USER`S MANUAL AND EXAMPLE PROBLEM FOR UT
Contents
1. d r Location Tt Figure 20 Stress Diagram For Section Point 52 Top Lateral Forces Submenu This submenu is used to display the forces in the top lateral braces Force values can be tabulated or visualized as a bar graph Forces due to each analysis or total forces after each analysis case can be displayed Four buttons are used to control the output in this form Functions of these buttons are explained below Tabulate Incremental Forces This button is used to tabulate the forces in the top lateral members due to each analysis case Positive values correspond to tension forces in the brace members This convention is used throughout the program Lateral Forces form along with the tabulated results are shown in Fig 22 89 Cross Sectional Stress Incremental Normal Stress due to Analysis Number 1 Location 101 ft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 5 7 8 3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 20 Figure 21 Cross Sectional Stresses Figure 22 Tabulated Top Lateral Brace Forces 90 Tabulate Total Forces This button is used to tabulate the forces in top lateral members after each analysis case Values of all previous analyses are summed Plot Incremental Forces This button is used to display the bar chart of top lateral brace forces Incremental force values due to each analysis case are displayed Figure 23 shows a typical bar chart of brace forces2. 15 1 303 5 0 79 4 13 0 78 16 1 322 5 0 25 3 58 3 51 17 1 360 4 1 34 0 65 9 86 18 1 379 3 1 55 0 25 13 42 13 1 398 3 1 44 46 9 84 20 1 417 3 0 76 7 32 3 4 21 1 436 1 0 93 13 3 38 22 1 455 1 0 31 13 45 0 36 23 1 474 0 36 10 31 0 19 24 1 18 9 9 92 0 35 1 36 25 1 3r 8 0 03 0 02 0 91 26 1 56 7 10 33 0 13 0 82 ae 1 75 6 2 33 0 01 0 47 289 1 94 5 ana 109 Bh Plat Incremental Forces Member Number Tabulate Total Forces Plat Total Forces 2 Cancel Figure 24 Internal Brace Forces Form Axial Forces In Internal Brace Members JO X Incremental Internal Brace Forces in Member Number 20 15 Force fips Figure 25 Bar Chart of Internal Brace Forces 92 Analysis Summary Submenu This submenu is used to display the maximum values of several important quantities for each analysis Maximum deflection shear force axial stress etc are tabulated in this form The Analysis Summary form 15 shown in Fig 26 Summary of Maximum Quantities Analysis 1 Analysis 2 a Quantity Value Location ft Value Location ft Incremental Upward Deflection fin Pu 151 222 1 65 254 Incremental Downward Deflection 3 11 60 3 29 426 Total Upward Deflection 1 61 222 3 06 244 Total Downward Deflection 3 11 60 3 79 424 Incremental Rotation 0 005244 74 0 005571 418 Total Rotation rad 0 005244 74 0 00668 418 Incremental Shear kips 162 3 1 168 3 431 Increment
3. Figure 3 Concrete Pour Sequence This analysis example will focus on the first three pours SPAN 15 The program requires the lengths of the pours and number of analyses to be performed In this example 3 analysis cases will be considered In the first 75 analysis the concrete deck is placed on the first segment and a uniform loading of 3 625 k ft is applied on that segment to account for the concrete self weight In the second analysis it is assumed that the concrete on the first segment has cured and attained a stiffness of 1000 ksi with a corresponding stud stiffness of 250 k in A uniform loading of 3 625 k ft is applied to the second segment due to the concrete weight In the third analysis it is assumed that the concrete and stud stiffness have reached stiffness values of 2000 ksi and 500 k in respectively for the first segment For the second segment the concrete and stud stiffness values are assumed to attain values of 1000 ksi and 250 k in respectively A uniform loading of 3 635 k ft 15 applied to the third segment to account for the concrete weight A summary of the analysis parameters are given in Table 3 Table 3 Pour A Analysis Parameters Analysis 1 Analysis 3 Stf me Stf Mod Stf REA ON 3 2 o o o ojo oO fo o 3565 4 55 oo o o o o o To ojo S 65 0 0 0 o o 3625 1000 250 o das j d d i User s Guide and Solution of the Example Pro
4. 2 to all top lateral braces Alternating Starting with Type 1 This button 1s displayed only in the top lateral braces folder It is used to assign alternating types to consecutive braces The first brace will be of Type 1 and the second brace will be of Type 2 etc x Internal Brace Types External Brace Types 1 2 Figure 6 Internal and External Brace Types Figure 7 Top Lateral Brace Types Alternating Starting with Type 2 This button is displayed only in the top lateral braces folder It is used to assign alternating types to consecutive braces The first brace will be of Type 2 and the second brace will be of Type 1 etc Although the current example does not utilize top lateral braces X shaped configuration some bridges do use such a bracing system This type of arrangement can be handled by the program simply by specifying both Type 1 and Type 2 braces with the same start and end points Thus for each X brace the user would need to add two data entry lines with the 4dd button Using the same starting location and ending location one of the data entry lines would correspond to a Type 1 brace and the other would correspond to a Type 2 brace Another issue of concern in defining the bracing arrangement for a given bridge relates to the definition of struts and internal braces As shown in Figure 6 struts members 1 and 2 in the figure are included in the definition of an internal brace If a strut acts at
5. for each analysis or the summed deflection rotation values after each case Deflections Cross Sectional Rotations forms have four buttons to control the display of results Functions of buttons are explained below Tabulate Incremental Deflections Rotations This button 15 used to display the tabulated results of incremental deflection rotation at every two feet along the bridge length Values are presented for all analysis cases and are not summed Figure 15 shows the deflections form with the results for the example bridge xi Incremental Deflections in Location ft Analysis 1 Analysis 2 Analysis 3 2 n 0 2 0 17 0 02 0 1 4 0 33 0 03 0 2 0 49 0 05 0 3 8 0 66 0 06 0 4 10 0 82 0 08 0 5 12 0 97 0 09 0 6 14 1 13 0 11 0 69 16 1 28 0 12 0 79 18 1 42 0 14 0 89 20 1 57 0 15 0 99 22 1 71 0 16 1 08 24 1 84 0 18 1 18 2 1 97 0 19 1 27 28 2 09 0 21 1 37 30 2 2 0 22 1 46 32 2 31 0 24 1 55 34 2 42 0 25 1 64 36 2 51 0 26 1 79 38 2 0 28 1 82 40 2 68 0 29 1 9 42 2 76 0 3 1 99 44 2 N 31 2nz El E Plot Incremental Deflections Tabulate Total Deflections Plot Total Deflections Cancel Figure 15 Deflections Form Tabulate Total Deflections This button is used to display the tabulated results of total deflection rotation at every two feet along the bridge length Deflection rotation values after each analysis are presented Total deflection
6. only results for a certain member can be displayed Therefore the member number must be selected using the scroll down box The configuration of internal and external braces and the corresponding member numbers were presented previously Fig 6 Figure 24 shows the Internal Brace Forces form together with the table of axial force values for member 2 of all internal braces Tabulate Total Forces This button is similar to the Tabulate Incremental Forces button It is used to tabulate the total forces after each analysis Plot Incremental Forces This button is used to display a bar chart of axial force values for a certain member number The member number must be selected using the scroll down box Figure 25 shows a bar chart of axial force values for member 2 of all internal braces Plot Total Forces This button 1s similar to the P ot Total Forces button It is used to display the total forces after each analysis 91 Internal Brace Forces Incremental Forces in Member Number 2 Brace H Type Loc ft Analysis 1 Analysis 2 Analysis 3 al 1 18 9 10 36 0 24 0 78 2 1 37 8 13 3 0 06 0 38 3 1 56 7 12 5 0 5 3 44 4 1 75 6 6 84 0 43 4 08 5 1 94 5 4 32 1 45 9 79 1 1134 0 24 1 71 13 29 T 1 132 3 0 61 1 45 9 73 8 1 170 5 3 55 0 96 3 3 8 1 183 5 4 03 0 76 1 08 10 1 208 5 3 53 0 32 12 22 11 1 2275 1 56 0 77 18 44 12 1 246 5 2 01 2 13 18 88 13 1 265 5 0 63 2 03 18 16 14 1 294 5 0 33 3 73 11 71
7. properties form along with the entered data Stud Locations Length ft Spacing in Mo per Flange 1 12 Add properties 473 24 Remove property number 10 12 Save Data Cancel Figure 11 Stud Properties Form Pour Sequence Menu This menu is used to input pour sequence analysis parameters Parameters are input in tabular form The concrete deck can be divided into segments corresponding to each pour and there can be multiple analyses that are independent from each other For each analysis properties of the deck segments and loading on the segments should be provided as input Properties for a deck segment include the stiffness of concrete and the stiffness of the studs Lengths of the deck segments are the same for all analyses and their values should be given as input The tabular form 15 controlled by four buttons These buttons are used to add and remove columns and rows from the table Functions of the buttons are explained below Add Analysis Case This button 1s used to add a new analysis case to the table Three columns for analysis parameters are added to the right of the table each time a new analysis 15 added The three new columns are used to specify the concrete stiffness the stud stiffness and any loading acting on the deck Remove Analysis Case This button is used to remove a specific analysis case The analysis number that is going to be removed should be entered into the box next to this bu
8. 13 3 63 8 18 10 05 3 42 8 83 8 28 37 0 7 75 7 63 5 52 0 93 3 78 8 7 10 44 9 64 9 05 8 16 39 0 6 9 7 35 5 06 0 72 3 86 8 34 10 25 9 7 9 17 8 67 41 0 6 65 7 84 5 17 0 75 3 76 8 05 9 96 9 67 9 38 3 16 43 0 6 49 8 11 5 25 0 87 3 58 7 82 9 79 9 66 9 54 3 46 45 0 6 46 821 53 0 97 3 43 7 62 9 63 9 63 3 64 3 68 47 0 6 57 8 13 5 33 1 05 3 3 7 46 35 9 59 9 69 9 82 49 0 6 81 7 87 5 34 44 321 7 33 3 38 3 53 9 69 9 89 51 0 7 19 7 44 5 32 1 12 215 7 23 3 27 3 45 3 64 3 87 53 0 zn 6 84 5 28 1 12 3 12 7 16 9 18 9 36 9 55 3 76 55 0 8 33 5 06 52 112 3 07 712 9 11 9 25 9 42 9 6 57 0 8 26 5 91 5 13 1 11 3 01 5 99 8 35 9 09 8 27 9 46 59 0 7 5 6 38 5 05 1 09 2 94 6 78 8 71 8 9 9 09 9 33 51 0 6 85 6 7 4 93 1 07 2 86 8 48 8 68 8 88 312 63 0 5 35 5 88 4 79 1 03 2 79 6 44 8 27 8 44 8 62 8 81 65 0 5 98 6 92 4 62 0 98 2 76 6 32 8 09 8 21 8 32 8 45 67 0 5 69 6 85 4 45 0 88 2 77 6 25 7 94 7 97 8 8 03 69 0 5 48 6 67 4 29 0 77 2 81 6 23 7 83 7 75 7 66 7 57 71 0 5 36 6 4 4 13 0 66 2 89 6 26 7 76 7 53 7 29 7 08 73 0 5 32 6 03 3 96 0 59 2 93 6 34 7 8 7 35 6 91 6 47 75 0 5 54 5 98 4 05 0 65 2 84 6 48 7 76 7 13 6 63 5 89 77 n h 43 414 4 M3 NZ 271 AAR 731 RR R3 AAI P a Analysis Number 1 Plot Stress Diagram Section Point h Visualize Cross Sectional Stresses Location ft Cancel 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 S 1 1 e 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 B m B Em T T T M
9. 15 located at PIER 13Z Positions along the bridge are defined by the distance along the arc length relative to the start end Fig 2 provides cross sectional dimensions of Direct 2f 2 l 6 11 4 Bridge Center Line 4 6 4 8 w 08 1 Figure 2 Cross sectional Dimensions 73 Connect 7 Web depth is measured between the centerline of the top and bottom flanges The centerline of each girder is offset by 98 inches from the bridge centerline The concrete deck width and thickness are 360 and 10 inches respectively The steel plates that make up the girder have variable thickness along the length of the bridge Table 1 provides the details of the plate thickness for the web and flanges Lengths given in this table are the centerline arc lengths Properties are listed beginning from the start end of the bridge In the current version of the program it is assumed that both girders have the same plate thickness properties Table 1 Plate Properties Leng Thickness 1 75 2219 1 75 125 Bracing members are provided throughout the girder Internal external and top lateral braces are present Locations of the braces are given in Table 2 For internal and external braces only one location value is required For top lateral braces the start and end location of each brace is needed There are 23 internal and 26 top lateral braces per girder In addition there are 10 external br
10. Analysis Case Remove Deck Property Save Data Cancel Figure 12 Pour Sequence Form Analysis Menu This menu 15 used to perform the finite element analysis using the data entered on each of the forms As the user inputs data using the forms a graphical representation of the overall bridge properties 15 displayed in the main form of the program This form contains three figures On the very top figure the plate thickness along the length 15 shown in elevation view The middle figure shows the deck numbers and their relative lengths The bottom figure 1 a plan view of the bridge showing all the supports and braces Figure 13 shows the main form after all the data are provided When the user invokes the Analysis menu the program verifies that the properties used to define the bridge are consistently defined For example the length of all plates and decks should add up to the bridge length and brace and support locations should be admissible If any of the entries are missing or violate the geometric constraints the program will give an error message If all entries are permissible then the Analysis menu calls the Analysis Module to perform the finite element analysis The analysis module runs under the DOS environment A user can trace the progress of the analysis by observing the messages displayed in the DOS screen Figure 14 shows a representative analysis screen The DOS screen automatically disappears when the analysis 1s complet
11. Axial Forces In Top Lateral Members B x QUSRRRREREEEREREHEESEREEERRERRERRERESERRRERERERRERRERERRRERERERRRRRSRERERTERRRRERERRESERERRRERERERRRRERERSERSERER RERRRSRRRRSERSRRER REERRSRRRERRRRRRRERRRTRRSERERTEEERERRERERRERERERTRRRRERERRRRERESERRRER RERRESR EEERRER ERHRRRHERERRRRRRRR UR Incremental amp xial Farces In Top Lateral Members 80 B 40 20 Mr ra 20 Axial Force kips 40 0 50 50 T rt Fe 23 n gd Ch z n qa Fe 5 03 ch TT M J Figure 23 Bar Chart of Top Lateral Forces Plot Total Forces This button is used to display a bar chart of top lateral brace forces Total force values after each analysis case are displayed Internal Brace Forces and External Brace Forces Submenus These submenus are used to display the member axial forces for internal and external braces Because they have identical properties both menus will be explained in this section Axial force values can be tabulated or visualized as a bar graph Axial forces due to each analysis or total forces after each analysis case can be displayed Four buttons that act together with a scroll down box are used to control the output in these forms Functions of these buttons are explained below Tabulate Incremental Forces This button is used to tabulate the forces in brace members due to each analysis case Because internal and external braces are made up of several members
12. USER S MANUAL AND EXAMPLE PROBLEM FOR UTRAP UTrAp 1s a computer program developed for pour sequence analysis of curved trapezoidal steel box girders Currently only single and dual girder systems with a constant radius of curvature can be analyzed with this program The program consists of a Graphical User Interface GUT and an analysis module The analysis module relies on the finite element method to compute the response of the three dimensional bridge structure Input data 15 supplied to the program by making use of the GUI The program can handle multiple analysis cases and has graphics capability to visualize the output In the following sections an example problem is presented to demonstrate the steps needed to develop a model for the analysis of a curved girder bridge using UTrAp EXAMPLE PROBLEM DEFINITION The example problem presented herein is a 3 span dual girder system with a centerline radius of curvature of 450ft The bridge is named as Direct Connect Z and has a centerline arc length of 493 ft The plan view of the bridge 15 given in Fig 1 m uw PIER PIER LA SPAN 13 5 SPAN 15 se PIER DIRECT CONNECT Z PIER 13Z 16Z Figure 1 Plan View of Direct Connect Z UTrAp accepts only positive values for the radius of curvature and the concavity layout of the structure should be similar to the one in Fig 1 Therefore the left end is considered to be the start end of the bridge In Fig 1 the start end
13. aces between the two girders Internal braces are in the form of K trusses which have members with cross sectional area of 3 75 in All top lateral braces have a cross sectional area of 6 31 in and their orientation 15 given in Fig 1 External braces are comprised of truss members with a cross sectional area of 4 79 in Details of their configuration are provided below The bridge has four supports which are located 0 151 5 341 5 and 493 feet away from the start end Pier 13Z Studs are spaced every 12 inches at both ends of the bridge for a distance of ten feet from the pier For the remainder of the bridge studs are spaced at every 24 inches There are 3 studs per flange over the entire length of the bridge The concrete deck is poured in 5 segments The lengths and the sequence of pours are given in Fig 3 74 Table 2 Location of Braces Internal External Top Lateral Bracing Bracing Bracing i Start Location Brace Number Location ft Location ft ft End Location ft 1 is 38 9 19 6 a 35 9 B4 s ros 3893 193 15 5 i93 95 Vos n mi es 35 m x63 385 25 a 363 32s M s a 3 s 365 i a5 365 248 146 3ns 5 385 Ww 3e 38s 325 i 393 95 Mi i 3 34s 34 L9 om 7 ws SPAN 13 NE 135 POUR 5 POUR NS
14. al Positive Moment kip ft 3311 3 143 4020 9 339 Incremental Negative Moment kip ft 2055 8 149 2144 4 333 Incremental T orque kip ft 384 3 1 400 6 491 Incremental Positive Normal Stress ksi 10 44 37 10 7 455 Incremental Negative Normal Stress ksi 8 43 33 8 69 457 Incremental Shear Stress ksi 2 08 3 212 489 Total Positive Normal Stress ksi 10 44 37 11 31 455 Total Negative Normal Stress ksi 8 43 33 9 33 437 Total Shear Stress ksi 2 08 3 2 24 489 Incremental Positive Top Lateral Axial Force kips 34 26 9 35 32 18 Incremental Negative Top Lateral Axial Force kips 51 58 1 53 47 26 Total Positive Top Lateral Axial Force kips 34 26 9 42 39 18 Total Negative Top Lateral Axial Force kips 51 58 1 60 46 26 Incremental Positive Top Lateral Axial Stress ksi 5 429477 9 5 597465 18 Incremental Negative Top Lateral Axial Stress ksi 8 174327 1 8 473851 26 tal Positive Tan ateral Axial Stress ksil 424477 4 717408 18 Ra Figure 26 Analysis Summary Form 2 1 1 1 Final Comments After an analysis is performed the user can reanalyze the system by making modifications to the geometry or the pouring sequence The program works under Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems A physical memory of 1 GB is recommended for problems involving twin girders cases where the physical memory is not sufficient the program uses the computer s virtual memory Using virtual memory however significantly
15. blem The Graphical User Interface of UTrAp has a total of 9 menus This section describes each of these menus in detail and provides information regarding how data is supplied to UTrAp for analyzing curved trapezoidal girders of general configuration In addition specific information needed to analyze the example bridge described above 1s provided File Menu This menu has four submenus and is used for data management Files can be stored and retrieved by making use of this menu Details of each submenu are as follows New Project This submenu starts a blank project If a new bridge model is going to be formed this option should be selected Existing Project This submenu 15 used to open an existing project The UTrAp input project files have an extension of inp When the existing project submenu 15 invoked an open file box will appear which is used to select the existing project file Save Project This submenu is used to save a project to the hard disk It can be used to save the changes made to an existing project or the contents of a newly developed project When the Save Project submenu 15 invoked a save file box will appear which is used to name or rename the project file Exit This submenu is used to exit the program Example Problem A new project is formed by making use of the New Project submenu Geometry Menu This menu is used to input the geometric properties of the bridge Values should be typed in the boxes provided A g
16. dd supports The user should enter the number of supports that will be added to the box next to the Add button The number of rows in the table 16 increased by that specific amount Remove This button is used to remove supports The support number that is going to be removed should be specified in the box next to the Remove button Example Problem Four supports are added to the table by making use of the Add button Support locations given in the description of the bridge Fig 1 are entered in the table Figure 10 shows the support locations form along with the entered data 80 Bracing Properties Figure 8 Bracing Properties Form Internal Braces Folder 81 Bracing Properties X Internal Braces External Bracez Top Lateral Braces Type Location Locatior2 ft rea sq in Add top lateral braces 0 18 3 18 9 37 8 6 31 37 8 56 7 6 31 braces 56 7 75 6 6 31 75 6 945 21 between ft ft 94 5 113 4 6 31 1134 132 3 5 31 Fiemove top brace number A 2 Remove All Braces 170 5 183 3 6 31 Identical Brace Properties 183 5 08 5 31 208 5 227 5 b 31 All 1 2er 246 5 b 31 246 5 265 5 31 All 2 265 5 294 5 31 204 5 903 5 6 31 Alternating Starting with 1 303 5 3225 b 31 322 5 341 5 b 31 Alternating Starting with Type 2 341 5 360 4 31 360 4 358 3 b 31 Area Show Top Lateral Brace Types Save Data Canc
17. ed Results Menu This menu consists of 8 submenus and is used to visualize the output Details of the submenus will be given in the following sections along with figures obtained from the solution of the example bridge 84 File Geometry Plate Properties Bracing Support Stud Pour Sequence Analysis Result 15275175 175275175 062 062 TT 2 Figure 13 Main form of UTrAp Es e utrapsutrap exe FE Model haz nodes shell elements internal brace elements external brace elements top lateral elements stud elements support elements total number of elements Connectivity Process Completed Start of Analysis Number 1 Figure 14 DOS Screen for an Analysis Deflections Cross Sectional Rotations Submenus These submenus are used to visualize the vertical deflections and cross sectional rotations of the bridge Because they have identical properties both menus will be explained together this section Deflection values are the vertical deflection of the center of the bottom flange Rotation values correspond to the rotation of the bottom flange For twin girder systems only the deflection rotation of the outer girder 1s reported Both tabulated and graphical output 85 be displayed Tabulated output is in the form of deflection rotation values at every two feet along the length of the bridge The user can request deflection rotation values
18. ed in the internal and external braces folder It is used to assign the same type to all braces The brace type should be entered into the box next to this button The available bracing types and their configurations are displayed in a separate form using Show Internal External Brace Types buttons If all braces are not of the same geometry the type can be entered independently for each brace directly on the tabular form Area This button is used to assign the same cross sectional area value to all brace members cross sectional area value should be entered into the box next to this button If all braces do not have the same cross sectional area the values can be entered independently for each brace directly on the tabular form 78 Show Internal External Top Lateral Brace Types These buttons are used to display the types of braces that a user can specify in the program When this button 1s pressed a form that shows the geometry and types of braces are displayed on the screen Figure 6 shows the types of internal and external braces supported by the current version of the program Type 1 This button is displayed only in the top lateral braces folder It is used to assign Type 1 to all top lateral braces Top lateral braces can have only two orientations Therefore there are two types of top lateral braces which are shown in Fig 7 All Type 2 This button is displayed only in the top lateral braces folder It is used to assign Type
19. el Figure 9 Bracing Properties Form Top Lateral Braces Folder OO A A A AO E co ra e e ra irm 2 ro ra a Support Locations Support Location ft Add supports Remove support Save Data Cancel Figure 10 Support Locations Form Stud Menu This menu is used to input stud properties Properties are input in tabular form The spacing of the studs along the length of the bridge and the number of studs per flange should be supplied to the program The number of rows of the tabular input form is controlled by the 4dd and Remove buttons Functions of these buttons are explained below 82 Add This button is used to add properties The user should enter the number of properties that will be added to the box next to the Add button The number of rows in the table 1 increased by that specific amount Remove This button is used to remove properties The property number that is going to be removed should be specified in the box next to the Remove button Example Problem For this problem stud properties change three times along the bridge length Therefore three rows are added to the table by making use of the Add button Cells of the table are filled according to the geometry information given in the bridge description Figure 11 shows the stud
20. increases the time needed to obtain a solution 93
21. ined below Add This button is used to add properties A change in plate thickness requires the user to specify a new property The user should enter the number of properties that will be needed to characterize the bridge After the number of rows in the table 1s increased by the total number of properties specified by the user Remove This button is used to remove properties The property number that is going to be removed should be specified in the box next to the Remove button Example Problem In each folder the number of properties 1s entered through use of the Add button Typically a user will enter the total number of plate properties in the box next to the Add button before it is pressed If additional properties are needed however they can be added as necessary through repeated use of the Add button All plate properties are entered in a tabular format The input for the bottom flange plate properties is given in Fig 5 Similar data would be provided for the web and top flanges Once all the necessary plate properties have been specified the user must select the Save Data button in order to store the information in memory 71 Bracing Menu This menu is used to input bracing information for the bridge brace properties form has three folders Each folder is reserved for the internal external or the top lateral brace properties Properties are input in a tabular form Depending on the version of the program different geomet
22. location in which an internal brace 1 not present an 79 alternative approach is needed for defining the strut In order to model this situation correctly the user can simply represent the strut by incorporating it into the definition of the top lateral bracing system Because a strut acts across the girder in the radial direction it has the same start and end location relative to the end of the bridge Thus by specifying either a Type 1 or Type 2 strut that has the same start and end location a user can represent the effects of a strut that acts independently from an internal brace Example Problem Twenty three internal braces 10 external braces and 26 top lateral braces are added to the folders by making use of the 4dd button Brace locations types and cross sectional areas are entered into the folders according to the information given in Table 2 internal and external braces are 1 Top lateral braces have alternating types starting with Type 2 Figures 8 9 show the two folders of the bracing properties form Support Menu This menu 1 used to input support locations Locations are input in a tabular form The program assumes that only one of the supports is pinned and the rest are rollers The first support specified is considered to be the pinned The number of rows of the tabular input form 15 controlled by the 4dd and Remove buttons Functions of the buttons are explained below Add This button is used to a
23. nted for all analysis cases Figure 17 shows the Cross Sectional Forces form with the results for the example bridge 86 Tabulate Moment This button is used to display the tabulated results of internal bending moment at locations every two feet along the bridge length Incremental values are presented for all analysis cases Deflections gt Incremental Deflections 4 4 2 2 0 0 2 2 5 ti R1 i 8 4 4 R Figure 16 Deflection Diagram Shear kips Figure 17 Cross Sectional Forces Form Tabulate Torque This button is used to display the tabulated results of torque every two feet along the bridge length Incremental values are presented for all analysis cases Plot Shear Diagram This button displays the shear diagram Shear values for all analyses are displayed on the same graph Figure 18 shows a typical shear diagram Plot Moment Diagram This button displays the moment diagram Moment values for all analyses are displayed on one graph Plot Torque Diagram This button displays the torque diagram Torque values for all analyses are displayed on the same graph Shear Force Diagram P x mM r n Shear Force Diagram 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 5 0 0 Ri 3 50 50 R2 5 100 100 R3 Figure 18 Shear Fo
24. raphical representation of the cross section 1s displayed on the geometric properties form After entering all the required data the user must press the Save Data button in order for the values to be stored in memory After the Save Data button 15 pressed the form 15 closed If the user 76 does not want to save the values the Cancel button should be pressed This data saving process is valid for all subsequent forms Example Problem Geometric property values are entered on the form and saved by making use of the Save Data button Figure 4 shows the Geometric Properties form with the entered data A xi Number of Girders 62 Depth ofWeb Width of Bottom Flange in fe Radius of Curvature feet 450 TopWidth n 3 TopFengeWidh Length of the Bridge feet 493 WidiofDek Thickness of Concrete Deck in fig Gire set in BO E 360 i Save Data Cancel Figure 4 Geometric Properties Form Plate Properties Menu This menu is used to input the plate properties for the girder The plate properties form has three folders Each folder 15 reserved for the web the bottom flange or the top flange properties Properties are input in a tabular form The length of the plate and its thickness should be entered from the start to the end of the bridge There are two buttons used to add and remove properties Their function 15 expla
25. rce Diagram Stresses Submenu This submenu 15 used to visualize the cross sectional stresses The analysis module calculates normal and shear stresses at certain locations of the cross section every two feet along the bridge length These calculations are performed for all analysis cases The locations on the cross section where stresses are calculated are referred to as section points There are 26 and 52 section points on the cross section for the single and dual girder systems respectively The stresses form 15 used to tabulate the stress values along the length of the bridge for all section points Both shear and normal stress can be tabulated in incremental or total format In incremental format results of all analyses are independent of each other In total format results after an analysis include the summation of all previous analyses Radio buttons are placed on the form to select between shear and normal stress as well as between incremental and normal values This form 1 also used to display the stress diagram Variation of normal or shear stress along the bridge length can be plotted for a specified section point Furthermore this form can be used to display stresses at all section points at a certain cross section along the bridge length The stresses form has three buttons that interact with three scroll down boxes Functions of the buttons are explained below Tabulate Stresses This button is used to tabulate the stress values along
26. rical types of braces can be specified for internal and external braces The location type and member cross sectional area information are required for the internal and external braces The type start location end location and cross sectional area are required for the top lateral braces There are buttons provided to add and remove braces Functions of the buttons are explained below Add This button 15 used to add braces The user should enter the number of braces that will be added to the box next to the 4dd button The number of rows in the table is increased by the corresponding number entered by the user Plate Properties Top Flange Thickness Add properties Remove property number Save Data Cancel Figure 5 Plate Properties Form Equally Space This button is used to add braces at equally spaced intervals The number of braces to be added is specified in the box next to the button For this button to function properly two or more location values must be entered Braces are placed at equal intervals between these values The location value in the first box must be smaller than the location value in the second box Remove This button is used to remove braces The brace number that is going to be removed should be specified in the box next to the Remove button Remove All Braces This button 1 used to remove all the braces in a given folder that have been specified previously Type This button 15 display
27. the bridge length for all section points Normal or shear stress can be tabulated depending on the user s selection An analysis case must be selected using the scroll down boxes In addition total or incremental values can be displayed Figure 19 shows a tabulated stress output in the stresses menu Plot Stress Diagram This button 1s used to display the variation of normal or shear stress along the bridge length for a certain section point analysis case and section point must be selected using the scroll down boxes Figure 20 shows a plot of normal stress along the bridge length for analysis number 1 and section point 52 Visualize Cross Sectional Stresses This button is used to display the stresses at all section points for a certain cross section An analysis case and a location must be selected using the scroll down boxes Figure 21 shows the normal stress distribution due to analysis in a cross section that is 101 feet away from the start end Section points and stress values are given on the cross section diagram The arrow in the figure shows the center of the arc that defines the curvature of the bridge 88 Incremental Normal Stresses due to Analysis Number 1 Nomal lt Shear Pad Loc S Pt 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 a0 a 29 0 6 07 7 95 5 16 1 22 2 81 6 66 8 44 8 35 8 26 82 31 0 6 53 8 28 5 43 1 23 3 05 7 13 8 96 8 73 8 51 833 33 0 7 14 8 43 5 67 1 2 3 33 7 64 3 48 3 08 8 7 8 39 35 0 7 9 8 43 5 93 1
28. tton Three columns related with the analysis number specified are removed from the table Add Deck Property After As mentioned before the concrete deck can be divided into segments At least one deck property must be specified This button 15 used to add a new deck property row to the table The new deck property is added after the deck number specified in the box next to this button If no deck 83 has been defined in the table previously a value of zero should be used Specifying a value of zero adds blank cells to the first row Remove Deck Property This button 1s used to remove a deck property row The number of the deck property to be removed should be entered into the box next to this button The specified row 15 deleted from the table Example Problem this problem the concrete deck 15 divided into five segments These deck segments are added to the table by making use of the 4dd Deck Property After button There are a total of three analyses to be performed These analysis cases are added to the table by using the 4dd Analysis Case button The table 15 filled with parameters specified in Table 3 Figure 12 shows the pour sequence form together with the input data AA Analysis 1 M Length Fr Conc Mad ksi Stud Stiff kein Loading Conc Stud Stuff Loading 65 1000 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Add Analysis Case Add Deck Property After Remove
29. values include the summation of all previous analyses For example values in column 3 are the summation of deflections rotations resulting from analysis 1 2 and 3 Plot Incremental Deflections This button displays the incremental deflection rotation diagram Incremental deflections rotations due to all analyses are displayed on the same graph Figure 16 shows a typical deflection diagram Plot Total Deflections This button displays the total deflection rotation diagram Total deflections rotations due to all analyses are displayed on the same graph in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 16 with the exception that each curve represents the summation of the deflections rotations from all previous analysis cases Cross Sectional Forces Submenu This submenu is used to visualize the cross sectional forces Information on shear moment and torsion are available For twin girder systems quantities are summed for the two girders Both tabulated and graphical output can be displayed Tabulated output is in the form of shear moment and torsion values for every two feet along the length of the bridge In addition shear moment and torsion diagrams can be displayed graphically The Cross Sectional Forces form has six buttons to control the display of results Functions of the buttons are explained below Tabulate Shear This button 1s used to display the tabulated results of shear every two feet along the bridge length Incremental values are prese
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