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4 - Werner Icking Music Archive

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1. musixlyr musixlyr pdf MusiXTEX musixdoc dvi e The archive site at http icking music archive org hosts not only the mailing list archive but also several tutorials in various languages on MusiXTEX and PMX e Join the mailing list by filling in the form at http tug org mailman listinfo tex music B A short PMX tutorial This section describes the parts of PMX that you are likely to need when coding scores in M Tx I have left out or simplified features that are not necessary or too advanced In most cases you can still use them as M Tx simply passes through anything that it does not recognize PMX resembles English in that it is made up of words which are strings of non blank charac ters separated by blanks Each word though has the character of an acronym in that its letters each stand for something longer and in fact Don Simons designed the notation so that you can actually say out loud what the acronym stands for In the following the symbol tt stands for some number B 1 Words that contribute to the count Each bar of music has a certain duration which is is the total of the notes and rests in it The word for a note that contributes to the count starts with a to g which indicates pitch and the word for a rest starts with r A note may have a number of suffixes which may come in any order The duration is indicated by a digit from short to long these are 6 1 64 th note 3 1 8 4 2 0 whole note 9
2. Words excluded from th count s s s ec oS 4 24 woe eR ee vo EE a A 3 B 3 Words for other things than notes o 14442 ek 4 ed at eS e A 3 P 4 Useful things to put on lines ii oo Sha BAR AREY ARR RE eS A 4 C How to get and use M Tx A 4 GL Installation and TUNG oe pp ae oh GS ere Se wee Oe eh ele ea A 5 G 2 Bugs restrictions and incompatibilities sus st sw ordre ross A 5 Cd Compatibility srete sasate RR HR RE LEA RA RR DERE A 5 C 2 2 Unsupported features of MusixTpX and PMX A 5 C 3 For PMX and MusiXTkX perts only LL A 6 D Annotated examples A 8 Did Voltas ss lira e n e a N oe A 8 DIZ2 MUSICSIZE una n Bee Ped A 9 D3 Apsalin t nne envias EN SER EERE RES nn EY OS A 10 D 4 Beams slurs and melismas 00 eee ee ee ee eee A 11 DS Dirty Ticks ii eb ab be me ba da id eb eee ee ee A 12 D 6 Extra text diter the pi e gt ss sicari adipe ES AE RARR SES A 13 E M Tx and BIEX A 15 E 1 Collections of complete pieces ass pane RR ARA DEK A 15 Bis Collections Of morsels s ms eii deis Gee Pr A 16 E 3 Documents with small music excerpts ss ia ok eee a e e N Eg A 16 F Overriding predefined TEX commands A 17 EL C anging fonts osre tee DER MR RE OR A RO ERO A 17 ES MEE BOL a ache e s AE Ac wR a RS EE A 17 Index A 18 ii 1 Music from Text Written music has a distinctive appearance very unlike written text But if we want to enlist the aid of the computer to print our scores we either need a sophi
3. A 6 A 18 accidentals A 4 Afrikaans 3 arpeggio 13 b A 2 bar lines solid A 4 Bars line 8 10 beam forced 5 6 beams 5 beVerbose 10 BIGfont A 17 Bigfont A 17 blind meter change 5 16 slur 6 brace 8 bracket 9 C 13 A 3 CO A 3 C6 A 3 Case 17 checkAssertions 9 Choral 9 chord 12 13 clef A 3 Clefs 8 comment A 6 Continuo 8 Corrections A 1 countMacro 18 crescendo 15 d 1 11 16 A 2 A 3 debugMode 10 decrescendo 15 Disable 9 doChords 9 doLyrics 9 dot fine tuning A 2 doUptext 9 duration 1 A 2 e 13 A 2 editor A 5 elemskip 15 Enable 9 Endpiece A 13 Xendpiece A 13 ERROR 10 example A 17 excerpts A 16 exotic meters A 12 expandMacro 18 f 6 7 13 A 2 A 3 final bar A 7 Flats 3 font change A 15 G A 3 Group 9 guitar chords 15 hard blank 11 heading 2 hideBlindSlurs 9 ignoreErrors 10 Indent 12 instrument 3 instrumentNames 10 12 interline 3 internote 11 interpretSlurs 9 jump 1 key A 3 L 7 1 11 13 A 2 A 3 L 4 6 label 4 14 labels 7 Largemusicsize A 9 largemusicsize A 9 line 2 chord 13 melodic 13 line break A 4 LT TY lyrics 3 auxiliary 7 11 link 11 normal 6 m 16 A 19 m3 4 0 0 5 mailing list A 2 Meter 3 meter change 5 Meter 5 mtx A 5 mtx tex A 17 mtxlatex A 15 mtxlatex sty A 17 mtxlatex tex A 15 mtxstyle txt A 5 multiFile 9 mus A
4. normalsize These com mands affect all music fonts They are smallmusicsize 13pt 16pt normalmusicsize 16pt 20pt largemusicsize 20pt 24pt Largemusicsize 24pt 29pt There is no tinymusicsize although several of the music fonts are individually available in 11 point size A 9 D 3 A psalm tune Psalm 42 Ainsi que la biche r e Soos n hert in dor re stre ke skreeu end dors na die ge not van die hel der wa ter be ke skreeu my siel na U o God Ja my siel dors na die Heer na die Le wens bron Wan neer sal ek sien in klaar aan skou e Op die Heer is my ver trou e Meter 0 2 Style Singer Sharps 1 Title Psalm 42 textit normalsize Ainsi que la biche r ee 0 g2 ad b2 ad g f e2 d2 caesura g2 ad b2 c4 b2 a g L Soos n hert in dor re stre ke skreeu end dors na die ge not L van die hel der wa ter be ke skreeu my siel na U o God 1 b2 b4 d2 c4 b a b2 caesura d2 d4 e2 d4 c b a2 L Ja my siel dors na die Heer na die Le wens bron Wan neer b2 d4 c2 b4 g a b2 g2 caesura b2 b4 c2 b4 a g f2 g2 L sal ek sien in klaar aan skou e Op die Heer is my ver trou e e Meter 0 2 indicates counting in half notes but no bar lines e Line breaks in the Title are made by A 10 D 4 Beams slurs and melismas Style Singer Meter C cso Start 0 2 A men hh w2i c8 di el d8 e1 f1 e2 L A men c8 di el d8 el fi e2 L A men A men c8
5. not only in the preamble It will take effect at the start of the next system See Appendix D 1 for an example of how this command interacts with lyrics adjustments 10 You can specify different sizes for the instruments e g Size 13 16 might be appropriate for the main score of a violin sonata with the notes of the violin smaller than those of the piano Valid sizes are 13 16 20 24 and 29 Size is a delicate issue see Appendix D 2 You should be aware of what the PMX manual calls a benign bug Pages more than approx imately half full get filled out by distributing the vertical space among the staves This means that the appearance of the score may drastically change when you add one more stave For this reason it is best to leave space adjustments till last when you already know what values to give for Systems and Pages Occasionally PMX underestimates the total height of a page and you end up with one system less than you wanted which then appears by itself on a page of its own This is particularly likely if you asked for extra space between the staves or are using different sized staves A dirty trick that fixes this problem is to specify a little more height directly to MusiXT X than you told PMX see Appendix B 2 2 Lyrics placement Sometimes the default position for placing lyrics causes ugly clashes with note stems beams slurs etc You can move lyrics up or down by inserting a word starting with in the music line
6. twelverm in the preamble will change the font to twelve point When using BIEX you can use font changing commands inside the environment to change the lyrics font only for that particular piece The fonts used for titles and other items in headers are respectively called BIGfont and Bigfont In mtxlatex sty they are redefined as follows renewcommand BIGfont Huge bfseries renewcommand Bigfont Large If you are not using HIEX they can be redefined in two ways e You can simply assign an existing font e g to get somewhat smaller fonts let Bigfont bigfont let BIGfont BIgfont e You can define the font explicitly e g font BIGfont cmss9 scaled magstep4 F 2 mtx tex The M Tx preprocessor as far as possible issues commands starting with mtx instead of direct TEX commands The main purpose for so doing is that the user can modify their effect by redefining them in the source file These macros together with a few others that make life easier are collected in the file mtx tex Documentation of these commands can be found at the end of the file ntx tex A 17 Index 6 G 6 6 7 6 6 G6 3 36 11 35 6 1 A 2 1 A 2 4 71 4 1 4 1 A 2 7 13 i 6 15 A 2 A 3 15 A 6 hh 2 A 4 A 6 L A 4 2 15 11 6 x A 3 11 14 A 8 lt 14 gt 14 1 6 1 6 17 6 4 13 14 Boe gt de v HH de N v DIA Puneo P AREA v a A 2 A 3
7. V1 starts a volta box but to get the first volta box to be closed at the end you must later say Vb Also to get the text 2 into the second ending box you add the 2 after the Vb to make Vb2 Finally to make the second box open ended you must enter Vx at the point you want it to be done If you forget to enter the Vx after your last volta box you will get a strange unwanted volta box at the end of your piece This example also illustrates the interplay between Space and required for proper spacing of lyrics when there is stuff above the staves Contributed by Joel Hunsberger A 8 D 2 Music size Bars line 2 Style Solo Meter m3400 Size 29pt hh w3 7i U lt v sf sf sf ci rgg L af8g rbo co The above does not look quite right for a complicated reason A piece as a whole has a basic music size and then each stave can have its own local size The local size affects everything on the stave itself but not the annotations ornaments etc The range of legal basic sizes is quite small PMX allows only 16 point and 20 point In this example the basic size is 20 point and the local size 29 point To get the perfectly matched annotations displayed on the title page of this manual the input looks like this Bars line 2 Style Solo Meter m3400 hh w3 7i Largemusicsize U lt v 2 sf sf sf ci rgg L af8g rbo co MusiXTEX has four size commands relative the basic size called
8. bugs in the prepmx program You can put as many features as you like on the Enable and Disable lines just separate them by spaces You can also have as many Enable and Disable lines as you want For example to imitate the way M Tx 0 54c did things put Enable interpretSlurs Disable newWordShortcut multiFile checkAssertions 2 Fine tuning the printed output The decisions made by PMX represent a good compromise in the majority of cases but some times the first printout is disappointing You can influence the details of the layout in various ways You will probably need to look at the first draft make fine tuning changes look at the second draft several times if you are a real perfectionist 2 1 General vertical and horizontal spacing It is best to use Bars line in the preamble for the first draft You can then decide how many systems in total are required for proper horizontal spacing and over how many pages they need to be spread for proper vertical spacing On the later drafts you will therefore use Pages and Systems in the preamble There are PMX commands to put line and page breaks where you like see Appendix B You can use Space to control the vertical space between the staves There may be a number for every stave the last number is interpreted as extra space below the bottom stave You will probably need to specify it if you have lyrics or very low notes down there This command can be issued in any music paragraph
9. elementary skip units or elemskips 3 3 Lyrics paragraphs You may prefer to have all the lyrics for a particular voice together in one paragraph To do this the first line of the paragraph consists of a name for the group of lyrics in braces e g verse1 When you later wish to use these lyrics you put a list of names on a lyrics line where you would normally have put the lyrics e g L verse1 verse2 replaces L Lyr ics for the first verse L Lyr ics for the second verse You do not repeat this instruction in the next paragraph but if the voice concerned no longer has lyrics attached to it you should indicate that by a blank lyrics line i e L by itself A particular lyrics paragraph name should not be used in more than one place If two voices have exactly the same lyrics you need only one lyrics paragraph but more than one name E g soprano bass makes two identical sets of lyrics one to be used by L soprano and the other by L bass One useful property of lyrics paragraphs is to allow you to switch lyrics in the middle of a line instead of between music paragraphs This is only allowed if the voice in question already possesses lyrics it cannot be used to replace the L line E g a b chorus c d means that starting at the note c lyrics will be taken from the lyrics paragraph labelled chorus and a b c d means that lyrics are switched off at that point 3 4 Long short note combinations Passages contai
10. handwritten You are right but look at the following version Riff in C W A Mozart 1756 1791 There is a heading the notes are not stretched out so much and the two staves of the piano are grouped together To achieve this the input looks as follows Title Riff in C Composer W A Mozart 1756 1791 Style piano w120m c2 el g b4d ci d c2 l c8 gt e g c gt e g d gig c gt e g The notes are exactly the same as before but there is an introductory paragraph or preamble that specifies what to do with them A paragraph in M Tx is a group of consecutive lines set apart by one or more blank lines Most of the paragraphs contain notes but the printed music will not necessarily be broken at the same places as the paragraphs Only in the simplest cases every music line in the paragraph starts with what might be a note are you allowed to omit the preamble The preamble lines in this example are self explanatory The one mysterious line is the one starting with at the top of the music paragraph The present implementation of M Tx acts as a front end to the PMX program Things that can be done easily in PMX are not re invented but instead the facility is provided to pass information directly to PMX The PMX command w120m means width 120 millimetres A short tutorial on PMX appears in Appendix B A few words on technical terms to make sure that we know what we are talking about e Aline is a text line of type
11. include the paragraph in question e g Case 137 identifies a paragraph that is only included when one of the options 1 3 or 7 was selected either as a command option or on and Options line All paragraphs headed by Case occurring before the first music paragraph are treated as extensions of the preamble The very first music paragraph may therefore not start with Case For example the score cervus mtx of Palestrina s four part setting of Psalm 42 see the source directory in the M Tx distribution is set up to give by default a score for the conductor with all voices in 16 point type When one of the 1 2 3 or 4 options is specified you get a score with one voice in 20 point type and the others in 13 point When the 0 option is given 20 point is used throughout and the score is spread over three pages 3 9 Macros M Tx offers limited support for the PMX macro feature which is a shorthand notation for pieces of text that appear often in your input In PMX you define macro number by MSi and end it by M each a separate word where i is a number from 1 to 20 Everything in between which may not contain any word starting with M is not acted on but only stored but when you later play the macro by the single word MPi the effect is the same as if you had typed the text you defined earlier In other words a PMX macro works as a purely literal text insertion You can also start a macro definition by MR this has the effect of immedi
12. job of M Tx the notes are modified in various ways e Octave is inserted into the first note of each voice depending on the Octave command or if none is supplied on the clef Absolute octave numbers are not recognized by M Tx and may cause unexpected side effects You can get something like absolute octave numbers by combining with or This may cause an irritating but harmless error message about backward incompatibiliy at the PMX stage If a line is vocal an a is inserted into quavers and shorter notes when not under slurs to protect them from being beamed Duration codes are inserted into all notes and rests before any serious processing is done Long short note groups are expanded into separate notes Although PMX allows these shortcuts lyrics cannot be properly synchronized unless the groups are expanded e PMX syntax allows great freedom in the order in which different parts of a node are coded M Tx is not aware of all the subtleties but extracts only those parts of which it needs to be aware and reassembles the note afterwards Labels in the range I to T are inserted into unlabelled slurs and ties You should therefore avoid those labels for slurs that you label yourself A 6 e Chord lines are expanded into standard PMX code and inserted into the main line for each voice Other ways in which an M Tx score differs from a native PMX score in more than layout are a bar line is required for a pickup repeat bars are co
13. preamble or in the ntxstyle txt file It is possible to change these if you compile from source they are clearly recognizable in globals pas You can have up to 15 voices using up to 15 staves For each two voice stave the number of staves you can have goes down by 1 Other limitations are described in the PMX documentation C 2 1 Compatibility M Tx 0 61 accepts all scores that were valid under M Tx 0 60 Older scores may need tweaking C 2 2 Unsupported features of MusixTEX and PMX Support or otherwise of MusixTEX and PMX features comes at three levels 1 The most frequently used features are transparently incorporated into the basic M Tx language 2 The default action of M Tx is to pass through unchanged anything it does not recognize Most PMX and MusiXTkX features still work in this case For example you can use PED in front of a note to obtain a pedal annotation below the stave and DEP to get the big asterisk for pedal release This is an example of a Type 1 TkX string as described in the PMX manual 3 When a new PMX feature affects aspects like count or pitch of which M Tx should be aware it is likely to be incompatible with the preceding release of M Tx although I do try to catch up later Some pertinent aspects 1 M Tx 0 61 does not recognize the macro features of PMX You should therefore not use PMX macros for notes or anything else that affects the count the duration the current octave and other prope
14. to type Some notes have suffixes after them A digit indicates the duration 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 16 1 32 1 64 When a note has no digit it means that the duration is the same as that of the previous note in the same voice Some note names have a or after them which means that it is not the nearest note of that name but that there is a jump of at least a fifth up or down from the previous note One note is dotted which is indicated with ad It cannot be confused with a note name because it is not the first letter of its word A double dotted note would have da The first note in each voice of the piece doesn t have a previous note Since you haven t specified anything else it is assumed that the top line is in the treble clef and its notes come in the octave running from middle C upwards and the bottom line is in the bass clef and its notes come in the octave just below the one for the treble clef The first note of the top voice is the C above middle C so we need a for it If ever again you prefer the initial octave of a voice to wherever the previous note puts you use a after the note name This can be combined with Of 7 Here is the printed version of the above excerpt lYes it is more logical to think 1 should mean a whole note but we don t want to type two digits for something so common as a semiguaver A whole note is denoted by 0 which looks a bit like a printed semibreve Do you think this looks good Much better than
15. to which that lyrics line is attached For example 2 at minus two indicates that the lyrics should be moved down two internotes One internote is the vertical distance between e g a B and a C i e half of one interline The change takes effect at the start of the bar in which it appears and remains in effect until further modified by another shift Each voice has its own associated shifts one for normal lyrics and a different one for auxiliary lyrics You can also say 2 put the lyrics above the stave at two internotes below the default position or v put the lyrics below the stave at the default position These commands discard any shift that may have been in effect for that set of lyrics before Be warned that the default position itself is not fixed relative to the stave but depends on the general vertical layout So if you change a layout parameter after having placed the lyrics perfectly they may need a further adjustment Occasionally you need a syllable spanning two words You can code a hard blank to string the words together e g Egit to ad I si de but it also looks good to use an underscore which will be translated to a link e g Egit to_ad I si de will become Egit to ad I si de If the link gets in the way of letters with descenders you can lower it e g prettyl_and smart becomes pretty y and smart 2 3 Beam and slur placement The decisions made by PMX in choosing the height and direction of b
16. 16 musixlyr A 1 A 7 m A 4 n 4 A 2 A 3 Name 12 NEW 0 61 9 19 newWordShortcut 9 normalmusicsize A 9 note chordal 13 grace A 3 melodic 13 notes 1 dotted 1 15 o 7 A 3 Octave 9 octave 1 A 2 A 6 octave defining initial 9 of 7 Only 17 Options 9 ornament A 3 ornaments 16 p 7 A 2 A 3 page break A 4 Pages 8 10 11 paragraph 2 pedal A 5 pedanticWarnings 10 phrase marks 6 pickup 4 A 7 pitch A 2 of chordal note 13 PMX A 2 A 6 PMX A 4 ppff 15 preamble 2 7 r 4 7 A 2 Range 19 repeat 4 A 7 rest A 2 RESUME 17 return code A 5 R1 A 7 rp 6 7 s 4 A 2 SATB 3 5 Score A 16 score A 16 Sharps 3 shortcuts 12 Singer 5 Size 11 slur broken 6 continuation 6 direction 6 nested 6 slurs 5 smallmusicsize A 9 solfaNoteNames 10 Space 3 10 A 8 spacer 13 14 splitShortcut 9 Start 9 stave 2 Style 3 7 style elements 8 9 suffix A 2 A 3 SUSPEND 17 syllable 4 system 3 Systems 8 10 11 T 7 t 13 TeX 9 TeX capacity exceeded A 15 TEX string Type 1 A 5 Type 4 A 6 tonic sol fa 10 transpose A 4 triplet A 3 U 14 u 11 A 2 A 3 unbeamVocal 5 9 uptext 14 font 15 voice 14 uptextOnRests 9 V A 3 A 8 verse numbers 4 Vocal 8 voice 2 Voices 8 volta A 3 word 1 2 A 2 writebarno A 16 z 12 A 3
17. M Tx Music from Text Version 0 61 User s Guide Dirk Laurie dirk laurie gmail com 4 August 2015 Contents 1 Music from Text 1 TELYS ui A E a ica ie ii 3 1 2 Bats and meter chang s aia AER Aa RAE 4 1 3 Beats OA lt a A AA ea 5 1 4 More complicated VERS rare ds a 6 1 5 Preamble commands ess ind ra Aa Eng a N 7 1 6 Gustomizing META Li fu be sand go EER ed ge Se Re BS ede dee e ES 9 2 Fine tuning the printed output 10 2 1 General vertical and horizontal spacing spunta PR RR ES Ee n 10 2 2 Lyrics placement 2 4 64 RR e Ge fe naa ia OE 11 2 3 Beam and slur placement 25 4 5 pe DIe MR RR A BED ERED 11 2 4 Instrument names s sos sa be aw ee RE A RR EE RR N oe he Pe HR RE 12 3 Shortcuts 12 A ue dei be ee dr we S 12 3 2 Expression marks and other annotations se 6 4 EES la 14 3 3 Lyrics paragraphs carreras teys ia ede EG ew ew 15 3 4 Long short note combinations cea HE MR ee Ee ee eA ew ES 15 3 5 Barless MUSI sa 4 eee Ba ge ee ew eee a a a 16 3 6 Sticky ornaments and suffixes iu anni RR we EA OR AA 16 3 7 Mu lti Dar rests s s OE N PA ORE RE OR ON HEES 16 3 8 Skipping and including portions of a score 6 6 RE NEE we ee Re NN oe N 17 Bed MaerOS ra de EE N N Re a BR ee ee EO 17 4 Debugging aids 19 4 1 ETOP MGSSASES ia ee Wen eg A ee RE TR A a Ge RE Re BE EG ew 19 5 Acknowledgments 19 A Where to find help A 1 B A short PMX tutorial A 2 B 1 Words that contribute to the count ooo A 2 6 2
18. Violin Piano The names can be any valid TeX expressions that have no spaces such as it French Horn Remember it s one name per instrument not one name per stave If you have too few names the remaining instruments will not be named You can also use a single hard space 7 when some instrument in the middle should not have a name You will probably also need the Indent command to specify the indentation required to provide space for the names E g Indent 0 12 says the indentation should be 12 of the music width 3 Shortcuts This section introduces shortcuts for things that are perfectly possible in other ways but a little clumsy 3 1 Chords An isolated chord in the middle of a melodic line is best treated by the PMX construction of chordal notes with the z prefix e g c ze zg zc for a C major chord Sometimes a whole string of successive chords appears as in the introduction to Schubert s song Der Tod und das M dchen You can see that the coding for this can become quite cumbersome Therefore M Tx allows you to put the chordal notes on a second line as shown below Style PianoBass PianoBass Voices RH LH Clefs F F Continuo Meter C Flats 1 f2 gdfe 2 a4 ala2 f4e f2 f4 e 2 g4 e 2 ad a a2 f4e C ad bd gd ad gle f gle ad acs ad d gd ad bd gd ad gle f gle ad acs d2 d4 d d2 d4 a a2 a4a a2 d4 d d2 d4 d d2 d4 a a2 a4a d d d d d d a as ar d d d d d d d gt d d a
19. a a 12 There is a basic melodic line with a separate line for the chordal notes labelled like a lyrics line but with C instead of L For each chord there is one word on the chord line If the chord contains more than one chordal note the notes follow with no spaces in between The notation is the usual PMX notation with two changes flat and notehead left These changes are used only on chord lines and are unavoidable because e and f are needed for note names The note chosen as melodic note on the main music line must not be a shifted note i e one with displaced notehead all shifted notes must be on the chord line The stem direction of the chord is what that of the melodic note would have been in the absence of chordal notes Pitch on the melodic line i e the choice of the closest note with the given name is not affected by the chordal notes Each chord has its own local frame of reference starting anew from its melodic note This differs from the PMX z notation where the pitch of each note is determined by the previous note whether chordal or not Sometimes in the middle of a chordal passage there might be an isolated melodic note that does not have any chordal notes To indicate this the chord line must contain a spacer which is a one character word containing just a tilde 7 Sometimes you only need a few isolated chords A one character word consisting of a bar symbol on a chord line indicates that no more ch
20. add g4 g g f2 f4 g2 c4n b2d d dd d2r d4r d2 d4 d2d e4 e e d2s d4 e2 f4 f2d L 1 Net soos ek is geen hulp na by al leen U bloed ge stort vir my L 2 Net soos ek is nooi U vir my ver ge we rei nig en be vry L 3 Net soos ek is U lief de teer werp al le hin der pa le neer aaa g2s g4 a2 g4 a2d b4 bb c2n c4 b2 e4 ds2d ddd d2 d4 d2 g4 f2d ed e e a2 ad g2 g4 b2d There are a few new things Style SATB to indicate four voice choral music on two staves Sharps for the key signature of course there is Flats available too Meter for the time signa ture and Space 9 to indicate that there should be nine interlines of extra space between the staves If there are more than two staves you can prescribe a different extra distance for each 3Le before Rainer Dunker s musixlyr package on which M Tx depends became PMX aware 4One interline is the distance between two lines in a stave The normal distance between staves is five interlines but sometimes extra space on a page is distributed between the staves you may need to experiment on the Space line This is the one preamble command that may also appear later in a music paragraph Among the notes you notice suffixes s and n for sharp and natural and r for displace notehead to the right But the main novelty is the lines of lyrics The rule is each lyrics line is identified by the label L followed by lyrics o
21. ard distributions You could use any MEX 2 font package here The times font is quite narrow and therefore useful when the lyrics are crowded If you do use a font a package load it after ntxlatex pagestyle headings puts page numbers and running headings at the top of the page To change fonts use pure BIEX 2 font change commands as above Don t try to use Vit bf etc Briefly subject to what fonts you have installed you can independently change size tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize large Large LARGE huge Huge shape upshape itshape slshape scshape family rmfamily sffamily ttfamily series mdseries bfseries A 15 For a full description see any good BIEX 2 manual e The blank line after pagebreak is essential e The environment Score is used to include each piece It takes two arguments the first will appear in the list of contents and as a running page heading the second is the name of the tex file As usual the extension tex may be omitted There is also an environment score which is less convenient but more flexible it has no arguments reads in nothing puts nothing in the table of contents and does not change the running page heading Use it when you need a special lyrics font e g begin score headingandcontents Loof nou die Heer sffamily input loofnou end score E 2 Collections of morsels The situation is a little different when the pieces are so
22. ately playing the macro not just storing It The default behaviour in M Tx is to pass along such M words without looking at them which in expert hands can be quite effective but for the rest of us is simply a disaster The problem is that in that case M Tx does not know that notes are being inserted let alone what their duration is It is in the position of a musician who has lost count M Tx offers two solutions to this problem either of which you can Enable in the preamble In both cases macros may only appear on music lines 17 expandMacro All macros are fully expanded at the M Tx level The PMX file will not contain any macros If you use this feature you can have macros numbered from 1 to 99 and macro definitions may contain plays of other macros Error messages apply to the expanded text and may be difficult to understand countMacro M words are still passed along but when a macro is defined M Tx determines its duration and counts correctly when it is played If you have enabled countMacro there is one unavoidable restriction a macro definition or play may not spill over into the next bar Hence the total duration of a macro may not be more than what remains of the current bar A word of caution because you cannot see the macro definition when you play it it is easy to lose track of duration and octave It is therefore just sound common sense to set duration and octave at the first note in the macro definition and at the fir
23. ation is deleted if not in the bottom voice A 3 B 4 Useful things to put on lines Most of the following commands should appear in the first music paragraph or on a PMX pream ble command line Some of them are actually raw MusiXTEX consult the MusiXTEX manual for other interesting commands lines in the preamble are treated a little differently see Appendix C 3 Line page and movement breaks Put L6 above a paragraph to make the 6th system start there and L6P2 to put that paragraph at the top of page 2 You can t ask for a page break without a line break Use this feature only when necessary Put L10M 10i0 1 to make a new movement start at the 6th system with 10 internotes of extra space between movements and an indentation of 0 1 10 of the width h260m Height is 260 millimetres w8i Width is 8 inches vsize 270mm Height given to MusiXT X is 270 millimetres Ar Use relative accidentals This requires a different way of coding flats and sharps think of s as meaning sharpened instead of sharp E g if the key signature has one or more flats then bs means a B natural bn a B flat and bf a B double flat If you need to transpose music often it is a good idea to acquire the habit of using relative accidentals always If you don t only pieces in C major or A minor can be transposed without trouble As Always use small accidentals Normally PMX uses big accidentals and only switches to smaller one
24. ces sum fri go ris fg alCag f g2d g2 r4 g2 d4 d2 d4 dc b a2 r4 L or tu lae ta bun do ter rae ma ris ne mo ris L nun ti at hi run do vi gor re dit cor po ris g2a4 ba gl fe tf d2r4 l fg al ag tfl g2d g2r4 l L de cus ad est de fo ris re no va to mun do L ce dit do lor pec to ris tem po re iu cun do When typesetting a vocal composition you may sometimes want to put only the text of the initial stanza into your score and let the remaining part of the lyrics be printed below the score You might also want to add some notes or comments Apparently this is not possible according to the set of commands available for M Tx and PMX There is however a workaround to do things like that The trick is to look for a com mand Endpiece or as in this example setrightrepeat endpiece near the bottom of the MusiXTkX file generated by the PMX preprocessing You may extend the actions of Endpiece or endpiece by saving the command with another name endpiecesav and redefine Endpiece to first execute endpiecesav and then request the inclusion of one or more files containg plain TeX code The text of the included file s will be typeset on unutilized space on the last page or else on a new page MusiXTEX commands like these may as noted in Appendix B 4 be put directly into the mtx source file in lines at the head of the first music paragraph In the current example two files have been included lyrics tex
25. contains the original Latin lyrics and an English translation A TEX table consisting of a template line followed by item lines for each lyrics line has been used to set up the text in two columns one for the lyrics and one in italics for the translation Notes on the song is included from notes tex and appended below the lyrics Contributed by Christian Mondrup following a hint by Werner Icking h ren file mnotes tox 222 2 222 01222222025 vskip 10 mm noindent Lyrics by Morten B o rup 1446 1526 headmaster at the grammar school of Aarhus The song was published par with an anonymous melody in it Piae Cantiones rm by Theodoricus Petri Greifswald 1582 8See Michael Doob A Gentle Introduction to TkX section 6 2 The book may be found as gentle tex in the Documentation subdirectory of the TEX CTAN mirror archives A 13 ho gt file lyrics tex vskip 8 mm halign hskip 35 mm hfill amp hskip 25 mm it hfill cr In vernalis temporis amp In the time when cr ortu laetabundo amp spring rises joyfully cr dum recessum frigoris amp the end of frost cr nuntiat hirundo amp is heralded by the swallow cr terrae maris nemoris amp earth sea and grove cr decus adest deforis amp is full of beauty cr renovato mundo amp like a renewed world cr vigor redit corporis amp the body regains strength cr cedit dolor pectoris amp the sor
26. d music e A word is a string of consecutive non blank characters separated by blanks from other words on the same line e Astave is the familiar group of five closely spaced parallel lines on which music is written e A voice is a melodic strand of music of which there may be either one or two per stave 2Experienced PMX users please note the PMX manual uses voice as a synonym for stave and line of music for what I call a voice e An instrument corresponds either to a single stave or to a group of two or more adjacent staves linked together with a brace usually representing a single instrument like a piano e A system is a group of staves for the various voices that are heard at the same time 1 1 Lyrics I wrote the M Tx converter because lyrics are not part of the PMX design It used to be a major effort to obtain pretty output like the following Net soos ek is Charlotte Elliott 1 Net soos ek is geen hulp na by al leen U bloed ge stort vir my 2 Net soos ek is nooi U Vir my ver ge we rei nig en be vry 3 Net soos ek is U lief de teer werp al le hin der pa le neer The lyrics are in Afrikaans which maybe looks incomprehensible but knowing as much as you do already it should be quite easy to understand the following input Title Net soos ek is Composer Charlotte Elliott Style SATB Sharps 2 Meter 3 4 Space 9 hh w190m f f f e2s e4 2 b4
27. debt to the late Werner Icking He maintained an online archive for music software and sheet music set standards for music typesetting tested software packages gave genuinely expert advice to would be experts and encouraged newbies with patience and understanding When he died unexpectedly at a comparatively young age each of the small but globewide community of users of MusiXTkX lost a personal friend and mentor Werner s work is still being carried on the software is at the Werner Icking Music Archive http icking music archive org the mailing list is at the TEX Users Group tex music tug org and the scores have been merged into the Petrucci Music Library http imslp org My wife Trienke had to suffer many effectively husbandless evenings and weekends while I hammered the program and documentation into good enough shape to be able to offer it around A Where to find help M Tx is the tip of an iceberg Things can go wrong at many levels Fortunately here are many ways to get information and help e Consult the Table of Contents and index in search of a likely looking topic e The annotated examples might be useful e There is a file FAQ in the distribution that contains the sort of questions that new users often ask e The packages on which M Tx relies all have their own reference manuals Look for the following files PMX pmx270 pdf ref270 pdf these names will obviously be different if your PMX is not Version 2 70
28. ded by the ABC2MTX symbols instead of R1 etc you don t need to insert a meter change for an incomplete final bar M Tx does it All the ability of PMX to pass through TkX including MusiXTpX commands is still there You might for example like to read the musix1yr documentation for a large variety of ways to fine tune horizontal lyrics placement but I can promise that you hardly ever will need to do horizontal tuning except to align multi verse lyrics as in Section 2 2 D Annotated examples D 1 Voltas Now to learn this vol ta thing lead up to the first end ing Now its time to end the test so I wish you all the best Meter 4 4 Style Singer Bars Line 4 Size 16 Space 6 4 c4 c gtg aag2 f4 f e e Viddc2 L Now to learn this vol ta thing lead up to the first end ing Vb2 d4 d c2 L next end ing Vx gat gf f L Try to write a L Try to learn more V1 e e d2 Vb2 e4 e d2 L sim ple TeX P M X Vx c4 c gtg aag2 TA f e e dd c2 L Now it s time to end the test so I wish you all the best The main rule is put every V command in the bottom voice at the start of a measure after the bar line if any but before the first note and don t try to use more than one at a time the new volta automatically closes the old one Volta signs in other voices are silently ignored When reading the PMX manual remember that your last part will become the first part for PMX In the above example
29. di el d8 et fi e2 vee L A men A men hh Let BM beginmel let EM endmel BM c8 di ei d8 ei EM f1 e2 L A men A men c8 di el nolyr d8 el fi e2 L A men A men 3 c8 lyr di et d8 e1 fi e2 3 L Hal le lu ja EE L A men Some points to note Example 1 uses a slur with default PMX beaming Example 2 uses forced beaming to beam all notes Example 3 does both Examples 4 and 5 violate the M Tx convention that notes sung to a single syllable must be slurred or beamed together so we override this in either of two ways using musixlyr commands Example 4 uses beginmel and endmel to force melismas in a situation where has suppressed them this method is good for long melismas over several beamed components Example 5 suppresses lyrics where the beaming would have put them Example 6 uses lyr to force lyrics where the beaming would have suppressed them and shows the use of empty syllables to synchronize lyrics and of broken slurs to indicate different slurring in the two verses Suggested by Stefan Haller A 11 D 5 Dirty Tricks Style Piano Meter m3406 hh def upiii 1 raise3 internote hbox 1 hh def chacarera meterfrac34 upiii Big meterfrac68 upiii Big hh let oldmeterC meterC let meterC chacarera hh w100m a 2d o gt a8 r rar r a2d o gt C dfsa cea cea dfsa d 2d 0 gt 15 a4 a 4 h d8 fu d d2d zd O a A ASS gt TT Coe C
30. double note also known as breve Moving a note an octave up or down is indicated by and repeated if necessary The other suffixes are the following marked letters dotted flat sharp natural stem upper stem lower offset to the right offset to the left apart not attached to a beam You can fine tune dot position e g gd 2 puts the dot two internotes lower than it would normally go and gd 0 1 puts it one notehead to the right You can also fine tune accidental position in a similar way For accidentals but not for dots you are allowed to write gs gt 1 instead of gs 0 1 A rest may also have suffixes duration and dot as for notes pause duration is the whole bar blank rest is counted but not printed It can be moved up and down by and followed by a number e g r0 4 is a whole note rest moved down four internotes The other rest suffixes mentioned in Section 3 7 are not yet version 1 3 8 part of PMX except m which is allowed in a score for a single one stave instrument Also the blind and adjustment suffixes on the pause rp are legal in M Tx but not yet in PMX The suffix is not part of PMX Instead PMX offers the ability to specify octaves by numbers This feature is not supported by M Tx A 2 The duration of a note may be influenced in various ways by a previous note if unspecified it is the same as the previous note or the note may be part of a chord a multiplet or a grace note group B 2 Wo
31. e These are bars 7 9 of the Credo from Misa Criolla by Ariel Ramirez It is in the chacarera trunca meter which mixes 3 and time There is no PMX construction for such exotic meters so we need to be ingenious We specify the meter as m3406 which tells PMX to use 3 meter but to print the C sym bol for common time Of course we do not actually want the C symbol we want something that looks like 3 Now all that PMX knows about the C symbol is that it is called meterC in MusiXTpX So we define chacarera and assign it to meterC in preamble commands These appear in the TkX file after the command to read in musixtex tex but before the com mands that actually print something If later we need the original meterC it can be restored by let meterC oldmeterC The excerpt illustrates some sophisticated PMX features too Since the gt ornament on the bottom stave goes above the stave by default we need to move it down explicitly The beamed eighths look better with a horizontal beam which is enforced by h Finally there is a tie involving a melodic note with a note in a chord to allow this the chordal note must come on a music line not on aC line A 12 D 6 Extra text after the piece Meter 3 4 Title Song of May Flats 1 Style Singer Systems 2 Space 10 hh let endpiecesav endpiece hh def endpiece endpiecesav input lyrics input notes dade gl de gl fe ff a2 r4 L In ver na lis tem po ris L Dum re
32. e lt causes centred uptext and another lt causes uptext extending to the left of the note Yet a third lt will be ignored Here too each uptext voice retains its own adjustments which remain in effect even after the paragraph in which they appear 14 e Uptext lines are useful for indicating guitar chords To make this easier the sharp character may be used on an uptext line as a normal text character usually in TeX you need to get it and the character is used to indicate a b The preprocessor tries to guess whether the word is a dynamic indication like mp sf rfz etc and will use the MusiXTEX ppff font for it The current algorithm is highly unsophisticated if all the letters in a word come from the list fmprsz it is diagnosed as a dynamic indication A more permanent font change is indicated by a word like bf or it no backslash the prepmx program will put it in Every word of that uptext voice except ppff words will be set in the indicated font Each uptext voice retains its own font which remains in effect even after the paragraph in which it appears e You can indicate crescendo and decrescendo signs in uptext by two methods 1 Put lt or gt where the sign starts and lt or gt where it ends This feature gives unpredictable results when you try to use it in more than one voice at the same time 2 Put e g lt 18 or gt 7 where the sign starts The number gives the length of the crescendo in
33. eams and slurs may differ from what you would like The slur start character may have the suffixes up down or lower the last two mean the same to control the direction of the slur and a suffix or to raise or lower the start of the slur by internotes The slur end character may also have an adjustment suffix Remember to fine tune both end points when you wish to move the whole slur up or down It is also possible to fine tune the horizontal position The most common case occurs when two notes on the same pitch are linked by a tie In that case give a neater result than See the PMX user s manual for details on other horizontal adjustments In the case of a slur continuation you should code the height adjustment between the two parentheses e g 3 You must not have two adjustments Fine tuning beams is all done on the beam start character It may have the suffixes upper or lower for direction and up to three or suffixes The first raises or lowers the beam by 11 so many internotes the second makes the beam more or less steep and the third also raises or lowers the beam but this time in units of beam thickness 2 4 Instrument names Some scores have indications like Violin to the left of the first system The easiest way to do this is to enable the instrumentNames feature which uses the line labels as names but you may not like the result To do it yourself use the Name command in the preamble e g Name
34. er and so I make all the rests in one of the voices blank by marking the first rest of that voice 3 7 Multi bar rests It may happen that all the instruments in your score simultaneously have a rest of two or more bars In that case a succession of empty bars may be difficult to count and the conventional notation is to put all the rests in a single bar with the total number of bars printed above them The word for a multi bar rest is e g rm8 for a rest of eight bars You code this for one voice only and there may be no other notes or rests on that line The same rest will be printed on all staves You can tune the appearance of the rest by appending a signed integer to the word e g rm19 18 Roughly speaking this moves the front end of the rest to the right by 18 points Since multibar rests can have several shapes and may even contain as many as three separate symbols in the case of rm7 it is difficult to describe precisely what happens and you are advised to experiment 16 3 8 Skipping and including portions of a score To read in another file at the start of a paragraph use the Include directive e g Include mylayout mti The effect is exactly the same as if those lines had been part of the original input file The file thus included may also contain Include directives there is no restriction on the number of levels You may re include a file that was included before but you may not include any file that has alread
35. es in vocal lines hideBlindSlurs Hide 7 and slurs interpretSlurs Translate slur signs to PMX s and t slurs uptextOnRests Synchronize uptext with notes and rests not only with notes checkAssertions Interpret certain comments as assertions see Section Here is a list of switchable M Tx features that are disabled by default solfaNoteNames Use tonic sol fa note names d r m f s 1 t for do re mi fa sol la ti This will be translated to the usual note names c d e f g a bin C major Use the PMX transposition feature to obtain the desired key Only the basic note names are supported you should not use the sol fa chromatic note names e g re ma but the basic sol fa note names with PMX accidentals e g ds rf This feature conflicts in some cases with other uses of these letters To retain the standard meaning in sol fa mode precede the word with a e g use r for a rest since r translates to ad pedanticWarnings Suppress pedantic warnings i e cases where you omitted something but the default action is probably what you want ignoreErrors Do not stop on the first error Errors are messages clearly marked with ERROR any other message printed is informative or a warning only instrumentNames Indent first system and print default instrument names beVerbose Verbose progress report Default behaviour is to print out errors warnings and very little more debugMode Give messages that may be helpful in finding
36. f the verse in question Syllables are indicated by hyphens and you don t use bar lines on lyrics lines If more than one note belongs to a syllable you need not worry as long as the notes in question have been slurred or beamed together each lyrics line is synchronized to the immediately preceding voice There may be a set of lyrics lines for each stave in the score if a stave has two voices only one of them can have lyrics specified by L see Section 1 4 for a feature that allows both voices to have lyrics Note the verse numbers The rule is if you code a number followed by a point and a blank at the start of a lyrics line this number will not be treated as a syllable but will be printed to the left of the first lyrics syllable the position of that syllable will be the same as if the number was not there This may not be just what you want see the musixlyr reference manual Section A for commands that can modify this behaviour 1 2 Bars and meter changes The notation for bars is taken from Chris Walshaw s ABC2MTEX music language with one small modification Normal bar line 1 Thin thick double bar line as at the end of a piece Thin thin double bar line to separate sections Left repeat Right repeat Left right repeat Bar lines make life easier but are normally optional Only the normal bar line actually implies a bar separation the double line and repeat signs may appear in mid bar The fancy bars mu
37. features that are implemented by using TkX directly such as multi bar rests in scores with more than one stave make use of MusiXTeX code written by Don Since version 0 21 M Tx uses Rainer Dunker s musixlyr package This gives much neater horizontal spacing of lyrics than the manual system used in previous versions and virtually eliminates the need for horizontal tuning Chris Walshaw s ABC2MTgxX provided the repeat notation The layout of M Tx bears some resemblance to a language developed by Miguel Filgueiras published in 1998 in Software Practice and Experience although I did not consciously borrow his ideas I have been unable to find an implementation on the Internet I had some enlightening e mail correspondence with the developers of MPP Jan Nieuwen huizen and Han Wen Nienhuys This package no longer maintained unfortunately was the first music package which made me believe that one could write good looking scores in a rea sonable amount of time Eric Petersen Reenen Laurie Kestell Laurie and Joel Hunsberger found several bugs in ear lier versions of M Tx Christian Mondrup did this for M Tx 0 50 and later The subscribers to the discussion list tex music tug org too many to name found many more and contributed to the development by requesting new features Details of these contribution are given in the Corrections file distributed with the prepmx code The success of public domain music publishing owes an incalculable
38. ic lines have a different duration the first line processed may be the one that is wrong but the discrep ancy is only found later Error messages generated by assertions can be a lot more informative than others and you are urged to exploit these To find out what life would have been like without them you can always issue Disable checkAssertions in the preamble 5 Acknowledgments I still have the tex and dvi files of my first attempt in October 1992 at setting music Bach no less with the MUTEX package of Andrea Steinbach and Angelika Schofer The first phrase goes MYN MENAABA CN IZAN UAB MENEM 2 group E d 0 1 lslur12 go l In M Tx that would be f bd c8 a2d b4 e e e2 d4 A tantalizing glimpse of a preprocessor appeared in the MUTkX documentation but the software for it was never released 19 None of this would have been possible without the late Daniel Taupin who was the first to emphasize that printed music has a fundamentally two dimensional layout and whose MusiXTkX package is the engine that actually performs the typesetting I made a previous attempt to implement something like M Tx as a direct preprocessor to Mu sicTEX Daniel s first package My lack of expertise caused that project to die The appearance in January 1997 of PMX 1 1 inspired me to resurrect the idea thanks to Don Simons Don has also made some comments which helped me to improve the M Tx input language Some M Tx
39. irst note using e If you are using PMX features that are not recognized by M Tx but simply passed through you may need a bar line to tell M Tx to which bar they belong Apart from the final blind meter change that is automatically made if required you can also define other meter changes The rules are e The meter change may only occur at the very beginning of a bar after a full bar of the meter previously in effect and must be made in all voices In particular any key change volta indication etc must come after the meter change also the bar following the pickup may not contain a meter change but must have the length specified in the preamble e The normal meter change word looks like a fraction e g 3 4 This always gives a visible meter change If the printed meter symbol looks different from the logical one you want a big C in stead of 4 over 4 for instance you may use a PMX formatted meter change word E g m3 4 0 0 gives a blind meter change one that takes effect but is not printed See the PMX manual This is also legal in the preamble Meter command You may not in troduce a meter change directly to PMX via a command M Tx must know about it too 1 3 Beams and slurs Thanks to PMX beams in instrumental voices are automatic M Tx does however recognize that it is customary in vocal music to use beams only when the notes in question are sung to the same single syllable So if you select a st
40. ith the multi score option see Section 3 8 Items for each voice are separated by semicolons and may contain blanks These are prepended to the corresponding line of the first paragraph so the combined length of the starting item and the line in question should not be too long see Section C 2 You don t normally need to specify Octave since most of the time the octave implied by the clef is correct TeX should be used for last minute overrides of commands that come from system TX files like mtx tex and pmx tex 1 6 Customizing M Tx You have a lot of control over how M Tx does its translation The old way of customizing M Tx was by compiler options and the Options preamble command That method uses one character switches which is only slightly mnemonic and anyway the letters get used up The new way is to use the Enable and Disable preamble commands to select the features you want Here is a list of switchable M Tx features that are enabled by default splitShortcut Separate 2 1 and 3 1 shortcuts into two words and explicitly code their dura tions newWordShortcut Allow 2 1 and 3 1 shortcuts to be entered as separate words multiFile Take Include lines into account otherwise ignore them doChords Take C lines into account otherwise ignore them doUptext Take U lines into account otherwise ignore them doLyrics Take L lines and inline lyrics changes into account otherwise ignore them unbeamVocal Unbeam non melismatic not
41. marks p f rit cresc and so on are inserted using lines like lyrics lines but with U for Uptext instead of L Note though that uptext lines are synchronized with rests as well as notes whereas lyrics are synchronized with notes only The normal position for an uptext line is above the music line to which it applies if it appears anywhere else the label must include the voice name or number I ll speak of an uptext voice to refer to the totality of uptext lines no more than one per paragraph associated with a particular voice e Spacers and bar symbols work for uptext in exactly the same way as for chords see Section 3 1 e Vertical adjustment signs starting with like 6 v 4 4 4 may appear in uptext lines and have the same effect on the position of the uptext as in the fine tuning of lyrics see Section 2 2 The only difference is that these signs appear in the uptext line itself whereas the lyrics adjustments appear in the corresponding music line A line starting U v is actually a downtext line Each uptext voice retains its own adjustments which remain in effect even after the paragraph in which they appear e Uptext lines may also have horizontal adjustment signs namely 0 lt and gt There are three possible positions for aligning uptext to a note left right and centre The default position is to align to the right but the horizontal adjustment shifts the position in the indicated direction e g on
42. ning dotted notes require duration changes for every note c8d gi c8d gi c8d gi c8d gl c4 There is a shorthand notation for this namely SIt is quite technical to define precisely how long an elemskip is The important thing about them is that they stretch or shrink with spacing of the notes so that if say a half note is followed by two elemskips in one place it will be followed by two elemskips everywhere 15 c8 g c d c g c d c The first note in a dotted group may have an explicit duration which then becomes the default duration but the second must not There is a similar shortcut c d for double dotted notes When the dotted note appears not in a group but on its own as in triple and compound time 3 4 12 8 etc you must use a d to indicate the dot not a period Similarly in compound meter passages containing long and short notes require frequent duration changes 6 8 c8 gi c8 di c8 gi c8 di c8d The shorthand notation for this reads 6 8 c8 g c d c g c d cd 3 5 Barless music Many old hymn tunes do not fit into the modern pattern of regular bars You could get this effect by carefully counting the length of each music line and issuing your own blind meter change instructions Instead specify in the preamble that you have zero beats per bar E g Meter 0 4 means that each paragraph of music should be treated as a single bar and that the basic counting unit is a quarter note You need not issue any other meter change instructi
43. ns into a single document such as a collection of songs or a mainly text document like this one with many small music excerpts Two points apply to all cases 1 E 1 Order of inclusion of packages is important mtxlatex must be the first package included before any font packages It is easy to incur TeX capacity exceeded For example the index to this manual is a separate document because package multicol won t load on top of all the others If you wish to do large scores it is probably advisable to change texmf cnf so that save_size 10000 and run initex Collections of complete pieces Suppose you need to make a document containing several complete pieces with perhaps a title page a foreword and an afterword like a typical published book of piano pieces or songs 1 Prepare a tex file for each separate piece using the methods described previously and be sure that it is fully debugged and looks the way you want it using the standard tex musixflx tex compiling cycle Write a HIEX file looking something like this Use a latex musixflx latex compiling cycle to make the finished document If you make small changes in the HIEX part only a single HIEX pass is sufficient unless the page numbering has changed You can see the finished product in halleluja pdf Some points to note The package mtxlatex comes with M Tx You must put the command mtxlatex in the preamble The package times comes with stand
44. ons M Tx will check that each of the lines in the paragraph have the same total duration which must a multiple of the specified counting unit 3 6 Sticky ornaments and suffixes You may need to mark a whole run of notes as staccato To do so put o instead of o after the first staccato note and o after the last one This method also works with tenuto and all the other ornaments in B 3 The stickyness of ornaments lasts only till the end of the bar On notes and rests there are many possible suffixes some of which you have already en countered and some of which are given in Appendix B There are situations where you might wish to have several consecutive notes or rests with the same attribute The method is sim ilar put a colon after the letter involved on the first note of such a sequence leave out the letter on all the notes except the last on which you again put the letter For example in 12 8 meter you might have a passage moving at four beats to the bar normally coded c4d cd ed ed gd gd c2d which becomes c4d c e e g g c2d when you use this shortcut The stickyness of note and rest suffixes lasts until cancelled Each voice is treated on its own and notes and rests are considered independently so if you make the d sticky on a note it will not affect rests My favourite application of this feature occurs in homophonic music with two voices per stave I prefer to have only one rest per stave rather two rests one on top of the oth
45. ords appear in the current bar even though one or more melodic notes are still left In that case you do not need a for the missing chords Don t use bar symbols on a chord line just to separate bars when there are no missing chords Two or more consecutive such words indicate one or more bars with no chords If the very first word on a chord line is a bar symbol the first bar has no chords You can get an arpeggio sign wavy line in front of the whole chord including the melodic note by starting the chord word with a question mark e g ad instead of ad in the first chord above would have put an arpeggio sign in front of all three notes For more complicated arpeggio constructions you need to put signs on the music lines themselves consult the PMX manual You can tie notes in chords The notation is more compact than ties in the music line itself put a before each note that should be tied no blanks but don t put anything to close the tie It is an error if you open a tie and there is no note at that pitch in the next chord All the notes in that chord that close ties should appear before all the notes that open ties e g c c e is OK but c ec is not 13 Style Organ Meter C Flats 1 cs0 He He C e g b e g b e g b egb 1 cs0 H e H 6 C e g b e g b e g b egb cs0 He He C b b b b 3 2 Expression marks and other annotations Annotations and interpretation
46. p voice falls under the slur and does not use up a syllable of lyrics The default direction of a slur is up for the upper and down for the lower voice in a stave but you can override that see Section 2 3 You are allowed to have a slur under another slur e g c8 de fg f d b c2 Occasionally a slur ends at a note and the next one starts immediately For such a slur continuation you code as a single word after the note If you want a tie rather than a slur use braces instead of parentheses A continuation tie is of course In obscure situations you may want absolute control over slur stops and starts To do this put an identifier which must be a non zero digit or a capital letter immediately after the slur parenthesis or brace before any adjustments Of course any labelled slur of either kind that you open must be closed again by its exact partner If you really must have interlocking slurs 1 c8 de 2 g g 1 fd b 2 c2isthewayto get them It may happen that you do not wish M Tx to put more than one note to a syllable even though the notes are under a beam or slur For example you may wish to use phrase marks that only look like slurs or you may be writing music that has so many consecutive short notes that the beat becomes difficult to follow without beams The way to do this is to double the first symbol of the word starting the forced beam or slur E g 10 or may be used to start a phrasing slur and may be used
47. parated by blanks belong to voices on different staves labels separated by a comma to voices on the same stave Clefs define the clefs one for each stave You can use any PMX supported clef symbol in addition to G and F see Appendix B 3 The symbol 8 or G8 indicates music written in the treble clef but sounding an octave lower as is usual for the tenor voice in choral music Vocal means that the voices will be treated as vocal for the purpose of beams and lyrics and Continuo means that the staves belong to a single instrument and will be grouped together by a brace You may not have too many voices or staves see Appendix C 2 Choral means that the voices form a choir This implies that each voice is vocal and their staves will be grouped together by a bracket You can get the bracket for instrumental voices too by using Group instead of Choral You may define your own style elements e g Honky Tonk Voices R L Clefs G F Continuo The whole preamble is read and new style elements saved before any of the commands is interpreted So it does not matter in which order the commands come The preamble may be spread over more than one paragraph But if you issue a command more than once only the last instance counts The Start command is mildly convenient when you are experimenting with fine tuning since it allows small additions affecting the beginning of each voice to be collected in one place It comes into its own when combined w
48. raph have the same length But it cannot tell that which of two lines is wrong only that they are different Many programmers use commenta lines 4 Bar 40 to help them keep track of where they are in a score This practice has now been formalized as a debugging aid Certain comments can be recognized by M Tx as assertions allowing additional correctness checks can be made Apart from the comment sign they look like preamble commands but are normally placed in the music paragraph to which they apply Range S 4d 5d A 3b 4g Requests range checking for the specified voices Bar 30 31 If only one bar give just one number The format used here for Range checking puts the octave before the note e g 4f to avoid confusion with 4 in which the digit indicates duration The error messages use the same notation Either of these comments may also appear in a preamble paragraph in which case they apply to the entire score 4 1 Error messages Most error messages will give a line number and say approximately where the error was found In that case the original line is printed with a marker at that point Also printed is what has happened to that line in the meantime mostly explicit duration indications on every note If there is no line number this mostly happens in the preamble the message in most cases deals with something that you should have supplied Sometimes the actual error may be on another line e g when it is found that mus
49. rds excluded from the count Except for the first note of a chord or multiplet the following words for notes are excluded from the count and should not have a duration suffix Chords Each note in a chord except the first has the prefix z It is excluded from the count and suffixes a d 1 u may only appear on the first non z note The melodic note of Section 3 1 becomes the first note of the chord when the M Tx code is translated to PMX Multiplets A normal note may have an extra suffix after all the others of the form x or x n where stands for a number This means that the note is the first of a multiplet or x tuplet with equal notes in the time of one Only the duration coded on this first note is included in the count The appearance of the first note will not be the normal one for its specified duration it will look like all the others E g g4x3 a b defines a triplet of total duration a quarter note looking like three eighth notes The n means that the number is not to be printed Grace notes A normal note may have a prefix group starting with G or G This indicates that the note is the first of a grace note group with notes to be set in a tiny font All the notes in the group even the first are excluded from the count B 3 Words for other things than notes Other things than notes go into a music score ornaments clefs expression markings changes in key and time signature etc PMX contains support for many of
50. row of the heart ends cr tempore iucundo amp in this playful time cr Song of May In ver na lis tem po ris or tu lae ta bun do ter rae ma ris Dum re ces sum fri go ris nun ti at hi run do vi gor re dit ne mo ris de cus ad est de fo ris re no va to mun do cor po ris ce dit do lor pec to ris tem po re__ iu cun do In vernalis temporis In the time when ortu laetabundo spring rises joyfully dum recessum frigoris the end of frost nuntiat hirundo is heralded by the swallow terrae maris nemoris earth sea and grove decus adest deforis is full of beauty renovato mundo like a renewed world vigor redit corporis the body regains strength cedit dolor pectoris the sorrow of the heart ends tempore iucundo in this playful time rics by Morten B rup 1446 1526 headmaster at the grammar school of Aarhus The song was published vith an anonymous melody in Piae Cantiones by Theodoricus Petri Greifswald 1582 A 14 E M Tx and BIEX This section assumes that you have some knowledge of BIFX The normal output from PMX is a stand alone plain TkX file which cannot without further ado succesfully be input into BI X The file mtxlatex tex allows you to prepare music scores using BIFX rather than plain TeX which is particularly useful when you need the enhanced font handling features of BIFX and to produce books combining the outputs of several PMX ru
51. rties that are inherited by a note from the next But there is no harm in HIESA using macros for things like extra space 2 M Tx 0 61 is not aware of movement breaks and the possibility to change the number of voices C 3 For PMX and MusiXTEX perts only PMX has four mechanisms for incorporating raw TEX Apart from putting them inside music lines as in PMX they are supported in M Tx as follows 1 You can issue a command in the preamble starting with The rest of the line will be taken to be a Type 4 You can send commands directly to PMX All lines starting with in music paragraphs are collected stripped of the leading and passed otherwise uninterpreted to PMX before anything else from that paragraph is translated If such a line is found in a preamble paragraph it is treated as a Type 4 TRX string TEX string which means that it will eventually appear at the top of the TX file after musixtex tex and pmx tex have been read in Such lines should not end with An example appears in Appendix D 5 As in TX a line starting with only one is treated as a comment such lines do not appear in the PMX file If you ever need to pass through something involving stave or instrument numbers remem ber that PMX and MusiXTEX number these from bottom to top not from top to bottom and that the first voice in PMX is the bottom stave to M Tx Apart from the conversion of lyrics and chord lines into PMX commands which is the main
52. s case the alto Such lines are referred to as normal lyrics lines Sometimes different words apply to different voices as in the last line of the song Net soos ek is net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom Net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom Jed 4 d d P T AE I Net soos ek is net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom This is coded as 5 b4 bb b2d a4aa a2d d4 e f g2 e4 d2d of L Net soos ek is net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom d4s g f e2d e4 f e d2d da dr d d2 c4 d2d I 5 rp 6 b4 ed c2d addc b2d b2 g4 2d 1 LT Net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom ad aa g2d g4gg f2d b4 gt f e2 a4 d2d ofd L Net soos ek is net soos ek is O Lam van God ek kom Some interesting PMX features in this piece are of for ornament fermata and rp 6 rest pause for a full bar rest moved up six interlines For the meaning of the words see the next section The label LT Lyrics Tenor marks the line as belonging to a particular voice Such a line is referred to as an auxiliary lyrics line and may only appear on a stave that already has a normal lyrics line Labels for voices are defined in the Style or may simply be numbers the voices are numbered 1 2 from the top line downwards Auxiliary lyrics for the top voice on a stave soprano and tenor will be set above the stave and those for the bot
53. s if there is a reason to do so You can also force all big accidentals by Ab Ar K 1 3 Use relative accidentals and transpose the piece up one internote to a key with three flats You can only transpose correctly when using relative accidentals stdbarrules This will cause bar lines to be drawn solidly from the top to the bottom of each system maybe cutting through lyrics in the process Midi commands PMX can make MIDI files For example if you put PMX Ii55 55t96b56 72v127 100 in the preamble of netsoos mtx a MIDI file will be generated in which both instruments Soprano Alto and Tenor Bass are played on MIDI instrument number 54 on my system this means voices at a tempo of 96 quarter notes to a minute with MIDI balances of 56 and 72 centre is 64 and MIDI velocities of 127 and 100 respectively More details appear in the PMX manual C How to get and use M Tx There are such excellent tutorials available at http icking music archive org that this section is unnecessary In every subsection only a few random remarks are left You can safely skip it all Just visit the website A 4 C 1 Installation and running On a Debian system which also includes Ubuntu you can simply install the m tx package with all its dependencies which if you do not yet have TX is staggeringly much If you need to compile from source grab it from https github com dlaurie M Tx and look for a file whose name starts with README Yo
54. short that more than one of them fit on one page For these use the environment excerpts as in the following example The rest of the procedure is the same as for collections of longer pieces You can see the finished product in halleluja pdf Some points to note e The excerpts environment redefines the heading fonts to more modest sizes e A page break should be made before quitting the environment e The pieces do not have bar numbers but space should be reserved for the numbers that show where the voices enter This is done by redefining the writebarno command E 3 Documents with small music excerpts This manual relies heavily on the mus environment For example the musical emblem on the front page was set using the commands begin center framebox 5in parbox 3 6in begin mus input title tex bigskip end mus Hi end center Some points to note e The excerpts vary in length and some experimentation is required to get the dimensions and positioning just right e Putting the mus environment inside a center environment only works when the music line is not longer than the text Otherwise it is useful to use hskip as in the case of the first example in the manual hskip 18mm begin mus input mozart0 tex end mus A 16 For this technique to work properly it is essential that the above four lines form a para graph of their own i e they are preceded and followed by blank lines Appendix D 4 was prod
55. st appear in the bottom voice and are optional elsewhere e If you do put them in M Tx will check that there are no shorter bars than the currently defined one If a too short bar occurs at the end of the final paragraph M Tx assumes you know what you are doing and automatically redefines the meter without printing a new time signature If it appears elsewhere it is an error e If your piece starts with a pickup it is defined by a bar line at the end of bar 0 i e the incomplete bar containing the pickup Even when there is a repeat sign after the pickup so that you don t actually see a bar line in the printed music you still need a bar line before the repeat sign otherwise M Tx cannot know where the pickup stops The bar line defining the pickup is compulsory in the first voice found and optional but recommended in the others When there is a pickup the meter is not redefined e If you do not explicitly end the piece with one of the other types of bar line a thin thick bar line is automatically provided you don t need to code it PMX allows you to put two voices on a single stave by giving the notes of the lower voice first followed by and the notes of the upper voice This construct works in M Tx too when only one voice for the stave was specified in the style but for just one bar at a time such a bar must be terminated by a bar line Use it only for very short stretches You will probably need to set the octave in the f
56. st note after the macro play to avoid mistakes Style Woodwind Violins Woodwind Voices F10bC1 Clefs G Violins Voices Violini Clefs G Flats 1 Meter C Enable countMacro MS1 c8 za zf zc M u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 r2 r4 r8 bind u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 c8 bin d c8 bid c4 a u MR3 c8 zb zg ze zc M MP3 MP3 MP3 u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 al g g a b8 gi al f4d r8 If you used expandMacro instead the first music line could have read MS1 c8 za zf zc M MR2 u MP1 MP1 MP1 MP1 M MP2 in which case the first line of the second bar would only be MP2 MP2 This is shorter for you to code and in this case it works It is not always feasible to use macros within macros expandMacro works by actually inserting the strings into M Tx input lines which may not be longer than 255 characters Too many macro expansions and you hit your head against the ceiling 18 4 Debugging aids The very compactness of PMX music notation works against you when debugging One music paragraph looks very much like another Notes inherit pitch and duration from context and when there is a mistake it is not easy to see where in a long music line that context comes from Octave mistakes have a way of accumulating but only show up when you see a typeset score full of leger lines way above or below the stave Left to itself M Tx can and does check that all music lines end at a bar ending and that lines from the same parag
57. sticated graphical interface or we must describe music in terms of what we are able to type Text input is not going to look much like printed music but we would like it to resemble printed music closely enough that we can see the correspondence M Tx is a language for typed music aimed at people who are not experts Later in this docu ment a full description of M Tx is given but to start with here is a sample of what M Tx input looks like c2 el g b4d ci d c2 c8 gstegc gtregldgfg c gt e g Before showing you how it comes out let s observe and discuss it There are two lines of input which means that there are two voices of music one for each line Line boundaries are important in M Tx The lines read from top to bottom as printed music reads from top to bottom Each voice contains a number of words separated by blanks In this example each word stands for either a note or a bar line Bars are also important in M Tx although the example is simple enough that I could have omitted them For greater readability I have typed extra blanks so that notes and bars that are aligned in the printed version also line up here but that is not necessary What is necessary though is that each line ends at the end of a complete bar The notes are written in the PMX language designed by Don Simons Each note starts with one of the letters a to g which mean exactly what you think Lower case is easier than capitals because it is quicker
58. these Here I mention only a small selection see the PMX manual for items you need but which are not described here A word for each such feature has its characteristic first letter followed by a selection of suffixes that qualify it Ornament An ornament is set off stave in line with its note and its word starting with o comes directly after that of its note The more commonly needed suffixes are u dot for pizzicato p prime for sharp pizzicato fermata above fd fermata down The suffixes staccato and tenuto differ from the others by being set close to the note not off stave There are several more in PMX and many others in MusiXTpx Clef change You get a small clef at the point where the clef change occurs and a big one at the start of the next line The clef change word begins with C The suffix places middle C on line of the stave where 1 is the bottom line and 5 the top An appropriate clef is selected automatically e g CO is the G clef treble and C6 is the F clef bass Voltas These are the labels to mark sections of the score that are not played at every repeat You put V1 to indicate that a bracket containing the number 1 should appear above the bar in question Since PMX wants all such indications in the bottom voice only they are deleted by the M Tx preprocessor if found elsewhere See Appendix D 1 Key change Put K 0 2 in a music line where a key change to two flats should occur As with voltas this indic
59. to start a forced beam that will still keep one note to a syllable The terminator for the beam or slur should not be doubled A variation of this feature occurs mainly when you have multi verse lyrics and there should be a slur in one verse but not in another Start the slur with or to get the same effect as or except that the slur symbol itself is no longer solid but broken like a dotted line Synchronize lyrics by using void syllables and extension rules e g e f g a2d a g8f ee L She is a dan ge rous wo man She is a dan gerouswoman L You 1l get a bro ken heart You ll geta bro ken heart The trailing underscore on heart takes the place of a syllable of lyrics and on a longer note would produces a lyrics rule that extends to the end of the melisma You can use as many underscores as required for very long melismas you can code e g Ah_6 instead of Ah______ The converse of this situation is that you want M Tx to make a melisma but you don t want a visible slur Code the slur beginning as or and the slur end as or This gives a blind slur invisible but having the same effect on lyrics as a normal slur Blind slurs should not have any other tuning marks 1 4 More complicated lyrics Lines of lyrics that start with L are set in the middle between two staves or below the bottom stave and are aligned with the notes of the voice under which they appear in the input file in thi
60. tom voice alto and bass below Their input lines may appear anywhere in the paragraph since the labels show where they go You can also use voice labels without a leading L to identify the voice lines This is necessary if some voice is omitted from the paragraph M Tx will fill its stave with rests or if you prefer to have the voices in a different order e g bottom up than top down You need only label a voice line if it does not belong to the voice immediately following the previous one 1 5 Preamble commands Here is a complete list of built in preamble commands with examples and explanations Case in preamble commands is immaterial all command and style names are translated to uppercase internally Part Recorder Title Clarinet Quintet Composer Mozart Poet Rellstab Meter C Flats 3 Sharps 2 Space 6 0 3 PMX hi0i Options x Enable pedanticWarnings Disable unbeamVocal Pages 2 Systems 11 Bars line 4 Size 16 Style Singer Piano Name Dietrich Gerald Indent 0 10 Part name set flush left above title Title of piece Name of composer set flush right below title Name of poet set flush left below title Alla breve meter another notation for 2 2 Key signature has three flats Key signature has two sharps Extra interlines of space below staves PMX command in preamble Rather like feature Forces the x option to be in effect despite the command line Enables the pedanticWarnings fea
61. ture Disables the unbeamVocal feature Set the piece over two pages Use a total of eleven systems Try to use on the average four bars to a line Size of music in points default is 20 The piece is for a singer with piano accompaniment Names of instruments performers etc Indent first system by 10 of the music width Start 0 1 0 3 Octave 4 4 3 3 TeX elevensf Put specified items at the start of voice lines Specify initial octaves for each stave Type 2 TeX code see Appendix C 3 The Bars line command should only be used when you do not yet know what Pages and Systems should be The style line may contain several style elements instruments etc At present M Tx knows the following style elements SATB Voices S A T B Choral Clefs GF SATB4 Voices S A T B Choral Clefs G G G8 F SINGER Voices S Vocal Clefs G PIANO Voices RH LH Continuo Clefs G F ORGAN Voices RH LH Ped Continuo Clefs G F F SOLO Voices V Clefs G DUET Voices Vi Vc Clefs GF TRIO Voices Vi Va Vc Clefs GCF QUARTET Voices V1 V2 Va Vc Clefs GGCF QUINTET Voices V1 V2 Va Vci Vc2 Clefs GGCFF SEXTET Voices V1 V2 Val Va2 Vci Vc2 Clefs GGCCFF SEPTET Voices Vi V2 Val Va2 Vc1 Vc2 Cb Clefs GGCCFFF Voices gives the labels of the voices later used to identify lyrics lines and out of sequence music lines You should not use labels like L U C 1 or L1 that conflict with M Tx s use of labelled lines for chords lyrics etc Labels se
62. u will need a Free Pascal compiler Once you have all the software make an M Tx file with extension mtx using your normal text editor It must be an editor that respects the line boundaries and empty lines that you type in in other words something fairly primitive not an upmarket word processor Thanks to Bob Tennent all the intermediate steps that you used to need are now unnecessary There will be an executable file called m tx on your system so that simply invoking m tx jobname will take you all the way from jobname mtx to jobname pdf You can do the seven steps separately The first of them is running prepmx jobname After that the command you will need is pnx2pdf jobname also courtesy of Bob Tennent There are several options available for the first step which can be displayed by running prepmx h The prepmx program exits with return code 0 if no error was found and return code n if an error was found while processing line n of the input C 2 Bugs restrictions and incompatibilities The status of bugs changes too quickly for this document Please consult the files supplied with the package in particular README txt Corrections and Bugs In M Tx 0 61 a paragraph may not be more than 100 lines long an input line including those in lyrics paragraphs not more than 255 characters a lyrics line in a music paragraph not more than 128 characters and you may define a maximum of 12 extra style elements of your own whether in the
63. uced using the command example This is a rather complicated macro with eight parameters which is documented at the end of the file mtxlatex sty F Overriding predefined TEX commands This section assumes that you are an experienced TX user The logical structure of TeX is such that most of the time a command used in a definition need not exist at the time that the definition is made as long as it is defined by the time that the definition is used This behaviour is known to computer programmers as run time binding We have already met examples of how to exploit this feature in Sections D 5 and D 6 where respectively meterC and Endpiece were redefined The macros of the previous section also work in that way by locally i e inside the various environments redefining commands that appear in the TkX file generated by PMX The technique is an extremely powerful and flexible one and in the hands of an expert can achieve practically any desired result Here we can only scratch the surface One point to note is that good programming practice requires that you save the current meaning of the command and restore it later e g let commandsave command def command let command commandsave In BIX if you redefine a command inside an environment the saving and restoring is automatic F 1 Changing fonts The font used for lyrics is the default text font of the moment which usually is ten point roman It can be changed globally e g
64. y been included but has not yet been fully read You may have various reasons for wanting M Tx to omit one or more lines of your score There are several ways to do so of which the simplest is the comment symbol that you have met before which skips that one line A line starting with SUSPEND all in capitals at the start of a paragraph tells M Tx to discard all following paragraphs until a line starting with RESUME all in capitals is found at the start of a paragraph The material in between must still be organized into paragraphs that are not too large see Appendix C 2 but need not in any other way conform to M Tx input rules A line starting with Only defines a subset of line numbers e g Only 1 3 7 9 defines the set 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 Only the corresponding lines from all non lyrics paragraphs after the paragraph containing the Only are processed until another Only is found Any paragraph containing an Only is always fully taken into account it is not subjected to the masking action of any Only WARNING this feature is deprecated and may behave differently in or even be omitted from future versions You can also conditionally ignore portions of the score depending on a compiler variable The compiler options 0 to 9 identify ten special cases of a score Together with the basic un numbered version of the score you can therefore have up to eleven versions A line starting with Case at the start of a paragraph gives a list of those cases that
65. yle like SATB or Singer that involves voices notes will normally appear unbeamed except those that appear under slurs To override this you need to use the PMX forced beam feature e g c d or disable the unbeamVocal feature Section 1 6 See Section 2 3 on how to fine tune beams and Appendix D 4 for some examples involving lyrics The slur notation is similar to forced beams but uses parentheses Look at the second system of the same song ge trek tot U deur boor de sy O Lam van God ek kom Op U be lof te steun ek bly O Lam van God ek kom Dan wy ek my vir e wig Heer O Lam van God ek kom E A TT TB TT E AS Omitting the preamble and PMX lines this is coded as b4 bc d2 a4 g2 a4 2 f4 e2 a4 d4 c b a2d gi ge d2 d4 d2 c4 d2 d4 b2 e4 f4 e d c2d L ge trek tot U deur boor de sy O Lam van God ek kom SThe coding is for this morsel only not an extract out of the coding for the whole piece The octave of the first note here is the default not deduced from a previous note L Op U be lof te steun ek bly O Lam van God ek kom L Dan wy ek my vir e wig Heer O Lam van God ek kom b4 b bf a2 a4 b2 a4 a2 a4 g2s al a2 g4s a2d ed eg f2 f4 e2 a4 d2 d4 d2 c4 b4 e e add Apart from f for flat you should notice the left parenthesis to start a slur and the right parenthesis to close it So M Tx knows that e g the c in the to

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