Home

pdf, 7.7 Mb - Health Information and Analysis

Contents

1. 8 Get the desired Thematic Map by clicking the Apply button this causes the corresponding Thematic Map to display in the Maps Window 9 Edit the colors and cut off values for the ranges displayed in the Legend edit box For changing the cut off values you should select the Customized method see Updating the Map Legend 10 Click the OK button to conclude Example You have a layer that shows the rates of P vivax malaria at the level of critical localities in a territory and you construct a thematic map of Graduated Symbols that groups reported cases among the population of every locality in the territory expressed in thousands of cases Annual Parasite Index o 00 001 o 001 6802 68027 19 8864 15 8864 42807 425016 500 0 e LIBERTAD_SAYAXCE e GUATEMALA One Centimeter 8 9 Em Em 10 20 30 Map Window Example of Thematic Map using Graduated Symbols The symbol size offers an easy way to identify the incidence of cases in each locality and the areas most affected by the concentration of values represented In this type of Map the same methods are used for constructing ranges as in the case of Thematic Maps of Ranges Thematic Map of Dot Density The Thematic Map of Dot Density uses dots to represent the value associated with a geographic region Each dot represents a previously fixed amount and the dots are distributed randomly within the area For example 1f there is a municipalit
2. French Gee Falkland ldands Iles Mahanas Grenada Greertand Guadeluge Gualerala Guyana Han Horchas Janta Mastraqn Montienal Mexico Sanare Netherland Artes Nro ozas Pagay Qas Fa valores alipicos son calculados por la regla Mediana 15 madbplhcsdo por el Rango Inlercwarti Ready Xx 11907 66 05 1 6 2003 5 14 PM Maps window with a layer and its attribute table Vector Format A vector data structure 1s used for spatial data representation Common examples of vector data include digital maps and digital cartographic databases The vector format consists of a chain of coordinates and uses three types of graphic elements to represent the geographic objects of a Map points lines and areas A point is represented by a pair of Cartesian X Y coordinates usually referenced geographically for example the reference of the real location on the surface of the Earth of a city on a country level Map a case of disease in a city represented on a Map A line is represented by a set of pairs of X Y coordinates linked sequentially to form segments of a line topology for example it can represent a river a street a route between states An area is represented by a set of pairs of X Y coordinates linked in the form of lines however in this case the last pair of coordinates joins the first pair creating a surface enclosed by a polygon Examples of areas include the representation of states or countries on a Map
3. button As result the selected indicator is removed from the table and returned to the list of Variables 9 Select the type of thematic map We recommend to select Categories which will create a thematic map of categories indicating the geographic units with worst and better conditions 10 Select the method of classification Two options are given Terciles or Quintiles 11 Click on the OK button to calculate the Composite Index As a result a new layer is created containing the Composite Index in Health CIH which is added to the Map Health Situation in Peru lolx e PERU_CIH ICSC 1 Very High 2 High 5 Wery Low lw PERSTAT El One Centimeter 116 Km Em 200 Thematic Map of the Composite Index in Health 139 SIGEpi User s Manual Spatial Analysis This topic presents the procedures and functions for the processing and analysis of cartographic and spatial data Plotting points from a Table SIGEpi allows you to create a Thematic Point Layer from a Data Table From a Data Table containing two columns with the values of geographic coordinates Latitude and Longitude it is possible to create a Point Layer on a Map This function is useful when you have collected data about events including geographic locations and you want to plot the locations on a Map In the case of epidemiological and public health studies in which data from a population sample was collected through a survey and t
4. 555 125 897 9 184 770 000 9 183 540 000 1 299 09 1 905 32 197 302 000 Quartiles and Outliers The outlayers have being calculated by the rule Median 1 5 multiply by Interquartile Range Results Window Descriptive Statistics applied to the data 107 SIGEpi User s Manual Frequency Distribution Applying the Frequency Distribution procedure to data allows you to quantify the frequency of values of a variable that is the number of times that an observed value for a variable is repeated To apply the Frequency Distribution Procedure to data l Z 5 Activate the Maps Window and a Select the Layer of interest b Or activate the Attributes Table of the layer of interest Note The Attributes Table should contain the variables and data needed for this procedure Select the option Frequency Distribution from the Epi Analysis menu In the displayed Dialogue Box Select the variable s for which you want to apply the selected procedure by clicking the variables of interest by keeping the Shift and or Ctrl keys pressed you can select several variables according to the Windows standard Select Variables l Theme perstat Title Intant li ortality Rate Wanablez POP_ADMIN SODEM ADMIN SOMI_ADMIN TOTPOPSS TCRECPUOB TGFECUN B OF Cancel Dialogue box Select variable s Click the OK button As a result of applying the process l A Frequency Distribution is generat
5. Charts compares the size of each pie wedge in a single pie and also compares the wedges of the pies for all geographic areas Each wedge represents the value of an associated variable The pie also allows you to compare the parts of a whole The dialog box for Thematic Map using Pie Charts allows you to l 2 3 Establish a name for the title ofthe Map Legend Select check the variable s to display in each bar of the thematic map Select a variable to standardize the values of the selected variables this allows you to create the thematic map using relative values proportions of each selected variable in relation to the variable for normalization Indicate if you want to use a null value and define what it is that is if you want to represent null or missing values Define the characteristics of minimum and maximum size of the displayed pie charts and whether you want them to have borders or not For example defining a minimum and maximum size for the pie charts will make your geographic representation clearer In addition to seeing the incidence of the variable under study by the size of the wedge you can see the incidence of the variables in every area by the size of the pie which would be larger where there is a greater concentration of such variables Select the style and background color you want to use to display the Thematic Map Legend Title Reported Cases Dengue DHF The Thematic Map of Pie allows to show the values
6. Open the last Project If you select Open the last Project this has the same effect as choosing Open an Existing Project except that in this case the last Project with which you were working 1s selected since SIGEpi saves the name and location of the Project with which you have been working whenever you save the Project exit the System or close the current Project and create or open another Project 19 S GEpi User s Manual Getting Help in SIGEpi SIGEpi has an on line Help System that allows you to obtain information on each step that you find yourself Each button tool or menu of options will tell you what 1t can do just moving the cursor to the desired object shows you briefly its function status bar To get Help on a window or Dialogue Box e Click on Help button in each dialog and you will get information about the process you are doing To display the contents of SIGEpi Help 1 From the Help Menu on the Menu Bar select Help Contents 2 Click the Content or Topic you want to display To search in Help according to the Topic Index 1 From the Help Menu on the Menu Bar select Help Contents 2 Click the Index and select the Topic for which you want to display the content To search in Help for one word in particular 1 From the Help Menu on the Menu Bar select Help Contents 2 Click Search and type the keyword for which you want to display the content To get Help on a phrase subject or word highlig
7. and create a Query that contains information resulting from applying a SQL statement to the data Follow the next steps to create a Query 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Select the option Create Query from a the Database menu b Or from the menu displayed by right clicking on Tables node in the Project Window c Or from the menu displayed by right clicking on Queries node in the Project Window 3 Select option Create a Query The dialogue Query is displayed This dialogue facilitates the definition of the SQL sentence 91 SIGEpi User s Manual AAA Tables Fields to Show Group by Order by f Asc f Desc Define Union of Tables Add Expression Mame of Field Operator Value 4nd into Condition Ord into Condition List of Possible Values Condition SOL Sentence Name of Query Create Result Table Execute Save Clear Close Dialogue Query 4 Inthe list of Tables at the upper left you must select the Tables that you want to include in the SQL sentences to do this click the name of each table 5 Once you have selected the Tables the list of all fields or attributes of Tables are displayed in the Fields to Show list box so now you can select the fields that you want to include in the query clicking on the name of the fields 6 In the Group by edit box you should select the field or variable that serves as a criterion for ageregation that is t
8. for each geographic unit It is other way to visualize and identify the differences among the geographic units Graph Ca_ica Bei O x Population by Counties State of California Values wn oO o o oO oO o Legend Population 1997 a ao gt E 7 gt KOVGEVIOCHBPOCHVC HHO GODVIO gt GHHO_HDOD ODO COO AIN ETI oT yu T 0U Sont ROBES oe oo Bog e Geb oeb as Od GEES Coo Sag OES Shs arce DES FSO OS GOS GCS CHH cad da SEK UES Es ae SSE SOS EFD 20526 Mat oS St As Gop ser BSS oso go PUN ORAR fp se gt ao or t EE oo GS E vta dEoR C OZ 5 G Uno Dres 5 Be qgou SF 134E Ses O ZO C28 Eco cole nr S gt 00 I o Coso Ao cl oe o H Bane 5355 an o o wo Cm o 4 26 ach wn G wo NAME Example Line Graph 103 SIGEpi User s Manual Area Graph An Area graph is useful for indicating variations in the values of variable s among geographic units It is a variation of the line graph that gives color to the area under de line Pie Chart A Pie chart represents the relationship between the parts of a whole It 1s useful for highlighting the significance of the information represented in each wedge of the pie in contrast to the rest It requires more than one variable for 1ts representation the total of the selected variables make up the whole TT o x Municipal Water Legend P_AGUA_U M pascua PR Belice Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras a Nicaragua Panam El Salvador Example Pie Chart Copy
9. or countries Inverse of the square of the distance This is similar to the previous method except that the Euclidian distance is squared This is indicated by Wij 1 dj It is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are points representing the location of cities health units or toxic waste emissions although it can also be applied to regions such as municipalities provinces departments states or countries Ratio between proportion of borders and distance between centroids This is a combination of the Proportion of borders and Inverse of the distance methods Wi Border i j Border i 1 d It is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are polygons representing regions such as municipalities provinces departments states or countries Ratio between proportion of borders and square of the distance between centroids This is a combination of the Proportion of borders and Inverse of the square of the distance method Wij Border i j Border i 1 d It is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are polygons representing regions such as municipalities provinces departments states or countries Definition of Indexes of Spatial Autocorrelation Assume that a Map consists of n regions e g municipalities and that the observation value for region i is Xj Wij is a scalar value that quantifies the degree of spatial association or proximity weight or distance between the municipalities 1 and J e Moran s
10. the link between the effect and one or more causes other than the one we intend to study In this way the different series of observations populations are artificially made comparable in terms of one or more epidemiological characteristics Morbidity and Mortality Maps offer an opportunity to make multiple comparisons of Rates across the geographic units of the study region However comparisons of Rates between different populations require that the specific Rates be standardized to remove the effect of differences in the population structure of the areas Smoothing of Rates Reduction of local variability in the data When applied to a variable distributed spatially reduction of local variance The spatial smoothing is based on the approach of taking into account data from the neighbors units 115 SIGEpi User s Manual Description of the methods Rates and proportions are used to estimate an underlying risk For example one would be interested in a measure of the risk of dying from a type of cancer and use the ratio of the number of people who actually died during a given period over the total number of the population at risk of dying from the disease While the underlying risk may be constant the number of people who actually died will tend to vary from time to time as well as across space In practice the rate or proportion is often rescaled to express the notion of risk more intuitively for example as 10 per 100 000 ra
11. 0 86 0 70 0 0 93 N 25 0 84 0 66 0 93 N 25 0 83 0 65 0 92 N 25 0 82 0 92 0 62 N 25 POPURB m 0 76 a 0 20 0 52 N 25 0 86 0 70 0 93 N 25 1 00 1 00 N 25 0 92 0 82 0 96 N 25 0 85 0 69 0 93 N 25 0 89 0 95 0 76 N 25 0 84 0 66 0 93 N 25 0 92 0 82 o 0 96 N 25 1 00 1 00 1 00 N 25 0 91 ana 81 0 zz N 25_ 0 73 0 87 0 47 N 25 DRENAJE 0 70 0 86 0 43 N 25 0 83 0 65 0 92 N 25 0 85 0 69 0 93 N 25 0 91 0 81 0 96 N 25 1 00 1 00 1 00 N 25 5 0 67 0 84 0 38 N T ANALFABM 0 76 0 52 0 89 N 25 0 82 0 92 0 62 N 25 0 89 0 95 0 76 N 25 0 73 0 87 0 47 N 25 0 1 00 1 00 1 00 N Results Window Analysis of Correlation among variables The correlation analysis is important to determine the grade of linear relationship of two variables Simple and multiple linear regressions Regression analysis is used to estimate quantitative functional relationships between dependent variable and one or more independents variables form actual data In health diseases and health events depend on people behaviors environments conditions cultural factors socio economic conditions and other factors Empirical investigation of the relationships among them requires the application of regression analysis Linea
12. As from the File menu to save your Project with a new name You can also rename or delete a Project file using the commands and standard editing functions of the operating system To copy or rename a Project 1 From the File menu select the option Save Project As you are shown a dialog box that allows you to assign another name to your Project and save it this way you have two Project files with different names and identical content To rename or delete a Project 1 Close the Project in a multi user environment ensure that all users have closed the Project 2 Use the commands or actions corresponding to your Operating System 30 SIGEpi User s Manual Saving the Project In SIGEpi the work you have carried out can be saved this will cause all the references to the components of the Project to be stored in a file When a component is activated its window will display it in the same state as it was left in the last time you worked with it The Project can be saved at any time during the work session When a Project is saved all the work done up to that point is saved If the Project has not been saved or if you have made changes after the last save SIGEpi will ask you to save the Project when you open a new Project or close the existing one To save a Project 1 From the File menu choose the option Save Project 2 Or from the Toolbar under the Menu Bar choose the ll Save Project button To save a existing Proje
13. Global and local indexes of spatial autocorrelation UNIVARIATE SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION Univariate spatial autocorrelation techniques allow you to find out if there is a spatial relationship among univariate data that 1s you consider only one variable that has been measured for the geographic units and determine if the variable s spatial distribution 1s random or due to a specific spatial factor If the indicator or variable s values is concentrated in neighboring or nearby geographic units there could be a spatial factor causing this if the distribution is dispersed the pattern could be random and not due to a spatial factor In SIGEpi you can obtain global and local Indexes of Spatial Autocorrelation Global Obtains an index of spatial autocorrelation for the entire region taking into account the value of the indicator or variable for all the geographic units you also obtain the statistical significance of this index that is 1f the value obtained is reliable or not and 152 S GEpi User s Manual if the spatial distribution is random or is due to a spatial pattern As a result of applying this procedure you get a Table in SIGEpi s Results Window Local Obtains a spatial autocorrelation index for each geographic unit of the region using a neighborhood criterion that is the indicator s pattern is analyzed in each units neighboring a given area As a result of applying this procedure you obtain a Thematic Map using Ranges
14. Humber of Features 21028 selected g e Apply only to selected features How do you wish to create buffers f To aspecific distance 5 To a distance given by Tala Multiple rings number of rings 24 distance between rings z Using as measure unit Miles B Previous Mest OK Cancel Dialogue Create Buffers Then Select 6 the first option which creates a Buffer resulting from the union of the buffers of geographic units This option generates a single buffer for buffers of constant and variable width produced by the values of an attribute In the case of buffers with multiple rings as many buffers are generated as the number of rings that were defined 7 The second option generates a Buffer for each geographic unit In the case of buffers with multiple rings this generates as many buffers per geographic unit as the number of rings that were defined Create Buffers Layer AIVERS Number of features 21023 selected q e Apply only to selected features f To get a buffer result of unionizing all features To get a buffer for each feature CO The butters will be transparent by default if you wish to change their color and fill stile properties you should activate the created butter layer and choose the option Properties from Layer Menu In case of multiple rings you will obtain a thematic map of unique values It could be modified if you double click on layer i
15. In this case is Chiguagua 40 SIGEpi User s Manual Creating a Shapetile SIGEp1 has the capacity to create new cartographic files Shapefiles from existing layers For example You are working with a layer of municipality boundaries and the municipalities that show the greatest health problems according to some health indicators are selected We want to save this spatial selection as a new layer that can later be used in other work sessions Converting a Layer to a Shapefile 1 Select the desired Layer in the active Maps Window 2 Select the option Convert to Shapefile from the Layer menu or from the menu displayed by right clicking the selected Layer 3 Write a name for the new Shapefile in the displayed dialog box Once the Shapefile is saved SIGEpi asks if you want to add this new Layer to your Map this gives you the ability to continue to work with the current Map and the option to display the selection as a new Layer in the Map Showing the Attributes Table of the Layer Each Thematic Layer displayed in the Maps Window has the property of being a spatial datum as such it has an associated Attributes Table that contains information that defines or characterizes the Layer To show the Attributes Table of a Layer 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Select the desired layer 3 Select the option Open Attributes Table from the Layer menu or from the menu displayed by right clicking on the selected Layer 4 O
16. Layer 1 Select the Thematic Layer that you want to modify the Properties by clicking the name of the Layer in the Legend 2 Choose the option Properties from the Layer menu on the Menu Bar 3 Or choose the option Properties from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Layer 4 Or click the amp Layer Properties button Dialogue Box is displayed which allows you to modify the Properties of the layer Each layer has it own dialogue box of properties depending on the type of features it has points lines or polygons E Properties of layer x Properties of layer E x Properties of layer ES Legend Title Poligon Layer states Color Style Solid Layer cities Color A Style Square Laver rivers Color Oo Style S lido Width e B OF Cancel Apply e Show border Tama o E 7 Rotaci n 1 Border width e Border color B OF Cancel Apply 3 i Cancel Apply Dialogue boxes Layer Properties Layers of polygons lines and points In addition 1f the layer is a raster image its Dialogue Box will include special characteristics for this type of layer Duplicating a Layer You can duplicate any Layer in a Map This way you can create more than one Thematic Maps for the same cartographic file conducting data analysis with various parameters You can change the Legend displayed for each Layer To duplicate a L
17. Map where is a consecutive number for the Map window Choosing the Properties option of the Map menu you can change the Map s name unit of measurement and background color to define the Selection properties Legend characteristics and Scale Show a Maps Window Once the Maps Window is created you can select the Maps Window you want to display from the components structure of the Project Window and 1 Double click your selection 2 Or click the amp 4 Show Window button of the Toolbar to the left of the Project components structure 3 Or select the option Show Map from the Project Menu of the Menu Bar In each case the selected Maps Window shown activated and placed in front of the other Windows of the Project 36 SIGEpi User s Manual Adding Thematic Layers Once the Maps Window is created the first thing to begin displaying your spatial data is select and add the Thematic Layers of interest depending on your cartographic bases Add a Thematic Layer to the Maps Window Activate the Maps Window From the Layer menu choose the option Add Layer Or from the Toolbar under the Menu Bar click the Add Layer button oo The Open Layers dialog box is displayed which allows you to select the location and name of the spatial data files that you want to add to the Map You can also select different spatial data formats that SIGEpi supports ci E Look ir de t america shp ca_
18. You can process summarize or group the data you have in Tables based on the particular values of the fields or attributes of the Tables The results can be stored in a Query or in a Table Summarizing creates a row or record in the new Table or Query for every unique value of the selected fields or attributes Each record is the result of a selection process applied to the data based on a defined SQL statement Each record shows a summary of the records or rows that you group from the Tables or data sources that are the source of the Query To process summarize or group your data you can select several fields or attributes from different Tables or data Sources Note If you have information or data in data sources that are not included in the Tables of the Database in SIGEpi and want to use them in designing a Query you must first import or link them to the SIGEpi Database When you create a Query and need to represent the data spatially and or to apply procedures for spatial analysis you must first export the Query to a Table in the Database This way you can add the Table to the Attributes Table of a Thematic Layer of interest for visualization and spatial analysis Grouping and summarizing data in Tables and relating the result table to a Layer is a useful way to incorporate statistical data into a Map Creating and Designing a Query In SIGEpi you can work with information Based on data located in Tables stored in different data sources
19. above but it does not allow processing the attributes of each cell or pixel To add a raster image to a Map window see Adding Layers to a Map To change the form in which the image is shown modify the Properties of the Layers Attributes Tables Attributes Tables describe and or define characteristics of the object or feature they represent Information stored in the Tables of a Database describes particular characteristics of the geographic unit Data attributes are the variables that characterize or are related to spatial data such as population of a territory number reported of cases of a disease incidence or mortality rate of a disease etc There are different data sources useful in public health census records epidemiological surveillance records medical statistics health surveys etc A Table is a set of elements that has a horizontal dimension rows and a vertical dimension columns integrated in a Relational Database System A Table has a specific number of columns but can have N number of rows A Table is also called a relation The rows stored in a Table are equivalent to the records in any kind of data file 25 SIGEpi User s Manual The spatial data formats that we use in SIGEpi are similar to those in other GIS The native format 1s ESRI Shapefile however 1t can manage other standard formats of cartographic and attributes data See Tables and Queries Adding your data Table to a Map In SIGEpi existing data
20. accessible also through the menu Layer al Full Map Extension The complete display of the Map adjusts to the size of the Maps Window E Zoom to Active Layer Fully displays the selected Layer adjusting it to the size of the Maps Window 47 SIGEpi User s Manual l Zoom to selected Unit Displays the geographic units selected in the active Layer adjusting them to the size of the Maps Window ct Zoom in Zooms in on the displayed Map enlarging the size of the Map image o Zoom out Zooms out on the displayed Map reducing the size of the Map image e Last Map Extension Displayed Map returns to its previous state You can carry out this action twice displaying the Map to the next previous state Tools tor Map Management The Maps Window has a set of tools for spatial selection that allow you to carry out operations with the Map Each button of the Toolbar associated with an active Maps Window is described below You can select any of them by clicking the desired button Depending on the tool selected the cursor will change its shape as 1t moves over the Map Toolbar for spatial selection Maps Window RK Cursor tool Tool that allows you to select geographic units on a Map You select the geographic unit indicated by the cursor and can select several units at a time by holding the Shift key down each time you click a geographic unit Point tool Selects a geographic point It works just like the cursor except t
21. appear in the SIGEpi Results Window Each SIGEpi Project has only one Results Window containing the results from each analytical procedure applied to the data The Results Window displays the resulting information in HTML format SIGEpi offers tools procedures and methods for spatial analysis in Epidemiology integrated with the functions of a Geographic Information System This maximizes its potential use in Public Health since you can visualize and spatially analyze statistical and epidemiological data from a study region providing decision makers epidemiologists and health technicians with a simple user friendly way of applying these procedures to their data and obtain a spatial display of their distribution and representation of the analyzed variables Results Window The Results Window contains the results obtained by applying the following spatial statistical and epidemiological analysis procedures to the data e Descriptive Statistics e Frequency Distribution e Correlation Analysis e Regression Analysis e Outlier Map e Spatial Autocorrelation 164 SIGEpi User s Manual Displaying the Results Sheet To display the Results Window l Activate the Project Window 2 Double click the El Results component in the Project Window 3 Or Select the Results component by clicking the component and a Click the 4 Show Window button on the Toolbar that appears on the left of the Project Window b Or Selec
22. as many times as you like this allows you to modify the colors of the Map Legend and therefore the colors with which the Thematic Map is displayed To see each type of Thematic Map and their associated dialog boxes see the heading Types of Thematic Maps If you want to modify a Thematic Map that is already constructed see the heading Modifying the Thematic Map Types of Thematic Maps In SIGEpi the steps for constructing Thematic Maps have been simplified just select the variables and methods to use and SIGEpi automatically applies the selected method and creates the corresponding Thematic Map which is displayed in the Maps Window 53 SIGEpi User s Manual Six different types of Thematic Maps can be constructed Choroplets or Ranges Graduated Symbols Dot Density Bar Charts Pie Charts and Unique Values Thematic Map using Ranges When a Thematic Map of Ranges is created all the data records are grouped into ranges Each range 1s associated with a color and a particular pattern used to identify geographic objects points lines and polygons on a Map depending on the values of the variable used in constructing the Map In the case of a Thematic Map using Ranges the dialog allows you to 1 Establish a name for the Map Legend s title 2 Select the variable that is the object of analysis 3 Select the method to construct the ranges 4 Define the number of ranges in which you want to group the values of the
23. carried out in the Centers that request cooperation e SIGEpi discussion forum A discussion forum about SIGEPI Project that allows the exchange of ideas ask and answer questions collaboration between groups and the user s community has been implemented The users can subscribe themselves to the forum visiting the site http listserv paho org archives sisgepi html or sending a request by Email to sigepi_info paho org e Direct contact The users can establish direct contact by E mail with the SIGEPI Development Team sending emails to sigep1 info paho org or for more information visiting the Web site http ais paho org sigep1 174 SIGEpi User s Manual Credits The Area of Health Analysis and Information Systems AIS Pan American Health Organization PAHO as a part of the Technical Cooperation Project Application and Development of Geographic Information Systems in Epidemiology and Public Health have developed SIGEp1 The SIG Ep1 Design and Development team Mr Ram n Mart nez Piedra Information and Technology Group AIS PAHO Design Development and Programming of SIGEp1 Health Analysis and Information Systems Pan American Health Organization Dr Carlos Castillo Salgado Manager of AIS PAHO Health Analysis and Information Systems Pan American Health Organization Dr Enrique Loyola Analysis Group AIS PAHO Health Analysis and Information Systems Pan American Health Organization Mr Manuel Vidaurre In
24. conventions that communicate adequately the phenomenon object or characteristic that is visualized in the map The Thematic Maps are utilized to emphasize the spatial distribution of one or more attributes or variables of the geographical units Although the thematic map of choropleth is the most frequently used exists a variety of thematic maps for example proportional or graded symbols unique values dot density map of flows etc To create a Thematic Map make sure that the Maps Window is active and a layer is selected Otherwise the option Create Thematic Map on the Layer menu will be disabled Creating a Thematic Map To create a Thematic Map 1 Activate the Maps Window and select the layer which you want create the thematic map 2 From the Layer menu choose the option Create Thematic Map 3 Or click the amp Thematic Map button on the Toolbar 4 From the dialog box displayed select the type of Thematic Map by clicking the type of Map desired Click on OK button to confirm your selection Type of Thematic Map hematic Map Select type of T 52 SIGEpi User s Manual Dialogue box Select Type of Thematic Map The dialog box corresponding to the type of Thematic Map is displayed allowing you to select the variables methods color etc that are used to create the Thematic Map Each type of Thematic Map has its own associated dialog box depending on the characteristics of the type of Thematic Map
25. display or show the Query the SQL sentence is run 20 Click the Clear button 1f you want to clear the defined SQL statement this allows you to fill in the blank spaces in all the edit boxes that make up the dialog box 21 Click the Close button to finish working with the Dialogue Box It is also possible to edit or modify an existing Query Follow the next steps to modify a Query 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Right clicking on the Query from the popup menu select the option Build Query As result the Query dialogue will be displayed 94 SIGEpi User s Manual 5 Query Tables Fields to Show Group by Order by f Asc Desc Define Union of Tables Add Expression Mame of Field Operator Value F y 4nd into Condition Or into Condition List of Possible Values Condition SOL Sentence SELECT C4_Dths Pob FIPS CA Dths Pob RESP D Ca Dths Pob POP1990 Ca Dths Pob POP1997 C4 Dths Pob POP1997 CA Dths Pob POP1990 CA Dths Pob POP1997 100 AS Pct Inc_pob CA Dths Pob RESP_D CA Dths Pob POP1997 100000 45 RESP_R INTO Tbl_Indi FROM CA Dths Pob Mame of Query Create Result Table Execute Save Clear Close Dialogue box Design Query Using the Query dialogue you can modify the definition of the selected query in a similar way it was explained in the previous section Showin ueries In SIGEpi you can display Queries included in the Project Databa
26. each case The total population of the region under study is generally used as the standard population Click on Load button if you want to use variables that you already have for standard populations cases and rates for the group of defined strata and that you previously saved with the Save option 125 SIGEpi User s Manual 6 de Or Click the Total of Strata button in the case you want to use the total population of every region of the geographic area sum of the population of all geographic unints as the standard population using the population variables for each previously selected stratum then the total sum of the values of the cases variable for each stratum in the region under study 1s used and the rates are obtained by dividing cases by population for each stratum Or directly Type the values for standard populations cases and rates b Click the Adjusted Rate section to establish the names for the variables where the calculated standardized Rates are stored Standardized Ratio SRR and Adjusted Rate IAR A proposed name for each variable is shown which you can edit if you want Standardization of Rates Indirect Method Table BR UF DenguespecificA ate sample Population Standard Population Define name of result variables in rate standardization process Standardized Ratio SMR Adjusted Rate E IW Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate B OF Cancel Establish Names for Standardi
27. in a way that is overlay on a map of type of vegetation 59 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health Trial Version Not registered File Edit Map Layer EpiAnalysis Window Help DS 5 9 288 10 0 1843 YAA OA Y Scale 1 22 391 243 0 ie E Project El x Ef Database AP Tables AREAS DAS FORMACOES PIONERI t EA Queries POE DE TENSAO ECOLOGICA Ct ll Graphs FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL 5 Results FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECII FLORESTA OMBROFILA ABERTA Fl FLORESTA OMBROFILA DENSA FLORESTA OMBROFILA MISTA MA No label REFUGIO ECOLOGICO CAMPOS DE SAVANA _ SAVANA ESTEPICA VEGETACAO LENHOSA OLIGOTROF WATER One Centimeter 224 Km Km 250 500 750 1000 1250 Ready X 59 44 Y 25 08 9 22 2003 5 05 PM Ui Map Window Thematic Map using Dot Density With this map the team was capable to identify the areas of high density of positive cases of malaria In this case is not showed the boundary of the municipalities 60 SIGEpi User s Manual Thematic Map using Bar Charts Unlike the Thematic Maps that work with a single variable to construct a Map Thematic Map using Bar Charts allow several variables to be examined at the same time This type of Thematic Map can be constructed for any type of geographic object because the centroid of the object is used to represent it The Thematic Map using Bar Charts permits the analysis of thematic variables thro
28. indicator analyzed shows a pattern similar to that of its neighbors 150 SIGEpi User s Manual 3 Vo gt Ve The variable s observed value is greater than the mean of estimated values of its neighbors This means that in the area the variable or indicator analyzed shows a pattern higher than the mean of the estimated values of 1ts neighbors Applying the Spatial Lag procedure 1 Activate the Maps Window and 2 Select the Thematic Layer of interest Note The Attributes Table associated with the Layer should contain the variables and data you want to analyze 3 Select the option Spatial Analysis Spatial Lag Map from the Epi Analysis menu on the Menu Bar The dialog Spatial Lag Dialogue Box is displayed allowing you to select the variable to apply the Spatial Lag procedure to and represent on a Map to do this Spatial Lag Table perstat Neighborhood f Common boundary 1st order O Distance 10 kil metros Scope Global f Local Weights Binary Schema 1 neighbors 0 not neighbors Smoothing Method OF Cancel Dialogue Spatial Lag Click the drop down Variable list and select the variable by clicking on its name in this case for example the variable TMI Infant Mortality Rate is selected 4 Select the Smoothing Method by clicking on it It is recommended to use Spatial Moving Average 151 SIGEpi User s Manual 5 Select the type of Scope that you wa
29. is copied there or the PC is turned off Frequency Distribution This topic presents the frequency distribution of selected variables Table CAl Title Layer CAI Variable POB MILES Resul ts FValuesJfansonte Freq Relate Frea Accumulated Freq E 1 0 m 14 29 14 29 i m aaa mo mo Layer CAI Variable TBN vatucs Abectuo Fron Pete Freg Accvntated Fron 208 10 14 29 pe 14 29 e 14 29 57 14 14 29 328 10 1429 85 71 o 142 t00 0 166 l0 x SIGEpi User s Manual Creating an HTML file In SIGEpi you can create an HTML file that stores all the content displayed in the Results Window of the Project and were obtained from the statistical and epidemiological analysis procedures applied to your data Creating a HTML file l Activate the Results Window 2 Select the option Export As HTML from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar 3 Establish a name for the HTML file in the displayed dialog box Save in 3 manual e E En History Desktop My Documents A My Computer Ga File name Results1 html Save as type Fie HTML htm html y Cancel My Network P 7 Dialogue Export HTML As As a result a HTML file is created and stored with a specified name and location and with which you can work independently Selecting all the results To select all the elements included in the Results
30. oO Oo oO SAL Condition ear 990 gt 4126101 Result 4126101 Apply to all features Apply to selected features Add to selected features Result of Selection la a Select Cancel Dialogue box Select by Attributes 1 The name of the selected layer number of features and selected features are displayed at the top of the dialogue 2 In the Condition edit box define the conditions you want To do this click the grid cells of each column shown to select the Variable Operator and Value for building the condition expression The conditional expression could be simple or complex In case of creating complex condition use de logical operators AND OR The logical operator NOT is used to negate a expression or part of a expression 3 The conditional expression is editable using the edition box SQL Condition Ensure to write a valid conditional expression if you decide to edit it 4 Click the scope of the selection clicking on one given alternative in Result frame 5 Click the Clear button if you want to delete the defined condition 6 Click the Select button if you want to select the geographic units that meet the defined condition Example A Maps window shows a selection of States that meet a condition The States that are selected meet the condition that the Area 1s more than 3 000 square miles and urban population is 60 000 inhabitants and over 44 SIGEpi User s Manual Maps Wi
31. of recorded cases in the region 147 SIGEpi User s Manual To apply the Spatial Smoother procedure 1 Activate the Map Window and 2 Select the Layer of interest Note The Layer should contain the variables to be smoothed 3 From the Epi Analysis menu select the option Spatial Analysis Spatial Smoother 4 The dialogue Spatial Smoother is displayed allowing you to select the variable to which to apply the spatial smoothing procedure to do this Spatial Smoother Table perstat Neighborhood i Common boundary 1st order Scope C Global Local O Distance fio kil metros 7 Wi eights Binary Schema 1 neighbors 0 not neighbors Dialogue box Select variable to smooth Click the drop down button of the Variable list and choose the variable by clicking on it in this case the variable Malaria is selected 5 Select the smoothing Method by clicking on it 6 Click the Scope that you want to apply Global includes all geographic areas in the Layer or Local defines an area to apply the calculation 7 Ifyou select Local Scope the Neighborhood edit box is activated allowing you to select the type of Neighborhood you want to choose Common border if you only want to include in the calculation the geographic areas that have a common border with the selected area 148 SIGEpi User s Manual Distance 1f you want to specify a distance and unit of measurement that defines the
32. of selected variables using a Pie Chart for each geographic unit or feature It could be used to compare variables or Indicators among geographic units Layer br_est te Warables of Table Hormalize using variable coat y F Null Value Fies Label EE Min BEE blar ia C al ea WAIHI Clad harder Chad Backgr Transparente 10314 Color MN Dialogue box Thematic Map using Pie Charts 63 SIGEpi User s Manual Example Having the layer of federative units states of Brazil and the reported cases of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever by age groups it is convenient to represent these data using pie chart on the map This type of map allows visualizing the magnitude of the problem in terms of absolute values the magnitude by age groups and an idea of the distribution of this disease by Federative Units gt SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health Trial Yersion Not registered File Edit Map Layer EpiAnalysis Window Help Ik Ololy l zlelea mlelale Scale 1 22716 307 9 Project C Program Files SIGEpi Datos caso IV BR_EST_TE Crude_Rate 14 8103 32 2528 32 2528 38 0402 38 0402 62 1655 62 1655 64 9395 64 9395 72 8284 Y BR_ESTADOS O J Tasa Cruda de Incidencia 0 1932 0 1932 0 1932 10 1693 10 1693 27 8804 27 8804 89 6516 89 6516 147 1039 147 1039 2 809 4153 IV AMERICA O One Centimeter 227 Km Km 250 500 750 X 71 88
33. or the soil types of a region In the representation of lines and areas each pair of coordinates forms a node linked by lines that constitute the vector object At present files of coordinates obtained from Global Positioning System GPS receptors are being used more widely The vector format 1s commonly used to describe discrete entities such as a City State or Municipality of a Country it is less used to describe continuous entities as is the case of the raster format such as soil types accesses to health care units etc 23 SIGEpi User s Manual Spatial data file formats Vector type supported by SIGEpi ESRI Shapefiles shp ESRI Shapefiles is a simple non topological format for storing data in geometric locations and their attributes that describe the geographic characteristics of a given area The shapefile format defines the geometry and attributes of geographically referenced characteristics in approximately 5 files shp shx dbf sbh and sbx ain and aih ESRI Coverages adf tat ESRI Coverages are topological data structures that represent geographic characteristics The coverage format 1s designed for spatial analysis and applications that manage large volumes of geographic data Defining the spatial topological characteristics in a coverage format can optimize data storage reducing redundancy of coordinates and facilitating several spatial operations such as an overlay and adjacency of geographi
34. order to find the areas with the largest populations The municipalities are grouped classified into ranges according to their population For example municipalities with a population value less than 125 000 habitants are grouped into the first range those with more than 125 000 and less than 160 000 are grouped into the second range those with more than 160 000 and less than 190 000 go in the third range and so on This type of thematic map makes easier the identification of geographic distribution pattern of the populations likewise if instead of representing population rates of a particular disease are used the map will show the geographic distribution pattern of the disease and could be easy to identify the municipalities al highest health problems Representing your data with Thematic Maps allows you to identify at a glance differences among areas for the indicator being analyzed 55 SIGEpi User s Manual An Interesting aspect of Thematic Maps of Ranges 1s the method for constructing the ranges SIGEpi offers several methods for constructing ranges they are e Equal Ranges This method creates ranges so that each range is the same size For example you have a variable in the Table with values from 1 to 100 If you create a Thematic Map using ranges defined with four equal ranges you get the following ranges 1 25 26 50 51 75 76 100 e Equal Quantity Ranges This method creates ranges so that approximately the same numb
35. tables can be joined to the attributes of layers It is important to use a key field in both tables to relate them This capability allows you to visualize spatial characteristics based on the data values in external tables This also allows you to identify areas based on their characteristics See Working with the Attributes Table How to obtain data to use in SIGEpi Data that comes with SIGEpi The set of data that comes with SIGEpi has the purpose of being used to show the functions and analytical procedures implemented in SIGEpi through Case Studies This set of data is of public domain There is a large amount of sources of cartographic data a lot of them are available through Intenet Some International Organizations are developing different projects and efforts to offer standardized cartographic data to facilitate the use of GIS Technology Some links to websites in Internet where it is possible to have access to cartographic data Geographic Network of Environmental System http www geoeraphicnetwork com free cfm Research Institute ESRD ESRI ArcData Online GIS Data Online http www esti com data online browse html ESRI Packaged Geographic Data Sets Global http www esr1 com data online datapacks index html Center for Disease Control and Prevention of http www cdc gov epiinfo EIshape htm Atlanta CDC Shapefiles that are being distributed by Epilnfo EpiMap 2000 National Sources of cartographic d
36. that displays the calculated index s spatial distribution The values are added to the Attributes Table of the associated Thematic Layer Description of the Statistical Methods Statement of the hypotheses Ho Random spatial distribution of data H Existence of a spatial pattern spatial concentration of regions with similar data values or simply spatial grouping e Moran s I Statistic This is similar to the usual correlation coefficient it measures the covariation between neighboring regions e g municipalities provinces states etc Data with a random spatial distribution yield an expected value for I of close to zero the presence of a spatial pattern leads to positive I values with an upper threshold of 1 for the maximum clustering e Geary s c Statistic This incorporates direct paired comparisons of data instead of the covariation approach of I The expected value of e for randomly distributed data is 1 while the existence of spatial patterns in the data yields values of less than for c and a value of zero for the maximum clustering e Rank adjacency D Statistic This is formulated as the average of the absolute differences in ranks for data of adjacent or contiguous regions Spatial autocorrelation measures require you to create a matrix of weights or distances that defines the association or proximity between each pair of regions There is a set of methods to calculate the weights The Spatial Autocorrelation modul
37. the Legend and Scale Just select the relevant folder tab in the dialog box Map Selection Legend Scale An important map property is the Map Units because all the distance measurements on the man depend on this property The map window set Decimal Degrees as map units by defaults 50 SIGEpi User s Manual ES Properties of Map F Sow HHS E OF Cancel Apply Dialogue box Map Properties Modifying Selection characteristics Spatial Selection Properties The properties of spatial selection are related to the spatial selection functions of features in the map rather than the visualization properties mentioned above By default the selection of features is set to use selection tool graphic tools and the method of intersection This means that if you use a circle as a selection tool you will get the features that intersect with that circle Through the use of Spatial Selection Properties you can define the way to do feature selection To define the spatial selection properties for the Maps Window 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Select the option Spatial Selection Properties from the Map menu 3 Select the Source of selection This can be any tool in the spatial selection Toolbar Or activate a Layer in the Map this means that you will use the selected Layer to choose elements for another Layer 4 Select the Method of selection this means the search method used that is the way you want to use the spatia
38. the Menu Bar Click the starting point of the area where you want to insert the Map in the Layout sheet move the cursor to the desired position and release the button on the mouse Select the Maps Window that you want to insert in the Layout based on the displayed Dialogue Box showing the list of all the Maps that have been designed in the Project B Selecci n de Mapa Seleccione el Mapa que dates mobiporal 4 la presentaci n OF Cancelar Dialogue box Select a Map 171 SIGEpi User s Manual 6 In the same way as for a Text you can click the inserted Map to move it to another location in the Layout Adding a Graph to a Layout To add a Graph to a Layout l ye 3 4 With the Layout Window active Click the Add Graph button on the Toolbar Or Select the Add Graph option from the Layout menu on the Menu Bar Click the starting point of the area where you want to insert the Graph in the Layout sheet move the cursor to the desired position and release the button on the mouse Select the Graph that you want to insert in the Layout based on the displayed Dialogue Box which lists all the Graphs that you have created in the Project k 5elecci n de Gr lico Selecci nea el Gi hco que deves mooie a la preterfaci n Ghost chez Dialogue box Select a Graph 172 SIGEpi User s Manual 6 Just as you did for inserting a Text or a Map you can click the inserted
39. the selected critical geographic units 136 SIGEpi User s Manual Composite Index in Health The health situation in geographic areas and groups of populations is usually based on several variables and indicators from different dimensions usually including health economic and social indicators and other factors Many times it 1s necessary to synthesize information from different indicators in one index which take into account several aspects of the health needs The calculation of composite health indexes is a simple and general method that allows creating a robust index taking into account several indicators This method should be use to determine unmet health need and prioritize health intervention or reallocation or resources This index is based on Z scores the mean and the standard deviation are calculated for each indicator and based on its values The Zscore for each indicator is calculated The composite health index is the sum of the Zscore value of all the indicators for each geographic unit X X S where X Value of the Indicator X Mean S Standard deviation Z ICS Composite Health Index Z Z2 Z3 Zn where Zi Z score of the Indicator 1 By applying this procedure the composite health index is calculated for each geographic unit the Z score of each indicator included in the model and the new calculated variable ICS is added to the layer To create a Composite Health Index 1 Activate the Ma
40. to link the data source to the Project Database you can Add External Table Link do this from a the Database menu on the Menu Bar b Or the menu displayed by right clicking the Tables component in the component list in the Project Window 3 In the Dialogue Box displayed select the type of data file that you want to add 4 Select the Table or Database that containing the Tables that you want to add 85 SIGEpi User s Manual 5 Click the Open button to add the selected Table to the Project Database or to open the Database containing the Tables that you want to add 6 Select the Tables to add in the following Dialogue Box if you have previously selected a Database as the data source 7 Click the a Import button to import the selected Table b Link button to link the Table to the Database You can repeat this action as many times as you have Tables you want to import ax Look in E Datos e e Ed 21C _DE_Old mdb 21 06_ind mdb My Computer E EA File name CA_DB mdb My Network F Files of type Microsoft Access mdb Cancel VE Dialogue box Select Database Import Tables Tables in C Program Files SIGEpiCatos C4 DB mdb CA Diths Pob cose _ Select Tables to Import As a result the names of the selected Tables are added to the Database and are displayed in the list of Tables of the Database component of the Project You can work with the data contained in the
41. two basic characteristics domains and relations Domains contain the possible values of a variable for example Gender can be Feminine or Masculine Educational Level could be Primary School Secondary School University or Other Relations represent the disaggregation of an object or entity into attributes or characteristics all Table MalaEdo ENTIDADES PORZO02 TMI TCDA POBLIRE ANALFT THMh 3810 Costa Ric a4 Example of a Data Table of a Database In a GIS the rows usually represent the geographic units and the columns represent variables related to the geographic units for example population socioeconomic levels mortality etc Tables and Queries When working with Tables in SIGEpi your data is organized in a tabular structure You can select Data from different Tables and organize them into new Tables You can add Data from different Tables to the Map and symbolize interpret and analyze your data geographically Tables in SIGEpi are dynamic This means that the Tables reflect the current status of the data source or Table on which they are based If the data source changes the Table based on that data automatically changes to reflect this You can create New Tables and incorporate their values directly Some Tables can be edited depending on the data source that they represent You can create Queries based on data in Tables by establishing a SQL condition that you want met as a requirement for selecting or grou
42. variable depending on the method selected 5 Choose the beginning and ending colors for displaying the color ramp in the ranges to do this click the beginning and ending colors and select the desired color 54 SIGEpi User s Manual Thematic Map of Ranges Legend Title The Thematic Map of Ranges allows you to classify the values of a selected variable in Intervals or classes tis applicable only to numeric warables tis useful to explore the distribution of values in space states Variable P_EMPL_SEC ha Rangez Method Quantity la sl Equal Ranges Equal Count Ranges Quantiles Calar Mean amp Standard Deviation Natural Breaks Stark Legend Dutlers Values Busti ap Customized End ES VITAL Iv harder Update Dialogue Thematic Map of Ranges Selecting the method to calculate the range values 6 Update the Map Legend by clicking on Update button this action causes the ranges calculated in the Legend edit box of the dialog box to update 7 Get the desired Thematic Map by clicking on Apply button this causes the corresponding Thematic Map to display in the Maps Window 8 Edit the colors and cut off values of the ranges displayed in the Legend edit box for this you must previously select the Customaized method see Updating the Map Legend 9 Click the OK button to conclude Example You have a layer of municipal boundaries and you want to classify them according to their population in
43. we have just created by smoothing the Standardized Rate the new variables SRR standardized rate ratio and S SRR standardized ratio smoother are added to the Attributes Table associated with the Layer with the values of the standardized ratios and the smoothed ratios The new layer 1s added to the Map 132 SIGEpi User s Manual Identification of Priority and Critical Areas SIGEpi allows you to identify the geographic units areas and localities that meet certain conditions which can be classified as critical according to a criterion based on an approach of social indicators The identification of groups of population and geographic region with worse health and socio economic conditions is one of the common tasks in public health Usually the public health professionals work with several health and other social indicators to identify the areas that meet the less favorable condition with the objective to focalize the intervention public health actions and allocation of resources This process is known in public health as the identification of critical areas and groups of population SIGEp1 offers a simply procedure to identify on a map the geographic units that satisfy a pre defined set of conditions As a result the geographic units that meet the conditions established in terms of the cut off values that serve as patterns for comparison are shaded on the Map For example You may want to know the geographic units groups of populati
44. with the data in the associated Tables and their graphic representation analytical procedures used etc e In another Maps Window you are analyzing the Distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in a region linked to tables that reflect the characteristics and health patterns of the areas epidemiological and or statistical procedures applied etc e This way there are as many components of each type as are needed for an efficient analysis with several alternative data sets organized into a Project to support your work WARNING Even though it is possible to have so many components as it is required during a work session with SIGEpi it is suggested to be cautious mainly with the quantity of windows of maps opened simultaneously there should be taken into account the size of the cartographic files that are being used and the availability of memory of the computer in order to avoid effects unwanted during its use Working with the Project Creating a New Project When a Project is created in SIGEpi a file is created that contains all the Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts components that are used to create or modify the Project e To create a Project follow the steps 1 From the File menu choose the option New Project 2 Or from the Toolbar under the Menu Bar click the New Project button 29 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEp1 close all windows and components of the application asking the user to save the current pro
45. you to determine the correlation among selected variables and helps determine the important variables to include in the study analysis See Analytical Procedures Correlation Analysis Regression Analysis This procedure makes it possible to apply simple and multiple regression between independent variables and a dependent variable Several regression models can be applied The results are presented in the Results Window in the case of a simple linear regression a regression graph is generated See Analytical Procedures Simple linear and multiple regression Analytical statistical and epidemiological procedures necessary for data analyses and decision making in Public Health and Epidemiology Calculation Standardization and Smoothing of Rates This procedures permit calculation of rates both crude and specific by population groups or strata defined by the user The calculated rates can be standardized adjusted according to a criterion such as age group etc applying direct or indirect methods The calculated and standardized rates are added as new columns in a new layer and are displayed in Thematic Maps See Analytical Procedures Calculation Standardization and Spatial Smoothing of Rates Identification of Critical Areas This function allows you to identify the areas regions cities or geographic units that meet the conditions or criteria established by the user This function is very useful for identifying
46. 80 Hidalgo Hidalgo Mexico Es 526 Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Es 361 Mexico Mexico Mexico Es 308 Michoacan Michoacan Mexico Es 678 Morelos Morelos Mexico Es 845 Nayarit Nayarit Mexico Es 242 Nuevo Leon Nuevo Leon Mexico Es 404 Daxaca Daxaca Mexico Es 270 Puebla Puebla Mexico Ez Lal Queretaro Queretaro Mexico Es Quintana Roo San uis Potosi Al Quintana Roo Mexico San uis Patnsi Mexicn y nm Example of Relationship between data tale and Attributes Table of a Layer e As many relationships as desired can be added to the Attributes Table just select every Table of interest and follow the steps described above to add a new relationship The final Attributes Table contains all the established relationships It is important to note that this relationship is valid only for the layer in which it was applied and if the layer is duplicated or copy and paste in the same map window the relationship will be remained Using the option Save as Shapefile in Layer menu it is possible to create a new layer with all attributes of the relationship Converting a Relationship to a Shapetile In SIGEpi you can make permanent the relationship you established between a Table of the Database and the Attributes Table of the Layer to do this you must convert the layer to a new Shapefile This process creates e new layer which includes the attributes of the related table 74 SIGEpi User s Manual Removing Relationships To remove relati
47. APS siii ad 33 AA A ETA 33 Sl AMM O E Mn RE EE O eee ET 33 WHATISA CARTOGRAPHIC LA BR e de cae AOS 34 CREATING AND WORKING WITH A MAP cccscecceccecccceccecceceececcecescecseceececssceecuscscescsceseecascecescs 35 Special Program for Health Analysis SHA SIGEpz Pan American Health Organization PAHO User s Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Adano Thematic LIVES vcierinatecctavuttstiaunlarestaceiiGu R E E 37 Dipin SLAVE ds T AE A A EEEE E E E EE weenie ces cea oA SClCCIING and mak Mmo ace a LaVeys nera eee ee 38 Chanoine TAE DOS ALO MPA Sl cabo ol 38 Dejininoine Properties Of 112 LIVES 23 o 38 O AAA A E 39 Deming a Vartable JOP TOOL iii alice 40 reMC SRA cda 4 Showing the Attributes Table of the Layer ooonnnnnnnnnncccnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnonannnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnns 4 FINAS geographic umils in INC LIS a tia 42 UTE A A ee ne 43 e lo a B10 112 Rann RT TCE nN OOD ne nn ee eae a one E ee ee ere Ne ee 45 Selecting all the geographic units Of A LAVEL oicccccccccccccccccccccc cece eee eee cece eee e cece cece eect eet a ated anaes 47 Clearing a previous SCLCCIION Of CAMUS ed 47 Other TOOLS related TO LAN TS A elias 47 TOOLS FORMAT MANAGEMEN Led 48 DEFINING THE PROPERTIES OF THE MAPS WINDOW cococccccccccccnononnncnnnnnnnnnocnnnnnnnnnnnnccnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnos 50 SPATIAL SELECTION PROPERTIES sastre otitis 51 THEMATIC MAPS 00d 52 BEAR AD AAA A A E DZ DV DCS OF L hemna CIVICS a act ito is 53 Themateg IWiap isi RAN Ces A ced
48. Bar b Or from the menu displayed by right clicking the selected Layer c Or from the Table menu on the Menu Bar displayed when there is an active Attributes Table As a result all the geographic units of the active Layer appear highlighted in the color and configuration defined in the selection properties of the Maps Window Clearing a previous selection of features While working with Maps you might select specific geographic units for an analysis and find that you need to unselect or clear the current selection and continue the analysis with all the geographic features You can select the features in a layer using spatial selection tools or by three other selection methods by attributes using another Layer or selecting all features Review previous topics to learn about selection methods To clear the current selection 1 Activate the Maps Window and Select the desired Layer 2 Select the option Clear Current Selection a from the Layer menu b Or from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of activated layer on the Legend c Or from the Table menu when a Attribute table windows 1s active As a result the active layer 1s displayed without any geographic units selected Other Tools related to Layers aL Buttons for other Tools for management of Layers The tools described in this topic are accessible in the toolbar when a map window 1s active Some of the related functions to the tool buttons are
49. Click the drop down button of the Sample edit box if you want to select another Thematic Point Layer SIGEpi displays the active Point Layer initially click the Layer you want 7 Click the drop down button of the Effect Variable edit box this shows the variables or columns of the Attributes Table associated with the Point Layer click the variable that separates the positive and negative Cases in this example the Patient variable 8 Click the drop down button of the Positive Case Value edit box and select the variable s Positive Case Value from the list of values contains by clicking the corresponding value 9 As described above 1f you want to conduct a stratified analysis for example by Sex select the corresponding variable from the list displayed in the Strata edit box 10 Click the OK button The results obtained by applying the procedure are added to the SIGEpi Results Window by analyzing these results you can find the exposure effect association for the cases being studied 163 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Obtaining Results SIGEpi provides a Results Sheet that summarizes the analytical and statistical procedures applied to your data SIGEp1 allows applying a set of statistical epidemiological and exploratory analysis procedures to the data with emphasis on spatial data Most of these methods generate results in form of numbers text and tables The Results of the analytical processes applied to the data
50. Correlation Analysis is a statistical method that allows you to measure the level of correlation between two or more variables creating a correlation matrix it is a statistical measure of relationships between variables Using this method you can determine how close or distant the observed values of the variables are and what relationship exists among them To apply the Correlation Analysis Procedure to data 1 Activate the Maps Window and 2 a Select the Thematic Layer of interest b Or Activate the Attributes Table of the Layer of interest Note The Attributes Table should contain the variables and data for the analysis 3 Select the option Correlation Analysis from the Epi Analysis menu on the Menu Bar SIGEpi User s Manual 4 In the displayed Dialogue choose the variable s for which you want to calculate de correlation coefficients by clicking on the variable names Holding the Shift and or Ctrl keys pressed down you can select more then one variables Select Variables Theme perstat Title Correlation of Health Indicators POPURE H20 DRENAJE Dialogue box Select variable s 5 Click the OK button As a result a matrix of correlation of the selected variables 1s generated in the Results Window The correlation matrix is an squared matrix with a column and a row for each variable each cell shows the Pearson s correlation coefficient the 95 Confident Interval of the estimation of the correlati
51. Direction of the indicator according to the direction of the Index is being constructed In the example suppose we are creating and an Index of Health Needs so high values of this indicator means a higher health needs In the case of the indicator Infant Mortality Rate higher values means worse situation so it has the same direction of the index but in the case of Live Expectancy at Birth and Percentage of Population with Access to Potable Water higher values mean a better situations so both indicator have an opposite direction respect to the index We have to change the direction of both indicators to negative 6 Define the weights in percentage or relative influence of each indicator the total weight should sum 100 By default the same value is assigned to each indicator You can change this value If the objective 1s to create an composite index to determine health needs or 138 SIGEpi User s Manual identify critical areas is better to give the same weight to each indicator Assigning different weights to the indicator we are introducing subjective information to the model 7 The total of influence is shown in the total Influence edit box shown further below as long as this value is not equal to 100 the OK button of the dialog box is not activated Ifyou want to delete remove indicators that you have selected click on the desired indicator in the table of Selected Indicators clicking on it and click on the lt
52. Graph to move it to another location in the Layout Pps oe el Layout Window Adding a Graph Showing a Layout To show ot display a Layout 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Double click the name of the Layout Window that you want to display from the list of layouts in the ES Layouts component in the Project Window 3 Or Select the Layout that you want to show by clicking its name and a Click the amp 4 Show Window button on the Toolbar that appears on the left of the Project Window b Or Select the Show Layout option from the Project menu on the Menu Bar 173 SIGEpi User s Manual Technical Support The Area of Health Analysis and Information Systems AIS of the Pan American Health Organization PAHO offer the required technical support to registered users This support will be offered using various means and strategies such as training both in site and distance modalities through the implementation of a discussion forum and by direct contact of the users with the development team e Training Courses Workshops Training Sessions The GIS Team of AIS organizes periodically several courses and workshops on GIS application in Epidemiology and Public Health Information about schedules of the workshops will be published at the Website of SIGEPI Project at http ais paho org sigep1 Courses workshops are also offered including other modalities of technical training by request These kind of training can be
53. HEALTH ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS AIS PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION PAHO Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health Version 1 26 March 2003 User s Manual HEALTH ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION SYSTEM AIS PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION PAHO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH User s Manual Geographic Information System in Epidemiology sigepi Pan American Health Organization Speal Program for Health Analysis Copyright Pan American Health Organization PAHO 2002 All rights reserved Developed by Ram n Martinez Piedra Information and Technology Group AIS PAHO Manuel Vidaurre Informaiton and Technology Group AIS PAHO Katia D az Information and Technology Group AIS PAHO Dr Enrique Loyola Analysis Group AIS PAHO Dr Carlos Castillo Salgado Manager Area of Health Analyisis and Information Systems AIS PAHO Health Analysis and Information System AIS Pan American Health Organization PAHO 525 23 Street NW Washington D C 20037 Telephone 202 974 3327 Fax 202 974 E mail sha paho org Special Program for Health Analysis SHA SIGEpz Pan American Health Organization PAHO User s Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION aa 9 A A EERE O A O eae eee Se AEN ACNE RAN 9 COMPONENTS OF SITE id 9 DISTRIBUTION dd em ado 10 WHATISSIGEP da il 10 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS Dai radar 10 FUNCTIONSOF UE e ro ne on l
54. I Statistic is defined as bead 20 ls 3 x F YY x y Pra 7 Under the null hypothesis for spatially random data the mean and the variance of l are E 1 1 n 1 Var 1 n2S nSo 38 2 S n 1 EY where So Sis Wi S1 Sis W Wii S2 S S W w For spatially random data E I 1 n 1 or approximately equal to zero for a moderately large value of n In contrast when spatial concentration or a spatial pattern occurs the x values of neighboring regions are correlated positively leading to positive values for I e Geary s c Statistic is defined as em nt 2 Day xx PLE A ii with the mean and variance ie the null E as ad baon E c 1 Var c 2S S2 n 1 4S 1 2 n 1 S 154 SIGEpi User s Manual Since the values of x and x are compared directly in the numerator of c positive autocorrelation leads to small values for c with a limit equal to zero for the maximum positive correlation e The rank adjacency D statistic is based only on the order of the data Let y be the rank of Xi Then D is defined as the mean absolute difference in rank for the pairs of adjacent regions and is defined as PA E I y ee i Bo i T D 2 ey 1 with the mean and variance under the null hypothesis as expressed below END m 13 Far 1 fl ahi a la A w 1 yy es me ME We where w wi weight between regions 1 J and ws wj weight between regions J 1 Statistic
55. LO SERGIPE TOCANTINS IV BR_EST_TE Crude_Rate 28 32 2528 38 0402 38 0402 62 1655 62 1655 64 9395 64 9395 72 8284 V BR_ESTADOS O I Tasa Cruda de Incidencie y One Centimeter 227 Km Km 250 500 750 X 60 54 Y 5 90 9 23 2003 2 46 PM WY Map Window Thematic Map of Unique Values 66 SIGEpi User s Manual Moditying a Thematic Map Frequently is desirable and necessary to edit or modify an already created thematic map To modify a Thematic Map 1 Activate the Maps Window and select the Layer that contains the Thematic Map you want to modify 2 a Double click the Layer in the Legend of the Maps Window to activate the Thematic Map dialog box b Or click the Thematic Map button on the Toolbar c Or Select the option Modify Thematic Map from the Layer menu In each case the dialog box for the type of Thematic Map is displayed You can change or define new variables and characteristics of the Thematic Map just as it was explained in the case of the creation of a new Thematic Map To build other type of Thematic Map based on the same Thematic Layer e Ifyou want to keep the existing Thematic Map fallow the steps Duplicate the layer from which you want to create the new Thematic Map Actiavte the new layer and 3 Create the new thematic map as described above in the heading Creating a Thematic Map NO m e Ifyou do not want to keep the existing Thematic Map delete the Thematic M
56. Map Layer Epi Analysis Window Help Menu Bar of the Maps Window Toolbar The Toolbar appears under the Menu Bar It 1s made up of two lines of buttons that simplify access to the menu options The tool buttons are also related to the window types As with the Menu Bar a different toolbar appears when another type of window is activated OSA Se BOC S Aa SS 4 MR 7 Toolbar of the Maps Window 18 SIGEpi User s Manual Starting to work with SIGEpi To begin to work with SIGEpi make sure the program is installed satisfactorily The process of starting to run SIGEpi is similar to that for any software program that runs on the Windows Operating System platform e Torun SIGEpi take the following steps 1 Click the Windows 95 98 NT Start button 2 Select the option Programs SIGEpi SIGEpi A splash identification window is displayed followed by the principal SIGEpi window or Project Window To help you begin working with SIGEpi a welcome window is displayed asking you to select the characteristics with which to begin work with SIGEpi Welcome to SIGEpi i Create a New Project f with a Map view blank without Map view Open an Existing Project Open Last Project e Show this dialog always starting SIGE pi Cancel Welcome Window e In this window you can select 1 Create a New Project a with a Map window b blank without a Map window 2 Open an existing Project 3
57. Project file does not contain the actual data that you use in SIGEpi such as spatial data stored in Shapefiles and tables A Project stores references to these data sources so the same data can be used in several Projects without duplicating it What does the Project Window do When you open a Project all the Project components are listed or displayed in the Project Window From the Project Window you can create new Project components open or rename existing components or remove or delete Project components When the Project Window is active its menu of options and buttons is available allowing you to carry out operations and manage all its components How do you personalize the Project Each Project component in SIGEpi can be personalized by selecting 1t from the corresponding Menu Bar of the active window or double clicking the appropriate button to define or modify the Properties of the component The characteristics that can be modified depend on the type of component Project Window Each Project in SIGEpi has a Project Window that is used to manage all the components such as the Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts Windows 3 Project bees Es Map 1 fj Database Project Window The Project Window has a list of buttons on the left side of the work area that represent the Project components you can use these buttons to select the component you want to activate or display on the screen For example To
58. Tables for spatial data analysis and data visualization You can display and edit the Imported and Linked Tables if you want to do so SIGEpi User s Manual Linked Tables have only their names in the list of Tables in the Database their content remains in the original data source SIGEpi maintains a dynamic link to these Tables if the data source is updated the data s display in SIGEpi is automatically updated For example you can edit or modify the content of these Tables using other tools such as MS Access or MS Excel changes are reflected automatically in the Table linked to the Database in SIGEpi Note The linked tables can not be related to layers in a Map They only can be used to data processing and generate new variables and tables Displaying and Editing Tables The Tables that make up the Project Database in SIGEpi can be displayed at any time you also can edit or modify the values of the data they contain To show or display the Tables l 2 Activate the Project Window Double click the name of the Table that you want to display from the list of Tables that make up the Database component in the Project Window Or Select the Table that you want to display by clicking the name of the Table and a Click the 4 Open button from the Toolbar that appears to the left of the Project Window b Select the option Open Table from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Table As a result the
59. To calculate and standardize Rates the attributes table of the layer should contain the variables of each element of the rate E cases or deaths and P population under risk in the given period of time and place 116 SIGEpi User s Manual In the case of calculation of specific rates and standardization of rate 1t 1s a requirement to have these two elements E and P for each stratum For example to calculate the specific Rates for the age groups strata children under 5 from 5 to 14 years from 15 to 39 years from 40 to 65 years and 65 years and more the data Table must contain variables for cases from each stratum Cases 5 Cases 5 14 Cases 15 39 Cases 40 65 Cases 65 and population variables for each stratum Pop 5 Pop 5 14 Pop 15 39 Pop 40 65 Pop 65 You can use the standard populations that you considers most advisable you can utilize global or regional population data the population standard defined by international organizations as United Nations the population of one of the geographic unit under study or the total population of the geographic units you are comparing It is important to know that the final result of the standardization will depend on the standard population selected This means that standardizing rates using different standard population the result will not be the same Calculation of Rates SIGEpi offers the capability to calculate crude and specific rates Calculation of Crude Rates To calculate cr
60. User s Manual 5 At the bottom of the Dialogue the option Create Thematic Map for the Adjusted Rate is checked you can check or uncheck it to indicate whether or not you want to create the Thematic Map of the standardized rate 6 Click the OK button 7 Using the Save layer dialog define a folder and a name for the new layer to be created containing the standardized Rate and click on Save button As a result a new cartographic layer is created and the new variables are added The layer is added to the Map E Dengue Brasil 2002 T ET Thematic Map of Ranges visualizing quintiles of the Directly Standardized Rate DAR 123 SIGEpi User s Manual INDIRECT METHOD TAR When Specific rates for the strata of the variable we are interested in adjust for are not available it is convenient to standardize using the Indirect Method In this method the Standardized Ratio of Rate Standardized Mortality or Morbidity Rate is obtained To apply the Indirect Method it is needed e Distribution of population by strata e The number of events cases or deaths by strata e Stratum Specific Rates of a standard population The indirect method utilizes the size of the strata population by which we want adjust for and the specific rates of the standard population to calculate how many events could be expected in the population if they had the specific rates of the standard population The expected events are compared to observed events to ca
61. Window 1 Activate the Results Window and 2 Choose the Select All option from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar As a result all the elements displayed in the active Results Window are highlighted This way you can copy all the results to the Clipboard and add them to any document 167 SIGEpi User s Manual 210 x1 Frequency Distribution his topic presents the frequency distribution of selected variables Layer CAI Warable POB MILES a So e E 6 5750 AO E MEN 7 ae 1 e i Layer CAI Variable TAN Clearing an existing selection While working with the Results Window in SIGEpi you may want to delete selections previously made when selecting some Results and Tables to copy to the Clipboard to add to a document or when you have selected all the results in the Window To clear an existing selection 1 Activate the Results Window and 2 Select the Clear Selection option from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar This displays the active Results Window without any selections of elements in the Window p SIGEpi Geographic Info File Edit Results Windows Lopy Export HTML As Select All Limpiar Selecci n 168 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Creating Layouts SIGEpi allows you to group and organize all your data analysis into a Layout A Layout is a component of the Project in SIGEpi that allows you to show in the System window or in a printed document any components or elements from those you
62. Y 21 88 9 23 2003 11 52 AM Ui Map Window Thematic Map using Pie Charts 64 SIGEpi User s Manual Thematic Map using Single Values The Thematic Map using Unique Values is used to represent phenomena that show a compact and uniform spread within a territory It is assumed that the phenomenon represented is either present or absent for a geographic unit but that it is not possible to distinguish levels of intensity within the geographic unit Generally this type of map is used to represent qualitative or categorical variables 1 e a classification of areas according to risk categories very low low medium high and very high In spite of that it 1s possible to use quantitative or numeric variables in this type of map The dialog box for Thematic Map using Single Values allows you to 1 Establish a name for the Map Legend 2 Select the variable to graph it is important for indicate that a categorical variable should be chosen for this map It 1s possible to use a numeric variable but it should be taken into account that this type of thematic map is to represent categories not quantities Specify whether you want a border for polygons or area features Update the Legend edit box by clicking the Update button 5 Show the desired Thematic Map by clicking the Apply button this causes the corresponding Thematic Map to display in the Maps Window 6 Edit the colors for the categories displayed in the Legend edit box see Updat
63. a filter to select a data subset from the included Tables 16 In the SQL statement edit box all the SQL conditions or statements that have been constructed so far are displayed this includes the names of the included Tables the fields that are part of the Query and the conditions that the data should satisfy In this box you also can edit or modify constructed statement 93 SIGEpi User s Manual 17 In the Query Name edit box type the name for the Query you constructed this name is displayed in the list of Queries of the Project Database 18 If you also want to create a data Table containing the results of the constructed SQL statement type the name for the Table in the Create Resulting Table edit box This Table name also is displayed in the list of Tables of the Project Database Note It is important to know that a Query is not a table it is a sentence in SQL language that express a command to be executed by the database engine So a Query always reflects the current status of the data in the database and displays a data view not a table Click on the Save button to finish saving the defined SQL statement and add the new Query to the list of Queries of the Project Database 19 Click the Run button 1f you want to execute the Query SQL sentence at this time as a result a table view window 1s displayed that shows the resulting Query Note You may not want to run the SQL sentence at this time in any case whenever you
64. abase in MS Access standard format mdb you can create add and import all the tables you need or require for your work As part of the Database a Structured Query Language SQL is available to process the Tables SQL has proved very useful in managing Relational Database Management Systems and carrying out the most diverse operations on Tables Using the database procedures you can carry out multiple operations with your data e Create new columns or variables as a result of calculating new values based on the contents of variables that already exist e Create levels of data aggregation which means applying cluster functions to the values of the variables to get new values that summarize data at the level of units by which they are grouped e Combine two or more Tables into a new Table e Select the columns or rows of the Table that you want e Select a subset of data or objects from the Table For more information on Relational Database Systems in Geographic Information Systems consult the book Geographic Information Systems in Health Basic Concepts SHA PAHO 17 SIGEpi User s Manual What s a Database A Database is a relational data structure conceived as a set of relationships among the attributes or data represented in one or more Tables The values of the attributes of each entity are stored in rows or records the relationships are commonly established among the columns of the Table A data structure has
65. al Local o Neighbor f features which share boundaries O Distances of 10 Kilometers OF Presentation of Results jw Moran s Scatter Plot W Map of Local Spatial Association Types Moran s Scattermap W Map of Significance of Local Indicator of Spatial Association MW Map of Significant LISA and Type of Local Association OF Cancel Dialogue Spatial Autocorrelation Local Index Common border if you only want to include in the calculation geographic areas that have a common border with the selected area Distance if you want to specify a distance and unit of measurement to define the area under study 8 Select how you want to obtain the Results Layout by clicking the options that appear in this case Significance Map for the Spatial Association Index was selected 9 Using the dialogue Save Layer type a name for the new Layer created by this procedure 10 Click the OK button Results e If you select Global Scope the results are presented in the Results Window where you can see the values obtained when applying the statistical tests described If p lt 0 05 hypothesis Ho is rejected This means there is evidence that the data for the variable TMI is spatially autocorrelated in other words a spatial cluster pattern exist e If you select Local Scope a new Layer is created and the results are presented in a Thematic Map using Ranges displaying a spatial distribution for the variable and allo
66. al data up to procedures of exploratory analysis of spatial data A set of key procedures for the Public Health are presented as the calculation standardization and transformation of rates and proportions the construction of composite indexes the identification of critical areas and population groups estimation of risk in areas considering the interaction and spatial dependency of the data methods particularly useful for public health surveillance and the identification of new hypothesis as detection of spatial and spatio temporal clusters and other methods appropriated for the analysis and epidemiological studies at individual level In this chapter 1t 1s presented each procedure the bases and the steps that should be carried out upon applying them The results of the processes of analysis are presented in maps graphs and in texts form in the window of Results e Elements to consider in applying Analytical Procedures to data The cartographic layer should contain the variables that will be utilized in the analytical procedures If the data to be analyzed are in tables of the database it will be needed that the tables be related to the layers of the map Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics are a statistical method for data analysis that allows you to calculate a set of measures of central tendency and dispersion for observed values of a variable To apply the Descriptive Statistics Procedure to data 1 Activate the Map Window
67. al significance test For the three measures of spatial autocorrelation approximation to the normal distribution 1s assumed which means that the Z Test is used to determine the statistical significance For Moran s Z I E l Var l For Geary s c Z c E c Var c 2 For D Z D E D Var D The probability value p is obtained from Z value and evaluating the function of the standard normal distribution The p value should be small enough and compared with a value where a is the probability we accept of rejecting Ho by mistake If p lt a Hois rejected meaning that a spatial pattern or cluster of regions with similar values does exist In other words there is enough evidence to say that exist cluster not due by chance Applying spatial autocorrelation Follow the same procedure for both global and local indexes 1 Activate the Maps Window and Select the Thematic Layer of interest Note The Attributes Table associated with the Layer should contain the variables and data you want to analyze 3 Select the option Spatial Analysis Spatial Autocorrelation from the Epi Analysis menu on the Menu Bar 4 The corresponding Dialogue Box is displayed allowing you to select the variable to apply the spatial autocorrelation procedure to and determine whether or not a spatial distribution pattern exists The name ofthe selected Layer is displayed 155 SIGEpi User s Manual In the Variables list s
68. alue of its neighbors in each geographic unit See Spatial Analysis Spatial Lag Map Global and local indexes of spatial autocorrelation Geographic patterns in the data can be evaluated using measures of spatial autocorrelation linked to tests of statistical significance The latter evaluate whether the spatial distribution of a variable s values follows a certain distribution due to chance or not Indexes of spatial autocorrelation make it possible to detect the existence of statistically significant spatial patterns in health events or detect spatial concentration of geographic units with similar indicator values See Spatial Analysis Spatial Autocorrelation 14 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi Requirements and Installation SIGEpi is a stand alone system programs that runs on Microsoft Windows 95 98 Me NT 2000 operating systems All its functions are integrated into the System itself so that it does not require other programs Technical Requirements Recommended technical characteristics Processor and SIGEpi requires a 486 or Pentium Processor or above with 128 MB of Memory Memory RAM Space available on The installation of the system requires total space of approximately 40 disk MB Space for data It is important that space be available on the disk for the data and geographic bases Installation SIGEpi is distributed on a compact disk It can be installed in the Microsoft Windows 95 98 Me NT 2000 operating sys
69. alyses 1 e to see how different population strata react to the exposure factor under study Strata are defined by a categorical variable in the Attributes Table for the sample population for example Sex or Age Applying the Exposure Effect Association method Let us now see an example of how to perform this analysis in SIGEpi 1 Activate the Map Window and 2 Make sure there are the two layers available in the map as described above one of Exposure Factors and other of Sample Population Here we see the representation in a Map Window Displaying Thematic Layers of a geographic area The circle represents a buffer for the Exposure Factor under study The stars represent individuals classified as a Patient or not a Patient depending on a yes no variable in this case called Patient 162 SIGEpi User s Manual 3 Select the Thematic Point Layer 4 Select the option Exposure Effect Association from the Epi Analysis menu on the Menu Bar The dialog box for Exposure Factor Effect Association is displayed allowing you to select the variable containing the cases of patients from the Attributes Table associated with the selected Thematic Point Layer Dialogue box Exposure Effect Association 5 Click the drop down button of the Theme edit box if you want to select another Thematic Layer that has exposure factors SIGEpi identifies and initially displays a Layer that has such characteristics click the Layer you want 6
70. alysis menu 4 Inthe displayed Dialogue select the dependent variable and the independent variables for the analysis i Lineal Regression l x Table perstat Dependent Yanable Thal SOMI_40 MIN Independent Yarnables ANALFAB M OF Cancel Dialogue Linear Regression In this case was selected Infant Mortality Rate TMI as dependent variable and Illiteracy in woman as independent variable As only one independent variable was selected would be apply a single linear regression model If more than one independent variables are included then a multipe linear regression model will be apply 5 Click the Ok button As aresult we have l A Linear Regression Graph is generated in a graph window that shows the plot of independent and dependent variables the regression line and at the bottom the regression model 113 SIGEpi User s Manual Graph Simple Linear Regression perstat pee o x Linear Regression 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ANALF ABM Regression Equation TMI 25 94 1 16 ANALF ABM Linear Regression Graph 2 The estimated parameters of the model are shown in the Results Window of the Project containing a A Table of Coefficients which gives the parameters for the regression equation standard error value of the statistical T test and probability that allows you to determine the statistical significance for the estimate of the coefficients of the equation b A Table of Analysis o
71. and 106 SIGEpi User s Manual 2 a Select the cartographic layer of interest b Or display or activate the Attributes Table of the Layer of interest Note The Attributes Table should contain the variables and data for the analysis 3 Select the option Descriptive Statistics from the Epi Analysis menu 4 In the displayed Dialogue Box choose the variable s by clicking on its name from the list By pressing the Shift and or Ctrl keys you can select several variables Select Variables Theme Ca ica Title Yanables AREA POP1330 POF1997 POPSO_SOM HOUSEHOLDS MALES FEMALES WHITE H OF Cancel Dialogue box Select variables 5 Click the OK button As a result the calculation procedure is applied to the selected variable s and shown in the Results Window where you can identify characteristics shown by the data or the values stored by the selected variables characteristics of the observations collected mean range minimum and maximum values standard deviation etc These are simple statistical measures for data exploration obtained by applying the Descriptive Statistics method ES Descriptive Statistics This topics presents a set of summary measures to help you to explore the nature of values in selected variables Table Ca_ ica Title Population in California Central Trend and Dispersion Measures Variable s N Min Value Mean Max Value Range sta Dev POP1997 1 250 000
72. anging the position of the Layers The Layers added to the Map are placed top to bottom on the map so the layer added last appears at the top However in order to have a clear representation of the map you should change the positions of the layers It is important to take the geographic and geometric characteristics of each layer into account to define their position on the Map For example if we want to visualize in a map the boundaries of first administrative and political division of a country and the main cities of the country the layer of cities should be at the top This way the overlapping of those layers on the map shows the desired result Otherwise we cannot see the cities on the map due to the administrative boundaries will cover the cities The polygons administrative boundary hide the points cities e To change the order of Layers 1 Move the cursor to the Legend in the Maps Window 2 Click the layer you want to move and drag the cursor to the desired position This operation can be carried out as often as needed until you reach the order that best displays the Layers on the Map Defining the Properties of the Layers To obtain a good quality Map the properties of each layer in the map should be set according to the theme they are representing Among layer properties there are fill color fill pattern line thickness types of symbols etc 38 SIGEpi User s Manual To modify the characteristics or Properties of a
73. ans that as you move the cursor over the Graph depending on the position of the cursor the content or value of the attributes being graphed is displayed 100 SIGEpi User s Manual In the previous example the value of the region s code and total urban population of a selected point of the Graph is displayed you can also see the dynamic link between the Graph geographic units of the Map and records selected from the associated Attributes Table To see the types of Graphs that SIGEpi supports see the topic Types of Graphs that is presented further Editing a Graph When a Graph Window is the active Window a Graph menu is added to the SIGEpi Menu Bar The Graph menu contains the options that allow you to modify the characteristics and properties of the Graph in the active Graph Window SIGEpi Geographic Information File Edit Graph Window Help i pe I Properties Show Legend i E w Show Title w Show Graph Footnote 1 When the Graph Window is active select the option Properties of the Graph from the Graph menu or click the ES Properties button on the Toolbar 2 and you can choose to change the type of Graph that is being shown from the option Type of Graph on the Graph menu Type of Graph d Dimension d Graph Menu To edit a Graph Properties of Graph f General O Series o Color Appearance Background fc 20 Text f 30 e Show border OF Cancel Apply Dialogue box Gra
74. anual Creating and Designing a Table Working with the Database in SIGEpi you can create a new Table this adds a new Table structure to the Project Database Or you can modify the structure of any Table in the Database by selecting the Design Table option To create a Table in the Database 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Click the Tables component in the Database there must be a Project Database open to be able to create and add a Table 3 a Click the i New Window Toolbar which appears to the left of the Project components list b Select the option Create Table from the Database menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of a Table in the Database To design modify a Table in the Database 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Click the name of the Database Table that you want to modify the structure 3 a Select the option Table Design from the Database menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the Database Table In both cases a Dialogue box is displayed which allows you to define and or modify the characteristics and structure of the Table you are creating and or designing ES Table Structure y 7 xj Mame of Table New able List of Fields Name of Field inex sd Var l War2 Type Byte IF Fixed Long Vara Size ho P variable Lona Order ho P 4uto Increment Allow Long Zero Ordinal Position o Required valida
75. ap and Select the layer Create the new Thematic Map as described in the heading Creating a Thematic Map hb If you want to modify or change the colors and the cut off values of each range of the Thematic Map see the heading Updating the Map Legend Updating the Map Legend Updating the ranges colors and values on the Map Legend Once the characteristics and variables for constructing a Thematic Map have been defined according to the corresponding Dialogue Box for creating each Thematic Map the ranges colors and the values limits generated automatically for each range are displayed depending on the method selected e As seen in the creation of each type of Thematic Map you can 1 Click the Update button and the Map Legend is updated in the dialog box 2 Click the Apply button and the constructed Thematic Map is displayed on the Map 67 SIGEpi User s Manual 3 Click the OK button of the corresponding dialog box once satisfied with the Thematic Map created this closes the Dialogue Box and returns control to the Maps Window e Working with the Dialogue Box to construct each type of Thematic Map you can 1 Continue to modify the variables and method defined in constructing the Thematic Map and select other values 2 Click the Update button so that the modifications are updated on the Map Legend and 3 Click the Apply button to see how the Map would look and then click the OK button when you are satis
76. appear Select the label to display for the variables that you are graphing Click the OK button to make the Graph 99 SIGEpi User s Manual Creating Graphs Title Pop and Pesticides Table pais_mescamerica Vanables Variables in Table Seres of graph COUNT SUM_POP_ amp D SUM_SOKM_A TOT_TON_PL Using variable as label CNTRY_NAME r Dialogue box Creating Graphs defining the variables As a result you get a Graph Window with the graphic representation of the selected variables from the Thematic Layer SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health File Edit Table EpiAnalysis Window Help oela El solel z Eal O 8 Features Attributes of Layer pais_mesoamerica El px iol A EA COUNT FIRST_FIPS SUM_POP_AD E ini f i El Tables Pop and Pesticides x mK AA 89051 272 E IPA9002 TES 3 MalaEdo i 14 ES 5752470 fae vache CNTRY_NAME 22 GT 10321266 y Tol ri 18 HO 5367067 E a rome 16 NU 4275103 ia 10 PM 2562045 e Queries Nicaragua Query1 Honduras Query2 E il Graphs Guatemala Legend Graph edo_mesoan_ HM sum por_aD Graph edo_mesoan El Salvador MM TOT_TON_PL Graph edo_mesoan Graph pais_mesoar Costa Rica Belize Mexico 50000000 100000000 Values One Centimeter 103 Km Km 200 400 Example of Screen with Maps Window Table and Graph The Graph Window can show the content of the displayed graphic element this me
77. area under consideration 8 Click the OK button 9 In the Dialogue Save Layer choose a folder and type a name for the new Layer and click on Save button As a result a new Layer is created containing the Thematic Map of Ranges of the smoothed variable classified by quintiles The smoothed variable is added to the new layer and the new layer is added to the Map U SIGI Geographic Inform System in Lp des miolo Hy i and Public Health Be Le Ea imien b Scale 1 PO Tead A ORNATE V SIRSA SS OOO Thematic Map using Ranges visualizing the distribution of the smoothed variable 149 SIGEpi User s Manual Spatial Lag Map The procedure used to obtain a Spatial Lag Map also called a Variable Map and its weighted spatial mean allows you to identify on a Map the pattern or relationship that may exist between an observed variable for a geographic unit and the mean of the estimated values for the variable among the unit s neighbors To apply this procedure you only need to select the variable you want to represent on the Map to find its spatial behavior SIGEpi automatically calculates the estimated value for the variable in each geographic unit of the region represented by the Thematic Layer As a result the Map shows the relationship between the variable under study and the estimated value for its neighbors in each geographic unit of the Map Using this procedure you can obtain a Thematic Map using Bar Charts or
78. as a file that you can later insert in any document just as you could do by selecting the option Copy Map and copying it to the clipboard In this case however the image is stored on your PC 3 And you also can select the option Export Geo referenced Map Image from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar This allows you to save an image of your Map conserving its geographic reference This means that when it loads the image as a Layer of the Map it is located in the geographic position that corresponds to it 72 SIGEpi User s Manual Working with the Data Tables and Map Layers As 1t was mentioned earlier cartographic data have two types of data graphic elements that represent geographic objects which are displayed in the map and attributes that describe its characteristics The attributes are organized in a table where each row belongs to a feature in the layer and each column is a variable In most of the GIS applications in Public Health we have to deal with health and disease data and data from other sectors as demographic socio economic data and others that usually comes from disease surveillance systems routine information systems or health surveys A key step to spatially process and visualize these data in a map is to relate data tables to map layers The condition to do this step is that each data table has a key variable or column which is standardized with a key attribute of the attribute table of the layer SIGEpi inclu
79. ase q 2 x Look in E Mapas st E File name Dato eso mdb Files of type Microsoft Access MOBs mdb Cancel Open as read only 4 Tos My Network F Dialogue box Open Database This process opens the database and includes it to the Project To view the names of the Tables and or Queries contained in the opened Database click the Tables and or Queries component of the Project Window 81 SIGEpi User s Manual Project window Open Database with Tables and Queries Closing the Database While working in SIGEpi you may want to close the Database with which you are working either because you have concluded your analysis or because you want to open another Database To close a Database 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Select the option Close Database from the Project menu This closes the current Database and clears the list of Tables and or Queries shown in the Project Window Managing Tables A Table allows you to work with data organized in a tabular data structure within the Database You can integrate data from different data sources and organize them as Tables of the Database It is important to note that you can group together all the data that you have and need to analyze add the Tables you want to an existing Database or create a new Database and incorporate the Tables of interest from several data sources See Importing and Linking Tables 82 SIGEpi User s M
80. ata It is recommended to contact the national institutions in charge of census and or cartographic data of each country with the intention of identifying national sources of cartographic data in digital formats Using data of other formats Through this User s Manual you can identify the cartographic data formats that can handle SIGEp1 However there are other cartographic formats very popular as MapInfo map that SIGEpi can not read directly in this case it is recommended to use the MapInfo function Universal Translator to convert the MapInfo format to ESRI ShapeFile format 26 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Organizing your work in a Project The Project is SIGEpt s work area that organizes and supports your data A Project in SIGEpi is a special type of file containing all the data and information related to a workspace or session using SIGEp1 It offers the ability of saving and recovering the status of a work session The content of this file is generated by the System itself using XML language The fundamental advantage of the Project is to keep a set of Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts available to work with avoiding the need to open and display each one every time it is needed The Project offers easy access to all your data organized in the different window types interfaces allowing you to manipulate and analyze it SIGEpi automatically creates a new Project when a work session begins and displays the Proje
81. ayer 1 Select the Layer that you want to duplicate 2 Select the option Duplicate Layer from the Layer menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the Layer 3 In case the duplicated layer 1s not visible click on the check mark box that appears to the left of the layer s name in the Legend You can turn the display of a Layer on or off by successive clicks on this rectangle 39 SIGEpi User s Manual Defining a Variable for ToolTip Selecting a Variable for ToolTip allows you to display the content of a variable or attribute as a label when you select a point in the active Thematic Layer of the Maps Window To select a Variable ToolTip 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Select the Layer of interest 3 Click on the option ToolTip Variable from the Layer menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the selected Layer You will see the Dialogue Box that allows you to select a variable or attribute that it will be used as a Tooltip when the mouse cursor moves over a feature on the map Select Yariables Theme states Dialogue box Select variable In this case the variable NAME was selected from the layer STATES that is the State boundaries in Mexico Now moving the mouse cursor over a State will show its Name as a Tooltip Example Maps Window and Attributes Table associated with the Active Layer The State s name where the cursor is located is displayed
82. bles can be presented as graphs See Working with Graphs Obtain the Result Sheet from a data analysis The results generated by applying analytical processes for data are presented in the Results Window This window functions as a document viewer in HTML format to present the information During a work session with SIGEpi there is a single Results Window See Obtaining Results Make a Layout The Layout Window makes it possible for you to prepare a page for printing that can contain texts maps and graphs as well as tables It generates a print out identical to the one designed for the layout sheet See Obtaining Layouts b Specific procedures for Epidemiological Analyses p Basic set of exploratory data procedures Descriptive Statistics For each attribute from the Thematic Layers and data in the Database you can calculate a set of statistical measures of central trend and dispersion See Analytical Procedures Descriptive Statistics 12 SIGEpi User s Manual p Frequency Distributions You can calculate the Frequency Distribution of the values of each attribute of the Thematic Layers and associated data Each variable s Frequency Distribution is presented graphically and is also shown in the Results Window See Analytical Procedures Frequency Distribution Correlation Analysis This procedure calculates the correlation matrix for a set of selected variables or attributes It makes it possible for
83. c units or areas The ARC INFO coverage format is one of the widely available formats for digital mapping and GIS applications CAD Drawings dwg dxf CAD drawings is a data format obtained utilizing Computer Assisted Design CAD techniques it is a standard of the CAD industry for the exchange and transfer of data between CAD and GIS applications You can work on CAD drawing files to represent Layers in a Map just as with a Shapefile format VPF Data pit lat alt itt Working with VPF data is similar to working with the other data formats SIGEpi allows you to work with data in the Vector Product Format VPF obtained from ArcView VPF data can be added to a Map as Thematic Layers Symbols Relations etc In any of these cases you can work with these files in the Maps Window using the Work with Maps options Raster Images An image is a graphic representation or description of an object that is obtained through an optical or electronic source Common examples of an image data type are data obtained through remote sensing such as satellite images scanned data and aerial photographs An image is a form of raster data where every grid cell or pixel has a value depending on how the image was captured and what it represents For example if the image 1s a satellite image from a remote sensor each pixel represents the light energy reflected from a part of the Earth s surface However if the image is a scanne
84. cedures for smoothing has been suggested each one resulting in different adjustments to the raw rate estimate SIGEpi offers two alternatives to smoothing rates depending on the availability of data e Using Cases and Population The layer should contain the cases and population variables for each geographic unit This is de recommended procedure for smoothing and requires the availability of cases and population variables e Using Rates The layer should contain the Rates calculated for each geographic unit This is the alternative when only is available the Rate and it is not available the cases and population variables Rates are smoothed using both the specific calculated Rates and the standardized Rates To smooth Rates follow the steps 1 Activate the Maps Window and 2 Select the Layer of interest Note The layer should contain the required variables for this procedure 3 From the Epi Analysis menu select the submenu Spatial Smoother of Rate and select the option Using Cases and Population or Using Rates only 4 In each case the corresponding Dialogue Box is displayed allowing you to select the variables and parameters necessary to apply the smoothing procedure to do this Inthe Table edit box the name of the Attributes Table associated with the Layer is shown this contains the variables that are displayed on a list in the following edit boxes from which you should make your selection a Using Cases and Popu
85. cedures that allow you to select or group the data Smoothing Reduction of local variability of data and when applied to a spatially distributed variable reduction of local variance Spatial Analysis Analytical techniques associated with the study of locations of geographic phenomena together with their spatial dimensions and associated attributes Spatial Data Information about the location shape and relationships among geographic features usually stored as coordinates or topology Table A set of data organized into rows and columns The columns represent the attributes or variables of the entities they characterize and the rows represent the values of the variables taken by those entities Thematic Layer Set of geographic characteristics displayed on a Map which can be grouped by the subject they describe Example a Thematic Layer of rivers cities communication routes etc Thematic Map A Map that displays selected types of information related to one or more specific subjects using variations in color Example soil type classification of terrain population density and amount of rainfall Vector Geometric entity defined by a magnitude and a direction A vector is made up of a pair of ordered points A vector model is a data model in which reality is represented by vectors or vector structures Vector Data An abstraction from the real world where the positional data is represented in the form of coordinates It is ma
86. ceseseess 169 ALAS LALO TV OU ws ci asta ile 171 ACN SO MAPTE LAVOE A NE 171 E A A LIZ TECHNICAL SUPPOR Ti ii A ds 174 CREDITS ui a E NEONET 175 GLOSSARY OF TERMS iaa dd 177 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES esesssscscscccscscceccsosososesesesesesesesececeseseseseseseoeocococosocoeoeoeoeoe 180 SIGEpi User s Manual Introduction and Installation Summary SIGEpi was created in response to the need for public health managers to have an adequate low cost Geographic Information System to carry out epidemiological data analysis in health more efficiently SIGEpi offers simplified methods and procedures for public health analysis including the functions of a Geographic Information System GIS as well as analytical epidemiological and statistical capacities In this respect it is the first software program to include spatial analysis methods and techniques focused towards health that are not available in frequently used commercial software programs SIGEpi was developed following several workshops and work with PAHO Collaborating Groups on the Application and Development of Geographic Information Systems in Epidemiology and Public Health Project as well as collaboration with other health professionals and experts SIGEpi is intended for epidemiologists health professionals technical personnel managers administrators and all personnel who make decisions and establish health policies at different levels national regional community or
87. ck on Load button in case you want to use a standard population that you have already defined previously Click on Save button to save the defined standard population 121 SIGEpi User s Manual Or Click the Total of Strata button 1f you want to use the total population for every region of the geographic area sum of the population of all the regions as the standard population according to the population variables for each previously selected stratum Or directly Type in the standard population values if you want this could be the global population population of a continent a region etc The Cases and Rate columns are not used for the standardization of Rates procedure by the direct method these are described below under the indirect method c Click the tab Adjusted Rate to set names for the variable where the standardized Rates calculated will be stored Adjusted Rate DAR Lower Limit LoDAR and Upper Limit UpDAR A proposed name for each variable 1s shown which you can change if you want Standardization of Rates Direct Method S Tabe BR_UF_ DienquespecificH ate sample Population Standard Population Define name of result variables in rate standardization process Adjusted Rate DAR Lower Limit 0 1 95 LoDAR Upper Limit Cl 952 LuDLR lv Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate B OF Cancel Names for Directly Standardized Rate and Confidence Interval variables 122 SIGEpi
88. ck the 1 Create Graph button on the Toolbar displayed below the Menu Bar You also can create a Graph by activating the Window of the Attributes Table associated with the selected Thematic Layer by clicking the Attributes Table button on the Toolbar and selecting the Create Graph option from the Table menu on the Menu Bar or by clicking the Create Graph button on the Toolbar In each case the dialog box for creating the Graph is shown on the screen Creating Graphs Select type of Graph B E y E o Stacked Bars Cancel Dialogue box Creating Graphs selecting the type of Graph In this dialog box you can select the Graph type by clicking on the box that identify each the graph you want and then clicking the OK button to confirm your selection and continuing Note that you can scroll up and down to visualize more types of graph The dialogue Creating Graphs is displayed after clicking on OK button This dialogue allows selecting the variables to be used and other properties of the graph Steps to finish the creation of a graph l 2 First set a Title for the Graph Select the variable s to use in the Graph From the list of variables in the Attributes Table of the selected Layer which appears on the left of the dialog box click on the name of the variable and using the corresponding arrow to move the selected variable to the right box of the window where the variables used for making the Graph
89. cnts shp Ca_ica shp country_needs_ index shp paises_criticos shp paises_necesidad shp ome My Documents My Cnel A File name My Network F 0 Files of type ESRI Shapefiles shp Lancel Ze Dialog box Open Cartographic Layers You can select one or more files at the same time Just use the Shift and Ctrl keys following the procedures used in your Operating System As a result the selected Cartographic Layers are shown in the Maps Window The Layers initially appear on the Map Legend and are initially visible To learn how to hide and show a layer see next topic Showing Cartographic Layers Displaying Layers 1 To make visible the Cartographic Layer s click the rectangle that appears to the left of the Layers name in the Legend in the Maps Window This causes the layer to be displayed and a check mark M to be shown Y ou can display or hide each layer by clicking on the check box Only the layers that have a check mark M in the Map Legend are displayed 37 SIGEpi User s Manual Selecting and making active a Layer e To select a Layer 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Click the Layer name in the map legend The selected Layer will appear with a highlighted rectangle in the Map Legend CITIES he ROADS Map Legend Selection of Layers As you can see in the example above the ROADS has been selected and it 1s shown as highlighted among the Layers added to the Map Legend Ch
90. created In the heading Types of Thematic Maps you can see the characteristics of the dialog boxes used to construct each type of Thematic Map Each dialog box gives you options or parameters that you can change to define the type of Thematic Map you want to construct You should note the fact that some types of Thematic Maps only need one variable this 1s the case for Thematic Maps using Ranges Dot Density Graduated Symbols and Single Values while others Bar Chart and Pie Chart maps need more than one variable The dialog box displayed in each case allows you to select one or more variables depending on the case Once you have defined the characteristics and variables for constructing the Thematic Map 1 Click on Update button and the Map Legend defined in the dialog box is updated 2 Click on Apply button and the Thematic Map constructed is displayed in the Maps Windows 3 Click on OK button of the corresponding dialog box to accept the created Thematic Map This causes the dialog box to close and returns control to the Maps Window You can continue to modify the variables and characteristics defined in constructing the Thematic Map by clicking on Update button to updated these on the Map Legend clicking on Apply button to see how the Map will look and then clicking the OK button when satisfied with the selection made To change the color of the variables or ranges in the Legend on a Thematic Map 1 Click on Update button
91. creating the desired polygon as a sequence of segments Repeat these steps until you get the desired area when you finish double click the final point S Zoom in tool Allows you to increase the level of detail of a Map zoom in or reduce its Scale by clicking the Map When you move the cursor a rectangle is drawn between the initial and final points producing a close up of the area selected E Zoom out tool Allows you to decrease the level of detail of the Map zoom ouf or increase its Scale by clicking the Map This produces a more distant image of the Map displayed E Pan tool Allows you to move a Map displayed in the Maps Window By clicking the Map and moving the cursor within the Maps Window you can move the Map to a specific position when you are finished release the click e Identify tool Allows you to interact with a Map It shows the geographic unit s attributes of the active Layer By clicking on a feature of the Map it opens a window that displays the attributes of the active layer I Labels tool Allows you to place Labels on the geographic units of a Map using an attributes of the active layer 49 SIGEpi User s Manual You must previously select a layer of a Map and define the attribute to be used as label by selecting the option ToolTip Variable in the Map Menu To place a label click on a layer feature on the Map See the heading Working with Labels Lit Measure tool Allows you to measure distances on
92. ct Window however you can start a new project or open an existing one at any time It is recommended that you save the Project whenever you have made changes during a work session in order to save time and effort in future sessions Starting a Project begins by opening the Maps files What 1s a Project A Project is a type of file in which your work in SIGEpi is managed and subsequently stored or saved Project A Project contains all the views windows tables graphs maps layouts and results that have been created and with which you are working during an application with SIGEpi All of the resources you use and have available in the work area are a component of the Project For example If you are using SIGEpi to find possible areas or localities in which certain characteristics are found together such as a low infant mortality rate good educational level of mothers etc You can keep all the Windows with Maps Thematic Layers Tables Graphs and the Result sheet from analytical processes applied to your data and layouts in this Project This way you can continue analyzing and handling each kind of data appropriately These can be stored when you conclude the Project work session The next time you need to work with these data opening the saved Project will make all the components available just as you left them Project files have the extension sml 27 SIGEpi User s Manual What type of data does a Project contain A
93. ct with a different name 1 Activate the Project Window 2 From the File menu choose the option Save Project As 3 In the dialog box that appears select the folder and write the file name Closing the Project During a work session with SIGEpi always a project exist Remember that the visual appearance of the Project is the Project Window There is any menu option to close de Project The ways the user can close a Project are creating a new project opening an existing project or exiting SIGEpi In any of those alternatives SIGEpi will ask if you want to save the current Project When a Project in SIGEpi is closed all the windows associated with each component of the Project are closed This closes all displayed windows including the Project window SIGEpi will set up a new Project where you can begin working If the Exit option of the File menu 1s selected you are also asked if you want to save the Project in case you click on yes it is saved and you exit the SIGEpi System If you do not want to save the Project the application still closes without saving your work 31 SIGEpi User s Manual Activating a Window During a work session windows are created for each type of Project component they are organized in a list structured as a tree and displayed on the Project window At any time while working with SIGEpi you can activate a window To activate a window 1 Click the name of the Window 1f it is open 2 Or s
94. d SU Openin oa Pa Dase SES ES A 91 Clos nede DOTADOS Cs isa 82 INIANA GING TABLES odian 82 Exreatine ana DENNE E LADO ti AA A A AER 83 Importing and Linking External Tables a a 85 DPA VIN ana E UNE T ADET o SS T 87 EAU DR AMA A onaateisso sa E EER 8 amp 8 EPONE TALES iad aaa hueee capers aaoaa nia iad nase teddee anes oaadee 99 DD CNT LA tare Bec at pct ath de ace alan Ni els ye alae nae 90 iii A E P cal 91 Ereatinsana Desioning a UT Va id 9 SHOWING QUCTICS lio iii 95 PCV CHUN OU tt tias 96 EXPOLAASINE ONIVO TADE aldea 96 WORKING WITH GRAPHS ancoris a A 98 RE TING CRAB aac sat re a et O od 99 EDITINGA GRAPH std its 101 TYPES Ob RAP Sin 102 A O A on nee 102 NE CARS A Em R 102 RCA A ET cota aes Leese aR A N 103 DAVAO G10 0 Beene EOS EN EON AEE EEE Srey EN E RON were yanmar Tes TOR 104 BVO CAG EEE EEEE EE cat eel tne naa a aaa Mes eet needa a ae ce eee aoe 104 COPT INGA GIRAP H ac 104 ANALY TICAL PROCEDURES cunnnssrnon daa ad 106 DESCRIPTIVE STATIS O Siria lia callas 106 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION sanas dida aa 108 CORRELATION ANALYSIS siii 110 SIMPLE AND MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSIONG ssscccccceeeesesssscceeceeeeeessssssaaeeeeeeeesessssaaaeeeeeees 112 CALCULATION STANDARDIZATION AND SPATIAL SMOOTHING OF RATES 115 Calculon Of RATES a cacti eee ae E A A 117 PROLIANT ON sei heh is 120 DIRECT METHOD DAR nenas 120 INDIRECEFMETHOD AR rta diia 124 MODO RS a a E antes 128 STANDARDIZED RATE RATIO SMOOTHER uote id de
95. d document each pixel represents a brilliance value associated with a particular part of the document 24 SIGEpi User s Manual Raster data are commonly but not exclusively used to store information on geographic characteristics that vary continuously on a surface or area An image is a form of raster data in which every grid cell or pixel stores a value obtained through an optical or electronic data source Raster data s resolution depends on the data source where they are obtained The size of each part or area is adjusted as when a zoom adjustment is made on a displayed Map so that you see only the image of the part or area selected Raster Image Formats for spatial data that SIGEpi suppotts GRID Data hdr ad GRID data is an ESRI format that supports 32 bit integer and 32 bit floating point raster grids GRIDs are specially designed to represent geographic phenomena that can vary continuously in space and for spatial modeling and analysis of curves and surfaces as in hydrology Standard Image Formats bmp iD U JPE JP J i ID OSG eis Jane VIC Sid sun TFS aS SVJ Ano ap The standard image formats display an image that shows the graphic representation or description of an object obtained through some of the most commonly available electronic or optical devices Example images obtained through scanners photographs etc SIGEpi is able to load and show on a map window all the raster image formats mentioned
96. de up of a series of georeferenced points where a line 1s a collection of points and an area or polygon is a collection of related lines Zoom in Zoom out Moving in to enlarge or moving out to reduce an image or part of an image displayed on a computer screen 179 SIGEpi User s Manual Bibliographic references 10 11 12 13 Jenicek M amp Cleroux R Epidemiologia Principios T cnicas Aplicaciones Salvat Schlesselman J J 1982 Case Control Studies Design Conduct Analysis Oxford University Press New York Oxford Carvajal R 1994 M todos Estad sticos para el An lisis Epidemiol gico PAHO HPP HPS 94 2 Fleiss J L 1981 Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions 2nd ed John Wiley New York Pickle L W amp White A A Effects of the choice of age adjustment method on maps of death rates Statistics in Medicine 1995 14 615 627 Walter S D The Analysis of Regional Patterns in Health Data I Distributional Considerations American Journal of Epidemiology 1992 136 6 730 741 Walter S D A Simple Test for Spatial Pattern in Regional Health Data Statistics in Medicine 1994 13 1037 1044 Haining R Spatial data analysis in the social and environmental sciences Cambridge University Press 1990 Knox G Epidemiology of childhood leukemia in Northumberland and Burham Br J Prev Soc Med 1964 18 17 24 Pike M C amp Smith P G Diseases clustering a g
97. des functions that allow you to relate and unrelated database tables to layers Having data tables related to layers allows you to apply most of the spatial and analytical functions to your data besides to visualize then in thematic map Adding Relationships of Data Tables to Layers If you have data tables and need to relate them to map layers you should ensure that data tables are part of an opened database in the Project and the layers are displayed in a map window Adding Relationships from data tables 1 Open the Database containing the Table you want to add 2 Or Add Import the Table to the Database already opened in the Project 3 Make sure that the Table is indexed by the attribute or column of the Table that serves to join it with the Attributes Table of the Layer 4 Activate the Maps Window and Select the Layer of interest Show the Attribute Table of the Layer 6 Click the column or attribute of the joining data Table the one having the index this causes your selection to be highlighted in the data Table Window 7 Click the column or attribute of the Attributes Table that serves as the link in the same way the selection is highlighted in the Attributes Table Window 8 Select the option Add Relationship from the Table menu on the Menu Bar DO As a result now the Attributes Table of the Layer contains all the columns of the related data table 73 SIGEpi User s Manual Y SIGEpi Geographic Information Syste
98. dy exists Activate the Map Window and add the Point Layer to it if you have not already done so Select the Point Layer Select the option Association of cases in Time Space Knox from the Epi Analysis menu on the Menu Bar The dialog box for Time space Interaction Knox is displayed allowing you to select from the Attributes Table associated with the selected Thematic Point Layer the variable that records the time e g date of first symptoms date of first doctor s visit etc Click the drop down button this shows all the variables or columns for the date in the Attributes Table associated with the Layer click the variable that contains the date you want to use to analyze the time space interaction Define the critical Space value by typing the desired value and select the unit of measurement Define the critical Time value by typing in the desired value 160 SIGEpi User s Manual 8 Click the OK button This yields a probability value p enabling you to decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis for interaction of cases in space and time The results are shown in the Results Window To reject or accept the null hypothesis you need only compare the calculated probability value p with the Alpha value you set In this example a p value was obtained equal to 0 66 if the Alpha value established was 0 05 we cannot reject the null hypothesis and can conclude that the cases do not have a significant i
99. e Label File from the Map menu on the Menu Bar 3 The corresponding Dialogue Box is displayed and you should name the Label File to be created 70 SIGEpi User s Manual Save in Y Mapas e cea File name abelMesoamerica lb Save as type Label Files Ibl y Cancel Dialogue box Save Label File As a result a Label File is created which you can display at any time while working with SIGEp1 even when you are working with another Thematic Layer Showing a Label File Once the Label File is created and saved you may want to clear the Labels from the Map to continue with another type of data analysis In any case you can again display Label File you created at any time To display a Label File 4 Activate the Maps Window and select the Thematic Layer that the Label File you want to show belongs 5 Select the options Labels Open Label File from the Map menu on the Menu Bar As aresult the Labels available in the Label File are displayed for each geographic unit selected Clearing a Label File During work with SIGEpi s Maps Window you may want to clear the Labels you have placed on the different geographic units If you want you can save the Label File and continue working with it later this way you can again display any saved Label File To clear a Label File 6 Activate the Maps Window and Select the Thematic Layer for which you want to delete the Label File 7 Select the optio
100. e Yes button to update the Table Creating an Index in a Table In SIGEpi you can create as many indexes as you require to organize the data using the values of the fields or attributes of the data Tables You may want to organize your data by a particular attribute which serves as link between the current Table and the Attributes Table of a given Thematic Layer This allows you to represent and analyze its data spatially To create an Index 1 Open or Create a Database if you have not already done so 2 a Select the data Table clicking the name of the Table in the list of Tables of the Database or b Create or Add the data Table for which you want to create an index 3 Select the option Design Table from the Database menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the selected Table 4 The Table Structure Dialogue Box is displayed click on Add Index button ES Table Structure 5 x Mame of Table a_Dths_Pob List of Fields Mame of Field FIPS Type Text Fixed Long Size la he Variable Long Order 033 P Auto Increment Allow Long Zero Ordinal Position fi 7 Required Validation Text D CIRROS_D SUICID D validation Rule Add Field Delete Field Default Value List of Indexes Mame D Primary F Unique Foreign Required Ignore Null Fields Add Index Delete Index pP Close Print Structure Dialogue box Designing a Table SIGEpi User
101. e ee eer cated i Mace cole hacen Cotten Aa tat ncueten ee 54 Thematic Map Or Cara te CS yi OLS sash e o a o o eld ad 57 hematite Wap ob DIAS 58 DhematicMap ustmo Bar Chats a ita coto cette men e 61 Tne maa tie Mapus ne Pie CAUSA as 63 Themau Map usine shele Vall s seais 65 Modi ymo ad Ihema C Mapesa an n n E T a ate dagen ee 67 UPdann othe MIP Le nd catch ye E E A ces yer E A eet 67 Delete TNCMONG MiP e is 68 WORKING WITH DAS TS act ea dead ares 70 SQVING ALADO PUE into 70 SNOWN O LADT IO Sa a ida 71 ET A A th a anne et aca es 71 DISPLAYING A MAP WINDOW ansiada 72 COR EIN VAL toc id a a cel Sai be eee ada 72 WORKING WITH THE DATA TABLES AND MAP LAYERS coococcccnncoconnononcnnonnnnonnoncnnoncnncnnnos 73 Adding Relationships of Data Tables to Ladyers cerns eas a a 73 Converting a Relationship to a ShapefllO ooooonnoncnnnccucuncaaaannananananananananannnnnnnannnnnnnn nn non nan nnnn anos 74 IRCTHOVING RCIA ONS MIOS nd a ARA E miss ebedaheae te JI Updating the display of the Allributes LADA EE ip COPY IAS ATTICS TA A r E Read east J3 Editing the values of an Attributes Table oooonnnncncnccoooooonanananonnnnnnnonnnnnnnnoonononnanannnnnnnnnnnnnnos a DATABASE ii ltda 77 Special Program for Health Analysis SHA SIGEpz Pan American Health Organization PAHO User s Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS WHATS A DATABASE eds 78 TABLES AND QUERIES id idad 78 DATA SOURCES FOR TABLES dais 78 WORKING WITH THE DATABASE ati 80 CVC ANEW DIGI AOS t
102. e offers six ways to calculate the weights or distances among geographic units Methods for calculating weights or distances Binary weights This is the simplest method It reflects only the covariation between contiguous regions It assigns the weight a value of 1 when a pair of regions is adjacent or contiguous and a value of 0 when regions are not adjacent W 1 if regions 1 and j are adjacent and W 0 if they are not adjacent This method is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are polygons representing areas such as municipalities provinces departments states or countries Proportion of borders This method takes into account the proportion between the common border of regions i and jJ and the total border length of region 1 Wi Border 1 j Border 1 It is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are polygons representing regions such as municipalities provinces departments states or countries Inverse of the distance Assigns weights as the inverse of the Euclidian distance between the centroids of the regions 1 and J This method is useful when you are working with specific point 153 SIGEpi User s Manual locations e g sources of environmental pollution etc Wi 1 d It is feasible when the geographic units of a Map are points that represent locations of cities health units or toxic waste emission sites although it can also be applied to regions such as municipalities provinces departments states
103. e same strata The necessary elements to standardize rates using the direct method are e The strata specific rates of the groups of population or geographic areas under study e The population distribution by the same strata of a selected standard population The standardization of rates using the direct method allows to estimates rates that are comparable across the population groups or geographic units To standardize Rates by direct method follow the steps 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Select the layer of interest Note The attributes of the layer should contain the variables and data for the analysis 3 Select the option Standardization of Rates gt Direct Method from the Epi Analysis menu 4 The Dialogue Box is displayed which allows you to select the variables and parameters necessary to apply the standardization procedure to do this a In the section Study Population which is activated select the variables of the Specific Rates displayed in the list of Variables Click the Rates variable s and place them in the Rates list corresponding to the edit box and found on the right of the dialog box using the gt button in the section Click the Population section to the right of the Rates edit box and then select the population or sample variable s for each stratum and place them in the list using the gt button in the section 120 SIGEpi User s Manual Table BR_UF DenguespecificH ate Table BR_UF_Deng
104. eating a new Database When you create a Database in SIGEpi you create a data structure containing all the Tables and Queries used for data analysis in the Project To create a Database 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Select the option New Database from the Project menu on the Menu Bar 3 Or click the Database component in the Project component structure and click the New Window button on the Toolbar that appears to the left of the Project Window A dialog box is displayed allowing you to name the Database Select Microsoft Access Database to Create 2 x J Mesoamerica Malaria J Ambiente __ Datos y codigos Imagenes __ Mapas File name NewD atabasel Sean ae Save as type Micrasoft Access MOBs mdb Cancel 2 Dialogue box Create Database 80 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi creates the new database and displays its name in the Database component of the Project Window Now it 1s time to create design or add the data tables to the database Opening a Database You can add an existing Database to the Project in SIGEpi This allows you to work with the data it contains and include them in the spatial analysis To open a Database 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Select the option Open Database from the Project menu on the Menu Bar The corresponding dialog box is displayed allowing you to select the location and name of the Database to open Open Microsoft Access Datab
105. ecord of the users as well as the uses and applications that the health institutions give to SIGEpi and it will offer the technical support and advisory services required through technical cooperation agreements SIGEp1 is distributed on a Compact Disk that contains the Package of Programs the User s Manual and the On Line Help System The initial installation it is under a Demonstrative License of Use of 30 days period in which the user should register the product For the registry the user should contact AIS PAHO at sigepi_info paho org The Pan American Health Organization PAHO wishes to thank Environmental System Research Institute ESRI for their generous contribution that allows PAHO to distribute SIGEpi without charge for use of ESRI GIS software components required in SIGEpi What is SIGEpi SIGEpi is a Geographic Information System GIS designed mainly for use in Public Health and Epidemiology It is a computer program that offers a set of techniques procedures and methods for spatial analysis in Epidemiology integrated in a GIS environment It offers a basic set of functions for the management and display of geographically referenced data The element that distinguishes SIGEpi from other currently available GIS is that it offers a group of analytical procedures specifically for data analysis and decision making in public health and epidemiology Moreover these functions are provided in a simplified way and a user friendly
106. ect the Neighborhood type you want Common border if you want to include in the calculation only the geographic areas that have a common border with the selected area Distance if you want to specify a distance and unit of measurement that will define the area to include Click the OK button Using the dialog Save Layer select a folder and define a name for the new Layer containing the smoothed Rate Using either of the two procedures a new layer 1s created containing the variable of Smoothed rate The new layer is added to the Map and you can display it or not just as when working with any other Layer of the Map Standardized Rate Ratio Smoother This is the smoothing procedure of Standardized Rate Ratio Standardize Mortality or Morbidity Ratio it is applicable when we have two variables observed vents and expected events The equation of Standardize Rate Ratio is SRR cases observed cases expected As result it is calculated the variable S SRR S_SRR standardized ratio smoother Standardized Ratio Smoother l ds Activate the Maps Window and Ze Select the Layer of interest Note The Layer should contain the require variables for this procedure From the Epi Analysis menu select the option Standardized Ratio Smoother 130 SIGEpi User s Manual 4 The Spatial Smoother Dialogue is displayed It shows the name of the selected layer From the lists Observe Deaths and Expected Deaths cho
107. ed in a Table this allows you to find for the indicator represented on the Map what values represent the median after being grouped into quartiles and what values are below and above the minimum and maximum outliers respectively The new layer is added to the Map 146 SIGEpi User s Manual U SIGEpi Geographic Information Syetem in Ep dermiology and Public Health Ein Ede Layer Epi Analysis Hel Seake 1 116356130 Results FOulllers Map BoxMap Identification of outlier features Re se RP Outlier Map Results of the box plot classification method and attributes of the layer In this example it is identified that the province of Huancavelica has the highest TMI equal to 109 which is an outlier Spatial Smoother In SIGEpi you can spatially smooth the variables or indicators contained in the Attributes Table associated with a Thematic Layer This method allows you to highlight trends in the values of a variable more clearly by reducing their differences in neighboring geographic units due to error or lack of precision in the observations For example You have the Thematic Layer for a region divided into municipalities and the number of cases of malaria variable Malaria is known for each municipality or geographic unit of the region This variable is selected for smoothing and representation on a Map identifying more clearly the spatial distribution pattern for the number
108. ed in a new window that plots the points for the values of the variable representing the absolute frequency of occurrence of these values and in bars the relative frequency the percentage of occurrence of the values It also contains the Table of the graphed values and displays them in a Box Plot Graph showing the minimum and maximum values and the quartiles The Tables of values with the frequency distributions calculated for each selected variable are added to the Project s Results Window 108 SIGEpi User s Manual Note As many Graph Windows are displayed as the number of variables selected each window represents the one variable w Gr fico de Distribuci n de Frecuencia Variable TMI Frequency Distribution 100 E BO E T E y 4 a E E 20 TE T Box Plot 4 0000 8 0000 4 0000 4 0000 4 0000 4 0000 4 0000 Pai at st pj D OO E Oo Frequency Distribution Graph The frequency distribution of the selected variable is displayed in the Results window 109 SIGEpi User s Manual Results Frequency Distribution This topic presents the frequency distribution of selected variables Table perstat Title Infant Mortality Rate Layer perstat Variable Til ou Te a ml an Pra a oo Results Window Frequency distribution for a variable Correlation Analysis
109. een o e Eines 11 SIGEPI REQUIREMENTS AND INSTALLATION 0ccccseccsecceccceccceccesccsccesecossccsccccecescssscesccessceesees 15 Technical Regui rementS ans cise rec te A me A 15 THA SEU OLN OVD a saith shiek tec decade ale detec attest eta abetted 15 Uninstal NE SIOE Pl rrea aries eae ee cet 15 SSC PUIT Pr ei o el ea la eo e haat 16 STARTING TO WORK WITH SIGE PI c cccececccceccececcccecescececcececceceseececeececeecscesescesesceceseeceseeceees 19 GETTING en 01 220 SIB ne eR arse oe ce ne ato e we oe ie ee DOPE ee ee 20 TYPES OF DATA EN SIGE PL ia 21 A MAA A II 22 EXO SANG O EAS A ee a a Sele eee a a e a ne ee 23 KOIA E E A er eer E de ts 24 ATIRIDOULES TAB arie A e T ETN 25 HOW TO OBTAIN DATA TO USE IN SIGE PI ccccceccececscececcececcececcscecessscuccececescecescececeecusescess 26 ORGANIZING YOUR WORK IN A PROJECT 2 cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccees 27 AVFART A ROI de a ds E E 27 PROI CIT WINDOW a o e ad do ee e a 28 WORKING WITH THE PROJECT cceccececcececcececcececcececescecscecectececeececesssessscesescecascscescecusesceseseess 29 CHEATING GIN CWP TO CASTA AAA AAA 29 ODEenine GN EXISTO TTO CO AA ESA ES SLIDES 30 Rename Copy or Delete ro Cit 30 DAVNE RS A nl ohcueds E E E inte eccmpacies 31 CLOSING TEL CASA A AAA la 31 ACTIVATINO Ac WINDOW a SS 32 DELETING A WINDOW onien e T T banano dea do 32 PRINTING ANN INDON artea la rte are lo aL e A 32 CREATING AND MANAGING M
110. elated to the disease being studied Another example is a Thematic Layer containing the buffers for geographic units representing industries or some event of interest 161 SIGEpi User s Manual b Other Layer should be a Point Layer representing the individuals of the sample population under study Among the variables or columns in the Attributes Table associated with the Thematic Point Layer for the sample population it is necessary to have one variable that is a yes no value indicating whether it is a case a patient or not a case not a patient For example 1 for patient and 0 for not a patient or S for patient and N for not a patient For the Thematic Layer of exposure factors you may define several levels for a single exposure factor For example if the exposure factor being analyzed is the buffer for the contamination arising from a certain industry 1t may be advisable to define several buffers Let us say within km of distance is the area of higher exposure from to 5 km can be another area for a second level of exposure to study and so on If you define only one buffer in the Layer containing data for the exposure factor the system performs an Exposure Effect Association analysis for a single exposure level If on the contrary you have several buffers SIGEpi automatically performs an Exposure Effect Association analysis for several exposure levels Another possibility that SIGEpi offers is to perform stratified an
111. elect the name of the Window you want from the Window menu on the Menu Bar 3 Or double click the name of the Window in the tree structure in the Project Window Deleting a Window You may want to delete some of the Windows or components Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts of the Project Window To delete a Project component 1 Select the component you want to delete clicking its window to activate it or selecting it from the list of Project components displayed on the left side of your Project Window 2 Click the 4 Delete Window button on the Toolbar that appears to the left of the list of the Project s tree structure note that depending on the component selected certain actions are either activated or not Printing a Window Each Window or component of the Project Window Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts can be printed individually if you want To print a Window or Project component Activate the Window that you want to print From the File menu choose the Print option Or click the 3 Print button from the Toolbar Follow the directions in the dialog box for printing and define the characteristics or properties of the print out that you want oe A 32 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Creating and Managing Maps SIGEpi facilitates the management of your data and allows you to represent your data spatially The Map is the principal cartographic product used in a GIS Maps can be classified by thei
112. elect the variable to test or investigate 1ts possible random distribution in space from the list of variables displayed by clicking the drop down button w Spatial Autocorrelation x Correlation Type f Univariate Bivariate Data Layer perstat Varable Thil Neighbor features which share boundaries Distances of fio Kilometers Presentation of A esulta M Moran s Scatter Plot he Map of Local Spatial Association Types Moran s Scattermap har of Signiticance of Local Indicator of Spatial Association f Local he Map of Significant LISA and Type of Local Association OF Cancel Dialogue Spatial Autocorrelation Global Index Click the relevant variable or indicator In this case for example the variable TMI representing Infant Mortality Rate 1s selected 5 Click the type of Index to apply Global includes all geographic areas of the Layer to calculate the global spatial autocorrelation index or Local defines an area or neighborhood for which to apply the calculation to calculate local spatial autocorrelation indexes A If you select Global Scope go to step 10 7 Ifyou select Local Scope the Neighborhood edit box is activated allowing you to select the type of Neighborhood you want 156 SIGEpi User s Manual i Spatial Autocorrelation x Correlation Type fe Univariate Bivariate Data Laver perstat Varnable Th Index Glob
113. eneralization of Knox s approach to the detection of space time clustering Biometrics 1968 24 541 556 Garson G D amp Biggs R S 1992 Analytic mapping and Geographic databases Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences series no 07 087 Newbury Park CA Sage Clark K C McLafferty S L Tempalski B J On Epidemiology and Geographic Information Systems A Review and Discussion of Future Directions Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996 2 2 85 92 Special Program for Health Analysis SHA PAHO 2000 Geographic Information Systems in Health Basic Concepts 180
114. environment to facilitate their use at various levels of decision making in public health Health Analysis and Information System Area of the Pan American Health Organization AIS PAHO have developed SIGEpi as part of the Technical Cooperation in Application and Development of Geographic Information Systems in Epidemiology and Public Health in the Americas Public health professionals and technicians as well as researchers academicians students and anyone who needs to analyze and visualize their data spatially can use SIGEpi Principal Characteristics SIGEpi has been designed to present data in four types of windows Maps Tables Graphs and Results It can handle as many windows of the Maps Tables and Graphs types as needed during a work session Whenever one of these windows is activated 1ts options menu and corresponding toolbar are shown these elements are part of the SIGEpi User Interface 10 SIGEpi User s Manual A Project Window makes it possible for you to have control over the different elements and components of the System such as the Database and its Tables Maps Graphs and Results Window Functions of SIGEpi The basic functions of SIGEpi are described briefly for easier understanding of the System s potential and special features The functions of SIGEpi include a the generic GIS functions for storage manipulation and processing of data and spatial attributes Manipulation of geographic data Di
115. er left 2 The Scale located on the center left and 3 A Localizer located on the lower left which facilitates identification of the area presented on the Map 33 SIGEpi User s Manual You can select whether to display these components or not choosing the options Show Legend Show Scale and Show Localizer from Map menu f CITIES o i ROADS A e RIVERS f STATES One Centimeter 140 Km En 200 400 Maps Window A Maps Window shows the geographic data that is used and managed for data analysis however it does not contain the data file itself rather 1t references the data sources This makes the Maps Window dynamic because it reflects the current state of the data source that is if the data source is updated its representation in the Project is updated automatically For example you can have a Map in your Project that shows the census of a city classified by population and another Map of the same city that also shows groups not included in this census In a GIS a Map is usually represented as a collection of cartographic layers What is a Cartographic Layer A Cartographic Layer represents a distinctive characteristic from the geographic data source For example a Map displaying a country could have one layer for states one for cities one for communication routes one for rivers etc The left side of the Maps Window lists the Layers contained in the Map usually called Legend or Table of Content fr
116. er of observations falls within each range e Quantiles The ranges created are based on the cumulative relative frequency of values of a variable taking a given number of selected categories For example if 4 categories are defined quartiles 25 of the observations records are in each category 1f quintiles are used 5 groups then 20 are classified in each category and so on e Natural Break This method creates ranges using an algorithm for detecting clusters based on achieving the lowest possible dispersion among values within each range This guarantees that similar values fall within the same range and that the greatest possible difference in values exists between the ranges This method uses the Fisher Jenk s algorithm that guarantees an optimal solution The reader may find the algorithm referred to as Jenk s optimal method e Mean and Standard Deviation This method creates ranges using the mean and standard deviation of the variable s values Each range has the width of a standard deviation and ranges lower than the mean are shown with tones of blue from dark to light while ranges higher than the mean are shown with tones of red from light to dark e BoxMap This method creates ranges calculating the quartiles of the variable s values and applying the rule of mean 1 5 multiply by the Inter quartile range to calculate the cut off values for low and high outliers This is useful for exploring data and detect
117. f Variance that shows the sum of squares degrees of freedom mean square of error statistical F test and the significance or probability of the regression test and other effects This shows whether the regression equation represents the distribution of the plotted values or not YRegression This topic presents the regression results of selected independence variables and dependent variable Table perstat Regression Model Coefficients N 25 Variable Coefficient Standard Error t Signif Intercept 25 94 5 58 4 64 0 0001 ANALFABM 1 18 0 21 5 58 0 0000 Arithmetic expression of Regression Model TMI 25 94 1 18 ANALFABM Analysis of variance ANOVA Square Sum Degrees of Freedom Mean Square Error F _ Signif Regression 75 804 149 1 75 804 15 373 192 0 0000 Residuals 4 671 851 23 ae E Total 80 476 24 z oe a Results of a Simple Linear Regression model 114 SIGEpi User s Manual Calculation Standardization and Spatial Smoothing of Rates SIGEpI offers a easy way to calculates rates and proportions and estimate underlying risk through standardization and smoothing of rates The procedures for Calculating and Standardizing Rates allow you to calculate crude and strata specific Rates and to standardize rates using the direct and indirect methods With the results obtained you can also create Thematic Maps t
118. fied with the current selection This procedure can be repeated as many times as you want until you find the right combination e If you only want to modify the colors of the Thematic Map displayed in the Maps Window 1 Click the beginning and ending colors for the ranges in the Dialogue Boxes that have this characteristic and click the Update button and then the Apply button 2 Or click the rectangle with the specific color of the desired range in the Legend edit box of the Dialogue Box and click the Apply button These procedures can be repeated as many times as you want to get the desired color combination e Ifyou want to modify the values of the ranges limits or intervals For Thematic Maps with Ranges or Graduated Symbols it is possible to modify the ranges values of the upper limits or the intervals of each range to do this select the Personalized method in the Dialogue Box this allows you to 1 Click each value for the upper limit of a range except for the last range and edit its value 2 The same value will automatically become the initial value of the next range 3 Click the Apply button and it automatically updates the corresponding Thematic Map Just as when you modify colors this procedure can be repeated as many times as you want to get the desired intervals Delete a Thematic Map You may want to delete a Thematic Map from the Maps Window of your Project 68 SIGEpi User s Manual To dele
119. formation and Technology Group AIS PAHO Health Analysis and Information Systems Pan American Health Organization Other participants in the development of the Help System and User s Manual of SIGEpi Ms Katia D az Morej n Consultant Information and Technology Group AIS PAHO 175 S GEpi User s Manual For additional information and comments contact 176 SIGEpi User s Manual Glossary of terms Algorithm Explicit and finite sequence of operations that leads to the solution of a problem Applied to GIS this usually refers to a series of algebraic operations on maps and or databases that allow you to obtain a result by combining spatial and alphanumeric information Application process or series of processes that uses data or performs functions on a computer system Attribute Most commonly refers to a column of a table in a database For spatial data it represents a characteristic of a geographic figure described by values characteristics or an image stored in table form and linked to the geographic figure to which it refers Property or characteristic of a class of elements of a database Autocorrelation Refers to the degree of relationship that exists between one or more variables this means that when one changes the others also change The change can be in the same direction which is a positive autocorrelation or the opposite direction which is a negative autocorrelation Cartography Set of techniq
120. hat you can only select one geographic unit at a time By clicking the geographic object you get the desired point LJ Rectangle tool Allows you to select geographic objects on a Map by drawing a rectangle When you draw a rectangle those objects that intercept 1t are selected You select a point to start click and move the cursor until you have the area you want and release 48 SIGEpi User s Manual Circle tool Allows you to select geographic objects on a Map by drawing a circle As with using the rectangle tool when you draw the circle those objects that intercept 1t are selected In the same way click the center point of the circle that you want to draw and release the click when you get the desired diameter Line Segment tool Allows you to select geographic objects on the Map by drawing a line segment When you draw the line segment objects that intercept 1t are selected You must click the starting point of the segment then draw a straight line click the following point and continue to draw the segment repeating these steps when you finish drawing the desired segment double click the final point E Polygon tool Allows you to select geographic objects on a Map by drawing a polygon When you draw the polygon the objects included within it are selected As in the case of drawing a segment you click the starting point of the polygon then move the cursor drawing a segment click and continue to move the cursor to continue
121. have developed and have been working with Maps Graphs and Texts A Layout is ordinarily used to prepare a print out from SIGEpi In a Layout you select the information you want to display and define their appearance size color etc This data can be part of different Layouts in SIGEpi you can create as many Layouts as you want If you are creating a Layout for marketing for example you will probably want to present the data differently than for a Layout on Health Analysts Creating and Editing Layouts The SIGEpi Project can contain several Layouts each related to 1ts name in the list of Layouts in the Project Window Project J usersinajerapalsige de 2 Map 1 2 Database Project Window Layouts 169 SIGEpi User s Manual A Layout will create a 8 Y x 11 size document which you can include and organize as many elements of Maps Graphs and Texts as you want The properties of the Layout Window can be defined you can vary the size of the imported components and change the name of the Layout To create a Layout l 2 Activate the Project Window Click the El Layouts component Click the 1 New Window button on the Toolbar displayed on the left of the Project Window Or Select the New Layout option from the Project menu on the Menu Bar In any of these cases a new Layout Window is created and displayed in which you can represent and organize your data Note that activating the Layout Wind
122. he geographic coordinates of the residences of those surveyed were measured using a Global Positioning System GPS instrument it is feasible using the function of Plotting points from a Table to place the geographic locations of the sample on a Map This same approach is applicable to any other type of phenomena being studied For example you can compile information from each health post of a rural mountainous or remote area You can measure the geographic location of each health post and include the coordinate pair for latitude and longitude as part of the variables collected As in the previous example you can create a Thematic Layer for these health posts The data collected should be in one Table of the Database If the data is in Tables with dBase dbf or Excel xls formats you should import the Tables to a new Database or an existing Database The Database should be opened in SIGEpi For more information see Working with the Database Steps for Plotting points from a Table 1 Ifthe Table is contained in a Database mdb Open the Database 2 Or if it is an external Table add the Table to your existing Database 3 Activate the Maps Window 4 Select the option Plot Points from Table from the Map menu The Dialogue for Create Point Layer appears 140 SIGEpi User s Manual Create Point Layer Create points from T able Uele_Villages Choose Format DMs dddramese Longitude coordinate Longi
123. he variable by which the data from the original Table s is are grouped to obtain the desired result To select click the desired field 7 Inthe Order by edit box select the field or attribute that is used as the criterion for arrangement that is the attribute by which the data 1s organized To select click the desired field or attribute 8 Inthe Join Tables edit box you should have previously selected at least two Tables in the Tables edit box to create the Query you should a select the Tables to be joined from the source Tables for the Query by clicking the names of the Tables of interest Note Joins can be done by selecting two Tables each time this means that if you want to join three or more Tables you must first join two Tables and then one of them with the third and so on 92 SIGEpi User s Manual 10 IT 12 13 14 15 b select the join field or attribute the variable with which the Tables are joined For each Table selected an edit box is displayed that contains all the fields in the Table click the join field or attribute for each Table c click the button Add Join to Query so that you add the Table join you defined to the SQL statement you are designing d if you click the Clear All Joins button all the joins are deleted e click on the Close button to close the dialog In the Field Name edit box continue selecting the fields or attributes used to create the SQL condition tha
124. hted in the text e Click the highlighted phrase subject or word 20 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Types of data in SIGEp1 SIGEpi organizes and structures work with different types of data SIGEpi allows you to work with Spatial Data geographically referenced data Maps Layers Images and Non spatial Data non geographic data Databases Tables Graphs Data that describe the Earth s surface or the location of a part of 1t are called geographic data this includes cartographic elements represented by graphics object raster images and their attributes Today more than 80 of information can be represented geographically using area codes street addresses locations cities states and countries SIGEpi allows working with geographic data and linking them the health data to bring the capability of visualizing and analyzing health variables in relation to the geographic space This capability makes possible the application of statistics and epidemiological methods to the data Spatial Data Spatial data 1s the core of a Geographic Information System Spatial data is geographic data that describe the form and location of an object or feature on the Earth s surface linking 1t with the attributes that characterize and describe it The formats most commonly used to represent spatial data are vector and raster Data Attributes non spatial Data attributes or non spatial data are those that we are already accustomed to wo
125. icant association in space and time 158 SIGEpi User s Manual H Considered together cases are significantly associated in space and time the observed association 1s not attributable to chance e Required data You have a record of cases n cases and know both the location in space x y coordinates and the time of their occurrence The investigator defines the location of the cases in space and in time for example the location in space could be the place of residence or work or any place of interest and the location in time could be the date of the first symptoms For this procedure it is a requirement to have the data about the geographic location latitude and longitude coordinates or x y coordinates in a table This way 1t 1s possible to create a new cartographic layer using the tool Plotting points from a Table The Time variable should be included in the table and defined as a date type variable e Calculating the probability of obtaining a large or equal number of pairs of adjacent cases in both space and time than would be expected by chance Define the critical space E and a critical time T Determine the number of pairs of cases N n n 1 2 Determine the distances among the N pairs of cases Classify the N cases according to their adjacency in time and or space 1 Pairs of cases close in time and space 2 Pairs of cases close in time but not close in space 3 Pairs of cases remote not close in time bu
126. ing outliers When this method 1s applied six ranges are created the first range representing low outlier next four ranges are first to fourth quartiles and the sixth high outliers e Custimized This method allows the user to define the ranges cut off values By default some values will appear that the user can modify Only the values of the upper limits of the ranges can be edited from the first range up to the next to last range Whenever the upper limit of a range is updated the value is automatically used as the lower limit of the next range the corresponding Thematic Map is automatically updated when you click the Apply button see Updating the Map Legend 56 SIGEpi User s Manual Thematic Map of Graduated Symbols The Thematic Map of Graduated Symbols uses symbols to represent the values of a variable you are working with The symbol s size is directly related to the value of the variable This type of Thematic Map can be used for any type of geographic object for which there is a Thematic Layer with Points see Plotting points from a Table to get the corresponding Thematic Layer Using Graduated Symbols is recommended for example to show the amount of services offered by a health care unit the number of requests from the community for certain specialized health services the number of diagnosed cases of a disease It does not make sense to apply this type of thematic map to display the type of health services because that 1
127. ing a Graph To Save a Graph individually 1 From the active Graph Window select the option Copy from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar placing the image of the graph to the clipboard in bmp emf or wmf formats 2 Or Click the Copy button on the Toolbar SIGEpi Geographic Information System File Edit Graph Window Help 3 You can also save your Graph as an independent file through the Export as option on the Edit menu 104 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi Geographic Information System File Edit Graph Window Help Copy Export s 105 SIGEpi User s Manual Analytical Procedures SIGEpi offers a set of analytical methods and functions for the analysis of health data Some complex procedures are presented in a simplify way taking into account the public health professional s point of view These procedures are based on the foundation of the Epidemiology and they are oriented to the exploration estimation and study of Public Health data This Analytical component is which distinguishes SIGEpi from other GIS SIGEpi allows applying several statistical and epidemiological methods to the health data This aspect strengthens the use of this system as analytical tool in Epidemiology and Public Health upon making it possible to handle the elements of person time and place in an integrated approach The analytical procedures that are offered in SIGEpi go from descriptive statistical measures of non spati
128. ing the Map Legend 7 Click the OK button to conclude a Thematic Map of Unique Yalues i i Legend Title States of Brazil The Thematic Map of Unique Values allows to show categories in a map of areas Each category will take a color It can be apply to categorical and numeric variables Unique Values Layer br est te Variable NOME ACHE ALAGOAS AMAFA AMAZONAS BAHIA Y EF m horder CEARA Update OF Cancel Apply Dialogue box Thematic Map using Single Values Example 65 SIGEpi User s Manual In this example it is used the layer of states of Brazil and the variable name of state NOME to categorize the states The map displays each state with a different color If it is used a variable that more than one state share one value those states will have the same color gt SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health Trial Yersion Not registered File Edit Map Layer Epi Analysis Window Help Scale 1 22 716 307 9 Proj 9 ACRE a Z Map 1 ALAG E Database C Program Files SIGEpilDato AMAPA E E Tables AMAZONAS a ect C Program Files SIGEpi Datos caso IV States of Brazil x 8 Queries RE Sl illl Graphs DISTRITO FEDERAL ESPIRITO SANTO i JEA L t Golas ayos MARANHAD MATO GROSSO MATO GROSSO DOS MINAS GERAIS PARA PARAIBA PARANA PERNAMBUCO PIAUI RIO DE JANEIRO RIO GRANDE DO NOF RIO GRANDE DO SUL RONDONIA RORAIMA SANTA CATARINA SAD PAU
129. ject Afterwards the new empty project 1s created with no name SIGEp1 allows you to set a name to the project when the project is saved The name of the Project can be changed by clicking the Properties option of the Project menu from the menu Bar When a work session has ended the Project should be saved To do this select the option Save Project from the File menu or simply click the ll Save Project button SIGEpi displays a dialog box that allows you to enter or change the Project name If a Project name that already exists is selected you are asked whether you want to replace it Opening an Existing Project When you open a Project in SIGEpi a file is opened that contains references to the geographic data Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts that make up the Project To open an existing Project 1 From the File menu choose the option Open Project 2 Or from the Toolbar under the Menu Bar click the Lar Open Project button SIGEpi displays the Open Project dialog box where you select or specify the name and location of the Project file you want to open As a result all the commands stored in the Project are carried out rebuilding all the components created during a previous work session Rename Copy or Delete a Project When working with a Project file you may want to assign a different name to your Project make copies or delete Projects that you no longer need With the Project Window active select Save Project
130. king on this option the crude rate is also calculated 6 The option Show Thematic Map already appears checked you can click to indicate whether or not you want to create the Thematic Map obtained as a result of the Rates calculation 7 Click the OK button 8 Using the dialogue Save Shapefile choose a folder and set a name for the layer that will create this function As a result a new layer is created containing the specific rates for each stratum the prefix R_ is added to the name of the new variables and the crude rate The new Layer is added to the map In case to calculate only one specific Rate a thematic map of ranges is created If you select more then one stratum a Thematic Map of Bar Charts is created displaying the calculated specific Rates of each stratum la x Dengue Brasil 2002 Y BR_UF_DENGUESPECIFICRATE T_COal T_Cla4 T_C10a14 T_C15a19 eat dd Sl de E 83 Y Crude Rate x 100 000 Pop 0 3363 3 2913 3 2913 13 4615 13 4615 34 2934 34 2934 69 7192 69 7192 131 3797 Y ESTADOS_R O One Centimeter 235 Km Km 250 500 750 1000 Thematic Map of Bar Charts visualizing the Age Specific Rates of Dengue by Federative Unit Brazil SIGEpi User s Manual Rate Standardization DIRECT METHOD DAR The Direct Method consist in apply stratum specific rates of confounding variable e g age sex of the populations are being compared to a standard population organized in th
131. l and priority areas using the Entera Table Method column allows to select a method to present the list of values in Value column The edit box SOL Condition will show the created entera in SQL condition format and it allows wou bo type it or edit tt Criteria And No Warnable Operator Method O Thl Quintiles Quintiles f Apply to all features O Apply to selected features Add to selected features Result of Selection E Clear OF Cancel Dialogue Identification of Priority Areas In the case of the displayed dialogue we have defined a complex condition Indicating that the critical areas are those which Infant Mortality Rate TMI is higher that 56 per 1000 live births and the percentage of population with access to potable water 1s lower than 40 5 percent You can see at the bottom of the dialogue that five 5 geographic units meet this criterion 10 Click the OK button As a result the areas or geographic units that meet the established conditions are shaded on the Map You can change the color and form of the display of selected areas by modifying the Selection Properties of the map 135 S GEpi User s Manual ala xi o Identification of Areas or regions that satisfy the condition If you want to save this selection you must convert the layer with the chosen priority or critical areas to a shapefile The new cartographic layer will contain only
132. l operators for creating a complex condition 4 Clicking on the cell of Variable column the list of variables of the selected layer will be displayed allowing to select a variable Clicking on the Operators column a list of math operator will be displayed allowing to select one of them Clicking on the cell of Method column we can select a classification method in order to create cut off values for the condition According to the selected method in the cell of Value column will be display a set of cut off values There are included five options Value display the values of the selected variable Accumulated Freq display the values and its accumulated frequency Quartiles display the quartiles cut off values of the variable Quintiles and Deciles will display the quintiles and deciles cut off values Checking on the cell of Not column we are setting the NOT logical operator which means the negation of the condition The AND column should be checked in the case that we need to create a complex condition formed by at least two simple condition and using the AND logical operator instead of OR logical operator The SQL Condition shows the expression or condition that is being constructed and is used to select the priority or critical areas 134 SIGEpi User s Manual w Identification of Priority Areas x Layer perstat Total of features 235 selected O Defne criteria for the identification of critica
133. l selection process ES Properties of Spatial Selection Source for Selection Select Too Method of Selection Shape and feature boundaries overlap Shape and feature share a common point Shape and feature cross edges Shape and feature share a common line Shape and feature hare common pont or cross edges Shape and feature intersect Shape and feature intersect on interior Shape and feature intersect without touching edges Feature contains shape Shape contains feature Feature completely contains shape Shape completely contains feature Feature contains first point of shape Shape contains feature centroid hd 2 Dialogue Spatial Selection Properties 51 SIGEpi User s Manual Example Selecting Municipalities of a given state Select as the source the States Layer of a region In the Maps Window activate the Municipalities Layer by clicking any of the municipalities the state containing that municipality is displayed on the Map depending on the characteristics and properties of the selection defined in the Map Properties Thematic Maps SIGEpi allows users to create a set of Thematic Maps based on attributes of layers The Thematic Maps show specific information concerning particular locations general information on the spatial patterns and make it possible to compare patterns in one or more maps The representation of the attributes of the geographical units should be carried out using international
134. lation 128 SIGEpi User s Manual Spatial smoother of rates AS Table E A_UF Denguebirect tdh ate Poblaci n POBTOTAL id Coefficient 100000 2i Neighborhood f Common boundary 1st order Distance ro Kil metros Pe Wi eights Binary Schema 1 neighbors 0 not neighbors Scope i Global f Local Cancel Dialogue Spatial Smoother of Rates using Cases and Population Click the drop down button of the Cases edit box and select the cases variable by clicking on it Click the drop down button of the Population edit box and select the population variable by clicking on it Select the value of the coefficient to use b Using Rates only Table E AUF Dengueblireci tdA ate Crude_Rate Scope Global f Local Neighborhood f Common boundary 1st order Distance fio Kil metros Weights Binary Schema 1 neighbors O not neighbors Smoothing Method Cancel Dialogue Spatial Smoother of Rates 129 SIGEpi User s Manual GN Click the drop down button of the Rate edit box and select the Rate variable by clicking it Select the Smoothing Method to use by clicking it Click the Scope type that you want to apply Global includes all the Layer s geographic areas Local defines an area for which to apply the calculation If you selected Local Scope the Neighborhood edit box is activated enabling you to sel
135. lculate the Standardized Rates Ratio or Standard Mortality or Morbidity Rate SMR The SMR usually is scaled by 100 or expressed in percentage The indirect method for the standardization of Rates uses the same Dialogue as the direct method and the procedure follows the same steps except that in this case you need to select the Case variables for each population stratum To standardize Rates follow the steps 1 Activate the Map Window 2 Select the Layer of interest Note The layer should contain the variables needed in this method 3 Select the option Standardization of Rates gt Indirect Method from the Epi Analysis menu 4 The Dialogue Box is displayed which allows you to select the variables and parameters necessary to apply the standardization procedure to do this a In the Study Population which is activated select the variables containing the values of the Cases for each stratum defined using the list of variables in the Attributes Table associated with the Layer that are displayed in the Variables edit box Click the Cases variable s and place them in the Cases list that corresponds to the edit box and appears on the right of the dialog box using the gt button in the section Click the Population section that appears to the right of the Cases edit box and select the population or sample variable s for each stratum and place them in the list using the gt button in the section 124 SIGEpi User s Man
136. lect the field or fields to index or organize the index To do this click the name of the field that you want in the list of fields and appears displayed in the lower left part of the dialog box 3 Select the type of index you want to get by clicking the rectangles that define the types of indexes 4 Click the OK button to create the defined index 84 SIGEpi User s Manual w Add Index to NewTable xj Mame index0 e Primary Indexed Fields W Unique Index Po Ignore Mull Values Available Fields Dialogue box Create Table Index The Table created is added to the Database and is displayed in the list of Tables that make up the Database You can edit each field or attribute in the Table created to add data or values for that field all Table NewT able Ioj x poo ovaa vaa ndes ard BO OOO IES S S Example of data Table resulting from creating a Table Importing and Linking External Tables Usually we have data in tables of other formats than MS Access e g dBase Excel etc Those are considered external tables because they are not included in the database SIGEpi allows you to add import external Tables to the Database this way they are accessible the data processing in a SIGEp1 Project Importing and Linking Tables 1 Open or create a Database in the Project if you have not already done so 2 Select the option Add External Table Import to import a Table into the Database or if you only want
137. llation folder should be avoided to prevent components copied to other folders on the hard disk from remaining To uninstall SIGE pi take the following steps 1 Click the Windows 95 98 NT Start button Select the Settings Control Panel option The Control Panel Window appears Double click the Add Remove Programs icon Select the option SIGEpi from the list of installed programs Click the Remove button and follow the steps for the uninstall process y The System and all 1ts components will automatically be uninstalled A group of components installed by SIGEpi can be shared by other programs installed on your computer therefore we recommend that you take care during the uninstall process where you are alerted to decide whether to uninstall a component shared by other applications SIGEp1 User Interface SIGEpi is an application with a User Interface of multiple types of documents In SIGEpi your data are displayed in the form of Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts Each one of these forms for displaying data has 1ts own characteristics and they are organized in a Project The System allows you to work with a single Project open at a time The Project makes 1t possible to maintain all the components and elements of a work session together and organized The Project can be saved in a file on disk and opened at a subsequent work session with SIGEpi allowing you to keep all the components created during a work session without the
138. local who have limited access to commercial GIS and require simplified procedures and methods for data analysis Components of SIGEpi SIGEpi is a GIS software program for epidemiology and public health made up of e 2 SIGEpi A component based Package of Executable Programs System developed in Visual Basic that includes the use of tools and the components Map Object SQL MS Access ActiveX control HTMLBrowser and HTMLHelp SIGEpi Help An on line Help System that allows you to work with SIGEpi plan and work with the System design and work with a Project and make use of the potential functions that it includes for data analysis FISIGEpi Manual A User s Manual with sections for learning and training in the use of basic concepts and operation of SIGEpi that allows you to develop your work and easily and expeditiously obtain results from data analysis and processing This Manual supports the on line help system SIGEpi User s Manual Distribution SIGEpi is stand alone software with its own functions that does not depend on another commercial GIS It is distributed by the Area of Health Analysis and Information Systems of the Pan American Health Organization AIS PAHO to the public health institutions of the member countries of PAHO through inter institutional agreements of technical cooperation with specific commitments of use and application in solving of health and decision making problems The AIS Area will keep a r
139. m in Epidemiology and Public Health l af xj File Edit Table Epi Analysis Window Help l Add Relation z g Eu i R Remove Relations O 126 Features Map 1 loj xii States of Mexican and Central Amerine Create Graph Find Select by Attributes Select All _ 15 x Invert Selection POB2002 TCDA POBURB ANALFT de VIAS 3810 3 9 28 59 95 2 Quitar Selecci n 1346 dal 4c on al a7 Update View 716 e Attributes of Layer edo_mesoamerica i Oj x E 432 ESRI Tl Cica D Cayo Belize Di 264 Corozal Belize Es d 358 Orange W alk Belize Es 333 Stann Creek Belize Di oe Toledo Belize Di s55 Belize Belize Di fe 47 Cartago Costa Rica Pr 199 Guanacaste Guanacaste Costa Rica Di 723 Heredia Heredia Costa Rica Pr 2076 Limon Limon Costa Rica Di 207 Puntarenas Puntarenas Costa Rica Pr 303 San Jose San Jose Costa Rica Pr 155 Alajuela Alajuela Costa Rica D 165 Baja California Baja California Mexico St 342 Baja California Sur Baja California Sur Mexico Es 500 Campeche Campeche Mexico E Ki Chiapas Chiapas Mexico Es Chihuahua Chihuahua Mexico St f 11052 Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Es ate Colima Colima Mexico Es E 259 Distrito Federal Distrito Federal Mexico Es 428 Durango Durango Mexico Es 484 Guanajuato Guanajuato Mexico Es 320 Guerrero Guerrero Mexico Es 8
140. ments of a Map knowing some values for the attributes of the Layers In addition with only a click on a layer feature the user can obtain the values of its attributes See Select using Layer and Working with Labels 11 SIGEpi User s Manual Manage of non geographic data Manage process and show non geographic data Non spatial non geographical data can be handled by the System Database The native format of the Database is the Microsoft Access standard mdb however other popular file formats such as dBASE can be imported Non spatial data can be created updated saved and processed See Database Available data files generated by other systems are easily handled by SIGEpi They are shown in the Tables or Queries windows Also they may be linked with Thematic Layers and presented as a Thematic Map See Linking the Table with attributes of the Thematic Layer Selection of geographic features by their attributes A layer can be queried to show geographic features that meet certain conditions For example countries with a population of more than 25 000 000 inhabitants or departments with an infant mortality rate higher than 45 per 1 000 live births As a result geographic features that meet the condition are selected See Select using attributes Visualization of data Charts and Statistics results Create Graphs based on attributes of Layers The values for attributes of the Thematic Layers and data Ta
141. merator and the population under risk or under study denominator for the analysis 3 Select the option Calculation of Rates gt Specifics from the Epi Analysis menu 4 Using the Dialogue Calculation of Specific Rates select the variables for cases or deaths numerator and the population variables denominator for each stratum From the list of variables at the center of the dialogue select a the variables for cases place them in the Strata Cases list using the lt button on the left side of the dialog box b the variables for population or sample place them in the Strata Population list using the gt button on the right side of the dialog box c Select the value of the coefficient to use for calculating the Rates w Calculation of Specific Rates x Table estados_r Strata Cases Variables Strata Population J Calculation of Crude Rate IY Show Thematic Map OF Cancel Dialogue Calculation of Specific Rates 118 SIGEpi User s Manual Note You can select one or more case stratum variables to calculate the specific rates similarly you should select one or more population stratum variables Every case stratum and population stratum variable should be line up You can use the Up and Down buttons to move the variables to the appropriate positions 5 Selecting several case and population variables means your working with strata so the option Calculate the Crude Rate is enabled Chec
142. n legend El lt Previous Hert gt Ok Cancel Dialogue Create Buffers As a result a new Layer with the created buffers is added to the Map 143 SIGEpi User s Manual Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis SIGEpi provides a set of methods for detecting spatial patterns in health and disease events Spatial Analysis offers a set of statistical methods that allow you to detect statistically significant spatial patterns in health and disease events or spatial concentration of regions with similar indicator values Analysis of geographic variations in mortality and morbidity is a common way to investigate environmental and other etiological hypotheses Thematic Maps showing regional health data are frequently used for these purposes Often the interpretation of geographic variations is done visually which has the drawback of leading the investigator to false conclusions due to subjective considerations However geographic patterns in the data can be evaluated with spatial autocorrelation methods or statistical significance tests that evaluate the similarity of data values between adjacent regions The methods that SIGEpi offers in this module for analyzing spatial autocorrelation Moran s I Geary s c are the most well established measures in the general statistical literature on spatial analysis With the application of these techniques it is possible to detect spatial patterns clusters in the geographic distribution
143. ndow States selected by a condition Select by Layer In many cases it is necessary to select geographic units in a Layer based on a spatial relationship with geographic units of another Layer Selecting geographic units for a Layer based on another Layer 1 Activate the Maps Window and Select a layer 2 Select the option Select by Layer from the Layer menu or from the menu displayed by right clicking on the layer name in Legend 3 Or click the Select by Layer button from the Toolbar The dialogue Select by layer is displayed Selection using Layer l Active Layer cities Features 36 selected T Select features of active layer that selected features of layer states Result Apply to all features f Add to selected features O Apply to selected features B Select Cancel Dialogue Selection using Layer 45 SIGEpi User s Manual This dialog presents its control in natural language way to allow a better understanding 4 The name of the selected or active layer is displayed It shows total of features and selected features in the layer Choose the selection method 6 Choose the Layer which selected features will be used for selection in the list selected feature of layer 7 Click the range you want to apply to the selection s result 8 Click the Select button to choose the geographic units that meet the defined condition GN Example A team of epidemiologist needs t
144. need to repeat tasks that you have already carried out Project Window The Project Window appears in the left part of the application s work area when a new Project is created or an existing Project is opened it contains a list in a tree format where the different components of the Project are organized The components are grouped under Maps Tables Queries Graphs Results and Layouts Each group contains elements of its type that have been created during a work session distinguished by their names each of these components can be modified See Project 16 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi Geographic Information System in E File Project Database Options Window Help E E Tables E Ind_bas Queries E u e Project Window Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts Windows Each type of component is shown in its own window for example e geographic data geographic databases and raster images are shown in the Maps Window e attributes of geographic data Database Tables and Database Queries are shown in the Tables Window e different types of graphs are shown in the Graphs Window e results of analytical and statistical processes are shown in the Results Window e presentation of data taken from the different types of windows that you want to display are shown in the Layouts Window There can be as many open windows as needed however only one window 1s active at a time All the open windows will appear li
145. ns Labels Clear all Labels from the Map menu on the Menu Bar 71 SIGEpi User s Manual As a result the display of Labels in that Thematic Layer 1s deleted from the Active Maps Window e Ifyou did not save the deleted Labels as a Label File you cannot show them subsequently Displaying a Map window To display a Map 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Double click the name of the Maps Window you want to show from the list of maps under the Maps component in the Project Window 3 Or Select the Map you want to show by clicking the name of the Map and a Click the 4 Show Window button from the Toolbar that appears to the left of the Project Window b Or Select the option Show Map from the Project menu on the Menu Bar Copying a Map To Save a Map individually From an active Map Window 1 From the Edit menu select the option Copy Map which places a copy of the Map s image on the clipboard in BitMap or Metafile format depending on the option selected This allows you to add the Map as a graphic image to any document you create such as a report or document prepared in MS Word This image is not a spatial datum or georeferenced This image remains on the clipboard only until another object is copied there or until you turn off your PC 2 You may also want to save the Map as a file to do this select the option Export Map Image As from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar This allows you to save the selected Map
146. nt to apply Global includes all the geographic areas of the Layer or Local defines an area to apply the calculation 6 If you select Local Scope the Neighborhood box is activated you can then select what type of Neighborhood you want to examine Common border if you want to include in the calculation only geographic areas that have a common border with the selected area Distance if you want to specify a distance and unit of measurement that defines the neighborhood area 7 Click on the OK button In the dialogue Save Layer choose a folder and type a name for the new Layer As a result a new Layer is created displaying the Thematic Map of Bars that we just created by applying the Spatial Lag procedure for the selected variable the new variable S_Tasas1 with the smoothed values 1s added to the Layer The new Layer is added to the Map In this example the Spatial Lag procedure was applied to the variable TMI Infant Mortality Rate and the Thematic Map using Bar Charts was obtained showing the relationship between the selected variable TMI and the estimated value for its neighbors S_ TMI in each region A Thematic Map using Ranges with the variable SL_TMI also was displayed as a base using the Quantiles method showing the indicator s patterns in the different areas of the region this way you can find the areas with greater incidence Rates and see how the Rate for each area compares with those of its neighbors
147. nteraction in space and time or in other words that they are not grouped clustered in space and time Exposure Effect Association SIGEpi provides a set of quantitative methods for epidemiological analysis of exposure effect association of health or disease events The Exposure Effect Association procedure provides a set of measures and statistical techniques allowing you to detect a possible association between a spatial exposure factor and an effect being studied This procedure can be applied in epidemiological Cohort studies and unmatched Case Control studies where the exposure factor or factors are environmental Description of the Statistical Methods The procedure is based on statistical methods detailed in the User Manual s bibliography To avoid going into too much detail we decided not to include here the mathematical description of the methods used For a complete description of these methods we recommend consulting the chapter M todos Cuantitativos de la Epidemiologia Analitica en Epidemiologia Principios T cnicas Aplicaciones by Milos Jenicek and Robert Cl roux The use of these methods in SIGEpi is explained below e Necessary data To begin with 1t is necessary to have two cartographic layers a One Layer should contain the exposure factors s that you want to study For example a Layer that contains the areas or geographic units that represent a type of crop that crop can be considered an exposure factor r
148. o facilitate the interpretation and analysis of the rates The spread of disease in a community occurs on an unstable demographic terrain Populations grow or shrink over time and vary from one place to another In general the absolute number of cases of a disease for comparison purposes has limited importance unless it is linked to the reference population therefore the use of Rates 1s recommended Rate In Epidemiology this represents a relationship between the number of individuals displaying a specific characteristic and the total population It represents a proportion fraction of the set of observations Health events are related to several factors which vary from region to region and the estimation of risk take into account data from person time and place We often try to establish an association between one of these factors and the disease It is therefore necessary to remove the effect of other factors to obtain a more precise causal relationship For example the proportion of elderly people in a population A can be greater than in population B When this type of difference exists between geographic areas comparisons of Rates between different populations require the Crude Rate for each population to be standardized to remove the effect attributable to differences in the population distribution of the areas Standardization of Rates This is one of the procedures used to remove in a comparison of a series of observations
149. o know the cities and localities that are in areas of higher risk of malaria They have two cartographic layers in a map one of Municipality boundaries with the indicator Annual Parasite Index API and other layer of cities and localities where the mayor percent of population is concentrated The team has defined that an API higher that 4 0 is consider of high risk As the API is measured at the municipality level first it is needed to select all the municipalities with API gt 4 0 The team has done this step using the function Select using attributes The selected municipalities appear in yellow in the map So to select the localities that overlay the municipalities of higher risk of malaria they choose the option Selection by Layer on the Layer menu Using the dialogue Select by Layer they decided to select the localities that intersect with the selected municipalities from the municipality layer As a result the localities that intersect the selected municipalities are now selected too Small yellow circles in the map represent them f CHIS LOC CRIT gt Y CHNEWMUN_REGIO O One Centimeter 24 5 Km Km 25 59 75 Maps Window Selection by layer 46 SIGEpi User s Manual Selecting all the geographic units of a Layer To select all the geographic units of a Thematic Layer 1 Activate the Maps Window and Select the desired Layer 2 Choose the option Select All a from the Layer menu on the Menu
150. of epidemiological data Outlier Map The Outlier Map is a simplify procedure to detect outliers on the distribution of a variable using the box plot classification method and a thematic map of ranges to visualize the distribution of the data in a map The Box Map 1s an exploratory and visualizing technique that in a simple chart synthesizes information about the magnitude and distribution of a measurement The BoxMap is created using the classification method of quartiles and applying the rule of Median 1 5 times the Inter quartile interval to determine the extreme values of the measurement The output thematic map is created with the box plot bins in six classes The data of the variable are classified in quartiles and it is apply the rule Q2 1 5 Q3 Q1 as is shown in the cart 144 SIGEpi User s Manual Pr Cuad a y Falko Ate Bij Low Outlier value obtained by applying the equation Q2 1 5 Q3 Q1 Q1 1st Quartile represents the observation s value below which 25 of the observations of the variable are found Q2 2nd Quartile median of the observed values corresponds to the observation s value below which 50 of the observed values of the variable are found Q3 3rd Quartile represents the observation s value below which 75 of the observed values of the variable are found 4th Quartile Groups the values that are above Q3 and less than the High Outlier High Outlier value obtained by applying
151. om there you can choose whether to display each layer organize them or create Thematic Maps 34 SIGEpi User s Manual Maps Window displaying only the cartographic layer of main roads See Creating and Working with a Map Creating and Working with a Map All work with Maps is done in the Maps Window once the Project is opened you can open a Maps Window by taking the following steps e Open a Maps Window 1 The list of Project components appears on the left side of the Project Window place your cursor on the Map component and click the New Window button of the Toolbar to the left of the Project components structure 2 Similarly once the Map component menu is selected you can select the option New Map from the Project menu shown on the Menu Bar In either case a new Maps Window is created and displayed in which you can work to represent spatial data See Adding Thematic Layers Note that when the Maps Window opens and activates a new menu associated with the functions of this window is displayed in the Menu Bar If you switch to the Project Window another menu in the Menu Bar is activated This menu and toolbar dynamism functions throughout the Project and for all the components of the Project during work with SIGEpi 35 SIGEpi User s Manual Scale 1 E 2731 Status E 10 17 35 51 1 31 2003 240 PM Maps Window and associated Menu Bars and Toolbars When a new Map window is created it is named
152. on coefficient and the number of observations If the correlation is positive the value of correlation coefficient 1s higher the cero r gt 0 this means that there is a positive correlation between both variables in other words when the value of one variable is high the value of the other variable is also high If the correlation is negative the value of correlation coefficient is less than cero r lt 0 this means that when there is a negative correlation between the variables when the value of one variable is high the value for the other variable is low If the correlation coefficient 1s close to cero r 0 this means that there is a no correlation or a weak correlation between the two variables The 95 Confidence Interval helps to determine whether de correlation between two variables is statistically significant If the confidence interval includes the value cero then there 1s no enough evidence to say that there 1s correlation between the variables 111 SIGEpi User s Manual aT YCorrelation This topic presents the correlation matrix of selected variables Pearson s Correlation Coefficient Confidence Interval 95 Table perstat Title Correlation of Health Indicators mor Popu DRENAJE __ANALFABM Tm 4 00 1 00 ai Y N 25 x 0 91 0 96 0 81 N 25 0 76 0 89 0 52 N 25 0 71 0 86 0 44 N 25 0 70 0 86 0 43 N 25 0 76 0 52 0 89 N 25 EVNTOT 1 00 1 00 1 00 N 25 j
153. on where the Infant Mortality Rate is higher than 15 per 1000 live births a defined value or cut off value that is considered as critical Identifying Priority or Critical Areas on a Map 1 Activate the Maps Window 2 Select the layer of interest 3 From the Epi Analysis menu select the option Identification of Priority Areas The Dialogue Identification of Priority Areas is displayed which allows you to define the condition that classifies the geographic unit as critical w Identification of Priority Areas i x Layer perstat Total of features 25 selected 0 Define criteria for the identification of critical and priority areas using the Criteria Table Method column allows to select a method to present the list of values in Value column The edit box SQL Condition will show the created entera in SQL condition format and it allows you bo type it or edit it Criteria And Na Variable Operator Method O Ou Apply to all features f Apply to selected features f Add to selected features Result of Selection p Clear OF Lancel Dialogue Identification of Priority Areas 133 SIGEpi User s Manual This dialog box displays the name of the selected Layer and table with columns And Not Variable Operator Method and Value This grid will help you to define the condition to select the priority or critical areas The approach here 1s to define simple expressions connected by logica
154. onships established between Data Tables and an Attributes Table l Activate the Map Window and select the Layer to which you want to remove the relationships 2 Display the Attributes Table of the layer or if it is already opened activate it 3 Select the option Remove Relationships from the Table menu on the Menu Bar As a result all the Tables related to the Layer are removed the attribute table of the layer is updated deleting all the columns or attributes that were added by establishing the relationship Updating the display of the Attributes Table You can update or refresh the view of the Attributes Table of a Layer to show the changes made and update the Table s display To update the display of the Attributes Table 1 Activate the Attributes Table associated with the Layer of interest 2 Select the option Update View from the Table menu Copying the Attributes Table You can copy image of the display of the Attributes Table of a layer to the clipboard To copy an Attributes Table 1 Activate the Attributes Table of interest 2 From the Edit menu on the Menu Bar select the option Copy Table Image to copy the image of the Table to the clipboard This allows you to add the Table to a document or report Editing the values of an Attributes Table You can edit the values of the variables or attributes of the Attributes Table Editing the values of the attributes in the Attributes Table 1 Activate the Attribu
155. orting a Query to an external Table Usually a query produces temporary views of the data although some types of queries could create a new table in the database Exporting a query means to generate a permanent external table as result of the query This is useful if you want to have the data in a specific file format for using with other software To export or copy a Query to a Table 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Select the Query that you want to export by clicking the name of the Query in the list of Queries included in the Project Database 3 Click the option Export SQL from the menu displayed by right clicking the selected Query 4 In the Dialogue Box shown select the format for the table select the folder and set a name for the Table you are creating SIGEpi User s Manual Save Itt E Datos E america dbf ca_cnts dbf paises necesidad dbf amro_pais_proy dbf Ca ica db thmidpopz dbF br_est_tadj dbf country_needs_ index dbf thmpop1 dbf br_est te db De br_ inci dbf br_estados dbf Kbr_dens_cas1 dbf br_ mun db Kbr_dens_pob dbf br _mun_c_casos dbf Kbr_dens pobl dbf br mun_c pob dbf KEbr_dens_pob2 dbfF br_mun_entrds db Kbr_dens_pob3 dbF br mun re dbf Kbr_dens_ pob dbf br_pais dbf paises_criticos dbf My Documents My Computer File name My Network F Dave as type DiBase I E dbf Cancel E Dialogue Save File E As result a new file is sa
156. ose the variables Table E R_UF_DenguelndStdA ate Std Mortality A atic Obs Deaths C0a1 Esp Deaths 1_C0a1 Neighborhood f Common boundary 1st order O Distance 10 Scope C Global El metroz Wi eights Binary Schema 1 neighbors 0 not neighbors Smoothing Method Bayesian Estimator Jame Steir bal OF Cancel Dialogue Spatial Smoother of Standardized Ratio a Click on the drop down button of the Observed Cases edit box and select the corresponding variable by clicking it b Click on the drop down button of the Expected Cases edit box and select the corresponding variable by clicking it 5 Click the Scope type that you want to apply Global includes all the geographic areas of the Layer or Local includes only the neighbor units 6 If you select Local Scope the Neighborhood frame is activated so select the Neighborhood type you want Common boundary define as neighbors all the geographic units that share borders Distance define as neighbors all the geographic units which are within a given distance 7 Click on the drop down button of the Smoothing Method and select the desired method by clicking it 8 Click the OK button 9 Select a folder and type a name for the new Layer using the Dialogue Save Layer 131 SIGEpi User s Manual As a result a new Thematic Layer is created that contains the Thematic Map using Ranges that
157. ow activates the corresponding menus and buttons on the Menu Bar If you want to change the Properties of the Layout Window click the Properties option from the Layout menu on the Menu Bar Note If you want to modify the colors and special characteristics of Maps and or Graphs to be included in the Layout you should do this in the Window corresponding to each of these elements A useful way of utilizing a Layout could be for example to improve the quality of the Maps that you want to print 1f you do not have a color printer You can edit or change each element in the Layout Window by right clicking the desired element Map Graph Text and clicking the action you want in the displayed menu modify properties delete or update the selected element and move or vary its size 170 SIGEpi User s Manual Adding Text to a Layout To add Text to a Layout l Ze oP 4 5 With the Layout Window active Click the amp Add Text button on the Toolbar Or Select the Add Text option from the Layout menu on the Menu Bar Type the text that you want to include in the Layout in the displayed Dialogue Box Definiendo ef texto Dialogue box Define Text Click on the inserted Text to move it to the position that you want Adding a Map to a Layout To add a Map to a Layout l 2 3 With the Layout Window active Click the Add Map button on the Toolbar Or Select the Add Map option from the Layout menu on
158. ph Properties 101 SIGEpi User s Manual This dialog box allows you to change the name and title of the Graph and determine the style type color and font size Types of Graphs SIGEpi allows to create seven types of Graphs to represent the attributes of the cartographic layers The types of Graph are Bar Chart Line Graph Area Graph Pie Chart Box Plot Bar Chart Stacked Bar Chart Scatter Plot and A Bar chart shows the differences between the values of the selected variables in the form of bars The relative height of the bars represents the values of the variables for each geographic unit iol xl Life Expectancy in Central America a 70 60 50 A Legend an MA evn t MB EH 30 KO Ew 20 10 0 Belice Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panam El Salvador PAIS Example Bar Chart Stacked Bar Chart A Stacked bar chart is useful in representing the cumulative values of the selected variables by geographic unit You should be careful in selecting the variables you want to represent ensuring SIGEpi User s Manual that the cumulative values are meaningful and do not measure different parameters that are incompatible lo x Mortality Crude Rates births and maternal 50 40 30 z Legend 3 Mi Ten 2 MM Ten 2 20 10 Belice Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panam El Salvador PAIS Example Stacked Bar Chart Line Graph A Line graph presents the values of the variable s
159. ping data Data Sources for Tables Working with SIGEpi you can import Tables from different data sources You must take into account the diverse formats and different levels regional national sub national of analysis in which the available epidemiological and health data are frequently found 78 SIGEpi User s Manual Data formats e DBase FoxPro Paradox Btrieve Excel You can add DBase Foxpro Paradox Btrieve and Excel files as Tables in SIGEpi These data sources may contain data that you want to use in SIGEpi For example these Tables could contain additional information on characteristics you want to show on a Map See Importing and Linking Tables and Linking the Table with the Thematic Layer e SQL Database Servers From SIGEpi you can connect to a database server and run a SQL statement to get records from a Table SIGEpi stores the definitions in the SQL statements not the records themselves See Importing Tables and Working with a Query 79 SIGEpi User s Manual Working with the Database Working with a Project Database in SIGEpi you can organize your data in Tables and Queries You can bring data from different sources and integrate and organize them in SIGEpi s Database In this way you incorporate your data in Maps for analysis and spatial representation Project A 4 Project E al 19 Maps bee rd Map 1 a Database C Mesoamerica MalariaMapas DatoMeso mdb Project window Database Cr
160. properties and attributes A Map can be analog printed on paper for example or digital coded in figures stored on a computer and displayed on a screen Matrix Data structure formed by elements grid cells arranged regularly in rows and columns The matrix is the structure most often used for the construction of digital models of terrain and digital images in the latter case each element of a matrix 1s called a pixel Pixel Small element in a drawing It is the smallest element represented in an image A pixel has two attributes its spatial location and the value that characterizes it Each discrete element into which a digital image is divided is a pixel Raster Data model in which reality 1s represented by elements as polygons that form a regular mosaic Each polygon of the mosaic is a unit area that has the mean value of the represented variable A raster data model is based on locations Raster Data Raster data put spatial information in a regular matrix of grid cells or digital image grid organized as a group of rows and columns Each grid cell in this matrix contains a value representing a particular geographic characteristic such as elevation irregularity of terrain etc 178 SIGEpi User s Manual SQL Structured Query Language A standard language for database management SQL has become a standard As a result queries in this language provide access to databases from diverse sources An SQL statement is a set of pro
161. ps Window and 2 Select the Layer of interest Note The selected layer should contain the variables and indicators to include in the model 3 Select the Composite Index in Health option from the Epi Analysis menu 4 Select the variables or indicators to include in the model using the Dialogue 137 SIGEpi User s Manual The name of the layer is shown at the top of the dialogue and the variables of the layer are displayed in the Variables list Select the relevant indicators to include in the model of the Composite Index in Health following the steps click on the indicator in the list of Variables click on gt button to move the variable to the Selected Indicators table on the right side of the dialogue The table of Selected Indicators allows you to change the direction and weight of each indicator Calculation of Composite Index in Health E Theme perstat Health Indicators Yanables Selected Indicators TOTPOPS3 Indicators Direction Weight 7 Thal EWNTOT H20 Sum of of weights must be equal to 100 Total weight 1100 Type of Thematic Map Classification Method Categories Terciles C Ranges uintiles p OF Cancel Dialogue Calculation of Composite Health Index In the above example the indicators Infant Mortality Rate TMI Live Expectancy at Birth EVNTOT and Proportion of Population with access to Potable Water H20 have been included in the model 5 Define the
162. r click the amp Attributes Table button that is found on the Toolbar displayed under the Menu Bar 41 SIGEpi User s Manual t SILLA Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health lO x Ele Edt Table EpiAnalyss Window Help osla S soje El ajajaj e 11 32 Featuecs R DE NAM POPSO SQMI 19363 415 Mx Campeche 535185 27 2BEEE Polygon 13227 718 MG Puebla 4123101 gs a 141 Palygon 19702 740 MQ3 Quintana Roo 433277 2545049 7306003 Re Polygon 153 069 MX23 Tlaxcala 761277 401 0907 7646 34 Polygon 2001 188 MX12 Guemero UD 105 6177 52 25965 134 Polygon 357 813 MQ Oaxaca ENDESAN 34 33 45287 31 Poligon 934 727 MO Tabasco 1501744 153 9767 49 6568 37 Poligon 20335 571 MX05 Chispas 3210496 112077 40 3907 264 Polygon 64542 455 MOB Sonata 1823506 25 SLES 7313261 3 Polygon 95771 458 MODE Chibrashua 2441873 258273 71 39002 23 Polygon 5798 415 M007 Coshuls De Zaragoza 1972340 ORES 8 05621 o2 I Poligon 2315678 MOS Simalos 2204054 y gu Es 09405 16 Polygon 85453 611 MX10 Durango 1345378 2345 57 39055 16 Polygon 20881 617 MKI Zacatecas WET MOO MOI Casados Daraa Status XK MAY 2537 4 2 2003 11213 PM Maps Window Attributes table of the layer States A selection of a States is shown on the Map and this selection is shown in the attributes table too A dynamic relationship exists between the Layers and Attributes Tables this means that selections made on the Map window are reflected in the Attribu
163. r content into General Maps and Thematic Maps e General Maps These are maps that represent the lines and borders of geographic information For example administrative borders of municipalities regions elevation watersheds communication routes cities etc They are prepared with different techniques and by manual or computerized procedures ranging from on site methods to remote methods with satellite images and Global Positioning Systems GPS e Thematic Maps These are maps that emphasize a particular aspect or theme either natural or social These maps represent information or data on a Map in the form of colors shading etc displaying some characteristic of interest For example representing the incidence of a disease in an area What is a Map A Map is the basic data structure that can be used in SIGEpi for representation analysis and obtaining results from information supported by cartographic bases and tables of statistical epidemiological and health data Maps show the distribution location size and relationships of different natural and social phenomena in a region or area on the earth s surface Maps Window In SIGEpi all work with Maps is done in the Maps Window When displaying a Map you can interactively show and manage geographic data on the right side of the Maps Window that is you select the geographic data to be used and how to display them The Maps Window also contains 1 A Legend located on the upp
164. r regression is a particular case of regression analysis where the function used is linear The linear regression analysis is used in public health mainly with two purposes a measure the relationship between independents or explanatory variables and dependent or explained variable and b to create a prediction model where one or more independent variables are used to forecast or predict the value of dependent variable Using the observation data of the selected variables as independent and dependent we can define and calculate the linear regression equation as y a bxte where x independent variable y dependent variable a b parameters of the equation e error include the portion of the relation explained by other variables not included in the model Simple linear regression uses a single independent variable Multiple linear regression uses more than one independent variable making a regression equation in this form y a bxl cx2 dx3 112 SIGEpi User s Manual where x1 x2 x3 Xn independent variables y dependent variable a b c d parameters of the equation To apply the Linear Regression Procedure to data 1 Activate the Maps Window and 2 a Select the Layer of interest b Or Activate the Attributes Table associated with the Thematic Layer of interest Note The Attributes should contain the variables for the analysis 3 Select the option Regression Analysis from the Epi An
165. relationship between coordinates on a planar Map and the real location of the coordinates on the Earth GPS Global Positioning System System for place localization through which the current coordinates of a land station can be estimated through simultaneous reception of signals from several satellites Graph Representation of data on coordinate axes Grid Network of uniformly spaced parallel lines that intersect at right angles When they are overlaid on a Map the grid is usually referred to by the name of the projection used such as Lambert grid transverse Mercator grid and universal transverse Mercator grid Grid cell Basic information element in a raster matrix structure A two dimensional object that represents one element selected from a surface This term 1s usually used to refer to a simple element in a raster data structure Image Visible representation of geographic objects and or phenomena obtained by remote sensing cameras scanners radar etc Legend Ordered and structured list of the relationships between symbols and values for the variables represented on a Map Map Graphic representation of the physical features natural artificial or both of a part or all of the Earth s surface represented by symbols with an established scale on a specific projection and with the orientation indicated It 1s a graphic model of the terrestrial surface that represents spatial objects and their measurements topological
166. rking with we usually have our data in a Table format such as dBASE EXCEL etc These data are already available in existing information systems and databases that we already use There are various formats for managing and storing data SIGEpi uses Microsoft Access mdb as its native format for managing non spatial data It can also handle the following formats e dBASE III e dBASE IV e FoxPro e Excel 21 SIGEpi User s Manual Spatial Data Spatial data store geometric or spatial locations of geographic characteristics of the Earth s different surfaces or areas together with information on attributes or characteristic data that they represent These are the graphic objects on the Map such as political limits territories roads river networks location of health units etc Spatial data may contain an explicit geographic reference such as latitude and longitude or an implicit reference such as an address or zip code Data on geometric locations are frequently stored in a raster or vector data structure and they correspond to the attributes or data that they represent which are stored in Tables of geographically related or georeferenced data along with the characteristics that describe them This is known as a georeferenced data structure Below are some of the characteristics of the spatial and cartographic data e In spatial data there is an explicit relationship between the geometric or geographic information and their a
167. rs a set of quantitative methods of analytical epidemiology at the individual level making 1t possible to show the statistical significance of a possible association between exposure factors and the effect being studied It should be possible to geographically represent the exposure on the Map as well as the population sample being studied This offers techniques that can be applied in unmatched cohort and case control studies See Analytical Procedures Exposure Effect Association c exploratory spatial data analysis d p p d BoxMap This procedure allows you to obtain a Thematic Map from the indicator under study utilizing the BoxMap method for analyzing and spatially representing the distribution of the variable s values identifying the outliers of the indicator that may occur in some of the areas or geographic units of a region Spatial Smoothing of Rates and Proportions This applies a procedure for spatial smoothing of the indicators values that are stored as attributes of the Thematic Layer displayed on the Map making it possible to identify with greater clarity the trends in the variable values by reducing the differences that can be due to local characteristics See Spatial Analysis Spatial Smoother Spatial Lag Map This allows you to create a Thematic Map from the indicator under study by applying the Spatial Lag procedure and identify the relationship that exists between the variable and estimated v
168. rte duectedemadeay tug ria 130 Special Program for Health Analysis SHA SIGEpz Pan American Health Organization PAHO User s Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY AND CRITICAL AREAS ccececcececsccccccececsceccscscscecesesesensacesesecess 133 COMPOSITE INDEX IN THEA TE id isenia 137 A ates eececl ace es styrene tate echete esate teeta essence dere tne apeetectametesoiatossn dancin 140 PLOTTING POINTS TROM A TA BIG sects nedees seer sacdh eee e ee a le eo O 140 CPAT EBOTE S tr ll Dr 142 EXPLORATORY SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS 0 a A Behe Dae hs Rte ES 144 m O E V eerie tite tiie dene E AAT E E EE A E AE cia 144 SPa SIO OUNCE xtc ios 147 m SPAA L OEM A E EER TE TETE T endaadads 150 m Global and local indexes of spatial autocorrelation ooonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnns 152 TIME SPACE ASSOCIATION OF CASES KNOX occoccocoooocccconcnnnnnnonanocncnnnnnnnonnnonoccnnnnnnnnnnnanccconnnnns 158 EXPOSURE EFFECT ASSOCIATION nieee i ATE E AT EE EATE TEATE TE 161 OBTAINING RESULTS ui li 164 REST os o da 164 DISPLAYING THE RESULTS SHEET ae 165 SELECTING AND COPYING RESULTS tinas 166 CREATING AN HTML PIE a idad dado in 167 SPEECUNG ACE TEE RE UI dd oe do 167 CLEARING AN EXISTING SELECTION ccccceccecccccceccecesccceccecsceccscescecescesceceecescessscscesssceseeseeces 168 CREA TING LA YO UES ii a ida 169 CREATING AND EDITING LAYOUTS cccccecescecccececccceccececescecseececuscecescecsceceseececescecesee
169. s Manual 5 Using the dialogue Add Index to type the name for the index you are creating w Add Index to CA_Dths_Pob x Mame Index e Primary Indexed Fields Y Unique FIPS ui E i Ignore Mull Values Available Fields Dialogue Add Index to Table 6 Select the fields to include in the index To do this click on the name of the fields in the list of fields displayed in the lower left of the dialog box 7 Select what type of index you want by clicking the checkbox that define the index types Click the OK button to create the defined index To delete an Index 1 The index should already exist 2 Select the Index that you want to delete from the List of Indexes that appears in the lower left of the Design Tables Dialogue Box that is displayed 3 Click the Delete Index button Exporting Tables Working with the Project Database in SIGEpi you can export your data Tables to other formats and store them as External Tables To export a Table 4 Select the Table that you want to export by clicking the name of the Table in the list of Tables in the Database 5 Select the option Export Table from the Database menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Table 6 In displayed Dialogue Box select the data format in which you want to export the Table 7 In the displayed Dialogue Box select or type a name for the Table to export 89 SIGEpi User
170. s Manual Save in 3 Datos y e cea america dbf si amro_datosbasicos dbf 5 amro_datosbasicos_proyectado dbf si ca_cnts dbf si Ca_ica dbf si country_needs_index dbf E paises_criticos dbf E paises_necesidad dbf si relieve_proyectado dbf File name Migration My Network P gm Save as type DBase Iy dbf X Cancel DBase III dbf FoxPro 2 6 dbf FoxPro 2 5 dbf FoxPro 2 0 dbf Paradox 4 x db st Dialogue box Name the Table to Export 8 Click on the Save button to save the exported Table Deleting a Table SIGEpi allows you to delete Tables from the list of Tables that make up the Project Database To delete a Table 1 Select the Table that you want to delete by clicking the name of the Table in the list of Tables in the Database and 2 a Select the option Delete Table from the Database menu on the Menu Bar or from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Table b Or click the amp Delete Window button on the Toolbar displayed on the left in the Project Window 3 Click the Yes button to delete the selected Table Project E E Project Maps pod Z Map 1 3 Database C Mesoamerica Malaria Mapas DatoMeso mdb SE Tables A IP A9002 fess MalaEdo fees MigraD0 E NewTable 0 eE Tbl_Indi E Queries i EE Query1 Query2 E Graphs E Results E Layouts SIGEpi User s Manual
171. s a categorical variable however it is appropriate to show the quantity of services given In the dialog box for Thematic Maps of Graduated Symbols you can Set a name for the title of the Map Legend Select the variable to be used in the thematic map Select the style of the symbol for representation Select the method to be used to create the symbol ranges or intervals Define the number of ranges of interest for grouping the values of the variable Define the size and color of the smallest symbol beginning and the size and color of the largest symbol end according to the ranges into which the variable is grouped Thematic Map of Graduated Symbol Legend Title Annual Parasite Index The Thematic Map of Graduated Symbol shows the values of a selected variable using symbols and its size Itis only applicable to numeric variables ae a a Ranges Layer localidad libsaya Variable iras Symbols Style Circle T Quantity 5 af Tama o Calor steta JA 6 5027 End fis 1 135064 42 5016 Update DK Cancel Apply Dialogue box Thematic Map of Graduated Symbols In this type of thematic You can see that the size of the symbol can be changed as varied as wanted so can the type of symbol used for the Thematic Map 57 SIGEpi User s Manual 7 Update the Legend edit box by clicking the Update button so that the ranges calculated in the Legend edit box of the dialog box are updated
172. s can help to identify the communities within a flood risk area and the quantification of the population at risk it can help to recognize communities covered by specific health services areas affected by a specific environmental exposure factor or by levels of it as well as the population groups exposed to it We can create simple or multiple buffers for all the geographic units of a layer or only for a set of selected units The procedure creates a new layer containing the buffers which is added to the Map Buffers have a transparent light color by default but their properties can be changed using the option Properties in the Layer menu Creating Buffers 1 Activate the Map Window and Select the Layer to be used to create buffers 2 Select the option Create Buffer from EpiAnalysis gt Spatial Analysis menu A dialog box appears for creating Buffers 3 The name of the selected Layer is displayed Also is shown the number of selected geographic units 4 Choose the type of Buffer that you want to create e with constant distance In this case enter the value of the specific distance e with variable distance given by the values of an attribute select the attribute e with multiple rings Define the number of rings and the distance between them Select the unit of measurement for the distance 6 Click the Next gt button to continue defining the characteristics of the Buffers GN 142 SIGEpi User s Manual Layer A WERS
173. se whenever you want just as we saw with Tables To show or display a Query 1 Activate the Project Window 2 Double click the name of the Query that you want to show from the list of Queries in the Z Database component of the Project Window 3 Or Select the Query that you want to display by clicking the name of the Query and a Click the Show Window button on the Toolbar that appears to the left of the Project Window b Or Select the 44 Show Query option from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Query As result the SQL sentence of the selected Query is executed and the data view is displayed 95 SIGEpi User s Manual af Sentencia SOL Select adm lD admin 1 HAHEI admin HAME 2 admini PARTS admini POL A ES 1 T r i 7 ol 3 1 1 EEE Data View based on a Query or SOL sentence Deleting a Query SIGEpi allows you to delete Queries from the list of Queries included in the Project Database To delete a Query 1 Select the Query that you want to delete by clicking the name of the Query from the list of Queries of the Database and 2 a Select the option Delete Query from the menu displayed by right clicking the name of the selected Query b Or click the amp Delete Window button on the Toolbar displayed to the left in the Project Window 3 Click on Yes button to so that the selected Query 1s deleted Exporting the Query to a Table SIGEpi allows exp
174. see what Maps windows the Project contains double click the gt Maps button and you are shown the list of all the Maps windows to open one of them double click the name of the Maps 28 SIGEpi User s Manual Window you want to select If you want to add new Layers to your Map select the Add Layers option from the Layers menu on the Menu Bar or click the Add Layers button that is available when the Maps Window is active A dialog box will appear asking which Layer you want to add from the available geographic bases You can choose to display or not to display the selected layers by clicking the Map Legend in each Layer selected a check mark appears for each Layer displayed on the Map Every button in the Project Window represents a way of displaying and showing your data each button represents a document or a user interface for handling and managing your information The Project Window contains interfaces for every type of file that SIGEpi supports for the analysis of your data Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts What does it mean when we say that several data analyses can be organized into a Project in SIGEpi It means that you can work on several subjects of interest in health organized into different Windows of Maps Tables Graphs Results and Layouts For example e An Analysis of the leading causes of a cholera epidemic in several countries of the region are represented in a Maps Window which would correspond
175. splay geographic data on a Map Different geographic data or Thematic Layers can be displayed to create a Map For example geographic boundaries of countries administrative boundaries of states departments or provinces municipalities health areas access routes cities and geographic characteristics such as types of vegetation crops etc Each of these with its own characteristics superimposed in an orderly manner one on top of another can be used to create a Map made up of different Thematic Layers with good quality for spatial data analysis See Creating and Working with a Map Creation of Thematic Maps Attributes of Layers can be presented utilizing different colors and symbols on the Map through Thematic Maps Thematic Maps can be created in a very simple way to show data values on a Map The types of Thematic Maps that can be created are Ranges Graduated Symbols Dot Density Bar Charts Pie Charts and Single Values Spatial selection of geographic features Geographic features from Thematic Layers can be selected utilizing several spatial selection tools and strategies Spatial elements selected from a Layer can also be used to select geographic features from another Thematic Layer of the Map The selected elements can be converted into a new Thematic Layer if desired See Tools for management of Maps and Tools for management of Layers Seek and identify features in a layer by attribute values The user can seek ele
176. sted on the Window Menu and are activated by selecting them from the windows list or by clicking the title bar of the window that you want to activate The active window is always in front of the other windows which you can see fully and work with and for which you can modify the characteristics When you activate a window 1t moves to the front of all the other windows Each window has 1ts own functions actions and commands For example when the Maps window is active you will see the buttons tools and menus that correspond to working with Maps NOTE SIGEpi allows opening as many windows as it is needed depending on the amount of memory RAM available in the computer In beta testing stage of SIGEpi it has been detected different non wished effects when memory is overflow due to projects with many windows or map window with many large cartographic layers 17 SIGEpi User s Manual DL rear Informal Sysbern in bpiensiokegs aml Pubie Heath A a S o A TTE ALUAT Liste Pe he EL g SIGEpi s Interface with several types of windows in the Project open at one time Menu Bar The Menu Bar is always shown on the top line of the main application window This bar shows the menus and options for the active window By activating a different window than the one that 1s currently active will change the options in the Menu Bar SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health File Edit
177. structure and content of the selected Table are displayed Ii egal Information eater in Epidemiology and Pedit Health alo x Fie Edt wike Hele Y Project Giir arn Pie cop ate ee E a JA pet DA ni G hace E Haga 1 Alo E bahs Caragana Ple SIG pliz Tl Tables E TT cah Pob iii Ch Erde ig Pole y Tie TE Ddl Graphi Renis de Lapis APAL aa a a bE a iawa ta Se HL AQATE EL DORADO x ui g HUMBOLDT MPR ALL ru KER RINGS LAKE RAE cai eaten te za sB shel h LASSEN LOS ANGLES HADHA HAR HAFIPOSA HENIOONO HERED HO HONG MONTEREY HBF eee SH Basle EE HEWADA ORANGE 4 jt E on om ay 4000901 72004 tH Window with Data Table displayed 87 SIGEpi User s Manual To edit or modify the values of the data in Tables Show or display the Table that you want to modify the values as previously explained Click the grid cell of the Table that you want to modify Type the new value Click another row or record in the Table or the Close button if you want to finish editing Click the Yes button to make your changes permanent ae E When you select a grid cell in a Table to modify this enables you to edit all the values of the row or record corresponding to the selected grid cell you have only to click the grid cells in the row that you want to modify and type the new value to finish editing click the same way on another row of the Table and on th
178. t Latitude coordinate r OF Cancel Dialogue Create Point Layer Select the Table All the Tables in the Database appear in the list of Tables Choose the format of the coordinates Select the variable of Longitude X Coordinate Select the variable of Latitude Y Coordinate Click the OK button Se a Using the Dialog Save Layer choose a folder and type a name for the new layer As a result you get a new Layer containing the points of the geographic locations This Layer is added to your Map Siipi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health a S gt amele ajos ajeimoloje 2 ajaja elac fese 1 EZI ai 0 Attributes of Layer Villages q H ride Ese Badaki Dei eds Bedak Birta Birlii si Alda SES Reade EE E S EST M E The new Point Layer Villages and its attribute table 141 SIGEpi User s Manual Creating Butfers SIGEp1 allows you to create simple and multiple Buffers around the geographic units of a Layer A Buffer is a zone under the influence of a geographic object or phenomenon that 1s 1t includes an area within a specific distance around it Buffers of constant or variable width can be generated for a set of geographic units based on the attribute s values in a Layer Buffers are useful in proximity analysis For example buffers allow identifying the dwellings found within a radius of 1 000 meters of a nuclear power plant buffer
179. t close in space 4 Pairs of cases remote in both time and space Construct the following 2 x 2 table DISTANCIA en Espacio DISTANCIA en Tiempo Pr xemos lt Ej Alejados e gt E TOTAL Primas t T Alejados t gt T Note that in the Table x represents the number of pairs of cases close in space and time Nt represents the total number of pairs close in time Ne is the total number of pairs close in space and N the total number of pairs of cases The Probability p that a large number of cases that are adjacent close both in time and space and are observable by chance is expressed by 159 SIGEpi User s Manual if p MX2x DA Xt donde A Me Ny H PIX kh t el Decision rule If p then Ho is rejected In this case it is concluded that a significant space time interaction exists meaning it 1s not only by chance that the cases are close in space and time If p then Ho is not rejected It is concluded that considered together the observed clustering in space and time can be explained by chance Applying the Time Space Interaction statistical method Using SIGEpi take the following steps to determine whether health related cases interact in space time l Make sure you have the data Table containing the space variables x y coordinates for latitude and longitude and the time variable in order to create the Thematic Point Layer or if this Layer alrea
180. t the Show Results option from the Project menu on the Menu Bar The Results Window in SIGEpi contains the Tables showing the results obtained by applying the statistical and epidemiological analysis procedures to your data they are successively added to the document as they are carried out You can activate or minimize this window as necessary Biresuts ca Results Frequency Distribution This topic presents the frequency distribution of selected variables Table CAI Title Layer CAL Variable POB MILES Absolute Freq Relative Freq Accumulated Freq 10 14 29 14 29 Values Absolute Freq Relatre Freg Accumulated Freq Values o u o Results Window 165 SIGEpi User s Manual Selecting and Copying Results To Copy Results individually 1 Activate the Results Window 2 Select the elements that you want to copy using the Windows standards position the cursor at the starting point click and hold down the left mouse button and move the cursor until you select the desired content then release the mouse button You can also easily select all the content of the active Results Window 3 Select the Copy option from the Edit menu on the Menu Bar This allows you to copy the selected content from the Results Window to the Clipboard and later add them to any document you want For example you can add it to a Report or document in MS Word This selection remains on the clipboard only until another object
181. t the data should satisfy To do this click the field of interest from the drop down list containing all the fields of the Tables included in the Query In the Operator edit box select the arithmetic or logical operator by clicking the desired operator in the drop down list In the Value edit box type the comparison value that the data should satisfy or select the comparison value from the list of possible values of the displayed variable by clicking the List of Possible Values button Click the AND in Condition button if you want to add the logical operator AND to the SQL condition you are designing that is the data is selected that meet both one condition and the other for example that Area lt 5 000 AND Population gt 10 000 Or Click the OR in Condition button if you want to add the logical operator OR to the SQL condition you are designing that is the data is selected that meet either one condition or the other for example that Area lt 5000 OR Population gt 10 000 Repeat steps 9 to 13 to add successive conditions to the SQL condition or statement that you are designing In the Condition edit box the SQL conditions constructed in the previous steps 9 13 are displayed producing a simple or complex condition formed by arithmetical expressions connected with logical operators In this box you can also edit or modify the condition by changing operators variables and or adding parentheses This condition acts as
182. te a Thematic Map 1 Activate the Maps Window and select the Layer that contains the Thematic Map you want to delete 2 Right click the Layer or click the Layer menu on the Menu Bar 3 Select the option Delete Thematic Map This causes the Thematic Map to be deleted from the Maps Window and the Map Legend to be updated by deleting the selected Layer the information corresponding to the Thematic Map 1s deleted 69 SIGEpi User s Manual Working with Labels In SIGEpi s Maps Window you can display Labels for the geographic units selected on a Map these show the variable or attribute s content that you want to make visible on the Map display To display a Label Activate the Maps Window Select the Thematic Layer on which you want to place Labels Select a Variable ToolTip and a variable to show the content as a Label Click the Label button from the spatial selection Tools Move the cursor over the Map in the Maps Window and click the geographic units for which you want to show the Labels a E E IGE cog adhe Ineo Sabo in ER AL vin Epidemiology ard Poble Health Map 1 Wieke Hels osa al amoicia as rol bie Cie kj O Sii AA a 0 El Example Maps Window Labels displayed for geographic units of a region Saving a Label File To Save a Label File 1 Once the desired labels are placed on the Map by clicking each geographic unit of interest 2 Select the options Labels Sav
183. tems For installation the following steps are recommended 1 Place the compact disk in the Compact Disk or DVD drive If installing from 3 12 disks place the first disk of the distribution package in the disk drive 2 Click the Windows 95 98 NT Start button 3 Select Settings Control Panel 4 The Control Panel window appears Double click the Add Remove Programs icon the program Setup exe is selected automatically 5 Click the Next gt or OK buttons and follow the steps of the Installation program SIGEpi creates its own folder which can be defined in one of the installation steps The program will automatically be included among the options in the Programs Menu of the Windows operating system A set of components that you may already have installed on your computer is included in the SIGEpi installation package If the component on your computer is more recent than the one which SIGEpi installs a warning will appear so that you may decide whether to keep the component that is already installed or copy the version included in SIGEpi in this case we recommend that you keep the most recent version in order to avoid affecting the operation of other programs that are already installed Uninstalling SIGEpi SIGEpi can be uninstalled with Add Remove Programs which appears in the Windows Control Panel We recommend that you always uninstall it using this way Deleting the contents of the 15 SIGEpi User s Manual SIGEpi insta
184. tes Table of interest 2 Click the content or value of the attribute or column that you want to edit 3 From the Edit menu on the Menu Bar select the option of interest e Cut if you want to delete the content of an attribute e Copy if you want to copy the current content 75 SIGEpi User s Manual e Paste if you want to add the content you have selected to cut or copy You also can edit or modify the content of any attribute in the Attributes Table by clicking the value you want to change and typing the new value These modifications are made permanent in the Table they are updated in the original data source 76 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Database SIGEpi makes it convenient for you to work with the Project Database and Tables Processing analysis and interpretation of data are some of the most complex tasks that are required for decision making in health Statisticians and epidemiologists who require training tools and methods for data and information analysis usually perform these tasks Epidemiological information is usually stored in different electronic formats such as spreadsheets Lotus Excel databases DBase Access EpiInfo MS SQL and others To be useful for analysis all these data must have been validated for consistency and standardized In SIGEpi all the data you have and need to include in your analysis should be part of the Database The SIGEpi Project allows you to manage and work with a Dat
185. tes Table window and vice versa Under certain circumstances 1 e the number of geographic units and the number of attributes are very large the attributes table will not display This will depend on the amount of memory available Finding geographic units in the Layers Working with Maps window you may need to find specific geographic units based on the values of layer attributes Example locate all the geographic units that meet a characteristic To find geographic units on a Map 1 Activate the Maps Window Does not require a Thematic Layer to be selected 2 Select the option Find a from the Layer menu b from the menu displayed by right clicking on any layer name of the Legend c from the Table menu when is active the Attributes Table Window Or click the amp Find button on the Toolbar displayed under the Menu Bar 4 Inthe displayed dialog box type the value content of the attribute you want to find U 42 SIGEpi User s Manual 5 Select the Layer s you want included in the selection by clicking the rectangle that appears to the left of the name of each Layer Click the Find button as a result an edit box displays a report of geographic units that satisfy the condition of the completed search Select the geographic units of interest by clicking them in the corresponding edit box Choose the way you want the selection shown on the Map by clicking the buttons Highlight Insert Pin Center on Expand
186. the Map To do this click the place to start measuring and move the cursor towards your destination double click at the end point A straight line is displayed on the Map and the value of the distance represented by the segment drawn 1s displayed automatically using the unit of measure in the Scale The scale is shown in the System Status Bar located at the bottom of map window Please previously set the correct map units using the Map Properties The map units are the units of the layers in the map and could be decimal degrees feets or meters Defining the Properties of the Maps Window The map window has a set of properties that you can change according to your needs The properties are related to the elements contained in the map window those are properties of the map itself visualization of selected features the legend and the graphic scale From an active Maps Window the properties of the window can be defined using the Properties of Map option 1 Select the option Properties from the Map menu on the Menu Bar The dialogue Properties of Map is displayed that allows you to define and edit the characteristics of the Maps Window i Properties of Map i x Name Ma SOSC SsSOSNSCNSCSS Dialogue box Map Properties Modifying Map characteristics 2 Modify the Map s name units of measurement background color 3 Define the Selection properties to use when you select an area of the Map 4 Characteristics of
187. the formula Q2 1 5 Q3 Q1 For example A public health professional is analyzing the health situation in Peru He She is analyzing the magnitude and distribution of the Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 live births using the provinces as analytical units The layer of second administrative level of Peru is available with the Infant Mortality Rate TMI and he she is interested in identify the provinces with significant higher values of TMI He She decides to explore the magnitud and distribution of TMI using the Outlier Map Follow the next steps to apply the Outlier Map procedure MD m Activate the Maps Window and a Select the Layer of interest Note The Attributes Table should contain the variables and data you want to analyze Select the option Spatial Analysis Outlier Map from the Epi Analysis menu Select the variable From the displayed Dialogue Select Variables click on the name of variable 145 SIGEpi User s Manual Select Variables f Theme perstat POP_ADMIN F Ok Cancel Dialogue Select variable indicator 5 Click the OK button Using the Dialogue Save Layer choose a folder and type a name for the new layer As aresult you will get e A new Layer e A new variable is added to the Attributes of the Layer with the box plot classes In this example the variable added is B TMI and e The results are added to the Results Window where the values of the indicator studied are summariz
188. the geographic areas in which the worst health indicators converge A selection of the set of geographic units that satisfy the defined condition is obtained and can be converted to a new Thematic Layer See Analytical Procedures Identification of Priority or Critical Areas Construction of a Composite Health Index This function allows you to calculate a Composite Health Index SENDES PAHO by geographic unit The calculation is based on a set of health indicators selected by the user A calculated indicator is obtained in a new Thematic Layer and presented in a Thematic Map See Analytical Procedures Composite Health Index Calculation Time Space Association of Cases Knox method This procedure applies the Knox method to determine the association of cases in time and space Using a different approach than other software programs that have implemented this 13 SIGEpi User s Manual d function SIGEpi takes the necessary information for the application of this method from the Map where the cases are to be plotted It is required for this application that the attributes of the cases contain a variable with the date of the report or appearance of the symptoms SIGEp1 offers the capacity to plot cases on the Map from a case record Table that contains two columns with location values latitude and longitude of the case See Analytical Procedures Space Time Association of Cases Exposure Effect Association This procedure offe
189. ther than 0 00010 In order to describe and manipulate proportions three data elements are necessary e the numerator variable or the number of events E such as the number of cases of Malaria in a municipality in a given year e the denominator variable or the population at risk P such as the municipality population in a given year e ascaling option in a number of meaningful units S such as per ten thousand per hundred thousand etc typically different disciplines have their own conventions about what 1s a standard base value So Rate is defined by r E P S where E number of sick or dead people cases P population at risk S scaling factor It 1s this r variable that becomes the basis for an estimate for the underlying true risk Rates adjusted by the Direct Method DAR Rates adjusted by the Indirect Method IAR and the Standardized Ratio for Rates SRR are calculated for each area or geographic region as A Ci Psi DAR j Where De r y 7 Cij is the specific rate for stratum 1 in the region j IGA cs IAR SMR i P is the population of stratum i region j DS Ey Cs is the specific rate for the standard population s P is the population of stratum i in the standard population s yn Xij X j is the number of cases in stratum i region j SMR Sor e ij D X j is the number of cases in stratum 1 of the standard population s Data Requirements
190. tion Text Poo Validation Rule Add Field Delete Field Default Value List of Indexes Mame Index Primary Unique Foreign Required FF Tanere Mull Fields Delete Index Index Create Table Close Dialogue box Create Table 83 SIGEpi User s Manual Creating a Table 1 Type the name of the Table to create 2 Click the Add Field button to add new fields or attributes to the Table see the Add Fields dialog box Click the Delete Field to delete a field or attribute from the Table Click the Add Index button to create an Index for the Table see the Add Index dialog box Click the Delete Index button to delete a Table index from an existing table Click the Create Table button to create the defined Table oe To Add Fields to the Table 1 Type the name of the field or attribute of the Table 2 Select the type of datum the field will contain 3 Define the size of the datum depending on the type selected 4 Define the characteristics and validation rules for the data 5 Click the Ok button to add the defined field to the data Table i Add Field i Ej Mame Ordinal Position vara Walidation Text Validation Rule m Default Value O Fixed Field Variable Field 4ute Increment Field P Allow Long zera Required Close Dialogue box Add a field to the Table To create an Index 1 Type the name for the Table index you are creating 2 Se
191. to This helps you identify the geographic unit selected on the Map You can select other geographic units to find their geographic locations and continue displaying them on the Map through the actions described above x 1 Enter a search string Mx y 2 Choose which layers to search cities Find oads rivers states 3 Pick a feature 32 matches foung Layers Variables Value a states CODE Mx02 states CODE Mx03 states CODE Mx18 sates REER cone hase z 41 4 Select the operation to perform ii Insert Pin PanTo Zoom To Dialogue box Find Geographic Units on the Map Select by Attributes A usual way to select geographic features in a layer is using attribute values To select geographic features from a layer in a Map based on values of attributes l Ze Activate the Maps Window Select a Layer and select the option Select by Attributes a from the Layer menu b from the menu displayed by right clicking on the layer name in the Legend c from the Table menu when the attribute table window is active Or click the Bu Select by Attributes button from the Toolbar located under the Menu Bar The dialog Select by Attributes is displayed in this case 43 SIGEpi User s Manual Select by Attributes Layer states Total of features q2 selected O Condition And Or No Variable Operator gt L POP1330 0
192. ttributes or characteristics that 1s both are always available and directly related when working with them For example if a particular area of a Maps Window is selected SIGEpi automatically highlights or shows the record of the associated Table that contains the attributes of the area if the Table has been opened in a Tables Window e Spatial data are georeferenced in order to find and determine locations or areas of the Earth s surface To ensure that these locations are correctly specified spatial data always use a specific system of coordinates together with the size and projection of the Map When spatial data is displayed on your screen a particular scale for representation is used just as when a map is shown on paper e The spatial data structure is the main characteristic of the cartographic data It is designed with the capacity to manage and analyze the relation among geographic objects e Spatial data are organized in layers For each geographic theme there is a layer containing the graphic representation and attributes of each geographic object For example country boundaries roads land elevations and rivers are each stored separately in layers that can be organized in a specific order in a map 22 SIGEpi User s Manual t 1G pi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health x a Mage 3 Mapa 1 5 Database C Program Files SIGE pato T 2 g Tables Corns Doran Arpat Ecuador El Sabados
193. ual Standardization of Rates Indirect Method l Standardization of Rates Indirect Method Table BR_UF_Denguespecifichate Table BR_UF DengueSpecificRate Sample Populatior Standard Population Adjusted Rate Sample Populatior Standard Population Adjusted Rate Population Vanables Strata Cases Variables POB Da 3 POB 0433 POB403439 POBS0ab3 POB5ad POBEDab3 POB lar POB S POBTOTAL POB40a44 POBS0a53 e Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate I Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate H o _ Cancel H WK Cancel Selection of Cases by stratum Selection of Population In this case we are going to use the total population of the geographic units as standard population and so we are using the cases by stratum of the geographic units to calculate the specific rate of the standard population Click on the Standard Pop tab to define the standard population and to use for each stratum previously selected in the Cases and Population edit boxes Standardization of Rates Indirect Method Table BR UF DengquespecificH ate a ALAU L a sample Population pa Adjusted Rate Population 3309775 13555078 17024731 17841705 18452605 30882571 26030561 Crude Rate of Standard Population o o W Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate 7 DR Cancel Define Standard Population for each stratum Note a line is shown for each selected stratum so that you can define the standard populations cases and rates for
194. ude rates follow the steps l Activate the Map Window and 2 Select the Layer to use in the calculation of rates 3 Select option Calculation of Rates gt Crude from the Epi Analysis menu The dialogue Calculation of Crude Rates allows you to select the variable of cases numerator variable of population at risk denominator and the scale factor coefficient w Calculation of Crude Rates x Table estados_r Strata Cases Wariablez Strata Population TOTAL POB 30839 POBTOTAL OF Cancel Dialogue Calculation of Crude rates 117 SIGEpi User s Manual 4 6 de Select the variable of cases choosing the variable name in the list of variables and click on lt button then the variable is added to the Strata Cases list Select the variable of population at risk choosing the variable name in the list of variables and click on gt button then the selected variable is added to the Strata Population list Choose the value of the coefficient scale factor Click on OK button As result a new layer is created and added to the map This new layer has a new variable with the prefix R_ followed by the name of the numerator variable which contain the Crude Rate by geographic units Calculation of Rates To calculate Specific Rates follow the steps k Activate the Map Window 2 Select the Layer to use in the calculation of rates Note The layer should contain the cases or death variables nu
195. ueSpecifichate Sample Populatior Standard Population Adjusted Rate Population Wanablez Stratum Specific Rate POB3Da39 Sample Populatior Standard Population Adjusted Rate Warlablez C40a43 cs0as9 Chad C6N0ab3 C Oard Cab Crude_ Rate POBTOTAL TOTAL POBEDaE9 POB Dar9 IY Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate IY Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate 7 OK Cancel H ok Cancel Selection of Specific Rates Selection of Population b Click the Standard Pop section to define the standard population to use for each stratum previously selected in the Rates and Population edit boxes Note that one line is shown for each stratum allowing to define the standard population for each one Some possibilities are giving to define the standard population a type the value of standard population of each stratum in each cell b load a previously defined standard population and c to use the sum of the population of the geographic units which can be calculated clicking on the button Total of Strata The standard population could be save in a file clicking on the button Save Standardization of Rates Direct Method Table BR UF Denguespecifich ate ALATU L 5 sample Population Panulafinn Adjusted Rate Population 3309775 13555078 17024731 17841705 18452808 30082541 6030561 19811029 e Create Thematic Map of Adjusted Rate OR Cancel Define Standard Population for each stratum Cli
196. ues used in the construction of Maps Database A collection of data organized such that searching and updating is fast and easy Set of data structured for storage querying and updating in a computer system Database Management System DBMS Computer system designed for the creation modification correction updating and querying of databases Database System Administration The relationship between a set of data stored in a database and the computer programs or software that administers the database Datum Verifiable fact about the real world A datum can be a measurement an equation or any kind of information that can be verified Entity An object that is distinguishable from other objects by its characteristics Geographic Information System GIS Organized set of equipment program packages geographic data processes work methods and personnel combined into an automated system whose principal purpose is the processing of spatial data GIS are designed to capture store update manipulate analyze and display different forms of geographically referenced information in an integrated operation Georeference Assignment of geographic coordinates to an object or structure Applied to a digital image this implies a series of geometric operations that make it possible to assign a pair of coordinates x y to each pixel of the image in a given projection 177 SIGEpi User s Manual Georeferenced Data This establishes the
197. ugh comparison of the heights of the bars on the chart The dialog for Thematic Map of Bars allows you to l 2 2 Define a title for the thematic map Select the variable s for analysis from the Attributes Table associated with the Layer Select whether or not to standardize a variable this allows you to standardize the values of the variable s For example if the variables for the male and female population in a region are represented and use the variable of total population for standardization you get the values for male and female population standardized in relationship to the total population Indicate whether you want to use a null value and define what it is that is if you want to represent null or missing values For example if the cases of hepatitis in a region are represented you could use a certain value to represent regions with no cases or have not reported any this allows you to identify such regions visually on a Map Define the height and width of the bars for display and whether you want them to have borders or not Select the style and background color you want to use to display the Thematic Map Thematic Map of Bars Legend Title The Thematic Map of Bars allows to show values of selected variables using a Bar Chart for each geographic unit or feature Itis important to use it to compare varlablez or Indicators among geographic units Layer br_est te Wanablez of Table Normalize using variable N
198. ull Value Barz HeiaH3o width fao T Coat j wih T_C10a14 harder T_C15a19 Backgr Transparente T_Clad Color P Update Apply Cancel Dialogue box Thematic ie Mab using Bar Charts 61 SIGEpi User s Manual Example You have the layer of state boundaries of Brazil and we have available the specific incidence rate of Dengue for age groups The Thematic Map using Bar Charts will show a bar chart for each state each bar represents the incidence rate for one of the age groups SIGEpi Geographic Information System in Epidemiology and Public Health Trial Yersion Not registered File Edit Map Layer EpiAnalysis Window Help Scale 1 22 716 307 9 E T_COat Re T_C10814 6 E Project C Program Files SIGEpi Datos caso IV BR_EST_TE Gr fico Fal x T EA w g E 7 BR_EST_TE Crude_Rate 7 14 8103 32 2528 E A 64 9395 72 8284 Y BR_ESTADOS O TF Tasa Cruda de Incidencia 0 1932 0 1932 0 1932 10 1 10 1693 27 8804 27 8804 89 6516 89 6516 147 1 147 1039 2 809 4153 IV AMERICA O Dne Centimeter 227 Km Km 250 500 750 Thematic Map of Bars 62 SIGEpi User s Manual Thematic Map using Pie Charts As in the case of a Thematic Map using Bar Charts a Thematic Map using Pie Charts also permits the examination of several variables at the same time in constructing a Map As the heights of bars are compared in a Thematic Map using Bar Charts a Thematic Map using Pie
199. ure through the use of the Knox method allows you to identify the possible interaction in space and time of cases of a given disease Let us assume that in a small geographic area several cases appear of a disease with low incidence which suggests a clustering in time However the cluster is not significant In another period of time e g the next year this situation repeats itself but in a different geographic area and at a different time of year As a result for each area by itself there is insufficient evidence for clustering in time and the distribution over all areas does not show clustering in space because the cases have appeared in each area at a different time of year The same thing would happen 1f over a short period of time a limited number of cases occur in a certain small area In the following year new cases appear in another period but in a different region and this happens for several years Instead of showing a trend toward spatial clustering this shows dispersion because the cases tend to occur in different places These two situations point to the need for seeking methods that make it possible to detect the presence of a joint cluster in space and time The purpose of the Knox method is to determine whether there is significant interaction between the cases when considering both space and time Description of the Statistical Method e Hypotheses Ho Considered together cases of the health problem have no signif
200. using Pie Charts showing the relationship between two variables allowing a spatial analysis of the pattern the values show Taking into account the ways such a relationship can be shown you can have 3 different relationships for example LJ Yo Valor Cheervrada L Ve Valor Estimado de los Vecinos Vo variable of observed events in the geographic unit Ve variable of estimated value in the neighboring geographic units this is the mean of the estimated values of the neighbors 1 Vo lt Ve The variable s observed value in the geographic unit is less than the mean of the estimated values of its neighbors This means that in the area the analyzed variable or indicator shows a pattern lower than the mean of its neighbors and depending on the type of variable its health situation 1s better or worse For example if the variable analyzed is infant mortality rate the indicator shows a better pattern than that of its neighbors if on the contrary the variable analyzed is access to health care the area has a lower level of access to health care than its neighbors If you display this situation on a Thematic Map using Ranges that show the variable s patterns as quartiles this gives a clearer idea of the indicator s patterns vis a vis its neighbors and the region in general 2 Vo Ve The variable s observed value is equal to the mean of the estimated values of 1ts neighbors This means that in the area the variable or
201. ved in the selected folder This file is available to be used in other applications 97 SIGEpi User s Manual Chapter Working with Graphs SIGEpi allows you to create several types of Graphs that help interpret your data The Graphs component in the SIGEpi Project allows you to create different types of Graphs with relative ease letting you group your data by several indicators or patterns of health analysis Graphs are frequently used in epidemiological data analysis presenting data in Graphs makes it possible to identify trends and other characteristics at a glance With SIGEpi you can create a Graph at any time during a work session To do this there are two requirements at least one Map Window must be open which can contain one or more layers and one of the layer must be selected active e In SIGEpi the link among the Maps Graphs and Attributes tables is dynamic this means that you can click on an element of the graph and the corresponding geographic unit of the map will be highlighted as well as the records of the attributes table In SIGEpi you can create seven types of Graphs Bar Charts Stacked Bar Charts Line Graphs Area Graphs Pie Charts Scatter plots and Box plots SIGEpi User s Manual Creating a Graph To create a Graph l rA Activate the Maps Window and Select the Thematic Layer for which you want to create the Graph Select the option Create Graph from the Layer on the Menu Bar or cli
202. wing you to visually determine whether or not the concentration of the variable s values reveals the existence of a spatial distribution pattern The new Layer is added to the Legend in the Maps Window you can display it just as when working with any other Thematic Layer of the Map 157 SIGEpi User s Manual In this example the Thematic Map using Ranges is displayed which was obtained by applying the Significance Map for the Spatial Association Index procedure for the calculation of local indexes The areas or geographic units with a concentration of the indicator IMR Infant Mortality Rate are observed in the section showing the Thematic Layer revealing that there is a spatial pattern in the distribution of this indicator The Attributes Table associated with the Layer also 1s shown with the newly added column showing the variable S_IMR containing the probability values calculated for each area and all the variables obtained by applying the statistical methods described Also displayed is the Results Window containing a Table with the variable IMR s values IMR El IMR DEL IMR Zl IMR P_IMR which is stored in the Attributes Table and shows us that a spatial pattern in the indicator s distribution does indeed exist T me Space Association of Cases Knox SIGEpi provides the Knox statistical method for detecting the spatial and temporal interaction of health or disease events The Space Time Association of Cases proced
203. y with 100 000 inhabitants and each dot 58 SIGEpi User s Manual represents 1 000 inhabitants then the municipality will have 100 points distributed randomly within 1ts border The dialog box for Thematic Maps using Dot Density allows you to Establish a name for the title of the Map Legend Select the variable to use in building the Map Define the value that each point represents Define the size and color with which the point is represented on a Map and Select the style and background color for the Map ee A When the amount that each dot represents is large the number of dots on the Map will be few and vice versa Thematic Map of Dot Density Legend Title The Thematic Map of Dot Density shows the magnitude of values of the selected variable using points Each point represents a constant value and they are randomly distributed over each geographic unit space Layer mun malaria Variable F499 1 Point a Calculate Value Tama o i aft Color En Style Transparent Calor Po E background Update Dialogue box Thematic Map using Dot Density Example In the unit of epidemiological surveillance at the national level in Brazil a team of professionals is analyzing the distribution of positive cases of malaria by municipalities The data is available by municipalities They decided to map the number of positive cases by municipalities using a thematic map of dot density The data is mapped
204. zed Rates variables Check the option Create Thematic Map for the Adjusted Rate in order to create a Themati map of ranges of the SRR Click the OK button Select a folder and define a name for the new layer As a result the Standardized Rate IAR and the Standardized Rate Ratio SRR is calculated A new layer containing both new variables is created and added to the map Next map display a thematic map of ranges classifying the calculated SMR in quintiles 126 SIGEpi User s Manual Dengue Brasil 2002 Y BR_UF_DENGUEINDSTDRATE f 0 0109 0 123 0123 0 4494 0 4494 1 1917 1 1917 2 3967 2 3967 4 4832 Direct Std Rate x 100 000 Pop 13 3326 35 4476 35 4476 71 2483 71 2483 134 1038 BR_UF_DENGUESPECIFICRATE Fa BR BLU DENGUESPECIFICRATE 14 8103 32 2528 32 2528 38 0402 36 0402 62 1655 62 1655 64 9395 64 9395 72 8284 TF Crude Rate x 100 000 Pop 03363 32913 8 3 2913 13 4615 One Centimeter 234 Km __ Km 250 500 750 1000 Thematic map of quintiles of Standardized Incidence Rates of Dengue by Federative Units Brazil 127 SIGEpi User s Manual Smoothing of Rates An alternative to transforming or standardizing the raw rates is to statistically adjust the estimate for the underlying risk in a given spatial unit by borrowing strength from the information provided by the other spatial units This is commonly referred to as smoothing or shrinkage A wide range of pro

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

POLAR EQUINE RS800CX  Guia del Administrador de Aracne    "ーー` (ナローレンチ) rp^T・ pj 卜 賽 知 グ一』 このたびは「空研」製品をお  DVR User Manual - SPYMICRO CCTV & Surveillance Technologies  WINSTAR CAD - gct400\216\346\220\34000  Rédaction - Fédération québécoise de l`autisme  carbon dioxide hand portable fire extinguishers  P9HW Hardwired Bodypack User Guide (English)  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file