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User Manual - Thunderhead Engineering

1. eene 97 Transient boundary conditions 67 AVEO NIG ITUR 25 TLOUHIESNOOUNS a ee 104 Licensing Registration Problems 106 U UNE PE 25 User Il telae nenne 21 W O A N 65 Work O 20
2. Cell Name Ida Mark Style Diamond d Figure 3 3 Time History Results 1 Time History Results You can plot output data for any cell Output Variable Select the output variable for plotting Cell Selection Plots can be made for any cell Named cells display the name and the cell number 4 LineStyle Select the style for the graph Example Problems Examples problems for loading in PetraSim can be downloaded from the web at http www petrasim com under the Support link 14 PetraSim at a Glance PetraSim Tour Five Spot This section is a very quick walkthrough for one of the sample problems included with TOUGH2 The problem specification is not discussed You can just load the data run the simulator and look at the results When you are ready follow the steps below Load the EOS1 five spot sample model 1 Download the example zip file containing five spot sim from http www petrasim com on the Support page Extract the zip file to the desired directory Start PetraSim Under the File menu click Open Choose five spot sim from the extracted location and then click Open Se qu PetraSim C petrasim five_spot five_spot sim wi Tl kon 51 ees File Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help BeHx nssAB2 ORG OBORA HL scm Danis gt kB amp S MBE e amp amp ce coo By Layer amp Internal Boundaries E Materials A Wells t Named Print Cells Ex
3. TOUGH UNLIMITED Figure 4 4 Example background image Draped Image A draped image appears as a texture on the top of the terrain as shown in Figure 4 5 It conforms to the terrain on the top layer of the model and can be viewed in any View Mode When viewed in Mesh Mode it is draped on the top layer of visible cells To add a draped top image on the Model menu click Set Top Image EL One A gt File Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help l amp egxDn amp sAmeBTJOBOQUL _ Model BOB gt ES amp ATS m Sas Region Color By Layer X Find Figure 4 5 Example draped image 26 PetraSim Basics User Defined Labels It is possible to add labels to the model in addition to those automatically created by the boundary and wells To define labels On the Model menu click Labels In the Labels dialog add the X Y and Z coordinate data and Name text for each label 3 Eachlabel will now be displayed in the 3D View You can control the display of the labels in the View menu 27 Working with Files 5 Working with Files Several files are used when performing an analysis using PetraSim These include the PetraSim model file the TOUGH input file and TOUGH output files It is important to understand the differences between these files to take full advantage of PetraSim s features PetraSim Model File SIM The PetraSim model file SIM is a binary file that repre
4. The divisions of the default layer may be specified when creating a new model To do so on the File menu click New The New Model dialog appears as shown in Figure 6 2 Enter the desired Z Min and Z Max The default layer divisions are always Z planar Defining layers with the layer manager At any time while working on a model layers may be added edited and removed through the Layer Manager dialog On the Model menu click Edit Layers This will open the layer manager as shown in Figure 6 11 The current model layers appear in the left hand list in the layer manager and the properties of the selected layer are shown in the right hand pane 37 Conceptual Model Properties Initial Conditions Mame Material Auto ROCKI Top From File min 1443 1 max 1519 4 points 7380 From File min 1344 5 max 1513 2 points 7380 Regular Custom Cells 5 Factor 61 0 Figure 6 11 Layer manager dialog Create a new layer By default there is always one layer in the model To create a new layer click the New button in the layer manager dialog This will open the New Layer dialog shown in Figure 6 12 Specify the name of the new layer and the geometry defining its bottom base division Then click OK The geometry may be defined as follows e Constant Specifies a Z location such that the division will be a plane located at Z the entered value e Function Specifies a planar division d
5. Vector Scale D Vector Size Range 0 1 D 0 0 1500 03 Vector Properties Y Show Slice Planes Slice Planes Figure 3 2 3D Results View 1 3D Results Display Contours vectors and slice planes are shown against an outline of your model You can also make high resolution screen shots for publications or presentation graphics 2 Scalar Legend The scalar legend shows what colors were used to display scalar quantities You can also double click the legend to define the range and number of colors 3 Time List Click a time step to view the results data at that time during the simulation 13 PetraSim at a Glance 4 Scalar Property Select a scalar property such as temperature or pressure to display from this list All slice planes and contours will be updated show the new property 5 Vector Property Select a vector property such as water flow rate to display from this list All vectors will be updated to show the new property Isosurface Controls Change the number of isosurfaces and and other scalar display properties 7 Vector Controls Use sliders to scale the vectors in the 3D view 8 Slice Planes Click this to add 2D slice planes to the 3D view Time History Results You can make time history plots of individual cell data and export the data in a format for import into spreadsheets File Views Cell Time History N ag Primary Data variable 2 BESI T
6. CODEOHF FIE ee ne ee ee 28 Convergence problems eeeeseeeee 104 BOUT 95 D Darcy d 3 Dialog Add internal boundary eeeesssss 40 Additional material data 56 Assign cell materials data 59 Boundary editor cooooccnccoccnnccocnnnonnnnnnnononnnnnnnnnnns 31 Capillary pressure eere 57 Create Mesina 46 Default initial conditions cccooocccnonocnncnnncnnnns 61 a m 50 Edit cell PNEU 62 Edit extra Cell ooonccccoccccnnnccnnonaconnnnncnnnnanonnnos 52 Edit layerS oocccococccconocnnccnncnnononnnnnnnnnnnnnncnnonanonnnns 34 Edit region data coooccnccoccnnccncnnnnnncnnnnnnnnnnnanonnnns 62 110 Initial CONdItIONnS ne 61 Load initial conditions cccoocccccnncnnnnnnccnnnanonnnns 63 Material data oocccooccccocnncnonnnnncnnonrononacnonannnos 98 Miscellaneous material data 58 Output CONTO ein 80 Relative permeability data 56 vc OPE POP PUE rn E E E 83 Scalar properties neuen 85 Solution Controls use 74 Tough Global Data MINC eess 97 TOUGH2 simulation run cccoccnccnccncncnnonannnnnnnnns 82 Vector properties eeeeeeeee eee nennen 85 Disable 8 CROIRE 52 DAF FUG OM rotonda 30 E Enabled C
7. In this case gas phase 10 Background pressure will be copied into the value for pressure and the tracer mass fraction will be copied over to the brine mass fraction All other values will be the defaults With the exception of pressure and temperature this mapping is entirely dependent on the internal numbering of the state variables and does not necessarily follow a particular pattern After changing EOS you should always re check any EOS related settings Global Properties Each EOS has different options that define the assumptions used in the analysis For EOS3 this includes whether to include heat transfer isothermal or non isothermal and whether to include molecular diffusion These options are selected by selecting Properties gt Global Preferences or on the toolbar On the EOS tab all available options will be displayed Details for Each EOS The user is referred to the TOUGH2 User s Guide 1 for detailed descriptions of the options available for each EOS 11 PetraSim at a Glance 3 PetraSim at a Glance Main Window The main window contains a 3D design view of the model 3D Model View which can be used to visualize and edit simulator input H amp Layers H Xt Internal Boundaries H E Materials A Wells Named Print Cells ExtraCells 1000 0 1000 0 200 0 E Pressure 1 46et07 lt x4 BB 9 95et06 5 29et06 EE 0 0 1500 0 6 27e 05 Figure 3 1 Ma
8. see Editing Cells for details A cell with fixed conditions will act as a source sink for fluid and heat flow Tricks can be used to selectively fix the pressure or temperature independently For example to fix the pressure the material of the cell can be changed so that the thermal conductivity is zero Then only fluid will flow to the cell and the cell will act as a fixed pressure Similarly the permeability could be set to zero for the cell to act as a fixed temperature condition 63 Boundary and Initial Conditions Sources and Sinks Sources and sinks are used to define flow into or out of the cell These are typically used to define production from or injection into a cell This is used for situations such as a well in a reservoir or rainfall on the surface The rates can be defined as constant or using a table to give time rate pairs By default PetraSim assumes a step change when a time history of input is specified This can be changed in the Solution Parameters options To define a source or sink open the Edit Cell dialog as discussed in Editing Cells Select the Sources Sinks tab as shown in Figure 9 4 The user has several options e Heat The rate of Heat In can be defined as a constant or though a table as a function of time Use a negative number to remove heat e Mass Out This defines the mass produced from the cell e Well on Deliverability This defines a boundary condition where the cell produces to a fixed
9. 1 6 E Every Iteration E Sinks Sources E Main Equation of State E Flow and Accumulation Linear Equations NH Figure 10 7 Output controls dialog Output Controls options include e Print and Plot Every Steps Output will be written at the specified time step increment e Additional Print and Plot Times This opens a table in which you can give specific times at which output is desired e Additional Output Data Select fluxes and velocities to have the output data necessary to include flux arrows in the 3D plots Selecting Primary Variables is usually only used for debugging purposes e Additional Printout These options are usually only used for debugging purposes 81 Running Simulation 11 Running Simulation Running a Simulation To run a simulation on the Analysis menu click Run TOUGH2 3 This will first save the PetraSim model file and then the Running TOUGH2 dialog will be displayed Figure 11 1 The Running TOUGH2 dialog displays simulation time steps on the X axis and the log of the time step on the Y axis As a rule of thumb a growing time step is a good sign of simulation progress If your time steps start to become smaller it may indicate that the simulator is having a difficult time converging When the simulation finishes a message will be displayed and the Cancel button will turn into a Close button Click the Close button Time Step Size an B Time Step Sim Time 26 60 yrs En
10. 251983 113001 5793 115841 0046 17 527829 1120152526 777600 17 680223 108936 7177 864000 17 528930 107621 6154 17 303951 106904 2869 1036800 106426 0679 15 904299 106067 4037 1209600 15 329595 106515 734 14 898715 120653 0834 14 901659 115512 2291 114346 5702 1555200 14 879019 1127026924 1641600 15 213435 110102 3765 20 1728000 15 042283 108906 829 amp lesen EE los Ro Ix es e eo o1 em en es n3 Figure 9 8 Desired boundary conditions 70 Boundary and Initial Conditions 1 22E 05 Temperature 1 20E 05 Pressure 1 18E405 h 16E 05 1 14E 05 1 12E 05 Pressure Pa 1 10E 05 Temperature C 1 08E 05 1 06E 05 1 04E 05 0 5 10 15 20 Time days Figure 9 9 Graph of desired boundary conditions For the example create a cell with dimensions of 1 m on each side but set the volume factor to be 1 0E50 We set the material properties as Figure 9 10 Propert Value Rock Density kg m3 2600 Rock Porosit 0 001 Permeability m2 Specific Heat J kq C 1000 Pore Compressibility 1 Pa Ga Figure 9 10 Desired boundary conditions We calculate the heat flux as follows y yoo T where Q is the heat flux V is the cell volume p is the rock density c is the rock heat capacity AT is the change in temperature and At is the change in time Note that since the porosity is very small we only use the rock properties and apply this to the entire
11. ID The Help section of http www petrasim com provides a spreadsheet to plot the capillary pressure functions 57 Materials Additional Material Data Relative Perm Capillary Press misc Capillary Pressure Linear Function CP CP UB Stig i B Ay when A lt Stig lt B CP CP When S ZA liq cR CP ax CPU 1 0606 CP 0 0 when A CP 2 B CP 3 Cancel Figure 8 3 Capillary pressure functions Miscellaneous Material Data Select the Misc tab to define additional material properties Figure 8 4 These include e Pore Compressibility This defines how the pore volume changes as a function of pressure This is used when storativity is to be included in the model such as when performing a well test analysis In most cases this is not used and remains 0 0 e Pore Expansivity This defines how the pore volume changes with temperature In most cases this is not used and remains O O e Dry Heat Conductivity Used with the wet heat conductivity to change the thermal conductivity of the rock e Tortuosity Factor The user is referred to Appendix D of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for a detailed discussion of this factor In most cases this is not used and remains O O e Klinkenberg Parameter The user is referred to Appendix A of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for a detailed discussion of this factor In most cases this is not used and remains O O 58 Materials Addi
12. MSEC Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab e MCYPR Analysis gt Solution Controls in the Print and Plot Options dialog e MOP 1 through MOP 7 Automatically determined from selections on Analysis gt Solution Controls in the Print and Plot Options dialog e MOP 9 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab e MOP 10 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab e MOP 11 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab e MOP 12 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab 100 Miscellaneous MOP 13 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 14 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab MOP 15 Properties gt Boundary Conditions in Boundary Conditions dialog MOP 16 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab MOP 17 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab MOP 18 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab MOP 19 Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab as appropriate MOP 20 Not implemented Used only by EOS4 option MOP 21 Not used Instead the alternate SOLVR record is used to select the solver Select the solver in Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters di
13. Model EE ME JM Y Min 0 0 Y Max 1000 0 Figure 6 2 Entering a boundary in the New Model dialog Defining boundary with the boundary editor To edit the boundary once a model has been created open the Boundary Editor dialog by going to the Model menu and choosing Edit Boundary L1 The Boundary Editor dialog is shown in Figure 6 3 Figure 6 3 Boundary editor This dialog shows an overhead view of the model along with the current boundary path An existing point on the path can be edited either by clicking and dragging the point with the left mouse button or right clicking a point and selecting Edit from the context menu to set the point to a specific 32 Conceptual Model coordinate A point can be added to the boundary by clicking on one of the edges The point will be added at the set point Existing points can also be deleted by right clicking the point and selecting Delete from the context menu There are also several ways to create the boundary from scratch using the toolbar Ly E gt From a file Select this option to use an XY input file to create the boundary This input file is similar to XYZ files discussed in the topic e XYZ Files The main difference is that the XY file doesn t require a Z coordinate and must specify the coordinates in the proper order to form a polygon describing the boundary e L4 Quick Set Min Max Select this to create a boundary that is an axis aligned box using min
14. TOUGH codes A good fundamental reference on flow in porous media is The Physics of Flow Through Porous Media 6 Darcy s Law for Single Phase Flow The TOUGH family of codes and thus PetraSim simulates flow in porous media A basic assumption is that the flow is described by Darcy s law k u Vp pg S where u is the seepage velocity vector k is the total permeability u the viscosity p the pressure p the density and g is the gravity vector Multi Phase Flow As described by Scheidegger 6 when two or more immiscible fluids or phases exist simultaneously in a porous medium one phase will generally wet the solid There are in general three saturation regimes e Saturation regime The porous medium is completely saturated with one phase e Pendular regime The porous medium has the lowest possible saturation with one phase This phase occurs in the form of pendular bodies throughout the porous medium These pendular bodies do not touch each other so that there is no possibility of flow for that phase see Figure 2 1 a e Fenicular regime The porous medium exhibits an intermediate saturation with both phases If the pendular bodies of the pendular regime expand through addition of the corresponding fluid they eventually become so large that they touch each other and merge The result is a continuous network of both phases across the porous medium It is thus possible that simultaneous flow of both phases occurs al
15. The cell type See Enabled Disabled and Fixed State Cells for further details El Petrasim Untitled is gt on File Edit Model Properties Analysis Resums View Help RSW xn amp smsesouoqltr pcs TES BED lt gt Be 2a MBE e SR cot com Coo scheme End N Internal Bounder El Materials weis a Marned Pr ats Y ExtraCels x v Edit Cells Select Mesh Column s Select Mesh Layer s V Show Only Selected Cells Hide Cells Above Figure 7 10 Editing a cell in the 3D View If Auto is selected in the drop down the property will be taken from the cell s owning region 51 Solution Mesh Edit Cell Data Properties i Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Cell Name Cell ID 145 192 X Range 4112 5 11987 5 Y Range 300 0 62800 0 Z Range 260 0 260 0 Volume 5 184E 10 Vol Factor 1 0 Perm Factor Material Type Figure 7 11 Editing cell properties The Sources Sinks and Initial Conditions tabs will be described in Boundary and Initial Conditions The Print Options tab is used to output cell data every time step for the selected cells this is the FOFT file as used by TOUGH In addition connection data can be written this is the COFT file as used by TOUGH Enabled Disabled and Fixed State Cells In the cell editor a cell can be set to Type Enabled Disabled or Fixed State with the following meanin
16. alternate approach is to inject or withdraw mass and or heat from cells thus accommodating any phase changes easily and naturally That is use natural Neumann boundary conditions to obtain the desired essential boundary conditions in the cell However since this is an indirect way to accomplish the desired goal the user needs some guidance on how to accomplish this The boundary condition cells should be thought of as cells that are not part of the solution Therefore we can set material properties and other parameters in ways that are not tied to the actual problem to be solved The following sections describe some useful tricks Use a Very Large Volume The first concept is to make the volume of the cell with the boundary condition very large relative to the other cells in the grid There is no absolute definition of very large but the concept is that the volume should be so large that flow in and out of the boundary condition cell to connected cells will have negligible effect on temperature or pressure in the boundary condition cell A typical value could be a volume of 1 0E50 m3 In PetraSim this can be accomplished by setting the volume multiplication factor to a large number see Editing Cells Setting a Temperature Condition For a simple temperature boundary condition we do not want flow into or out of the cell This can be accomplished by making a special material that has zero permeability and small porosity and applying it t
17. an approximate XY cell area near wells e Min Refinement Angle controls how quickly the area near wells disperses The smaller this value is the more quickly the cells will return to the maximum cell area extending radially out from the well Maximum Cell Area 1 5E04 m Max Area near Wells 1500 0 m Min Refinement Angle 30 0 Estimated cell count 500 Figure 7 7 Parameters for a polygonal mesh Radial Mesh The user can also create a radial RZ axisymmetric mesh An RZ mesh is modeled as a 2D slice through a cylinder centered at 0 0 0 as shown in Figure 7 8 In this slice the red line is the portion of the cylinder that is modeled by the RZ mesh It appears in the model as a 2D regular mesh with the X divisions representing the radial divisions and the number of Y divisions being 1 While the radial mesh will be displayed as a rectangular mesh with only one Y division all cell data is displayed and written to the TOUGH input file with the correct cell volumes and connection areas to represent the cell revolved around the center of the cylinder 49 Solution Mesh Ax X Figure 7 8 Radial mesh representation in PetraSim To create a radial mesh select the radial mesh option in the Create Mesh dialog as in Figure 7 9 The only parameter needed to create the mesh is the radial divisions which correspond to the X divisions in the resulting mesh These are specified similarly to the divisions in a Regular Mesh C
18. and air The air mass fraction can be as large as 1 A valid initial condition specification for single phase gas is given in Figure 2 5 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and air mass fraction of 0 999 This means that a small amount of the gas will consist of water vapor For two phase conditions the thermodynamic state is defined by gas phase pressure gas saturation and temperature An example of a two phase initial condition is given in Figure 2 6 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and gas saturation of 0 5 Default Initial Conditions EOS3 Water and Air Single Phase P x T v Pressure Pa Constant we 1E05 Temperature C Constant we 20 0000 Air Mass Fraction Earnst ant ivl 1E 05 Figure 2 4 Single phase liquid initial conditions for EOS3 Default Initial Conditions EOS3 Water and Air Single Phase P X T v Pressure Pa Constant w 1E05 Temperature C Constant e 20 0000 Air Mass Fraction Const ant m 99900 Figure 2 5 Single phase gas initial conditions for EOS3 Background Default Initial Conditions EOS3 Water and Air Two Phase Pg Sg 10 T M Pressure Pa Constant 1 05 Temperature C Constant se 20 0000 Gas Saturation Constant e 50000 Figure 2 6 Two phase initial conditions for EOS3 As an example a single element with a volume of 1
19. cell volume The calculated values are shown in Figure 9 11 71 Boundary and Initial Conditions Time Temperature Heat Flux sec C 0 1 564815E 51 86400 18 640000 2 738426E 51 172800 19 550000 259200 19 520565 1 893349E 51 345600 18 891391 2 867405E 51 432000 17 338530 2 065999E 51 518400 17 251983 1 353464E 51 604500 17 701749 5 233704E 50 691200 17 527829 4 585919E 50 777600 17 680223 4 552193E450 864000 17 528330 6 770207E 50 350400 17 303951 1 323308E451 1036500 2 282507E451 1123200 15 904 299 1 1234 3308451 1209600 15 323555 1 286630E451 1296000 14 838715 6 059259E 48 1382400 14 901659 4 009296E 50 1468800 3 328000E 50 1555200 14 879019 1 006344E 51 1641600 15 213435 5 150394E 50 1728000 6 362092E 48 15 000000 Figure 9 11 Calculated heat flux Similarly we calculate the required fluid flow rates using AP m Pwater VC At where Pwater is the density of water is the porosity C is the pore compressibility and AP is the change in pressure The calculated values are shown in Figure 9 12 Time Pressure Flow sec Pa kg s O 105409 8525 5 TT132E442 66400 110401 2634 725735E 42 172800 5 18382E 41 259200 5 71022E 42 345600 111297 9241 2 1772E 4 432000 109414 9367 4 14706E 42 518400 113001 5793 3 28309E 42 604800 115841 0046 4 42353E 42 691200 112015 2526 3 55956E 42 777600 108936 7177 1 52059E 42 864000 950400 106904 2869 5 52941E 41 1036800 _106
20. cells and the other cells in the model have a non zero length in the boundary condition cell The pressures in the cell can now be controlled by flow into and out of the cell see the following example This method is directly applicable in PetraSim Caution If the specified pressure results in flow from the boundary condition cell to connected cells the heat transported by that flow will affect the temperature in the connected cells Combined Pressure and Temperature Boundary Conditions for Single Phase Liquid Experienced TOUGH2 users often apply simultaneous temperature and pressure boundary conditions by creating two boundary condition cells as described above and then connecting both boundary condition cells to the same cell in the model TOUGH2 accommodates this since it is not required that connections represent physically meaningful geometries As noted one danger with this approach is that the pressure boundary condition can lead to unwanted heat transport if the fluid flows from the boundary condition cell to connected cells PetraSim supports this option through the use of extra cells In the following we describe a way to accomplish the same objective but using only physically meaningful geometry This method also handles the combined pressure and temperature conditions in a way that usually corresponds to the desired physical behavior with respect to heat transport by flow out of the boundary condition cell Setting combined
21. cubic meter and 0 1 porosity was run using the initial conditions given above The resulting solution and mass fractions for each component are given below in Figure 2 7 and Figure 2 8 The two phase solution is of particular interest since this case provides the saturation conditions for water vapor in the gas phase and dissolved air in the liquid phase The reader is encouraged to use single element problems when starting to use a new equation of state EOS Perm Density Saturation Saturation Air in Gas Air in Liq Modifier Gi Liquid State Single Phase Liquid Single Phase Gas Two Phase Figure 2 7 States corresponding to the three initial condition options Phase Volumes in Place m Mass in Place kt Gas Liquid Vapor State Single Phase Liquid Single Phase Gas Two Phase 0 000 0 100 0 000E 00 3 983E401 9 983E 04 0 000E 00 9 98683E 01 0 100 0 000 1 187E 01 0 000E 00 1 186E 01 1 187E 04 0 000E 00 0 050 0 050 5 808E 02 4 992E 01 5 880E 02 9 545E 04 4 992E 01 Figure 2 8 States corresponding to the three initial condition options In TOUGH2 all water properties are represented by the steam table equations as given by the International Formulation Committee 10 Air is approximated as an ideal gas and addititivity is assumed for air and vapor partial pressures in the gas phase The viscosity of air vapor mixtures is computed from a formulation giv
22. flux averaged at that cell If we go to the output file we can obtain the actual values of flow for each connection A part of the file is shown below EL1 EL2 INDEX FLOH FLOH FLOF FLOF FLO GAS FLO AQ FLO WTR2 W J KG KG S KG S KG S KG S 169 170 385 0 107373E 07 0 109403E 06 0 981440E 01 0 000E 00 0 981440E 01 0 000E 00 170 171 386 0 513309E 06 0 109404E 06 0 469187E 01 0 000E 00 0 469187E 01 0 000E 00 171 172 387 0 340934E 06 0 109404E 06 0 311627E 01 0 000E 00 0 311627E 01 0 000E 00 172 173 388 0 268545E 06 0 109405E 06 0 245460E 01 0 000E 00 0 245460E 01 0 000E 00 173 174 389 0 233448E 06 0 109405E 06 0 213379E 01 0 000E 00 0 213379E 01 0 000E 00 For the connection between cells 169 and 170 the flow is 9 81 kg sec For the connection between cell 170 and 171 the flow is 4 69 kg sec To calculate the average X flux at cell 170 we average the two flows and divide by the area between the cells 250 m since the cell face width is 50m and the cell height is 5m The resulting value is 0 029 kg s m which matches Figure 12 11 In the plot the negative sign indicates that the X flux is in the negative X direction This is consistent with the positive connection sign convention used by TOUGH2 For a connection between cell 1 and cell 2 a negative FLOF indicates a flow from cell 1 to cell 2 A positive FLOF indicates flow from cell 2 to cell 1 93 Plotting Results We now look at the more complex case of flow into cell 169 whic
23. max x and y bounds as shown in Figure 6 4 e E Auto Size to Layers Select this option to automatically create a boundary from the current layers if their divisions were generated from input files such XYZ Contour or DXF files Because the geometry in the input files may make different shapes or may not overlap in coordinates another dialog will ask how to generate the resulting boundary as shown in Figure 6 5 o Ifthe Bounding Box option is chosen for shape the resulting boundary will be an axis aligned box that fits the outer points of the input files o Convex Hull will make the boundary a convex polygon that fits the points in the input files This option is only relevant if the input points were not specified as a rectangular array of points in the input file o The input for the shape is determined by combining the geometry from the different layer divisions in the model The geometry can either be a Union of the shapes or an Intersection o Different combinations of shape and layer combining are shown in Figure 6 6 x Min XMax 1500 0 Y Min 0 0 Y Max 1000 0 Care Figure 6 4 Quick Set Boundary dialog 33 Conceptual Model 3 Convex hull How should geometry from different layers be combined Union 5 Intersection Figure 6 5 Auto Size Boundary dialog Layer 1 Division Layer 2 Division Layer 1 Division Layer 2 Division Layer N Layer 2 Division Union Intersection Layer 1 Division
24. of the region Material the region s material Cells in this region will inherit this material if they have not explicitly set a material in their properties If this value is set to Auto the material will come from the owning layer Enable Region whether to include this region in the simulation If this is unchecked all cells in this region will be disabled and excluded from the simulation Initial Conditions see Layer and Regional Initial Conditions Internal Boundaries Internal boundaries are used to divide layers into multiple regions Material properties and initial conditions can then be defined by region Select Model gt Add Internal Boundary or to open the Add Internal Boundary dialog Figure 6 15 Add Internal Boundar Surface Input Method Strike Dip Point on Plane X 500 Strike Azimuth 30 Dip Angle 75 Figure 6 15 Defining an internal boundary There are four options for specifying an internal boundary Strike Dip Three Points Point Normal and Input File The first three options create planar divisions each containing a different set of options to specify the plane Figure 6 15 shows the input using the Strike Dip option For the Strike Dip option the data include 40 Conceptual Model e Point on Plane The coordinates of a point on the boundary plane e Strike Azimuth The degrees from North the positive Y axis in a clockwise direction e Dip Angle Degre
25. pressure The user defines the Productivity Index and the pressure See page 64 of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for instructions on calculation of the Productivity Index e Well from File This is a coupled wellbore flow model See page 66 of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for instructions on its use e Injection Injection parameters will vary depending on the EOS being used In general the user Will specify a rate and an enthalpy for each component to be injected 64 Boundary and Initial Conditions Edit Cell Data Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Heat Heat In Constant Rate J s Production C Mass Out Constant Rate kg s E Well on Deliv Productivity Index PI m 3 Pressure Pa Well from File Productivity Index PI m 3 Injection Water Steam Constant Rate kg s Enthalpy J kg E Air Constant Rate ka s Enthalpy J kg Figure 9 4 Defining a cell as a source sink Using Wells in PetraSim PetraSim provides a basic option to define wells as geometric objects lines in 3D space Injection or production options are assigned to the well and PetraSim handles the details of identifying the cells that are intersected by the well and applying the appropriate boundary conditions to each cell This is not a true coupled well model it is a means of identifying the cells that intersect a well and creating the individual sources sinks for each cell It also provides a
26. representation of the fracture should be used with a different porous material for flow in the fracture A detailed explanation of MINC is provided in 17 As described in 16 The method is an extension of the double porosity concept originally developed by 18 and 19 It is based on the notion that fractures have large permeability and small porosity when averaged over a reservoir subdomain while the intact rock the rock matrix has the opposite characteristics Therefore any disturbance in reservoir conditions will travel rapidly through the network of interconnected fractures while invading the matrix blocks only slowly MINC is implemented in TOUGH as a mesh processor of the mesh Additional cells and connections are created so that matrix blocks are discretized into a sequence of nested volume elements which are defined on the basis of distance from the fractures Continuum amp 1 represents the fractures continuum H2 represents matrix rock in close proximity to the fractures continuum 3 represents matrix rock at larger distance etc In response to an imposed disturbance in the fracture system fluid and or heat can migrate in the matrix blocks outward towards the fractures or inward away from the fractures For a complete description the user is referred to 16 and 17 copies of which are available in the help section of http www petrasim com Using MINC in PetraSim To activate the MINC option in PetraSim on the P
27. to open the Create Mesh dialog Figure 7 4 Choose the desired Mesh Type from the drop down box and enter the required parameters as described in the following sections Create Mesh Note Z divisions are set by layer Figure 7 4 The Create Mesh dialog showing regular parameters Regular Mesh A regular mesh is rectangular and is made of six sided cells It is created such that it fits the bounding box of the model Because a model boundary does not necessarily have to be a rectangle any cells outside the model boundary are disabled The parameters for controlling cell sizes in the X and Y 47 Solution Mesh directions are shown in Figure 7 4 Cell sizes can either be constant in the x and y directions using the Regular division type or vary in either direction using the Custom division type or size factors If Regular divisions are specified X Cells and Y Cells correspond to the number of cells in the X and Y directions A factor can be used to increase or decrease element size If the factor is 1 0 then all cells in that direction have the same size If not the relations in Figure 7 5 can be used to calculate the cell size that will result for a given initial size and factor f 1 h 41 4 Ilf thf thf t f el P im Figure 7 5 Calculating cell size when the factor is not 1 0 Cell sizes can also be more finely controlled using the Custom division optio
28. way to label and display wells The cells intersecting a well can be easily viewed and selected by right clicking the well in the Tree View and selecting Select Cells Additional mesh refinement may be achieved around wells by using Polygonal meshes as discussed in the topic Polygonal Mesh Adding a well and defining the boundary conditions is a two step process Define the well coordinates by selecting Add Well on the Model menu or from the main toolbar This will open the Add Well dialog as shown in Figure 9 5 Name the well and give the coordinates in order either starting at the top or bottom of the well The new well will be displayed in the tree view 65 Boundary and Initial Conditions Name WEE Ordered Well Coordinates 3 Insert Row E Remove Row 4 Move Up amp Move Down f3 Copy 8 Paste 6 Cut Figure 9 5 Add Well dialog To edit the well double click it in the Tree View This will show the Edit Well dialog as shown in Figure 9 6 Properties Geometry Flow Print Options Well Name Ordered Well Coordinates X Y 500 0 500 0 Figure 9 6 Edit Well dialog The minimum and maximum Z coordinates of the completion interval the range over which the well can flow to the porous media can be edited under the Geometry tab In the 3D View the compl
29. 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 FF GAS SO 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 00000E 00 FF AQ Troubleshooting 11125 9008 0 10102E 06 0 19987E 02 0 87838E 00 0 12162E 00 0 00000E 00 11126 9009 0 11854E 06 0 10000E 01 0 45037E 00 0 54963E 00 0 00000E 00 STEP 4 Now we need to find the cell in the model Cells are numbered in X Y Z order starting at the bottom layer This example model has 36 cells in the X directly and 39 in the Y so each layer has 36 39 1404 cells If we divide 11126 by 1404 we get 7 9 which means this cell is in layer 8 We now go to layer 8 in the Grid Editor and see the cell with the Source Sink in the upper left corner Zoom in and right click on the cell Under Properties the cell ID is 11126 so this is the problem cell Under Sources Sinks we see that the user is injecting Water Steam into this cell at a rate of 3 9 kg s but with 0 0 enthalpy BINGO zero enthalpy corresponds to water at absolute zero so the cell is being cooled by very cold injection We need to change the enthalpy to a realistic value This means getting out the steam tables You can either get out the old thermodynamics text or you can download an Excel spreadsheet from the Tools section of Help at our website at http www thunderheadeng com
30. 2002 07 15X3d five spo CEN X S ci ci s File Results View aeann Time s 8 12717E08 9 70003E08 1 23215E09 P Pa 1 31734E09 1 40909E09 5 1 07e107 Scalar P Pa j 500 0 500 0 0 0 Vectors FLOH W per m v 9 48e 06 v Show Isosurfaces Scalar a 10 Scalar Properties F Show Vectors 8 23e 06 6 99e 06 4 Show Slice Planes Slice Planes E Color Slices by Cell 5 74e106 Figure 12 1 The 3D results window Plot controls include e Time s A window that displays all the available output times Select one of these times for plotting e Scalar Select the output parameter for plotting The scalar parameter is the one that will be used for isosurfaces and contours on slice planes The list of parameters is dynamically created from the TOUGH output file and will be different for each EOS e Vectors If vector data was written to the output this must be selected as one of the Output Controls options this will display a list of available vector data The list of parameters is dynamically created from the TOUGH output file and will be different for each EOS e Show Isosurfaces This checkbox turns on the display of isosurfaces for the selected scalar The number indicates how many isosurfaces will divide the plot range Selecting the Scalar 85 Plotting Results Properties button di
31. 4 Figure 10 2 The Solver tab CONTO Susana dit 76 Figure TO 3 The TOUGH2 MP tab Controls iia 77 Fig re 10 4 The Weiehtine tab Controls cedere ee 78 Figure 10 5 The Convergence tada asocia 79 Figure 10 6 The Optionstab CON MO cta 80 Figure 10 7 Output controls dalog iia 81 Figure Tid Running the TOUGH analysis i dad 82 Figure I2 I The SD results WIG OW seis Meret Seatac Ales Aa A A op eee ere 85 Fieure 12 2 scalar Properties didlo aod et ettet d vetas tih da 86 m AUT M URS A A wea ee 87 Figure 12 4 Vector Properties Chal OP is sacos bu nach 87 Figure 32 5 e PIanescdialbB cas ee ee Id De 88 Figure 12 6 Example of contours on slice planes cocoocccnnonaccnncnononnnonaconnnnaronnonanonnnnoncnnnonannnnonaninnnnnaoss 88 Figure 12 7 Sce contours colored DY CON aia dida 89 Figure 123 Example MINI eE 90 Figure 129 Example time histor v Dl tasca ataca 90 Figure 12 10 Plot OT production TOW astevedte us em EEE le 91 Figure 12 11 Plot of production from cell 169 occcccoocccnnonaconnnnnnonnnonaconnnnaronnonanonnnonconnnnnorononaninnnnanoss 92 Fig re 12 12 Connections for cell 1694 5 n ni 92 Figure 12 123 PIot OPEEOFOO OPCION ee 93 Fieure 12 14 FLOF DIGETOF Cell 1693 5 een B face tp obe Macaca salsa ed RO CS Mni tot Pa ecd NA 94 Fieure 1215 sre INLO Cel 16 9 4 EL 95 Figure 13 1 Activating MINC in PetraSim 202220220022002000 nenn nenn nenn nenn nennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnennnensnonenensnenennnen 98
32. 4 Solution Mesh 7 Solution Mesh PetraSim provides three types of solution meshes e Regular cells are rectangular hexahedrons e Polygonal uses extruded Voronoi cells to conform to any boundary and support refinement around wells e Radial represents a slice of an axisymmetric cylindrical mesh This is based on the Regular mesh but it only allows 1 Y division Figure 7 1 shows the different types of meshes Elem uer 7 e a E Ele Edit Mode Properties Analysis Results Yiew Help Gor X NSSAR R gt CBRoQager BOB lt gt Ara amp MB e amp N ciceere iz gt i jats 4 E levers X Internal Bourdais E B Materiats A wek Named erint ExtraCels 5 48 B Cell Count 240 TOUGH tos a Regular Mesh gt Ele Edt Model Properties Analysis Results Yiew Help ReW X NSSAR ARS Ogone E a Ke ternal Bounderen Bil Materials A Wet t Cels ExtraCels 5 x 48 B Reg xiOss Model uy a BOB lt gt Be 9 amp AA amp E E coor Bytare Levers X Internal Bourdarws Materials A wet E Petrasim Untitled AB OR GOBOQGHEL BOB lt gt RRA ABER S E A cicer Cels 5 8 8 Cell Count 80 c Radial Mesh Cell Count 485 b Polygonal Mesh EN Figure 7 1 Types of solution meshes All meshes in PetraSim conform to the layers of the model in the Z dir
33. 426 0679 1123200 106067 4037 5 18382E 41 1209600 106515 734 1 63463E 43 1296000 5 94411E 42 1382400 115512 2291 1 34779E442 1468800 114346 5702 1 90073E 42 1555200 112702 6324 3 00662E 42 1641600 110102 3765 1728000 108906629 EMEN B 108906 829 1 38235E 42 Figure 9 12 Calculated flow rates 72 Boundary and Initial Conditions These are input to TOUGH2 Note that this is a bit tricky since injection and production must both be set on the same cell This means that two separate conditions must be set The injection for flow in and the production for flow out Set these terms zero when the other is acting that is during injection the production is zero and during production the injection is zero The resulting plots show excellent agreement between temperatures and not quite as good agreement for pressures 22 00 4 20 00 18 00 16 00 Temperature C 14 00 12 00 10 00 0 00E 00 5 00E 05 1 00E 06 1 50E 06 2 00E 06 Time sec Figure 9 13 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition temperatures 1 22E405 y 1 208 05 Pressure 4 18E 05 TOUGH2 1 16E 05 1 14ET05 1 12E 05 Pressure Pa 1 10E 05 1 08E405 1 06E 05 1 04E 05 0 300000 1000000 1500000 2000000 Time days Figure 9 14 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition pressures in TOUGH2 73 Solution and Output Controls 10 Solution and Output Controls Solutio
34. 85E9 Run Time DT 1 31072E7 s T5 bb Max TS Cancel Figure 3 6 Time step graph during simulation View 3D simulation results To view 3D simulation results On the Results menu click 3D Results Since this example problem is a 2D problem it might be useful to add a scaling factor to the Z axis To scale an axis in the 3D Results 1 Onthe View menu click Scale 2 Inthe Z Factor box type 0 01 3 Click OK The image below shows contour data for temperature and vectors for heat flow at the end of the simulation When you are finished looking at the 3D results close the 3D Results dialog and return to the PetraSim main window 17 PetraSim at a Glance 3D Results aax File Results View A Time 5 3 1447208 3 80006E08 4 45542E05 5 11078ED08 5 76614E085 6 4215E08 7 07636E05 7 73222E08 8 91187ED08 1 02226E09 1 152E09 T deg C vi Show Isosurfaces Scalar 6 Scalar Properties Show Slice Planes Slice Planes Show Vectors FLOH W vi Vector Scale P d at 0 1 j E Vector Size Range Const X Vector Properties Figure 3 7 Temperature contours and flow vectors View cell time history data To open the cell time history view On the Results menu click Cell History Plots If you ask for additional time history data for some of your cells they will appear in bold in the cell list In this example the injection and production cell
35. Basics Cell a piece of the solution mesh that tries to conform to a portion of the conceptual model Each cell has its own properties such as initial conditions sources sinks etc PetraSim Interface PetraSim uses multiple views to display the model and results 3D View Used to rapidly view the model including internal boundaries and wells and define cell specific parameters including sources and sinks and initial conditions Tree View Used to display and select regions in the model materials wells and extra cells 3D Plots Used to display isosurfaces and contour plots of results Time History Plots Used to display detailed cell results as a function of time 3D View Navigation To navigate using the 3D model use the navigation toolbar Bon lt gt Brass To spin the 3D model select the Orbit Tool P and left click and hold on the model and move the mouse The model will spin as though you have selected a point on a sphere To zoom hold the Alt key and drag the mouse vertically with the Orbit Tool or use the Zoom Tool To zoom to a window use the Zoom Box Tool E To move the model hold the Shift key and drag to reposition the model in the window using the Orbit Tool or use the Pan Tool To reset the model type r or click Reset View To change to a standard view select YEl for a top view for front view and for a side view To go through the view history use and View Mode PetraS
36. EAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAGAGAGAGEa TOUGH2 Analysis ELEMENT SOURCE INDEX TYPE GENERATION RATE ENTHALPY MOLE S OR W 11126 AEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEGAGAGAGEa STEP 3 Continue the search for 11126 to get the state of the cell until we find the P T etc data as given below the last line is for cell 11126 This confirms that the temperature is dropping The saturation of gas is also lower in this cell So now let us go and look at the cell in more detail Go to step 4 ELEM 111 111 111 111 111 111 11110 11111 11112 11113 11114 11115 11116 OONO Of KCYC INDEX 8995 8996 8997 8998 8999 9000 9001 9002 9003 9004 9005 9006 9007 OO0O0OO0O0OO0OO0OO0OOOOOO 147 1 COM1 P PA 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 10102E 06 OO0O0OO0O0OO0O0OO0OOOOOO ITER TIME 0 17685E 05 J MOLE 0 22003E 03 0 00000E 00 DEG C 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 19999E 02 SG 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 87874E 00 105 SW 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E 00 12126E
37. ECONDS FOLLOWING TWO STEPS THAT CONVERGED ON ITER 1 STOP EXECUTION AFTER NEXT TIME STEP 104 Troubleshooting REDUCE TIME STEP AT 147 1 NEW DELT 0 244141E 01 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE GU QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ KCYC ITER 147 1 11126 147 1 ST 0 176849E 05 DT 0 244141E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 TOUGH2 Analysis OUTPUT DATA AFTER 147 1 2 TIME STEPS THE TIME IS 0 20469E 00 DAYS aaaa aa aa aa aa aa aa aaa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aaaa aa aa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa TOTAL TIME KCYC ITER ITERC KON 0 17685E 05 147 1 689 2 DX1M DX2M DX3M DX4M DX5M DX6M 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 caeeeeeeLeLeeLeLLLLLLLLLLLLLALLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLRLLLLLLRLLLLLRLRLRL ELEM INDEX P T PA DEG C SG SW SO 1 1 0 42499E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 2 2 0 42344E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 3 3 0 42299E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 STEP 2 Go to the bottom of the OUT file and do an upward search for 11126 with the intent of finding out the current state of that cell However the first hit is at the source sink output and is listed below So knowing that cell 11126 is a source sink with a generation rate the first guess is that the generation rate is larger than can be supported by the flow into the cell and as a result pressure and temperature are dropping in that cell Go to step 3 AEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEAEA
38. Layer 2 Division Layer 1 Division Layer 2 Division UN Bounding box Union Bounding box Intersection Layer 1 Division Layer 2 Division Layer 1 Division Layer 2 Division Convex Hull Union Convex Hull Intersection Figure 6 6 Auto Size Boundary combinations Layers Layers can be used to describe the stratigraphy of the model Layers are horizontal regions that are stacked on top of each other in the Z direction A model can be composed of any number of layers each 34 Conceptual Model having its own set of properties including name material color number of divisions in the solution mesh and initial conditions Figure 6 7 shows several layers within one model As can be seen in the figure a layer does not have to extend to the boundary oo la PetraSen C petraien 3Layer_v5 sum Die n Model Properties Anahyai Basses Yew Help Box NSSAR OBL CRG ESE om e lt gt kB 4 a MBE E 2 I regen Coo true SS Of jesuts yew Help ou XDSSAmOB OQDIOQEN abe SBS lt gt S amp ME SLB tegen coo trm xtraCelis Figure 6 7 Example of layers In PetraSim layers are defined by the geometric surfaces or divisions between each layer Each division may be created by using a constant Z value a planar function or an input file for more complex surfaces There will always be one more division than there are layers in the model This extra division is used to define the t
39. List of Tables Table 12 1 Data for connections to cell 169 Xi Disclaimer Thunderhead Engineering makes no warranty expressed or implied to users of PetraSim and accepts no responsibility for its use Users of PetraSim assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools Users are warned that PetraSim is intended for use only by those competent in the field of multi phase multi component fluid flow in porous and fractured media PetraSim is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user The software package is a computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions All results should be evaluated by an informed user Throughout this document the mention of computer hardware or commercial software does not constitute endorsement by Thunderhead Engineering nor does it indicate that the products are necessarily those best suited for the intended purpose xii Acknowledgements We thank Karsten Pruess Tianfu Xu George Moridis Michael Kowalsky Curt Oldenburg and Stefan Finsterle in the Earth Sciences Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for
40. OP sins eine 10 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 Figure 4 4 Figure 4 5 Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 Figure 6 3 Figure 6 4 Figure 6 5 Figure 6 6 Figure 6 7 Figure 6 8 Figure 6 9 MAN WINOW unta oi 12 SDRES WN noir 13 Tute HStoP ReSUIDS Susini sti roll tud Uti to eee eee eee 14 Opening the five spot mode oooccccccoccnnccnoccncnnncnnnonanonnonnnonnnonnonononanonnnnnnrnnonnncrnnonanonnnonanos 15 Select fluxes and velocities output cccccoocccnconocnnnnnncnnnonanonnnnnacnnnonaronnonanonnonononnnnononnnonaronennanonnos 16 Time step graph during simulation oocccconocnnncnnnonnnnnannnnnnnonononanonnnoncnnnonaronnonanonnnnnacnnnonanonoss 17 Temperature contours and TOW Vect rs ise useptoe c knee Ser ben Urb eR HUP uN rer e NX Pos PRO Ure ON E Ri 18 e EINE BON RTT 19 o casi 0 nn e Te ee ee ee rr 22 kaver CO RR Em 22 Me TNC d E 22 Example Dackerelind Image nern 26 Example ara Ped Mate ee DT 26 Examples of different model boundaries occcconnoccnncnnoccncnnnonononanonnnnnncnnnonaronnonanonnnnononnnonanoneos 31 Entering a boundary in the New Model dialog cccooocccnonoccnnnnnncnnnonaccnnonanonnnnnaccnnonanonnos 32 Boundary eut sti 32 Quick Set Boundary dialOg8 cccoocccnnonccnnnonacononononononanonnnnnarononononononanonnnnnncnnnnnnornnon
41. Petrasim Chpetrasimi layer vscm i He Edt Model Properties Analysis Results View Help ie Eat Mode Properties Analysis Results yiew Help RoW x DSESAR BB 0BoM an elg X DESAR OR CRee an gt Bon gt HA amp MER E e u reve coercere Fre pico M BOB gt Be 9 amp MEE G amp m nomcn ar Figure 6 18 Selecting fault regions Cleaning Up the Model Sometimes after making many changes to a model such as adding and deleting internal boundaries or layers the conceptual model may appear to have extraneous edges or other irregularities as shown in Figure 6 19 To fix these problems and clean up the model from the Model menu select Regenerate Conceptual Model This will rebuild the conceptual model This should be a safe operation that will maintain all model properties and should make the model appear cleaner but it is recommended to save the model before performing this operation 43 Conceptual Model pS i 1 Fae tdt Model Properties Analysis Results Yeew Help Se w x N SS AR OR O8Ce RE horas SOB lt gt Ara S MBE aE Reve cobre a re TT fe Edt Mode Properes Aye femi Yew Help aegxihesAmsiem osgeenmu na GOD lt gt Be 49 amp MBE G amp m rego coor Bytare 4 B Lovers Ae Internal Sounders i jt F reas Wels Weis Named erint Cels NamedPrint Cels ExtraCels ExtraCeds E E E O SS Figure 6 19 Cleaning a conceptual model 4
42. RAU TT TET LTD NE Vii Figures Figure 1 1 Figure 2 1 Licensing and ActiVatiofidialOB risa aio 2 Illustration of pendular a and funicular b saturation regime in the case of an idealized porous medium consisting of packed spheres 7 ccccccsssseccccceesecccccceeseeccceeeeeecceseeeeecceeeeeueeeeseeeueneeeeeeeas 4 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7 Figure 2 8 Figure 2 9 Capillary Pressure es es RENES 5 Capillary pressure using van Genuchten function eessssesssssesnnnnennnnnennnnnnnnnnennnnnennnnnennnnnnnnnnennn 5 Single phase liquid initial conditions for EOS3 esessseeseee enne 6 Single phase gas initial conditions for EOS3 ooncccnnccnnnncnnnnacnnonacinonaranonanononanononacnnnarononarinonaninon 6 Two phase initial conditions for EOS3 eessneseeesnesssesnensnensnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnsnnnsnnnnenen 7 States corresponding to the three initial condition OPtiONS c oocccccnccnnnncnnnnnncnnnarinonarinonaninono 7 States corresponding to the three initial condition OPtiONS c ooccccnncccnnncnnnnnaccnnanononarinonaninono 7 Space discretization and geometry data in the integral finite difference method from WO GS Si S GUE RE RR 8 Figure 2 10 States corresponding to the three initial condition OptiONS cccoooccononnnnnnnnnacnnnnnaronnnnanonnss 9 Heure 2 11 New Model da ads 10 Fie re 2 12 Global Properties CGI
43. S 95 General Use of the Comma Separated Value CSV Files sees 95 13 Flow in Fractured Medias 97 THSMINCAH OIC scitote bius test et eiie ee een Boc deal SM oe 97 USINE MINGI PETIS TU nivea doti ioid ae heri tenia ea dur ee reiten 97 TAs Miscellaneous un 99 Finding TOUGAZ Options In Petrasn sea Da qe ente beo A 99 dS decem TETTE N 99 MESEIM a 99 ROCKS me M 99 MOLT eme m 100 START TRE CO Gti cuidate eie a adic A S ete e A Mo ette as 100 CHEMPAT2VOC ONIY 4 55 ae scs n tetitonelisstutefai bana adeo A eta Eo eo ofc 100 PARA Mii FD dida tans odiosa tau ee 100 INDOM p a 102 INCON c PET 102 SOLVR a H as Ak eons 102 A 102 GOP Tessas a UNE 102 NOVER a sagen als a al 102 DIEF U Am 2423 seltener sah 102 SELE C rains A A O o see 102 RPCAP O E 103 TIMES e e ld MH 103 ELEVE a o nl 103 CONNE el as ah 103 GENEROS 103 TS TrOUDleshnoOOLlHllg e 104 Convergence Problems ruft o E abb uA rada nu tau stu ere uae al he o iau bes a ER Eee eee nee 104 Vi licensing Registration Probe Sentada estas Sd conu EE Contacting Technical SHDDOELUass estes ea nenn AA
44. UGH cannot handle that the new TOUGH FX version can handle freezing Jump to step 2 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE QU AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAQAQQA KCYC ITER TEMPERATURE 0 999981E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT TREE CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549628E 00 0 999981E 00 REDUCE TIME STEP AT 144 1 NEW DELT 0 488281E 01 144 1 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE QU QQQQQQQQQQQQQQGQQQQQQ KCYC ITER 144 1 11126 144 1 ST 0 176848E 05 DT 0 488281E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE QU QQQQQQQQQGQQQQQQQQQQQ KCYC ITER 145 1 TEMPERATURE 0 999996E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 4 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549627E 00 0 999996E 00 REDUCE TIME STEP AT 145 1 NEW DELT 0 244141E 01 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE QU AAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAQAAQAQQA KCYC ITER 145 1 11126 145 1 ST 0 176848E 05 DT 0 244141E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 QQQQQQQQGQQ SUBROUTINE QU QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ KCYC ITER 146 1 11126 146 1 ST 0 176849E 05 DT 0 488281E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 QQQQQQQQQQ SUBROUTINE QU QQQQQQQQQQQQQGQQQQQQQ KCYC ITER 147 1 TEMPERATURE 0 999996E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549627E 00 0 999996E 00 CONVERGENCE FAILURE ON TIME STEP 147 WITH DT 0 976562E 01 S
45. ace image on the model This can be useful to help relate underground features with the surface image or to enhance the visual display There are two ways to specify an image One is as a floating background image that can exist at any Z location and the other is to drape an image over the terrain of the top layer Floating Background Image A floating background image is a flat image that can be specified at any Z location and with transparency This type of image is useful for orienting underground features To specify this type of image 1 Save the image file bmp gif jpg jpeg png 2 Onthe View menu click Background Image 3 Inthe Background Image Dialog click the file selection icon and select the image file 4 The Origin defines the position of the lower left corner of the image in the model coordinates 5 The Extent defines the length of the image in the model coordinates 6 The Z Coord defines the position of the image in the Z direction 25 PetraSim Basics 7 The Transparency slider defines the amount of transparency used to display the image Move the slider to the left to minimize transparency An example surface image is shown in Figure 4 4 r c a PetraSim CAExamples13D Five Spot with WellsX3d five spot wells sim EE XC File Model Properties Analysis Results View Help apeza eS aenn E Model H E Regions c Materials A Wells q Extra Cells ProdUL Inject 21x11x6 1386
46. ag RUNDERHEAD 403 Poyntz Avenue Suite B Manhattan KS 66502 USA 1 785 770 8511 www thunderheadeng com User Manual PetraSim 5 PetraSim User Manual Table of Contents DISC oo da ee xii ACKNOWIEAEEMENIKG cccsceccccccsceccccccscsccccccscnceccecscnceccececnceseccecececeececscsseccecscscescecececeseececscssescecnees xiii 1 Getting Started PENTIUM TEREESSUEUEENMSST 1 o PP Rem 1 cl RR rl ei Eo e ee 1 oca ee e e PO A MEN rU VEINS 1 NA a OT ee ee ee ee E dep tesi iav LIES QUE ee 1 Additional TOUGH DoCUuMentation ccccsssccssssssecsonssscucnsssessoussscucssscneuusuesscuessencussscneousresuenssseneussrenee 2 System BEQUEMEN ES surreal 2 FOLIE m 2 EIL cage RET m 3 FIOW LAN 6 010 2o NE TE A 3 Darcy s Law for Single Phase PO Minnie 3 MOL Sd Sa FION ee e ee ee eee en ee 3 WGC SS os crate eater 5 components ana Phase os 5 Mass ana Enero Balance een ee 7 PDE re O Mata ao 8 TeimborsbDISeretiz dol aaa 9 EQUAtIOAs Or State a ee sr 9 o ee 9 Global PEFODOPLIBS cairo 11 DETSUS TORE ICH EOS ee ae ee 11 3 Petrasim ab 3 Glante une een sera 12 WEIN 12 OSS ES VOM T 13 Tie NAN SUC ROSU cra 14 Example PrablelriS visendi nm vM scien ne ia een 14 PSU lee Si
47. all m O 52 Ehersy Dal dC een sanas 7 BO i P 9 Equations OSO EG 9 Example Problems ccccsseccccsseecceseeecseneeessaeeeess 14 Export 3D plot data ccccooocccncccnoncnnnncnncnonnnnnanonnos 89 PC a 52 F CAMI RR mm 40 File NEW M PO 28 aa E 28 PetraSim 5lITi assescessssn trans Ge sep a pat Leo EM rossa brav c 28 TOUGH Input dat ee 28 File Format Solaire foes Pe on A 28 A IHENANE SUR WENN DIHERENEAERARRERIERN 30 Fixed Boundary Conditions 63 Fixed State Cll NER ER 52 Flow in fractured Media ccooocccccnccnccnnconcnnaconnnnnooos 97 Flow in Porous Media ccooccccoccncnnccncncnncncononacnnoncononos 3 l Initial CONQIUONS serrano nen 61 Internal Boundaries ccccoocccnonoccncnnocnnonaconnnnaccnnnnanons 40 L El AA oO A aat 27 LAV A 34 LICENSING Problem nia 106 A E SR re dV qutt ed etin Ru Iud REP pee Uf 89 Loading previous results as initial conditions 63 M Mapor Features nee 99 Mass Dalai acia 7 Matten 55 Ml ere C 97 Monitoring Progress of TOUGH Analysis 83 Multi Phase Flow ccccccssscccsseeeccsescecseseesseeeeesees 3 N NEW Mode leere 28 O Open saved model oocccccoccccccnccnncnnconocnnnnnnnanonnnnnos 28 QutDUEt CODE Olson rei o et tud aveo oh iue 74 P PEtrasiM TOU as
48. alog on Solver tab MOP 22 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 23 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 24 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab TEXP Properties Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Select Molecular Diffusion and specify on Edit Coefficients dialog For T2VOC on EOS tab BE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Select Molecular Diffusion and specify on Edit Coefficients dialog DIFFO Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Only for T2VOC PARAM 2 Record TSTART Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab TIMAX Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab DELTEN Automatically determined based on options selected in Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab You can edit the table of time steps DELTMX Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab ELST Not implemented instead select cell for printing in Edit Cells dialog GF Properties Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on Misc tab REDLT Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab SCALE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on Misc tab PARAM 2 1 2 2 etc Record Automatically written if table is used to
49. alue of M over V Surface integrals are approximated as a discrete sum of averages over surface segments Anm n FX endl gt ER m Here F is the average value of the inward normal component of F over the surface segment Anm between volume elements V and V The discretization approach used in the integral finite difference method and the definition of the geometric parameters are illustrated in Figure 2 9 Figure 2 9 Space discretization and geometry data in the integral finite difference method from TOUGH 2 User s Guide The discretized flux is expressed in terms of averages over parameters for elements V and V For the basic Darcy flux term we have a Ed 2 Pg m pnm nm D p nm de u DPgonm nm Where the subscripts nm denote a suitable averaging at the interface between grid blocks n and m interpolation harmonic weighting upstream weighting Dnm D Dn is the distance between the Background nodal points n and m and gnn is the component of gravitational acceleration in the direction from m to n The user should consult Appendix B of the TOUGH2 User s Guide 1 for a further discussion of this topic Temporal Discretization Substituting the volume averaged quantities and surface integral approximations into the mass and energy balance a set of first order ordinary differential equations in time is obtained dM 1 dt V 2 Armin af m Time is discretized as a first order
50. anonnnnnnoss 33 Auto Size Boundary dialog ccsesccscsssscncosssecccussscueussscnecusuessoususcucussscneousuestoussscncussscnsousrense 34 Auto Size Boundary combinations ccescesssecsonsvscucnssscuecussesecuesscucussscnecsresteussscneusssenseusrense 34 catio ael Mic LECT NER 35 Example of extending an input file boundary cccooccccconocnnnonaconnnnnncnnnnnncnononanonnnnononononanonnos 36 Example of invalid layer divisions ccccccseseccccesscccceesececeeecceceeseceeeeneceeeeaeceeseeecetsegecesseneeeetan 36 Pig Re 0 10 Fixed Iaver atvisiOliS sr as 37 viii Figure 6 11 bayermanager dla iii ia 38 Figure 6 12 New Eayer dialOB dias 38 Figure 6 13 Example of layers split into multiple regionsS ooccccooccnnconoccnnnnaconnnnanonnnonaconnnnancnnonanonnnnnnoss 39 Figure 6 14 Region properties dialog epo ooo 40 Figure 6 15 Defmming an internal DOuUnNdaly onii 40 Figure 6 16 The internal boundary shown in the model ccccseseccceeseccccenscceceesececseseceeseeeceeeeesecetseneces 41 Figure 6 17 Example of floating internal boundary ccccccessecccessecccceseccccescceeeesececsunececsensceesensecetsenecss 42 Fieure 6 18 Selecting Tault VERIO MS uoa as iir ee o terat reat ee 43 Figure 6 19 Cleaning a conceptual models eet reti dra tr ee 44 Figure 7 12 Types OF solutioOm iTHesli8Scsusestebeitiit iniu bise cet aesti estet nia eine 45 Figure 7 2 Example of a mesh conforming
51. ata is given as shown below This data shows that the generation rate is 135 0 kg s which matches the PetraSim plot TOUGH2 Analysis KCYC 20 ITER 1 TIME 0 63070E 08 ELEM SRC INDEX GENERATION RATE ENTHALPY X1 X2 KG S OR W J KG 169 1 1 0 13500E 03 0 10940E 06 0 10E 01 0 00E 00 To understand the cell history flow plots it is necessary to know the cell names and connections Figure 12 12 shows the cells names and how they are physically connected for the cells adjacent to cell 169 The production cell is 169 and it is connected to adjacent cells in layer 2 and to cell 48 in layer 1 and cell 290 in layer 3 Figure 12 12 Connections for cell 169 92 Plotting Results We will first focus on the flow plot for cell 170 since that is the simplest To see the plot shown in Figure 12 13 1 Onthe Results menu click Cell History Plots 2 Onthe View menu click All Cells then select FLOF X for cell 170 Select File gt Export Data to view the numerical value of 0 029 kg s m2 5 Cell History Production production out Production FOFT File View Primary Data FLOF X Variable m FLOF X Cell Name IX 3165 166 167 165 production 169 170 171 172 3173 3174 3175 176 Line Style Solid Line Time Circles Figure 12 13 Plot of FLOF X for cell 170 The flow data plotted in the Cell History plot is the
52. ces sinks are independent of each other For the Well on Deliverability option the user can select the Well Model or User Defined gradient The Well Model option activates the TOUGH2 well on deliverability model where the pressure gradient is calculated using a depth dependent flowing density in the wellbore see the TOUGH2 user manual In this case the specified pressure corresponds to the pressure at the center of the top cell in the well If the User Defined gradient is selected the pressure is that at the top of the completion interval and the user specifies the gradient directly For both cases follow the TOUGH2 guidelines for calculating the Productivity Index Output for the well can be controlled under the Print Options tab Time Dependent Essential Direchlet Boundary Conditions Although TOUGH2 provides an easy way to set constant essential Dirichlet boundary conditions using the Inactive cell option there is no similar provision for time dependent boundary conditions There are two reasons for this decision e This places a significant burden on the user to ensure that all specified states would be physically meaningful 67 Boundary and Initial Conditions e The user could get into terrible problems when phase compositions change in the boundary cell because then primary variables get switched The user could end up interpolating between one number that means temperature and another that means saturation 15 The
53. complex physics represented in TOUGH setting of the initial conditions can be challenging The user is directed to the many examples available at the PetraSim web site for guidance on how others specify initial conditions Default Initial Conditions Default initial conditions are always defined for the model To set these conditions on the Properties menu click Initial Conditions This will open the Default Initial Conditions dialog Figure 9 1 You will then be provided all the available initial condition options that are valid for the EOS and selected components Based on your knowledge of the problem define these appropriately Initial Conditions EOS3 Water and Air Pressure Pa 1 013E05 Temperature C 25 0 Gas Saturation Air Mass Fraction Figure 9 1 Setting default initial conditions 61 Boundary and Initial Conditions Layer and Regional Initial Conditions Initial conditions can also be set per layer or region To do so select the layer or region and then select Edit gt Properties On the dialog select the Initial Conditions tab After selecting Specify by Layer Region you will be able to define initial conditions Figure 9 2 If you do not want region initial conditions to be used deselect Specify by Layer Region and the initial conditions will inherit from the parenting layer or default initial conditions for regions and layers respectively r Edit Region Data Fig
54. d Time 47 53 yrs Time Step DT 3 32 yrs Run Time 40 09 amp Run Time Remaining Figure 11 1 Running the TOUGH analysis Setting TOUGH2 Analysis Priority A TOUGH2 analysis makes heavy demands of the computer processor if you are running a single core computer you may want to reduce the priority of the TOUGH analysis Start the Task Manager Ctrl Alt Delete or right click on the lower toolbar On the Processes tab click on CPU to sort by the process using the most CPU you many need to click twice to bring highest CPU users to the top of the list You will see a process such as EOS7 exe Right click on the process select Set Priority and select Low Close the dialog 82 Running Simulation Setting the priority low will keep your computer response snappy to other tasks and allow the CPU to support the TOUGH analysis when not needed for other tasks Monitoring Progress of TOUGH Analysis During the TOUGH analysis there are several ways to monitor progress One way is to go to the problem directory and using a text editor open the out file as it is written by TOUGH In this file will be text similar to the following kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 260 21 3 ST 0 209715E 09 DT 0 104858E 09 365 22 3 ST 0 419430E 09 DT 0 209715E 09 51 23 4 ST 0 838861E 09 DT 0 419430E 09 216 24 4 ST 0 125829E 10 DT 0 419430E 09 258 25 4 ST 0 167772E 10 DT 0 419430E 09 The first
55. d by opening the Edit Well dialog as discussed in Using Wells in PetraSim and under the Print Options tab select Print Time Dependent Flow and Generation BC Data Well plots can be viewed after a simulation by opening the Results menu and selecting Well Plots PetraSim calculates various quantities for wells based on the individual cell results for the well including the following e Flow Rate the total flow rate into out of the well calculated as Ny Fx e Flow Rate Liquid the total flow rate of liquid into out of the well calculated as n 2 Fx 1 m fkgas k 1 n e Flow Rate Gas the total flow rate of gas into out of the well calculated as 2 Fifkgas k 1 e Energy the total thermal energy moving into out of the well calculated as 97 FxHx where n is the number of cells in the well Fg is the flow rate in the k cell fkgas is the flow fraction of gas and H is the enthalpy General Use of the Comma Separated Value CSV Files In Version 4 0 of PetraSim a significant change was made in how output data is accessed for plotting The TOUGH 2 source code was modified to output all data in comma separated value CSV format This approach made plotting significantly more robust It also provides the user with direct access to results data The output mirrors the data output in the standard TOUGH2 output file The following files are available in CSV format 95 Plotting Results e mesh csv This file
56. e by Hirshfelder et al 11 The solubility of air in liquid water is represented by Henry s law Because of the detailed physics that are included in the TOUGH codes setting of multi phase initial conditions requires detailed understanding of the problem For help in setting mixture conditions the user may refer to a thermodynamics text such as 12 Mass and Energy Balance As described in the TOUGH2 manual the basic mass and energy balance equations solved by TOUGH2 can be written in the general form d Mfdv PK ndr qKdV I n Vn Background The integration is over an arbitrary subdomain V of the flow system under study which is bounded by the closed surface Ip The quantity M appearing in the accumulation term left hand side represents mass or energy per volume with K labeling the mass components and an extra heat component if the analysis is nonisothermal F denotes mass or heat flux and q denotes sinks and sources n is a normal vector on surface element dT pointing inward to W The user should consult Appendix A of the TOUGH2 User s Guide 1 for a further discussion of this topic Spatial Discretization As described in the TOUGH2 User s Manual the continuum equations are discretized in space using the integral finite difference method IFD 13 and 14 Introducing appropriate volume averages we have MdV V M Vn where M is a volume normalized extensive quantity and M is the average v
57. e for the Simulation of System Behavior in Hydrate Bearing Geologic Media Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory February 2005 LBNL 3185 6 Scheidegger Adrian The Physics of Flow Through Porous Media London University of Toronto Press and Oxford University Press 1957 7 Versluys J 1931 Bull Amer Ass Petrol Geol Vol 15 p 189 8 The Interrelation Between Gas and Oil Relative Permeabilities Corey A November 1954 Producers Monthly pp 38 41 9 A Closed Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils van Genuchten M 44 1980 Soil Sci Soc pp 892 898 10 Committee International Formulation A Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance Dusseldorf Germany IFC Secretariat 1987 11 Hirschfelder C Curtis and Bird R Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids New York John Wiley and Sons 1954 12 Cengel Yunus and Boles Michael Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach s l McGraw Hill Inc 1989 0 07 101356 9 13 Edwards A L TRUMP A Computer Program for Transient and Steady State Temperature Distributions in Multidimensional Systems Springfield National Technical Information Service 1972 108 14 An Integrated Finite Difference Method for Analyzing Fluid Flow in Porous Media Warren J E and Root P J 12 1976 Water Resour Res pp 57 64 15 Pruess Karsten Personal communica
58. ection so if a layer slopes upward the mesh cells will also slope upward to conform An example of this is shown in Figure 7 2 45 Solution Mesh la PetraSim CApetrasiml3Layer v5 sim feel Ede Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help BEeuUX DESA R BB OBOQG BEL pro TOES BOB gt Bea amp MUA amp a E ca coor ey Layer XS Internal Boundaries E Materials A Wels Named Print Cels ExtraCelis Figure 7 2 Example of a mesh conforming to the model layers Defining a Solution Mesh Defining a solution mesh requires two steps First the Z divisions must be specified per layer in the Layer Manager dialog Then a mesh of the desired type must be created with the Create Mesh dialog In the following sections it is important to note the distinction between a model layer and a cell layer A model layer is a layer defined in the conceptual model to define stratigraphy or other model properties A cell layer is a portion of the model layer that corresponds to the solution mesh Each model layer may be split into any number of cell layers Setting Z Divisions The Z divisions control how many cell layers are created per model layer When a new mesh is created each model layer is divided into a number of cell layers as seen in Figure 7 2 and then each cell layer is further refined in the XY dimensions based on the type of mesh created as discussed in the following section To edit the Z divisions fo
59. ed Automatic Time Step Adjustment the specified table of time steps is used first with automatic adjustment after if the number of solution time steps exceeds the number of time steps in the list e Max Num Time Steps The maximum number of time steps for the solution If this number is exceeded the analysis ends e Max CPU Time A control to limit the maximum CPU time used in the analysis If this number is exceeded the analysis ends e Max Iterations per Step The maximum number of iterations for a time step If exceeded and Automatic Time Step Adjustment is enabled then time step will be reduced e Automatic Time Step Adjustment If selected the time step size will be automatically adjusted recommended e Max Time Step Maximum time step that will be used when adjusting the time step e Iter to Double Time Step If convergence is reached in this number of iterations then time step size will be increased e Reduction Factor If convergence fails in Max Iterations per Step then time step will be reduced by this factor Solver Tab Select the Solver tab Figure 10 2 TOUGH provides conjugate gradient and direct solvers with several options The user can select the solution method and options for that method Either the Preconditioned Bi Conjugate Gradient default or Stabilized Bi Conjugate Gradient methods are recommended 75 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls NOTE These parameters are not used when sim
60. eessuseeetseneses 57 Figure 8 3 Capillary pressure FUNCTIONS ccccessccccessececceseccecesecccausececsueececsenseceseusecessunecesseneceessusesetseneses 58 Figure 8 4 Miscellaneous material Gabe vere Fo epa veste sa 59 Heures S Assign Cell visterials calo a2 1 a edipi ce eoe I SUM REIN IS 60 Figure 9 T Set ung default ini tial conditions usse iab ratus et ute Ere seb tab iati M SN 61 Figure 9 2 5etting region initia conditons sio visas a p e chau Miele suus IS CPU UIS 62 Figure 9 3 Setting cell Initial conditions ad 63 Figure 9 4 Defining cellas source Ak aa 65 Figure g S Add Well dialOB xcci tete A ot ta ob o dene tl ii E de bete ds 66 Figure 9 6 Edit Welle op etd ic er oRb er Dd 66 Figure 9 7 Well completion interval in 3D View ccccccesccccsssececesececeesecceeeeeeceeeusececseecesseneceessuaecesseneses 67 Figure 9 8 Desired boundary conditions nnn a enne snas 70 Figure 9 9 Graph of desired boundary conditions eese nennen 71 Figure 9 10 Desired boundary CONDITIONS sanieren 71 Figure 9 11 Calculated Neat 72 Figure 9 12 Calculated TOW fates Acuto oet dentes rae eo uo vo Rees uses scatet tue pice o do aa 72 Figure 9 13 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition temperatures 73 Figure 9 14 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition pressures in TOUGH2 73 Figure 10 1 The Times tab CODLDEO S cronin a a 7
61. efined asz A Bx Cy e From File Allows the division s geometry to be defined by an input file The geometry may be an XYZ file Contour file or DXF file as described in the Working with Files section The new layer will automatically be sorted and inserted into the list of layers based on its based division Mame Layer 5 Figure 6 12 New Layer dialog Delete a layer To delete an existing layer first select it in the list and then click the Delete button Edit a layer To edit an existing layer first select it in the list Its properties will be shown in the right hand pane 38 Conceptual Model e Name the layer name e Color the layer color This will define how geometry is to be colored when the Region or Cell color is set to By Layer as discussed in the topic Colors e Material the layer material All regions and cells in the layer will inherit this material unless the material is individually overridden by the layer or cell e Top the top division This field may only be edited on the top layer See Create a new layer for a description of division input e Base the bottom division See the Create a new layer section for a description of division input e Dz the divisions used to create the solution mesh This is described in the Setting Z Divisions section e Initial Conditions these are discussed in the Boundary and Initial Conditions section Once changes have been made to a layer ei
62. ells and the pressure may become too large in the injection cell This will again be an indication of an unrealistic problem Licensing Registration Problems If you experience trouble registering PetraSim please contact lt Alison rockware com gt 106 Troubleshooting Contacting Technical Support Questions and suggestions should be sent to support thunderheadeng com or by phone to 1 785 770 8511 107 References 1 Pruess Karsten Oldenburg Curt and Moridis George TOUGH2 User s Guide Version 2 0 Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory November 1999 LBNL 43134 2 Falta Ronald et al T2VOC User s Guide Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory March 1995 LBNL 36400 3 Pruess Karsten and Battistelli Alfredo TMVOC A Numerical Simulator for Three Phase Non Isothermal Flows of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Saturated Unsaturated Herogeneous Media Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory April 2002 LBNL 49375 4 Xu Tianfu et al TOUGHREACT User s Guide A Simulation Program for Non isothermal Multiphase Reactive Geochemical Transport in Variably Saturated Geologic Media Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory September 2004 LBNL 55460 5 Moridis George Kowalsky Michael and Pruess Karsten TOUGH FX HYDRATE v1 0 User s Manual A Cod
63. er create a new directory for each model If this is not done the TOUGH results from a first analysis will lost when a second model is run even if the PetraSim model has a different name Open a Saved PetraSim Model To open a saved model select File gt Open and select the file To speed model selection a list of recently opened files is available under File gt Recent PetraSim Files Contour Files Externally generated contour data can be used to define 3D initial conditions the geometry of layer divisions for the conceptual model or internal boundaries 28 Working with Files The format of the contour file is given below The contour data can be viewed as a set of planes on which contours are defined The planes can be defined at several depths in the model forming a complete 3D definition of the data Linear interpolation is performed in the Z direction between the contour planes The data consists of the depth Z coordinate followed by a definition of contours at that depth In the following example the and following comments are included only for description These should not be included in an actual file Define top of reservoir top origin The first line is a description Include this line not used at this time lt depth gt Keyword to indicate beginning of a contour set 0 The Z coordinate for this contour set contour Keyword to define a contour at the given depth 0 1 Value of contou
64. es 71 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls TOUGH2 MP Weighting Convergence Options Upstream Weighting Factor WUP 1 0 Newton Raphson Weighting Factor WHR 1 0 Mobility at Interface MOP 11 Permeability at Interface a Upstream Weighted a Upstream Weighted 3 Average of Adjacent Elements 3 Harmonic Weighted Harmonic Weighted Density at Interface MOP 18 a Upstream Weighted 0 Average of Adjacent Elements Diffusive Flux at Interface MOP 24 3 Separate Harmonic Weighting Figure 10 4 The Weighting tab controls The Upstream Weighting Factor is used to calculate mobilities and enthalpies at interfaces and must be a value from O to 1 The Newton Raphson Weighting Factor is used to calculate increments in Newton Raphson iteration and must be a value from O to 1 Convergence Tab Select the Convergence tab Figure 10 5 to edit the Relative Error Criterion and Absolute Error Criterion For more information on these values see the TOUGH2 User s Guide 78 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls Relative Error Criterion RE1 1 0E 05 Absolute Error Criterion RE2 1 0 Figure 10 5 The Convergence tab Options Tab Select the Options tab Figure 10 6 This tab allows the selection of various other options provided by TOUGH2 79 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls Options Composition of Produced Fluids MOP 9 Relative Mobiliti
65. es gt Same Phase as Producing Element Heat Conductivity Interpolation MOP 10 C 51 CORY SQRT SI CWET CDRY C 51 CORY sl CWET CDRY Boundary Condition Interpolation MOP 12 gt Linear Interpolation a Step Function Rigorous Step Derivative Increment Factor DFAC Default Figure 10 6 The Options tab controls e Composition of Produced Fluids The relative amounts of phases in the produced fluid are determined either according to the relative mobilities in the source element or the same as the producing element e Heat Conductivity Interpolation The interpolation formula for heat conductivity as a function of liquid saturation S e Boundary Condition Interpolation The interpolation procedure for time dependent sink source data flow rates and enthalpies e Derivative Increment Factor The increment factor for numerically computing derivatives Output Controls The Output Controls dialog allows the user to specify output options To set these controls on the Analysis menu click Output Controls E see Figure 10 7 80 Solution and Output Controls Output Controls Print and Plot Every Steps MCYPR Additional Print amp Plot Times TIMES E Print After Each Iteration DATA 7 Print Input Data MOP 7 4 Print Program Version Info NOVER Additional Output Data KDATA W Fluxes and Velocities Primary Variables Additional Printout MOP
66. es from horizontal of the plane If the viewer is facing the azimuth direction the dip is to the viewer s right For the 3 Points on a Plane option the data include e Points on Plane The coordinates of three points on the boundary plane For the Point Normal option the data include e Point on Plane The coordinates of a point on the boundary plane e Normal to Plane The components of a vector normal to the plane They do not need to be normalized For the Input File option a 3D contour can be defined using the contour XYZ or DXF file formats see Working with Files An example is shown in Figure 6 16 a PetraSim C petrasim big_slope_v5 sim L2 File Edit Model Properties Tough React Analysis Results View Help BEuUX DESAR BB CBS EB pM BOB lt k S amp amp MU B regen cote py Layer Fn 400 TOUGH REACT EOS1 Figure 6 16 The internal boundary shown in the model NOTE Internal boundaries from input files are not automatically extended to the model boundary as layer divisions are This means that the internal boundary will only split off new regions if it touches or intersects all surrounding geometry If it does not it will be added to the model as a geometric surface floating in the middle of the model as shown in Figure 6 17 41 Conceptual Model f PetraSim C petrasim 3Layer_v5 sim File Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help RSH XIN SAR OR 000005
67. etion interval is the red portion of the well as shown in Figure 9 7 For models that will use the Well on Deliverability option it is best if these completion bounds correspond to gridlines in the model This is because the entire cell depth is used when calculating the Well on Deliverability flow If the well will use k h or Uniform options to distribute the flow then the completion interval does not need to correspond to the gridlines 66 Boundary and Initial Conditions la PetraSim CApetrasumMest2sim un A WITT e boys Ese Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help Se l x DSSAR B CB0QiCr yon BOD lt gt RH 9 MU Em neo coo By Layer T Find Figure 9 7 Well completion interval in 3D View Select the appropriate production or injection options under the Flow tab When flow rates are specified the number is for the entire well Flow into each cell the well intersects is apportioned either by k h permeability height or uniformly If k h is used the total k h is calculated for the entire well and then the flow into each cell is determined by the permeability and height intersection length for that cell Using this approach more flow is injected produced into cells with higher permeability The uniform distribution proportions flow by the intersection length of each cell In either of these cases PetraSim creates individual sources sinks for each cell intersected by the well These sour
68. finite difference and the flux and sink and source terms on the right hand side are evaluated at the new time to obtain the numerical stability needed for an efficient calculation of multiphase flow The user should consult Appendix B of the TOUGH2 User s Guide 1 for a further discussion of this topic Equations of State As described in the TOUGH2 User s Guide the thermophysical properties of fluid mixtures needed for assembling the governing mass and energy balance equations are provided by equation of state EOS modules Each EOS uses a different set of primary variables such as pressure temperature and mass fractions to define each possible phase condition PetraSim supports the following EOS options in TOUGH2 Figure 2 10 PetraSim also supports TOUGHREACT TMVOC and TOUGH Fx HYDRATE FOS Description Water water with tracer Water and hydrog Water brine and air Water brine two radionuclides and air Saturated unsaturated flow used for vadose zone Water NaCl non condensible q Water brine and CO for sequestration studies Figure 2 10 States corresponding to the three initial condition options Selecting an EOS There can be only one EOS in an analysis at a time The EOS can be specified when creating a new model or changed while working on the model To specify the EOS when creating a new model select File gt New The New Model dialog will appear as shown in Figure 2 11 First select the desired s
69. g 15 Troubleshooting Convergence Problems It is inevitable that some of the analyses you run will stop execution before your specified end time Usually this is because of convergence problems during the solution Diagnosing TOUGH2 convergence problems is not a trivial task It requires that you view TOUGH2 s output file directly and understand the relationship between the printed output and the solver over time When problems can t execute a single time step this process is a bit easier because there is usually some indication of the erroneous input However when the simulation runs for several time steps before failing to converge usually following a rapid sequence of time step size reductions it is necessary to understand what transient change caused the problem Following is the step by step process used to look at one user s convergence problems The user was learning about PetraSim and TOUGH2 so was developing the skills needed to run analyses STEP 1 Open the OUT file and look for messages printed before the data for the last time step This will be before the text THE TIME IS so you can search for that text A sample is copied below DT is the time step and you can see that it has gotten very small 0 0488 sec We also see that it cannot find the parameters for element 11126 and the problem is that the TEMPERATURE is out of range in SAT The TEMPERATURE value is 0 999 so it looks like something is cooling down to freezing and TO
70. give time steps in Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab PARAM 3 Record RE1 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Convergence tab RE2 Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Convergence tab U Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab WUP Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab WNR Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab DFAC Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab 101 Miscellaneous PARAM 4 Record e This record is not used Instead initial conditions for each element are written using the INCON record see below INDOM This record is not used Instead initial conditions for each element are written using the INCON record see below INCON These records are created for each element based on initial condition data The appropriate data is EOS dependent See the Initial Conditions chapter for help with defining initial conditions SOLVR This record is written based on options selected in Analysis gt Solution Controls in the Solution Parameters dialog on the Solver tab FOFT The FOFT record defines a list of cells for which output data will be written to a file every time step This record is written automatically by PetraSim based on the cells that have been selected for detailed print
71. gs e An Enabled cell is a standard cell in the analysis e A Disabled cell will not be included in the analysis No information about this cell will be written to the TOUGH input file It will not be included in the results e A Fixed State cell is used to set boundary conditions The cell is included in the analysis but the state of the cell Pressure Temperature etc will not change In the TOUGH 2 User s Guide such cells are named Inactive It was necessary for us to use a different name to distinguish between Fixed and Disabled cells Extra Cells There are times when the capability to add non geometric extra cells is useful These extra cells can be used to define special boundary conditions or in other ways to trick the model into representing some special feature 52 Solution Mesh Support for extra cells is provided in PetraSim through dialogs Since these cells are not geometric the user must define the volume and connections of these cells to the regular grid cells To create an extra cell on the Model menu click Add Extra Cell Figure 7 12 illustrates the definition of the basic cell properties These basic properties are similar to that of a normal cell as discussed in Editing Cells Edit Cell Data Figure 7 12 Defining the basic extra cell properties The Sources Sinks Initial Conditions and Print Options for an extra cell are the same as a standard cell The connections of t
72. h is a production cell To see the plot shown in Figure 12 14 1 Onthe Results menu click Cell History Plots 2 Inthe Variable box click FLOF X This is a graph of fluid flux in the X direction at cell 169 The value is 0 00368 kg s m To view specific values on the File menu click Export Data KP Cell History Production production out Production FOFT Jaota File view Primary Data FLOP X 10207 20807 CEN AED SEO gnz Teo Variable FLOF X v Cell Name dx production 169 Line Style 2 Solid Line O Circles Time Figure 12 14 FLOF X plot for cell 169 If we look in the output file we will find the following data for the connections Table 12 1 Table 12 1 Data for connections to cell 169 FLOF 168 gt 169 169 gt 170 Using these values and the sign convention for flows the flows into cell 169 are represented in Figure 12 15 94 Plotting Results MS 98 24 72 TAS Figure 12 15 Flows into cell 169 If we sum these flows the total is 135 0 kg sec consistent with previously discussed source sink data Since this cell is a production cell there is flow in from the left and in from the right The average X flux is then 7 97 9 81 2 250 0 00368 kg s m which matches Figure 12 14 Thanks to Hildenbrand Alexandra for providing this model Well Plots Well plots are used to show the accumulation of cell quantities for entire wells Well plots can be enable
73. he extra cell to the grid are specified by selecting the Connected Cells tab Figure 7 13 The user must manually specify the connection data required by TOUGH This includes e To Cell This is the cell to which the extra cell is connected This will be the cell ID of a cell in the mesh You can find the cell ID of any cell using the Grid Editor and then viewing the cell properties e Orientation This is must be 1 2 or 3 and corresponds to the PermX PermY or PermZ definitions in the material data e Dist This The distance of the connection in the extra cell See TOUGH concepts Spatial Discretization e Dist To The distance of the connection in the connecting cell e Area The cross sectional area of the connection e Gravitational Acceleration The cosine of the angle between the gravitational acceleration victor and the line between the two elements If positive the extra element is above the connecting To element e Radiative Heat Transfer Radian emmittance factor for radiative heat transfer Usually left as 0 0 53 Solution Mesh Edit Cell Data Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Connected Cells To Cel Orientati Dist This Dist To Area Gravitati Rad He 1 25 i a 5 0 20 0 Figure 7 13 Defining the extra cell connections to the model To edit an extra cell double click on the extra cell
74. im provides three modes for viewing the model that can be selected through the View Mode Toolbar a ga Boundary Mode This mode shows the conceptual model with the layer sides visible as shown in Figure 4 1 Regions and layers can be selected and edited in this mode Layer Mode This mode shows only the conceptual model with the layer sides invisible as shown in Figure 4 2 Like the Boundary Mode this mode allows regions and layers to be selected and edited EH Mesh Mode This mode shows only the solution mesh and internal boundaries and allows cells to be selected and edited Figure 4 3 21 PetraSim Basics REW X NDSNAR ORY CROGEL gi BOB lt gt 4 S APB Ela m eyon coer oy layer Figure 4 1 Boundary Mode ABi BRY CBOQ gL Q6 5 Be 4 amp MOE G E m egon coer oy Layer Figure 4 3 Mesh Mode 22 PetraSim Basics Colors Depending on the current View Mode visible elements can be colored by various properties using the Cell Color option Cell Color By Layer e By Layer The visible cells or regions are colored by the layer to which they belong The layer color is specified in the Edit Layers dialog as discussed in Defining layers with the layer manager e Color Scheme All cells or regions are colored by the current color scheme which can be changed under View gt Color Scheme e Material The cells or regions are colored by their currently set material The materia
75. ime step Source Sink and Cell History Plots This section explains the flow plots created by PetraSim and how to obtain time histories of cells that have sources or sinks The model used as an example represents production from a highly permeable layer at about 500m depth average P 5 MPa constant T 25 ASC single phase conditions The model uses EOS1 and extends for 500x500x20m with a grid of 10x10x4 cells An initial hydrostatic solution was run In the production run two of the boundaries are set to a fixed state and cell 169 uses a Well on Deliverability condition with a Productivity Index of 6 0E 9 and a Pressure of 5 0E6 Pa E Sere Dior Planas Xr Plana P A Figure 12 10 Plot of production flow The most important piece of information for a source or sink is the flow rate into out of the cell On the Results menu click Source Sink Plots Figure 12 11 To make this plot the Y Scale Range was adjusted to Min Y 135 2 Max Y 0 0 use View gt Range This plot indicates that the production rate is 135 0 kg sec 91 Plotting Results ff Source Sink History C Production GOFT File View Primary Data Variable Rate Cell Marne Id production 169 Line Style 2 Solid Line O Circles Time Figure 12 11 Plot of production from cell 169 This information can be verified by looking at the TOUGH2 output file At the end of every printed time step the source sink generation d
76. imulator mode on the left Depending on the mode chosen different EOS options will be enabled on the right Select the desired EOS on the right and then click OK to create the new model with the chosen EOS Background Simulator Mode Equation of State EOS EOS1M 5 EOs9 MF TOUGHREACT Bos MP EwASG MF j TMVOC Mass ECO2N P TOUGH Fx EOS4 M F T2voc A EOs5 MP TMvoc MP A E057 VF HYDRATE F Bos7R MF Model Bounds Default X Min 0 0 X Max 1500 0 Y Min 0 0 Y Max 1000 0 Z Min 0 0 Z Max 600 0 Figure 2 11 New Model dialog To change the EOS while working on a model from the Properties menu choose Global Properties Click Change EOS as shown in Figure 2 12 Analysis EOS MINC Misc Name TITLE TOUGH2 Analysis CurrentEOS EOS1 Figure 2 12 Global Properties dialog NOTE While it is possible to change the EOS while working on a model this is discouraged PetraSim does not have a reliable way to re interpret state variable information For example consider a model where you are using EOS1 and have set the default initial condition to be two phase Pg Sg X then you change EOS to EOS7R which contains more state variables e g single phase P Xb Xrn1 Xrn2 Xair T Rather than attempt to guess the user s intent PetraSim behaves defensively Initial conditions will be set to single phase mode and some primary variable values will be carried over
77. in Window Navigation Tree Use this to quickly identify and manage items in your model View Click to reset the 3D Model View to top front or side views 3D Model View Use this to visualize and interact with the structure of your model in 3D This view is also used to edit mesh cells 4 Toolbar The toolbar provides quick access to the steps required to define run and post process an analysis 5 View Mode Use this to switch between viewing the conceptual model with layer sides on or off or viewing the solution mesh This is also used to color regions or cells by different properties 12 PetraSim at a Glance 6 3DLabels Add 3D labels to help keep track of model features Labels are added automatically when you add wells and when you create a model 7 Find Use this to find cells by name or id Axis Legend To ensure that you never become disoriented the axis legend rotates with your model and always displays the x y and z axes 9 Cell Count Use the cell count display to see how many cells are in your model 10 Simulator Display the current simulator and EOS 3D Results View You can use the 3D Results View to visualize properties of your model as they evolved over time F9 3D Results File Results View P ARMAR Time s 3100 0000 1 023E05 3 2767E06 7 86431E07 2 3593E08 Scalar T deg C Vectors FLOH W per m Y Show Isosurfaces Scalar 6 Show Vectors
78. in the Tree View 54 Materials 8 Materials Materials are used to define the permeability and other properties in an analysis Each cell is associated with a material Materials can be assigned by layer select a layer and edit the layer properties by region select a region and edit the region properties or to individual cells select the cell and edit the cell properties PetraSim uses inheritance to determine any particular cell property it first looks in the cell if the property is not found there it looks in the region then it looks in the layer finally it looks in the default model When a new model is started there is one default material Material data is edited by selecting this dialog the user can edit create and delete materials Figure 8 1 The basic material data includes many are self explanatory e Name The material name that will be written to the TOUGH input file limited to five characters e Description A longer description for user clarity e Color The color that will be used in the 3D and Results Views to color cells and regions when the cell or region color option is set to Material e Rock Density Density e Porosity Porosity e X Y and Z Permeability The permeability is defined along each axis e Wet Heat Conductivity Wet conductivity e Specific Heat Specific heat t When using a Polygonal mesh only an XY and Z permeabilities may be specified The XY permeabilit
79. includes output for each cell for each output variable for all solution output times e conn csv This file includes output for each connection between cells for each output variable for all solution output times e foft csv If individual cells are selected for additional output data is written to this file for those specific cells for every time step e coft csv If individual connections are selected for additional output data is written to this file for those specific connections for every time step e goft csv This file includes output for each source sink in the model If the user imports a CSV file into a spreadsheet the filter options in the spreadsheet can be used to focus on specific details in the data The CSV format also makes it easy for the user to write their own programs to read and manipulate the data 96 Flow in Fractured Media 13 Flow in Fractured Media The MINC Approach TOUGH uses the Multiple INteracting Continua MINC method to approximate modeling fluid and heat flow in fracture porous media As described in 16 The method is applicable to flow processes in which an important aspect is the exchange of fluid heat or chemical species between fractures and unfractured rock MINC can only be applied to media in which the fractures are sufficiently well connected so that a continuum treatment of flow in the fracture network can be made If the fractures are not sufficiently connected a discrete
80. ing To select a cell for output open the Edit Cells dialog see Editing Cells Go to the Print Options tab Use the check box to turn on printing In the Properties tab you can give the cell a name that will be displayed in the plot After the analysis is completed and a time history plot made the data can be written to a file for import into a spreadsheet GOFT Automatically written for all sources and sinks NOVER NOVERsion Record e Analysis gt Output Controls in Output Controls dialog DIFFU DIFFUsion Record e All diffusion data is input from Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Global Data dialog on the EOS tab Select Molecular Diffusion and then the Edit Coefficients button and dialog Not valid for T2VOC SELEC SELECtion Record e Automatically written from data input on Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Global Data dialog on the EOS tab 102 Miscellaneous RPCAP This record is not used Instead all data is written as part of ROCKS record TIMES TIMES Record e Atable of output times can be specified in Analysis gt Output Controls in the Output Controls dialog These times are then written to the TIMES record ELEME All element cell data is written based on the grid defined by the user CONNE All connection data is written based on the grid defined by the user GENER The GENER record defines a list of cells with source or sink boundary conditions See O 103 Troubleshootin
81. ional Material Data dialog Only shown for T2VOC ROCKS 1 2 Record e IRP Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog Automatically determined from selection on Relative Perm tab of Additional Material Data dialog e RP I Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Relative Perm tab of Additional Material Data dialog ROCKS 1 3 Record e ICP Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog Automatically determined from selection on Capillary Press tab of Additional Material Data dialog e CP I Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Capillary Press tab of Additional Material Data dialog ROCKS 2 Record e Automatically written MULTI Automatically written based on EOS type and EOS options selected on Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab START Record Written automatically CHEMP T2VOC only Automatically written for T2VOC based on VOC data specified in Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab PARAM PARAM 1 Record e NOITE Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab e KDATA Automatically determined from selections on Analysis gt Solution Controls in the Print and Plot Options dialog e MCYC Analysis gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab e
82. isible right click it and from the context menu select Hide Cells Above This will leave the selected cell and all on its layer and below visible and hide the rest Tree View The Tree View on the left of the 3D window is used to display select and edit layers regions internal boundaries materials wells and cells Expand the list and then double click on an object to edit its properties or right click to show an additional context menu e Layers Lists all layers in the model Under each layer are all the sub regions in that layer Both layers and layer sub regions can be edited by double clicking the layer or region e Internal Boundaries Lists all internal boundaries in the model e Materials Lists all materials in the model e Wells Lists all wells in the model e Named Print Cells Lists all cells that have either been given a name or been marked as a print cell e Extra Cells Lists all extra cells that have been defined in the model Units All input uses metric SI units such as meters seconds kilograms degrees C and the corresponding derived units such as Newton Joules and Pascal for pressure In some dialogs the unit may be entered using a different scale For instance in the Solution Controls dialog the time quantities may be entered in seconds days or years by following the number with the appropriate abbreviation Displaying a Surface Image on the Model It is possible to display a surf
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84. l girer BOBEe dea amp MBE Elm Regon Color colorscheme y Find amp yes Figure 6 17 Example of floating internal boundary Faults Faults are not explicitly modeled in PetraSim but they can be created using internal boundaries and regions To do so add two internal boundaries to split off a new region This new region between the boundaries corresponds to the fault The fault properties can then be specified by editing the region as discussed in the previous section With more complex models with several layers the fault may be split into many regions spread across several layers as shown in Figure 6 18 This may make it difficult to find the fault regions using just the Tree View or 3D View To more easily find the regions perform the following steps 1 Select the two internal boundaries defining the fault from the Tree View 2 Right click on one of the boundaries in the Tree View and from the context menu select Select Regions Inbetween This will select and highlight the fault regions as shown in Figure 6 18 42 Conceptual Model E Petrasim Cipetrasimi layer sm E i F e Edt Mode Properties Analysis Results yew Help RSHI x DSESAR BB OB oa ER Bei OB gt Be amp amp EEE E e m reso cor Briar m F Internal Boundaries Planer Surface 1 652900 0 Planar Surface 69552920 0 El Petasim Chpetrasim layer v5sim i Www ER
85. l color is set in the Edit Materials dialog as discussed in Materials e Print Flags only available in Mesh Mode If a cell has print flags set the cell will be colored red otherwise grey e Fixed State only available in Mesh Mode If a cell is marked as Fixed State the cell will be colored red e Source Sink only available in Mesh Mode If a cell is marked as a Source or Sink the cell will be colored red e All others All other properties come from the boundary conditions and material values for the element and are displayed with a color legend If the property is inapplicable for a particular element the element will be colored grey Selection Selection in PetraSim allows actions to be performed on specific objects in the model Selection can be performed in either the Tree View or the 3D View Once an object is selected actions can be performed on it through the Edit menu or right click context menu In the 3D View selection can be performed with the Orbit Tool P or Selection Tool le Single clicking an item in the 3D View will select one item and Ctrl clicking will select multiple items With the Selection Tool multiple items can be selected by left clicking and dragging a box around the desired items This selection box will select all items in the box and will penetrate through the model Additional items can be selected by holding the Alt and Shift modifier keys while clicking the desired objects The additio
86. lessly integrated into PetraSim and can be purchased for nearly all EOS PetraSim supports TOUGH2 MP by running several processes on a single computer with multiple cores The number of processes to be used for TOUGH2 MP simulations may be specified in the Preferences dialog by going to the File menu and selecting Preferences By default PetraSim will start TOUGH2 MP with as many processes as there are cores on the current PC For instance if the PC contains two four core processors eight total PetraSim will use eight processes to run the simulation 83 Running Simulation TOUGH2 MP is run similarly to TOUGH 2 after setting up the problem under the Analysis menu select Run TOUGH2 MP 2 The same progress dialog is used to monitor the simulation as shown Figure 11 1 Viewing results is the same as in TOUGH2 84 Plotting Results 12 Plotting Results PetraSim reads the TOUGH output files to make plots of results The user can make 3D or time history plots of the data When a plot is displayed selecting File Export Data will allow the user to export the current plot data in either Tecplot or spreadsheet format 3D Plots of Results To make a 3D plot of results on the Results menu click 3D Results Ed This will open a new window with a display of the model and pressure isosurfaces at the first output time Figure 12 1 r z eva d esults C iveSpo _0 _ five spot sim E gt 3D Results CA3DFiveSpoti
87. ma OU CUS e MENT 15 Load the EOS1 five spot sample MOAEl cccccccssseccccessccccesececeeseccceeescceceuseceesuecessuueceetsusesetsensess 15 Enable Icon 15 A 16 View 3D simulation Tesla 17 View celltime Nistor Re It 18 o a ToRSQ ee ea een 20 Work Flow in a Typical Analysis sra 20 A e A A 20 ll A e o 21 nn nn A ne sae E sons ee cosas ee 21 NEP A A PO BE ERO OO A 21 VOW MOIE nn nn 21 ole MNT T UH 23 SEE nn PS 23 Show Hide Pleno Debo EC EI IUS 24 TECNO N L 25 Displaying a Surface Image on the Model ccccccesscccceesececeeseccccescccceesececsueceeeeeecessegecesseeceesegaeeetas 25 Floating Background IMP sics 25 Driapea N SO dadas 26 DUserDetined ia Del dd ds 27 5 Working With FAMOSA te 28 Petr asim Model File SIM ecin esa EON E E Fn T 28 TOUGELIHBUREILEIDAD Ze 28 Creating and Saving a New PetraSim Mode eese nennen nennen nns 28 Opena Saved Petrasim Model uni de deve MN But Ne dede cale isa 28 CODEOUEII SS our A M MM iE MM E m LM M 28 SA di to M E M MEM AME M 29 PF POS ad cata E LL MM 30 6 Conceptual Model EE LUI M I 31 Problem IBOUNMG ANY EM RE Um 31 Defining boundary with a new modlel esee nennen ennemis 31 Defining boundary with the boundary editor cccoocccnccnnccnnonnncnn
88. n The sizes are entered into a table as shown in Figure 7 6 Each row in the table specifies that a portion of the mesh in the X or Y dimension should be a specific number of evenly spaced cells Similarly to specifying Z divisions the order of the rows matter each entry going down in the table corresponds to an increase in the X or Y direction In Figure 7 6 the model boundary goes from X 0 to X 1500 and Y 0 to Y21000 From the table the first half of the solution mesh in the X dimension X20 to 750 contains 5 evenly spaced divisions and the second half X2750 to 1500 contains 15 Similarly in the Y dimension the first quarter Y 0 to 250 contains 12 cells and the last three quarters Y 250 to 1000 contains 3 cells Note that the Fraction for each dimension must add up to 1 0 Wi Ej petasim Chpetrasimvegular mesnim u DE Eile Ede Model Properties Analysis Results View Help o ReEW X DESAR OB CROQ AE MOS lt gt RBS 9 9 MEE E E ca coor ayiayer z tre Divisions Regular Custom Figure 7 6 Example of custom divisions for a regular mesh Polygonal Mesh A polygonal mesh can be used to match an arbitrary boundary or provide additional refinement around wells The parameters for creating a polygonal mesh are shown in Figure 7 7 48 Solution Mesh e Maximum Cell Area defines an approximate value for the maximum area of each cell in the XY plane e Max Area near Wells defines
89. n Controls The Solution Controls dialog allows the user to specify all aspects that will be used by TOUGH in solving the problem To set these controls select Analysis gt Solution Controls or G to open the Solution Controls dialog Times Tab Select the Times tab Figure 10 1 This tab is used to input all data related to solution times and time step control Solution Controls start Time TSTART End Time TIMAX User Defined Time Step DELTEN Single Value Max Num Time Steps MCYC User Defined Max CPU Time MSEC sec Infinite Max Iterations Per Step NOINE V Enable Automatic Time Step Adjustment Max Time Step DELTMX In finite Iter to Double Time Step MOP 16 Reduction Factor REDLT 0 05 3 1536E08 s 100 05 200 Figure 10 1 The Times tab controls e Start Time The start ofthe analysis In most cases this will be 0 0 e End Time The end time of the analysis Usually specified but can be set to infinite and then solution will run for the Max Num Time Steps e Time Step User control of the time steps If Automatic Time Step Adjustment is enabled recommended this is the initial time step used in the analysis The user can also specify a table of time steps for the solution If a list of time steps is given the last time step will be used until the End Time is reached If the user has selected to define the time steps in a table and 74 Solution and Output Controls enabl
90. nal items that are selected depend on the current View Mode Selecting Regions and Layers Selecting regions and layers in the 3D View can only be performed when either the Boundary Mode or Layer Mode is active as discussed in View Mode In either of these modes the default selection action will select regions If the owning layer should be selected instead hold Alt while selecting the region Selecting Cells Selecting cells in the 3D View must be performed in the Mesh Mode 4 as discussed in the View Mode section When using the Orbit Tool or Selection Tool the default selection action will select individual 23 PetraSim Basics cells Holding Alt while selecting will select an entire layer of cells Holding Shift while selecting will select an entire column of cells Alternatively selecting an entire layer or column can be done with the Select Mesh Layer Tool and Select Mesh Column Tool respectively For some concept level objects such as layers regions and wells the cells that belong to that object may be selected all at once To do so select the layer region or well from the 3D View or Tree View right click it and from the context menu select Select Cells Show Hide Filter Objects PetraSim provides a variety of ways of limiting the currently visible objects Some objects can be shown hidden by classification such as showing hiding all wells or internal boundaries Others can be shown hidden several at a time such a
91. neering 30 Conceptual Model 6 Conceptual Model The conceptual model defines the high level features of the model These are detailed descriptions of entities as they exist in the world including a problem boundary geologic layers regions and internal boundaries The conceptual model is independent of the solution mesh and is used to generate the solution mesh as discussed in the topic Solution Mesh Problem Boundary The problem space is limited in scope by defining a problem boundary This is a 2D polygon that can be thought of as cutting a section out of the earth The boundary polygon may be any shape concave or convex as long as it does not self intersect Some examples of boundaries are shown in Figure 6 1 ReH NSNAR ORY CBOQ aL Mode BOB Be VS ME E 2 I reyon Coo Prover Figure 6 1 Examples of different model boundaries The model boundary may be defined at any time but it is preferable to define it either when starting to build the model or just after creating the layers There are two ways to define the boundary It can either be done when creating a new model or with the Boundary Editor Defining boundary with a new model To define the boundary as part of a new model select File gt New to create the new model The New Model dialog is shown as in Figure 6 2 A rectangular boundary can be specified in this dialog by entering the X Min X Max Y Min and Y Max 31 Conceptual
92. nnnncnnnnnncnnnonanonnnnnncnnnnnarnnnonanonnnonanos 32 Bm IM TTE 34 Defining the default layer with a new model ccccccesssccccessececeeseccccesccecausececeusececseneceeseuesetsenecss 37 Defining layers with the layer ManageT cccoooccnncnoccnnccnnccnnonaconnonanonnnnnncononnnrnononononnnnoncnnnonarnnnonanonononanos 37 O TE HIE 39 Mermal DOUG AGS ROT E LINE ET 40 A T UU RETE PUNEL CU TIURER EURE HER UERRERIEE AR Tcr 42 cleaning Up the Models ic desto ee ee 43 Fis SOON Mesh 45 Defining a Sono IM es se Conde nee tU Boe ratur ea 46 Setting Z DIVISION then tod Miete cogO E AA GPL Our Gen ser COUR 46 Creating the solution Mesh He 47 EdiUNE ei CREE ee a 50 Enabled Disabled and Fixed State Calls ee 52 ERTL EIS eee eo ener etas La O Ea D e Coda TM Dade 52 8 Materials nano 55 Relative A er A 56 capillary Pressure n s pes E a cM Ier IT teatro 57 Miscellaneous Material Datd orsus tars sese oe etum ebd e aod eoa Ae a ote te Stabe Old uut Eau Sever ate 58 Assigning Different Materials by Cell ne nennen nenne serine nnne 59 9 Boundary and Initial Conditions u nee 61 Initlal EoNnaltions sneren alias 61 Default lnitial Conditions za Beirat 61 Layer and Regional Initial Conditions hou o eere an ere eek 62 Cell Initial CoOndItIollS IE BEN Be ea 62 Loading Previous Results as Initial CONdItiONS oooccnconnccnnonnnonnnnnacnnnnnarnnnonanonnnnnnonnnonaronnonanonnnnnaoos 63 Boundary EONaltlonssns anerkannt 63 F
93. number is the ID of the cell with the smallest time step The first number in the parentheses is the time step counter and the second number is the number of iterations required for that step to converge ST is the total solution time DT is the solution time increment Writing the Input File Most users will not need to explicitly save a input file since this is automatically written when the analysis is performed However if you are using a special executable you can save the input file without attempting to run a simulation To save the input file s on the File menu click Write TOUGH2 File to write the input file If you are using another simulator e g TOUGHREACT the name of this action will be slightly different This file can then be edited if necessary and used to run your custom simulator from the command line The results of custom compiles are not generally compatible with PetraSim s results visualization system If you would like suggestions on how to modify custom binaries to generate PetraSim compatible output please contact technical support Running TOUGH2 MP TOUGH2 MP is a parallel version of TOUGH2 providing several improvements to the TOUGH2 code including support for multiple processors and multiple machines which can significantly reduce the time needed to run simulations It also removes the cell count and cell connection limitations in TOUGH2 allowing multi million cell problems Support for TOUGH2 MP is seam
94. o this cell It is also necessary that the connections between the temperature boundary condition cells and the other cells in the model have a non zero length in the boundary condition cell The use of zero permeability and small porosity has two effects e Because of the small porosity calculating the necessary heat input output to change the cell temperature is easy since there is negligible fluid in the cell and the rock specific heat can be assumed for the entire cell e Because of zero permeability no fluid will flow from this cell into any connected cells the non zero length connections are also necessary Note Although zero permeability is the correct approach the user should be aware that for upstream weighting of absolute permeability MOP 11 O or 1 it is still possible to force flow into a cell with zero permeability and non zero nodal distance 15 We now set cell to the desired initial temperature and then specify the heat flow into or out of the cell to obtain the desired change in temperature This method is directly applicable in PetraSim 68 Boundary and Initial Conditions Setting a Pressure Boundary Condition Setting a pressure boundary condition can be accomplished in a similar manner as that used to set a temperature In this case a new material is created with zero thermal conductivity and assigned to the cell As before it is also necessary that the connections between the temperature boundary condition
95. ocessor multi core version of TOUGH2 The TOUGHREACT simulator adds chemical reactions The TOUGH Fx HYDRATE simulator includes the capability to represent methane hydrates Installation A PetraSim installer can be obtained at http www rockware com by searching for PetraSim or at http www petrasim com You must install PetraSim with administrator privileges If your current account is not an administrator account use the Run as Administrator option on the right click menu Purchase PetraSim All PetraSim sales are handled by RockWare at http www rockware com Our representative is Alison at alison rockware com Software Registration When you purchase a license you will receive a key that activates the software You must enter this key in the Licensing and Activation dialog To activate your license using Online Activation 1 Start PetraSim If the installation of PetraSim is not currently licensed the Licensing and Activation dialog will automatically appear and you can skip to step 3 On the Help menu click License Select the Online Activation option Enter your Registration Key into the Key box shown in Figure 1 1 Click the Activate button ae oM 9 Getting Started Licensing and Activation gt gt Computer Information hostid 38350e44 cu ether 001 372094541 IB py p 192 168 0 14 Activation Method Activate Local License License Location ints and Settings 4ll Users Application DatalPe
96. onceptual Model fe PetraSen C petraumi3Layer_extendbnd sim br i ws EZ Petrasen C Apetruore Layer extendbnd iim file Edit Model Properties Amalyus Besuks ew Help RSH X NS SARROF OBER mE BOS k x MB G E m regen oo Color Scheme file Edt Model Properties Alyas Bests Yew Help BEuxX DESARI OBL OBB RG EE BGS lt gt k Bs amp amp MBE SIS a nom coo trm O Er 33 SS E Figure 6 8 Example of extending an input file boundary Etenim ess gt amp eixDn amp sAmiesB omnequms ait BEB gt amp Be 9 amp MB G amp regen cote By Layer m gt OE Layers Layer 2 z Layer 3 ES Layer 3 B3 Layer 3 E Layer 3 21 5 Default Figure 6 9 Example of invalid layer divisions 36 Conceptual Model a El Petrasim Untitied u P EET Ese Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help RSHI XNONSSAR COB CReSe us EB gt amp Be a amp MEE Em regen coo py Layer Figure 6 10 Fixed layer divisions In PetraSim there must always be at least one layer For every new model there is by default one layer defined by two Z planar divisions These divisions can be specified when creating the new model In addition layers may be added edited and removed after the model is created Defining the default layer with a new model
97. ong tortuous paths see Figure 2 1 b Background Figure 2 1 Illustration of pendular a and funicular b saturation regime in the case of an idealized porous medium consisting of packed spheres 7 For multi phase flow Darcy s law is modified to introduce the concept of relative permeability k yp ug k Vpg peg 6 7r Vpg pgg where p indicates the phase ky is the relative permeability between O and 1 for the phase and pg P Pep is the fluid pressure in the phase which is the sum of the pressure in a reference phase usually the gas phase and the capillary pressure peg capillary pressure is negative Relative Permeability The TOUGH codes provide several options for relative permeability A typical option is the use of Corey s curves 8 as illustrated in Figure 2 2 At low liquid saturation the gas relative permeability is 1 0 and the liquid permeability is very low Conversely at high liquid saturation the gas relative permeability is very low and the liquid permeability is 1 0 This is consistent with the flow regimes as described above Background Corey s Curves k Rel Liquid MEE ia Relative Permeability Liquid Saturation Figure 2 2 Capillary Pressure Capillary Pressure The TOUGH codes also provide several options for capillary pressure A typical option is the van Genuchten function 9 as illustrated in Figure 2 3 At low liquid saturation the capillary pressure is large bu
98. op of the model In Figure 6 7 it can be seen in the left image that there are four layers and in the right image there are five divisions defining the layers PetraSim always associates the top two divisions with the top layer and each subsequent layer is defined only by its lower division each subsequent layer s upper division is implicitly defined by the next higher layer s lower division The colors of the divisions in Figure 6 7 right demonstrate which division is associated with which layer The following guidelines are strongly suggested for layer divisions e Layer divisions should extend to the boundary of the model If an input file does not do so PetraSim will automatically extend the geometry to the boundary in the X Y direction as shown in Figure 6 8 This may result in unintended geometric artifacts e Layer divisions are allowed to touch along areas pinching the layer but they should not cross within the model boundary While PetraSim does not enforce this rule it is best practice to make sure this rule is followed since it reduces ambiguities in determining the order of the layers along the Z direction An example of invalid divisions is shown in Figure 6 9 PetraSim cannot reliably determine which layer should be the top middle and bottom The model in this image could be fixed by changing the boundary to only include the portion of the model to the left or right of the divisions intersection as shown in Figure 6 10 35 C
99. petrasim html Below is the steam table data for a temperature of 250 C and pressure of 2MPa 482 F and 290 psia The enthalpy is 2901869 965 J kg and the quality is pure vapor So doing the calculation with this enthalpy would represent steam injection Go to step 5 Input Data Here English Units Input Do not change Temperature C 250 00 Temperature F 482 00 Pressure Pa abs 2 00E 06 Pressure psia 290 08 Quality O L 100 V Quality O L 100 V O Spec volume m3 kg Spec volume ft3 1b Enthalpy J kg Enthalpy btu lb 0 Entropy J kg C Entropy btu 1b f O Output Output Temperature C 250 00 Temperature F 482 000 Pressure Pa 2 00E 06 Pressure psia 290 08 Quality O L 100 V 100 00 Quality O L 100 V 100 00 Spec volume m3 kg 0 111450802 Spec volume ft3 1b 1 7852 Enthalpy J kg 2901869 965 Enthalpy btu lb 1247 79 Entropy J kg C 6544 287025 Entropy btu lb f 1 5633 Tsat C 212 38 Tsat F 414 3 Psat Pa 3 98E 07 Psat psia 576 90 Deg superheat C 19 85 Deg superheat F 67 7 Deg subcool C 17 78 Deg subcool F 0 0 Viscosity Pa s 1 79E 05 Viscosity lb sec ft2 3 74E 07 Crit velocity Crit velocity 1480 67 Density kg m3 8 972568916 Density lb ft3 0 5602 SG 0 009 SG 0 009 Viscosity poise P 1 79E 04 STEP 5 Change the enthalpy to an appropriate value then try to run again This might not fix everything For example maybe the rate you are using for injection will be larger than can be supported by flow to the adjacent c
100. pressure and temperature boundary conditions will use the following concepts e A very large volume in the boundary condition cell Consequently real flow to connected cells in the model will have negligible change on either pressure or temperature in the boundary condition cell e A somewhat larger permeability in the boundary condition cell maybe 1000 times the normal value This means that fluid can flow into or out of the cell but that the pressure drop in the boundary condition cell will be approximately zero Note Pruess does not recommend changing the permeability due to possible numerical problems but instead suggests changing the nodal distance to be small 1 0E 10 Since PetraSim uses true geometry this approach can be approximated in PetraSim by using thin elements for the boundary cells e A small value for the porosity of the boundary condition cell As a result the rock heat capacity can be used to calculate the required heat flow to change temperatures e A large value of pore compressibility This means that water compressibility can be neglected in the calculation of pressure changes due to flow into or out of the boundary condition cell and that changes in volume due to temperature changes will have negligible effect on pressure 69 Boundary and Initial Conditions e Heat flow to the boundary condition cell will be specified to obtain the desired time dependent boundary temperature e Water flow to the bounda
101. r a layer open the Layer Manager dialog as described in Defining layers with the layer manager The Z divisions are entered in the Dz section If Dz is set to Regular the layer will be divided evenly into a constant number of cell layers when creating a new mesh If this is set to Custom a table will appear allowing the cell layer divisions to be entered as custom sizes Figure 7 3 shows an example of creating custom Dz This Dz table allows the divisions to be entered such that a Fraction of the layer will be divided into the specified number of Cells Each row in the table is ordered such that going down in the table corresponds to increasing Z values If a solution mesh already exists in the model and Dz is changed for a layer the mesh will NOT automatically update with the new number of layer divisions The mesh must be recreated to update the divisions 46 Solution Mesh f PetraSim CApetrasim3Layer v5 sim beaj Ese Edit Model Properties Analysis Results View Help Beil DESA AR BB OBOG BE ng Leber GOD gt ES A ue AO e S amp illl cet Color By Layer asl Find Figure 7 3 Creating custom layer Dz Creating the solution mesh Once the Z divisions have been set per layer a mesh may be created in the Create Mesh dialog The parameters entered in the Create Mesh dialog control how each cell layer is divided into horizontal pieces To create the mesh from the Model menu select Create Mesh or click
102. r followed by number of points 1000 1000 X and Y coordinates of the point s contour Start of a new contour 200 3 Value 200 0 and number of points 3 100 1000 X and Y coordinates of the point s 300 800 X and Y coordinates of the point s 1000 200 X and Y coordinates of the point s contour 100 4 Complete the contours at this depth 200 1000 0 600 400 200 800 0 contour 0 4 400 1000 200 600 200 200 600 0 contour 0 2 1000 0 1000 1000 Repeat depth and contour data XYZ Files XYZ files may be used to define the geometry of layer divisions and internal boundaries as discussed in the topic Conceptual Model The XYZ file format consists of a list of XYZ points PetraSim triangulates these points to form a surface Following is a typical file 1000 1000 500 100 1000 300 300 800 300 1000 200 300 200 1000 400 0 600 400 400 200 400 800 0 400 400 1000 500 200 600 500 200 200 500 600 0 500 29 Working with Files 1000 0 500 1000 1000 500 DXF Files PetraSim contains limited support for DXFs to define layer divisions and internal boundaries as discussed in the topic Conceptual Model The DXF file is limited to 3DFACE entities and Polyface meshes These must be the top objects in the hierarchy not embedded in blocks If you have further questions please contact Thunderhead Engi
103. reate Mesh Mesh Type Radial Divisions Custom Radial Cells 8 Factor 1 0 Note Z divisions are set by layer Figure 7 9 Parameters for a radial mesh Editing Cells Once a mesh has been created every cell will be assigned to a region in the conceptual model based on the center of the cell This allows each cell to inherit the properties of the owning region such as materials and initial conditions Each cell may be edited to provide more fine grained control over its properties The user can edit the properties of a cell from the 3D View or Tree View by double clicking the desired cell or selecting the desired cells right clicking on one and selecting Edit Cells from the context menu as shown in Figure 7 10 The Edit Cells dialog is shown in Figure 7 11 50 Solution Mesh e Cell Name A descriptive name that can be used to access cell results for plotting If this name is not empty the cell will be displayed in the Tree View under Named Print Cells e CellID This is calculated by PetraSim not editable e X Y andZ Center The center of the cell not editable e Volume The volume of the cell calculated based on dimensions not editable e Volume Factor A multiplier on the volume that is used to obtain the final volume sent to the TOUGH input file e Permeability Factor A multiplier for the permeability of the cell sent to the TOUGH input file e Material The material for the cell e Type
104. riable T deg Q m 300 0 Time 280 0 4 47E04 i 3 77505 1 7087bE06 260 0 4 9855E06 3 61151E07 240 0 1 01651E08 2 19616E08 3 50688E08 220 0 4 58822E08 i 5 6368E08 8 12717E08 200 0 9 70003E08 1 23215E09 180 0 1 31734E09 1 40909E09 160 0 140 0 120 0 100 0 Mark Style 0 0 100 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1000 0 s Distance A B Figure 12 8 Example line plot Time History Plots of Results To make a time history plot on the Results menu click Cell History Plots This will open the window shown in Figure 12 9 E Cell Time History CA3DFiveS 12002 07 15d five spot si i File View Primary Data Variable P Pa Cell Name Id Production 2 693 Injection 935 2 0808 4 0608 6 0608 80E08 1 0E09 1 2E09 14E09 1 6E09 Time Figure 12 9 Example time history plot You can select the variable and cell to plot The Cell Name is the name given to the cell in the Edit Cells dialog Time history plotting for a cell is also activated in Edit Cells dialog 90 Plotting Results By default only the cells for which time history data have been requested or which have been given a name are listed To expand the list to show all cells on the View menu click All Cells When all cells are selected data will only be available at the times in the standard output file For cells for which time history output was specified the results are available at each t
105. roperties menu click Global Properties E Click the MINC tab Figure 13 1 Select Enable Multiple Interacting Continua MINC Then the input data corresponds to that given in the TOUGH2 User s Guide 97 Flow in Fractured Media Fracture Orientation TYPE X Y Z 3 D Fracture Spacing PAR 1 2 3 Xx 10 0 Y 10 0 Number of Interacting Continua J 1 Volume Fractions VOL Volume Fraction Order WHERE Fracture First OUT Interior First IN Figure 13 1 Activating MINC in PetraSim Once the MINC option is activated the user will need to specify the fracture material data on the Fracture tab of the Material Data dialog This will be the data used for the fractures The Matrix data will be used for the rock matrix 98 Miscellaneous 14 Miscellaneous Finding TOUGH2 Options in PetraSim This map provides a listing of where TOUGH variables are accessed in PetraSim Italics are used to indicate a menu item The map is organized following the TOUGH2 User s Guide format In addition one each dialog the TOUGH name for each input variable is provided TITLE e TITLE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on Analysis tab MESHM This is only used with the MINC option MINC data is given in Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Global Data dialog on the MINC tab ROCKS ROCKS 1 Record e MAT Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e NAD Automaticall
106. ry condition cell will be specified to obtain the desired time dependent boundary pressure Multi Phase Pressure and Temperature Boundary Conditions For multi phase conditions the pore compressibility can be left as zero since the gas phase will serve the same purpose The flow to control pressure would probably use the gas phase and would need to account for the mixture compressibility Solution Controls The solution cannot resolve transients to a level finer than the time step Therefore it is necessary to limit the maximum time step For example if the period of a transient is one day it will be necessary to divide the day into several time steps 5 to 10 to capture the transient response By default TOUGH2 averages the flow data at the beginning and end of the time step This is fine if the transient is smooth and several time steps are used during to resolve the transient If larger time steps are used it is important to activate the rigorous step rate option In PetraSim Solution Controls Options Example The following example is based on a desire to specify time dependent temperatures and pressures that represent the conditions for a stream in a groundwater calculation The desired values are given in Figure 9 8 and Figure 9 9 Time Temperature Pressure ui sec E Pa 19 16000 105409 6525 86400 18 640000 110401 2634 19 5500 116677 8879 259200 19 520565 116229 5576 18 891391 111297 9241 17 938530 109414 9367 518400 17
107. s cells The following classes of objects can be shown or hidden with one of the buttons on the Filter Toolbar E e Shows Hides all wells e Shows Hides all background images and textures e Shows Hides all internal boundaries e 4 Shows Hides all disabled cells Show Hide Filter Cells When in the Mesh Mode cells can be hidden to reveal inner portions of the mesh There are several ways to show and hide cells some of which are chosen from the Mesh Toolbar gt e Show only a subset of cells filter select the cells that should be visible and either select the Filter button Y from the Mesh Toolbar or right click the selection and select Show Only Selected Cells e Show all cells select the Show All Cells button X from the Mesh Toolbar or right click in any view and from the context menu select Show All Cells e Show cells in only one mesh layer the and buttons in the Mesh Toolbar show only one layer of cells at a time will move the visibility to the next layer up from the current visible layer will move visibility to the next layer down If any cells are selected when using these buttons the buttons will maintain the selection in the cell column e Hide individual cells select the desired cells right click the selection and then from the context menu select Hide Cells 24 PetraSim Basics e Hide all cells above a mesh layer select a cell on the layer that should be v
108. s were marked for additional output These cells will have a data point for each time step of the simulation You can view the time history of the rest of your cells by selecting the Show All option in the View menu 18 Cell Time History File View Primary Data variable T deg E I Cell Mame Id Injection 1 Production 100 Mark Style Diamond v PetraSim at a Glance Figure 3 8 Cell time history 19 max PetraSim Basics 4 PetraSim Basics Work Flow in a Typical Analysis Many problems will be run in two stages 1 an analysis that establishes a steady state initial condition and 2 an analysis that loads the steady state results as an initial condition and then proceeds with a transient disturbance such as a spill or production from a reservoir PetraSim makes it easy to load the results of a previous analysis as the starting condition of a new analysis The PetraSim interface helps guide the user through the steps of an analysis These include e Selecting an EOS e Defining the problem boundaries creating a conceptual model and creating a mesh e Selecting the global options to be used in the analysis e Specifying the material properties e Defining the default initial conditions for the model either directly or by loading the results of a previous analysis e Defining cell specific data such as material sources sinks and initial conditions e Setting the solution and output op
109. sents a PetraSim model The SIM file contains all information needed to write a TOUGH input file The SIM file can be used to save the model and share with other PetraSim users TOUGH Input File DAT Execution of TOUGH is integrated into PetraSim Before PetraSim executes TOUGH a TOUGH input file DAT is automatically written This file is then read by the TOUGH executable The TOUGH input file contains all information needed for a TOUGH analysis The DAT file is an ASCII text format file Most PetraSim users will never need to explicitly create or edit the TOUGH input file In special cases such as when a user has developed a special version of TOUGH the user may need to edit the TOUGH input file before an analysis In this case PetraSim provides the option to export this file File Export TOUGH File for manual editing PetraSim users should not use the DAT file to share models since this file does not contain information needed to reconstruct a model in PetraSim Creating and Saving a New PetraSim Model When PetraSim is started it begins with an empty model The user can immediately begin work on a new model If another model has already been opened select File gt New to clear the current model and start a new empty model PetraSim always has one and only one active model To save the new model select File gt Save and give the file name Because the files written by TOUGH have a fixed name it is recommended that the us
110. splays a dialog Figure 12 2 on which you can specify a specific plot range choose to use a logarithmic scale and specify the number of colors used on contour plots Show Vectors If vector information is available selecting the checkbox will turn on the display of vector data Figure 12 3 The Vector Scale controls the scaling factor applied to the vectors and the Vector Size Range controls the relative size of the longest to shortest vectors By default both the relative size and color of the vectors correspond to the magnitude of the vector Moving the Vector Size Range to the left will result in all vectors having the same length Selecting the Vector Properties button displays a dialog Figure 12 4 in which the user can set the range for vectors and choose whether the vector color should indicate the magnitude Show Slice Planes Turns on slice planes on which contours of the scalar parameter are displayed Select the Slice Planes button to define the axes normal to the planes and the coordinates of the planes Figure 12 5 Typical plots are shown in Figure 12 6 You can also view the slices as discrete values per cell as shown in Figure 12 7 by selecting Color Slices by Cell Scalar Properties Max 9 61265E06 Min 8 56244E06 Hide clip values outside range Logarithmic Scale Grayscale Num Colors 24 Coma Figure 12 2 Scalar Properties dialog 86 Plotting Results r 3D Results CA3DFi
111. t rapidly becomes smaller as liquid saturation increases van Genuchten u PO o foo o BE o A uu BEEN 2 500E 05 0 02 0 4 06 0 8 1 Liquid Saturation 3 E o E 5 Figure 2 3 Capillary pressure using van Genuchten function TOUGH Concepts Components and Phases A clear understanding of the terms component and phase is necessary when using the TOUGH codes Consider a system consisting of water and air implemented as EOS3 in TOUGH2 This system consists Background of two components water and air and will have two phases liquid and gas Note that TOUGH2 does not include a solid phase which would consist of ice TOUGH Fx HYDRATE does include ice as a solid phase Importantly the two components water and air can be present in both phases The liquid phase can consist of liquid water and dissolved air Similarly the gaseous phase can be comprised of gaseous air and water vapor For single phase conditions the thermodynamic state is defined by pressure temperature and air mass fraction If the single phase is liquid then the air mass fraction will be the air dissolved in the water which is a small value An example of a valid initial condition specification for single phase liquid is shown in Figure 2 4 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and a small air mass fraction of 1 0E 5 This small amount of air will be dissolved in the water If the single phase is gas the gas can consist of both water vapor
112. ta 15 Pide IO On PO a n 5 a Ee E 85 A EM PREUN 85 Cell historv plots usd on b i EE eine etsi 91 CAT SE 95 Export 3D plot data eorn 89 Epic 27 Ene DIOUS c TE 89 Solirce Sink DIOES 2 o ore reto 2 0 91 SUITACE Mas ado ia Nep e pde unu Reds 25 Tite M tor pots i a cn 90 Porous media Capillary pressure 5 DARCY S LAW nennen 3 Multi Phase MO Wise 3 Relative permeability ooocccoocccnococcnncnononnnnnos 4 Porous IWC Gale e ee 3 Purchase ne ae Me eme aol 1 111 R Registration Problems ccccssssccceseeecseeeseeseeees 106 Relative permeability ooocccoooccnccnocnnononcnnnnanonnnns 4 iUe 85 A a Ud ped Rad 85 Cell histOFV DIOLS aiii lalo 91 CSV IE 95 UNE DIOLS M ins tido 89 Source Sink PlOtS ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 91 Tire history DIOLS sa 90 Running a TOUGH2 Simulation 82 A a EU Ene eae 63 Setting TOUGH Analysis Priority 82 SOUTIOM CONETO Sa ee 74 Solution Mesh Radial see eine 49 A on e BERN ERSEEEEGERNN 47 Source SINK plots ann ae 91 Sources and SNK ti ster st PE RO St 64 Spatial dISCr 8tizat OFT ve I REP nerd RES 8 Surface Mage daa 25 T TECO ee Diele 89 Time Q lscretization ae ENG eds 8 Time DISCFETIZATION anne 9 Time HISTORY PIOUS iie nein ds 90 Time dependent boundary conditions 67 Tough Global Data MINC
113. their gracious responses to our many questions We also thank Ron Falta at Clemson University and Alfredo Battistelli at Aquater S p A Italy for their help with T2VOC and TMVOC Without TOUGH2 T2VOC TOUGHREACT and TOUGH Fx HYDRATE PetraSim would not exist In preparing this manual we have liberally used descriptions from the user manuals for the TOUGH family of codes Links to download the TOUGH manuals are given at http www petrasim com More information about the TOUGH family of codes can be found at http www esd lbl gov TOUGH2 Printed copies of the user manuals may be obtained from Karsten Pruess at lt K_Pruess Ibl gov gt The original development of PetraSim was funded by a Small Business Innovative Research grant from the U S Department of Energy Additional funding was provided by a private consortium for the TOUGHREACT version and by the U S Department of Energy NETL for the TOUGH Fx HYDRATE version We most sincerely thank our users for their feedback and support xiii Getting Started 1 Getting Started Welcome PetraSim is an interactive pre processor and post processor for the TOUGH family of codes It helps users rapidly develop models and view results for these general purpose simulators which model nonisothermal flows of multicomponent multiphase fluids in porous and fractured media The T2VOC and TMVOC simulators include three phase flows of water air and volatile organic chemicals TOUGH2 MP is a multi pr
114. ther press Apply to commit the changes and keep the dialog open or OK to commit the changes and close the layer manager dialog Regions Regions are portions of the model that have non zero volume They are the basis for creating high level features in the model such as faults With no internal boundaries in the model each layer consists of one region Regions may be divided into smaller regions by adding internal boundaries as discussed in the next section Regions are always parented by layers and can be found in the Tree View as shown in Figure 6 13 This figure shows four layers that have been divided by an internal boundary creating two regions in each layer r PetraSim C petrasim 3Layer_v5 sim eum Model B gt uix Desane 2 0 egeeun a Layers p We aane gt RB MBE Sls m Regon coor orare z m j EF Layer 1 E ES Regioni E Region2 Layer 2 E Region1 E Region EE Layer 3 ES Regioni E Region2 aS Layer 4 E Regioni E E Region Er 22 Internal Boundaries Planar Surface X 652900 0 E A Materials A Wells NamedjPrint Cells ExtraCells Figure 6 13 Example of layers split into multiple regions Each region may have its own set of properties which can be accessed by double clicking a region in the Tree View or in the 3D View The region properties window is shown in Figure 6 14 39 Conceptual Model Figure 6 14 Region properties dialog Name the name
115. tion 2003 email 16 Brief Guide to the MINC Method for Modeling Flow and Transport in Fractured Media Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory May 1992 LBL 32195 17 A Mesh Generator for Flow Simulations in Fractured Reservoirs Berkeley CA USA Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory May 1992 LBL 15227 18 Basic Concepts in the Theory of Seepage of Homogeneous Liquids in Fractured Rocks Barenblatt G E Zheltov I P and Kochina I N 5 1960 J Appl Math USSR Vol 24 pp 1286 1303 19 The Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Warren J E and Root P J 228 s l Transactions AIME September 1963 Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal pp 245 255 109 Index 3 ID PIOS RC 85 SPP P P 21 A Assigning different materials by cell 59 B A eee 31 Boundary Conditions A A 63 Sources and Sinks ccccccoonccnnccnocnnnncnnnnonnnnonanonoos 64 Transient TP 67 112112 65 C Capillary pressure seen 5 A e E UID TCE 50 Cell history plots occccoocccnococcnncnocnnncononnnnanononnnos 91 a 52 Comma separated value files 95 Ln LS 5 Computer hardware requirements 2 Contour File Formation cia 28
116. tional Material Data Relative Perm Capillary Press Pore Compressibility COM 1 Pa Pore Expansivity EXPAN 1 C Dry Heat Conductivity CORY W m C Same as Wet User Defined Tortuosity Factor TORTX Klinkenberg Parameter GK 1 Pa Reset to Default x Cancel Figure 8 4 Miscellaneous material data Assigning Different Materials by Cell To support the use of geostatistical data PetraSim allows the user to import a table of material assignments for all cells This is useful if the user has an independent representation of the model that can be queried to obtain a spatial definition of materials PetraSim provides two tools e The capability to write a file with cell IDs and X Y Z coordinates e The ability to paste a table of material types for all cells To write a file with cell IDs and X Y Z coordinates on the File menu click Write Grid Data The resulting file defines the cell coordinates in their PetraSim order that allows you to query a separate material database On the Model menu click Assign Cell Materials to open the Assign Cell Materials dialog Figure 8 5 You can either type or paste a list of materials to be assigned to each cell All materials must have already been defined Values in the Material Name column must match the name of a material stored in the current model 59 Materials Set Cell Data Cell IDs are shown in the left column Blank entries
117. tions e Solving the problem e Post processing of results using contour and time history plots The user must recognize that this process is seldom linear It will likely be necessary to iterate as new understanding of the model and physics is obtained New users are especially tempted to immediately proceed with a complex model Don t do this It is always recommended that the user perform 1D and 2D analyses before a 3D analysis A suite of examples taken from the TOUGH user guides is available at http www petrasim com Terminology PetraSim divides the problem space into two sections There is a Conceptual Model and a Solution Mesh The Conceptual Model defines all the high level features of the model such as a model boundary geologic layers internal boundaries and regions The Solution Mesh defines cells and connections that divide the conceptual model into pieces for the TOUGH simulator The conceptual model and solution mesh are further discussed in the topics Conceptual Model and Solution Mesh e Boundary this defines a 2D path around the problem space that limits the X Y coordinates in the model e Layers these define the stratification of the problem space e Internal boundaries define surfaces that split the layers into sub regions e Regions sub regions that result when a layer is split by an internal boundary Each region can have its own set of properties parented by the layer s properties 20 PetraSim
118. to the model layers ooocccccoocncnononcnnnnnaconnnnancnnonanonnnonanos 46 Figure 7 3 Creatine custom layer DZ eei Ebo tutore uoce ved HN Vere dass edes Ede EDT Idou turpe dde 47 Figure 7 4 The Create Mesh dialog showing regular ParaMeters cccccccsssccccesseccceenececseeceeesesecesseneces 47 Figure 7 5 Calculating cell size when the factor is not 1 0 ooocnnnconccnnccnocnnnonanonnnnanonnnonaconnonaronnonanonnnnnnoss 48 Figure 7 6 Example of custom divisions for a regular mesh ccscccccsseccceessccceeesececeeseceeseeeccesseseceeseneces 48 Figure 7 7 Parameters Tora polveonabmesbhtr aces daa 49 Figure 7 8 Radial mesh representation in PetraSim sese nnne 50 Figure 7 9 Parameters for a radial mesh so o De or ederet A vere va ves Rd ids 50 Fig re 7 10 Editing a cell in the 3D View a 222 eskerk ui 51 Figure 7 11s Editing cell propertiess oet tea bo tete eue laete cte tl b tete Iie aet s eto c Tub a tie C Lf deat 52 Figure 7 12 Defining the basic extra cell properties ccccessccccssseccccesecccceescceeeesececeueceesenecceseusecetsenecss 53 Figure 7 13 Defining the extra cell connections to the model cocoooccnnonnccnnonanonnnonaconnnnaronnonanonnnonanos 54 Figure S ie Material properties ardid Rao pU Vota Sedo ol edo dee Ret ui dro uote uL aede 56 Figure 8 2 Relative permeability functions cccccescccccsseccccessececeesececeeececeencceseuecessenecessenec
119. traCells Cell Count 100 Figure 3 4 Opening the five spot model Enable flux output 1 Onthe Analysis menu click Output Controls 2 Click to select Fluxes and Velocities 3 Click OK 15 PetraSim at a Glance E Output Controls Print and Plot Every Steps MCYPR z Additional Print amp Plot Times TIMES Print After Each Iteration EDATA Print Input Data MOP 7 Print Program Version Info MOWER Additional Output Data KOATA Primary variables Additional Printout MOP 1 6 Every Iteration Sinks Sources Main Equation of State Flow and Accumulation Linear Equations Figure 3 5 Select fluxes and velocities output Run the simulation To run the simulation On the Analysis menu click Run TOUGH2 The Running TOUGH2 dialog will open and show how the simulation is progressing The graph displays simulation time steps on the X axis and the log10 of the time step on the Y axis As a rule of thumb an increasing Y value is a good sign of simulation progress If your time steps start to become smaller it may indicate that the simulator is having a difficult time converging When the simulation finishes approx 10 seconds a message will be displayed and the Cancel button will turn into a Close button Click the Close button 16 PetraSim at a Glance X Running TOUGH2 Time Step Size 4o co en oo Time Step Sim Time 3 275 T8E8 s End Time 1 151
120. trasimilicense Install License File License Server Server aah Current License Status Mok Licensed Details Ma license For product 1 Cancel Figure 1 1 Licensing and Activation dialog Additional TOUGH Documentation In preparing this manual we have liberally used descriptions from the user manuals for the TOUGH family of codes Links to download the TOUGH manuals are given at http www petrasim com More information about the TOUGH family of codes can be found at http www esd lbl gov TOUGH2 Printed copies of the user manuals may be obtained from Karsten Pruess at K Pruess Ibl gov System Requirements PetraSim will run well on any newer computer At a minimum the processor should be at least as fast as a 1 GHz Pentium Ill with at least 512 MB RAM A graphics card that supports OpenGL 1 1 or later with 64 MB of graphics memory is recommended Contact Us Thunderhead Engineering 403 Poyntz Avenue Suite B Manhattan KS 66502 6081 USA Product Support support thunderheadeng com Phone 1 785 770 8511 Fax 1 785 532 9102 Background 2 Background Flow in Porous Media This section will provide only the briefest overview of the basic assumptions used in the TOUGH family of codes The reader is referred to the TOUGH2 User s Guide 1 the T2VOC User s Guide 2 the TMVOC User s Guide 3 the TOUGHREACT User s Guide 4 and the TOUGH Fx HYDRATE User s Guide 5 for detailed information on the
121. ulating with TOUGH2 MP Conjugate Gradient Solvers a Preconditioned Bi Conjugate Gradient DSLUCS Bi Conjugate Gradient DSLUBC 3 Generalized Minimum Residual Conjugate Gradient DSLUGM 5 Stabilized Bi Conjugate Gradient DLUSTB Conjugate Gradient Options Z Preconditioning ZPROCS Small Constant 71 O Preconditioning OPROCS None O00 Max CG Iterations Frac of Egns RITMAX 0 1 CG Convergence Criterion CLOSUR 1 0E 06 Direct Solvers Sparse Direct Solver MA28 Options 5 Banded Direct Solver LUBAND Figure 10 2 The Solver tab controls TOUGH2 MP Tab TOUGH2 MP license only Select the TOUGH2 MP tab Figure 10 3 These are options for the TOUGH2 MP simulator The Additional N R iterations after convergence option controls the value of MOP 21 in record PARAM 1 The simulator can be set to perform one additional Newton Raphson iteration after convergence if needed 76 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls Times Solver TOUGH2 MP Weighting Convergence Options MOTE These parameters are only used when simulating with TOUGH2 MP Additional M F iterations after convergence e PerForm na additional iterations 5 Perform one additional iteration Figure 10 3 The TOUGH2 MP tab controls Weighting Tab Select the Weighting tab Figure 10 4 This tab provides several options about the weighting in calculations at interfac
122. ure 9 2 Setting region initial conditions Cell Initial Conditions To define initial conditions by cell open the Edit Cells dialog as discussed in Editing Cells On the Initial Conditions tab of the Edit Cell Data dialog select Specify Initial Conditions by Cell Figure 9 3 You will then be able to define initial conditions for a cell If you do not want cell initial conditions to be used select Use Region or Global Initial Conditions 62 Boundary and Initial Conditions Edit Cell Data Properties Sources Sinks EOS3 Water and Air Use Region or Global Initial Conditions Specify Initial Conditions by Cell Single Phase P X T Pressure 1 013E05 Temperature 25 0 Gas Saturation 0 0 Air Mass Fraction 0 0 Figure 9 3 Setting cell initial conditions Loading Previous Results as Initial Conditions To read initial conditions from a previous analysis select File gt Load Initial Conditions and read a previous SAVE file The model used to write the SAVE file must have the same geometry as the model for which you are reading data To avoid over writing of files by TOUGH each analysis should be run in a separate directory Boundary Conditions Fixed Boundary Conditions Boundary conditions where the pressure temperature and other variables do not change with time called essential or Dirichlet boundary conditions are typically set using Fixed State option in a cell This is done by editing the cell
123. v 9 48et06 Show Isosurfaces Scalar 10 F Show Vectors 8 23e106 6 99e 06 i 5 74e106 Figure 12 7 Slice contours colored by cell To write a file that can be read into Tecplot on the File menu click Export Data The format of the data will be a value and then the X Y and Z coordinates The data can be written either at the center or corners of each cell Line Plots of Results A line plot an XY plot of a variable along a line can also be made from the 3D Results window Such a plot would be used to plot temperature along a well To make a line plot first open a 3D Results window as discussed in 3D Plots of Results To make a line plot 1 OntheFile menu of the 3D Results window click Line Plot 2 Inthe Point 1 coordinate boxes X Y and Z type the coordinates of the starting point of the line 3 Inthe Point 2 coordinate boxes X Y and Z type the coordinates of the ending point of the line 4 Click OK to close the Line Plot dialog 5 This will open a Line Plot window 6 Inthe Variable list select the variable for plotting 7 Inthe Time list select the time for which you want to plot the data An example is shown in Figure 12 8 You can export this data to a comma separated value file for import into a spreadsheet 89 Plotting Results EM Line Plot CA3DFiveSpot 2002_07_15 3d five_spot sim ll File View Primary Data T deg C Va
124. veSpoti2002 07 1513d five spotsim Eile Results View ae annan Time s P Pa 1 07e 07 P Pa Vectors FLOH W per m 9 48e 06 Show Isosurfaces Scalar ay 10 Scalar Properties Show Vectors Vector Scale 8 23e 06 0 1 Vector Size Range Const Vector Properties 6 99e 06 Show Slice Planes Slice Planes E Color Slices by Cell 5 74e 06 0 756 1865 4079 Hide dip values outside range Fl Logarithmic Scale Vector Color Color By Magnitude Solid Color EEE Figure 12 4 Vector Properties dialog 87 Plotting Results Slice Planes Figure 12 5 Slice Planes dialog File Results View a unan FLOH W per m 10 Scalar Properties E Show Vectors Vector Scale 0 1 Vector Size Range Const Vector Properties 4 Show Slice Planes Color Slices by Cell Show Isosurfaces Scalar n PS uw F 1 J 3D Results C 3DFiveSpot 2002_07_15 3d_five_spot sim f 70 0 305 0 b muB P Pa 1 07e 07 500 0 500 0 0 0 9 48et06 8 23e106 6 99e 06 5 74e 06 Figure 12 6 Example of contours on slice planes 88 Plotting Results r 3D Results CA3DFiveSpot2002 07 15X3d five spot sim I i h sc els File Results View de ajnan P Pa 1 07e 07 Vectors FLOH W per m
125. will be ignored Figure 8 5 Assign Cell Materials dialog 60 Boundary and Initial Conditions 9 Boundary and Initial Conditions Initial Conditions Initial conditions are used to define the initial state of each cell When generating the simulator input file a hierarchy is used to determine values for each cell if a value is defined at the cell that value is used if defined at the region the region s value is used if defined at the layer the layer s value is used finally the default model initial conditions will be used The specific initial conditions are different for each EOS For any specific EOS there are at least single and two phase initial conditions as well as options for different components The user is referred to Chapter 3 Tough Concepts for a discussion of components and an example of setting single and two phase initial conditions Only for the simplest models will the initial conditions be uniform over the model In most realistic analyses a steady state simulation will be used to reach an equilibrium solution For example this will be used to reach gravity capillary equilibrium in a vadose zone analysis or heat and fluid flow equilibrium in a geothermal reservoir analysis The steady state results will then be used as initial conditions for the transient analysis When this approach is used two separate folders should be used to store the steady state analysis and the transient analysis Because of the
126. y determined based on user input e DROK Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e POR Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e PER I Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e CWET Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e SPHT Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog ROCKS 1 1 Record e COM Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e EXPAN Properties Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e CDRY Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e TORTX Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e GK Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e XKD3 Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog Only shown for EOS7R e XKD4 Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog Only shown for EOS7R 99 Miscellaneous e FOC Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Addit
127. y is used between cells in one cell layer 55 Materials Material Data Materials ROCK Name MAT Description Color Density DROK kg m 3 Porosity POR X Permeability PER 1 m 2 1 0E 13 Y Permeability PER 2 m 1 0E 13 Z Permeability PER 3 m 1 0E 13 Wet Heat Conductivity CWET W m C 2 0 Specific Heat SPHT J kg C 1000 0 Additional Material Data Figure 8 1 Material properties Relative Permeability Selecting the Relative Perm button displays the Additional Material Data dialog The first tab is used to define Relative Permeability Figure 8 2 The user selects the desired relative permeability function and then defines the parameters used by that function A graph will display the permeability magenta is gas blue is liquid as a function of liquid saturation 56 Materials Additional Material Data Relative Perm E Capillary Press Misc Relative Permeability linear Functions RP increases from to 1 m the range 51 S1 lt SL RP us increases from 0 to 1 in the range Pee x 3 x Sr Sin RP 10 2 Sm RPO 0 9 Sg ua RP 0 1 Sg ax RPG 0 7 Figure 8 2 Relative permeability functions Capillary Pressure Select the Capillary Pressure tab to define the capillary pressure function Figure 8 3 The user selects the desired capillary pressure function and then defines the parameters used by that function The value of ICP corresponds to the TOUGH function

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