Home

LS-INGRID GUI Manual - Parent Directory

1. mecerger pillow Appendix Il Passenger pillow bag Initial definition 7 of folds Y1 to Whoops What has gone wrong figure Fold has a scale factor of 1 0 Fold has a scale factor of 0 5 Fold 9 Folds 7 and 7 now have scale factors of 0 5 fold 9 has 0 6 Appendix Passenger pillow bag sorting out Y 1 8 fold scale values figure Copy basic Y folds to opposite side As with the X folds the Y ones Y1 to Y3 must now be copied anti symmetrically across the centreline This is carried out as explained previously And reset the thickness value to something sensible We have been working with a global minimum thickness of 2 5mm but for a passenger bag a value of say 0 5mm would be more representative In fact we have defined all folds to have the default thickness of 1mm so this will be taken as the minimum unless you MODIFY each fold But anyway EXECUTE ALL For all folds 0 5e 3 Use 0 5mm REFOLD To see the effect And we have a more plausible bag as shown in figure A 19 Is this acceptable It is clear from figure A 19 top that the planned Y folds could probably be packed in more towards the centre of the bag So how do you move a fold location Again use MODIFY but this time update the fold coordinates First get a plan view of the unfolded mesh with the folds sketched on it so you can see what you are dealing with RESET Undo all folds
2. 113 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 4 6 4 1 6 4 2 DI Display Options extra information on plots The Display Options menu allows you to display a variety of extra data on the current image If one or more options are selected the basic mesh colors are set to white and the data to be shown is superimposed on the basic mesh in color These options are slowly being superseded by the sketch commands in the various data processing parts of LS INGRID but where duplication occurs the Dr command has been kept to maintain backwards compatibility Using Display options In normal usage a selection is made from the menu below and this becomes the current display option superimposed on the plot If a subsequent Display Option is selected it cancels the first one i e only one option is current at a time If DIAD is used then selection of DIsplay Options becomes additive each new option does not cancel its predecessors In this way several pieces of data may be displayed on the mesh simultaneously To cancel DIsplay Options and hence return the basic mesh to its normal color system the DIOF command must be used to turn all options OFF explicitly Generally nodal data is displayed as circles around the relevant nodes and element data by sketching the segments or elements in question Where relevant arrows are drawn to show outward normal or other directions BCs and RESTRAINTS The options in this menu
3. Figure A 16 shows all X folds on the mesh and section through the fold definitions Executing the folds perpendicular to the Y axis Refer back to figure A 12 to see that there are 3 folds postulated perpendicular to the Y axis to These may be defined checked and copied in exactly the same way as the X folds and figure A 17 shows what happens if you do this clearly something has gone wrong What has happened is that the scale factor of 4 0 we used for the X folds has also been used for Y and it has overdone the spacing of these folds So we must change it back MODIFY FOLD 7 This is the fold Y fold Y1 v8 1 0 Select scale factor 1 0 v8 0 5 No good try 0 5 SAVE Save this The author found that a scale factor of 0 5 was suitable for folds 7 and 8 ie Y1 and Y2 but that 0 6 was better for fold 9 Y3 By using the UPDATE switch it was possible to try a range of different values and to see exactly what the best one was See figure A 18 for the final shape mecerger pillan bag Appendix Il Passenger plllow bag all X folds defined 6 and the resulting folds nb thickness 2 5mm figure meccerger bag ae ee EAL doi IPADE doi dor va L ms san 1 1 LL UTC S I
4. Group 4 bag to arms Owns arms circumferential BAG TO ARMS 4 16 17 18 19 Group 5 Belt to dummy Owns torso 2 neck BELT TO DUMMY 4 20 21 22 23 Group 6 Dummy to vehicle VEHICLE TO DUMMY 8 6 7 12 13 14 15 27 28 Group 7 Dummy to seat SEAT TO DUMMY 4 8 9 10 11 Group 8 Dummy to self DUMMY TO SELF 1 24 End of file zo0 00s88 L ss w Auma 00 a0000 o0 a0000 oo 30000 spaoon uma COL poo AW QOL LW3s p APMC OL TYIOD iQA 56063215 AAMC OL 5 SHAY OL SOFT OL OSMOL OL seomrms Bova OL sSeomnmns 7 dno f t dnom sdnoab 4oequog 406 706 706 oooooooooo E 0 5 m oon modo eH o wo St 3msd qns 2 pt 3msd qns 4 vt 2 4 4 aaud qns 4 5 lt 4 5 4 5 lt 4 qaed qns qaed qns aed Awwnp 3o But asta III dINdAH prota 5 Appendix Output from OCCUPANT LIST option for RH3 HYBRID Ill dummy showing sub parts and tree structure APPENDIX II Worked Examples of Airbag folding APPENDIX II Worked
5. Require at least one retractor and one load curve to exist for type 2 Require at least one spring to exist for type 3 Have further type dependent attributes Accelerometers 72 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Are defined by three nodes which must be on a rigid body 73 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 2 7 General notes on these types Some items depend upon the existence of others as described above This is checked and you will not be permitted to create an item unless those it depends on also exist Likewise you will not be allowed to delete an item that is depended upon by something else In the main menu BLANK option seat belts and their related types are lumped together under BELT etc heading and you need to drop into this sub menu to select them This is to prevent the menu of element types getting excessively cluttered Worked Examples Appendix III contains a worked example that demonstrates the positioning of a dummy in a vehicle and the subsequent fitting of a seat belt 74 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 3 5 3 1 ORIENT Translation rotation and scaling of entities Summary The whole model or any sub set of it defined by parts materials contact surfaces or individual elements may be rotated translated reflected or scaled Transformations take place on all transformable attributes Required none The transformation o
6. lt e iunx3 1071420 SAS yO cuo un ye uonipudoo pow cip epiumnx3 1071420 5 figure A 22 Drivers side bag Examples of actual deployment X 49 w tf LE ER ae E suez 1e edeus Surg ye edes NA posi Eege epic carp educi LOTEI 54570 pow esae opie can pejduexg LOTO SASYO suce ye ye edeus posi epic crap educ 1071431 epic carpe LOTO SNSYO figure A 23 Drivers side bag results of deployment 3 2 Results from a complete passenger side analsysis You will also find a complete input deck for a passenger side bag in file examples passl inf This is what you should get if you apply the pre defined folds to the basic driver s side bag examples pillow inf used above The results of inflating it in isolation are shown in figures A 24 and A 25 These also show that the control volume may have insufficient venting although it is hard to tell when no occupant is available to hit it edeus p cId p eul sucg ye Sdeys MOTI LOTS 5 5 Jie qnd MOTI LOTS SS yO toe ec4 NO T1014 SS yO 9 ec4 SS yO figure A 25 Passenger bag exampk of actual deployment APPENDIX III Worked Examples of Seat belt Positioning APPENDIX III Worked exa
7. All graphics appears in here and it is also used for listing large quantities of text Graphical output is clipped to the area borders The user may type in commands and receive text output from the program in this area Generally short messages are written here whereas longer ones are directed to the graphics area A scroll bar is provided at the left hand side of this area so that the last 60 lines of text may be scrolled up and down for review The program always has at least one command menu live on the screen and depending upon where the user is in the command tree there may be several overlaid in this area The most recent menu is the active one but its predecessors are shown in order to remind the user of where he is in the program Menu selections are made with the mouse by clicking on the appropriate bar This box holds commands that control the current view for example rotation scaling translation display mode these are described fully in section 6 1 On line help on commands in this box may be obtained using the v button in it Users on 3D devices have further dynamic viewing options that are described in section 3 4 Across the top of the screen is a rotating box of four sets of button Consider the number plate on James Bond s car LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual These are called B1 through to B4 and the first two are set aside for common functions the last pair are reserved for special funct
8. In addition you cannot DELETE a belt material that is referenced by any belt elements You must delete the belt elements first or make them reference a different belt material Processing Slip rings Retractors Sensors Pre tensioners and Accelerometers All these items have the same sub menu CREATE To create the item MODIFY To modify its attributes DELETE To delete the item SKETCH To sketch belt items STATUS To list item status Usage is simple since these all lead you through a series of menus that allow you pick the nodes belt elements and other values required in each case 71 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Slip rings Require that at least two belt elements exist Require a node at the common location of the belt elements that is not on the belt Itself Have a friction coefficient Retractors Require at least one belt element to exist Require a node at the retractor location that is not on any belt element Require at least one sensor to exist and can use up to four Require at least two load curves for loading and unloading Have a trigger time delay a pull out distance and a fed length May have extra seat belt elements specified inside them Sensors May be of 4 different types type 2 requiring at least one retractor to exist Must have their dynamic relaxation status defined Have further type dependent attributes Pre tensioners May be of three different types
9. In the local case you must specify which existing coordinate to use Finally using DONE to finish DoF selection and proceeding actually to add remove the restraints at the selected nodes 91 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Note that Apping restraints to a node in a DoF at which a restraint already exists will not matter the definition is not duplicated To delete a restraint you must REMOVE it explicitly 92 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 2 ND INIV Applying nodal initial velocities Nodal initial velocities may be applied individually to the any or all of the six degrees of freedom of nodes They may only be defined in the global cartesian coordinate system The menu options are VALUES To define the current Vx Vy Vz and Rx Ry Rz vectors MASK To define a mask defining which DoFs are to be updated APPLY To apply the current values to selected nodes SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list the velocity vectors at the selected nodes CURRENT To list the current values vectors This process is very similar to applying nodal restraints You define the individual values of velocity in each degree of freedom Each value may be set separately the default in all cases being zero You apply them to the selected nodes subject to the current mask as described below MASK Applying only a subset of all 6 degree of freedom The MASK command ex
10. SAVEd Turning this switch on is like issuing a REFOLD command every time you change something Remember that changes made with MoDrrY only become permanent if explicitly SAVEd so you can experiment freely mcorper pillow bag pillow bag bag Definition of first giai 1 3 Appendix Il Passenger s fold X1 and resulting shape This example uses a factor of 10 For comparison consider this fold with scale factor of 4 SCALE factors apply to this Spacing dimension 2 M 2 3 o E o c 5 7 But her in the fold comer it can get compressed i E a 23 3 8 5 a a U An E typical layer separation here might be say 1mm Appendix Il How materlal gets squeezed In corners and using SCALE to fix this With this fold with a factor figure 1 5 Copy X folds 1 to 3 to opposite side of bag We need to copy folds 1 to anti symmetrically about the mesh centreline to form folds 4 to 6 This is simple COPY ALL To copy all existing folds REFLECT To copy anti symmetrically 0 0 0 0 is centre of bag It is a good idea to check that the reflected folds produced this way are in the right place This is most easily done on the unfolded geometry so RESET To unfold bag SXY AC Autoscaled plan view on XY SKFALL To sketch all folds CHECK To check the new folds
11. When you have finished you can return to the main OCCUPANT menu and carry on with belt fitting 57 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 2 6 BELTS Seat belt positioning and processing This sub menu handles the positioning and creation of seat belts and also the creation of all the related occupant restraint items It is assumed that the reader understands occupant restraints systems and has access to a current LS DYNA3D user manual explaining what input is required for each of these items The options available are SEAT BELTS MATL BELTS SLIP RINGS RETRACTORS SENSORS PRE TENS ACCELER SKETCH STATUS Create and position seat belt elements Uses a form finding algorithm to tension belt on dummy contact surface s Define modify and list seat belt materials and their properties Define slip rings D rings for seat belts Define retractors inertia reels for seat belts Define sensors for retractors and pre tensioners Define pre tensioners for seat belts Define accelerometers at nodes on rigid bodies Sketch all items of the types above on the current image List the status of all items above to the dialogue area To create and position a seat belt Preliminary actions to go through Create a belt material if one does not exist already using MATL BELT You will need at least one current load curve to do this so if you haven t got any use the main menu LCURVES option to ma
12. coord Current fold coordinate in X or Y as appropriate NODE Uses the relevant coordinate of a picked node AS FO Uses the current folded position see below Folded position This is the location at which the fold will take place usually the same as the unfolded position but not always Options are coord Current fold coordinate in X or Y as appropriate NODE Uses the relevant coordinate of a picked node AS UN Uses the current unfolded position see above The hints on folding below give and explanation and more advice on the subject 37 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual of folded and unfolded coordinates 38 LS INGRID c d Graphical User Interface Manual v3 Selects whether to fold mesh on the ve or ve side of the fold line V4 Lets you change the fold thickness V5 Selects whether to fold up over the mesh or down under it V6 Changes the fold direction between global X and Y v7 Changes fold type between thin and thick logic v8 Changes the fold scale factor v9 Changes the fold radius Non expert users should not attempt to use FoPT FIGN and FMov options in this menu they are very specialist View the effects of the changes made You will observe that using the MoDrrY option activates rotating button box across the top of the screen These options are intended to make fold modification easier by providing ways of seeing the effects of changes CLIST Lists the current
13. file might contain the lines dummy spec RH3 oasys users occupants rh3 dummy spec SID dyna3d users occupants sidney Within the directory specified LS INGRID will expect to find the following files all names including lt acronym gt being lower case lt acronym gt inf Input deck of model This is required lt acronym gt tree Tree file for dummy This is optional 23 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual lt acronym gt list Text file giving brief description of the dummy This is optional For example the ingdat file entries above would make the dummy models available in the OCCUPANT menu RH3 SID And if you selected the RH3 option LS INGRID would expect to find files users occupants rh3 rh3 inf users occupants rh3 rh3 tree users occupants rh3 rh3 list If the tree file is missing LS INGRID can still process and add seat belts to the occupant but it will not be able to move its component parts in a connected fashion If the list file is missing LS INGRID s function is unaffected but nrsT option in the OCCUPANT menu will not be able to tell the user anything about the dummy Limits of occupant functions There may be any number of occupants defined in the ingdat file of which up to 5 may be read into LS INGRID concurrently There are some limits to what may be defined in tree files see Appendix I for details To use the same occupant model more than once Read th
14. one to modify Lists the attributes of the current surface in the graphics area Sketches the current surface on the current display 8l LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual DONE Terminates the contact modification process 82 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 4 3 5 4 4 SELECT DESELECT De selecting contact surfaces for output In LS INGRID 3 4A it is not possible to delete a contact surface once it has been defined however it can be DESELECTED at any time which will have the effect of suppressing it when the output file is written It may be SELECTED or DESELECTED back and forth at any time the effect only becomes permanent when the output phase is entered A deselected contact surface will not be displayed by normal graphics commands however it may still be sketched within the CONTACT section Viewing and listing contact surface data The final commands in menu allow you to visualize and list your contact surfaces They are SKETCH Will sketch any surface s on the current model In the case of surfaces defined by materials the nodes elements of the material as appropriate together with any finite model box will be shown LIST Will list the attributes of the selected surface in the graphics area of the screen STATUS Will give a summary of all contact surfaces in the graphics area of the screen Notes Explicitly segmented contacts have arrows drawn on them
15. 3 To use fold thickness 1mm 1 0 To use a scale factor of 1 0 1 0 To use a radius of 1mm THIN To use a thin fold But now when you check it you will find that some nodes are flagged as not being on the fold line CHECK To check folds This time you will get the message Fold 2 has 4 nodes needing moving and the four nodes 2 pairs on top of one another will be circled And you will get the prompt Move nodes The upper half of figure A 7 shows these nodes and it is clear that not enough nodes have been detected by the check algorithm the outermost nodes should be moved as well Therefore you must choose the option CH TOL 8 0e 3 To change check tolerance to say 8mm And the check will be repeated This time it will be wide enough to pick up 6 nodes and you will see from the lower half of figure A 7 that the outer diameter nodes have been picked this time So now you can reply OK To agree to move the nodes You will be told that 6 nodes have been moved and warned that the airbag has been unfolded To see what the effect of moving these nodes was type EXECUTE 1 2 5e 3 To re execute fold 1 only And redraw You will see that the bag coordinates have been adjusted slightly but that the nodes now lie on fold 2 This causes a small mesh distortion see figure A 8 upper half but it is acceptable If you now execute fold 2 as well by EXECUTE ALL 2 5e 3 Re execute all folds Fold 2 showing nodes detected by first C
16. 4 TBS Plots tie breaking shell join lines SLID Plots one dimensional slide lines SBI Plots shell to brick interfaces INTF Plots interfaces for component analysis 117 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual GEOM Plots geometric contact entities 118 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 4 9 6 4 10 6 4 11 SURFACES_AND_LINES This sub menu shows geometric surface and line data DS Displays digitized surfaces DSAD Add further digitized surfaces to display list DSRM Remove digitized surfaces from display L3D Displays three dimensional lines PV Displays tool paths NSF Displays NURBS surfaces NcV Displays NURBS curves Displays VDA surfaces DATA_ON_PLOTS This sub menu displays post processing data in plots This is a specialized process vECT Displays data vectors cont Displays data contours FRIN Displays fringe contours WARP Displays deformed geometry DIAD and DIOFF Setting and unsetting multiple DIsplay Options Normally only one DIsplay Option is current setting a new one cancels its predecessors However DIAD Puts it into additive mode Each new option is added to the current list and displayed with the others This button may be toggled on off to swap in and out of additive mode Finally to turn DIsplay Options off and restore normal displays to their correct colors use DIOF Turns all current DIsplay Options off again 119 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6
17. If this is omitted it will be prompted for See 2 2 below Therefore a typical LS INGRID session might be invoked with the command ingrid i test ing o test out gl To define both input and output filenames and to use the Silicon Graphics GL graphics protocol However it is also quite acceptable to have no command line options In this case you will be prompted for all the input required and filenames will revert to their LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual defaults 2 2 Interactive graphics device definition If a graphics device has not been given on the command line then you will be prompted for one LS INGRID Version 3 5A 16JAN98 Licensed to Please choose your display device from GL SGi GL graphics SB HP Starbase graphics X X Windows TTY No graphics MEM Set memory or Exit To abort run Device type gt LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 0 THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 31 Description Figure 1 shows a typical screen from LS INGRID It is divided into several areas by function as follows mm ELLAB NDLAB Ez LABEL E Main menu AIRBAGS OCCUPANT Cascading Menues ORIENT Rotating Boxes GRAPHICS AREA Help Quit Back Screen manipulation viewing options Figure 1 Typical LS INGRID screen interface layout LS INGRID GRAPHICS AREA DIALOGUE AREA CASCADING MENUS VIEW MANIPULATION ROTATING BUTTONS Graphical User Interface Manual
18. MENU COMMANDS This section describes the use of the data visualization as opposed to processing commands in the main menu referred to in section 4 3 The Viewing Control Panel The main viewing and plotting commands in LS INGRID are contained in the viewing control panel located at the lower right of the screen The layout of this is The Viewing Panel The commands in the viewing panel are always available globally active anywhere in LS INGRID where plotting may take place Therefore you can always redraw or modify your view regardless of what you are doing The commands mean the the following Commands that generate wireframe plots with no hidden surface removal DRAW Draws all vectors All back and internal faces of solids are drawn no hidden surface removal occurs POOR Draws all vectors but internal and back facing faces of solids are removed For models with solid elements this will produce a less cluttered plot than DRAW The name is from poor man s hidden surface algorithm 106 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Commands that generate hidden line plots with hidden surface removal GOOD On 2D devices uses the painter algorithm which is quick but can make mistakes where facets cross or there are facets of very different sizes close to one another On 3D devices will invoke the hardware hidden surface removal algorithms which will be Z buffered VIEW On 2D devices uses a Z buffered scan line alg
19. SXY AC Get an autoscaled plan on XY plane SKFALL Sketch all folds Then modify fold 7 fold Y1 as follows MODIFY FOLD_7 Select first Y fold Y 1 V1 NODE Choose unfolded position by node pick And pick a node on the next mesh line in towards the bag centre Then you must change the folded position as well to be the same V2 AS UN Make folded the same as unfolded SKETCH To sketch new position on mesh SAVE Save changes mcorper pillon bag BIIH mecerger pillon bag F dl Appendix Il Passenger plllow bag First pass at final 9 folded shape Elevatlons on YZ and XZ planes figure 2 6 3 Repeat this for folds 8 and 9 move each one mesh line further in towards the bag centre Note If you left the UPDATE switch on in MopIFY you probably cursed the first time you updated a coordinate the whole mesh would be refolded and you wuldn t be able to see what you were doing This is why it is a switch and not a default Exit modify use QUIT to abandon changes go through the RESET SXY draw mode SKFALL procedure again to redraw the mesh Re enter MODIFY again and this time turn the UPDATE switch off before changing anything Figure A 20 shows a plan on the unfolded mesh plus the folded shape with folds 7 8 and 9 adjusted inwards like this but 10 to 12 left as they were This is to let you compare the difference in
20. TZ3D LS TOPAZ3D thermal analysis code format TZ2D LS TOPAZ2D format X Y Z to R Z must be defined FACE FACET view factor calculation code format RROU Rolls Royce output proprietary Rolls Royce format PNEU PDA PATRAN neutral file format 4 4 2 CONTINUE Finish visualisation and generate output If no output format has been defined the user is forced to select one from the options above then the visualisation part of the program is terminated the user interface is shut down the output file is generated and the program exits Output is to filename ingrido unless lt o filename gt command line option was used see section 2 1 28 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 29 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 0 USING DATA PROCESSING MAIN MENU COMMANDS This section describes how to use the various main menu commands listed in section 4 3 1 above This is a summary guide and reference should be made to the on line help available in each set of sub menus description of the visualisation commands may be found in section 6 0 Summary of on line help and command abort options Users are reminded that on line help is always available in LS INGRID in the following forms HELP button Is always globally active It may always be used to request help and advice whenever input is required Generally it will give a descriptive text a list of commands available and some guidance EXPLAIN This menu
21. a default velocity of zero in a given DoF will cause that component of velocity to be set to zero it does NOT mean leave the current value unchanged This will be a nuisance when you want to update say the Vy and Vz components of selected rigid body velocities without affecting any other components You can use the MASK command to make this possible by masking off only those degrees of freedom you want to change By default the mask is set to 123456 meaning that all DoFs will be updated In the example above you would set it to 23 and then only the Vy and Vz components of velocity would be affected by the current velocity vectors Interaction with nodal initial velocities Theoretically nodal initial velocities should be ignored for nodes on a rigid body In practice DYNA3D integrates such nodal mass and velocity vectors and generates an equivalent rigid body motion applied at the rigid body centroid 99 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The consequences in DYNA3D of defining both nodal and rigid body initial velocities for nodes on rigid bodies are undefined take care 100 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 6 DVA Applying prescribed disp vel accel for rigid bodies Prescribed displacement velocity or acceleration boundary conditions for rigid bodies may be defined in a variety of ways The user must give The load curve defining variation with respect to time The type of boun
22. a group of primitive contact surfaces which may be given a name For example BELT TO DUMMY in the RH3 rigid Hybrid III dummy If you are going to position seat belts you will need at least one such contact surface group even if it only contains a single contact surface Pre defined contact groups in tree files Usually a standard dummy model will have one or more contact surfaces already defined on it and the groups of these will be included in its tree file Such groups will appear automatically in this menu and you need take no further action to define them although you may wish to deselect redundant ones see below Contact surface types Contact surfaces for seat belts must be discrete nodes impacting surface i e type 5 and they must not be automatic since it matters whether the belt is outside or inside both to the positioning algorithm and during the analysis Other pre defined types for example for seat belt or airbag contact don t matter so much This raises the problem that only one side of pre defined contacts that of the segments on the dummy will exist and it is illegal in DYNA3D to have a type 5 contact with no nodes on its slave side 55 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The solution adopted is to pre define such contacts as single surface type 4 and to modify their type to the correct one later 56 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Processing contact groups If no
23. a title They will be converted to upper case internally Title Oasys Rigid HYBRID III c c Units system modified metric mm Te s H Point coords 0 0 0 0 0 0 Initial rotation axis vector Global Y axis 0 0 1 0 0 0 Initial vertical axis vector Global Z axis 0 0 0 0 1 0 Number of parts no of materials for this model 15 Number of contact surfaces 28 Number of contact surface groups 8 Part 1 Lower torso Has 1 material 3 subordinates spine upper legs LOWER TORSO 22 34 0 1 1 3 2 1207 1208 10 1247 1248 13 1262 1263 Part 2 Spine Has 1 material 1 subordinate upper torso SPINE 22 34 37 1 2 1 3 1212 1213 Part 3 Upper torso Has 1 material 3 subordinates neck upper arms UPPER TORSO 22 34 39 1 3 3 4 1217 1218 6 1227 1228 c c 8 1237 1238 Part 4 Neck Has NECK 2 34 0 1 4 1 5 1222 1223 Part 5 Head Has HEAD 2 34 43 1 5 0 Part 6 Upper arm UPPER ARM RIGHT 0 0 10 1 6 1 7 1232 1233 Part 7 Lower arm LOWER_ARM RIGHT 0 0 14 1 7 0 Part 8 upper arm UPPER ARM LEFT 0 0 16 1 8 1 9 1242 1243 Part 9 lower arm LOWER ARM LEFT 0 0 20 1 9 0 1 material 1 subordinate head 1 material no subordinates right Has 1 material 1 subordinate lower arm right right Has 1 material no subordinates left Has 1 material 1 subordinate lower arm left left Has 1 material no subordinates Part 10 upper leg right H
24. any object oriented system it would not have to be a dummy model filename syntax and location The tree filename must be in the form dummy acronym gt tree It must be located in the same directory as the basic model inf input deck of the dummy Section 4 2 2 in the main manual describes how to define dummy pathnames and how to load them into the code 3 0 4 0 Tree file syntax Numbers may be entered in free format anywhere on a line They should be separated by spaces or commas Character strings may be in upper or lower case but note that part names must Be in UPPER case Be no more than 30 characters long 15 or less is best Be a single string with no gaps Use underscores to connect words eg UPPER TORSO FOOT TO FLOOR Comment lines starting with c may be inserted anywhere in the file and blank lines may also be left anywhere Structure of the tree file The contents of the file must be defined in the following order Title The title is assumed to be the first non blank and non comment line in the file It may be up to 80 characters long upper or lower case and may include gaps Units system You must define the mass length and time units for your model These may be defined in any order and must be one of the following consistent sets SI kg m s Modifed metric Te mm s Imperial 1b in s H Point coordinates Define the X Y Z coordinates in global c
25. axis vector Vertical axis vector Number of separate parts NPARTS Number of contact surfaces NSURFS Number of contact surface groups NSGRPS each part 1 to NPARTS Part name lt 15 characters preferred 30 max contiguous Initial orientation angle from vertical degrees Load curve for rotational spring stiffness that connects this part to its master Zero if none ve if orientation vector reversed Number of materials in part List of material numbers in part List of subordinate connected parts For each subordinate connected part subordinate part number connection node on this part connection node on subordinate part each contact surface 1 to NSURFS Contact surface name each contact surface 1 to NSGRPS Surface group name 15 chars preferred 30 max contiguous Number of actual contact surfaces in group List of actual contact surface numbers Comment lines may be inserted in the file using Input is free format for numbers and blank lines are ignored INGRID pre processor calculator logic would probably work but I haven t tried it There is no real need here For character input The title is read as A80 format off the first non blank non comment line Therefore it may contain separate words Names for parts contacts etc should strings without white spaces Suggested convention is to use underscore _ character between words if you want to use multiple words in
26. be rotated about their connection parts This implies a knowledge of the connectivity and hierarchy of the model and is only possible if a tree file has been defined Transformation of the whole dummy TRANSLATE Allows you to move the whole dummy by some vector dx dy dz which may be defined as follows XYZ USER Define an explicit dx dy dz vector NEW H PT Define a new x y z coordinate for the dummy H point NODE gt NODE Move by the dx dy dz vector between 2 nodes NXY gt NXY Move by the dx dy vector between 2 nodes 2 gt 2 Move by the dy dz ditto 2 gt 2 Move by the dx dz ditto gt Move the ditto gt Move by the dy ditto 49 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual NZ gt NZ Move by the dz ditto 50 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual ROTATE Allows you to rotate the dummy by angles tx ty tz about one of the following locations ORIGIN Rotate about 0 0 0 H POINT Rotate about current dummy H point XYZ_USER Rotate about a defined x y z coordinate Note that you should only rotate about one axis at a time since the order in which rotations are carried out is significant and compound rotations may not give you what you expect REFLECT Allows you to reflect the dummy about a global plane XY_PLANE The global XY plane YZ PLANE The global YZ plane XZ_PLANE The global XZ plane Note that this does not copy the dummy the orig
27. beit positioning First stage A 26 position the dummy In the vehicle figure gure au vulp L cut gi Imi fe CC wwe UM nsnm lt ma nsn su lt lt wips 6 sanan RW TEIN TAA wale c6 C 1 mowntan 5 Lin rt tie LLLI MOTO LAJIAnO UEN 3KIHOllI3OI AG SHOILIO HOTLTLMITUO figure A 27 Appendix Ill Seat belt tensloning Putting the dummy Into position using the drag and drop method Sty p mal CUP A e lt S a NE Vi Appendix Seat belt positioning Dummy positioned 2 8 In vehicle with all IImbs arranged correctly figure 3 2 3 3 Move the occupant H Point to the correct position This is done using ORIENT option ORIENT TRANSLATE option To translate by dx dy dz Where option may be XYZ USER If you know the offsets NEW H POINT If you know the new H Point coordinates N lt option gt To move by a vector component between nodes Here we do not know the H point so we will move the dummy by translating it in gt To move it in the XY plane The author who is English and so drives on the left picked a node on the dummy s right shoulder and moved it to a node on the car s B pillar 2 gt 2 Having then changed the view to an elevation XZ using sxz The aut
28. contact surface groups have been defined or those provided are inadequate you will have to create some You can also deselect unwanted pre defined groups so that they don t appear in the output model The commands to do this are SELECT GROUP SKETCH SUMMARY LIST EXPLAIN To select and de select existing contact surface groups for dummy operations and subsequent output To make groups out of existing contact surfaces Generally these will be pre defined but you can create them with the main menu CONTACT options Lets you sketch contact groups and individual surfaces in them on the current image Will summarize all contact group contents and their selection status to the dialogue so it will not destroy the current image Lists more detailed information about all contact surface groups and their contents to the graphics area so destroying the current image Provides on line help on using this menu The process is straightforward If you need to define or modify a contact surface group you do so with the GROUP command This lets you create and delete groups and then add or remove individual contact surfaces from them Then you sELECT those you wish to be used for this dummy By default all groups are selected you can leave this as it is although it will be inefficient during the analysis phase to have redundant contacts active At any time you can use the SKETCH option to visualize what you have done
29. creating folds Hints to help you If you have a large model you may find it helpful to BLANK everything except the airbag at this stage It will make it easier to see what is going on If your airbag does not lie in the XY global plane you will have to ORIENT it until it does before you commence folding Once the bag has been folded you can move it back to its correct orientation and position in the parent model 32 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 1 2 Creating a fold in the airbag Inthe ArRBAGS menu go through the following steps d Use the DEFINE command to create folds First you have to define whether the fold is thin thick spiral or tuck A thin fold is like the crease when you fold paper it has no radius a thick fold instead has a definite radius Spiral fold is like rolling paper therefore it requires a clearance and the inner radius A tuck fold will tuck the material to be folded in between the top and the bottom layers THIN Choose a thin fold THICK Choose a thick fold SPIRAL Choose a spiral fold TUCK Choose a tuck fold e Now you have to define the fold itself i e to define the location of the fold line A fold should lie perpendicular to either the X or the Y axis and may be created by NODE NODE To make it line between two nodes screen picked COORDINATE To define an explicit axis and a distance along it or 3D LINE Select a predefined 3D line not yet impl
30. default back to black or white as appropriate If shaded and lit images are required then the display should have at least 8 bit planes single buffered or 16 arranged as 8 8 double buffered In the absence of this shaded images may not be rendered at all or may come out as solid primary colors X Windows users Should use at least a four bit plane PseudoColor visual and an 8 bit plane would be better 4 8 12 and 24 bit plane depths are supported as PseudoColor DirectColor and TrueColor visuals SGi GL users Need not worry about this All depths of screen are supported HP Starbase users Should ideally use a 24 bit plane TrueColor visual double buffered to 12 12 bit planes However 8 8 and 4 4 double buffered True and PseudoColor visuals are also supported although the latter will not provide shaded images TTY No graphics users This also does not use the screen interface and LS INGRID reverts to batch mode LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 4 Dynamic viewing on 3D devices On SGi GL HP Starbase and on X Windows devices LS INGRID supports dynamic viewing This means that the image on these machines can be rotated scaled and translated in real time using the mouse This is not supported on all 2D graphics protocols The commands to do this are VIEWING FUNCTION FUNCTION KEY COMBINATION CURSORSYMBOL SYMBOL XY ROTATION left mouse XY red Z ROTATION 2
31. defines the characteristic length of the seat belt elements to be used Typical lengths might be 50mm and you will be given a choice of suitable lengths but you may choose any length Once you choose a length each line segment will be linearly sub divided into the closest possible multiples of the length you chose These sub divisions will be sketched onto the crude line and you will be asked whether they are satisfactory You can respond OK Sub divisions are acceptable continue to next step SK LINE Redraw the line useful if you change views CH CHAR Change characteristic length and repeat CH BASIC Change basic line modify points RESTART Start from scratch again with a new line Notes Characteristic belt length may have an influence on model minimum time step size very short belt elements can be the critical ones So don t choose ridiculously short values or you may regret it c Define which contact surface s to use for belt fitting Generally you will select one or more contact groups here but it is possible to limit this to individual contact surfaces within a group See 5 2 5 for a description of contact surface groups The belt will use these surfaces when form finding its path The commands in this sub menu are S_ALL Select all contact surface groups D_ALL De select all contact surface groups INDI Enter sub sub menu to select individual surfaces DONE Finish surface selection process and continue ST
32. described above to fix them But you should also check your mesh visually for errors Do this by Aligning the view so that you are looking exactly down the X or Y axis as appropriate Use the sxzor sxy commands in the Viewing button box Zoom in on the folds looking for crossed elements or elements too close to one another especially at corners Initial penetrations often occur in higher numbered thin folds when many layers are 42 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual being folded Try modifying the ScAzrk factor to space out layers 43 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 1 9 Worked examples The examples directory supplied with LS INGRID contains some examples of airbag meshes and fold definitions driver ing s a circular pancake drivers side bag meshed in a way that makes folding easy pillow ing Is asquarer pillow passenger side bag again meshed in a way that makes folding easy Appendix II gives examples of how to fold and deploy these bags Permission is granted here for authorized users of LS LS INGRID to copy re use and modify these examples at will 44 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 2 5 2 1 5 2 2 OCCUPANT Occupant dummy and seat belt options Summary Up to 5 occupant models may be positioned and oriented Those with tree files may have their component parts oriented interactively Seat belts may be tensioned onto occupants and retractors sl
33. elements This is normally zero CONTACT allows you to adjust manually which belt nodes are slaves to which contact surfaces The belt creation routines make all nodes on a belt slaves to all surfaces used for form finding but it is efficient only to have nodes that are likely to cross a surface actually in its node list The various SKETCH options common throughout the seat belt processing section may be used to sketch belt element attributes on the current mesh 70 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual MATL BELTS Processing belt materials The use of this option to create belt materials has been mentioned previously since it is a necessary precursor to creating belt materials The seat belt material processing options are CREATE To define a new material from scratch COPY To define a new material by copying an existing one MODIFY To modify an existing material DELETE To delete an existing material sK lt option gt sketch belt and material attributes LIST To list a material s properties in the dialogue area STATUS To summarize all belt material properties in the dialogue area The processing of seat belt materials is very simple since they need Two load curves for loading and unloading A mass per unit length A minimum length Therefore you must have at least one load curve current in order to create a belt material If you haven t got any use LCURVES CREATE from the main menu to create some
34. examples of Airbag Folding 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 2 Description Airbags are ordinary meshes using enclosed volumes of shell elements They are inflated during an analysis using control volumes They may be folded in INGRID using the airbag folding options described in section 5 1 of this manual This appendix gives worked examples of the folding of two airbags A circular pancake driver s side bag See figure A 2 A more boxy pillow passenger side bag See figure A 3 Input files Standard example files are provided with LS INGRID for typical driver and passenger side airbags If you do not have these files please contact your LS INGRID distributor to receive them They are used as the basis of the examples in this Appendix and figures A 2 and A 3 show their general unfolded shape Permission to use these files Permission is hereby granted for bona fide customers of LS INGRID to use copy and modify these files at will Disclaimer These models are intended as examples only Neither geometry nor material properties nor control volume characteristics nor any other aspect of them is warranted to be correct Users must satisfy themselves that any models they build based on these are correct and represent adequately the airbags they are trying to model opp between pancakes that must be closedby operation iret Elevsticn on bag showing inital This s
35. from these dyna3d format files this has already been done for you Pre defined fold definitions for dyna3D format input decks Pre existing folds cannt be included in the DYNA3D input decks so the pre defined folds used in these examples have been written to the following fold definition save files examples driver folds sav examples pillow folds sav These are generic names both an ASCII and a binary file are written when old definitions are saved See section 2 5 3 below Folding the driver s side bag You will observe from figure A 2 that the driver s bag has been meshed in such a way that orthogonal mesh lines are available in X and Y axes These are the natural starting points for the mesh folding operation It is assumed that you are starting from the dyna3d format input deck examples driver inf Enter the AIRBAGS menu in the data processing part of the code and 2 5 1 2 5 2 Defining what to fold By default the whole model is selected for folding And in fact this is what is required here But if this were part of a larger model eg a car you would have to select just the airbag material for folding Do this by SELECT REMOVE ALL To deselect everything ADD MAT VISIBLE And select the airbag material Check that you have got this right SKETCH To see what is selected Defining folds Clearly you may start where you wish and fold what you want but remember that it 1s better if possible to
36. in release 3 4A Since only the simple operation is currently available all you have to do is to define a belt material for the elements from the list given and the remainder of the procedure is automatic The requisite number of seat belt elements are created All of the nodes on the belt are made into slave nodes to the type 5 discrete nodes impacting surface contact surfaces in the contact group s selected for this belt If the contact surface in the group s are not type 5 they are converted to be so you are warned if this happens The newly created seat belt elements are sketched on the mesh At this stage you have successfully created and positioned a seat belt on your dummy and you will return to the SEAT BELTS menu Common form finding problems and their solutions 66 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Sometimes things go wrong during the form finding operation This section lists known examples of this and their solutions 67 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The shape fails to converge Sometimes the shape will hunt repeatedly between a small family of shapes in a particular area and never reach the convergence tolerance Often this doesn t matter there is no right shape for a belt so if the result is close enough then accept it as it is If it does matter you can adjust one or more points manually using the option Shift them to a new position then re
37. option is available at many prompts where the help text alone would not be adequate It will give more information about the current activity DETAILS In a few particularly complex areas this menu option will be available It is used to select detailed help on a particular command first select DETAILS then the command in question In addition to these there are two special help options v button In the viewing control box on the lower right hand side This button acts like the details command above first click on v then on the viewing command in that box on which you want information B button In the rotating boxes across the top of the screen This is used the same way B box command will explain what that command does This is particularly useful in boxes B3 and B4 where commands will change with context Finally to abort commands if things go wrong QUIT button Always globally active and may always be used whenever input is required It will terminate the current operation and return control to 30 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual the next highest command prompt 31 LS INGRID 5 1 5 1 1 Graphical User Interface Manual AIRBAGS Airbag folding options Summary Used solely for folding airbags Up to 50 folds may be defined on an existing mesh Folds can be created modified deleted and visualised Fold definitions may be stored for later re use Required A sh
38. point given and reverses the ve ve flag Since many fold patterns are symmetric about a bag centerline this can be very useful since only half the folds need to be defined explicitly Reordering folds Folds are always applied in the order in which they are defined so to change the order in which they occur a fold must be moved from an old number to a new one The REORDER option lets you pick an Old fold number and its New number The intervening folds are shuffled up or down as necessary 5 1 8 Hints on folding a b Plan your fold pattern in advance and try to organise the mesh so that straight mesh lines are available in the right places for folding Building folds with the correct material thickness can sometimes be difficult since the folds are too thin to be seen easily Try using the EXECUTE command with an artificially large value when creating folds then correct it later Note that excessive mesh distortions occur if too great a thickness is used See also d below 41 LS INGRID o d f Graphical User Interface Manual Try to organize folds so that they are defined from the outside of the mesh inwards This is not mandatory but it means that a fold s unfolded and folded positions are the same Otherwise folds must be defined on geometry that has itself been changed by preceding folds the unfolded position is simple it is always the fold location on the unfolded mesh but the folde
39. radius 0 366 This is the bag external radius mult 1 This is a mesh density multiplier Key parameters in the ingrid format passenger s side file Users may wish to adjust the following mult 2 Mesh density multiplier xspan 0 87 Bag overall X dimension yspan 0 56 Bag overall Y dimension mouth x 0 270 Mouth X dimension mouth y 0 085 Mouth Y dimension mouth z 0 1 Mouth Z dimension depth tuck 0 16 Size of tuck fold IMPORTANT Using the ingrid format files When these files have been read into INGRID you must join their constituent parts together using TOLERANCE command value of 0 1 mm ie 0 0001 in the SI units system used is recommended For the driver s side bag only it will be necessary to seal the pancake edges together before this tolerance operation is carried out using AIRBAGS SEAL The reader is referred to the main INGRID manual for more explanation of these commands and also to figure A 2 2 4 2 4 1 2 5 Dyna3d format files For users who do not wish to delve into ingrid format files these two models have also been generated as LS DYNA3D version 930 formatted input decks These have been generated using the same mesh densities and dimensions as the ingrid format files So figures A 2 and A 3 are equally appropriate The files are examples driver inf examples pillow inf You do not have to worry about SEAL and TOLERANCE operations if you start
40. ring elements RETRACTORS Un blanks the selected retractor elements SENSORS Un blanks the selected sensor elements PRETENS Un blanks the selected pre tensioner elements ACCEL Un blanks the selected accelerometer elements As with other element types these may be selected from the screen with the standard VISIBLE Options or have their labels typed in directly 123 APPENDIX I Structure of the Occupant Tree file APPENDIX I Structure of the Occupant Tree file 1 0 2 0 Description The tree file of a dummy is an optional extra file that contains The title and units system of the dummy The dummy s H point coordinates and local axis system Topology and connectivity information about the dummy Information about any contact surfaces pre defined on the dummy If this file is defined for an occupant model then INGRID will be able to manipulate the dummy s sub parts intelligently in an object oriented fashion Throughout this Appendix the example used will be the tree file for the Oasys Rigid HYBRID III dummy This is file occupants rh3 rh3 tree This file is heavily commented and should in itself contain enough information to show you how to define such a file for your own dummy model Finally tree files may be associated with any format of INGRID input file in which the material and node numbers are determinate ie anything except a native ingrid format file Moreover they could be used for
41. rotational degree of freedom for an item in DYNA3D implies a 90 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 1 spin of that item itself about some local axis acting through its centroid Note particularly that in the case of a node it does NOT imply angular velocity of the node about some remote axis Global versus Local axis systems By default all degrees of freedom are assumed to be in the global cartesian coordinate system However it is possible in some contexts for these DoFs to be defined in some other local coordinate system ND REST Applying nodal restraints Nodal restraints sometimes referred to as Single Point Constraints or SPCs may be applied individually to the any or all of the six degrees of freedom of nodes The menu options are ADD To add restraints REMOVE To remove restraints SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list restraints at the selected nodes The ADD and REMOVE options both require you to define which DoFs in what coordinate system you want to add remove The sub menu to select these is 1 X translation 2 Y m m 3 z m m 4 X rotation 5 Y m m 6 z m m GLOBAL Global system LOCAL Local system DONE current code Use this by Selecting those DoFs you wish to add remove As each one is selected the current code e g 135 will be appended to the current DONE string Selecting either GLOBAL or LOCAL coordinate systems
42. s on the selected nodes The options under this command are 0 To seal edges only This is only applicable to some meshes defined in batch mode within LS INGRID where the layers are not connected Externally generated meshes can ignore this command ALL To execute all current folds 1 To execute fold 1 only 2 To execute folds 1 to 2 only 3 To execute folds 1 to 3 only etc To the highest fold number defined Initially select ALL so that all folds are executed and define the minimum thickness to be used for each fold For each fold the greater of this thickness and that defined for the fold is used so a good starting point is again the material thickness 34 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual You have now created a fold to see 1t redraw the mesh in any display mode You can go back and repeat steps d to j above to create more folds the maximum number you may have being 50 Note that Folds are always created in ascending sequential order Folds are always executed in the same ascending sequential order Intermediate folds may punch parts of the bag through itself if desired so long as later folds undo this situation to leave a bag without self penetrations Ones first attempts at folding often go wrong Don t despair and read the next sections to see what to do about it 35 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 1 3 Folding diagnostic and checking options 5 1 4 The followi
43. shiny objects reflect broader less intense highlights The value is an integer in the range 1 to 10 that is an exponent higher values give shinier results DONE Stores changes and makes them current for the next plot Notes 111 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Not all graphics drivers support all aspects of shading Therefore some of the commands above may have no effect on some hardware 112 LS INGRID 6 3 Graphical User Interface Manual GRAPHICS Control miscellaneous eraphics attributes This menu sets the following attributes of general graphics operations RESOL TRIAD TRPT SHRINK MCOL PCOL SCOL Sets the pixel X Y resolution to be used for software hidden line and shaded plots The default is 1024 x 1024 pixels but values in the range 256x256 to 4096x4096 may be set There is no particular advantage on most screens on going to high resolutions although lower ones will give faster plots Toggles on and off the display of the model coordinate system triad at the bottom left corner of the plot Is a specialist command related to data plotting Sets whether element shrink is on or not and if on what the shrink percentage is Shrunk elements have their visible borders shrunk towards the element center making it easier to spot holes in the mesh Color mesh by Material Color These three options Color mesh by Part Color are mutually Color mesh by System Color exclusive
44. showing their outward normal direction Discrete node contacts have circles drawn round the relevant nodes The SKETCH option above is the only way to visualize contacts defined by material since it draws the relevant elements nodes These are not currently drawn by the main graphics commands in LS INGRID 83 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 5 5 5 1 LCURVES Creation and processing of load curves Summary Load curves may be created modified listed and plotted In release 3 4A load curves can not be deleted The options in the main LOAD CURVES menu CREATE Create a new load curve MODIFY Modify an existing curve PLOT X Y plots of existing curves SUMMARY Summarize all curves in teh graphics area LIST List the key attributes and points of a curve CREATE Creating a new load curve This command allows you to create new load curves The curve created is always the next highest free number The sub menu here is KEY IN Type in data pairs for each point FILE Read in points from an ASCII file COPY Copy an existing curve Keying in points This is straightforward simply type in values Options are DONE To finish entry and store curve LIST To list the curve so far on the screen PLOT To plot the curve so far on the screen REJECT To reject the last point s Reading from a file Give the filename you want to read from You can see what files are available on disk usi
45. space mesh generation capabilities of INGRID are referred to the document LS INGRID Commands and Reference Manual A Pre Processor and Mesh Generator for LS DYNA3D LS NIKE3D and TOPAZ3D Version 3 5 February 1998 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 2 0 2 1 RUNNING LS INGRID On most systems LS INGRID will be run by the command INGRID Although your system may have been customized in some other way Command line options LS INGRID may have any combination of the following command line options added to it i input filename Defines the ingrid format filename to be used in a batch mode run If this filename is defined then batch mode i e traditional non interactive usage is assumed The ingrid file will be executed and depending on the commands in it graphics may or may not be used c input cfilename The Command Session File is saved after every termination of LS INGRID in isave This file contains all the commands used in the previous session This file must be renamed to use as a script to recreate your last session which can be invoked when executing LS INGRID or during an LS INGRID session o output filename Defines the name of the output filename which defaults to ingrido if it is not given Defining this parameter does not imply batch mode usage graphics device Defines the graphics device to be used for interactive graphics
46. specified sub part to the specified angle All sub parts defined in the tree file are listed in this menu together with their current angle about the selected rotation axis Drag and drop moving sub parts with the mouse Often the exact angles for sub parts are not known and the best method of positioning them is trial and error by dragging them across the screen and then dropping them into position This may be achieved by the DRAG command in the menu above Use the mouse to select a node on the sub part you want to move This will be high lighted and keeping the mouse button depressed move it to where you want it to be Once it is in position release the mouse and it will be redrawn in its new position The tree structure will become immediately apparent when you do this you will see that sub parts subordinate to the one you are moving are pulled with it Notes Sometimes the sub part picked is not the one you want So long as you haven t moved it just release the mouse and try again If it has moved you can reset it to its orientation before entering the DRAG menu by using the RESET command Note that this is different to the menu above which resets the whole model to its absolute initial orientation You can change the current axis of rotation by selecting one of X AXIS Y AXIS Z AXIS This is analogous to using Axrs command in the menu above Drag and drop is easy once you have got
47. specify which surface you want to modify and then you can change any of the following options TYPE MATERIALS FRICTION STIFFNESS BIRTH DEATH LC CONTROL AIRBAG LC SEARCHING FAILURE SLAVE BOX MASTER BOX Change contact type Not all categories of contact type are interchangeable so use with care You can add or remove materials from master or slave sides of the surface You can modify the static and dynamic coefficients of friction of the surface and also the friction decay coefficient and viscous criterion Master and slave penalty stiffness can be modified and the contact formulation can be toggled between penalty force and soft constraint methods The birth and death times of the contact can be set For rigid rigid contacts types 19 to 21 only the load curves and calculation methods can be modified For special airbag contact type a13 only the load curve controlled thickness option can be set The searching depth bucket sort frequency force update frequency and penetration parameters can be set For type 8 and 9 contacts only the weld failure force stress parameters and exponents can be set Allows the slave side model box definition to be modified Allows the master side model box definition to be modified The other MoDrrFY options allow you to finish and see what you have done NEW SURFACE LIST SKETCH Terminates modifications on the current surface and lets you select a new
48. the hang of it but requires a little practice It is probably best to experiment with one of the standard dummy models RH3 is the best on its own before trying to assemble a complete dummy and vehicle for real It can be slow dragging many parts of a complex dummy model around the screen it puts a load of load on the graphics hardware For this reason it is best not to try dragging the root part of a dummy and instead to orient this explicitly in the 53 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual menu above 54 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 2 5 CONTACT Processing contact surfaces on dummy models If you are going to position seat belts on a dummy then the belt positioning algorithm needs to know which contact surfaces are significant You can skip this section if you are not interested in belt positioning The following concepts are important Contact surface groups Often it will take more than one contact surface to achieve a structural function For example a seat belt will run from the shoulder across the chest and pelvis and over the upper legs covering several unconnected materials on its way This requires several discrete contact surfaces to be defined seat belts require conventional one sided non automatic contacts which cannot track over gaps in the mesh It is easier to handle this if contacts are grouped by function Therefore the OCCUPANT section of LS INGRID contains the concept of
49. 5 6 5 1 6 5 2 BLANK Blanking and unblanking entities for display The main viewing commands in LS INGRID display the following entities 3D elements Solids and Thick shells 2D elements Thin shells and Contact surface facets 1D elements Beams springs dampers seat belts Other elements Joints slip rings retractors sensors pre tensioners and accelerometers By default all such elements that exist in the model will be drawn in the current mode This can make displays cluttered and hard to understand so it is possible to remove items from the display list by blanking them using this menu What blanking does Items which are blanked are not deleted they are simply not drawn They can be unblanked again at any time to make them visible again Their current blanking status will not affect their visibility when drawn by other commands ie DIsplay Options or the various SKETCH commands in data processing sub menus The BLANK menu BLANK Sets function to blank mode These are mutually exclusive UNBLANK Sets function to unblank mode selecting one unsets the other STATUS Lists current blanking status ALL Un blanks everything PART Un blanks everything in selected parts only MAT Un blanks elements of the selected materials only SURFACE Un blanks segments of the selected contact surfaces only SOLID Un blanks the selected solid elements SHELL Un blanks the selected thin shell elements BEAM Un blanks the sel
50. 998 is based on the original INGRID code by Stillman Hallquist et al It contains all the index space mesh generation capabilities that traditional INGRID users employ and has had added many new interactive features The main ones being A screen based menu driven interface for the interactive parts of the program Improved graphics both 2D X Windows and 3D SGi GL and HP Starbase Interactive model merging and manipulation capabilities Interactive occupant dummy positioning features Interactive airbag folding Interactive definition and positioning of seat belts and related entities Interactive definition and display of many model boundary conditions In addition the capabilities of the code have been extended so that it can act as a model editor and pre processor to LS DYNA3D In particular it can Read all LS DYNA3D input file formats including 1 5930 Keyword Read some proprietary pre processor formats SDRC I DEAS universal files and PDA PATRAN neutral files Read NASTRAN bulk data format Multiple input decks from any or all of these sources may be merged into a single model the parts of which may be rotated scaled and translated interactively The resulting composite file may be written out in a range of LS DYNA3D formats This document summarizes how to use the capabilities described above and it gives details of the special occupant features However users wishing to use the index
51. ATUS List current selection status in dialogue area OPTIONS Further listing and sketching options lt group name 1 gt lt group name 2 gt etc 62 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Notes Form finding will slow down as more contact surfaces are made active So choose only those you actually need 63 LS INGRID d Graphical User Interface Manual Tension the belt form find onto the dummy Form finding positions or tensions the belt onto the dummy by adjusting the crude line you have defined into a more realistic path The rules the form finding algorithm uses are Try to reduce the line to a straight line between fixed points To do this adjust intermediate points to lie on the straight line between their neighbours but Always project any point that penetrates a contact surface back onto that surface Carry out this procedure iteratively until the change between successive iterations drops below a preset minimum value Preliminary action fixing intermediate points Before you proceed with tensioning you must define all points on the crude line that are fixed such points do not move and are typically used at slip rings By default the first and last points are always fixed but any intermediate point may also be fixed using the options FIX To fix points UNFIX To unfix free points Whenever the line is sketched fixed point symbols have a solid green triangle drawn inside them A
52. Control Lighting Attributes of Shaded Images 6 3 GRAPHICS Control General Graphics Attributes 64 Display Options Extra Information on Plots 65 BLANK Blanking Options Controlling what is Displayed APPENDICES I Description of Occupant Tree files II Airbag Folding Worked Examples of Driver and Passenger Bags Dummy Positioning Worked Example of Positioning and Seat belt Fitting TEXT CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL TYPEFACES Three different typefaces are used in this manual Manual text This typeface is used for text in this manual Computer type This one is used to show what the computer types It is also used for equations etc Operator type This one is used to show what you must type NOTATION Triangular round and square brackets have been used as follows Triangular To show generic items for example component name filename angle And also to show special keys for example return control Z escape Round To show optional items during input for example command optional command optional number And also to show defaults when the computer prompts you e g Give new value 10 Give part name UPPER TORSO Square To show advisory information at computer prompts e g Give terminal type M for list Also to show implicit commands e g BLANK MAT list LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 1 0 INTRODUCTION LS INGRID Version 3 5A Feb 1
53. GRID Graphical User Interface Manual You can always expect to read geometry but treat any extra information as an added bonus 22 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 4 2 22 OCCUPANT Read in occupant dummy models Up to 5 pre existing occupant models may be read at a time into LS INGRID Such models are normal input decks in any of the formats described above but they have the option of having a tree file associated with them This tree provides extra information about the connectivity of the model components and permits LS INGRID to move limbs intelligently in the visualisation part of the program The structure of a tree file is described in Appendix I In all other respects occupant models will be read in incremented and processed in exactly the same way as other input files For a model to appear in this menu it must be notified to LS INGRID in the ingdat file described in section 2 2 Any number of occupant models may be described in this file by adding lines as follows dummy spec acronym file type pathname for file Where dummy spec Is the special command stating that the line contains dummy information acronym Character string uppercase and up to 10 chars by which the dummy will be known within the program file type The input file type in lower case i e Dyna3d Nastran lt pathname gt s the directory in which the files are to be found Therefore a typical ingdat
54. HECK pass eL 14 Nodes picked tof 44 define fold Effeot of ie CHECK tolerance TH i y Further nodes detected by CHECK whenat aga tolerance 7 Appendix Il Showing how to adjust nodes on fold 2 A 7 figure A 8 vV LLLLLLLLLLLLLZZ i i Appendix Il Driver s bag Effect of adjusting mesh using CHECK and resulting folds 1 and 2 You will now see both folds If you zoom in on a section through the folds and then sketch all folds using the SKFALL button in the top box you will see how the two folds are now arranged The lower half of figure A 8 shows such a section To save you going through the EXECUTE ALL thickness command sequence each time you re execute folds you can use the short cut of REFOLD in the button box as the top of the screen This executes that command sequence for you Execute the remaining X folds The same process can be carried out for folds X3 and X4 When you get to fold X4 you will find some more nodes that need moving slightly so use CHECK as before to adjust them You will also find a different problem fold X4 will if the up down up down sequence is followed end up putting the bag underneath instead of on top of the mesh See the top half of figure A 9 So you will have to go through folds to X4 changing all flags to DOWN and vi
55. LS INGRID 3 5 Graphical User Interface Manual August 1998 Mailing Address Livermore Software Technology Corporation 2876 Waverley Way Livermore California 94550 1740 Support Address Livermore Software Technology Corporation 97 Rickenbacker Circle Livermore California 94550 7612 FAX 925 449 2507 TEL 925 449 2500 EMAIL sales lstc com WEBSITE www lstc com Copyright 1989 1998 by Livermore Software Technology Corporation All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 0 2 0 24 2 2 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 INTRODUCTION RUNNING LS INGRID Command line options Interactive Graphics Device Definition THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE Description Customising the User Interface Interaction between User Interface and Display Hardware Dynamic Viewing on 3D Devices Laser Hard copies Screen picking USING LS INGRID Control Flow Through the Program Data Input Data Visualisation and Processing Data Output USING DATA PROCESSING COMMANDS AIRBAG Airbag Folding options OCCUPANT Occupant dummy and Seat belt options ORIENT Translation Rotation and Scaling of entities CONTACT Contact Surface Processing LCURVES Load curve Processing BOUNDS Boundary Condition Processing SPRING Spring and Damper Processing TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 0 USING DATA VISUALISATION COMMANDS 61 Using the Main Menu Graphics Commands 62 LIGHTING
56. These provide directional lighting effects By default there is one directional light located at the observer and there is a low level of ambient light If you issue a SHAD viewing command it will be apparent that facets facing the observer are brightly lit whereas those facing away from the observer get darker as the angle increases The LrGHTING menu is as follows CREATE Lets you create up to 10 positional light sources MODIFY Lets you modify the position and brightness of light sources SWITCH Switches current light sources on off DELETE Deletes a light source definition AMBIENT Controls the level of ambient light TWOSIDE Controls two sided lighting OBJECT Sets the surface lighting attributes of the model LIST Lists attributes of selected light sources STATUS Summary of lighting model settings CMAP Show current color map EXPLAIN On line help about lighting DETAILS Detailed help on lighting model commands Setting ambient light level The ambient light level comes from everywhere so it has no position and provides no contrast It has a possible range of 0 to 100 set by the AMBIENT command Typical values would be in the range 10 to 20 the default being 15 To see how ambient light affects contract try setting it to 10096 and then redrawing the image all lighting effects disappear as the image is washed out Then set it to 0 and see how the dark areas become blacker 110 LS INGRID Graphical User Int
57. artesian dummy model space of the dummy H Point coordinates Usually this will be 0 0 0 but you could offset this Local coordinate systems You must define the dummy s local X and Z axes by means of vectors of unit length It is suggested that you adopt X axis Horizontal axis through shoulders Z axis Vertical axis up through head For example the rigid RH3 dummy uses 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dummy local X axis is global Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 Dummy local Z axis is global Z Dummy rotations obey a right hand screw rule for rotations about these axes Define the number of dummy sub parts You may have up to 50 sub parts in a dummy A description of sub parts is given lower down under defining sub parts Define the number of pre defined contact surfaces If your dummy has contact surfaces on it give the total number of them here not just those you might use later up to a maximum of 60 Define the number of pre defined contact surface groups If you want to use contact surface groups give the number here up to a maximum of 10 You can assemble pre defined contact surfaces into groups This concept is described in section 5 2 5 but briefly Some aspects of contact may require more than one surface to fulfil a function For example a belt contact might have to run over several unconnected materials and this will require several distinct contact surfaces Therefore it is convenient to be able to group the primitive conta
58. as 1 material 1 subordinate lower leg right UPPER LEG RIGHT 90 0 3 1 10 1 11 1252 1253 Part 11 lower leg right Has l material 1 subordinate foot right LOWER LEG RIGHT 0 0 7 1 11 1 12 1257 1258 c Part 12 foot right Has 1 material no subordinates FOOT RIGHT 90 0 9 1 12 0 c Part 13 upper leg left Has 1 material 1 subordinate lower leg left UPPER LEG LEFT 90 0 25 1 13 1 14 1267 1268 c Part 14 lower leg left Has 1 material 1 subordinate foot left LOWER LEG LEFT 0 0 27 1 14 1 15 1272 1273 c Part 15 foot left Has 1 materual no subordinates FOOT LEFT 90 0 30 1 15 0 c Contact surface names FRONT FACE FRONT NECK FRONT UPPER TORSO 1 FRONT MID TORSO 1 FRONT LOWER TORSO 1 UNDER RIGHT FOOT UNDER LEFT FOOT REAR UPPER TORSO REAR MID TORSO REAR LOWER TORSO BASE LOWER TORSO RIGHT UNDER THIGH LEFT UNDER THIGH RIGHT KNEE amp SHIN LEFT KNEE amp SHIN UPPER ARM RIGHT LOWER ARM RIGHT UPPER ARM LEFT LOWER ARM LEFT NECK CIRCUM FRONT UPPER TORSO 2 FRONT MID TORSO 2 FRONT LOWER TORSO 2 CHIN TO CHEST RIGHT THIGH CIRCUM LEFT THIGH CIRCUM RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND Contact surface groups These are logical groupings of the primitive contact surfaces Group 1 bag to face Owns face and neck contacts BAG TO FACE 2 1 2 Group 2 bag to torso Owns torso 1 contacts BAG TO TORSO 3 3 4 5 Group 3 bag to legs Owns thighs circumferential BAG TO LEGS 2 25 26
59. ately any of the viewing commands above are given if OFF you must issue an explicit drawing command for the changes to become apparent V Provides on line help about all the commands in the viewing box To use it first click v then on the command on which you want help Using the slider bars for numeric input view commands Those commands that require a numeric input rotation scaling and translation will put up a slider bar when invoked Holding down the mouse button move it into this box and move the slider to the desired position then release it To type in a value instead release the mouse button and type in a value at the dialogue prompt instead To abort a slider command hold the mouse down and move it out of the slider area and it will disappear again Using dynamic viewing on 3D devices On devices that support 3D graphics it is possible to use dynamic viewing as well as the explicit commands above This means using a combination of keyboard and mouse buttons to change the image rotation and scale in real time This is described in section 3 4 109 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 2 6 2 1 LIGHTING Control the lighting model used for Shaded plots The lighting model consists of Ambient light Black body non directional light coming from everywhere that provides uniform illumination Directional light Up to ten lights which can be positioned anywhere in space about the model
60. ce versa Do this as follows MODIFY FOLD 1 V5 To change fold 1 up down flag 1 To change it to down SAVE To save changes Repeat for folds 2 to 4 inverting the up down flag in each case then the folds and redraw REFOLD re execute folds SKFALL To re sketch fold definitions This will produce the revised fold pattern shown on the bottom half of figure A 9 Copy X folds 1 to 4 to opposite side of bag We need to copy folds 1 to 4 anti symmetrically about the mesh centreline to form folds 5 to 8 This is simple COPY ALL To copy all existing folds REFLECT To copy anti symmetrically 0 0 0 0 is centre of bag peri coivem simay ehl f 001 ceri mive simay Appendix 11 Driver s bag Initial layout of folds A 9 1 to 4 and the results of reversing up down flags figure It is a good idea to check that the reflected folds produced this way are in the right place This is most easily done on the unfolded geometry so RESET To unfold bag SXY AC Autoscaled plan view on XY SKFALL To sketch all folds CHECK To check the new folds This not surprisingly shows that the same nodes need to be adjusted on the opposite side of the mesh see top half of figure A 10 So do that CHECK OK To adjust nodal positions Then refold the mesh and have another look at a section through it REFOLD To re execute all folds SXZ ZIN To zoom in on folded section This will produce the fo
61. changed settings of the fold to the dialogue area OLIST Lists the original parameters of the fold to the dialogue area RESET Resets the current parameters to their original unchanged state SKETCH Sketches the current fold on the mesh as currently drawn UPDATE Is a toggle flag which if set will cause the mesh to be re drawn every time a fold parameter is changed This is very powerful since it shows immediately the effect of changes Decide whether or not to save the fold changes Since MoDIFY always works on a scratch copy of the fold you must choose explicitly to save your changes SAVE Copies changes to the permanent fold definition and exits 39 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual QUIT Exits leaving the permanent fold definition unchanged 40 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 1 7 Deleting copying and reordering folds a b c Deleting folds This is simple Use the DELETE option and select those folds you wish to delete The remaining folds will be renumbered if necessary so that they start at 1 and rise sequentially with no gaps Copying folds Use the copy option and select the fold s to be copied Folds are prefixed OLD FOLD n to make the point that they are existing ones COINCIDENT Copies the fold s exactly with no changes to location You will have to use MoDrFY subsequently to change the location s REFLECT Copies the fold s but reflects coordinates about the
62. ct surface s only el types Ranges of selected element types only Once you have chosen these the transformation is applied Everything that can be transformed is but there are some items that can not be These are Nodal and rigid body restraints Applied motion disp vel acc boundary conditions Some arcane and little used options The scare option for changing units and scale works as follows Three predefined units systems are built into LS INGRID SI System International IN dre Items may be changed between these systems using SCALE options MM TO SI Modified metric to ST MM TO IN Modified metric to Imperial SI TO MM SI to Modified metric SI TO IN SI to Imperial IN TO SI Imperial to ST IN TO MM Imperial to modified metric USER DEF User defined mass length and time factors 77 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual As with transformations you must define what is to be scaled but in this case you only choose the whole model or selected parts Again all entities that can be scaled are 78 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 4 5 4 1 CONTACT Creation and processing of contact surfaces Summary Contact surfaces may be created modified and viewed Contact control attributes may be listed and modified and contacts may be selected deselected for output In release 3 4A contacts may only be created by material not by individual segments Required n
63. ct surfaces together by function into groups Such a group may contain up to 10 primitive contact surfaces Defining sub parts Each sub part is a collection of up to 60 materials which can be rigid or deformable and which need not be connected For rigid materials extra nodes on rigid bodies are included in the sub part definition INGRID treats each sub part as indivisible and transforms all nodes within it as if it were rigid The first or root part is special It is the starting point for the dummy object hierarchy it has children but no parents It rotates about the H Point and strictly should contain it Subsequent parts are children or grand grand children of this root part Sub parts are connected by coincident nodes one on the parent part and one on the child When sub parts are rotated the dummy can be reassembled by translating sub parts so that these coincident nodes separated by rotation become coincident again Sub parts are defined by the following data in this order Item Data type lt name gt B O ZO PLCT Character string lt initial angle gt Real number in degrees lt load curve no gt See note 1 below Integer zero if none lt materials in part Integer 1 60 list of material nos Integer list lt child sub parts gt Integer 0 5 lt child sub part this node child node gt 3 integers So a typical example of a sub part entry might run EXAMPLE PART 1 Part nam
64. d position where the fold line will lie after previous folds have moved it must be computed by the user Thin folds are better than thick ones since they don t require very small elements around the fold radius but they do distort the mesh Therefore a good solution is When creating folds make each individual fold thickness artificially small The author tends to use 10 of the actual material thickness When using the EXECUTE command during fold definition make the over riding thickness something sensible i e the real material thickness Since the greater of this value and the individual fold thickness values are used the resulting fold pattern will be thick enough to be visualized Very thin folds are impossible to see When all folds have been defined and checked re issue the command with an artificially small value too This will result in the folded mesh being very compressed and so element distortions around thin folds will be minimal When defining the special airbag contact type a13 for the bag use the loadcurve controlling thickness option to ramp up the thickness used for contact from this very small value at time zero to a realistic value at say 2mS This will prevent contact initialisation from detecting the initial penetrations that do in fact exist at time zero If you get initial penetrations during contact initialisation in DYNA3D you may be able to use the loadcurve defined thickness
65. dary condition Disp Vel or Accel The degree s of freedom to be applied For some degrees of freedom that represent motion about a vector the user must also supply the vector In all cases action is applied at the rigid body centroid The menu options are APPLY To apply the currently defined values to rigid bodies DELETE To remove values from rigid bodies VALUES To define the values to be applied SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list boundary conditions on all affected rigid bodies CURRENT To list the current values attributes Use this option as follows Define the conditions to be applied with VALUES The sub menu here is LCURV Required Define the load curve to be used MODE Required Define displacement velocity or acceleration DOF Required Define which Degree s of freedom to load FACTOR Optional Define factor on load curve values Def 1 0 VECTOR Optional Define vector for some DoF directions You will be warned if you have not set enough items for application to go ahead Apply remove the values using APPLYOr DELETE Once you have defined enough values you can apply them to the selected rigid bodies with APPLY or remove them using DELETE For each rigid body there can only be one set of applied boundary conditions in a given degree of freedom so the rules followed are APPLY will overwrite the old definitions with the new ones 101 LS INGRID Graph
66. display boundary conditions and restraints Selected nodes are circled on the existing mesh Options are DX Show X translational restraints etc to See the BOUNDS options in section 5 6 RZ Show Z rotational restraints SY Show nodes on symmetry planes 114 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual FSYM Show nodes on symmetry planes with failure NRB SHow nodes on non reflecting silent boundary planes CSYM Show nodes with cyclic symmetry restraints 115 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 4 3 STRUCTURAL LOADS This sub menu shows the nodes and elements subject to the following structural loads Nodal forces point loads D Nodes with prescribed displacements See BOUNDS section 5 6 VB Nodes with prescribed velocities cnv Nodes control volumes PL Edge pressure loads on elements PR Surface pressure loads on elements DETP Detonation point data 64 4 THERMAL LOADS This sub menu shows the nodes and elements subject to the following thermal loads TI Nodes with initial temperatures TB Nodes with temperature boundary conditions FL Elements with edge flux loads FLUX Elements with surface flux loads cvL Elements with edge convection loads Elements with surface convection loads RBL Elements with edge radiation loads RB Elements with surface radiation loads REL Elements with edge radiation enclosures RE Elements with surface radiation enclosures 6 4 5 GRAPHICS This provides some extra graph
67. e 10 5 0 Initial angle 10 5 deg no load curve 2 13 20 Has two materials nos 13 and 20 3 Has 3 child sub parts 2 1345 7654 Sub part 1 is 2 nodes 1345 and 7654 6 1346 8966 Sub part 2 is 6 nodes 1346 and 8966 9 1356 9763 Sub part 3 is 39 nodes 1356 and 9763 These entries should be repeated for all sub parts in the model Notes 1 Q 3 4 5 6 Load curves are an anachronism necessary before flexion torsion joints became necessary in DYNA3D They were used to define the stiffnesses of rotational springs around joints Users creating new dummies should use flexion torsion joints and set this value to zero The first sub part 1 must be the root part Thereafter the order does not matter although parts should be defined in ascending order Sub parts must have only one path through the tree structure to the root sub part For example it is illegal to create a complete circle of sub parts The two coincident nodes used to link parts together must be given in the order parent child They don t have to be nodes on joints or any other element but they must be associated with at least one material in the sub part They are often non structural extra nodes on rigid bodies The remotest sub parts ie the youngest children must implicitly have no children of their own If they have you have made a mistake It doesn t matter where you put new lines between numbers above The layou
68. e created at the nodal coordinates USER XYZ Lets you type in a series of x y z coordinates for the points This is the default mode You may toggle between the two modes at will using REJECT LAST to cancel any points you have got in the wrong place When the line is complete use DONE to move on to the next stage When creating a line you should note the following It is not necessary to trace a very accurate path over the dummy Line segments of say 0 5m are quite acceptable so long as you place points on places where significant angular change will occur Line segments do not represent characteristic belt element length at this stage they are sub divided later The line may pass through parts of the dummy at this stage when tensioned later it will be projected out onto the appropriate contact surface However try not to create massive penetrations since the contact projection algorithms may not be able to handle these It is acceptable to define a complete belt in one pass for example when 60 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual defining a 3 point lap and diagonal belt you can define the complete belt say from retractor through slip ring over torso to buckle point over pelvis and to floor mounting in one line 61 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual b Define a characteristic length for belt elements Once the line is complete signified by using DONE above you will drop into the menu that
69. e in 3 4A DELETE To delete data points OVERWR To overwrite data points with new values DONE To finish changes 85 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 5 3 Changing scale factors The current X and Y scale factors are displayed and you are invited to enter new values Changing offsets The current X and Y offsets are displayed if non zero and you are invited to enter new values Changing the transient dynamic relaxation flag The current flag is displayed and you are invited to enter a new value from the options TR ONLY Curve is active during transient analysis only DR ONLY Curve is active during dynamic relaxation only BOTH Curve is active during both analysis phases Listing curve points and attributes You can list all data points and all the settings of these attributes when you LIST curve PLOT Plotting existing load curves Any existing load curve s can be plotted in X Y graphical form The sub menu here is SELECT Select the curve s to plot TITLE Give a new plot title X LABEL Give a new X horizontal axis label Y LABEL Give a new Y vertical axis label SUMMARY Summarize all curves in the graphics area LIST List the key attributes and points of selected curve F COLOR Frame color set a new color for the frame around the plot G COLOR Grid color set a new color for the plot grid The process is very simple SELECT the curve s to be plotted and they will be drawn immed
70. e same file in as many times as required You cannot duplicate models by copying in the visualisation part of LS INGRID 4 2 3 GRAPHICS Enter the visualisation part of the Program 24 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual When you have read in everything you want to remember that you cannot go back for more use this command to enter the visualisation section There will be a slight pause when this happens as LS INGRID sorts through what it has read in A summary of all contact data and all materials will be printed to the original text window and then the screen will be cleared and the main graphics interface will appear as described in section 3 1 25 LS INGRID 4 3 4 3 1 Graphical User Interface Manual The Data Visualisation and Processing Menu Once you enter section 2 data processing and visualisation the Main Menu will be mapped This may be thought of as the top of a command tree below which there are levels of sub menus You cannot move higher up the tree than this level Although there is only one Main Menu its functions are split between data processing and data visualisation The main data processing options in LS INGRID 3 5A AIRBAGS OCCUPANT ORIENT CONTACT LCURVES BOUNDS SPRING Controls airbag folding Folds can be created modified and deleted the mesh can be folded interactively and the effects visualized Controls occupant dummy positioning seat belt tensioning and
71. ealing operation is ONLY necessary if you use the ingrid format input deck format deck neither of these two It must be sealed before the tolerance operation is carried operations is necessary If you start with the by an inital pp H mr Pian view on driver The ingrid fomst diversbag AFTER it ss been Note tat the layer spacing dmersion is exaggernted for Top and bottom pancakes are dawn together around perimeter to seal bag Appendix 11 General layout of driver driver s side bag A 2 showing seallng needed In format decks figure Ipu punpq way jo grow Buwoys r 7 HH aro son SUDISURLUIP pue prou Bulwoys uon ee 290 uosu up gt x i suomuguup Bumwous mod ue figure A 3 Appendix Il General layout of pillow passenger side alrbag 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 Ingrid format files Both of these meshes were originally generated using the ingrid input files examples driver ing examples pillow ing And users may wish to experiment with these files They have been set up in a parameterised fashion so that their key dimensions and mesh densities may be adjusted Key parameters in the ingrid format driver s side file Users may wish to adjust the following
72. eat belt Enter the BELTS section and define a seat belt line as follows Define a seat belt material You should strictly have a load curve for loading and another for unloading before defining a belt material The author cheated and used two curves at random These could be fixed later OCCUPANT BELTS MATL BELTS CREATE To create a belt material load curve 1 gt For loading load curve 2 For unloading 0 100e 6 Mass unit length 5 0 Minimum length OK OK to save material 1 Define a crude belt line Once a belt material exists we can create a line Do this by OCCUPANT BELTS SEAT BELTS CREATE To create a belt itself USER XYZ To define 1st point 2680 815 925 Coord of first point This coordinate is half way up the B pillar There is no node there so its location was obtained by using the MEASURE COORD option in rotating button box B2 at the top of the screen The coordinates of the nodes at top and mid point of that pillar were averaged NODE gt NODE Mode is now node node lt pick node gt lt pick node gt lt pick node gt lt pick node gt DONE To finish picking nodes 2600 250 300 D ring position Subsequent points across the chest and torso were selected by picking a line of nodes although the D ring position was again estimated by measuring coordinates to be 2600 250 300 Figure 29 shows the path across the chest and the location of the D ring behind the left pelvis The mode was then
73. ected beam elements TSHELL Un blanks the selected thick shell elements SEGMENT Un blanks the selected contact surface segments SPRING Un blanks the selected spring damper elements 120 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual JOINT Un blanks the selected joint elements BELT etc Un blanks the selected seat belt and related elements 121 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 5 3 6 5 4 6 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 7 Setting BLANK or UNBLANK mode By default items selected will be blanked and you will see that the BLANK button in the menu is pre selected You may toggle between BLANK Items selected are removed from the display blanked UNBLANK Items selected are restored to the display unblanked These two modes are mutually exclusive they unset each other Un blanking the whole model ALL You can make the whole model visible or invisible by selecting ALL To see only a few items it is usually efficient to blank everything all then unblank just those items you want to see Un blanking by parts PART You will be asked to select the parts to be processed You can select them by name number from the menu list or by picking them from the screen using the VISIBLE options All items in the selected part s will be blanked or unblanked as appropriate Un blanking elements by material You will be asked to select the materials to be processed You can select them by name number from the menu
74. elete boundary conditions matching the nodal DoF 96 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 4 REST Applying rigid body restraints Rigid body restraints are applied at the centroid of the given rigid body and each degree of freedom is separate Rigid body restraints impose restraints on all nodes on the rigid body and they will win if separate nodal restraints have been applied The menu options are ADD To add restraints REMOVE To remove restraints SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list restraints on all restrained rigid bodies As with nodal restraints the ADD and REMOVE options both require you to define which DoFs in what coordinate system you want to add remove The sub menu to select these is identical to that used for nodes 1 X translation etc to 6 z m GLOBAL Global system LOCAL Local system DONE current code Use this by Selecting those DoFs you wish to add remove As each one is selected the current code e g 135 will be appended to the current DONE string Selecting either GLOBAL or LOCAL coordinate systems In the case you must specify which existing coordinate to use Finally using DONE to finish DoF selection and proceeding actually to add remove the restraints on the selected rigid bodies Note that ADDing restraints to a rigid body in a DoF at which a restraint already exists will not matter the definition is not duplica
75. ell element mesh topologically flat lying in the X Y global plane Airbags are enclosed volumes of shell element meshes generally using the special airbag material number 34 that will be inflated during the analysis using control volumes It is very hard to mesh these in their initial folded state so instead they are meshed flat and then folded in LS INGRID Initial steps to go through a b c Mesh the bag either externally or within LS INGRID with a view to folding it It is best if there are mesh lines on or near the intended fold lines The unfolded mesh should be topologically flat or at least made up of flat layers stacked above one another and it must lie in the global XY plane Use the AIRBAGS main menu command to enter the airbag folding menu You will note that rotating button box B4 becomes active across the top of the screen with special folding options Usethe AIRBAGS SELECT command to define which parts of your mesh are to be folded This is done by setting a flag against every node in the model stating whether or not it is to be included for folding By default all parts of the model are pre selected for folding but you can reduce this to a subset by App or SUBTRACT commands as required You can see which nodes have been selected by using the SKETCH command this circles every node on the current image selected for folding At this stage you have sorted out what is going to be folded and you can now start
76. emented Once the fold line has been defined it will be checked If it does not lie in the X or Y axes you will be forced to redefine it or to snap it onto the nearer axis f You must decide on which side of the fold line the material is to be moved by selecting one of applicable only in COORDINATE Or For the positive or negative side of the axis PICK To select the side by picking any node on it g You define whether the folded portion is to move up over the unfolded part or down underneath it UP Folds it up and over DOWN Folds it down and under 33 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual h Then you must define the fold dimensions see Appendix These are THICKNESS This is the characteristic separation distance between layers and a good initial value is the material thickness typically of the order of 1mm SCALE FACTOR The scale factor used to expand contract the fold horizontally Start with a value of 1 0 FOLD RADIUS Only applicable to thick folds Use the material thickness 1 The fold line will then be sketched on the mesh and you will be asked to confirm whether it acceptable or not OK Fold is acceptable so store it NEW Fold is not acceptable so re define it To abort the operation here or at any stage above use QUIT 1 fold is now defined but the mesh has not actually been folded yet make fold happen you must use the command EXECUTE To execute the current fold
77. er than ingrid format ones may be read in any order Data will be extracted from them and stored in the database The data in each file will become the next highest part in LS INGRID so while the models are combined it is still possible to operate on each one separately by selecting its part id Ingrid format files may generate many parts so the above statement is still true but note that files read in afterwards may generate higher part numbers than you expect 19 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Handling of Node Element and Material numbers read from multiple files If you read more than one model in multiple files it will be necessary to provide an offset for the node element and material labels so that the numbering systems do not overlap internally You are prompted for this automatically and given the following options in a Label offsets menu No gaps Default This is a number that will leave no gaps in the external numbering system Small offset This will give a small offset set to the next sensible power of 10 Large offset Will give a larger offset to the next higher power of 10 above the small one No offsets No offset at all Use this with great care and only if you are certain that there is no overlap between the numbering systems in models Handling of other item numbers All other numbered items from multiple files for example contact surfaces load curves etc will be renumbered to se
78. er to the Unix manual pages for more information 12 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 6 Screen picking selecting visible items using the cursor mouse In an interactive graphical program you often want to select a visible item from the screen without having to know exactly what its label of identifier is This concept is referred to as screen picking and LS INGRID has a standard set of screen picking options that appear in most contexts where you are asked to select entities These appear in the menu structure as follows Context where items Visible screen picking could be selected from a options list e g materials END SELECTION SCREEN AREA item i1 REJECT LAST item i2 By selecting VISIBLE in the left hand menu you will pass to the visible options one on the right which handles screen picks The options here are pick an item Either node location or element center depending on context Materials surfaces and parts may be selected by picking any relevant element on them type a label You can type in the entity labels explicitly DONE To terminate picking selection The contents of the current cursor pick list will be added to anything selected explicitly and control will pass back to the menu on the left for further explicit selections ALL VISIBLE Selects all visible items of the relevant type All visible means all that have been drawn on the screen 1 e not those which are b
79. erface Manual 6 2 2 Setting Positional light attributes 6 2 3 Positional lights exist in screen space This is a right handed space system that has its origin at the screen center extending to 0 5 in each of the screen X and Y dimensions ve Z being outwards Therefore a light over your right shoulder might be at screen space coordinates 3 0 2 0 5 0 and a distant light at the observer at 0 0 0 0 200 0 When you CREATE or MODIFY a positional light you can define modify Its position in space as described above Its brightness in the range 0 10096 When a light is created or modified you will be presented with a menu or predefined positions Observer Above etc You can select these or type in your own position By default a newly created light is switched on but you can SWITCH it on or off at will without destroying its definition The light source is only truly killed when you DELETE it Setting object attributes Some materials are matt and some are shiny both effects being independent of the lighting model The OBJECT command lets you set the following attributes DIFFUSE The amount of diffuse light the object reflects 0 100 This will appear to make the object matt and not shiny SPECULAR The amount of white light that facets reflect from the light source to the observer s eye position 0 100 SHININESS The shininess of the object Shiny objects reflect small bright highlights less
80. fold 2 6 2 Defining folds As with the driver s side bag it is important to have a plan worked out beforehand figure A 12 shows the plan for this mesh And again it is better if possible to work from the outside of the mesh inwards In this example we will make the first fold the mesh line perpendicular to the X axis that has the most ve X coordinate This is fold in figure A 12 Define the first fold by DEFINE NODE NODE To pick two nodes see fig A 13 To use ve X side of line UP To fold it up over mesh 1 00 3 To use fold thickness 1mm 1 0 To use a scale factor of 1 0 1 0 To use a radius of 1mm THIN To use a thin fold At this point the fold will be sketched on the mesh as shown in figure A 13 and you will be asked if this fold definition is OK OK Will confirm and store fold Check this fold by CHECK To check fold geometry This should return the message Folds check out OK Execute this fold by EXECUTE ALL To make all folds active 1 0e 3 To choose a min thickness of 1mm We know that a thickness of 1mm will be hard to see so re execute fold with a thickness of 2 5mm to make it more visible EXECUTE ALL To make all folds active 2 5e 3 To choose a min thickness of 2 5mm Plan on airbag showing folds perpendicular to X axis X2 Appendix Folding plan for passenger skle pillow alrbag figure A 1 2 Check the fold visually Use any viewing command eg Poor to draw the new
81. fold Y8 fold 16 just failed to pack down correctly at the 1mm thickness used He used modify to adjust its folded position to a slightly more negative Y value of 0 1 Imm The author s final folded configuration is shown in figure A 11 and these are the fold definitions stored in the saved fold file examples driver folds sav Reloading the pre defined fold definitions You can reload the saved pre defined fold definitions by using the commands AIRBAGS RELOAD filename To reload folds from disk The filename you should give is examples driver folds sav Which contains 16 fold definitions This is in fact two files driver folds sav bin Binary files for reloading driver folds sav asc Ascii fold definitions The ascii fold definitions are formatted in the correct way for inclusion in an ingrid format input file and will be useful for those generating airbags in that way Being ascii it is a readable file and may be edited It is never re read back into INGRID so you can edit it with impunity The binary ones are used for reading back into INGRID You will not be able to read or edit these Don t forget to CHECK your mesh if you import these definitions analysis This is to ensure that the This bag has been folded with a larger thickness than would normally be used fo fold georretry is clearly visible Section through bag on YZ plane qi 9 3 B
82. his is useful if you are about to embark on modifications and want a fallback position Also the saved definitions are model independent and may be applied to other similar meshes SAVE RELOAD Saves all current fold definitions to a file Reloads saved definitions overwriting any current ones 36 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 1 5 Special Global folding options 5 1 6 You will notice that when you enter AIRBAGS menu button box B4 across the top of the screen becomes active with special global folding options These are SKFALL SKXFOL SKYFOL REFOLD Sketch all folds Shorthand for 5 ALLinthe AIRBAG menu Sketch all folds perpendicular to the X axis Sketch all folds perpendicular to the Y axis Re executes all folds selected by the command They are provided for convenience since they are commonly used options Modifying existing folds You can change any parameter of any fold with the Mopriry command To use it a b Select the fold to modify from the list provided Only one fold may be modified at a time Note that you are always working on a scratch copy of the fold and changes made have to be saved see below to make them permanent So mistakes don t matter Select a parameter to modify from the options V1 v2 Unfolded position This is the location of the fold line on the unfolded mesh geometry You will be provided with the options
83. hor moved a node on the dummy s hip to a node on the cars waist rail This moved the dummy to the position shown on the lower half of figure A 26 It then needed a bit of fiddling about to get it 100mm further forward X and 50mm nearer the centre of the car Y TRANSLATE 100 50 0 To move it by this amount This located its H Point at 2427 460 320 mm Position the dummy limbs in the correct attitude First get a good view of the dummy in the vehicle The author first got an elevation view on the XZ plane SXZ He BLANKed those parts of the side of the car that were getting in the way 3 4 Then he proceeded to DRAG limbs into a suitable position using OCCUPANT ORIENT POSITION DRAG For arms and legs This has to be done by eye Refer to section 5 2 4 of this manual for help and see figure A 27 which shows a typical screen layout during dummy limb positioning The X axis angles used by the author were LOWER TORSO 22 3 deg SPINE 22 3 deg UPPER TORSO 22 3 deg Unchanged from defaults NECK 2 3 deg HEAD 2 3 deg UPPER ARM RIGHT 72 9 deg LOWER ARM RIGHT 105 9 deg UPPER ARM LEFT 72 9 deg LOWER ARM LEFT 105 9 deg UPPER LEG RIGHT 112 6 deg LOWER LEG RIGHT 51 2 deg FOOR RIGHT 129 6 deg UPPER LEG LEFT 112 6 deg LOWER LEG LEFT 51 2 deg FOOR LEFT 129 6 deg Y and Z angles were all zero Figure A 28 shows the final position of the dummy in the car with all limbs at the correct angles Define a s
84. iagram of the current dummy showing its connectivity list all its components as defined in its tree file list all contact surfaces defined on it and summarize its current mass 45 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual This command only works if a tree file exists for the dummy 46 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 2 3 SCALE Changing occupant units and scale Occupant models tend to be standard library files and as such may be in the wrong units system for your structural model LS INGRID is capable of changing model mass length and time units using this menu In addition some dummies may be changed from 50th to other percentiles Changing model units Three predefined units systems are built into LS INGRID SI Systeme Internationale MM Modified metric IN Imperial Dummies may be changed between these systems using SCALE options MM TO SI Modified metric to SI MM TO IN Modified metric to Imperial SI TO MM SI to Modified metric SI TO IN SI to Imperial IN TO SI Imperial to SI IN TO MM Imperial to modified metric In addition there is a further USER DEF option that allows you to define explicit mass length and time conversion factors In all cases conversions are carried out consistently on all aspects of the model coordinates materials loads etc Changing dummy percentile For the OASYS Rigid Hybrid III dummy only type RH3 it is also possib
85. iately 86 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Tune the attributes of the plot using the menu options and the special plotting options mapped for this purpose 87 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The viewing control box mapped during curve plotting promo ms Ea EL LE The commands in this box control curve plotting attributes and have the following functions X AUTO Y AUTO X SCALE Y SCALE X Y MIN X Y MAX GRID POINTS FRAME KEY ZIN ZOUT IUPD V REDISPLAY Set automatic X and Y scaling respectively Set explicit factors on the X and Y scales Set explicit upper and lower X and Y axis limits Controls whether or not a grid is superimposed Controls whether or not symbols are drawn at points Controls whether or not a border is drawn around the plot Controls whether or not a key of curve ids is drawn Uses the cursor to zoom in and out on the plot Sets the instant update switch on or off Gives on line help on all these options Redraws the current plot By far the easiest way to learn to use these is to turn ruPD switch on so that changes have an immediate effect and then to experiment 5 5 4 Listing and summarizing load curve data 88 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The summary and LIST options may be used to send summary data for all curves and detailed information on selected curves
86. ical User Interface Manual DELETE will delete boundary conditions matching the current DoF 102 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 7 BASE AC Applying base accelerations and angular velocities Base accelerations act on the whole model and are applied as a force at nodes proportional to their nodal mass They may be applied as aX aY aZ components in the global cartesian coordinate system with values varying with time using a load curve They would normally be used to apply field loads such as gravity Base angular velocities define the centripetal forces on nodes due to rotation in one of the global cartesian x y z axes about a point The angular velocities are assumed to be in radians per second and the configuration assumed is the current deformed geometry They are normally used to simulate the loads applied in spinning systems such as turbines The sub menu here is X_ACC Base acceleration in X direction Y_ACC Base acceleration in Y direction Z_ACC Base acceleration in Z direction X_VEL Angular velocity about X axis Y VEL Angular velocity about Y axis Z VEL Angular velocity about Z axis DELETE Delete any of the above LIST List the current settings In all cases the input is the same You are required to provide A load curve defining variation w r t time for the transient analysis A scale factor on the loads An optional load curve for the dynamic relaxation phase default none Fo
87. ics options MAT Highlights a given material in color PART Highlights a given part in color MK Highlights a marked item oUTL Highlights shell free edges lt very useful LSRC Draws light sources on the mesh 116 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 4 6 OUTPUT_AND_CONTROL This sub menu shows the nodes and elements included in the following output and control operations NPB Nodes in nodal printout time history blocks EPB Elements in element printout time history blocks CSEC Nodes on cross section force calculation planes SPC Nodes in SPC reaction groups NFG Nodes in nodal force groups Joy Nodes ona JOY interface EDR Elements to be deleted on restart 6 47 ENTITY DISPLAY This sub menu shows structural items not normally drawn during plotting SPD Displays springs and dampers Now included in normal plots JTS Displays joints ditto SW Displays nodes on stonewalls and walls themselves PM Displays nodes of point lumped masses NV Displays outward normal vectors of shell elements LAX Displays local axes ORV Displays orientation vectors BELT Displays seat belts etc Now included in normal plots SYSJ Displays system assembly joints TRAC Displays tracer particles MPC Displays multi point constraints rLsys Displays local coordinate systems 6 4 5 INTERFACES This sub menu shows data related to interfaces and contact surfaces cs Displays nodes amp shells on selected surface See SURFACE section 5
88. inal becomes the reflected POSITION Orienting dummy sub parts limbs It is only possible to do this if a tree file has been defined If it has you can rotate all defined sub parts about the dummy local X Y Z axis system Each sub part will rotate about its connection to the next highest part in the hierarchy and it will move any subordinate parts lower in the hierarchy with it The root part will rotate about the H Point The dummy local axis system is defined in the tree and convention 18 that local X is to the dummy right local Y to its front and local Z vertically up all directions measured from the H Point Sub part rotation rules are Rotations only take place about one axis at a time Otherwise matters would get very confused Rotations are always about the dummy not sub part local axis system as defined in the tree file Zero degrees for all sub parts would cause the dummy to stand to attention with his feet pointing downwards 51 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The sign convention is right hand screw rule positive is clockwise when looking down a vector from the origin 52 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The commands to position dummy sub parts are AXIS To define the local axis about which to rotate Default X DRAG To drag and drop sub parts using the mouse see below INIT To return all sub parts to their initial positions part name Orient the
89. ions related to the current operation On line help on each set may be obtained by using the button in that box HELP QUIT BACK These buttons are always globally active and can be used anywhere to ask for help to quit abort the current command and go one level back up the menu tree STOP Finally this button will stop execution immediately Use with care All menu and button options are selected with the left mouse button The other two buttons are not used in the graphical user interface although they are used for dynamic viewing see section 3 4 Selection is made when the mouse button is released therefore it may be held down and dragged over items until a selection is made LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 2 Customizing the user interface The user has no control over the layout or contents of the various screen areas but he may control the size of the text used for dialogue and menus This is done as follows File ingdat is created containing the size in cm for the text in each of these areas For example it might read menu size 0 55 dialog size 0 40 The text should be in lower case and the sizes may be entered in free format This file is then placed in either The current working directory Or The users home directory Or The LSTC directory They are searched in this order so a file found in the current directory will be used in preference to one in the home direc
90. ip rings sensors pre tensioners and accelerometers may be created Required For dummy positioning at least one dummy model must have been read in with the OCCUPANT option in the input part of LS INGRID see 4 2 2 For seat belt positioning etc alone this is not mandatory Dummy models are normal input decks representing the humanoid dummies used in crash analysis Tree files see Appendix I for these models are optional but if they are defined then dummy component parts ie limbs can be oriented in space in an object oriented fashion In this way dummies can be positioned correctly in models of vehicles Seat belts need to be positioned accurately over dummy models and then tensioned into place A form finding algorithm is included that will project a crude line onto an existing contact surface and so fit a seat belt The other crashworthiness items associated with seat belts slip rings retractors etc may also be created and manipulated SELECT Selecting the current dummy Only one dummy may be current for occupant operations so if you have more than one dummy in the model you must SELECT the one to be used You can screen pick any element on it or select it by name If you only have one dummy it is automatically selected This dummy is used for all subsequent OCCUPANT operations until a new one is selected or you leave the OCCUPANT menu LIST List current dummy s attributes This command will draw a stick d
91. ists because unlike restraint codes a default velocity of zero in a given DoF will cause that component of nodal velocity to be set to zero it does NOT mean leave the current value unchanged This will be a nuisance when you want to update say the Vy and Vz components of all nodal velocities without affecting any other components You can use the MASK command to make this possible by masking off only those degrees of freedom you want to change By default the mask is set to 123456 meaning that all DoFs will be updated In the example above you would set it to 23 and then only the Vy and Vz components of velocity would be affected by the current velocity vectors Interaction with rigid body initial velocities Theoretically nodal initial velocities should be ignored for nodes on a rigid body In practice DYNA3D integrates such nodal mass and velocity vectors and generates an equivalent rigid body motion applied at the rigid body centroid 93 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual The consequences in DYNA3D of defining both nodal and rigid body initial velocities for nodes on rigid bodies are undefined take care 94 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 3 Np DVA Applying prescribed displacement velocity acceleration at nodes Prescribed displacement velocity or acceleration boundary conditions at nodes may be defined in a variety of ways The user must give The load curve defining variation wi
92. ith explicit viewing commands Finally dynamic viewing is complementary to the explicit viewing commands in the lower right hand button box The two methods may be used and interchanged freely as they both update the current view transformation matrix Laser hard copies LS INGRID can make laser prints in two ways both of them invoked by the LASER option in the top button box The two modes are Raster dumps May be made of the whole window in Postscript HPGL and other formats These are complete dumps of the whole screen menus and all written pixel by pixel to the laser file therefore the files can be large However they can capture complete images on 3D devices Vector dumps These are dumps of the image only not the user interface and are generated as vectors from the redraw stack of the graphics driver They only contain 2D vectors text and polygons so on 3D devices most of the image will not appear Therefore only use these on 2D X windows devices In either mode laser files are written using the following name convention Postscript format digl ps dig2 ps etc HP Laserjet format digl pcl dig2 pcl etc HP Paintjet format digl pj dig2 pj etc Colorjet format digl cj dig2 cj etc Deskjet format digl dj dig2 dj etc 11 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Note also that the standard X11 utilities and can also be used to capture screen images and format them for laser printer output Ref
93. ke some first Position your dummy so that you have a good view of the parts on which you want to fit a belt It is probably best to blank everything except the dummy and those parts of the structure that you need Make sure that you know in advance exactly where the belt end points are on the 58 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual vehicle structure and ensure that the nodes at these points are visible since you will need to screen pick them Alternatively make sure that you know their node labels 59 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual a Create a line giving an approximate seat belt path Use SEAT BELTS to enter the seat belt processing menu and select option CREATE This will present the menu NODE gt NODE Pick a line from node to node mode USER XYZ Define global x y z points for line mode REJECT LAST Reject last point selected RESTART Throw away current line and start again DONE Accept current line and continue What you are going to do is to create a crude line that lies roughly where the seat belt needs to go It is made up of any number of straight line segments between points and you define it by giving the points coordinates The line and its points have no structural significance they are simply used as a construction line to define the initial belt shape The points on the line can be defined in two different ways NODE gt NODE Lets you pick a series of nodes with the mouse Points ar
94. lanked or otherwise removed from the display SCREEN AREA To select all items within a screen rectangle defined by picking its opposite corners with the mouse Finally when you have returned to the menu on the left you can terminate data entry with END SELECTION This will return with all the items selected whether explicitly or by 13 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual picking and continue processing 14 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Cases where only the screen picking menu appears When picking explicit nodes or elements it would be impossible to list all available node element labels in the menu system there would be too many of them In this case only the right hand screen picking menu is displayed and usage continues as before DONE terminates data entry and control returns immediately with the items picked Cases where only one item is to be screen picked When only one item is required then the screen picking menu can be dispensed with altogether In this case simply pick the entity directly and control will return as soon as one pick has been made Errors during screen picking The message Nothing close enough appears This means that the cursor position was too far away from any relevant item Try again being more precise Note that picking elements materials contact segments parts etc requires you to pick the center of an element You don t have to locate it exact
95. lded shape shown in the lower half of figure A 10 Is this fold pattern OK This shows that the folds from the two sides slightly overlap in the middle and this might or might not be acceptable Remember also that we have been working with an artificially large fold thickness so that we can see what we are doing the folds look much better if we reduce this to a sensible value EXECUTE ALL 1 0e 3 To make min thickness 1 0mm REFOLD To see the effect of this You can use MODIFY to change any attribute of any fold see 5 1 6 if you want to change this pattern Executing the folds perpendicular to the Y axis Refer back to figure A 4 and you will recall that there are 4 folds postulated perpendicular to the Y axis Y1 to Y4 These may be defined checked and copied in exactly the same way as the X folds and this is left as an exercise for the reader Some hints ESTEE A HHHH i i i i figure 1 0 peri crivezx aiibtag aol Appendix Driver s bag Effect of reflecting folds 1 to 4 and the resulting shape 2 5 3 Start at the top with fold Y1 and make it a down fold Swap between up and down between successive folds Remember to check fold definitions If you get some folds that look as if material is bulging out of the fold it is probably because you have failed to run through the check procedure and adjust nodal positions The author found that his final copied
96. le So you can sketch these groups using OPTIONS SK SURF To sketch contacts Try sketching the belt to dummy group and you will see that it covers neck upper torso mid torso and pelvis Tension the belt When you have completed the above you will drop into the belt tensioning menu The simplest thing to do is just to try it using GO To start tensioning If you ty this get the message WARNING acute angle s found in line at unfixed point What this means is that the code has checked the angular difference between each line segment and found that one or more is less than 90 degrees This will be at the D ring position which we have forgotten to fix So respond FIX To fix suspect point s And use the mouse to click on the point on the D ring behind the left side of the pelvis It will be marked in green to show that it is fixed Then type DONE To finish fixing GO To try again The belt will be dragged iteratively across the dummy until it reaches the convergence tolerance or until it reaches a multiple of 25 iterations There is no right answer to a belt path and you must judge whether the path achieved is acceptable or not In either event you can type GO Continues iterating CH TOL Changes convergence tol DONE To accept the shape other options Section 5 2 6 d et seq gives an explanation of the options available and advice on what to do about problems In this case the author s be
97. le of the current image by a factor Values less that 1 0 make it smaller values greater than 1 0 larger The current center is not changed Autoscale the Unmodified geometry and the Current geometry respectively AU will reset the image center and scale so that the full unmodified geometry would fit neatly on the screen in the current orientation resets center an scale so that the current geometry as blanked etc fits neatly on the screen in the current orientation Uses the cursor to pick the point that is to be moved to the center of the screen i e a translation in screen X and Y The current scale is not changed Move the image Up and Down and Left and Right respectively So it is translated in screen X and Y but not scaled Commands providing preset views SXY SXZ SZY REST Rotates the image to give a plan view on the model XY plane The scale is not changed Rotates to give a plan on model XZ plane scale is unchanged1 Rotates to give a plan on model YZ plane scale is unchanged Restores all aspects of the view to their current state i e Plan on Model XY plane Unmodified geometry autoscaled to fit screen 108 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Other View Control commands CLEAR Clears the graphics area of the screen completely The current view settings are unchanged IUPD Toggles the instant update switch on or off default off If this switch is ON the image is updated immedi
98. le to change the size of the dummy from the standard 50th ile male to other sizes TO 5 Converts to 5th ile female TO 95 Converts to 95th ile male 47 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual TO USER Converts to a user defined percentile value 48 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Important notes on percentile conversions Conversions to 5th and 95th ile dummies are based on the factors in Size Weight and Biomechanical Impact Response Requirements for Adult SIze Small Female and Large Male Dummies Mertz Irwin Melvin Stanaker and Beebe Report 890756 to the Simulation Standards committee of the American Society of Automotive Engineers Mass size and inertia of each dummy part is scaled joint stiffnesses are not scaled since no information is available on suitable factors Conversion to user defined percentiles is calculated by fitting a polynomial through the 5th 50th and 95th factors for the dummies So among other things this implies a gradual sex change between 5th and 95th percentiles Therefore an intermediate dummy percentile created in this way should be assumed to have approximate properties only 5 2 4 ORIENT Orientation and positioning of dummies Dummies may be positioned in two ways They may be bodily translated and rotated into position The whole occupant is so transformed and there is no relative movement of its component parts Individual parts i e limbs of the occupant may
99. list or by picking them from the screen using VISIBLE options Materials in this context refers only to the main DYNA3D materials used for solids shells and beams it does not include spring seat belt or other materials All solid shell and beam elements of the selected material s will be blanked or unblanked as appropriate Un blanking contact segments by surface SURFACE You will be asked to select the contact surfaces to be processed You can select them by number from the menu list or by picking them from the screen using the VISIBLE options All segments of the selected surface s will be blanked or unblanked as appropriate 122 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 5 8 6 5 9 Un blanking individual elements SOLID SHELL BEAM etc In this context you are not given a menu of possible element numbers since the list would be too long Instead you drop straight into the menu and you may screen pick elements directly You may as always type in explicit element labels instead if you wish All selected element s will be blanked or unblanked as appropriate Un blanking seat belt entities the BELT etc sub menu Since seat belts and their related entities are a specialist subject they are listed in their own sub menu if they exist This is ALL TYPES Un blanks all seat belt and related types below BELT ELEM Un blanks the selected seat belt elements SLIPRINGS Un blanks the selected slip
100. lly in section 6 of this manual Data Output The last two commands in the data processing and visualisation main menu control and execute output They are OUTPUT Allows selection of output file format e g DYNA3D Keyword etc CONTINUE Moves execution to the 3rd output stage of LS INGRID Remember that once execution has passed to the output stage of LS INGRID you cannot return to either of the two previous stages In particular this means that you cannot write an output file of your current model and then continue to process it Nor can you write more than one file of output during an LS INGRID run i e you cannot directly write out the same data in two or more different formats 24 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 44 1 output Selection of output format Unless LS INGRID has been run in batch mode it does not know what analysis code format it should use for its output ingrido file This command allows you to select a target format from the options DN3D DYNA3D format The variants available cover all contemporary and past LS DYNA3D formats plus some alternatives The author recommends that the v93 i e LS 930 formatted option be used LS DYNA2D format The user must choose which of the LS INGRID X Y Z coordinates are mapped onto the DYNA2D R Z axes NK3D LS NIKE3D implicit structural analysis code format NK2D LS NIKE2D format As with DYNA2D the X Y Z to R Z axis mapping must be defined
101. lt converged after 21 iterations and the initial marked by squares versus converged marked by triangles shapes are shown in figure A 31 So he used DONE To accept the belt line Convert the line segments to belt elements At present it is only possible to make simple belt elements so use SIMPLE Use simple elements BMAT 1 Using belt 1 at this prompt to turn the line segments into seat belt elements of belt material 1 You will get messages about nodes on belts becoming slave nodes to the type 5 contacts on the dummy and these contacts which were defined as type 4 single surface being converted to the master segments of a type 5 And you have created a seat belt Use sketch in the SEAT BELTS menu to draw the belt elements The author s belt is shown in figure A 31 Appendix Ill Seat belt positioning Iterating to get A 3 1 belt shape and conversion to seat belt elements figure
102. ly but you should try to be reasonably close You seem to have selected the wrong entity This can be a problem when picking from hidden surface plots on 3D devices LS INGRID cannot know exactly what has been displayed and obscured by the hardware Z buffer It tries to pick the item nearest to the observer if an ambiguity occurs but occasionally this gives the wrong result Use REJECT LAST to cancel the last pick and try again maybe after having adjusted the view a bit You don t seem to be able to pick a visible entity If you skeTCHed something or superimposed it on a plot using Drsplay Option you will not be able to pick it This is because displaying it in this way does not flag it as visible in the program s internal tables 15 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 40 USING LS INGRID 4 1 Control flow through the program LS INGRID operates in three distinct sequential stages DATA INPUT Read in one or more input files Merge these into the database Translate formats if required DATA VISUALISATION AND PROCESSING Display model and boundary conditions Rotate scale translate items Define and modify contact surfaces Define and modify boundary conditions Define and modify load curves Special occupant and airbag functions DATA OUTPUT Select output file format Write output file At the present stage of development of the program it is not possible to reverse the order of these ope
103. ly folded shape If you choose a section on the XZ plane command sxz and zoom in you should see the image shown in the lower half of figure A 13 Execute the remaining X folds The same process can be carried out for folds X2 and X3 Figure A 14 shows the fold definitions and the resulting shape You should find no problems in defining these two folds make X2 a down one and X3 up CHECK them as before but no errors should appear Adjust the fold scale factors Because there is already a tuck fold meshed within the parent material and the folding algorithms don t know about this they tend to squeeze material together too tightly in the folds themselves This is apparent if you zoom in onto any fold and look at the spacing of the material Figure A 15 shows clearly what the default scale factor of 1 0 gives and how for this mesh increasing it to 4 0 gives a much better conditioned fold Compare the two folds shown in the bottom right corner of this mesh one using a scale factor of 4 0 and one with 1 0 To adjust these factors for each fold MODIFY fold no To select fold to modify V8 4 0 To change scale factor to 4 0 SAVE To save changed fold definition When using MODIFY try turning on the UPDATE button in the box at the top of the screen This will cause all folds selected by EXECUTE to be redrawn every time you make a change Changes due to the current fold are shown even though they have not been explicitly
104. mples of Seat belt Positioning 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 1 Description Generally you will start from a standard occupant model and a vehicle model We will asume this here The occupant used will be the Oasys RIGID HYBRID III dummy RH3 referred to in Appendix I and the car model is an extremely crude one using a real car model would not be acceptable in a published document Reading in the data Read in the vehicle model in the normal way see section 4 2 1 of this manual In this example the standard file examples chas inf Which is in oasys format Has been used as the vehicle Read in the occupant model see section 4 2 2 of this manual In this case the RH3 dummy model is used Figure A 26 shows the initial orientation of dummy and car Position the occupant correctly in the vehicle Enter the OCCUPANT section of INGRID and use the options as described below Set the occupant units correctly It is possible that your vehicle and the standard dummy model are in different units systems If this is the case modify the dummy using OCCUPANT SCALE option option being units conversion factor Typically you will be converting between modified metric and SI This procedure is defined in more detail in section 5 2 3 of this manual You will not need to do this for the models used here they are both defined in modified metric units mm Te s i kL Appendix Seat
105. n DYNA3D 69 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Modifying existing seat belt elements Once some seat belt elements have been created you can use the other options in the SEAT BELT menu MODIFY Lets you add and modify belt element characteristics DELETE Permits seat belt elements to be deleted sK lt option gt Sketches belt entities and their attributes Of these the MopIFY option requires more explanation Its sub menu is JOIN Joins separate belt sections together NODE POS Moves nodal coordinates MATERIAL Lets you change belt material numbers SLACK Lets you set initial slack length of belt elements CONTACT Lets you add remove belt nodes to from contact surfaces SK option Sketching options for belt related data In more detail To two unconnected sections of belt select an element from each section then choose which nodes on each element are to be merged The topology of the belt elements will be updated so that the two elements share the common node For this to work to two nodes should be nearly coincident NODE POS to move nodal coordinates may be useful prior to a JOIN or when adjusting geometry at retractors and slip rings You simply define new coordinates MATERIAL modifies the material number used for belt elements it does not modify the material properties themselves you can do that using MATL BELTS in the main OCCUPANT BELTS section SLACK sets the initial slack length of belt
106. n Y possibly it would be better to have four smaller folds but care would be needed to see that they didn t meet in the middle The thickness of 1mm used for all folds here is probably too much for a passenger bag material 0 3mm to 0 5mm would be more typical You might like to go through the folds modifying them to see what the effect would be Do these analyses work Not an unreasonable question at all The answer is yes although they could use some tuning since they use notional parameters To use them in real jobs you will need to provide Correct material definitions Correct control volume definitions The values provided in the example dyna3d input files will run but they are indicative only See 3 1 and 3 2 below Results from a complete driver s side analysis A complete folded driver s side input deck using the folds defined above is included with INGRID This is file examples drivl inf This is what you should get if you apply the pre defined folds to the basic driver s side bag examples driver inf used above The results of inflating it in isolation are shown in figures A 22 and A 23 These show that the control volume has insufficient venting This problem took 6 minutes to run to 50mS problem time on an HP715 100 in LS DYNA3D 930 5 ye Sdeys Bogue epic e hue LOTEI sug edeus MpowuEeqae epic e phuc LOTI 5 5 Suis ye edes pow
107. nd within the Fzx and UNFIX menus you can list fixed points and re sketch the line at any time Before form finding proceeds a check is made for angular change between all line segments If any angle is found to be less than 90 degrees you will be asked whether you want to FIX it since typically such geometry only occurs at slip rings Commencing with form finding The Go option causes form finding to commence At each iteration the new belt line is redrawn so you can see how the line is moving The iteration number and current 64 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual convergence tolerance are also listed in the dialogue area 65 LS INGRID e f Graphical User Interface Manual Progress of the form finding operation The iteration process will continue until the current convergence tolerance is reached This is usually achieved in under 50 cycles However it also halts if the cycle number is a multiple of 25 to allow you to abort it if it is clearly not converging To continue with convergence type again otherwise change something using the guidance in f below Finally convert the converged line into seat belt elements When you are happy with the path of the line type DONE to pass to the final stage which is to convert it into actual belt elements The options here are SIMPLE Use DYNA3D seat belt elements only MIXED Mix seat belt elements with shells This option has not yet been implemented
108. ng the options LIST FILES To list all files matching the current filespec below FILESPEC To set a new filespec search path and string Data is read as x value y value using Fortran free format Any 84 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual line which generates a Fortran read error is skipped and reading continues until the end of the file is found Therefore any lines that do not contain plain numbers for example title strings and comments will be skipped Copying an existing curve The data from an existing curve are copied into the new one Curve attribute settings As well as data load curves in DYNA3D contain the following attributes A flag stating whether the curve if for transient or dynamic relaxation analyses or both Default transient only A scale factor on each axis Default each 1 0 An offset for each axis Default 0 0 When curves are created using CREATE all these attributes are set to their default values 5 5 2 Modifying an existing load curve Any existing load curve can be modified The sub menu here is POINTS Modify the x y data points in the curve SCALE Modify the x and y scale factors OFFSET Modify the x and y offset values DRFLAG Modify the transient dynamic relaxation flag Modifying data points Points may be overwritten or deleted but in version 3 4A they may not be inserted Options are INSERT To insert data points Not availabl
109. ng ArRBAG menu options will help you with creating folded bags CHECK OK LEAVE Checks that the geometry of fold definitions is OK In particular it checks that thin folds lie exactly on mesh lines since if they do not the fold geometry can go subtly wrong Any nodes lying close enough to a fold to be on it but not exactly on it are circled on the plot and you are given the option of snapping them exactly onto the fold line Snap the offending nodes onto their respective fold lines Leave them alone You may have to modify the folds CH TOL Change the checking tolerance if too many nodes flagged STEP BY RESET LIST SKETCH SUMMARY Is another useful diagnostic tool If turned on the model will be re drawn after each fold is carried out so that you see an animation of the fold sequence as it happens You may give a delay in seconds between frames Undoes all folds by resetting nodes back to their unfolded geometry The fold definitions remain and the airbag can be refolded at any time Lists the parameters of the selected fold to the dialogue area Sketches the selected fold lines numbers and key data on the current mesh See also global fold options below List the parameters of all folds in the screen graphics area This destroys the current image so use LIST instead if you don t want this to happen Saving fold definitions on disk It is possible to save all current fold definitions in a file T
110. one The options in the main CONTACT menu are CREATE Create a new contact surface MODIFY Modify an existing contact surface SELECT Select a surface for eventual output DESELECT Deselect a surface to inhibit its output SKETCH Sketch existing surfaces on the current image LIST List information on a surface to the graphics area STATUS List a summary of all surfaces to the graphics area CREATE Creating a new contact surface Firstly you are required to define some global contact parameters Type currently from 1 to 23 Static and dynamic friction coefficients Penetration check options Force output to cTF file flags Slave and master side scale factors slave only for single surface Then you must enter the list of materials and optional contact box limits for slave and master sides When this has been done the contact surface is created as the next highest free surface number and its component parts are sketched on the screen Notes Material lists are used to define segments on faceted contact types and lists of nodes on the slave side of discrete node contact types 79 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual It is possible to enter the same material on both sides of a surface This is not necessarily an error although in most cases it will be wrong 80 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 4 2 MODIFY Modifying an existing contact surface Firstly you are required to
111. orithm which is slow but which will render crossed facets correctly On 3D devices this has no meaning Commands that generate shaded plots using a lighting model SHAD On 2D devices uses the painter algorithm together with a lighting model to render a flat shaded polygonal image with a hidden line overlay On 3D devices uses the hardware to achieve a shaded image with hidden line overlay 524 Is not yet available Commands that rotate the current view RX RY RZ Provide rotation about the screen X Y and Z axes respectively This screen axis system is a right handed cartesian system with its origin in the center of the screen X being to the right Y vertically upwards Z out of the screen towards the viewer RLX RLY RLZ Provide rotation about the model X Y and Z axes respectively This is initially coincident with the screen system but can rotate with respect to it The triad in the lower left region of the graphics area shows its current orientation 107 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Commands that change the current image center and scale ZIN ZOUT MG AU AC CCEN U D L R Zoom in and out respectively To zoom in use the cursor to pick the diagonally opposite corners of the rectangular screen area that is to be enlarged to fill the screen To zoom out pick the diagonally opposite points of a rectangular screen area that the current screen image is to be reduced to fill Magnify the sca
112. ptions in the main ORIENT menu TRANSLATE Allows you to specify a translation by some vector dx dy dz which may be defined as follows XYZ USER Define an explicit dx dy dz vector NODE gt NODE Move by the dx dy dz vector between 2 nodes gt Move by the dx dy vector between 2 nodes 2 gt 2 Move by the dy dz ditto NXZ NXZ Move by the dx dz ditto gt Move by the dx ditto gt Move by the dy ditto NZ gt NZ Move by the dz ditto ROTATE Allows you to specify a rotation by angles tx ty tz about one of the following locations ORIGIN Rotate about 0 0 0 XYZ USER Rotate about a defined 7 coordinate NODE POS Rotate about a node position Note that you should only rotate about one axis at a time since the order in which rotations are carried out is significant and compound rotations may not give you what you expect REFLECT Allows you to define a reflection about a global plane XY PLANE The global XY plane YZ PLANE The global YZ plane XZ PLANE The global XZ plane 75 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Note that this does not copy the entities the original becomes the reflected 76 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 3 2 Once you have specified a transformation you must then define what it is to act upon The options are ALL The whole model PART Selected part s only MAT Selected material s only SURFACE Selected conta
113. quential order with no gaps 20 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Processing of items in DYNA3D format files All items in DYNA3D files are processed and stored by LS INGRID except Traction loads on beams Momentum deposition on solids Tied nodes with failure Nodes moved by an interface file User supplied interface data Superplastic analysis options Implicit springback options Rigid deformable material switching In addition users should note that some variants of DYNA3D format contain concepts that are not translatable to others for example some contact options In these cases the end result will tend to be to reset these parameters to their defaults Processing of non DYNA3D formats When Nastran Ideas or Patran format files are read in only a limited subset of data can be extracted Generally you may expect to import the following Nodes Elements Materials Properties Loads Restraints MPCs Gravity Label and coordinates Compatible element topologies Treated as type 1 Elastic using Youngs Modulus E and density in most formats Some formats also handle type 20 Rigid and type 24 Elasto plastic from the relevant material data Shell thicknesses from some formats Nodal forces and element pressures from some formats Nodal restraints SPCs from some formats Multi point constraints from NASTRAN only As acceleration from NASTRAN only 21 LS IN
114. r c Q 3 2 Plan on folded bag Appendix Il The final driver s side bag In Its fokded 1 configuration figure 2 5 4 2 6 2 6 1 Changes required for a real bag Note that this example has been folded with a thickness of 1mm so that the folds are visible For a real analysis the author would tend to pack folds down to say 1 10th of this value and then use a load curve in the airbag a13 contact to ramp up the effective contact thickness over say the first 5 mS Folding the passenger s side pillow bag Refer to figure A 3 for the general geometry of this bag It is topologically a more complex structure It is definitely not flat the mouth presents a problem It already has a tuck of material meshed into it So it is a bit harder to fold It is assumed that you are starting from the dyna3d format input deck examples pillow inf Enter the AIRBAGS menu in the data processing part of the code and Defining what to fold By default the whole model is selected for folding but we can no longer tolerate that for this bag since the mouth cannot be folded So we must remove it from the folding list Do this by SELECT REMOVE MAT 3 To deselect material 3 the mouth Check that you have got this right SKETCH To see what is selected You might care to experiment with what happens if you don t deselect the mouth you will find that it gets pulled up into the mesh when you apply the first
115. r the velocity cases only a center of rotation Removing applied base loads using DELETE Rather than applying null loads or load curves use the DELETE option to kill loading in the selected mode s Note 103 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Base loads generate nodal forces therefore their components are independent and the effect is additive to any other forces acting on nodes 104 LS INGRID 5 7 Graphical User Interface Manual SPRINGS Processing of Springs and Dampers Summary Spring and Damper elements in DYNA3D have special attributes and material definitions that make them different to conventional solids shells and beams This section deals with them In version 3 4A of LS INGRID this menu is incomplete The SPRINGS menu is CREATE Not yet available MODIFY Not yet available DELETE Not yet available LIST Not yet available STATUS Create springs and dampers Modify springs and dampers Delete springs and dampers List selected spring and damper status Summarize status of all springs to graphics area At present this menu may only be used to list a summary of all springs and dampers to the screen This lists Topology Type Spring Damper etc Mode Translational or Rotational Material number and type Scale factor Orientation vector Print flag 105 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 6 0 6 1 USING DATA VISUALISATION MAIN
116. rations For example it is not possible to decide in the middle of the processing stage to read in another input deck nor is it possible to write out an intermediate set of results and then to continue processing Users of LS INGRID in batch mode and those using the device will tend not to use 16 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual the middle data processing part 17 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 42 Datainput If batch mode see 2 1 is not used you will see the main data input screen once you have selected an input device Master menu IHPUT Read data fil OCCUPANT Occupant mode Figure 2 Data entry main screen 18 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 42 1 INPUT Read in input files Use this option to read files into LS INGRID Supported formats are INGRID KEYWORD DYNA3D VECDYNA OASYS NIKE3D NASTRAN IDEAS PATRAN Traditional ingrid format file Do not attempt to read in more than one of these and if used in conjunction with other file formats read this one first Reads LS DYNA3D 930 keyword format input files Reads all LS DYNA3D fixed format input files Reads LS VECDYNA input files Reads MVMA DYNAOD input files Reads OASYS DYNA3D level 5 input files Reads LS NIKE3D input files not operative yet Reads NASTRAN bulk data input files Reads SDRC I DEAS universal files Reads PDA PATRAN neutral files Any number of files oth
117. red Dynamic viewing commands Notes Rotation is always about the screen axes XY rotation being selected if the mouse starts in the middle 2 3rds of the screen Z rotation if it starts outside this area Rotation tracks mouse motion assuming an origin at the center of the screen Translations are always in the screen XY plane and the model will track the mouse movements Initial mouse position does not matter Scaling uses motion up and to the right will make the image bigger down and to the left smaller Initial mouse position does not matter The cursor symbols shown in this table are approximate the actual symbols used are clearly recognizable Wireframe mode option for faster viewing The dynamic viewing keys combinations described above will operate on the image in its current mode for example hidden line or shaded On some hardware this can be slow if the image is big so there is an alternative of performing the dynamic viewing operation in temporary wireframe mode This is invoked by using the lt left control gt key with the appropriate mouse button instead of the lt 1eft shift gt one above 10 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 5 If this is done the image is transformed using only vectors and text all hidden surface removal and shading is suppressed for the duration of the operation Once the lt left control key is released the image will be redrawn in its original mode Interaction w
118. start the convergence procedure by typing Go again If this still doesn t work you may have to go back and re define the line in a slightly new position using the cH BASIC command This takes you back to step a above The shape converges too soon Sometimes it converges too early and you feel that it could move a bit further into a better position Try tightening the convergence tolerance from the default of 1 0e 5 to something smaller using the TOL command Alternatively move some points to where you want them to end up using MOVE as described above The line punches through a contact surface Where the surface it crosses is concave it is possible for the belt to fall through the gaps between contact segments This is a geometric problem familiar to any user of contact surfaces in DYNA3D and it manifests itself here since a similar contact algorithm is used Try increasing the maximum penetration depth with MAX PEN This may catch nodes that fall through gaps Try to move the offending nodes away from the concave area of mesh using MOVE or perhaps by redefining the line However this problem may persist and if it does and is it clearly due to concavity you have no choice but to remesh the offending area to reduce the angular change 68 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual between adjacent contact segments LS INGRID is simply anticipating what is likely to happen when you run this problem i
119. swapped back to gt for picking points across the pelvis round to the base of the B post NODE gt NODE Mode is now node node lt pick node gt lt pick node gt lt pick node gt lt pick node gt DONE To finish picking nodes 2600 700 300 Position on B pillar DONE To finish line definition Subdivide the line into suitable belt sized sections Once the line is complete it must be sub divided into say 50mm segments since this is a suitable characteristic length for belt elements You are prompted for this and given suitable choices Figure A 30 shows basic and sub divided line 50 0 Select 50mm as suitable s LAM I HET M TEN HH PRS NS KA ROR 77 th x 7 yj gt Appendix Ill Seat belt positioning Defining a crude A 29 line across dummy and pelvis Location of D ring figure FAN AR 2 LI ET A EC XI oy a A Tav Z lt Tm LZ y 7 riim zn 25 Q a Y gt Appendix Seat belt positioning Final crude line A 30 definition and Its sub division Into 50mm segments figure Choose suitable contact surface groups For this dummy groups have already been defined in the tree file see Appendix I Only one group is suitable for the seat belt and that is BELT TO DUMMY Choose just this group It is useful to see what this represents and indeed you may be curious to see what else is availab
120. t here simply makes sense to the author Define contact surface names For all the contact surfaces in the model define names These should be upper case 15 characters or less with no embedded white space Each name should start on a new line If you don t want a name use none or some other non blank string 5 0 Define contact surface groups If you have any groups they must be defined as Group name Up to 15 chars upper case no white space Number of surfaces in group Integer up to ten allowed List of surface numbers List of integers Therefore an example would be CONTACT GROUP 1 4 13 14 20 30 Has 4 surfaces Nos 13 14 20 and 30 An example of a tree file The full tree file for the Oasys Rigid HYBRID III dummy is reproduced below This is file occupants rh3 rh3 tree Figure A 1 shows the arrangement of this dummy an exploded view of its parts a detail of the upper torso to arm connection and one set of contact surfaces Child part is Parent part is UPPER TORSO Rigid HYBRID III dummy in initial position Detail of torso to upper arm connection Appendix I Tree flle example using Oasys Rigid HYBRID III dummy flgure aaaaaaa Q Q000000nnnQ aa Tree diagram file for Oasys Rigid hybrid III dummy General format is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 For For For Title used as descriptor Units system used H Point coordinates Rotation
121. ted To delete a restraint you must REMOVE it explicitly You should be aware that restraining a rigid body will implicitly restrain the nodes on that rigid body in one or more degrees of freedom 97 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual Rigid body restraints act about the current centroid For rotational degrees of freedom this is significant 98 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 5 RB INIV Applying rigid body initial velocities Rigid body initial velocities may be applied individually to the any or all of the six degrees of freedom of rigid bodies They may only be defined in the global cartesian coordinate system The menu options are VALUES To define the current Vx Vy Vz and Rx Ry Rz vectors MASK To define a mask defining which DoFs are to be updated APPLY To apply the current values to selected rigid bodies SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list the non zero velocity vectors on all rigid bodies CURRENT To list the current values vectors This process is identical to applying nodal initial velocities You define the individual values of velocity in each degree of freedom Each value may be set separately the default in all cases being zero You apply them to the selected rigid bodies subject to the current mask as described below MASK Applying only a subset of all 6 degree of freedom The MASK command exists because unlike restraint codes
122. th respect to time The type of boundary condition Disp Vel or Accel The degree s of freedom to be applied For some degrees of freedom that represent motion about a vector the user must also supply the vector The menu options are APPLY To apply the currently defined values to nodes DELETE To remove values from nodes VALUES To define the values to be applied SKETCH To sketch all current restraints on the display LIST To list boundary conditions at the selected nodes CURRENT To list the current values attributes Use this option as follows Define the conditions to be applied with 5 The sub menu here is LCURV Required Define the load curve to be used MODE Required Define displacement velocity or acceleration Required Define which Degree s of freedom to load FACTOR Optional Define factor on load curve values Def 1 0 VECTOR Optional Define vector for some DoF directions You will be warned if you have not set enough items for application to go ahead Apply remove the values using APPLY DELETE Once you have defined enough values you can apply them to the selected nodes with APPLY or remove them using DELETE For each node there can only be one set of applied boundary conditions in a given degree of freedom so the rules followed are 95 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 2 APPLY will overwrite the old definitions with the new ones DELETE will d
123. the definition of related entities slip rings retractors sensors pre tensioners and accelerometers Rotates translates reflects and scales the whole model selected parts selected materials or individual nodes and elements Contact surfaces may be created modified and deleted Their parameters may be listed and viewed Load curves may be created modified and deleted Any or all curves may be listed and plotted Boundary conditions may be applied to the model initial velocities restraints applied velocities accelerations displacements and base accelerations may be applied to nodes and rigid bodies All of these may be created modified deleted listed and viewed Spring element processing At present springs may only be listed The use of these commands is described fully in section 5 of this manual 26 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 4 3 2 main data visualisation options in LS INGRID 3 5A 4 4 LIGHTING Controls the lighting parameters used for shaded plots Up to ten light sources ambient light may be defined and surface visual properties set GRAPHICS Controls parameters of the graphics display element shrink percentage hidden line resolution etc DI DIsplay options Permits many different types of data to be overlaid on the basic plots BLANK May be used to add remove entities from the display list and so speed up and clarify graphics The use of these commands is described fu
124. the fold patterns on either side of the centreline The final configuration Figure A 2 shows the author s final mesh with all Y folds brought more in towards the centre These fold definitions stored in the saved fold file examples pillow folds sav Reloading the pre defined fold definitions You can reload the saved pre defined fold definitions by using the commands AIRBAGS RELOAD filename To reload folds from disk The filename you should give is examples pillow folds sav Which contains 12 fold definitions See the notes on the driver bag 2 5 3 on what these files are and how to use them Don t forget to remove the mouth material from the folding list and to CHECK your mesh mecerger pillan bag pu 101 UKE 401 doi Tra T E ul T A pg pace d A j LIE qi _ icio ipti ER Appendix 11 Passenger pillow bag First three Y folds A 20 revised second three left alone Compare shapes figure sued ZA uo Beg uone s3 adeys papio uo Jo pausas A 21 figure Appendix Il Passenger pillow bag Final shape 3 0 3 1 2 6 4 Changes required for a bag The fold pattern is perhaps not optimal i
125. to the screen 89 LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 5 6 BOUNDS Processing of Boundary Conditions Summary and rigid body initial velocities restraints applied velocity displacement acceleration boundary conditions may be applied All such boundary conditions may be listed and sketched Base accelerations and angular velocities may be applied The BOUNDS menu is ND_REST Processing of nodal restraints SPCs ND_INIV Processing of nodal initial velocities ND_DVA Processing of nodal applied disp vel acc boundary conditions RB_REST Processing of rigid body restraints RB_INIV Processing of rigid body initial velocities RB DVA Processing of rigid body applied disp vel acc boundary conditions BASE AC Processing of base accels angular velocities on whole model items in this menu share some common characteristics Degree of Freedom DoF codes They may be applied in X Y Z translational and rotational degrees of freedom In LS INGRID these DoFs are referred to by numeric codes and direction codes as well as names The numbers and direction codes used are X Translation 1 dX Y Translation 2 dY Z Translation 3 dZ X Rotation 4 tX Y Rotation 5 tY Z Rotation 6 tZ These DoF codes are combined in some contexts to make a composite code for example 135 refers to dX dZ tY i e translation in X and 7 and rotation about Y What Rotational Degrees of Freedom Mean Users should note that a
126. tory and so on The program must be restarted for these settings to have an effect Note that using very large text may make the menus hard to use as they will be reduced to only a few column s width and the number of rows that can be displayed will reduce A reasonable value is usually about 0 4cm corresponding to a 12 point font Likewise the number of rows of text available in the dialogue area will depend on the font size used and there is a similar trade off between legibility and amount of information that can be displayed Relationship between text height requested and fonts used Fonts tend not to be infinitely variable in size but rather to come in discrete sizes measured in points Typically LS INGRID will use 8 10 12 14 18 and 24 point fonts AII text sizes are translated into the nearest fixed size font available on the machine so small changes in requested size may have no effect until they jump up to the next font LS INGRID Graphical User Interface Manual 3 3 Interaction between user interface and display hardware Generally LS INGRID will attempt to present a consistent appearance over a range of graphics hardware and protocols However there are some minima The display should have at least four bit planes if single buffered or 8 bit planes i e 4 4 if double buffered This is because it needs at least 16 colors to function well and colors 27 5 On displays with fewer planes the colors will
127. w using 5 2 and zoom in on the fold ZIN you will probably find it difficult to see what has happened See top half of figure A 6 Therefore to make visualisation easier make the fold thicker by increasing the minimum thickness used for all folds without changing the individual thickness of this fold Read 5 1 2 j in this manual for more information EXECUTE ALL To make all folds active 2 5e 3 Increase min thickness to 2 5mm Now draw it again and zoomed in you should see the thicker fold shown in the lower half of figure A 6 Define the second fold X2 on figure A 4 For this fold it is clear that the mesh lines do not lie exactly on the fold line so we must adjust the mesh So get back to a plan view on the XY plane showing the whole bag SXY AC POOR Plan on XY autoscaled amp redrawn Then define the next fold as before by using two nodes This time do not use the nodes on the outside of the mesh but those a bit further in as shown by the pick symbols in figure A T figure 5 ATELLLLLLLLLETS ES ALETA i i i i i Appendix 11 Driver s side bag showing latent fold definition 1 and Its new folded state miv simay ohl ceri crivezx aiibag Appendix Il Driver s side bag showing section A 6 through fold 1 at 1mm and 2 5mm thicknesses figure DEFINE NODE NODE To pick two nodes see fig A 7 To use ve X side of line DOWN To fold it down under mesh 1 00
128. work from the outside of the mesh inwards Before you start folding have a plan figure A 4 shows the planned fold lines for this mesh Note that folding is assumed to be symmetrical and only half the folds about each axis are shown In this example we will make the first fold the mesh line perpendicular to the X axis that has the most ve X coordinate This is shown in figure A 4 as fold Define the first fold by DEFINE NODE NODE To pick two nodes see fig A 5 To use ve X side of line UP To fold it up over mesh 1 00 3 To use fold thickness 1mm 1 0 To use a scale factor of 1 0 1 0 To use a radius of 1mm THIN To use a thin fold At this point the fold will be sketched on the mesh as shown in figure A 5 and you will be asked if this fold definition is OK OK Will confirm and store fold Planned tolds perpendicular to X axis m EE gH uH EE mH BE A E E EH gg E L m Drivers sice alrbag showing planned X and Y folctlines figure A A Check this fold by CHECK To check fold geometry This should return the message Folds check out OK Execute this fold by EXECUTE ALL To make all folds active 1 0e 3 To choose a min thickness of 1mm Check the fold visually Use any viewing command eg to draw the newly folded shape You should see the image shown in the lower half of figure A 5 If you change vie

LS-INGRID GUI Manual - Parent Directory

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents