surface vehicle recommended practice
Contents
1. B 1 5 Convert the word sentence based description of the methods into pseudocode a computer program like format See step 6 for an example B 1 6 Identify the calculation assumptions with regard to knowledge of various methods the extent to which switch operations and cognitive activities are completed in parallel etc Table 1 of Annex 2 shows some of the basic assumptions B 1 6 1 SUBGOAL 0 Move a hand to the device a Method Reach for the device 11 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 B 1 6 2 SUBGOAL 1 Get to the desired destination entry mode a Method Find the destination entry item on the initial menu and select it Read the destination mode screen Figure B2 and search for street address Press the enter key to select the first entry Use A to select and press ENTER FIGURE B2 DESTINATION MODE SCREEN B 1 6 2 1 Assumption The normal process of selecting an item from a list is a Read the list and find the desired item b Scroll down to the desired item c Confirm the desired item is highlighted d Select the item by pressing the enter key However when the desired item is the first item in the list steps 2 and 3 are omitted For long lists the process of pressing keys to scroll down and reading the list of options appear to occur in parallel with the keypress times determining the scrolling completion time The final confirmation however still occurs B 1 6 3 SUBGOAL 2 Select a2. 1 202 484 4847 Fax 1 202 484 3483 Green P 1999a The 15 Second Rule for Driver Information Systems ITS America Ninth Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings Washington D C Intelligent Transportation Society of America CD ROM HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY Available from Human Factors and Ergonomics Society http hfes org Box 1369 Santa Monica CA 90496 1369 Tel 1 310 394 1811 Fax 1 310 394 2410 Green P 1999b Estimating Compliance with the 15 Second Rule for Driver Interface Usability and Safety Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting Santa Monica CA Human Factors and Ergonomics Society CD ROM UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS Available from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute vvvvvv umtri umich edu 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 2105 USA Tel 1 734 764 2172 Fax 1 734 936 1081 Green P 1999c Navigation System Data Entry Estimation of Task Times Technical Report UMTRI 99 17 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Green P 1999d Visual and Task Demands of Driver Information Systems Technical Report UMTRI 98 16 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Manes D Green P and Hunter D 1998 Prediction of Destination Entry and Retrieval Times Using Keystroke Level Models Technical Repo
3. Kurokawa K 1990 Development of an Evaluation Program for Automotive Instrument Panel Design unpublished Ph D dissertation Blacksburg VA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University WILEY PUBLICATION Available from Wiley http wiley com Corporate Headquarters 605 Third Avenue New York NY 10158 0012 Tel 1 212 850 6000 Fax 1 212 850 6088 Rubin J 1994 Handbook of Usability Testing New York NY Wiley MCGRAW HILL PUBLICATION Available from McGraw Hill General Customer Service The McGraw Hill Companies P O Box 182604 Columbus OH 43272 Tel 1 877 833 5524 Fax 1 614 759 3759 http mcgraw hill com Schwab J L 1971 Methods Time Measurement section 5 chapter 2 in Maynard H B ed Industrial Engineering Handbook New York McGraw Hill VERTIS PUBLICATION Available from Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITSA http www itsa org 400 Virginia Avenue SW Suite 800 Washington DC 20024 2730 Tel 1 202 484 4847 Fax 1 202 484 3483 Tijerina L Parmer E amp Goodman M J 1998 Driver Workload Assessment of Route Guidance System Destination Entry While Driving A Test Track Study Proceedings of the 5th ITS World Congress Seoul Korea VERTIS CD ROM 2 2 Related Publications tThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this document 2 2 1 ACADEMIC PRESS PUBLICATION Available from Aca
4. and Andrews C 2000 In Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support IVIS Demand Prototype Software User s Manual Technical Report FHWA RD 00 136 McClean VA U S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Kieras D E 1997 A Guide to GOMS Model Usability Evaluation Using NGOMSL In M Helander T Landauer and P Prabhu Eds Handbook of Human Computer Interaction Second Edition Amsterdam North Holland 733 766 Kimura K Yamauchi H and Kanamori H 1999 In Vehicle Navigation System Operability while Driving Proceedings of 6th World Congress on ITS Toronto Canada ERTICO CD ROM SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Kurokawa K 1990 Development of an Evaluation Program for Automotive Instrument Panel Design unpublished Ph D dissertation Blacksburg VA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Loring B A and Wiklund M E 1990a Report on Test of Low Fidelity Prototypes technical report Bedford MA American Institutes for Research Loring B A and Wiklund M E 1990b Report on Baseline Usability Test of Motorola s Prototype 2 technical report Bedford MA American Institutes for Research Manes D Green P and Hunter D 1998 Prediction of Destination Entry and Retrieval Times Using Keystroke Level Models Technical Report UMTRI 96 37 also released as EECS ITS LAB FT97 077 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportati
5. press enter go to exit next subgoal if current letter matches and not last letter increment current letter go to 2 1 compare current letter if current letter does not match press bottom of key to scroll down 1 entry see note 1 go to 2 1 exit next subgoal NOTE 1 As noted previously when scrolling long lists for in vehicle systems observation has shown that reading text and key presses to scroll the list appear to occur in parallel The times are for key presses NOTE 2 By observation only expert users make use of scrolling by first letter of name combined with backwards scrolling through the alphabetically ordered list to retrieve city and street names so the reverse alphabetic scrolling method was not considered 13 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 B 1 6 4 SUBGOAL 3 Select a street This procedure is similar to that for selecting a city except that a street name is being matched not a city name For convenience it is repeated here B 1 6 4 1 Method After the list of streets has appeared scroll through the list of streets until the desired street is found If the first letter of the street name does not match the first letter for the desired name use the right arrow keys until a match first letter is found Then use the down arrows to scroll through the list of streets one street at a time When a match is found select it See Figure B4 B 1 6 4 2 Pseudo code Method for Subgoal find matching entry in
6. System Destination Entry While Driving A Test Track Study Proceedings of the 5th ITS World Congress Seoul Korea VERTIS CD ROM Wierwille W W 1993 Visual and Manual Demands of In Car Controls and Displays In Peacock B and Karwowski W eds Automotive Ergonomics London Taylor amp Francis 299 320 Wierwille W W Antin J F Dingus T A and Hulse M C 1988 Visual Attentional Demand of an In Car Navigation Display System in Gale A G Freeman M H Haslegrave C M Smith P and Taylor S P eds Vision in Vehicles II Amsterdam Elsevier Science 307 316 Developed by the SAE Safety and Human Factors Committee
7. navigation system is assumed to be on and the Start task estimate from the main menu disclaimer screen is cleared Use only visible non Many of the goals can be achieved using more than one Ignore methods of which only experts would cognitively loading method Some shortcuts while visible are not simple For be aware or are cognitively loading such as shortcuts example if the goal was to scroll to a name starting with the reciting the alphabet backwards Data on letter z and the initial point was the letter a then in some the frequency of use of shortcuts is needed systems the optimal method to get there would be to scroll backwards in the alphabet Include system response Delays in system response occur as systems scroll lists Since the individual waits for these updates time except for update maps and so forth system response time should be included in computationally the task time except for computationally interrupted tasks interrupted tasks Perfect knowledge of the Likely problems include 1 incomplete knowledge of the city For ease of computation assume the address of the destination is the street address in Ann Arbor or Ann complete address is known Arbor Township 2 missing prefix for streets 1st St vs S 1st St and missing street suffix Allen vs Allen Road Parallel completion of For some tasks drivers will operate controls and plan For operations performed in parallel use the control operations and
8. nor has Ann Arbor so the city is not on the city shortcuts list B 1 1 Obtain a working model of the navigation device and the software or a prototype or a detailed description of how the device is to be operated Figure B1 shows the driver interface of the Magellan Pathmaster the example case display am Ct Zoom in zoom out brightness dial FIGURE B1 PATHMASTER USER INTERFACE B 1 2 Identify the goal e g obtain navigation instructions to a street address obtain navigation instructions to an intersection B 1 3 For each goal identify subgoals that must be achieved to complete that goal Those subgoals may be at multiple levels In this example the goal is to enter an address using the street address method Following are subgoals B 1 3 1 ASSUMPTION The starting point is the destination method selection screen After the title screen clears by itself and the driver clears the disclaimer screen this screen appears 10 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 B 1 3 2 GoAL Enter the destination using the street address method Subgoal 0 Move a hand to the device Subgoal 1 Select destination entry via street address mode Subgoal 2 Select a city Subgoal 3 Select a street Subgoal 4 Select a street address Subgoal 5 Select route criteria B 1 4 Identify the methods used to achieve each subgoal B 1 4 1 SUBGOAL 0 Move a hand to the device a Method Reach for the navigation devic
9. operations at the same time longest completion time of control operations decision making and decision making to estimate total task completion time SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Determine the appropriate mental keystroke and other operators for each step using the data in Appendix A Entry into a spreadsheet is recommended The most challenging aspect of this step is to decide where to include mental operators Suggested rules for where to include them follow a Include at least one mental operator every time a menu must be read or a major decision needs to be made b If a decision can be fully anticipated because all of the information needed is visible well in advance of the decision point a mental operator is not included in the sequence So when scrolling through a list entry by entry assuming the entries are shown on a display the sequence of operators would be cursor cursor cursor not mental cursor mental cursor mental cursor because the user could think about what needed to be done next in parallel with pressing a cursor key However if the cursor action clears the screen e g in alphabetic advance then a mental operator would be included because the user needs to read the display The sequence would be mental next screen mental next screen etc There are times that this rule needs to be modified such as when scrolling to the place in the alphabet where decisions can be anticipated So
10. se so p L Z p eldsip pjay JU JINI u 9U J Jp jnduio5 9914S 1062 p lle5 4 pue 6622 p eldsip J apioeq ap dde o Buel ssouppe 1 9x1s JO YEM Je dde o Bess ui Buei ss ippe Bulyoueas 10 HEM SSOIPPE 1 81 s 32 l S y o o N m A lt 2 o Q 5 a v N gt W lt O FIGURE C3 TABULAR SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE CALCULATION CONTINUED 21 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Rationale Not applicable Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard Not applicable Application This SAE Recommended Practice applies to both Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM and aftermarket route guidance and navigation system functions for passenger vehicles This recommended practice provides a method for calculating the time required to complete navigation system related tasks These estimates may be used as an aid to assess the safety and usability of alternative navigation and route guidance system interfaces to assist in their design This document does not consider voice activated controls voice output from the navigation system communication between the driver and others or passenger operation Reference Section Card S K Moran T P and Newell A 1980 The Keystroke Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems Communications of the ACM July 23 7 396 410 Card S K Moran T
11. 1999 In Vehicle Navigation System Operability while Driving Proceedings of 6th World Congress on ITS Toronto Canada ERTICO CD ROM AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH PUBLICATION Available from American Institute for Research 490 Virginia Road Floor 1 Concord MA 01742 2747 Loring B A and Wiklund M E 1990a Report on Test of Low Fidelity Prototypes technical report Bedford MA American Institutes for Research Loring B A and Wiklund M E 1990b Report on Baseline Usability Test of Motorola s Prototype 2 technical report Bedford MA American Institutes for Research NHK TECHNICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES PUBLICATION Available from NHK Science amp Technical Research Laboratories 1 10 11 Kinuta Setagaya ku Tokyo 157 8510 Japan Tel 81 3 5494 1125 Fax 81 3 5494 2807 http www strl nhk or ip Namba S 1980 The Amount of Information in a Still Picture and the Display Time Required NHK Laboratories Note Serial 248 Tokyo Japan NHK Technical Research Laboratories UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE PUBLICATION Available from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute www umtri umich edu 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 2105 Paelke G and Green P 1993 Entry of Destinations into Route Guidance Systems A Human Factors Evaluation Technical Report UMTRI 93 45 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
12. 5 Cursor once press a cursor key once 0 80 Cursor 2 times or more time keystroke for the second and each successive cursor 0 40 keystroke Letter or space 1 press a letter or space key once Letter or space 2 times or more time keystroke for the second and each successive cursor keystroke Number once press the letter or space key once Number 2 times or more time keystroke for the second and each successive number key Enter press the enter key Function keys or shift press the function keys or shift Mental time mental operation Search search for something on the display Response time of system scroll time to scroll one line Response time of system nevv menu time for nevv menu to be painted NOTE 1 The keystroke times shown in Table A1 include the time to move between keys NOTE 2 System response times to show new menus may be empirically determined SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 APPENDIX B CALCULATION EXAMPLE B 1 Following is an example of entering a business address 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor Michigan into a Rockwell Pathmaster with Magellan Pathmaster software version 3 31 with the Great Lakes database version 30J 0372 01 loaded Readers should note that the database is fluid so that some short cuts may be available depending upon the recent driving history The example that follows uses the street address method It assumes that address has not been recently visited so it is not on the guidance history list
13. ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLICATION Available from North Holland Publishing c o Elsevier Science http www elsevier nl Elsevier Science Regional Sales Office Customer Support Department P O Box 945 New York NY 10159 0945 USA Tel 1 212 633 3730 toll free number for North American customers 1 888 4ES INFO 437 4636 Fax 1 212 633 3680 Wierwille W W Antin J F Dingus T A and Hulse M C 1988 Visual Attentional Demand of an In Car Navigation Display System in Gale A G Freeman M H Haslegrave C M Smith P and Taylor S P eds Vision in Vehicles Il Amsterdam Elsevier Science 307 316 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 2 2 8 TAYLOR amp FRANCIS PUBLICATION Available from Taylor and Francis http www tandf co uk UK Head office 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Tel 44 0 7583 9855 Fax 44 0 20 7842 2298 Wierwille W W 1993 Visual and Manual Demands of In Car Controls and Displays In Peacock B and Karwowski W eds Automotive Ergonomics London Taylor amp Francis 299 320 Definitions For the purposes of this document the following definitions apply Navigation System System that identifies the current position of a vehicle on the earth s surface and may provide guidance to a destination Information that may be provided includes the road being driven the location of cross roads the heading or compass directions the distance to a destination and other items Route Guida
14. P and Newell A 1983 The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Cerella J 1990 Aging and Information Processing Rate In J E Birren amp W K Schaie Eds Handbook of the Psychology of Aging 3rd Ed 201 221 San Diego Academic Press 201 221 Green P 1999a The 15 Second Rule for Driver Information Systems ITS America Ninth Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings Washington D C Intelligent Transportation Society of America CD ROM Green P 1999b Estimating Compliance with the 15 Second Rule for Driver Interface Usability and Safety Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting Santa Monica CA Human Factors and Ergonomics Society CD ROM Green P 1999c Navigation System Data Entry Estimation of Task Times Technical Report UMTRI 99 17 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Green P 1999d Visual and Task Demands of Driver Information Systems Technical Report UMTRI 98 16 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Hankey J M Dingus T A Hanowski R J Wierwiile W W and Andrews C 2000 In Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support Final Report Technical Report FHWA RD 00 135 McClean VA U S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Hankey J M Dingus T A Hanowski R J Wierwiile W W
15. PTIONS Analysis Assumption Comments Adjustment to Analysis Error free performance The computational method assumes drivers start with Rather than attempting to determine the accurate and complete information about the destination probability of each error and the time to and do not make any mistakes in entering information In correct it the completion time can be fact errors can be quite high ranging from 10 to 50 96 of the increased by 25 to account for typical trials performance Routine cognitive task The method assumes that drivers know what to do at each Model estimates are improved by including step However navigation system use is not a highly additional mental operations where learned task for some drivers and drivers sometimes forget forgetting is likely to occur Card Moran and what to do Newell 1983 Adjustments for forgetting should be based on empirical analysis or using expert rules Automotive context The position of a mouse varies from movement to Utilize automotive specific estimates of The original model was movement but automotive controls do not However reach and movement time Evaluators may developed for predicting automotive controls may require greater reach accuracy In wish to develop their own operator values or task times in an office addition vehicle motion may slightly elevate times to reach correction factors as well as additional for controls application rules to improve estimates Warm start The
16. QA fhe engineering SURFACE lt AE 12365 7 7 ili di ro edir 214 sea Air ana Space VEHICLE APR2002 A Ee RECOMMENDED T pissed BIER 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale 15096 0001 PRACTICE 2002 04 Calculation of the Time to Complete In Vehicle Navigation and Route Guidance Tasks Foreword A measure of usability and safety of a product is the time required to use that product to complete tasks of interest Rubin 1994 There is considerable data on task completion times for conventional controls and displays such as the headlights windshield wipers the speedometer the fuel gauge and audio systems Kurokawa 1990 Green 1999d Current evidence is that navigation and route guidance systems have some functions that can take significantly more time to use than conventional controls and displays Kurokawa 1990 Green 1999a c Tijerina Parmer and Goodman 1998 Furthermore at various points in the design of a product there may be alternative user interfaces under consideration and ease of use as measured by task completion time should be one of the selection criteria Therefore the determination of task completion time is useful Task completion times can be determined using a sample of drivers to complete tasks of interest However that process may require a completed design available only late in development and obtaining a suitable driver sample may be cumbersome As an alternative the method described in this reco
17. adde o V UNM SoweU 18891 s HEM 821 9 0 Mode 1461 550 0 X U o 0405 os g zou 1S WO 19891 JO JS 492 weu Jo 19 9 sul Aq sn o pio q 992 91 LS 191 N wey peey 90 Je dde o NU W 8 1 JO HEM E 1o s o o N m A lt 2 o A 5 a m N gt Ww lt l FIGURE C2 TABULAR SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE CALCULATION CONTINUED 20 ve 88 2827 181 1 s elin le u u uu l s s 1 duuo2 si bos ee 51 no1 10 PEM Anua 15 1 BU 109 95 o Y v 5894 SWI 1s lious u91e s pue UDBJOS v peay Je dde o Bess u 10 YEM 1 3999S 3 A y J U ss id N uo euu uuljuoo se J pio p ZOL 19 seul g Aey MOJE dn sseid N 8 1 6 p lle l p eIdsip pl li 1u uino u 9U9 J JJIP JINdUWOO N pr l 156 J Splosp 208 19 s ul 6 y Mole dn ssald N 6 0 6 p ejds p pl li 1u uino u 9U J JJIP nduioo N Play se J pio p 209 12 seu 2 Aey moe dn ss id 2 Z 6 p lle l paXejdsip pjey 1u uino u ou J jjip nd lo Play 1SB J Splosp u Ady Jo woyog Buiss id Aq njea Zeldsip
18. alphabetized list using sequential scrolling method wait for list of streets to appear 1 read highlighted item decide if 1st character of name of current entry matches desired street see note 1 2 if first pass selected method sequential scrolling or alpha scrolling by first letter of the name if not matching 1st character press right arrow key to go to next character go to step 1 to read the next item if matching 1st character current character second character compare current character of highlighted item with desired street 2 1 if current character matches and last character confirm correct entry hit enter go to next subgoal if current character matches and not last character increment current character go to 2 1 compare current character if current character does not match displayed character press key to scroll down 1 entry see note 2 go to 2 1 exit next subgoal NOTE 3 In the initial name comparison N S E and W e g N 1ST ST are ignored NOTE 4 This sequence only approximates that which subjects use as some grouping of the street designators st ave dr etc is likely However that grouping has only a minor impact on the total task time so for ease of calculation grouping can be ignored B 1 6 5 SUBGOAL 4 Select a street address a Method After the screen showing the range of streets appears compare the first column of the desired street address with the display address If the columns value
19. bottom of key difference times confirm displayed recalled go to case 1 case 3 displayed lt recalled note 1 compute difference in current field displayed recalled increase display value by pressing up arrow key the number of times difference confirm displayed recalled go to case 1 Exit B 1 6 6 SUBGOAL 5 SELECT ROUTE CRITERIA a Method After the route criteria screen appears select the desired criteria from the list of 3 shown See Figure B6 NOTE 5 At this point the task timing ends and the person returns to driving However several seconds are required for the system to calculate a route and display the route That added time is not included in the total task time 17 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Select Route Criteria Shortest Time Route Most Use of Fwys Least Use of Fwys Use A to select and press ENTER FIGURE B6 ROUTE SELECTION CRITERIA B 1 6 6 1 Psuedo Code Method for Selecting Route Criteria Read the route criteria screen and search for shortest time route Press the enter key to select the first entry NOTE 6 Assumptions are the same as for the address entry method selection described previously B 1 7 Determine the appropriate mental keystroke and other operators that are appropriate for each step see Appendix A B 1 8 Enter the times from Appendix A for each operator B 1 9 Adjust the keystroke times using the age multiplier as desired F
20. city a Method After the city menu has appeared scroll through the list of cities until the desired city is found See Figure B3 If the first letter of the city name does not match the first letter for the desired name use the right arrow key until a matching first letter is found Then use the down arrow key to scroll through the list of cities one city at a time When a matching city is found select it 12 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Select City Select City STATE MICHIGAN ALLEN PARK ALSIP AIDA ANN ARBOR ALTO ANTIOCH ADDISON ALGONQUIN ARLINGTON HEIGHTS ALLEN PARK AUBURN HILLS Use _ to select and press ENTER Use to select and press ENTER FIGURE B3 CITY SCREENS B 1 6 3 1 Pseudo code Method for subgoal find matching entry in alphabetized list using sequential scrolling method wait for the beginning of the city listing to appear 1 read highlighted item and decide if 1st letter of current entry matches desired city 2 if first pass then select method sequential scrolling or scroll by first letter of name if not matching 1st letter then scroll by first letter of name press right side of round switch to go to next letter go to step 1 decide if match note reading occurred earlier if matching 1st letter current letter second letter compare current letter of highlighted item with desired city name 2 1 if current letter matches and last letter confirm correct entry Are you done
21. demic Press 525 B Street Suite 1900 San Diego CA 92101 4495 Tel 1 619 231 0926 Customer Ecare 1 888 677 7357 http academicpress com Cerella J 1990 Aging and Information Processing Rate In J E Birren amp W K Schaie Eds Handbook of the Psychology of Aging 8rd Ed 201 221 San Diego Academic Press 201 221 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 2 2 2 US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PUBLICATIONS Available from US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean VA 22101 www tfhrc gov Hankey J M Dingus T A Hanowski R J Wierwiile W W and Andrews C 2000 In Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support Final Report Technical Report FHWA RD 00 135 McClean VA U S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Hankey J M Dingus T A Hanowski R J Wierwiile W W and Andrews C 2000 In Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support IVIS Demand Prototype Software User s Manual Technical Report FHWA RD 00 136 McClean VA U S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ERTICO PUBLICATION Available from Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITSA http www itsa org 400 Virginia Avenue SW Suite 800 Washington DC 20024 2730 Tel 1 202 484 4847 Fax 1 202 484 3483 Kimura K Yamauchi H and Kanamori H
22. e B 1 4 2 SUBGOAL 1 Select destination entry via street address mode a Method Find the destination entry item on the initial menu and select it B 1 4 3 SUBGOAL 2 Select a city a Method Scroll through the list of cities until the desired city is found If the first letter of the city name does not match the first letter for the desired name use the up and down arrow keys until a matching first letter is found Then use the right and left arrows to scroll through the list of cities one city at a time When a match is found select it Shortcut If the city was recently visited it appears on the recent list at the beginning of the city list Use the up arrow keys to scroll to a possibly matching name In all cases when a match is found select it B 1 4 4 SUBGOAL 3 Select a street a Method This procedure is similar to that for selecting a city except that a street name is being matched not a city name B 1 4 5 SUBGOAL 4 Select a street address a Method Compare the first column of the desired street address with the display address If the columns values match move to the next column using the right and left arrow keys If they do not match then use the up and down arrow keys to increase or decrease the displayed value to match the desired address When all the values match select the address by hitting enter B 1 4 6 SUBGOAL 5 Select route criteria a Method Select the desired criteria from the list of 3 shown
23. e street address method entering the city street building number and routing criteria or 2 the intersection method entering the city the first street name the second street name and routing criteria Total Task Time Time to complete a task Static Total Task Time Total task time measured in a stationary vehicle buck or mock up in which a subject is only performing the task of interest Computationally Interrupted Task Task where the driver must wait 1 5 seconds or more for the driver interface to respond to a driver input in order to complete a task such as when an off board computer is queried In Motion When a vehicle s speed exceeds the minimum nonzero speed that can be reliably detected by the vehicle s sensors Operator An elementary perceptual physical or cognitive action Example a key stroke a reach or a mental operation see Appendix A for a Table of Operator Times SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 3 15 Shortcut An alternative method by which a task may be completed more quickly EXAMPLE For the PathMaster navigation interface when a city is being selected recently visited cities appear before the alphabetical list of cities Pseudo code Description of a computer program that utilizes English or some other natural language phrases e g add a to b compute the square room of the sum in a structure similar to that of a programming language usually an indented outline Pseudo code lac
24. e left lt q P gt move right move left lt b move right decrease decrease Enter Street Number Enter Street Number RANGE 0 3299 RANGE 0 3299 ADDRESS 2999 ADDRESS 2909 increase increase A A move left lt P gt move right move left q gt move right decrease decrease Enter Street Number RANGE 0 3299 ADDRESS 2901 increase A move left qq P gt move right decrease FIGURE B5 STREET NUMBER SCREENS 16 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 B 1 6 5 1 Psuedo Code Method for incrementing decrementing numbers using 4 way cursor switch round key Recall the desired street address read the maximum allowable street address and if necessary include leading zeros in the recalled address to match the number of characters in the maximum value current digit left most digit determine next field to change Decide if the value in the current display field is the same as that in the recalled field 1 decide if value of currently displayed field less than equal to or greater than the value of recalled field case 1 currently displayed field value of recalled field decide if last field if last field confirm displayed recalled street number hit enter key go to exit if not last field go to next field press right side of arrow key current digit next digit go to 1 case 2 displayed gt recalled compute difference in current field displayed recalled decrease display value by pressing
25. evo 920 MG 4319144 5 01 moe umop SS Jd UMOP 0 os JOU s op puz ero 420 44 NOLDNINYVYg 01 moe umop SS Jd UMOP 0 5 OS you s op PUZ evo 920 4438 GMVANMVA 01 Mowe umop ss 1d uAOp 0 05 os JOU s op puz 70 420 GMYNMV 1 Mowe umop Ss id uAop OS os yozew JOU s op puz evo 920 GYL NMOLSAYVG 01 moe umop ssaid UMOP 0 os YO eW zou s op PUZ ero 420 LO AVT MVd 01 moe umop SS Jd UMOP 0 5 os yozew ou s op puz 0 920 JAV M48M4V4 0 Moe umop ss id uAop 0 5 os yozew JOU SBOP puz 0 920 MG 4308 01 Mowe umop Ss 1d UAOpD 0 05 os JOU SBOP puz evo 920 42 TYMHOH TV 01 moe umop ss id uAop 0 5 os JOU s op puz evo 920 14 NIA Q 1V8 01 moue umop SS 1d uAOD 0 05 os yew JOU s op puz 821 SO AAV 01 moue umop SS Jd UMOP 0 5 os yozew zou SBOP puz 992 GL 1 8 19518 s y9ew YA SLIVA Woy g 894S JO 15 1 uulJuoO ero 600 p inse uu seodde o g UM 5 1881 s 10 YEM 890 920 moue yp SSB1d 19 9 x u o 0 05 os g ou poqqy woy v 5 Jo JS 0 800 peinseew Je
26. f office tasks 2 data from from Olson and Nilsen 1997 1998 for spreadsheet use 3 data from Manes Green and Hunter 1998 for entering data into a Siemens Ali Scout Navigation System and 4 reach times from Methods Time Measurement 1 MTM 1 the most popular predetermined time system used by industrial engineers Schwab 1971 The age correction factor in 4 1 10 is based on the work of Manes Green and Hunter 1998 Operator time estimates based on the office data may be too low because navigation data entry tasks are not well learned i e not routine cognitive tasks and because automotive interior design does not facilitate rapid keyboard entry as in an office even when the vehicle is stationary The operator times from office work were adjusted upwards to be consistent with empirical studies of driver behavior Additional information on the development of the operator times appears in Green 1999b Some validation data appear in Nowakowski and Green 2000 and Nowakowski Utsui and Green 2000 Note that times are based on hard key operation of specific systems and may need to be adjusted for the specific device of interest e g adjust operator times for touch screen input TABLE A1 OPERATOR TIMES SECONDS Time s Time s Young Drivers Older Drivers Operator Description 18 30 55 60 Reach near from steering wheel to other parts of the wheel stalks or pods 0 31 0 53 Reach far from steering wheel to center console 0 4
27. ks the syntax rules of formal computer languages such as BASIC or C and is not intended to compile Pseudo code is often a precursor to formal coding Calculation Method Overview The calculation method is based on the goals operators methods and selection rules GOMS model described by Card Moran and Newell 1980 1983 For background on the calculation method see Green 1999b d The basic approach involves top down successive decomposition of a task The analyst divides the task into logical steps For each step the analyst identifies the human and device task operators Sometimes analysts get stuck using this approach because they are not sure how to divide a task into steps In those cases utilizing a bottom up approach may overcome such roadblocks The GOMS approach assumes error free performance well learned tasks and particular locations of controls assumptions typically violated in the operation of motor vehicles Modifications have been made to the GOMS model e g Kieras 1997 to improve the accuracy of the method and adjust the parameters to more closely approximate the task times in motor vehicles More specifically the general process is 4 1 1 OBTAIN EITHER a working prototype of the interface or a simulation of the interface or a videotape of a user operating the interface or a step by step operational description Also obtain the city and street database used as well as any other data the system might acce
28. me of the mental operators can be omitted in such cases When scrolling through long lists a mental operator occurs just before pressing the enter key to confirm the correct item is to be selected For decisions based on short lists no mental operator is needed Enter the execution times for each operator from Appendix A A spreadsheet is recommended Add up the execution times for each operator Adjust the keystroke times using the age multiplier as desired For young drivers 18 30 use the keystroke mental and search times as is for middle aged drivers 40 55 multiply the keystroke times by 1 4 For drivers 55 60 multiply the keystroke times 1 7 For older drivers gt 65 multiple the keystroke times by 2 2 4 1 11 Verify that the times make sense and revise as needed Carefully review the inclusion of mental operators 4 1 11 1 Advice Reviewing videotapes of typical users interacting with the system will help verify methods selection rules operators and times When played back at slow speed on a frame accurate VCR these tapes can be used to estimate screen update and system calculation times PREPARED BY THE SAE SAFETY AND HUMAN FACTORS COMMITTEE A 1 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 APPENDIX A OPERATOR TIMES Table A1 shows the operator times that can be used These values were based on 1 the classical Keystroke Level Model operators described by Card Moran and Newell 1980 1983 obtained from a variety o
29. mmended practice may be used to calculate static total task times early in the design TABLE OF CONTENTS References Applicable Publications Related Publications Definitions Calculation Method Appendix A Operator Times Appendix B Calculation Example Appendix C Tabular Summary of Example Calculation SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences The use of this report is entirely voluntary and its applicability and suitability for any particular use including any patent infringement arising therefrom is the sole responsibility of the user SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed revised or cancelled SAE invites your written comments and suggestions TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER 1 724 776 4970 FAX 1 724 776 0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS hitp www sae org Copyright 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers Inc All rights reserved Printed in U S A SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Scope This SAE Recommended Practice applies to both Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM and aftermarket route guidance and navigation system functions for passenger vehicles This recommended practice provides a method for calculating the time required to complete navigation system related tasks These estimates may be used as an aid to assess the safety and usability of alternative navigation and ro
30. nce System System that selects a pathway to a user specified destination It also provides directions to a destination by indicating the route or routes to take using graphics text voice or other means Route guidance may be a feature of a navigation system Control Device used to enter information into a vehicle system Display Device that presents information to a driver typically by visual or auditory means though it may be haptic Driver Interface General term used to describe the means by which a driver interacts with a vehicle or vehicle subsystem The interface typically includes one or more controls and or displays as well as the system s operating logic Goal System end state sought by a driver Examples include obtaining guidance to a particular destination greater magnification of a map display determining the location of a point of interest and canceling route guidance Subgoal Change in system or device state necessary to achieve a goal Examples include reach to a device entering a street name entering a street address Task Sequence of control operations i e a specific method leading to a goal or subgoal at which the driver will normally persist until the goal is reached Example Obtaining guidance by entering a street address using the scrolling list method until route guidance is initiated Method Description of how a goal is accomplished Example a location might be entered using 1 th
31. on Research Institute Namba S 1980 The Amount of Information in a Still Picture and the Display Time Required NHK Laboratories Note Serial 248 Tokyo Japan NHK Technical Research Laboratories Nowakowski C and Green P 2000 Prediction of Menu Selection Times Parked and While Driving Using the SAE J2365 Method Technical Report 2000 49 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Nowakowski C Utsui Y and Green P 2000 Navigation System Evaluation The Effects of Driver Workload and Input Devices on Destination Entry Time and Driving Performance and Their Implications to the SAE Recommended Practice Technical Report UMTRI 2000 20 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Olson J R and Nilsen E 1987 1988 Analysis of the Cognition Involved in Spreadsheet Software Interaction Human Computer Interaction 3 309 349 Paelke G and Green P 1993 Entry of Destinations into Route Guidance Systems A Human Factors Evaluation Technical Report UMTRI 93 45 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Rubin J 1994 Handbook of Usability Testing New York NY Wiley Schwab J L 1971 Methods Time Measurement section 5 chapter 2 in Maynard H B ed Industrial Engineering Handbook New York McGraw Hill Tijerina L Parmer E amp Goodman M J 1998 Driver Workload Assessment of Route Guidance
32. or young drivers 18 30 use the keystroke mental and search times as is for middle aged drivers 40 55 multiply the keystroke times by 1 4 For drivers 55 60 multiply the keystroke times 1 7 For older drivers gt 65 multiple the keystroke times by 2 2 B 1 10 Add up the execution times for each subgoal and goal A spreadsheet is recommended For an example see Appendix C B 1 11 Verify that the times are reasonable based on literature expert analyses and or conducting new empirical studies and revise the analysis as needed 18 zoer 9 yO Cb Kay J U SS Id 492 GL Uoyeul WUIJUOD JOquy uuv YO eW s1343 12470 ie pue s n puos Ss ero 920 moe umop SS Id 0 V UMOP 0 08 OS y9 ew JOU s op puos s er 0 920 MOJE UMOP SS Id YJe d ually O umop 0 05 os YO EW JOU SBOP pUOD S 821 410 moe umop SS 1d uosIppV 1 umop 0 05 os y9 ew JOU SBOP PUOD S 992 4oquy uuv Jo puo s os v 5 s n 3sil i 992 s epiv wey p luBiluBiu 40 90 Je dde o nua Ajo ay JO YEM e p l s Z 6S r LC rO Z z 15 AJJu 18 1 v 19 s o y SS Jd 992 G L uu i 3841 SS JPPE 19 10 YEAS pue U 912S J YM POW uolgu s p 24 Peay uolyeuns p p us p v 4 APPENDIX C S 0 LEO 690 LEO IA P y o pue
33. rt UMTRI 96 37 also released as EECS ITS LAB FT97 077 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Nowakowski C and Green P 2000 Prediction of Menu Selection Times Parked and While Driving Using the SAE J2365 Method Technical Report 2000 49 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Novvakovvski C Utsui Y and Green P 2000 Navigation System Evaluation The Effects of Driver Workload and Input Devices on Destination Entry Time and Driving Performance and Their Implications to the SAE Recommended Practice Technical Report UMTRI 2000 20 Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute NORTH HOLLAND PUBLICATION Available from North Holland Publishing c o Elsevier Science http www elsevier nl Elsevier Science Regional Sales Office Customer Support Department P O Box 945 New York NY 10159 0945 USA Tel 1 212 633 3730 Toll Free number for North American customers 1 888 4ES INFO 437 4636 Fax 1 212 633 3680 Kieras D E 1997 A Guide to GOMS Model Usability Evaluation Using NGOMSL In M Helander T Landauer and P Prabhu Eds Handbook of Human Computer Interaction Second Edition Amsterdam North Holland 733 766 VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION Available from UMI 300 North Zeeb Road P O Box 1346 Ann Arbor MI 48106 1346
34. s match move to the next column using the right arrow keys If they do not match then use the up and down arrow keys to increase or decrease the displayed value to match that of the desired address When all the values match select the address using enter See Figure B5 14 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Select Street Name Select Street Name S 4TH AVE N 4TH ST N 1ST ST ABBOTT AVE S1STST ABERDEEN DR 3LS DR ACADEMIC DR 3 RD DR ACER CT N 4TH AVE A or W scroll up down A or W scroll up down 4 or gt skip map letter lt or skip map letter Select Street Name Select Street Name AVON RD BANDER DR AVONDALE AVE BARBER AVE AWIXA R BARCLAY CT A RP SHIR DP RARD BALDWIN AVE BARNYARD BEND BALDWIN PL BARRINGTON PL BALMORAL CT BARRISTER DR BANDER DR BARRISTER RD A or V scroll up down A orY scroll up down 4 or gt skip map letter 4 or gt skip map letter Select Street Name Select Street Name BARRISTER RD BARTON FARM DR BARRY KNOLL DR N BARTON SHORE DR BURTON DR BATESON CT BARTON IN BARTON FARM DR BAY HILL CT N BARTON SHORE DR BAY RIDGE DR BATESTON CT BAYBERRY CIR BATH CT BAYLIS DR A orY scroll up down A orY scroll up down lt or gt skip map letter lt or skip map letter FIGURE B4 LIST OF STREET NAMES 15 SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 Enter Street Number Enter Street Number RANGE 0 3299 RANGE 0 3299 ADDRESS 3299 ADDRESS 2299 increase increase A A mov
35. ss e g dynamic traffic information Supporting documentation e g quick reference card user manual is also helpful Identify the goals e g enter a street address enter an intersection For each goal identify the associated other subgoals to achieve it Goals may be at multiple levels For each goal and subgoal identify the methods e g the list search method used to achieve them Document the methods with a detailed explanation Advice The videotape assists in the accurate analysis of the methods used by subjects Videotapes provide a useful record of screen actions example screens and when a user pauses for a mental operation pauses that analysts may omit when then just think about what users might do When recording be sure the camera is perpendicular to the test screen and interference due to the user s hand is minimized Also make sure the image is closely cropped around the display so the change of single characters is readily apparent on the recording Using a second camera viewing from the side and painting the sides of switches contrasting colors makes the depression of short throw switches easier to see on the recording SAE J2365 Issued Prop Dft APR2002 4 1 5 Convert the detailed explanation of the methods into a computer program like format pseudo code 4 1 6 Identify the computational assumptions with regard to users knowledge of various methods of task completion Table 1 TABLE 1 COMPUTATIONAL ASSUM
36. ute guidance system interfaces to assist in their design This document does not consider voice activated controls voice output from the navigation system communication between the driver and others or passenger operation References Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein 2 1 1 ACM PUBLICATION Avallable from Association for Computing Machinery Headquarters Office One Astor Plaza 1515 Broadway New York NY 10036 5701 Tel 1 212 869 7440 www acm org Card S K Moran T P and Newell A 1980 The Keystroke Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems Communications of the ACM July 23 7 396 410 LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION PUBLICATIONS Available from Lawrence Earlbaum Associates http erlbaum com 10 Industrial Avenue Mahway NJ 07430P2262 Fax 1 201 236 0072 Toll Free 1 800 9 BOOKS 9 Card S K Moran T P and Newell A 1983 The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Olson J R and Nilsen E 1987 1988 Analysis of the Cognition Involved in Spreadsheet Software Interaction Human Computer Interaction 3 309 349 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA PUBLICATION Available from Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITSA http Awww itsa org 400 Virginia Avenue SW Suite 800 Washington DC 20024 2730 Tel
37. y IAOW o u lul UOHE IABU U 10 YIL Y 0 B na o o N m A lt 2 o A 5 a N gt Ww lt l TABULAR SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 SEVNUYEci 6 olu SSOIPPY 19919 BIA JOqUY uuv peoy 1062 Jo 8921 uonno xg FIGURE C1 TABULAR SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE CALCULATION 19 ryz bezi voc 21 Y J U SS Id 4992 GL UeU 5 seyojeUW qY YILXYg uuljuoo evo 920 M41XV 0 MOJE umop SS Jd UMOP 0405 os UY9 BLW zou s op puz 0 920 42 HlV8 01 Mowe umop SS IJd UMOPp 0 05 os yoyew JOU SBOP puz 0 920 42 NO1S31V8 01 moe umop Sss id uAoOp 0 05 os JOU s op puz evo 920 MG 3 9 NO LMVE N 01 moue umop SS Id UMOPp 0 05 os Yyd eW JOU SBOP puz evo 920 Yd WHV4 NO LMVG 01 Moe umop sseid UMOp 0 05 os JOU s op puz 0 920 LO WHV4 NOLYVg 0 Mowe umop SS Jd UMOP 0 05 os JOU s op puz evo 920 NT NO LMV 3 01 Mouse umop SS Jd UMOP 0 05 os zou s op puz evo 920 MG NO LHV8 01 moe umop SS Jd UMOPp 0 05 OS zou s op puz evo 920 TIONM AMMVA 01 moe umop ss id uAop 0 08 os yozew zou s op pug
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