X-ray Radiation and Safety: What Everyone Should Know
Contents
1. M ieee occ inventor qi HR ias Bec uh i IS NUAGES Accredited by the National Institute of Standards and Technology through e uy Landauer Inc 2 Science Road Glenwood 60425 Phone 800 323 8830 Fax 708 755 7016 www landauerinc com 2 Rigaku Cn Cm e 11 11 12 a L2 Leading With Innovation Welcome to Landauer Dosimetry Service Your shipping container is designed to be reused to return your dosimeters to our laboratory Included with each shipment is a packing list and a control dosimeter s Personal identification is printed on each dosimeter and laser etched on each TLD ring KAREN Participant name Body location Department RADIOLOGY ity S CENTRILHOSPTLZI7 Facil robin 7 Efoctve 07 01 98 c 103702 00019 Wear date p Luxel front Account number Series Participant number Body location Serial number Barcode wn i Participant number Size Hand left or right Serial number Frequency Account no Series Participant name Wear date Dosimeters should be used beginning on the wear date or as close to that date as possible Return all dosimeters whether used or not used at the end of each wear period Landauer Service Guide 3 Important Do not tamper with dosimeter Control Dosimeters A co2. X ray Radiation and Safety What Everyone Should Know Kris fesh Ph D Director Macromotecular Products Rigaku Americas Corporation 9009 New Trails Drive The Woodlands T X 77381 5209 281 362 2300 Kris Tesh rigaku com Leading With Innovation Outline 1 Basics of X ray Diffraction 2 Where are the X rays 3 General X ray Safety definitions procedures videos handouts 4 At the Instrument 5 Some Software Instruction Rigake Leading With Innovation Personnel Training All personnel involved in the installation maintenance repair or use of analytical X ray units must be registered with the Radiation Safety Office Prior to beginning work with an analytical unit the user shall attend a radiation safety training session provided by the Radiation Safety Office This session is intended to provide basic safety information and to introduce the administrative procedures of the Safety Office at Rigaku Americas Corporation Detailed instructions on the operations hazards and radiation warning devices of a specific analytical unit must be provided by the owner of the equipment Before starting to work on an analytical unit make sure you receive specific instruction on the unit s operation from the person responsible for the unit Rigake Leading With Innovation General Radiation Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high speed particles an
3. 000 rem for x and gamma radiation 40 mrem to 1 000 rem for energetic beta Detection outside these ranges can be provided The sum of the high energy x ray beta and gamma radiation is reported as a shallow dose If the ring dosimeter is exposed to radiation other than x ray or gamma over 20 keV or high energy beta the value recorded may require further interpretation on your part Landauer wil furnish on request adjustment factors for any specified energy level Landauer Service Guide 11 Leading With Innovation Sources of Information University of Pittsburgh Vanderbilt University International Energy Agency Division of Public Information UCLA Radiation Safety Handout 8 92 http www tdh state tx us ech rad pages brc htm Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control http www physics isu edu radinf index html http www physics isu edu radinf law htm Idaho State University http liley physics swin oz au dtl sp407 projrad University of Swinburne Technology http www umich edu radinfo University of Michigan http www access gpo gov nara National Archives and Records Administration Office of the Federal Register http www dhs ca gov rhb California Department of Health Services Radiologic Health Branch http www hhmi org home publication 3 html http www ntis gov nac index html Rigake Leading With Innovation THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST Rigaku Americas Corporation 90
4. Innovation Typical Exposure and Dose Source of Exposure Exposure Range Chest X ra 5 mrem 5 20 mrem Dental X ra 10 mrem Head neck X ra 20 mrem Cervical Spine X ra 22 mrem Lumbar spinal X rays 130 mrem Rigake Leading With Innovation Commonly Used Radioactive Elements Krypton 85 Used in indicator lights in appliances like clothes washer and dryers stereos and coffee makers to gauge the thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal rubber textiles and paper and to measure dust and pollutant levels Americium 241 Used in many smoke detectors for homes and business to measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production and to help determine where oil wells should be drilled Cadmium 109 Used to analyze metal alloys for checking stock sorting scrap Calcium 47 Important aid to biomedical researchers studying the cell function and bone formation of mammals Californium 252 Used to inspect airline luggage for hidden explosives to gauge the moisture content of soil in the road construction and building industries and to measure the moisture of materials stored in silos Carbon 14 Helps in research to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolized without forming harmful by products Cesium 137 Used to treat cancers to measure correct patient dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticals to measure and
5. Radiation These subsections specify limits on exposure to radiation and exposure to concentrations of radioactive material in air and water 2 if you work where personne monitoring is required by 25 TAC 8282 202 a your employer must give you a written report upon termination of your employment of your radiation exposures if you request the information on your radiation exposure and b your employer must furnish to you upon your written request an annual written report of your exposure to radiation INSPECTIONS All licensed or registered activities are subject to inspection by representatives of the Texas Department of Health In addition any worker or representative of the workers who believes that there is a violation of the Texas Radiation Control Act the regulations issued thereunder or the terms of the employer s license or registration with regard to radiological working conditions in which the worker is engaged may request an inspection by sending a notice of the alleged violation to the Texas Department of Heaith The request must set forth the specific grounds for the notice and must be signed by the worker or the representative of the workers During inspections agency inspectors may confer privately with workers and any worker may bring to the attention of the inspectors any past or present condition that the individual believes contributed to or caused any violation as described above POSTING REQUIREMENT Copies o
6. dosimeters with a lead apron 10 The dose for a dosimeter was from a calculation given by a customer rather than from a Landauer dosimeter analysis Deep dose equivalent applies to external whole body exposure and is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm 1 000 mg cm Eye dose equivalent applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0 3 cm 300 mg cm Shallow dose equivalent applies to the external exposure of the skin or an extremity and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0 007 cm 7 mg cm averaged over an area of one square centimeter Internal exposure if applicable will be summed with Landauer external dose equivalents Total effective dose equivalent is the sum of both the deep dose equivalent for external exposure and the committed effective dose equivalent for internal exposure Minimum Dose Equivalent Reported Dose equivalents for the current monitoring period below the minimum reportable quantity are recorded as M The minimum reportable quantity depends on the dosimeter type and quality of radiation Fetal Monitor Reporting is a reporting option that tracks exposure to the declared pregnant worker and the embryo fetus separate page is generated showing the dose to the mother s dosimeter and the fetal dosimeter And every month a summary report shows estimated dose from conception to declaration rol
7. short period of time Rigake Leading With Innovation Effects of Exposure Somatic effects are effects from some agent like radiation that are seen in the individual who receives the agent Genetic effects are effects from some agent that are seen in the offspring of the individual who received the agent The agent must be encountered pre conception Teratogenic effects are effects from some agent that are seen in the offspring of the individual who received the agent he agent must be encountered during the gestation period Rigake Leading With Innovation Effects of Exposure Stochastic effects are effects that occur on a random basis with its effect being independent of the size of dose The effect typically has no threshold and Is based on probabilities with the chances of seeing the effect increasing with dose Cancer is a stochastic effect Non stochastic effects are effects that can be related directly to the dose received The effect is more severe with a higher dose the burn gets worse as dose increases It typically has a threshold below which the effect will not occur A skin burn from radiation is a non stochastic effect Rigake Leading With Innovation Common Units of Radiation e The Roentgen is a unit used to measure a quantity called exposure his can only be used to describe an amount of gamma and X rays and only in air One roentgen is eq
8. thin layer of aluminum oxide After use the aluminum oxide is stimulated with a laser light in our laboratory causing it to become luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure The luminescence is measured and a report of exposure results is generated Inside the Luxel dosimeter is the OSL detector and filter packet The dosimeter is enclosed in a water resistant blister pack independent of the holder Snap the dosimeter out of its holder and return for processing after each wear period retain the holder Aluminum C lt s cad oxide detector Tin filter Copper filter Imaging filter Tin filter Luxel Luxel dosimeters are available with custom backgrounds and have a variety of color coding options for series and exchange frequencies visual body location icon on each dosimeter indicates where it is to be worn The exposure range is 1 mrem to 1 000 rem for x and gamma radiation 10 mrem to 1 000 rem for energetic beta Detection outside these ranges can be provided Dose equivalents arising from exposures to x or gamma rays will have a deep eye and shallow value reported Depending on the energy of the x or gamma rays these values may or may not be equal Beta exposures are only reported as a shallow dose equivalent The dose of record is for a person not a dosimeter and is shown as whole body When more than one whole body dosimeter is worn an assigned dose equal to the highest dosimete
9. 000 100 100 100 100 00E 300 ntensity out back of material 1 1 1 50 90 99 1 V ratio of 0 000100 0 001000 0 010000 0 500000 0 900000 0 990000 1 00E 300 V cm2 g 232 00 232 00 232 00 232 00 232 00 232 00 232 00 V p g cm3 11 30 11 30 11 30 11 30 11 30 11 30 11 30 V ucm 2621 60 2621 60 2621 60 2621 60 2621 60 2621 60 2621 60 V V In 9 210340 6 907755 4 605170 0 693147 0 105361 0 010050 690 78 V In 9 210340 6 907755 4 605170 0 693147 0 105361 0 010050 690 78 Thickness of material in mm _ 3 51E 02 2 63E 02 1 76E 02 2 64 03 4 02E 04 3 83E 05 2 63E 00 Leading With Innovation Walk In Radiation Enclosure Leading With Innovation Rigaku Leading With Innovation AAAA AAAA SS N WM p ELSE LANDAUER Service Guide Contents Welcome to Landauer Dosimetry Service Control Dosimeters 1ccccccnresceceenrecssersacuncacnaveedaeesscdddeacsacesecencnass Return for Processing Unused Dosimeters eere rennen renim rnt nnnm nmn Contaminated Dosimeters Emergency Processing Dosimetry Report Early Notification of Ahaa Specified Exposure Level Changes to Existing Service 10 Luxel Dosimeter Combined Neutron X Ray Beta and Gamma Service Ring Dosimeter A ERR
10. 08 755 7000 Facsimile 708 755 7016 www iandauerinc com 9874000125 SERIES ANALYTICAL WORK ORCER REPORT DATE DOSIMETER REPORT TIME RECEIVED 07 13 98 luxel o DOSE EQUIVALENT MAREM QUARTERLY ACCUMULATED YEAR TO DATE LIFETIM amp FOR PERIOOS SHOWN BELOW DOSE EQUIVALENT MREM DOSE EQUIVALENT MREM DOSE EQUIVALENT z 5 lt sg 2 28 E BIRTH DEEP SHALLOW DEEP EYE SHALLOW DEEP eye SHALLOW 05 6 E NUMBER DATE SEX DDE LDE SDE DDE LDE SDE DDE LOE SDE 24 CONTROL CNTRL M 6 80 CONTROL CNTRL M 6 80 CONTROL U CNTRL M 6 80 00191 ADDISON JOHN J WHBODY PN 90 90 90 90 90 90 100 100 100 200 200 200 5 eo 336235619 08 31 1944 M P 60 60 60 60 60 60 70 70 70 170 170 170 NF 30 3 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 14839 JORGENSON MIKE P WHBODY 160 160 160 470 470 470 860 860 860 6 1 90 471740095 10 04 1968 NOTE DOSIMETER PARTJALLY SHIELDED NO EVALUATION AOSSIBLE 16784 THOMAS LEE P COLLAR P 62 62 57 6 2 85 384846378 11 22 1964 P WAIST M M M 2 86 ASSIGN 2 62 57 2 112 107 1072 3192 3327 NOTE ASSIGNED DOSE BASED ON EDE 1 CALCULATION 00901 WALKER WAIST 30 30 30 100 100 150 6 1 90 587336640 06 09 1960 NOTE 50501 ZERR ROBERT P WHEODY 40 40 40 160 160 160 200 200 200 240 240 240 6 5 80 382446591 07 15 1945 M NOTE CALC
11. 09 New Trails Drive The Woodlands TX 77381 5209 281 362 2300 http www Rigaku com Info rigaku com Rigaku
12. ENT PRODUCES X RAYS WHEN ENERGIZED TO BE OPERATED ONLY BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL Rigaku Leading With Innovation Warning Lights easily visible warning light labeled with these or similar words RAY ON shall be placed near any switch that energizes an X ray source and shall be illuminated only when the generator is energized and have fail safe characteristics Shutters Each port shall be equipped with a shutter that cannot be opened unless a collimator or a coupling device has been connected to the port Rigake Emergency Stop Buttons Panic Buttons Allinstruments are designed with a panic button which powers off the generator immediately upon activating In an emergency the X ray On lamp can be jarred and the filament broken if for example there 1s water on the floor Rigake Leading With Innovation Leading With Innovation Radiation Surveys The Radiation Safety Office will perform a survey annually and following major repairs and or system modifications This survey will include inspection of all safety systems and a radiation exposure survey The results of the survey will be kept on file in the Radiation Safety Office Users of analytical equipment should also routinely perform radiation surveys The surveys should include monitoring for stray radiation in the immediate vicinity of the X ray apparatus All labs should have a radiation survey me
13. OUR EMPLOYER S RESPONSIBILITY Your employer is required to 1 Apply these regulations to work involving sources of radiation 2 Post or otherwise make available to you a copy of the Texas Department of Health regulations licenses certificates of registration notices of violations and operating procedures that apply to work you are engaged in and explain their provisions to you YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A WORKER You should familiarize yourself with those provisions of the regulations and the operating procedures that apply to the work you are engaged in You should observe their provisions for your own protection and protection of your co workers WHAT IS COVERED BY THESE REGULATIONS 1 Limits on exposure to radiation and radioactive material in restricted and unrestricted areas Measures to be taken after accidental exposure Personnel monitoring surveys and equipment Caution signs labels and safety interlock equipment Exposure records and reports Options for workers regarding agency inspections and Related matters 4 REPORTS ON YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURE HISTORY 1 The regulations require that your employer give you a written report if you receive an exposure in excess of any applicable limit as set forth in the regulations or in the license The basic limits for exposure to employees are set forth in 25 Texas Administrative Code TAC 289 202 g h and i relating to Standards for Protection Against
14. ULATED U UHNGR 50 50 80 620 6 80 Dosimetry Report At the end of each wear period dosimeters are returned to i our laboratory for processing and a report is generated showing the type and amount of radiation exposure received by each 4 The use or location on the body for which the dose is participant Explanation and remarks concerning the report can given be found on the reverse side of each report Explanation of some 5 Radiation t dua CHE ELI ion type and in some gy key items is described herein M n Dose Equivale lumns Current or accumulate 1 Within your account each individual is identified by a 6 nk Colur d exposures for deep lens of eye and shallow dose unique number that 1s permanent equivalents Bimonthly service will not have quarterly 2 Participant s personal information consisting of name accumulation ID number birth date and sex This information can T Number ofti ent vear r t ted Number of times a curr be suppressed on duplicate reports for privacy and or kaps y poDUNESRAHSLAMS for a participant posting needs Landauer Service Guide 7 8 The start of continuous Landauer service for a dosimeter 9 Whole body exposures are carried for the person rather than for individual whole body dosimeters This example shows how a special dose calculation EDE 1 can be applied to a participant who wears collar and waist
15. control the liquid flow in oil pipelines to tell researchers whether oil wells are plugged by sand and to ensure the right fill level for packages of food drugs and other products The products in these packages do not become radioactive Chromium 51 Used in research in red blood cell survival studies Cobalt 57 Used in nuclear medicine to help physicians interpret diagnosis scans of patients organs and to diagnose pernicious anemia Cobalt 60 Used to sterilize surgical instruments to improve the safety and reliability of industrial fuel oil burners and to preserve poultry fruits and spices Copper 67 When injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumor Curium 244 Used in mining to analyze material excavated from pits slurries from drilling operations Iodine 123 Widely used to diagnose thyroid disorders Iodine 129 Used to check some radioactivity counters in vitro diagnostic testing laboratories Iodine 131 Used to diagnose and treat thyroid disorders Former President George Bush and Mrs Bush were both successfully treated for Grave s disease a thyroid disease with radioactive iodine Iridium 192 Used to test the integrity of pipeline welds boilers and aircraft parts Iron 55 Used to analyze electroplating solutions Nickel 63 Used to detect explosives and as voltage regulators and current surge protectors in elect
16. d electromagnetic waves We encounter electromagnetic waves every day hey make up our visible light radio and television waves ultra violet UV and microwaves with a spectrum of energies hese examples electromagnetic waves do not cause lonizations of atoms because they do not carry enough energy to separate molecules or remove electrons from atoms Rigake Leading With Innovation General Radiation lonizing radiation is radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom It can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits causing the atom to become charged or lonized lonizing radiation deposits energy at the molecular level causing chemical changes which lead to biological changes These include cell death cell transformation and damage which cells cannot repair Effects are not due to heating Rigake Leading With Innovation General Radiation X rays are a form of ionizing radiation They are electromagnetic waves emitted by energy changes in electrons hese energy changes are either in electron orbital shells that surround an atom Rigaku FRE or Micromax 007HF generators or in the process of slowing down synchrotron Rigake Leading With Innovation General X ray e X rays are produced from the excitation of electrons followed by the cascading of these electrons back down to the ground state The typical X rays used in crystallography Xy rang
17. devices as required by State Regulations Unused ports shall be secure in a manner which will prevent accidental opening Open beam units shall have a shutter over the port which cannot be opened unless a collimator or coupling has been connected Safety interlocks shall not be used to de activate the X ray beam except in an emergency or during testing of the interlock system Warning Devices units with an open beam configuration shall have an easily identified device located near the radiation source housing and labeled what gives a clear visible indication of the X ray generation status on off Safety interlocks shall not be used to de activate the X ray beam except in an emergency or during testing of the interlock system Rigaku Leading With Innovation Warning Labels label which bears the following or similar words shall be placed on the X ray source housing CAUTION HIGH INTENSITY X RAY BEAM Alabel which bears the following or similar wording shall be placed on the control console of each unit near any switch which energizes the source CAUTION RADIATION THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES RADIATION WHEN ENERGIZED Rigake Leading With Innovation mmis X RAY RADIATION WHEN DOORS OPEN Leading With Innovation Warning Labels A CAUTION THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES X RAYS WHEN ENERGIZED TO BE OPERATED ONLY BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL CAUTION THIS EQUIPM
18. dge monitoring device The dosimeter is designed to record information about the amount of radiation which you receive during the course of your work However it is important to note that the cross sectional area of the primary radiation beam is usually small and that the monitoring device may not indicate the maximum exposure to the operator Rigake Leading With Innovation Dosimeter Use Practices 1 Ring Badge dosimeters are issued for a specific period of time The beginning and ending date is printed on the face of the dosimeter At the end of each wear period a replacement set will be issued through the ring badge coordinator 2 Itis important to exchange the ring badge dosimeter promptly so that exposures may be evaluated a timely fashion Prompt reading on the dosimeters will insure accurate information 3 Chronic late ring badge dosimeter returns may jeopardize your right to work with the instrumentation 4 The ring dosimeter should be worn on the hand that will be nearest the primary beam For example if the operator sets up an experiment working mainly with the right hand the ring dosimeter should be worn on the at hand 5 When not wearing the dosimeters do not store it in an area where it may receive a radiation exposure Rigake Leading With Innovation Dosimeter Use Practices cont 6 Hand carry your badge through Airport Security Do not allow it to be X rayed 7 If you lose yo
19. e from 0 6 to 2 5A Your instrument ideally emits X rays of only one wavelength 1 54 or 0 7107A out of the end of the collimator But other wavelengths are produced while the primary wavelength is being produced Rigaku Leading With Innovation Where are the X rays Rotating Anode Confocal Optic oystems Where are the X rays Rotating Anode Confocal Optic oystems Leading With Innovation Three Regions of High Exposure Concern 1 Primary Beam The critical radiation exposure problem with analytical X ray equipment is the primary beam Exposure to the primary beam can cause localized acute exposure Consequently the analytical operator must never intentionally place any part of their body in the primary beam Typically these beams are relatively soft X rays resulting in maximal energy deposition in epithelial tissues Erythema or reddening of the skin can occur when skin is acutely exposed to 300 R much less than a second Radiation burns may occur from longer exposures 2 Scattered Radiation When the primary beam intersects a material such as a sample or elements of the X ray unit including the beam stop some of the radiation 1 scattered out of the primary beam While these radiation fields are considerably less intense than the primary beam they still represent a potential hazard Scattered radiation fields can be measured by the analytical operators with a survey meter 3 Leakage Some rad
20. ers that you wish to be reported as unused you must list the dosimeters not used and include a statement with an authorized signature verifying the dosimeters are unused Contaminated Dosimeters Do not return to Landauer any dosimeter you suspect has been radioactively contaminated Your Radiation Safety Officer should supply Landauer with an estimated dose for the individual whose dosimeter was contaminated Emergency Processing Emergency processing is available for dosimeters suspected of receiving overexposure Call Customer Service Records at 708 755 7000 Have the following available account number name and phone number of the person to be contacted with the dose readings number and types of dosimeters being returned means by which you are shipping the dosimeters source of exposure any other information you feel pertinent DOOO oo Enclose a note with the dosimeters with the name and phone number of the person to contact Mark the outside of the package EMERGENCY PROCESSING Exposure readings for emergency dosimeters received by Landauer by 10 00 A M Central time will be phoned by 4 30 P M Central time Landauer Service Guide 5 SAMPLE FACILITY RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER 18930 SPRINGFIELD AVENUE FLOSSMOOR IL 60422 RADIATION DOSIMETRY REPORT ACCOUNT NO 103702 Leading With Innovation LANDAUER Landauer Inc 2 Science Acad Glenwood Illinois 60425 1586 Telephone 7
21. f this notice shall be posted in a sufficient number of places in every establishment where employees are employed in activities licensed or registered in accordance with 25 TAC 289 252 relating to Licensing of Radioactive Material and 25 TAC 8289 226 relating to Registration of Radiation Machine Use and Services to permit employees to observe a copy on the way to or from their place of employment Rigake Leading With Innovation Theoretical Intensity Calculations for Cu Ka radiation at 1 54 Angstrom In I lo ut L pXgi u p i ex N2 air Intensity at front of material 10000 1000 100 100 atom cm2 g ntensity out back of material 1 1 1 50 H 0 40 V ratio of 0 000100 0 001000 0 010000 0 500000 N 7 50 V u p cm2 g 75 Uu 75 75 O 11 50 V p g cm3 0 001210 0 001210 0 001210 20 001210 Pb 232 00 V u cm 1 0 009075 0 009075 0 009075 0 009075 V V In 9 210340 6 907755 4 605170 0 693147 V In I lo 9 210340 6 907755 4 605170 0 693147 Thickness of material in mm 10149 7612 5075 764 ex water body fluids Intensity at front of material 10000 100 100 atom gi ntensity out back of material 1 1 50 H 2 18 V ratio of 0 000100 0 010000 0 500000 O 16 18 V xgi j p i cm2 g 10 23 10 23 10 23 V p 9g cm3 1 00 1 00 1 00 V ucm 10 23 10 23 10 23 V V In 9 210340 4 605170 0 693147 V In I lo 9 210340 4 605170 0 693147 Thickness of material in mm 9 00 4 50 0 68 ex lead beam stop Intensity at front of material 10000 1
22. iation may leak around the tube housing structure State law requires that source housing construction shall be that when all the shutters are closed the leakage radiation must not exceed that of radiation limits for the general public FPacgecxlicus Leading With Innovation Rotating Anode Systems What are the danger areas l 1 Primary Beam Beam Leading With Innovation Rotating Anode Systems What are the danger areas Rigaku Leading With Innovation Rotating Anode Systems What are the danger areas S 3 2 Scattered Radiation 1 Primary Beam 3 Leakage Rigaku Leading With Innovation Emergency Procedures If an exposure is suspected do the following 1 Report all potential exposures of this kind immediately to your supervisor and or person responsible for the analytical unit 2 he supervisor in turn needs to immediately notify the Radiation Safety Office so that evaluation corrective action and if necessary medical evaluation can be initiated Rigaku Definitions Chronic vs Acute dose e Somatic vs Genetic vs Teratogenic effects Stochastic vs Non Stochastic effects Units of Radiation Rigake Leading With Innovation Types of Exposure AChronic dose means a person received a radiation dose over a long period of time An Acute dose means a person received a radiation dose over a
23. ignment While the beam 1s on DO NOT attempt to handle manipulate or adjust any object sample sample holder collimator etc which 1s 1n the direct beam path except for beam alignment procedures Examine the system carefully for any system modifications or irregularities Follow the operating procedures carefully DO NOT take short cuts Never leave the energized system unattended in an area where access in not controlled Rigake Leading With Innovation General Precautions Survey the area frequently to evaluate scatter and leakage radiation fields Never remove auxiliary shielding without authorization from the owner of the analytical equipment or Radiation Safety Officer Never bypass safety circuits such as interlocks Report all unusual occurrences to the owner of the analytical unit for possible corrective actions authorized trained individuals as specified by unit s owner and the Radiation Safety Office may repair align or make modifications to the X ray apparatus Rigake BRC FORM 203 1 Leading With Innovation 98 Texas Department of Health 1100 West 49th Street Austin Texas 78756 3189 NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES TEXAS REGULATIONS FOR CONTROL OF RADIATION The Texas Department of Health has established standards for your protection against radiation hazards in accordance with to the Texas Radiation Control Act Health and Safety Code Chapter 401 Y
24. ling exposure history by month for both mother and child and accumulated fetal totals for the gestation period 8 2 FPacgecxilicus Leading With Innovation Notes messages explaining any abnormalities comments or imaging and reanalysis results will appear on a separate line below all dosimeter exposure information Early Notification of Dose Above Specified Exposure Level Landauer provides free notification by phone or fax when an individual s dose exceeds a specified exposure level Landauer can code an account a series and or specific individuals for specific notification levels The default exposure notification levels are 20 of regulatory limits e g Deep Eye Shallow etc for any given wear period or 50 of the cumulative maximum permissible dose Changes to Existing Service Once your service is established you can quickly make changes using the service change order attached to the packing list If the service change order is not available we can fax youa copy All written requests for change should always include your account number series participant number and an authorized signature Allow us at least 25 days prior to the next wear date to make changes note the date on the bottom of your service change order Landauer Service Guide 9 Luxel Dosimeter Luxel s optically stimulated luminescence OSL dosimeter measures radiation exposure due to x ray beta and gamma radiation through a
25. ntrol dosimeter is Aa included with each shipment at no charge to monitor possible CONTROL radiation received in transit or storage Do not use the control 7 CENTRALHOSPITAL dosimeter for any other purpose AEN control dosimeter is SS tel J E ers d supplied for each series in a series aS account We can supply a master Vir mine control to replace multiple series controls if all of your dosimeters are sent and stored at one location Luxel Control DO NOT OPEN Store control dosimeters while not in use in a radiation free area CONTROL TLD with dosimeters of the STORE IN RADIATION FREE AREA same type and wear date AND RETURN WITH OTHER TLDS OF SAME DATE Ring Control Return for Processing At the end of the wear period to process for exposure snap Luxel dosimeters out of their holders and return the dosimeters along with the Luxel control dosimeter s of the same wear date retain the holders return the complete TLD rings along with the ring control dosimeter s of the same wear date 4 Rigake Leading With Innovation Unused Dosimeters The filter component in the Luxel dosimeter and the TLD chip in the ring is reusable and is charged to you at each shipment All dosimeters must be returned in order for you to receive credit for the chips and filter components When returning dosimet
26. r exposure is reported as the dose of record The lens of eye dose is from the dosimeter worn closest to the eye 10 Rigaku Leading With Innovation Combined Neutron X Ray Beta and Gamma Service The Fast Neutron Neutrak 144 detector is built into the Luxel dosimeter The exposure range is 20 mrem to 25 rem One value is reported for deep eye and shallow dose equivalent Ring Dosimeter Landauer s thermoluminescent dosimeter TLD ring measures radiation exposure due to x ray beta and gamma radiation with a lithium fluoride chip After use the chip is heated in our laboratory causing it to become luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure The luminescence is measured and a report of exposure results is generated The TLD chip is safely encapsulated inside the identification cover No separation of the TLD from the cover is possible so the identity of the chip and the wearer is always maintained The TLD cover and TLD are independent of the ring base Return the entire ring for processing after each wear period Ring cover Identification is laser etched on the cover which permits the ring to be worn during scrub procedures Rings can be cold sterilized in ethylene oxide and in disinfectants Rings are available in sizes small medium and large Unless otherwise instructed the medium size is sent The color of the ring base changes each wear period The exposure range is 30 mrem to 1
27. ronic devices Phosphorus 32 Used in molecular biology and genetics research Plutonium 238 Has safely powered at least 20 NASA spacecraft since 1972 Polonium 210 Reduces the static charge in production of photographic film and phonograph records Promethium 147 Used in electric blanket thermostats and to gauge the thickness of thin plastics thin sheet metal rubber textiles and paper Radium 226 Makes lightning rods more effective Selenium 75 Used in protein studies in life science research Sodium 24 Used to locate leaks in industrial pipelines and in oil well studies Strontium 85 Used to study bone formation and metabolism Technetium 99m The most widely used radioactive isotope for diagnostic studies in nuclear medicine Different chemical forms are used for brain bone liver spleen and kidney imaging and also for blood flow studies Thallium 204 Measures the dust and pollutant levels on filter paper and gauges the thickness of plastics sheet metal rubber textiles and paper Thoriated tungsten Used in electric arc welding rods in the construction aircraft petrochemical and food processing equipment industries It produces easier starting greater arc stability and less metal contamination Thorium 229 Helps fluorescent lights to last longer Thorium 230 Provides coloring and fluorescence in colored glazes and glassware Tritium Used for life science and drug metabolism studie
28. s to ensure the safety of potential new drugs for self luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs for luminous dials gauges and wrist watches and to produce luminous paint Uranium 234 Used in dental fixtures like crowns and dentures to provide a natural color and brightness Uranium 235 Fuel for nuclear power plants and naval nuclear propulsion systems also used to produce fluorescent glassware a variety of colored glazes and wall tiles Xenon 133 Used in nuclear medicine for lung ventilation and blood flow studies Leading With Innovation RISKS Reduced Life Expectanc Health Risk Est life expectancy loss 1 year 40 days NRC Draft guide DG 8012 adapted from B L Cohen and I S Lee Catalogue of n Rigakas Risks Extended and Updates Health Physics Vol 61 September 1991 Leading With Innovation Risks 1 ina Million Another way of looking at risk 1s to look at the Relative Risk of in a million chances of dying of activities common to our society eSmoking 1 4 cigarettes lung cancer eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter eSpending 2 days in New York City air pollution eDriving 40 miles in a car accident eFlying 2500 miles in a jet accident eCanoeing for 6 minutes eReceiving 10 mrem of radiation cancer Pm _ Adapted from DOE Radiation Worker Training based on work by B L Cohen Sc D n i Leading With Innovation Ways to Red
29. ter readily available Rigake Leading With Innovation Survey Meter Instrumentation Survey should be performed with a portable Geiger Mueller survey instrument although the results are not necessarily quantitative If accurate measurements are desired the instrument should be calibrated with the source of low energy X rays Consideration should also be given to possible monitoring errors due to the cross sectional area of the monitored radiation beam being smaller than the sensitive area of the survey meter Rigake 4 5 Leading With Innovation When the Operator Should Perform a Radiation Survey Upon installation of your instrument After any major changes in equipment configuration or minor system maintenance to insure that no unanticipated exposure hazards exist Following any maintenance requiring the disassembly or removal of local components During the performance of maintenance and alignment procedures When visual inspection of the local components in the system reveals an abnormal condition Rigake Leading With Innovation General Precautions Only Trained personnel shall be permitted to operate an analytical unit Be familiar with the procedure to be carried out Never expose part of your body to the primary beam Turn the X ray beam OFF before attempting to make any changes to the experimental set up except for beam al
30. ual to depositing in dry air enough energy to cause 2 58x 10 coulombs per kg It is a measure of the ionizations of the molecules a mass of air The main advantage of this unit is that it Is easy to measure directly but it is limited because it 1 only for deposition in air and only for gamma and X rays n Rigaku Leading With Innovation Common Units of Radiation The rad radiation absorbed dose is a unit used to measure a quantity called absorbed dose This relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material and is used for any type of radiation and any material One rad is defined as the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of material Ihe unit rad can be used for any type of radiation but it does not describe the biological effects of the different forms of radiation Rigake Leading With Innovation Common Units of Radiation The rem Roentgen equivalent man Is a unit used to derive a quantity called equivalent dose This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation Not all radiation has the same biological effect even for the same amount of absorbed dose Equivalent dose is often expressed in terms of thousandths of a rem or mrem rem rad X Q Where Q is the quality factor that is unique to the type of incident radiation Rigake Leading With Innovation Common Units of Radiation The sie
31. uce Risk There are 3 general ways to reduce exposure risk e Time Reduce the amount of time you are near the source of radiation e Distance Get as far away from the source as possible e Shielding Place something between you and the source to absorb approaching X rays Rigake Leading With Innovation Administrative Controls Equipment Registration All analytical X ray equipment shall be registered with the Radiation Safety Office The Radiation Safety Office must be notified prior to initial use 1f the unit is moved modified or serviced Rigake Leading With Innovation Administrative Controls Operating Procedures Detailed written operating procedures shall be available to each registered unit These procedures shall include all routine operating conditions for which the instrument will be used At a minimum this shall include sample insertion and manipulation equipment alignment routine maintenance as well as emergency procedures User Manual 1 good start for your procedures Rigake tse Je THIS L at Leading With Innovation Administrative Controls Safety Overrides Under some circumstances it may be necessary to override the analytical unit s safety devices All overrides must be approved in writing by the Radiation Safety Officer Leading With Innovation Safety Devices Analytical units shall have the following safety
32. unit used to measure a radioactivity One Becquerel is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have 1 transformations in one second Often radioactivity is expressed in larger units like thousands one millions MBq or even billions GBq of a becquerels As a result of having one Becquerel being equal to one transformation per second there are 3 7 x 1010 in one curie Rigake Leading With Innovation Federal Maximum Exposure Limits Public dose limits ouside radiation area ALARA The above limits are the Maximum Permissible Doses allowed by regulation However all doses should be maintained As Low As Reasonably Achievable ALARA 6 Rigaku ANSI HPS N43 2 2001 and Federal CFR Leading With Innovation ANSI HPS N43 2 2001 Installation Enclosure See 6 1 2 2 Fe d e lad CONTROLLED AREA Dose equivalent greater than uncontrolled area but less than a radiation area M System Barrier See 6 1 1 3 RADIATION AREA Dose equivalent gt 0 05 mSv 5 mrem in any one hour at 30 cm but 0 05 Sv 5000 mrem in a year see 6 1 1 1 UNCONTROLLED AREA Dose equivalent lt 0 02 2 mrem in any one hour and 1 mSv 100 mrem in a year see 6 1 3 1 n Fig 1 Area Designations Leading With Innovation Personnel Monitoring Ring Badge Dosimeters Operators of analytical X ray equipment will be provided with a finger ring and body ba
33. ur ring or badge dosimeter promptly inform your Radiation Safety Officer for a replacement If the lost dosimeter is subsequently recovered return it to the Radiation Safety Office for processing and continue to wear the replacement dosimeter 8 If your dosimeter is damaged return it to the Radiation Safety Office for replacement 9 Do not lend your ring or badge dosimeter to another person and do not wear another person s dosimeter 10 Do not wear your dosimeter during personal medical procedures involving nuclear medicine or X ray radiation The exposure recorded by the dosimeter must be restricted to your occupational exposure If you inadvertently wear the dosimeter while being exposed to radiation for medical reasons promptly report this to the Radiation Safety Office and obtain a replacement dosimeter Leading With Innovation Annual estimated average effective dose equivalent received by a member of the population of the United States Average annual effective dose Source l equivalent E T _ _ Sources of Radiation Exposure to the US Population 09 1 Hadon 5477 Cosmic 8 Leading With Innovation Typical Exposure and Dose Source of Exposure Exposure Range 360 mrem y ear 300 mrem y ear 53 mrem year lt 1 mrem year lt 0 1 mrem year 0 165 mrem y ear Building materials concrete Rigake Leading With
34. vert Sv is a unit used to derive a quantity called equivalent dose his relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation Not all radiation has the same biological effect even for the same amount of absorbed dose Equivalent dose is often expressed in terms of millionths of a sievert or micro sievert o determine equivalent dose e Sv Gy x Q e One sievert is equivalent to 100 rem Rigake Leading With Innovation Other Units of Radiation e The curie Ci is a unit used to measure a radioactivity One curie is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have 37 000 000 000 transformations in one second Often radioactivity is expressed in smaller units like thousandths mCi millionths uCi or even billionths nCi of a curie The relationship between becquerels and curies is 3 7 x 1010 in one curie e The gray Gy is a unit used to measure a quantity called absorbed dose This relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material and is used for any type of radiation and any material One gray is equal to one joule of energy deposited in one kg of a material The unit gray can be used for any type of radiation but it does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations Absorbed dose is often expressed in terms of hundredths of a gray or centi grays One gray is equivalent to 100 rads Becquerel is a
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