter to them Since SeisOpt ReMi Disper determines the average shear wave velocity the picks do not have to be very accurate 8 Change the color palette to Vspect to see if this defines the transition better To change the color palette do the following Select Plot Parameters option from the Edit menu Figure 39 Choose Vspect color palette as shown in Figure 40 Click Apply Changes to render the image shown in Figure 41 If you wish to go back to the original color palette choose Topographic no clip and click Apply Changes Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 38 of 85 SeisOpt RjReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY40 demo RM201 1 sgy Step 2 3 4 5 Planes 0 l File View VepectProcess Windows Plot Parameters Ctrl E JR TTI Fite wy yspec n efits TaT el OFF OA Feri Eegi i ep f P AEI SSE Frequency Hz Apply Parameter File Ctrl F Clip at Maximum Ctrl tal Clip at RMS Clip at RMS Ctrl 3 Deleteferd Qut Tracers Vert Exagg d Erase All Picks Figure 39 Select Plot Parameters from the Edit menu to bring up the plot properties window 2 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMiY O x File Edit Title SeisOpt R ReMi TM V4 0 Vspect CAOptimiReMiva
98. t GS View is the visual interface to GhostScript See Section 3 4 5 on how to import the PostScript file into an MS WORD document Version 2 0 allows to you output the file in JPEG format Select File gt Write JPEG File from the menu Figure 19 to output the rendered image in JPEG 2 SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect Ch Optim ReMiY40 demo RMZOLI TEE Edit vic WYspect Process Windows Write out image in window as a PostScript file ee r 4 Write PostScript File Ctrl F Write JPEG File Write Binayg File Ctrl B Write out image in windowasa Pinary File Ctrl D JPEG file d File Ctrl U Write Ascii File Ctrl s a SS Figure 19 Write PostScript File option outputs a PostScript file of the data displayed in the user interface while Write JPEG File writes out a jpeg image 3 1 5 Importing Exporting files in another format and combining SEG Y files Use the Step 1 a Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Records option under Vspect Process if you are importing data that is not in SEG Y or SEG 2 format When doing so make sure you choose the correct binary file type option There could also be a situation where you need to combine SEG Y files created by converting group of SEG 2 files using the conversion module into one SEG Y file That is you need to combine several SEG Y files each containing multiple records This Section describes how to do this
99. t s Velocity 0 295 s 3422 566 ft s e Oo 164 05 ft s a a 0 02 s Period Das RMS Error 2245 595 ft s Ws 2504 716 IBC Site Class B IBC 2000 1615 1 1 Figure 53 The loaded picks are displayed are red circles in the Dispersion Curve control panel Now click on the Automatic Dispersion Inversion button above the Dispersion Curve display The window shown in Figure 54 will open up The inversion algorithm uses an adaptive simulated annealing optimization method Ingber 1993 Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 61 of 85 4 Disper Inversion Dialog a x Dispersion File Dispersion Units Dispersion Mode Dispersion Type CAO miREMIVADdemoiRM Standard 7 Raviein Min Period Max Period Ho Steps ois Allow Velocity Inversion Min Velocity Max Velocity Velocity Step 60 0 3000 0 7 Model File Model Format Plier ode Browse Ho Layers Max Depth Specify Max Depth Fix Depth Fix Velocity Fix Min Thickness Fix Depth Fix Velocity Fix Min Thickness Fix Depth Fix Velocity Fix Min Thickness Figure 54 Automatic dispersion inversion dialog window The parameters that control the inversion can be input using this window e Dispersion Units The velocities of output model will either be in meters second or feet second depending on the units chosen in the input dialog window Dispersion Mode and Dispersion Type These are set to Standard and Rayle
100. time appending the binary file to the existing binary file Make sure you choose the Raw Float option for the binary file type each time While displaying any one of these SEGY files make sure you save the plot parameters This will allow you to display the appended file properly To do so choose Plot Parameters from the Edit menu in the window that displays any one of the SEGY file as shown in Figure 19f Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 20 of 85 Seis0 pt R ReMi TM 2 0 spect Shea Line 1 2 say File Ena View VspectProcess Windows Flot Parameters Apply Parameter File Ctrl F Clip at Maximum Cirl h Clip at RMS Clip at RMS Ctri 3 Vert Exagq d Erase All Picks Apply Geometry Cil G Figure 19f Select Plot Parameters option from the Edit menu Now click on Save Parameter File under the File menu in the parameter window that opens up Figure 19g and save the parameter file Figure 19h i SeisOpt AjReMi TM 2 0 spect Shea Line 1 2 sgy Pr ie ES JES Edit Close Properties Window Ctrl Shea Line 1 2 50 5 0 02 eclip 2103783 Exit ReMi spect Ctrl a Units Amplitude Open Parameter File Cirl O Color Table for image Current Colors Elements ero oo Detta 0 0020 Units Time sec vectors Zero o0 Deita fio Units Trace Sequel Apply Changes Cancel Reset Values Figure 19g Select the
101. to 12 Similarly when recording more channels this should be change to reflect the total number of traces being analyzed Click Read Binary to read in the SEG Y data Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 12 of 85 Read SEG Seismic Records Files x wn Ge IE contemp tst RM2015 DAT B contemperr tzt RMM_dis xls X RM2011 DaT RM_mod xis RM2012 DAT RM2013 DAT RM2014 DAT File Hame RM2011 50 Figure 11 Choose the SEG Y file to be imported in ReMi Vspect for analysis fb Read SEG Seismic Records Files Look In E data_051004 r A ia ca W brit zip brit 7_S say bri17 mod brit _1 sqy bri1 _6 say bri17 picks brit _10 sqy brit _7 say bri47 _picks brit _2 sqy bri1 _8 say brit picks T brin 3 Donz osv Dit pic brit _4 sqy bri17 _dis1 txt Conway E O File Hame Webride 5 sgy brit _6 sgw brii r sav brii _8 sgy bpriir_ 9 5g Files of Type All Files 4 Open Cancel Figure 12 When reading in several individual SEG Y files each containing only ONE record select all of them and click Open Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 13 of 85 Open Binary File Binary file ClOptimniReniva tidemoRh201 1 will replace the current data fit one Plane SeISOpTIRY RemitTht V4 0 Yspect Begin wiii F Binary File Type 5EG Y First Field Record Mo ta Read
102. ty Spectrum Image After setting the desired plot parameters as described in the previous section there are two ways to create a file containing the image shown in Figure 39 that can output to a printer or imported into a report The first option is to use the Write JPEG File option under the File menu Figure 46 to write out the image in jpeg format Figure 45 Make sure to provide a jpg extension to the file name Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 44 of 85 SesUpihieva ina V4 0 Vspect CoUpannlelavaiidemnonngzuy Lsgy Step 2 3 4 3 Planes U 0 0 i Frequency Hz 34 930 0 0 nness sec meter Averaged Rehdi Spectral Ratio 0 0 2 5 Figure 45 Select Write JPEG File under the File menu to create a jpeg image of the p f image with the picks The second option is to write out a PostScript file PostScript format files can be read into programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw Version 7 0 or less This format is useful because unlike other graphics formats text and other elements of the image are preserved as discrete objects e g text is still text not a raster image of text which makes subsequent editing and customization of these files very easy To view and or print these files a program capable of reading EPS format files is needed If you do not have such a program you can download a set of free ones called GhostScript Copyright Aladdin Enterprise
103. uring Step 4 Figure 34 Plane 1 corresponds to Plane 1 of the p f image and so on The combined p f image shown in Figure 36 was created using plane 0 This is indicated in the title bar of the combined pf image When you make the selection make sure that the desired plane is highlighted in blue and the Ctrl key 1s pressed down when selecting multiple planes The option to choose the pf images that go into the combined image allows the user to exclude records that might have incoherent dispersion response or ones that show too many artifacts masking the continuity of the dispersion energy For example in the demo only four out of the eleven records seem to have a dispersion curve that was coherent and continuous across a wide frequency band Consequently only those four were used to produce the combined pf image Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 34 of 85 it SeisOpt R ReMi TM 4 0 spect C Optim ReMi 40 gt demo RM2011 sq Step 2 File Edit View Bepi iaee noS ee Step 1 a Open non SEG Y and non SEG 2 Seismic Records Step 1 6 Open SEG Y Seismic Records Step 2 Pre Processing Step 3 Erase or Apply Geometry Step 4 Compute p f of Each Record Step 5 Combine Record p fs Step 6 Pick and Save Dispersion niness sec meter pf selection l x Select the planes to be included in processing O Use all planes Use selected planes Figure 35b Choose either all
104. w see Section 4 1 1 The minimum velocity and minimum period maximum frequency are at the left lower corner of the plot Velocities and period increase linearly in the vertical and horizontal direction respectively The maximum and minimum values of the period frequency and velocity are displayed on the screen Changing the limits in the Control window Figure 47 Section 4 1 1 can change these values Moving the cursor anywhere in the window will display the frequency period and velocity values When the picked dispersion values are imported into the ReMi Disper module they will be displayed as filled red circles The objective then is to match and overlay the blue line on top of the red circles Section 4 2 describes the modeling process in detail Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 53 of 85 e Automatic Dispersion Inversion Determine a shear wave model whose dispersion response will fit the imported picks The algorithm uses an adaptive simulated annealing optimization method to achieve this Section 4 2 discusses this in detail 4 1 3 Model Profiles Panel Figure 50 shows the Model Profiles window The window in the Standard model mode is shown on the left while the window in the Advanced mode is shown on the right The default display is a three layer model 2 SeisOpt ReMi v4 0 Model Profiles S lolx Mode Standard O Advanced el Shear Velocity 30 0 m 44 0 m Layer Add
105. window will open 4 Go the License menu and choose Transfer in from another computer 5 The program imprints its registration on the disk 6 Now remove the floppy disk and put it into the old computer on which SeisOpt ReMi was installed 7 Start SeisOpt ReMi on the old computer and hit return when the Check License window comes up 8 A license window will open up 9 From the license window go to License menu and choose Transfer Out of Computer Supply the floppy disk path 10 Remove the floppy disk and go back to new computer 11 Click Transfer into Computer to complete the transfer and discard the intermediate imprint files on the floppy disk Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 84 of 85 6 3 Out of Memory error Memory shortage may cause large SEG Y files not to be displayed by the ReMi Vspect module If such a scenario arises an Out of memory error message will be displayed on the console MS DOS window If this happens send email to support optimsoftware com mentioning the amount of RAM available on your PC A replacement vspect and disper script will be sent to you for your use 6 4 Cannot Find Root Error This error might occur when the velocity limits for the model in the Controls window of the ReMi Disper module are set to be inside the limits of the profiles displayed in the Model Profiles window For example if
106. y correctly If you are unsure about the geometry it is recommended that it be erased see Section 3 3 1 from the trace headers and enter and average geophone spacing before performing the Vspect processing The settings in the dialog window are as follows e dtis the time sampling interval in seconds For this example it was 2ms 0 002 s e dx is the geophone spacing in meters For this example the spacing was 10 feet or 3 048 meters e Fmax is the maximum frequency you are interested in analyzing in hertz The default 25 Hz is the maximum used in analyzing data from 8 Hz geophones and gives some resolution of velocities in the upper few meters If you had used higher frequency phones and were interested in velocities in the uppermost meter you might use a higher value for Optim Inc 2006 www optimsoftware com Page 30 of 85 Fmax Conversely if you had data from lower frequency geophones spread over larger offsets you might make Fmax lower Note that these values can be changed and Step 4 rerun if the energy is observed at higher frequencies e Vmin is the minimum apparent or phase velocity your record might show 200 m s is default It is useful to change this to 100 m s or as in this example to 50 m s Once again this value can be changed after the initial run e Np is the number of different slowness to include in the analysis This defaults to 48 and usually a higher number results in increase of slowness resolution of hi

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